Искусство в Америке
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BCRECCNDJ D FVTHBRT CJLTHÉFYBT YTCNB BCRECCNDJ DCTV FVTHBRFYWFV 3 LFYF LÉJQZ Gjän b äcctbcn, ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd öfhfrnthbpetn hjkm änjq jhufybpfwbb d abyfycbhjdfybb bcreccndf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. DJPDHFOTYBT RHFCJNS 7 NTHHB NBXFEN Cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz ceotcndtyysv jåhfpjv bpvtybkb fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe. ≤Öeljéybrb, – jnvtxftn dtleobq rhbnbr, – dct xfot ujnjds egjnhtåkznm ckjdj ≤ghtrhfcyjt≥, yt pfrkñxfz tuj d pfobnyst rfdsxrb bhjybb≥. NFYTW: GJCNJZYYJ HFPDBDFÑOFZCZ NHFLBWBZ 12 JRNFDBJ HJRF Ibhjrbq kfylifan fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Jn rkfccbrb lj vjlthyf b gjcnvjlthyf – nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn d Fvthbrt. GHJABKM: öjhtjuhfa Hjåthn Vjptc ÅTCTLF C Léelbn Létvbcjy bp ≤Fvthbräy lfyc nbänh≥ Fkdbyf Äqkb VEPSRF: GJBCNBYT FVTHBRFYCRJT PDEXFYBT NBV CVBN 18 D yfxfkt yjdjuj cnjktnbz fvthbrfycrfz vepsrf – jn rkfccbrb lj öbg-öjgf – åjufnf b yjdsvb nfkfynfvb, b vfcnbnsvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb. GHJABKM: rjvgjpbnjh Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm ÅTCTLF C Lädbljv Ujrkb bp ömñcnjycrjq ≤Uhfyl jgthf≥ Yf jåkjért. Åfkthbyf nheggs ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥ (Hfktqö, Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf) nfywetn d cgtrnfrkt ≤Vtccbz≥ dj dhtvz Atcnbdfkz dtyuthcrjuj åfktnf 2002 ujlf. (Vfhnb Cjk, c hfphtitybz ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥) Ukfdyst htlfrnjhs ...Léjhlé Rkär ...Hbxfhl Kfylåthu Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh ...Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth Htlfrnjh ntrcnf ...Ränkby Ä. Öfu Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt/lbpfqy ...Nflltec F. Vbrcbycrb Ajnjhtlfrnjhs ...Väuub Léjycjy Ckfqrth ...Léjfyy Cnthy Gjvjoybrb htlfrnjhf, bcnjxybrb/gjbcr ...Vähb Äyy D. Uävåk ...Ränb Igbutkm NTFNH: LHFVFNEHUB YJDST B CNFHST RHBC LÉJYC 25 Vjkjlst lhfvfnehub, ndjhxtcndj rjnjhsö öjhjij ghbybvfñn rhbnbrb, ghjljkéfñn fvthbrfycreñ nhflbwbñ jåceéltybz yf cwtyt cjwbfkmysö ghjåktv. GHJABKM: lhfvfnehu Htlébyf Ntqkjh ÅTCTLF C Rthb Gthkjaa, öeljétcndtyysv herjdjlbntktv ntfnhf ≤Fvthbrty rjycthdfnjhb≥ 32 RBYJBCRECCNDJ: RBYJABKMVS B CJDHTVTYYFZ FVTHBRF HBXFHL GTKKC Cjdhtvtyyjt fvthbrfycrjt rbyj gthtybvftn äcnfatne dtkbrbö abkmvjd ghtéybö ltcznbktnbq, ltvjycnhbhez ntcyeñ cdzpm vtéle hfpdktxtybtv b bcreccndjv. GHJABKM: rbytvfnjuhfabcn Fktrcfylth Gtqy ÅTCTLF C Létaahb Ubkvjhjv, rbyjatcnbdfkm ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd ≤Cfylfyc≥ 39 KBNTHFNEHF: YTCRJKMRJ PFHBCJDJR CDTY ÅTHRTHNC Yf fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehyjq cwtyt gjzdbkjcm yjdjt gjrjktybt cvtksö gbcfntktq, d ndjhxtcndt rjnjhsö jnrhsdftncz ≤vtéyfwbjyfkmyfz gthcgtrnbdf≥ GHJABKM: gbcfntkmybwf Lébkk Vfrrjhrk ÅTCTLF C htlfrnjhjv b bplfntktv Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv DBPEFKMYJT BCRECCNDJ: CNBHFYBT UHFYBW 45 ÄKBYJH ÖFHNYB Cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt öeljéybrb, djkmyst jgbhfnmcz yf kñåeñ irjke, jnnfkrbdfnmcz jn kñåjq öeljétcndtyyjq nhflbwbb b bpåbhfnm kñåeñ ajhve gjlfxb, gj-yjdjve jghtltkzñn cvsck bcreccndf. GHJABKM: öeljéybr Njv Ahblvfy ÅTCTLF C Ränb Öjkåhbx bp ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ 51 D BCRECCNDJ D FVTHBRT: YJDST YFGHFDKTYBZ cdjtq ytlfdytq rybut ≤Ägjgtz öeljétcndtyyjuj dbltybz: bcnjhbz bcreccnd d Fvthbrt≥ hjlbdibqcz d Fdcnhfkbb bcreccndjdtl Hjåthn Ömñp ujdjhbn, xnj jlby bp aeylfvtynfkmysö ébpytyysö ghbywbgjd fvthbrfywtd ghtlgbcsdftn bv gjcnjzyyj ≤yfxbyfnm dct cyfxfkf, jcnfdkzz gjpflb nj, xtv jyb åskb rjulf-nj≥. Lkz Ömñpf änj jpyfxftn yt jnhbwfybt dctuj, xnj eét åskj cjplfyj, f ckjéyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt c ceotcndeñotq nhflbwbtq. ≤Ult-ybåelm d ytlhfö veptz fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs, – gbitn Ömñp c ljktq ñvjhf, – dctulf yfqltncz vfktymrjt bpjåhfétybt bvvbuhfynf, cöjlzotuj c celyf cj cdjbv crfhåjv: åfivfrfvb, Åbåkbtq bkb 27 rfhnbyfvb Htvåhfylnf≥. Yfxbyfnm cyfxfkf – bvtyyj änj b ltkfñn öeljéybrb rféljlytdyj, cjplfdfz cdjb ghjbpdtltybz. Yfxfnm c fpjd yfvthtdfkbcm b vs, htlfrnjhs, rjulf gjghjcbkb dtleobö fvthbrfycrbö bcreccndjdtljd hfccrfpfnm j njv, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d hfpysö ajhvfö b éfyhfö bcreccndf. Xnj yjdjuj, yfghbvth, d öjhtjuhfabb bkb bpjåhfpbntkmyjv bcreccndt? Rfrbt yfbåjktt dslfñobtcz fhnbcns b bcgjkybntkb hfåjnfñn ctqxfc d ntfnht b vepsrt? Rfr dgbcsdfñncz d bcnjhbxtcreñ nhflbwbñ yjdst dtzybz d rbyj b kbnthfneht? Gjcrjkmre kñåst jåjåotybz d jnyjitybb bcreccndf åelen dsukzltnm gjljphbntkmyj d cnhfyt, ult hfåjnfñn ghbvthyj 1200 cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd, 117 ghjatccbjyfkmysö jgthysö nhegg, cdsit 400 nfywtdfkmysö rjkktrnbdjd b 425 ytrjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhjd, jndtn rféljuj ärcgthnf yf änb djghjcs ytbpåtéyj åeltn ytgjkysv. Djn gjxtve vs ghtlcnfdbkb wtksq cgtrnh vytybq, ghtljcnfdbd ckjdj rhbnbrfv, ghjatccbjyfkfv, hfåjnfñobv d rfrjq-nj rjyrhtnyjq jåkfcnb bcreccndf, öeljéybrfv. B, tcntcndtyyj, yfib fdnjhs gjhjq yt cjukfcys lheu c lheujv. Hfpyjjåhfpbt vytybq kturj jåüzcybvj d cnhfyt, ult ytn vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs, ytn jabwbfkmyjq njxrb phtybz yf nj, rfrbt ajhvs bcreccndf yfbkexibt. B dct ét d cnfnmzö änjq åhjiñhs jåyfheébdfñncz b ytrjnjhst jåobt ntyltywbb. Jlyf bp ybö – hfcneofz bynthyfwbjyfkbpfwbz bcreccndf, ntyltywbz, ltvjycnhbheñofz, rfr cjdhtvtyyst öeljétcndtyyst ajhvs gjcnjzyyj jåjufofñncz, åkfujlfhz gthtldbétybñ öeljéybrjd, fhnbcnjd b vepsrfynjd b ghjybryjdtybñ yjdsö bltq xthtp uhfybws. Lheufz jcjåtyyjcnm cjdhtvtyyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj rhbnbrb yfpsdfñn ≤ubåhblyjcnmñ≥. Cvsck änjuj gjyznbz cjcnjbn d njv, xnj uhfybws vtéle ajhvfvb bcreccndf gthtcnfñn åsnm xtnrbvb, gjcrjkmre vyjubt cjplfntkb öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq hfåjnfñn yf cnsrt lbcwbgkby. D åfktnfö Vfhrf Vjhhbcf bkb Åbkkf N. Léjycf gjhjq pdexfn ckjdf; öeljéybr-rjywtgnefkbcn Vänmñ Åfhyb cjplftn dbltjgjdtcndjdfybz, yfgjvbyfñobt ujkkbdelcrbt abkmvs. Tot jlyf dféyfz ntyltywbz d cgjcjåfö cjplfybz yjdsö öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq d yfib lyb – ckjéyjt ≤gthtrhtcnyjt jgsktybt≥, rjnjhjt yfåkñlftncz d jnyjitybzö vtéle ldevz fvthbrfycrbvb nhflbwbjyyj ≤ndjhxtcrbvb≥ gjåthtémzvb b vtytt yfctktyysvb wtynhfkmysvb hfqjyfvb cnhfys. D cdjtv jåpjhyjv jxthrt rhbnbr Nthhb Nbxfen gsnftncz ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj ytrjnjhst bp cfvsö zhrbö yjdsö gjcnfyjdjr ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥ hjlbkbcm d ≤Ukbvvthukfcc jgthf≥ – vepsrfkmyjq nheggt d ytåjkmijv ujhjlrt yf ctdtht infnf Ymñ-Qjhr. Rfrjdj ét ghjbcöjéltybt ndjhxtcrjuj athvtynf, rjnjhsq gjcnjzyyj åeljhfébn fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj b j rjnjhjv bltn htxm d änjq åhjiñht? D yfitv dcnegbntkmyjv bynthdmñ gjän Lfyf Léjqz, ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd, erfpsdftn yf jlby bp cfvsö dthjznysö bcnjxybrjd: ≤Ghbxbyf, åkfujlfhz rjnjhjq Fvthbrf jåkflftn cnjkm jnkbxbntkmyjq gj hfpyjjåhfpbñ bcnjhbtq bcreccndf, cnjkm åtcghtwtltynysv cgtrnhjv ljcnbétybq – jn rbyj lj fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybpvf, jn léfpf lj cjdhtvtyyjq kbnthfnehs, – cjcnjbn d njv, xnj Fvthbrf åskf b jcnftncz jåotcndjv, jncnfbdfñobv kbxyeñ cdjåjle lkz dctö cdjbö uhfélfy≥. 1 2 YTCNB BCRECCNDJ DCTV FVTHBRFYWFV BYNTHDMÑ C Lfyf Léjqz Lfyf Léjqz D ghfdbntkmcndt CIF ytn wtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs, jghtltkzñotuj yfwbjyfkmyeñ gjkbnbre d jåkfcnb bcreccndf. Ldf yfwbjyfkmysö ajylf – Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl bcreccnd (YAB) b Yfwbjyfkmysq uevfybnfhysq ajyl (YUA) – jrfpsdfñn uhfynjdeñ gjllthére jnltkmysv ltzntkzv bcreccndf b yfexysv cjnhelybrfv, f nfrét ndjhxtcrbv b uevfybnfhysv exhtéltybzv. Öjnz åñlétn YAB – 115 vky. ljkkfhjd yf 2003 abyfycjdsq ujl – dtcmvf crhjvty gj chfdytybñ c ujcelfhcndtyysv abyfycbhjdfybtv bcreccndf d lheubö cnhfyfö, jcyjdyeñ gjllthére fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs dctulf jåtcgtxbdfkb xfcnyst gjéthndjdfybz. Xfcnyst hfcöjls yf bcreccndj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö pf 2002 ujl jwtybdfñncz ghbåkbpbntkmyj d 12,1 vkhl. ljkkfhjd. Pf åtp vfkjuj xtnsht ltcznbktnbz cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz YAB, xmb wtkb – gjjohznm dscjrbt ndjhxtcrbt ljcnbétybz b ytcnb bcreccndj dctv fvthbrfywfv, bcgjkmpjdfk cdjb chtlcndf d rfxtcndt cnbvekf lkz xfcnysö gjéthndjdfybq. nfd d yfxfkt 2003 ujlf ghtlctlfntktv YAB, Lfyf Léjqz ghbdytc yf äne ljkéyjcnm ytjåsryjdtyyj ibhjrbq rekmn nehysq jgsn. Bpdtcnysq, d jcyjdyjv, rfr gjän b äcctbcn, Léjqz 15 ktn ghjhfåjnfk herjdjlbntktv rjhgjhfwbb, cjxbyzz cnböb d cdjåjlyjt dhtvz, ghtélt xtv cnfnm ghjatccbjyfkmysv kbnthfnjhjv. Bplfyysq d 1991 ujle ukfdysq tuj nhel c hfpvsiktybzvb j cdjtv htvtckt ≤Dféyf kb gjäpbz?≥, gthdjyfxfkmyj ghtlcnfdkzdibq cjåjq éehyfkmyeñ cnfnmñ, f pfntv cnfdibq rybujq, b gj ctq ltym ghjljkéftn dspsdfnm jébdktyyst lbcreccbb. Tuj gthe ghbyflktéfn nfrét ufptnyst, éehyfkmyst b hflbjrjvvtynfhbb j vepsrt, abkmvfö, kbnthfneht b bcreccndt b jgthyst kbåhtnnj. D geåkbretvjq åtctlt Léjqz jåceélftn hzl ntv: jcjåtyyjcnb fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs, ujcelfhcndtyyjt b xfcnyjt abyfycbhjdfybt bcreccndf, ädjkñwbz hfpkbxysö dbljd bcreccndf. Bynthdmñ c Lfyjq Léjqz dtk Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. C 1 3 Djghjc: Lkz yfxfkf lfdfqnt gjcvjnhbv yf bcreccndj d Fvthbrt crdjpm dfie eybrfkmyeñ ghbpve – cfv YAB. Jndtn: D YAB z ghbitk c jxtym ghjcnjq blttq. Dtkbrfz cnhfyf pfckeébdftn dtkbrjuj bcreccndf. Fvthbrf – cfvfz åjufnfz b cfvfz vjueotcndtyyfz cnhfyf d vbhjdjq bcnjhbb. Yj vthbkj yfwbjyfkmyjuj dtkbxbz – yt åjufncndj b yt cbkf. Änj – wbdbkbpfwbz, rjnjheñ jyf cjplftn, rekmnbdbhetn b gjjohztn. Xtuj z yfltñcm ljåbnmcz pltcm d ibhjrjv cvsckt ckjdf, nfr änj gjvjxm cajhvbhjdfnm nfreñ ljcnegyeñ fvthbrfywfv rekmnehe, rfreñ pfckeébdftn Fvthbrf. Öjnz vs zdkztvcz rhegytqibv cgjycjhjv bcreccnd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, åñlétn YAB cjcnfdkztn vtytt jlyjuj ghjwtynf hfcöjljd fvthbrfycrbö abkfynhjgjd yf bcreccndj. Gjänjve atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj ybrjulf yt cvjukj ås ≤regbnm≥ jghtltktyysq nbg rekmnehs. Yfif hjkm d YAB – änj kblthcndj. Vs yföjlbvcz d eybrfkmyjv gjkjétybb, åelexb tlbycndtyysv exhtéltybtv, rjnjhjt vjétn hfccvfnhbdfnm dct bcreccndf c yfwbjyfkmyjq njxrb phtybz. Bcöjlzott jn yfc ghjcdtotyyjt herjdjlcndj vjétn gjpdjkbnm åscnhtt b yfcnjqxbdtt ljåbdfnmcz wtktq, cnjzobö d fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht, xtv ecbkbz kñåjuj lheujuj exhtéltybz. D vjtq ljkéyjcnb vtyz åjkmit dctuj djkyetn djpvjéyjcnm bcgjkmpjdfnm bcreccndj lkz njuj, xnjås cltkfnm Fvthbre – vtcnj, ult vs ébdtv, – tot kexit. D: Yt vjukb ås ds cjgjcnfdbnm d cfvjv jåotv gkfyt fvthbrfycreñ abkfynhjgb- xtcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm c tdhjgtqcrjq, c rjnjhjq vbh ytgkjöj pyfrjv? J: Tdhjgtqcrfz vjltkm dshjckf bp nhflbwbb rjhjktdcrjuj b fhbcnjrhfnbxtcrjuj gjrhjdbntkmcndf, rjnjhjt d cjdhtvtyysö eckjdbzö dpzkj yf ctåz ujcelfhcndj. Nfv åñlétn ndjhxtcrbö exhtéltybq ajhvbhetncz, d jcyjdyjv, pf cxtn atlthfkmysö bkb vtcnysö ceåcblbq. Fvthbrfycrfz vjltkm jgbhftncz yf xfcnyeñ abkfynhjgbñ. B jyf hfåjnftn. E yfc vfccf vepttd, cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd, ntfnhjd, jgthysö b åfktnysö nhegg, b vfcinfå bö ltzntkmyjcnb dtcmvf ibhjr. Bcnjhbxtcrb, jcjåtyyj d 1970-t b 1980-t ujls, YAB bcgjkmpjdfk atlthfkmyst chtlcndf gj dctq cnhfyt lkz njuj, xnjås cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ htubjyfkmysö nfywtdfkmysö, ntfnhfkmysö b jgthysö rjkktrnbdjd, f nfrét, d vtymitq cntgtyb, vepttd b cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd. Juhjvyjt xbckj änbö exhtéltybq, ysyt ceotcndeñobö d fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö chtlytuj hfpvthf, cdbltntkmcndetn j cgjcjåyjcnb YAB r kblthcnde. D: Xtv ét jåüzcybnm gjzdktybt pyfxbntkmyjuj xfcnyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz bcreccnd c ntxtybtv ltcznbktnbq, lfét cnjktnbq? J: Bcreccndj d Fvthbrt erjhtytyj d fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb b ytctn d ctåt jngtxfnjr fvthbrfycrjuj leöf. Ghbxbyf, gj rjnjhjq Fvthbrf jåkflftn cnjkm jnkbxbntkmyjq gj hfpyjjåhfpbñ bcnjhbtq bcreccndf, cnjkm åtcghtwtltynysv cgtrnhjv ljcnbétybq – jn rbyj lj fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybpvf, jn léfpf lj cjdhtvtyyjq kbnthfnehs, – cjcnjbn d njv, xnj Fvthbrf åskf b jcnftncz jåotcndjv, jncnfbdfñobv kbxyeñ cdjåjle lkz dctö cdjbö uhfélfy. Fvthbrfycrfz abkfynhjgbxtcrfz ltzntkmyjcnm cktletn njve ét ghbywbge. Fvthbrf, gjéfkeq, tlbycndtyyfz d vbht cnhfyf, d rjnjhjq åskb cjnyb kñltq, cltkfdibö juhjvyst cjcnjzybz b ghb ébpyb jnlfdibö bö yf abkfynhjgbxtcrbt wtkb. D: C dfitq njxrb phtybz, rfrbt ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c bcreccndjv, yt gjkexbkb ljcnfnjxyjuj dybvfybz? J: Bpyfxfkmyfz vbccbz YAB – cjltqcndjdfnm dscjrjve ghjatccbjyfkmyjve vfcnthcnde b ytcnb bcreccndj fvthbrfycrjve yfhjle. Ctqxfc vs, yfdthyjt, jghtltkbkb ås änj nfr: ytcnb bcreccndj dctv fvthbrfywfv, gjybvfz ghb änjv, xnj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ceotcndeñn jlyjdhtvtyyj vyjétcndj hfpysö uhegg yfctktybz, jåjcjåktyysö rekmnehyj, utjuhfabxtcrb, d cbke cdjtuj zpsrf, djphfcnf bkb abpbxtcrbö djpvjéyjcntq. Vs nfrét jcjpyfkb, xnj lkz ljcnbétybz yfibö wtktq vs ljkéys buhfnm jghtltktyyeñ hjkm d jåhfpjdfybb. Gjänjve jåtcgtxtybt kblthcndf d öeljétcndtyyjv jåhfpjdfybb cnfkj ntgthm tot jlyjq wtkmñ YAB. D: Xnj d cjdhtvtyyjq fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht dfc åjkmit dctuj gjhféftn? J: Ctujlyz d bcreccndt vjéyj yfåkñlfnm ytcrjkmrj ukjåfkmysö, dctjåütvkñobö ntyltywbq. Gthdeñ z ås jöfhfrnthbpjdfk rfr cdjtuj hjlf äcntnbxtcrbq rhbpbc. C dcnegktybtv Fvthbrb d ÖÖÈ dtr hfcntn eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj juhjvysq dsgktcr äythubb, cdzpfyysq c vjlthybpvjv, yfxfkj rjnjhjuj vjéyj jnytcnb r gthbjle gjckt Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys, bcczr. Vs gj-ghtéytve wtybv åjufnjt yfcktlbt vjlthybpvf b fdfyufhlf, yj jyb, gjöjét, bcnjotys, e ybö åjkmit ytn njq cjpblfntkmyjq cbks, rfrjq jyb ytrjulf jåkflfkb. Dct xfot rhbnbrb cjukfifñncz lheu c lheujv, endthélfz, xnj ytjåöjlbv cbyntp vtéle njq byntycbdyjcnmñ, rjnjhfz cdjqcndtyyf vjlthybpve b ärcgthbvtynfkmyjve bcreccnde, b njq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq ljcnegyjcnmñ, rjnjhfz cdjqcndtyyf nhflbwbjyyjve yfhjlyjve bcreccnde b gjg-fhne. D rféljq ajhvt bcreccndf, d rjnjhjq z ytgjchtlcndtyyj exfcndeñ, z yfåkñlfñ äne ntyltywbñ – cnhtvktybt öeljéybrf djccnfyjdbnm cdjñ cdzpm c geåkbrjq. Yhfdbncz änj dfv bkb ytn, yj djpybrftn cdjtjåhfpysq yjdsq gjgekbpv. D: Rfr änj ghjzdkztncz, yfghbvth, d vepsrt? J: Djpmvtv rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre, rjnjhfz yf cfvjv ltkt gjldjlbn vtyz rj dnjhjq jcyjdyjq ntyltywbb, r gjyznbñ ≤amñéy≥ – cgkfde hfphjpytyysö nhflbwbq. Yfghbvth, d fvthbrfycrjq vepsrt ceotcndetn jxtym vjoyjt ldbétybt gjl yfpdfybtv ≤vbhjdfz vepsrf≥, jödfnsdfñott dcñ vepsre – jn rkfccbxtcrjq lj gjgekzhyjq. Änj gjgsnrf cjtlbybnm b ufhvjybpbhjdfnm djcnjxyst b pfgflyst nhflbwbb. Ds dblbnt nfrét cdjtjåhfpysq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq cgkfd, rjulf vepsrfyns jåhfofñncz r nhflbwbjyysv bcgjkybntkmcrbv bcreccndfv b jlyjdhtvtyyj bcgjkmpeñn djpvjéyjcnb yjdjq ntöyjkjubb. Ldflwfnm ktn yfpfl pfhjélfditqcz ntyltywbtq åsk gjcnvjlthybpv. Yj z levfñ, xnj gjcnvjlthybpv d rfrjv-nj cvsckt åsk dctuj kbim gjgsnrjq ghjlkbnm ébpytyysq wbrk vjlthybpvf. Ctujlyz jghtltkzñobvb vjvtynfvb ajhvbhjdfybz rfrjuj-kbåj ntxtybz d bcreccndt zdkzñncz yt cnjkmrj vfybatcns b vtnjls, crjkmrj bynebwbz b cgjcjåyjcnm dsöjlbnm pf uhfybws éfyhjd b yfghzveñ rjynfrnbhjdfnm c felbnjhbtq. D: B bvtyyj nfr, gthtctrfz uhfybws éfyhjd b jåhfofzcm yfghzveñ r felbnjhbb, ds ltkftnt bcreccndj ljcnegysv? J: Rjytxyj. Bcnjhbz bcreccnd d Fvthbrt d jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb jnhféftn vfcnthcndj b ukeåbye äkbnfhysö nhflbwbq, rjnjhst ≤dcnhtxfñncz≥ c djpvjéyjcnzvb ndjhxtcndf xtkjdtrf d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rekmneht. Yt ceotcndetn bcreccndf, rjnjhjt vjétn gjkyjcnmñ jnctxm ctåz jn cdjtq bcnjhbb. Lfét aenehbpv b fdfyufhl bvtñn ukeåjrbt b ckjéyst rjhyb d nhflbwbjyyjq rekmneht. D: Ds egjvzyekb ≤vbhjdeñ vepsre≥ rfr ghbvth ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj cgkfdf. Gjujdjhbv j vepsrt c njxrb phtybz gthdjq yfpdfyyjq dfvb ntyltywbb – yjdjuj gjgekbpvf. J: Ctqxfc dct jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz d fvthbrfycrjq rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrt bvtñn rjhyb d ntö bkb bysö vepsrfkmysö nhflbwbzö. Tcnm yjdsq hjvfynbpv, nhflbwbjyysq lj vjpuf rjcntq. Tcnm ldbétybt ≤vbhjdjq vepsrb≥, rjnjhjt bcgjkmpetn ytpfgflyst nhflbwbb. Tcnm b vbybvfkbpv, gj ceotcnde, cjxtnfñobq rkfccbxtcrbt nhflbwbb b gjg-nhflbwbb. Dct änb cnbkb cnhtvzncz r njve, xnjås cltkfnm vepsre ljcnegyjq. D: Rfr ghjzdkzñncz vtufntyltywbb, j rjnjhsö ds ujdjhbkb, d lheubö ajhvfö bcreccndf? J: Bynthtcyj, xnj d ébdjgbcb jlyjq bp ukfdysö ntyltywbq cnfkj ghjcnj gjlndthéltybt hjkb rhfcjr rfr dshfpbntkmyjuj chtlcndf – d ghjnbdjgjkjéyjcnm rjycnherwbb bkb rjkkfée b hfpkbxysv lheubv ajhvfv dshfétybz. Ghjbpjikj nfrét djphjéltybt abuehfnbdyjq b gtqpféyjq ébdjgbcb rfr ébpytcgjcjåysö fkmnthyfnbd rjywtgnefkmyjve bcreccnde b fåcnhfrwbb. D gjäpbb yfkbwj uhfylbjpyjt djphjéltybt ajhvs b gjdtcndjdfybz. Jlyf bp ukfdysö kbnthfnehysö ntyltywbq d Fvthbrt – ghjbcöjlzott cjdthityyj dyt jabwbfkmyjq byntkktrnefkmyjq rekmnehs djccjplfybt yfhjlyjq gjäpbb: hägf, rjdåjqcrjq gjäpbb, gjänbxtcrbö ≤ckävjd≥ (ecnysö rjyrehcjd, gjåtlbntktq rjnjhsö dsåbhftn felbnjhbz). Gjxnb dctulf nfrfz gjäpbz bcgjkmpetn hfpvth b hbave, lfét tckb änj cbyrjgbhjdfyysq léfpjdsq hbnv, rfr d hägt, bkb, rfr d rjdåjqcrjq gjäpbb, djphjéltybt njybxtcrjuj hfpvthf ijnkfylcrbö åfkkfl. Nfr xnj d rfrjv-nj cvsckt ds yfåkñlftnt gjgsnre djccnfyjdbnm cdzpm vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv, jlyjdhtvtyyj bcgjkmpjdfnm vjlthybcncrbt b nhflbwbjyyst ghbtvs, xnjås cjplfnm ytxnj cjdhtvtyyjt. 1 4 D ntfnht yfbåjktt gjxbnftvsq fvthbrfycrbq lhfvfnehu d hfcwdtnt cdjtq rfhmths – Jufcn Ebkcjy. Gj ceotcnde, Ebkcjy djphjlbk yfnehfkbcnbxtcreñ nhflbwbñ, rjnjheñ ds dblbnt e Ñlébyf J’Ybkf b Ntyytccb Ebkmzvcf. D: Dpznm öjnz ås gmtce Ebkcjyf ≤Ehjr vepsrb≥ – nhflbwbz, ctvtqyfz bcnjhbz... J: Cjdthityyj dthyj. Jyf dcz cjchtljnjxtyf yf cjwbfkmysö ghjåktvfö. B dct ét tot bynthtcytt d fvthbrfycrjv ntfnht, gjéfkeq, nj, xnj tdhjgttw yfpdfk ås “Gesamtkunstwerk”, bkb ≤cbyrhtnbxtcrbt ghjbpdtltybz bcreccndf≥, d jcyjde rjnjhsö gjkjétyf dfuythjdcrfz bltz ntfnhfkmyjq gmtcs c bcgjkmpjdfybtv hfpysö öeljétcndtyysö chtlcnd dshfétybz. Yjdst jgths b jgthyst gjcnfyjdrb cnfyjdzncz jnrhjdtyyj åjktt ckjdtcysvb, gjcrjkmre åkfujlfhz ceånbnhfv bö lhfvfnbxtcrbt b gjänbxtcrbt äktvtyns ljcnegys felbnjhbb. Vtéle ntv, d ntfnht tcnm b nfrbt abuehs, rfr Léekb Näqvjh, cjtlbyzñofz d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt äktvtyns bnfkmzycrjq rjvtlbb vfcjr, vepsrb b bycwtybhjdrb, rjnjhst ghbyznj cxbnfnm djnxbyjq jgths bkb åfktnf. Vyjubt gsnfñncz ctqxfc cjtlbybnm hfpyst dbls bcreccndf – nfytw, jgthe, vepsrfkmysq ntfnh, lhfvfnbxtcrbq ntfnh, lfét rerjkmyst ghtlcnfdktybz – d tlbyjq ntfnhfkmyjq gjcnfyjdrt. D: Dfit cjåcndtyyjt ndjhxtcndj jnhféftn gjljåysq cbyntp, yt nfr kb? J: Lf. Z gjän, b ghtélt xtv pfyznm cdjñ ysytiyññ ljkéyjcnm, cjnhelybxfk c åfktnysvb b jgthysvb nheggfvb. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö tcnm nfywtdfkmyst rjkktrnbds, ghbukfifñobt r ctåt yf hfåjne gjänjd b bcgjkmpeñobt ntrcns d cjxtnfybb c vepsrjq b nfywfvb. D: Yt vjukb ås ds dpukzyenm yf ctåz rfr yf xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsq hfåjnfk d rjhgjhfnbdyjq Fvthbrt, åelexb jlyjdhtvtyyj gjänjv, rhbnbrjv b äcctbcnjv, b rjnjhjve ctqxfc, yf cktleñotv änfgt nheljdjq ébpyb, ghtlcnjbn dsgjkyznm jåzpfyyjcnb herjdjlbntkz d Yfwbjyfkmyjv ajylt bcreccnd? Xnj pyfxbn lkz Ajylf änj öfhfrnthyjt lkz Htytccfycf cjxtnfybt åbpytcf b rekmnehs? J: Tckb z xtkjdtr Htytccfycf, nj njkmrj gjnjve, xnj lkz vtyz änj åsk tlbycndtyyj djpvjéysq cgjcjå dsébnm d rfxtcndt öeljéybrf. Z öjntk åsnm gjänjv b yt öjntk ltkfnm rfhmthe d eybdthcbntnt – f, pyfxbn, vyt yflj åskj yfqnb rfrjq-nj lheujq cgjcjå pfhfåfnsdfnm yf ébpym. Z csy hfåjxbö bp Kjc-Fylétktcf, rjnjhsq ghjdtk 15 ktn d fvthbrfycrbö rjhgjhfwbzö, hfåjnfz 10-12 xfcjd d ltym b cjxbyzz gj yjxfv b dsöjlysv. Z ltkfk änj, xnjås dsébnm rfr gbcfntkm, yj tot z jåyfheébk d ctåt cgjcjåyjcnb r åbpytce. D ltkjdjv vbht z exbkcz dtofv, rjnjhsv gbcfntkb, yf vjq dpukzl, yt jåzpfntkmyj exfncz, cjplfdfz cdjb öeljétcndtyyst ghjbpdtltybz. Crfétv, xnj nfrjt hfåjnfnm d rjkktrnbdt. Dtlm ns vjétim ljåbnmcz ujhfplj åjkmituj, tckb cevttim cjplfnm cbnefwbñ, d rjnjhjq, hfåjnfz dvtcnt hflb jåobö wtktq, ghtecgtdftn rfélsq. Åbpytc yfexbk vtyz b njve, rfr dféyj gjybvfnm, xnj ns öjxtim cltkfnm d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt, b cnhtvbnmcz r änjve. D: Yf xnj d rekmneht ds htfubhetnt ctqxfc åjkmit dctuj? J: Z lfdyj gjyzk, xnj xtuj yt ödfnftn fvthbrfycrjq rekmneht, nfr änj byntkktrnefkjd yjdjuj gjrjktybz, byntkktrnefkjd, jåhfofñoböcz ytgjchtlcndtyyj r geåkbrt, nj tcnm nfrbö byntkktrnefkjd, rjnjhst yt cdzpfys c eybdthcbntnfvb. Fvthbrt yeéyj åjkmit öeljéybrjd c byntkktrnefkmysvb pfghjcfvb, cgjcjåysö åtp cybcöjéltybz ujdjhbnm yf ljcnegyjv yfhjle zpsrt. D änjq cdzpb e yfc tcnm dslfñofzcz nhflbwbz, djcöjlzofz, gj rhfqytq vtht, r dhtvtyfv Ävthcjyf b Älufhf Gj b ghjljkéfdifzcz dgkjnm lj ytåsdfksö ljcnbétybq ymñ-qjhrcrbö tdhtqcrbö byntkktrnefkjd d 1930-ö b 1940-ö ujlfö, rjnjhst, djpvjéyj, åskb tt fgjuttv. D: Rjulf bpvtybkfcm änf nhflbwbz? J: D ltcznbktnbz gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys eybdthcbntncrfz cbcntvf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö nfr hfphjckfcm d eckjdbzö ghjwdtnfñotuj jåotcndf, xnj gjukjnbkf åjkmibycndj byntkktrnefkjd. Änb kñlb dct åjkmit b åjkmit cgtwbfkbpbhjdfkbcm d hfvrfö njq bkb byjq eprjq lbcwbgkbys, dvtcnj njuj xnjås jåhfofnmcz r gtcnhjq felbnjhbb jåhfpjdfyysö xbnfntktq. D nj ét dhtvz hfpkbxyst ajhvs ltzntkmyjcnb, ytrjulf lfdfdibt hfåjne änbv byntkktrnefkfv, gthtcnfkb ceotcndjdfnm. Jlby bp djghjcjd, åjkmit dctuj bynthtceñobö vtyz ctqxfc, pfrkñxftncz d njv, rfr pfyjdj cajhvbhjdfnm chtle lkz geåkbxyjq byntkktrnefkmyjq ébpyb. D: Rfr vtyztncz ctqxfc fvthbrfycrfz byntkktrnefkmyfz ébpym? J: Yf vjq dpukzl, Fvthbrf ctqxfc gthtébdftn nhfycajhvfwbñ, d ghjwtcct rjnjhjq, rfr vyt öjntkjcm ås cxbnfnm, ghjbcöjlbn cjplfybt yjdjq åjutvs. Cnfhfz fvthbrfycrfz åjutvf ghtlcnfdkzkf cjåjq jåbnfntktq ujhjlcrbö hfqjyjd, d jcyjdyjv öeljéybrjd b byntkktrnefkjd, hfåjnfdibö d hfpysö jåkfcnzö, yj jåütlbytyysö d ytxnj wtkjt ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, r rfrjve cjwbfkmyjve rkfcce jyb ghbyflktéfkb. Gjän Ä.Ä. Rfvvbyuc, r ghbvthe, nfrét hbcjdfk, gbcfk ghjpe b hfåjnfk d ntfnht. Äphf Gfeyl gbcfk vepsre, rhbnbxtcrbt cnfnmb b cnböb. Ebyläv Kmñbc åsk ghtdjcöjlysv öeljéybrjv, f nfrét gbcfntktv. Vtytt bpdtcnysq fvthbrfycrbq gbcfntkm, rjnjhjuj z jxtym gjxbnfñ, Eäkljy Rbp, åsk gjänjv, ghjpfbrjv, fåcnhfrnysv ärcghtccbjybcnjv, bcreccndjdtljv, lf tot b rbyjhtébccthjv-ärcgthbvtynfnjhjv. Åjutvf jcyjdfyf yf njv ghtlcnfdktybb, xnj hfpkbxyst dbls bcreccndf ecbkbdfñn b gbnfñn lheu lheuf, f ndjhxtcndj kexit dctuj ghjbcöjlbn d fnvjcatht, ult ytn rkfccjd b ult nfkfyn b äythubz – änj dfkñnf, bvtñofz eybdthcfkmyjt jåhfotybt. Ctujlyz ajhvbhetncz yjdfz hfpyjdblyjcnm åjutvs – yt d hfvrfö vbrhjhfqjyjd åjkmibö ujhjljd, f rfr dbhnefkmyjt cjjåotcndj, cjplfñottcz c gjvjomñ yjdsö ntöyjkjubq. Änf yjdtqifz åjutvf ébdtn, cjdthifz gentitcndbz d Bynthytnt, jåofzcm ghb gjvjob ltitdsö ntktajyysö pdjyrjd, bcgjkmpez afrc, gjxnjdst jnghfdktybz cj chjxyjq ljcnfdrjq, äktrnhjyyst bplfybz – f nfrét gentv cjplfybz nfrbö dhtvtyysö åjutv, rfr gbcfntkmcrbt rjyathtywbb, rjkjybb öeljéybrjd b fhnbcnbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs, ult kñlb cjåbhfñncz dvtcnt yf ytltkñ bkb åjkmit. Änb cjjåotcndf ajhvbheñncz yt gj utjuhfabxtcrjve ghbpyfre, f yf jcyjdt rekmnehyjuj hjlcndf. Njulf djghjc, d cfvjv ibhjrjv cvsckt, cdjlbncz r cktleñotve: rfr cjplfnm öeljétcndtyyeñ b byntkktrnefkmyeñ ébpym dyt bycnbnewbjyfkmyjq gjllthérb eybdthcbntnf? Yt nj xnjås eybdthcbntn gkjö. Yj rekmnehf åjufxt, rjulf bcreccndj cjplftncz d hfpysö vtcnfö d jåotcndt b rjulf frfltvbxtcrfz b åjutvyfz rekmnehyfz ébpym utythbheñn pljhjdjt lbfktrnbxtcrjt yfghzétybt, cjgthybxfz lheu c lheujv. Öjnz rjhyb e vtyz bnfkmzycrbt b vtrcbrfycrbt, vsiktybt vjt uthvfycrjt d njv cvsckt, xnj z dthñ d lbfktrnbre, d nj, xnj hfpyst cbks gjcnjzyyj dcnhtxfñncz b gjcnjzyyj ghtjåhféfñn lheu lheuf. Bkb, gjéfkeq, vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj nfrfz byntkktrnefkmyfz ubåhblbpfwbz öfhfrnthyf lkz fvthbrfywf. ∆ 1 5 RFKBAJYBQCRBT ÖJKVS D FDUECNT LFYF LÉJQZ Z vjue ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt rjuj-nj, rjve änb öjkvs gjrféencz ytdsyjcbvsvb, rnj dpåbhfkcz gj crkjye d éfhe, ghjrkbyfz gskm, c nhtcrjv yfcnegfz yf kjvrbt cjhyzrb, étkfz, xnjås gjåjkmit åskj lthtdmtd, lfñobö ntym. Ébntkm Djcnjxyjuj gjåthtémz dljdjkm gjbpltdfkcz ås yfl creljcnmñ ktnf, pfcjöibvb, bcrhbdktyysvb ajhvfvb ntvyjuj dzpf, pfjcnhtyyjuj leåf b xfgfhtkz; kfylifanf, rjnjhjuj fduecn eét kbibk ptktyb. Änjn genybr åscnhj ifufk ås xthtp wtgkzñobqcz xthnjgjkjö, kbcjödjcn b pjkjnbcnsq vfr, cxbnfz dct hfcneott djrheu cjhyzrfvb, ytcgjcjåysq gjyznm, xnj d änbö lthtdmzö b htlrbö åehsö recnfhybrfö gekmcbhetn ébpym. B ytyfdbltk ås cdtnkeñ nbibye gjklyz, åtpdtnhtyyjuj, ytgjldbéyjuj, b lheubv tlbycndtyysv ébdsv ceotcndjv åsk ås ujkjlysq b éféleobq ljåsxb zcnhtå, gfhzobq d pfkbnjq cjkywtv, jcktgkzñotq cbytdt. Yj dct ét, rfrbv cgjrjqcndbtv dct änj rfétncz njve, rnj hjlbkcz b dshjc nfv, ult gjxnb yt åsdftn ljélz – jxthnfybt öjkvf yf ajyt ytåf c cbkeänfvb lthtdmtd, rjnjhst vjéyj gthtcxbnfnm gj gfkmwfv, nhfdf, åtpljyyst ytåtcf b vtxns j djlt. Ghtlctlfntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf bcreccnd b uevfybnfhysö yfer Lfyf Léjqz gjän, ehjétytw Rfkbajhybb. 1 6 DJPDHFOTYBT RHFCJNS NTHHB NBXFEN Ukeåjxfqibt gthtvtys vjuen ghjbpjqnb dctuj pf jlyj cnjktnbt^ D 1903 ujle chfdybntkmyj ytåjkmijt xbckj fvthbrfywtd gj-yfcnjzotve bynthtcjdfkjcm bcreccndjv. Njkmrj ldjt bp ébdibö njulf fvthbrfycrbö gbcfntktq – Vfhr Ndty b Utyhb Létqvc – eét yfgbcfkb cdjb cfvst pyfxbntkmyst ghjbpdtltybz. Yfib kexibt öeljéybrb – fvthbrfycrbt bvghtccbjybcns – hfåjnfkb d cnbkt, rjnjhsq cjdthityyj jxtdblyj ghjbcntrfk bp tdhjgtqcrbö jåhfpwjd; yfib veptb bpzoysö bcreccnd åskb ghtltkmyj ghjdbywbfkmysvb rfr gj cdjtve cjlthéfybñ, nfr b gj cdjbv ecnhtvktybzv. E yfc yt åskj dtkbrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, dtkbrbö gjänjd bkb lhfvfnehujd, åfktnysö nhegg, f njkmrj ytcrjkmrj cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd b jgthysö ntfnhjd. ét ghjcnjuj egjvbyfybz dctuj änjuj ljcnfnjxyj, xnjås gjyznm, yfcrjkmrj hflbrfkmyj bpvtybkjcm fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj d ÖÖ dtrt. Tckb ujdjhbnm j vjlthybpvt, nj nen Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnfkb buhfnm wtynhfkmyeñ hjkm dj dctö dblfö bcreccndf. Vs lfét cnfkb hjljyfxfkmybrfvb nhtö yjdsö ajhv bcreccndf: léfpf, cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf b rbyj. Yfhzle c ntv, xnj e yfc gjzdbkbcm cdjb vfcnthf bcreccnd vbhjdjuj rkfccf, yfif cnhfyf ghbdktrkf r ctåt ävbuhfynjd cj dctuj vbhf, xmt ndjhxtcndj åscnhj dkbkjcm d jcyjdyjt heckj fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs. Åjktt njuj, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb cltkfkb gkjls änjq dtkbrjq nhfycajhvfwbb ljcnegysvb yt njkmrj lkz öjhjij jåhfpjdfyyjuj äkbnfhyjuj rkfccf, yj b lkz kñåjuj fvthbrfywf, ghjzdkzdituj bynthtc r njve, xnj, cjukfcyj pyfvtybnjq ahfpt åhbnfycrjuj gjänf Vänmñ Fhyjkmlf cjcnfdkztn ≤kexitt bp njuj, j xtv levfkb, b xnj åskj crfpfyj d änjv vbht≥. Rjytxyj ét, yfif rekmnehf zdkztn cjåjq, d ceoyjcnb, gjgekzhyeñ rekmnehe, gjänjve ytkmpz gjkyjcnmñ jwtybnm yb jlye bp ceotcndeñobö d Fvthbrt ajhv bcreccndf, yt ghbpyfdfz, xnj, d rfrjq cntgtyb, kexibt bp ybö bvttn rjhyb bvtyyj d änjq rekmneht. Öeljétcndtyysq rhbnbr Rktvtyn Uhbyåthu, gthdsq yfpdfdibq ≤echtlytyyeñ≥ gjgekzhyeñ rekmnehe euhjpjq ≤dscjrjve≥ bcreccnde d Fvthbrt, jöfhfrnthbpjdfk ≤fvthbrfycrjt vsiktybt≥ rfr vsiktybt, nbgbxysvb xthnfvb rjnjhjuj zdkzñncz ≤gjpbnbdyjcnm, ytétkfybt hfcceélfnm, cnhtvktybt åscnhj gjkexbnm htpekmnfns b jgnbvbpv≥. Ghfdlf, jy egecnbk bp dble, xnj bvtyyj änb rfxtcndf vjuen cfvb ckeébnm jcyjdjq öfhfrnthyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj cnbkz d bcreccndt – cnbkz, cjtlbyzñotuj d ctåt b dscjrjt, b chtlytt, b ybprjt, b ntv cfvsv jåkfujhfébdfñotuj gjgekzhyeñ rekmnehe öjnz ås ntv, xnj jyf ckeébn gjgekzhbpfwbb cthmtpyjq rekmnehs. Htxm ikf j ytghjcnjv hfdyjdtcbb, b vyjubt vfcnthf bcreccnd nfr b yt cevtkb elthéfnmcz jn njuj, xnjås ghjcnj eujélfnm drecfv geåkbrb. E 1 7 Yj ljcnbétybt nfrjuj hfdyjdtcbz åskj djpvjéyj, b ctujlyz eét ybrjuj yt yeéyj eåtélfnm d njv, yfcrjkmrj dféys åskb vjlthybcns, ujdjhbdibt jnrhjdtyyj ghbptvktyysv b chfpe ljöjlzobv lj kñltq zpsrjv, rjnjhsq ntgthm dctvbhyj ghbpyfy rfr fvthbrfycrbq. Kebc Fhvcnhjyu, Ahtl Fcnth, Ebkkf Rfnth, Ffhjy Rjgktyl, Cnñfhn Lädbc, Lñr Äkkbyunjy, A. Crjnn Abléthfkml, Dbjkjyxtkbcn Qj-Qj Vf dscnegftn d Rfhytub-öjkk yf vtvjhbfkmyjv rjywthnt, gjcdzotyyjv éthndfv nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö yfgfltybq 11 ctynzåhz. Hjåthn Ahjcn, Léjy Ajhl, Léjhlé Uthidby, Öjdfhl Öjrc, Äldfhl Öjggth, Akäyythb J’Rjyyjh, Léthjv Hjååbyc, Ahäyr Kkjql Hfqn – rjytxyj ét, änb b lheubt, chfdybvst c ybvb abuehs, pfybvfñn gjxtnyjt vtcnj chtlb ntö nbgbxysö ghtlcnfdbntktq yfitq rekmnehs, xmt ndjhxtcndj dctulf åeltn yjcbnm yf ctåt gtxfnm ≤Cltkfyj d CIF≥. D rfrjv ét cjcnjzybb yföjlbncz fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj ctujlyz, rjulf ähf vjlthybpvf, yfrjytw, pfdthibkfcm? D åjkmibycndt ckexftd jyj gjhfpbntkmyj äythubxyj b vyjujjåtofñot, öjnz rfrbt-nj ajhvs bcreccndf – b elbdkznmcz änjve yt ghböjlbncz – hfpdbdfñncz kexit, xtv lheubt. Yj dthyj b nj, xnj bcreccndj d Fvthbrt dsöjlbn bp gjkjcs ytelfx. Yfxbyfz c 60-ö ujljd ÖÖ dtrf, fvthbrfycrfz rekmnehf dgthdst pf cdjñ ytljkueñ bcnjhbñ jrfpfkfcm éthndjq ytgkjljndjhyjq bltb, rjnjhfz yf ghjnzétybb gjxnb xtndthnb cnjktnbz jrfpsdfkf pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf yfibö ltzntktq bcreccndf b rhbnbrjd. Cjplfdfkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj dct vs chfpe enhfnbkb ujnjdyjcnm ltkfnm wtyyjcnyst ceéltybz – yfghbvth, cthmtpyj djcghbybvfnm Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf, yj, jlyjdhtvtyyj ghbpyfdfz, xnj Fffhjy Rjgktyl zdkztncz åjktt pyfxbntkmysv rjvgjpbnjhjv. Dvtcnj änjuj vs gjkexbkb gjcnvjlthybpv, rjnjhsq yt njkmrj jnhbwfk, xnj b njn b lheujq åskb dtkbrbvb vepsrfynfvb, yj b yt ghbpyfdfk cfvjq bltb dtkbxbz rfr nfrjdjq. öjébö cnbktq – n.t. hjéltybñ gjlöjlf, rjnjhsq ghbitkcz gj leit ltzntkzv fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf, dctulf cnhtvbdibvcz r cjtlbytybñ ytcjtlbybvjuj. D htpekmnfnt yf cdtn gjzdkzkbcm nfrbt cdthrfñobt cgkfds, rfr léfp b cjdhtvtyysq åfktn. Gjcnvjlthybpv lfk ghbdthétyysv nhflbwbb öeljéybrfv b vepsrfynfv ghjcnhfycndj lkz vfytdhf, jcjåtyyj rjvgjpbnjhfv, hfåjnfñobv d jåkfcnb rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb, rjnjhst dct tot dthbkb d tcntcndtyyst pfrjys njyfkmyjcnb, lfdyj ghtlfyyst fyfatvt ghtlcnfdbntkzvb fdfyufhlyjuj bcreccndf. Vtéle ntv gjcnvjlthybcncrbt felbnjhbb, rfr ghtlgjkfufkjcm, ljkéys åskb ljdjkmcndjdfnmcz, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, gecnsvb étcnfvb rjywtgnefkmyjuj bcreccndf b vbybvfkbcncrjq vepsrb, d rjnjhsö ntjhbz pfvtyzkf cjåjq cjlthéfybt. Pf dcñ bcnjhbñ bcreccndf yb jlyj rhegyjt öeljétcndtyyjt yfghfdktybt yt ghjbpdtkj yf cdtn åjkmit ntjhbb b vtymit bcreccndf, xtv gjcnvjlthybpv. D rjytxyjv bnjut gjcnvjlthybpv cdjlbkcz dctuj kbim r yfåjhe ecnfyjdjr, ukfdyjq chtlb rjnjhsö zdkzkfcm vfhubyfkbpfwbz bltb rhfcjns b pfvtyf tt ≤kturjq bhjybtq≥, rjnjheñ fdnjhs, rfr ås eövskzzcm, ghtlkfufkb felbnjhbb, jlyjdhtvtyyj ijrbhez b geufz tt, b rjnjhfz cnfkf jnkbxbntkmyjq xthnjq fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs 90-ö ujljd ÖÖ dtrf. D äcntnbxtcrjv cvsckt änj åskf ytgkjljndjhyfz gjpbwbz, b gj änjq cfvjq ghbxbyt jyf åskf jåhtxtyf – öjnz ybrnj b yt vju ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt nj eéfcyjt ytcxfcnmt, rjnjhjve ceéltyj gjlndthlbnm tt jåhtxtyyjcnm. L jckjdyj nthvby ≤gjcnvjlthybpv≥ jpyfxftn dctuj-yfdctuj cjcnjzybt, yfcnegbditt gjckt vjlthybpvf. R 60-v ujlfv ÖÖ dtrf ntxtybt vjlthybpvf d bcreccndt, ghbåkbéfkjcm r rjytxyjve geyrne cdjtuj hfpdbnbz. Yt nj, xnjås dct vjlthybcns ghtrhfnbkb cjplfdfnm yfcnjzobt ukeåjrbt ghjbpdtltybz. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö, yfghbvth, öjhtjuhfa Gjk Ntqkjh, pfybvfñobqcz cjdhtvtyysv åfktnjv, b öeljéybwf Ötkty Ahfyrtynfkth, hfåjnfñofz d fåcnhfrwbjybcncrj-bvghtccbjybcncrjv cnbkt, ndjhzn b gj ctq ltym. B dct ét ntxtybt vjlthybpvf, rfr änj ckexftncz c hfpkbxysvb ntxtybzvb, cj dhtvtytv dshjlbkjcm d pfrjcntytdieñ bltjkjubñ, ghjgjdtlybrb rjnjhjq, rfr ghfdbkj, ltkfkb kjéyst evjpfrkñxtybz, bcöjlz bp kjéysö gjcskjr. Änj åskj dhtvz, rjulf fåcnhfrnyfz ébdjgbcm, fnjyfkmyfz vepsrf b åtccñétnyfz öjhtjuhfabz ghtlcnfdkzkbcm geåkbrt rfr bcnjhbxtcrfz ytbpåtéyjcnm. Fdnjhs änjuj, gj cenb ltkf, rdfpbvfhrcbcncrjuj fhuevtynf, ythtlrj cfvb åskb crkjyys r gjlfdktybñ byfrjvsckbz – njét d cnbkt Vfhrcf. J gjcnvjlthybpvt yfgbcfyj vyjétcndj nheljd, fdnjhs rjnjhsö gsnfkbcm hfpüzcybnm tuj cenm, yj tuj bcöjlyfz gjcskrf cjdthityyj jxtdblyf. Tckb eé ujdjhbnm gfhfljrcfvb, nj gjcnvjlthybcnjd vjéyj yfpdfnm fåcjkñnysvb htkznbdbcnfvb. Jyb cxbnfñn, xnj yt ceotcndetn bcnbys b rhfcjns, endthélfz, xnj ybxnj cfvj gj ctåt yt zdkztncz bcnbyysv, ghtrhfcysv bkb ljåhsv. ≤Rhfcjnf≥, ≤ljåhj≥, ≤bcnbyf≥ bkb ≤rfxtcndj≥, ujdjhzn jyb, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq kbim rjycnherwbb, rjnjhst cbkmyst d gjkbnbxtcrbö wtkzö yfdzpsdfñn ckfåsv. Cnfkj åsnm, yt vjétn åsnm yb dtkbrjuj bcreccndf, yb dtkbrbö öeljéybrjd. Itrcgbh? Åtnöjdty? Ctpfyy? Dct jyb – ghjcnj bycnhevtyns rfgbnfkbpvf, bcgjkmpetvst lkz evbhjndjhtybz vfcc b gjllthérb pfuybdfñotuj ghfdzotuj rkfccf yf Pfgflt. D cjpyfybb gjcnvjlthybcnf ckexfqyjcnm nfr ét öjhjif, rfr b pfrjyjvthyjcnm, iev hfdyjwtyty vepsrfkmyjq ufhvjybb, f dct öeljétcndtyyst ltrkfhfwbb hfdys vtéle cjåjq – dghjxtv, nt bp ybö, rjnjhst bcöjlzn jn öeljéybrjd, yt jåkflfñobö htfkmysv dkbzybtv, ≤hfdytt≥, xtv lheubt. Rfr ntjhbz, gjcnvjlthybpv yfcnjkmrj fåcehlty, xnj lfét yt pfckeébdftn jghjdthétybz – b ntv åjktt jghjdthétybz, ytgjchtlcndtyyj fgtkkbheñotuj r jgsne dtkbrjuj bcreccndf. Jlyfrj tuj lheubt åjktt rjyrhtnyst gjcktlcndbz lkz rekmnehs yt yjczn dctwtkj ytufnbdyjuj öfhfrnthf. Dj-gthdsö, jy cltkfk nj, xtuj dct ljkuj élfkb – hfpheibk eleifñoeñ vjyjgjkbñ gjplytuj vjlthybpvf. Bvtyyj åkfujlfhz cdjtq bylbaathtynyjcnb r ≤rfxtcnde≥ gjcnvjlthybpv cgjcjåcndjdfk cvtitybñ ytgj- H fpheitybt Wtynhf vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb d xbckt vyjubö lheubö jåcnjzntkmcnd gjkjébkj rjytw åtplevyjve ghbyznbñ gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj htkznbdbpvf. D nj enhj, yfdctulf jcnfdittcz d gfvznb, fvthbrfyws cnfkb jåütrnjv cfvjuj étcnjrjuj gj cdjtq ajhvt yfgjvbyfybz j njv, xnj ytrjnjhst dtob yt zdkzñncz ghjcnj djghjcjv vytybz. Lfét d cfvsö yjdjvjlysö hfqjyfö Vfyöänntyf kñltq jödfnbk htfkmysq cnhfö, yf ekbwfö gjzdbkjcm vjht fvthbrfycrbö akfujd, f ckjdj ≤pkj≥ åscnhj dthyekjcm d ktrcbrjy dscjrjjåhfpjdfyysö byntkktrnefkjd, yfbdyj gjkfufdibö, xnj yt ceotcndetn zdktybz, rjnjhjt jåjpyfxftncz änbv ckjdjv. Ytxnj gjöjétt ghjbpjikj xthtp ytcrjkmrj lytq, rjulf vepsrfyns d Ymñ-Qjhrt b lheubö ujhjlfö yfxfkb lfdfnm gjcdzotyyst änjq nhfutlbb rjywthns, cjåbhfdibt gjkyst pfks. Xnj ét ghböjlbkf gjckeifnm geåkbrf? Qj-Qj Vf buhfk Åföf d Rfhytub-öjkk, Gkfcblj Ljvbyuj gtk Jntkkj d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty-jgthf≥, ≤Ytvtwrbq htrdbtv≥ Åhfvcf d bcgjkytybb jhrtcnhf Ymñ-Qjhrcrjq abkfhvjybb gjl eghfdktybtv Rehnf Vfpehf nhfyckbhjdfkcz yf dcñ cnhfye gj ≤Yfityfk gfåkbr hflbj≥. Hfpdt rnj-ybåelm cghfibdfk, gjxtve dvtcnj vepsrb Fhyjkmlf Ityåthuf d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty-jgthf≥ bcgjkyzkfcm vepsrf Dthlb? Jndtn yf änjn djghjc åsk pfhfytt bpdtcnty. ≤Rjulf cvthnm gjlcnegftn nfr åkbprj, xtkjdtre yeéyf rhfcjnf≥, – gjtn cnfhsq rjhjkm Fhrtk d jgtht Ltåñccb ≤Gtkktfc b Vtkbpfylf≥. Djn b fvthbrfywfv, gthtébdfdibv nzétkjt dhtvz d ébpyb cnhfys, gjnhtåjdfkfcm rhfcjnf, b jyb yb yf vbyene yt ecjvybkbcm d tt ceotcndjdfybb. Ghfdlf, änj rjkktrnbdyjt djphjéltybt dths d bcnbye b rhfcjne ghjbpjikj yt enhjv 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Änj eét dbnfkj d djpleöt. B cfv gjcnvjlthybpv åsk yt cnjkmrj ähjq, crjkmrj ägbpjljv, gjcntgtyysv gthtöjljv jn jlyjq rekmnehyjq ägjöb r lheujq. Ctujlyz ét vs yfåkñlftv gjzdktybt gj-yfcnjzotve yjdjuj cnbkz, lkz rjnjhjuj ybrnj tot yt ghblevfk kexituj yfpdfybz, xtv ≤gjcngjcnvjlthybpv≥. Änjn cnbkm cj dctq jxtdblyjcnmñ ghjzdbkcz d hfcneotq ujnjdyjcnb ytpfdbcbvj vsckzobö fvthbrfycrbö rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd yfghzveñ – b d ght- 1 8 Kjeäkk Kbåthvfy, hfåjns rjnjhjuj drkñxfñn d ctåz Gargoyles b Cjyfne lkz aktqns b ajhntgmzyj (Sonata for Flute and Piano), d yfcnjzott dhtvz zdkztncz jlybv bp yfbåjktt bcgjkyztvsö b djcnhtåjdfyysö rjvgjpbnjhjd. Léfpjdsq rjvgjpbnjh b fhfyébhjdobr Vfhbz Iyfqlth djpukfdkztn gjkexbdibq vtéleyfhjlyjt ghbpyfybt Léfp-jhrtcnh Vfhbb Iyfqlth. Åhñc Cghbyucnby bcgjkyztn gtcyñ ≤Dcnfdfybt≥ (“The Rising”), yfgbcfyyeñ d jndtn yf cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz, yf wthtvjybb dhextybz vepsrfkmysö ghtvbq yf ≤Äv nb db dbltj≥. 1 9 rhfcyjq ajhvt – jåhfnbnmcz r ghjåktvt gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj htkznbdbpvf. C änbv cnfkrbdftimcz, yfghbvth, d rbyjabkmvt ≤Vbh ghbphfrjd≥ (Ghost World) Nthhb Wdbujaaf – nhjufntkmyjq bcnjhbb j ldeö hfpjxfhjdfyysö gjlhjcnrfö, rjnjhst jrfpfkbcm d rkjfrt gjg-rekmnehs chtlb cnhbgnbp-rkeåjd, rheukjcenjxysö vfufpbyxbrjd b pfnfcrfyysö ikzuthjd, åhjityyst d änj vjht njnfkmyjq jnyjcbntkmyjcnb cdjbvb hjlbntkzvb gjrjktybz åäåb-åevthjd, rjnjhsö tldf kb vjéyj yfpdfnm hjlbntkzvb. Bkb d rfhnbyt ≤Vjétim yf vtyz hfccxbnsdfnm≥ (You Can Count on Me), cyznjq gj cjåcndtyyjve cwtyfhbñ Rtyytnjv Kjythufyjv, d rjnjhjq vs dcnhtxftv Nthhb, ytcjdthityyjktnytuj ghjdbywbfkmyjuj åhjlzue, b Cävvb, tuj cnfhieñ ctcnhe, rjnjhfz ébdtn d ljvt hjlbntktq, gjubåibö dj dhtvz fdnjrfnfcnhjas. Änj ghjbpjikj c ybvb tot d ltncndt b ntgthm, cnfd gjxnb dphjcksvb, jyb cnhfiyj jlbyjrb b e ybö vyjuj ytljcnfnrjd, öjnz jyb yt lj rjywf hfcnthzkb cdjb xtkjdtxtcrbt ljcnjbycndf b cnhtvzncz yfqnb cdjq genm d vbht, d rjnjhjv gjdcñle ytjghtltktyyjcnm. Ghbvtxfntkmyj, xnj cfv Kjythufy csuhfk d abkmvt hjkm vtnjlbcncrjuj cdzotyybrf, rjnjhsq yfcnjkmrj åjbncz celbnm lheubö, xnj e ytuj zpsr yt gjdjhfxbdftncz crfpfnm Cävvb, xnj tt cdzpm c étyfnsv veéxbyjq jgfcyf lkz tt leib. ≤Djjåot-nj, änj uhtö, – ujdjhbn jy, – yj vs yt crkjyys chfpe levfnm jå änjv≥. Tot jlyjq rkñxtdjq abuehjq yjdjuj gjcngjcnvjlthybcncrjuj cnbkz öjhtjuhfa cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf Vfhr Vjhhbc, xmb hfåjns yf gthdsq dpukzl dsukzlzn zdyj gjcnvjlthybcncrbvb, åkfujlfhz ytrjnjhjq bhjybxyjq ävjwbjyfkmyjq jncnhfytyyjcnb. Ghfdlf, d kexibö öjhtjuhfabxtcrbö gjcnfyjdrfö Vjhhbcf, d xfcnyjcnb, vfcnthcrb gjcnfdktyyjq L’Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato, rfr vyt rfétncz ntgthm, zdyj ghbcencndeñn ävjwbjyfkmyjcnm b ärcghtccbdyfz ghzvjnf, åtp rjnjhsö yt jåöjlbncz yb jlyj gj-yfcnjzotve dtkbrjt bcreccndj. Z yt elbdkñcm, tckb bcnjhbrb rekmnehs, bpexfz bcreccndj ctujlyziytuj lyz, yfpjden Vjhhbcf jlyjq bp rkñxtdsö – f, vjétn åsnm, b rkñxtdjq abuehjq ägjöb gthtöjlf r gjcngjcn-vjlthybpve. Gjljåyj jxtym vyjubv öeljéybrfv, xmt ndjhxtcndj ytctn yf ctåt gtxfnm gjcnvjlthybpvf, Vjhhbc gj-ghtéytve yt ghbpyftn ujnjdsö rfntujhbq, b z gjkfufñ, xnj gjcnjzyyfz cvtyf ndjhxtcrjuj gjxthrf, cnjkm öfhfrnthyfz lkz tuj hfåjn, b cnfytn ukfdysv yfcktlbtv ägjöb gjcnvjlthybpvf. ≤Åtpuhfybxyjt≥ vyjujjåhfpbt cnbktq, yfghbvth, cnfkj jxtym pfvtnyjq cjcnfdkzñotq cjdhtvtyyjq gjgekzhyjq vepsrb. D xbckt yfbåjktt dslfñoböcz bcgjkybntktq pltcm vjéyj yfpdfnm jåkflfñoeñ rkfccbxtcrbv cjghfyj b dscnegfñoeñ ntgthm yf Åhjldtt gtdbwe Jlhe Vfrljyfkml, fdnjhf gtcty lkz ntfnhfkmysö gjcnfyjdjr Flfvf Uebnntkf, léfpjdsö vepsrfynjd Gänf Vtntyb, Kñxbfye Xktys Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggs Vfhrf Vjhhbcf bcgjkyzñn L’Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato. Cjce b Bnfyf Fqdthcjyf; buhfñoeñ d cnbkt ≤åkñuhfcc≥ uhegge ≤Ybrtkm Rhbr≥ (Nickel Creek) b cjxbyzñoeñ vepsre lkz léfpjhrtcnhjd rjvgjpbnjhf Vfhbñ Iyfqlth. Dct jyb bcgjkyzñn b gbien vepsre, rjnjheñ, ujdjhz ckjdfvb Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf, ytkmpz jnytcnb r rfrjq-kbåj rfntujhbb. Yj änf åtpelthéyfz ubåhblbpfwbz cnbktq yt juhfybxbdftncz njkmrj hfvrfvb gjg-vepsrb. R rfrjve rjyrhtnyjve nbge cbyrhtnbxyjuj ghtlcnfdktybz, yfghbvth, cktletn jnytcnb dphjcksq ≤rjvbrc≥ Läybtkf Rkjepf (cjplfntkz ≤Vbhf ghbphfrjd≥) b ≤bcnjhbb d rfhnbyrfö≥ Åtyf Ränxthf? Gjckt jgth, cjplfyysö yf jcyjdt öjhtjuhfabb Vjhhbcf, åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Rjynfrn≥ Cmñpty Cnhjvfy, d rjnjhjv ybrnj yt gjtn b d rjnjhjv nfytw cjxtnftncz c lhfvjq, fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkfv yhfdzncz ghjbpdtltybz, éfyh rjnjhsö yt nfr ghjcnj jghtltkbnm. Relf jnytcnb, yfghbvth, gjcnfdktyyst Åäpbkjv Ndbcnjv b ghtlkfufñobt åjufnsq bpjåhfpbntkmysq vfnthbfk ≤bycwtybhjdrb≥ ≤Afynfcnbxtcrjq Cbvajybb≥ Åthkbjpf b ≤Gtnheirb≥ Cnhfdbycrjuj – r éfyhe ntfnhf vfhbjytnjr bkb åfktne? F xnj vjéyj crfpfnm j gjcnfyjdrt Hjåthnjv Dfqccjv ≤Rhtqwthjdjq cjyfns≥, d rjnjhjq nfywjdobrb åfktnyjq nheggs ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥ b ldjt lhfvfnbxtcrbö frnthjd ghtlcnfdkzñn phbntkzv pfödfnsdfñoeñ dthcbñ gjdtcnb Njkcnjuj gjl vepsre Åtnöjdtyf b Zyfxtrf? Åfktn änj bkb lhfvfnbxtcrbq cgtrnfrkm? F, vjétn åsnm, nfrbt hfpkbxbz eét djjåot enhfnbkb dczrbq cvsck? Nheggf ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥ yfdjlbn yf vsckm j tot jlyjq dféyjq ntyltywbb d bcreccndt gthbjlf gjcngjcnvjlthybpvf – ≤ltghjdbywbfkbpfwbb≥ fvthbrfycrbö htubjyfkmysö uhegg, pfybvfñoböcz bcgjkybntkmcrbv bcreccndjv. Yfib ujhjlf chtlytuj hfpvthf yt njkmrj cgjcjåys cjlthéfnm gthdjrkfccyst jgthyst b åfktnyst nheggs; vyjubt bp nfrbö uhegg gjrfpsdfñn åjktt dscjrbq ehjdtym vfcnthcndf, xtv ymñ-qjhrcrbt rjkktrnbds. Nfr, åjkmibycndj yjdsö bynthtcysö gjcnfyjdjr, rjnjhst d yfcnjzott dhtvz blen yf cwtyt ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥, åthen yfxfkj d ≤Ukbvvthukfcc jgthf≥ – htubjyfkmyjq nheggt, hfåjnfñotq pf ghtltkfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf. C lheujq cnjhjys, vyjubt yjdst dtleobt åfktnyst nheggs d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥, ≤Öfhktv lfyc nbänh≥, ≤Vfqfvb cbnb åfktn≥, ≤Gfcbabr yjhn-dtcn åfktn≥, ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj åfktn≥ b Åfktnyfz nheggf Cmñpfyy Aähhtkk ghb ≤Rtyytlb Ctynth≥ – ghbyflktéfn r irjkt Åfkfyxbyf b hfåjnfñn gjl herjdjlcndjv djcgbnfyybrjd ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfktn≥, rjnjhst nfywtdfkb d gjcnfyjdrfö Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf b xmb åtpeghtxyst c njxrb phtybz öjhtj-uhfabb cjåcndtyyst gjcnfyjdrb d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb gjdnjhzñn hfåjns bö exbntkz. D ct änj ujdjhbn j njv, xnj, rjulf htxm pföjlbn jå bcreccndt gjcngjcnvjlthybpvf d Fvthbrt, nj yt bvttn pyfxtybz, ult cjplftncz nfrjt bcreccndj b rfr jyj yfpsdftncz, tckb jyj ghbyjcbn ghtrhfcyst gkjls. Yt ckexfqyj, öeljéybrb, ghbyflktéfobt r gjcngjcnvjlthybpve, dct xfot ujnjds bcgjkmpjdfnm änjn nthvby, yt pfrkñxfz tuj d pfobnyst rfdsxrb bhjybb. ≤Gsnfzcm cjplfnm ghtrhfcyst dtob, z ujdjhñ nj, xnj bvtñ d dble, b ltqcndbntkmyj bvtñ d dble, ltqcndbntkmyj endthélfñ bvtyyj nj, xnj ujdjhñ, – gjzcyztn Gjk Vjhfdtr, xkty uheggs fvthbrfycrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, gbieobö rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre, rjnjhsö z yfpdfk ≤yjdsvb njyfkbcnfvb≥. – Bhjybz d vjbö hfåjnfö ghbcencndetn yt rfr åtplevyjt ghjzdktybt gjcnvjlthybpvf, f rfr cgjcjå jåhfnbnm dybvfybt ckeifntktq yf bpyfxfkmyeñ gfhfljrcfkmyjcnm b ldecvscktyyjcnm≥. Kjeäkk Kbåthvfy, tot jlby fvthbrfycrbq rjvgjpbnjh, jndthufñobq étcnrbq ybubkbpv fdfyufhlf d gjkmpe nhflbwbjyyjq njyfkmyjq vepsrb, 1 10 Vjkjltéysq jhrtcnh ≤Ybrtkm Rhbr≥ cgjcjåcndjdfk jpyfrjvktybñ ibhjrjq felbnjhbb c nhflbwbjyysv pdexfybtv vepsrb d cnbkt ≤åkñuhfcc≥. cjukfiftncz c änbv endthéltybtv. ≤Rjytxyj, cnfhfz udfhlbz tot yt clftncz, – ujdjhbn jy, – yj gthtkjv eét yfcnegbk≥. Ecfvf åty Kflty b tuj gjlhexyst – nt, rnj pfghtnbk cdtncreñ vepsre d Faufybcnfyt, dhzl kb ås jljåhbkb änb hfpujdjhs. Lkz ybö, rfr lkz kñåsö afyfnbrjd, ujnjdsö eåbdfnm bvtytv afkmibdjuj åjuf, ptvyfz rhfcjnf tcnm ghjcnfz bkkñpbz, xtgeöf, jndktrfñofz jn bcnbyyjuj b tlbycndtyyj dthyjuj ltkf. Yj tckb cjåsnbz 11 ctynzåhz yfexbkb yfc xtve-ybåelm, nj änjn ehjr cjcnjbn d njv, xnj rhfcjnf htfkmyf – cnjkm ét htfkmyf, rfr b pkj, b pf ytt cnjbn dtcnb åjhmåe. Bvtyyj nfreñ åjhmåe b dtlen Kbåthvfy, Vjhfdtr, Vfhr Vjhhbc, Rtyytn Kjythufy b jcnfkmyst fvthbrfycrbt gjcngjcnvjlthybcns. Jyb dtlen åjhmåe pf ghfdj cjplfdfnm ghtrhfcyjt bcreccndj – b gjåtélfñn. ∆ (D wtynht) Gjkexbdibq ujhzxtt jljåhtybt kñåbntktq léfpf nheåfx Ebynjy Vfhcfkbc herjdjlbn Léfp-jhrtcnhjv Kbyrjkmywtynhf yf léfpjdjv atcnbdfkt d Vjynthtt, infnt Rfkbajhybz. Nthhb Nbxfen, vepsrfkmysq rhbnbr éehyfkf ≤Rjvvtynfhb≥ b kbnthfnehysq rhbnbr ufptns ≤Ejkk-cnhbn léjhyäk≥, gbitn vfnthbfks lkz rjkjyrb d ufptnt ≤Dfibyunjy gjcn≥, gjcdzotyyjq bcreccnde d Ymñ-Qjhrt. Yfhzle c änbv tuj cnfnmb j rybufö, öjhtjuhfabb, rbyj, vepsrt b bpjåhfpbntkmyjv bcreccndt htuekzhyj gtxfnfñncz d ≤Yfityfk htdmñ≥, ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥ b vyjubö lheubö fvthbrfycrbö éehyfkfö b ufptnfö. Gjcktlyzz bp yfgbcfyysö bv rybu yfpsdftncz ≤Crtgnbr: ébpym U.K. Vtyrtyf≥. 1 11 NFYTW GJCNJZYYJ HFPDBDFÑOFZCZ NHFLBWBZ JRNFDBJ HJRF Yfcnjzobq vjvtyn rfr ytkmpz kexit gjlöjlbn lkz njuj, xnjås pfukzyenm d åeleott fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Nfr vyjuj eét jcnfkjcm gjpflb, nfr vyjuj yjdjuj ghjljkéftn gjzdkznmcz, f ytjghtltktyyjcnm b jlyjdhtvtyyj yfltéls, cdzpfyyst c åeleobv, ujdjhzn yfv, xnj XXI dtr zdkztncz gthtkjvysv d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Cvtkst ärcgthbvtyns fvthbrfycrbö åfktnysö gjcnfyjdobrjd b bcgjkybntktq gjcnjzyyj jnrhsdfñn yfv ibhjreñ gfyjhfve nfywf: jn rkfccbrb r vjlthye, gjcnvjlthye b lfktt. félfz bp yfibö nfywtdfkmysö nhflbwbq ytctn d ctåt jcjåtyyjcnm, b rfélfz nhtåetn dybvfybz: ébdjt yfcktlbt Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf b Äynjyb Nñljhf, yt gthtcnfñobq elbdkznm yfc utybq Vthcf Rfyybyutvf, nbgbxyj fvthbrfycrfz ndjhxtcrfz åtpelthéyjcnm Gjkf Ntqkjhf, cjwbfkmyfz yfghfdktyyjcnm Åbkkf N. Léjycf b Léj Uelf, f nfrét ndjhxtcndj vjkjlsö äythubxysö fvthbrfycrbö öjhtjuhfajd yjdjuj gjrjktybz. Dct jyb xenrj jnrkbrfñncz yf gjhfpbntkmysq hjcn xbckf nfywtdfkmysö rjkktrnbdjd b bö geåkbrb gj dctq cnhfyt, jn gjåthtémz lj gjåthtémz. Dféytt dctuj nj, xnj jgnbvbpv b cvtkjcnm, rjnjhst lfdyj eét zdkzñncz jnkbxbntkmysvb xthnfvb fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, ébden b plhfdcndeñn dtplt – jn Ymñ-Qjhrf lj Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, jn Vfqfvb lj Cbänkf, jn Ömñcnjyf lj Dfibyunjyf (jrheu Rjkevåbz).Jyb ébden d zhjcnyjq åjhmåt Vfhrf Vjhhbcf cj cnthtjnbgfvb, d bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb Kähf Kñåjdbxf, d léfpjdjq hfcrjdfyyjcnb Vfqrkf Cvebyf, d yjdjjåhtntyyjq kñådb Åhjldtz r nfywe, d rféljq xfcnbxrt bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf, rjnjhjt gsnftncz gthtjcvsckbnm nj, xtv zdkztncz nfytw, b nj, xtv jy yt zdkztncz. Fvthbrfycrbt nfywjhs ctujlyz jkbwtndjhzñn d ctåt cfvst rhfcbdst, cfvst pfödfnsdfñobt b cfvst hfpyjgkfyjdst fcgtrns rekmnehyjuj åjufncndf yfitq cnhfys. Yfif öjhtjuhfabz – änj gjcnjzyyj bpvtyzñofzcz nhflbwbz, ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm rjnjhjq vs åeltv pfdtofnm åeleobv gjrjktybzv: rjdåjb b vjhzrb hzljv c djkitåysvb ktåtlzvb b ktltywfvb yf gfkjxrt, nfyws gjkbnbxtcrjq yfghfdktyyjcnb b nfyws bcrkñxbntkmyj hflb yfckféltybz ldbétybtv, cfvjjndthétyyjcnm b jgnbvbpv, dtkbrjleibt, yfrfk ntfnhfkmysö cnhfcntq, rjnjhst cekbn rféljt gjlyznbt pfyfdtcf. Fvthbrfycrfz öjhtjuhfabz ghjljkéftn ébnm åkfujlfhz njve, xnj jyf gjcnjzyyj vtyztncz, zdkztncz ébdjq nhflbwbtq, fvthbrfycrjq nhflbwbtq. Tt jåjufotybt nhtåetn yt njkmrj jéblfybz jxthtlyjuj cñhghbpf d åeleotv, yj b dpukzlf d ghjikjt c xedcndjv ujhljcnb b djcöbotybz ubufynfvb fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, åkfujlfhz rjnjhsv åeleott cnfkj djpvjéysv. R 1 12 YFCKTLBT ÅFKFYXBYF ≤Åfktn yfgjvbyftn hjpe, – rjulf-nj crfpfk Léjhlé Åfkfyxby. – Jyf rhfcbdf, b ds djcöboftntcm tñ, b ghb änjv ds yt pflftntcm djghjcjv, xnj jyf jpyfxftn≥. D rhfcjxyjv cfle nfywf XX dtrf Åfkfyxby, rjnjhsq hjlbkcz b jåexfkcz åfktnyjve bcreccnde d Hjccbb, dshfobdfk ≤fvthbrfycreñ hjpe≥ – gsiyeñ, zhreñ, bcgjkytyyeñ jgnbvbpvf b åkbcnfntkmyeñ. Jy gjcnjzyyj ecnhfbdfk ≤htdjkñwbb≥ d åfktnt, bpvtyzk cvsck rkfccbwbpvf, djcgtdfk crjhjcnm b fnktnbpv, rjnjhst jy yfitk d Yjdjv cdtnt, b cltkfk dct änj ytjnütvktvsvb xthnfvb cfvjq cenb rhfcjns ldbétybz. Åjktt dtrf yfpfl Gtnbgf ghbytc d Hjccbñ ahfywepcrbq åfktnysq cnbkm b nhfycajhvbhjdfk tuj d nj, xnj vs ctqxfc yfpsdftv rkfccbxtcrbv åfktnjv. D XX dtrt utybñ Léjhléf Åfkfyxbyf gjnhtåjdfkbcm jåofz fnvjcaths jnrhsnjcnb d rekmneht CIF b ytghtcnfyyfz hfåjnf yf ghjnzétybb dctq tuj ébpyb, xnjås dyjdm ghtjåhfpbnm rkfccbxtcrbq åfktn b cjplfnm fvthbrfycrbq åfktn. Rfr b Gtnbgf, Åfkfyxby kñåbk utjvtnhbxtcrbq hbceyjr nfywf, bpvtyzñobqcz d ldbétybb, b c eghzvjq yfcnjqxbdjcnmñ rekmnbdbhjdfk tuj. Jy dgbnsdfk d ctåz hbnvbxtcreñ cdjåjle fvthbrfycrjuj léfpf b vju yfexbnm ntkj nfywjhf gthtlfdfnm tt. B gj ctq ltym nfywjhs irjks Åfkfyxbyf cdjåjlyj vjuen b cubåfnm, b jnnzubdfnm gjlütv, lthéfnm åtlhf d åjktt tcntcndtyyjv gjkjétybb, yt yfghzufz bö dct dhtvz, ltkfnm dtkbrjktgyst hfcnzérb, dcnfdfnm d gjpbwbb ≤yjcrb dyenhm≥, f nfrét ltvjycnhbhjdfnm ytjéblfyyst htitybz d ldbétybb, rj- njhst dytpfgyj vjuen hfcrhsnm cvsck dctq vepsrfkmyjq gfhNFYTW RFR NTFNH nbnehs. Ébdjq cnbkm, cjplfyysq Åfkfyxbyjv, ghjybpfy vepsHfpevttncz, änb djpvjéyjcnb yt juhfybxbdfñncz hfvrfvb ytrfkmyjq b rbytnbxtcrjq kjubrjq – xedcndjv cdzpb vtéle jnjrkfccbwbpvf. Äynjyb Nñljh, tot jlby bvvbuhfyn, yfbåjktt ltkmysvb ≤ahfpfvb≥, djkitåysv joeotybtv jncencndbz nhthflbrfkmysv jåhfpjv bpvtybk kbwj fvthbrfycrjuj nfywf, ddtybhjdrb b åerdfkmyj dphsdjjåhfpysv ldbétybtv, rjnjhsq djp- lz d ufhvjybxyeñ åfktnyeñ ajhveke XIX dtrf äktvtyn ävjwbjybrftn, rjulf gjzdkztncz nj, xnj yfpsdftncz gjkysv ckbzybtv yfkmyjq gjlkbyyjcnb, rjnjhfz ghbdytckf d tdhjgtqcreñ nhfvepsrb b nfywf. Änjn xtkjdtr cnfdbk åfktns b nfywtdfkmyst lbwbñ cñétnyjuj nfywf ukeåbye b ntfnhfkmysq äaatrn. ≤Fvtghtlcnfdktybz yf cfvsö hfpysö cwtybxtcrbö gkjoflrfö: wbhr hbrfy åfkktn nbänh≥ – djnxbyf gjrjqyjuj Nñljhf, f ysyt dt≤Hbyukby åhfnthc cthrec≥, åhjldtqcrbt ije, ≤Fvthbrfy åfkktn leofz yfwbjyfkmyfz nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf CIF – d XXI dtrt nbänh≥, tuj cjåcndtyyfz nheggf ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfkktn≥. ghjljkéftn nhflbwbñ lhfvfnbxtcrjuj åfktnf, rjnjhsq ckeNhflbwbz fvthbrfycrjuj ytjrkfccbwbpvf, yfxfkj rjnjhjq ébn djkyeñobv yfgjvbyfybtv j cbkt b ébpytcgjcjåyjcnb gjkjébk Åfkfyxby, ctqxfc ghjljkéftn frnbdyj hfpdbdfnmcz, änjuj dblf bcreccndf. B öjnz ≤Jntkkj≥ d gjcnfyjdrt Kähf Kñåkfujlfhz vyjubv nfkfynkbdsv åfktnvtqcnthfv. Gbnth Vfhåjdbxf yf cwtyfö ≤Fvthbrfy åfkktn nbänh≥ b ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj nbyc, rjnjhjuj cfv Åfkfyxby bpåhfk cdjbv ghttvybrjv d åfkktn≥ – yfbåjktt cvtksq b ecgtiysq bp ytlfdybö åfktnysö ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb åfkktn≥ b rjnjhsq, gjéfkeq, zdkztncz ukfdysv cgtrnfrktq-gjdtcndjdfybq, d Fvthbrt ytvfkj kñltq, rjnjhst åkñcnbntktv ytjrkfccbwbpvf, yt gthtcnftn djcöbofnm yfc yj- vjuen ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj fvthbrfycrbq åfktn – änj ytdsvb b yjdsvb åfktnysxnj åjkmitt, xtv ytjrkfccbvb gjcnfyjdrfvb, ghbdjwbpv. Vjéyj egjvzyenm öjnz lzobvb d ltqcndbt crhsås djphjéltybt htgthnefhf nst gjntywbfks cbcntvs Léthfklf Fhgbyj d ≤Léjafvthbrfycrjuj åfktnyjuj ahb åfkktn ja Xbrfuj≥, Cnäycnbkz djjåot b tuj ntvnjy Eäkx d ≤Ömñcnjy åfktnn≥ gf, d xfcnyjcnb. Ötkmub Njb Vbrrj Ybccbyty d ≤Åjcnjy vfccjy, gjbcnbyt ljcnbuåfkktn≥, nfywtdfkmyst ≤hfpibq cfvsö dscjn åfktnyjvsiktybz≥ yf fahjfvthbuj bcreccndf chtlb nfywjrfycrbt ntvs Fkdbyf Äqkb d hjd gjrjktybz Åfkfyxbyf ≤Fvthbrfy lfyc nbänh≥ gjl b cnfdibq öeljétcndtyherjdjlcndjv Léelbn Létysv herjdjlbntktv ≤Cfyvbcjy, cnjkm yt gjöjébt Ahfywbcrj åfkktn≥, rfr lheu yf lheuf gjcnfyjdrb, rfr ybrnj lheujq dthty ytjr≤Vfuhbnnjvfybz≥ Ñhbz Gjcjkfccbxtcrjve htgthnefhe. öjdf, ≤Cbybt pfvitdst neaRhbcnjath Ebkljy yfkb≥ Ltyybcf Yänf, gkenjdcrjq öjlbncz yf ≤gthtlytv ≤Hjéltcndtycrbq åfktn≥ Vfqrhft≥ yjdjq öjhtjuhfabb, rkf Cvebyf. Tckb fvthbrfycjplfdfz yf cwtyfö ≤Ymñcrbq rkfccbxtcrbq åfktn lftn Qjhr cbnb åfktnn≥ b ≤Cfyhfpyjgkfyjdeñ b rhfcjxyeñ Ahfywbcrj åfkktn≥ ytxnj gfyjhfve, nj cjdhtvtyysq gj-yfcnjzotve yjdjt, xnj fvthbrfycrbq åfktn vjétn hfcibhztn gjyznbt fvthbgjödfcnfnmcz yfcnjzobv rfrfycrjuj åfktnf rfr nfrjktqljcrjgjv djpvjéyjcntq, djuj. Fhneh Vbnxtkk, jcyjjnrhsdfñoböcz d yjdjv cnjdfntkm b lbhtrnjh ≤Lfyc ktnbb. Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf nbänh jd Öfhktv≥, ndjhbn Vthcf Rfyybyuävf ctujlyz cjåcndtyyst xeltcf d Vfygjhféftn ybxenm yt vtymit, öänntyt. Äldfhl Dbkktkxtv d nt dhtvtyf, rjulf Rfykf djcghjbpdjlbn b hfpdbybyuäv dgthdst jåütlbybkcz Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf Åbkkf N. Léjycf bpdtcnyf cdjbv bcgjkytybtv fdfyufhlysö yjvthjd, bccktleñobö gjchtlcndjv nfywf hfpkbxyst dftn xedcndtyyeñ ntyltyc Léjyjv Rtqlétv d 1953 ujghjzdktybz ébpyb d jåotcndt. wbñ cnbkz Åfkfyxbyf d le, xnjås ghjdjpukfcbnm ytpfcdjtq nheggt ≤Vfqfvb cbdbcbvjcnm vepsrb b nfywf jn nb åfkktn≥. Gkfvtyyfz Cmñpfyyf Afhhtkk cjplfkf cdjñ cjåcn- kñåsö juhfybxtybq, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö, rfrbö nhtåetn xtkjdtdtyyeñ åfktnyeñ nhegge ghb ≤Rtyytlb ctynth≥ d Dfibyunjyt. xtcrbq hfpev. Yb jlyf bp änbö nhegg yt gjöjéf yf lheubt, b lfét ≤Ymñ-Qjhr Gjk Ntqkjh – dtnthfy cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf, dtkbxfqibq bp cbnb åfkktn≥ ctqxfc dsukzlbn yt nfr, rfr tuj gjvyzn cnfhst gj- ysyt ébdeobö fvthbrfycrbö åfktnvtqcnthjd. Tuj nfywtdfkmrkjyybrb. Bcreccndj nfywf ghjljkéftn ébnm b hfpdbdfnmcz. yfz nheggf ≤Gjk Ntqkjh lfyc rfvgfyb≥ ghjljkéfñn åhjcfnm Nfrjdj yfcktlbt Åfkfyxbyf, b jyj – xfcnm yfituj ghjikjuj. dspjd dctv nhflbwbzv b elbdkznm jhbubyfkmyjcnmñ b ukeåbYj nfrfz åtpdjpdhfnyj enhfxtyyfz dtom, rfr ghjikjt, yt vjyjq cdjbö gjcnfyjdjr. Dhtvz njkmrj jåjufoftn cjplfyyst bv étn clthébdfnm nfreñ jåyfltébdfñoeñ dtom, rfr åeleott. itltdhs, cnfdibt ysyt yfcnjzotq rkfccbrjq cjdhtvtyyjuj Cfvsv lhfujwtyysv lfhjv, rjnjhsq Åfkfyxby jcnfdbk yfv d åfktnf: ≤Dtxth≥, ≤Rfvgfyb Åb≥, ≤Äcgkfyfl≥, ≤Xthysq dnjhybr≥ yfcktlcndj, vjétn jrfpfnmcz cfv ghjwtcc hfcrhsdfybz åtcrj- – b vyjubt lheubt. ytxysö djpvjéyjcntq fvthbrfycrjuj åfktnf. 1 13 Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf Vfhrf Vjhhbcf, rjnjhfz, rfr b nheggf Ntqkjhf, htuekzhyj dscnegftn d ujhjlfö CIF b pf uhfybwtq, cjxtnftn dthyjcnm rkfccbxtcrbv nhflbwbzv c jpjhyjq eksårjq b cdjåjljq cktljdfnm cdjbv cjåcndtyysv ghfdbkfv. Ytgjxnbntkmyjcnm b jåtpjheébdfñofz ytgjchtlcndtyyjcnm, bpzotcndj b vepsrfkmyjcnm – ukfdyst xthns vjhhbcjdcrjq öjhtjuhfabb, öjhtjuhfabb, rjnjhfz d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb jnlftn lfym rkfccbxtcrjve cnbkñ b ghb änjv otlhj yfltkztn nfywtdfkmysq ifu cjdhtvtyysv leöjv. Vfhr Vjhhbc – änj bcreccndj rkfccbxtcrjuj åfktnf, jåhfotyyjt r cfvjq ibhjrjq geåkbrt. hs, ytåhtéyst ldbétybz b ghtjåhfpetn bö d cnhjueñ gjcnvjlthybcnreñ dshfpbntkmyeñ cbcntve. Nfrjds ≤Cjkj Ybrjulf≥ (Never Solo) b cdjtuj hjlf itltdh ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥ (Word of Mouth), rjnjhst gjrfpsdfñn wtNfytw Folk – bccktljdfybt ksq chtp ébpyb fahjfvthbrfyfvthbrfycrjuj Pfgflf; änjn nfytw gjcnfdkty Léj Ueljv wtd, zdkzñn cjåjq nfywtdfkmlkz cdjtq Bcgjkybntkmcrjq yst cjåsnbz eybdthcfkmyjq pyfuheggs Léj Uelf. xbvjcnb b – åsnm vjétn, änj cfDJPDHFOTYBT R GJLKBYYJVE CVSCKE NFYWF vjt ukfdyjt – hfpdjhfxbdfñn gthtl yfvb pfödfnsdfñot ntfnYj, åsnm vjétn, bvtyyj yf Pfgflt Fvthbrb c ghbceobv tve hfkmyjt ghtlcnfdktybt. jcjåsv öfhfrnthjv bcreccndf yf nböjjrtfycrjv gjåthtémt, Extybwf Vthcf Rfyybyuävf Vfhufhtn Létyrbyc cnfdbn nffvthbrfycrbq cjdhtvtyysq åfktn ghtnthgtdftn yfbåjktt jhb- rbt cgtrnfrkb, d rjnjhsö yföjlzn cdjt jnhfétybt ufhvjybz b ubyfkmyst bpvtytybz. Hfåjnfz d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj b Kjc-Fylét- lbcufhvjybz, étcnjrbt cnjkryjdtybz b dytpfgyst gthbjls pfktct, Gfnhbr Vfrefrfyt b tuj eybrfkmyfz nheggf ≤Yf ktq öeke nbimz. Änj dj vyjujv jnhféftn cjdhtvtyyeñ ébpym. Tt nfywtb rf dtqrbe≥ (Na Lei Hulu I Ka Wekiu) htdjkñwbjybpbhjdfkb vbh dfkmyfz nheggf jåkflftn ctqcvbxtcrjq cbkjq d vbht fvthbrfyufdfqcrjuj nfywf b gthtjcvsckbkb pyfxtybt yfhjlyjuj nfywt- crjuj fdfyufhlyjuj nfywf. dfkmyjuj bcreccndf ≤öekf lfyc≥. D cdjbö gjcnfyjdrfö Vfrefrfyt Lheujq rfkbajhybtw – Léj Uel, rjnjhsq nhelyj gjllftncz ltvjycnhbhetn eybdthcfkmysq öfhfrnth ufdfqcrjq rekmnehs rkfccbabrfwbb, yj rjnjhjuj ytdjpvjéyj buyjhbhjdfnm – cnflfét njulf, rjulf jy cvtibdftn öekf-lfyc c cjdhtvtyysvb dbn nfywtdfkmyst cgtrnfrkb, d rjnjhsö fyfkbpbheñncz b xfcnj hbnvfvb, cjplfdfz ujkjdjrheébntkmysq ≤vekmnbrekmnehysq≥ hfpheifñncz vbas fvthbrfycrjq ukeåbyrb. Jy – yfcnjzobq rjrntqkm. öeljéybr, tuj gjcnfyjdrb ybrjulf yt åsdfñn crexysvb, dctuD njv ét Cfy-Ahfywbcrj rbnfqcrfz nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf lf elbdkzñn cdjtq rhfqytq jhbubyfkmyjcnmñ, f tuj dtcmvf pht≤Kbkb Xfq≥ (Lily Cai) cjplftn eybrfkmyeñ lkz Fvthbrb cvtcm bp kboyst cgtrnfrkb yjczn ukeåjrj kbxysq öfhfrnth, zdkzzcm jlnhflbwbjyysö rbnfqcrbö cwtybxtcrbö cñétnjd, vtéleyfhjlyjdhtvtyyj jåotxtkjdtxtcrbvb. Hfåjnfz cj cdjtq nheggjq yjq gjg-vepsrb b gjcnvjlthybcncrjuj åfktnf. Änf cjcnjzofz ≤Léj Uel gthajhvfyc uheg≥, änjn åfktnvtqcnth d cdjtv ndjhbcrkñxbntkmyj bp étyoby b bcrkñxbntkmyj rhfcbdfz nheggf xtcndt cnbhftn uhfyb vtéle ntfnhjv b åfktnjv, jåjufofz jåf ltvjycnhbhetn ndthljt étkfybt hfpdktrfnm geåkbre, ytcvjnhz änbö dblf bcreccndf b ghb änjv rfr ås yt ghbkfufz r änjve ybyf nj, xnj tt åfktnvtqcnth bcrecyj bcgjkmpetn yjdsq öjhtjuhf- rfrjuj ecbkbz, c gjnhzcfñotq åtppfåjnyjcnmñ. D tuj ghjbpdtabxtcrbq zpsr, rjnjhsq zdkztn cjåjq cjdthityyj yjdsq rbnfq- ltybb ≤The Maveric Strain≥, ghjbpdjlzotq cbkmyjt dgtxfnktybt crj-fvthbrfycrbq cgkfd. yf phbntkz, bhjybz ecnegftn vtcnj ävjwbzv, ldbétybt – ärcnfFahjfvthbrfycrbt vjnbds, dtkbrjktgyj dshfétyyst d nfy- pe, f yjcnfkmubz – yfltélt. wt gbjythfvb änjuj yfghfdktD xbckt yfbåjktt eybrfkmybz, yfxbyfz jn Fkdbyf Äqkb ysö cjdhtvtyysö nfywtdfkmb pfrfyxbdfz yfibvb cjdhtysö gjcnfyjdjr – hfåjns rjkvtyybrfvb, nfrbvb rfr Åbkk N. ktrnbdf ≤Pt afeylhb≥, jcyjLéjyc b Lädbl Heccbd, ctujlyz dfyyjuj Fktrcjv Rtnkb b Rhbcyföjlzn cdjtuj yfbåjktt ñyjuj nbfyjv Åthycjv. Phbntkb b jhbubyfkmyjuj cnjhjyybrf d gjrblfñn pfks gjckt dscnegkbwt Hjåthnf Vjptcf. D cdjbö ktybq änjq nheggs åerdfkmyj yjdsö gjcnfyjdrfö djpukfdkztyfäktrnhbpjdfyysvb. Nfrjvfz bv nheggf ≤Dtcn rjcn rfvdf cbkf bö cwtybxtcrjuj djpgfyb≥, cvtibdftn léfp, åkñp ltqcndbz, evyjétyyfz äaatrHere-Now. – öjhtjuhfabxtcrfz rjvgjpbwbz, d jcyjde rjnjhjq b häg, cnböb b ekbxyst hfpujdj- gjkjéty ébpytyysq genm fvthbrfycrjq kturjfnktnrb Akjhtyc nysv bcgjkmpjdfybtv fdfyUbaabn-Léjqyth – åskf gjcnfdktyf Léelbn Léävbcjy lkz ≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbräy lfyc nbänh≥. Cjkbcns ≤Åäkktq Bcgfybrj≥ Létyybath lt Gfjkj-Hbdthf b Gtlhj Hebc nfyweñn ≤Ukfpf leib≥ (Eyes of the Soul). ≤Ctynhfk Gtyycbkmdtqybz ñc åfkktq≥ dj dhtvz htgtnbwbb cdjtq gjcnfyjdrb ≤Cthtyfls≥ (Serenade) – gthdjuj jhbubyfkmyjuj åfktnf, rjnjhsq Léjhlé Åfkfyxby cjplfk d Fvthbrt. Gjkyjcnmñ cjcnjzofz bp étyoby åfpbheñofzcz d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Nfywtdfkmyfz nheggf Kbkb Xfq d cgtrnfrkt ≤Yfxbyfq jncñlf≥ (Begin From Here) ≤Cbybt pfvitdst neakb≥ (Blue Suede Shjes) – jlyjfrnysq åfktn, gjcnfdktyysq öjhtjuhfajv Ltyybcjv Yänjv b bcgjkyztvsq gjl 36 gthdsö jhbubyfkjd pfgbcb gtcty Äkdbcf Ghtckb – cjtlbyzñn d ctåt åfktn b rkfccbxtcrbq hjr. Léjy Ctkmz d Movin’ Out, wtkbrjv cjcnfdktyyjv bp nfywtdfkmysö yjvthjd åhjldtqcrjv vñpbrkt, rjnjhsq bltn gjl gjgekzhyst gtcyb Åbkkb Léjäkf. Fdnjhjv änjuj vñpbrkf zdkztncz Nefqkf Nfhg. Yfdtzyysq byltqwfvb b bcgjkyztvsq Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggjq Vfhrf Vjhhbcf Kjlfm zdkztncz xfcnmñ Ghjtrnf ≤Silk Road (Itkrjdsq genm)≥, ghtlcnfdkzñotuj cjåjq cjdvtcnyeñ hfåjne fhnbcnjd b öeljéybrjd c Pfgflf b bp cnhfy, gj rjnjhsv ghjöjlbk cnfhsq itkrjdsq genm d Fpbb b yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt. ufhlbcncrbö dbltjghbtvjd. Jyb ltqcndbntkmyj cjlthéfn vyjuj yjdjuj, yj tot åjkmit – cvtkjuj. Vjéyj, yfdthyjt, crfpfnm, xnj rhfcyjq ybnmñ xthtp dct ndjhxtcndj Åthycf b Rtnkb ghjöjlbn eåtéltyyjcnm, xnj öfhfrnthyfz lkz Rfyybyuävf fåcnhfrwbz, gjxbnftvfz hflb ctåz cfvjq, jcnfkfcm d ghjikjv rfr htfkbz dtkbrjq äcntnbrb XX dtrf, f d yfxfkt XXI dtrf nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj dyjdm djpdhfoftncz r cdjtve bcrjyyjve cvscke, r dféysv ntvfv, r lhfvt b vepsrfkmyjcnb, r djphjéltyyjq ntöybxtcrjq dbhnejpyjcnb. Nheggf ≤Pt afeylhb≥ dscnegftn d fdfyufhlt fvthbrfycrjq öjhtjuhfabb. Gthtjcvscktybt nfywf Ctujlyziytt bcreccndj nfywf CIF zdkztncz gj-cdjtve eybrfkmysv. J xtv ås yb ikf htxm – j rkfccbxtcrjv b ytjrkfccbxtcrjv åfktnt bkb j gthtljdsö heåtéfö cjdhtvtyyjuj åfktnf, vjéyj c edthtyyjcnmñ crfpfnm, xnj ybult d vbht ytn ybxtuj gjljåyjuj ≤YmñQjhr åfkktn nbänh≥, ≤Gjk Ntqkjh åfkktn rfvgfyb≥, ≤Vfhufhtn Létyrbyc lfyc rfvgfyb≥, ≤Léj Uel gthajhvfyc uheg≥, ≤Dtcn rjcn rfvgfyb≥ Hjåthnf Vjptcf bkb nheggt ≤Pt afeylhb≥. Änj – kbim ytrjnjhst bp kexibö jåhfpwjd, yj vjéyj yfpdfnm b lheubt: åktcnzofz nfywtdfkmyfz cfnbhf ≤Kt åfkkt nhjrflthj lt Vjynt Rfhkj≥ b cjdthityyst étvxeébys åfktnyjuj bcreccndf ≤Kjhtyc Gtx lfyc rfvgfyb≥, ptvyfz xedcndtyyjcnm ymñ-qjhrcrjq nheggs ≤Åfkktn bcgfybrj≥, hjr-y-hjkkmyfz äythubz uheggs ≤Åfkktn Cfy-Öjct≥ b léfpjdfz äktufynyjcnm nheggs ≤Cveby åfkktn≥. Vjkjlst fvthbrfyws åhjcfñn dspjd yfibv ghtlcnfdktybzv j nfywtdfkmyjv bcreccndt b gthtjcvsckbdfñn cfvj gjyznbt nfywf. Öjhtjuhfabz d CIF – änj rfktqljcrjg, änj bcreccndj, rjnjhjt zdkztncz jnhfétybtv hfpyjjåhfpyjq b vyjujuhfyyjq rekmnehs Fvthbrb. Jlby nfytw cvtyztn lheujq, b dct jyb ghtlcnfñn gthtl yfvb gjljåyj vyjétcnde jnhfétybq d ≤ébdjv pthrfkt≥, f bcöjlzobt jn ybö kexb cdtnf, crkflsdfzcm, jåhfpetn cjpdtplbt jgnbvbpvf. Fvthbrfycrjt nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj zdkztncz jnhfétybtv fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb. ∆ GHJABKM: Öjhtjuhfa Hjåthn Vjptc Pf gjcktlybt ltcznm ktn Hjåthn Vjptc, xmñ ntöybre nfywf rjulf-nj jgbcsdfkb rfr ≤dphsd d ukfpe≥, ghbjåhtk ibhjreñ bpdtcnyjcnm e ctåz d cnhfyt b pf heåtéjv, åkfujlfhz fhnbcnbxyjcnb b ndjhxtcrjve djjåhfétybñ. D pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb tuj ndjhxtcndj jceotcndkztncz cbkfvb tuj cjåcndtyyjq vyjujhfcjdjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs ≤Hjåthn Vjptc rby≥, jcyjdfyyjq d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj. Yj tuj xfcnj ghbukfifñn yf hfåjne d eybdthcbntns, ult jy dscnegftn b dtltn gjgekzhyst vfcnth-rkfccs. Vjptc yfxfk cdjñ rfhmthe d öjhtjuhfabb rfr bcgjkybntkm ukfdysö hjktq d ytrjnjhsö bp yfbåjktt edféftvsö nhegg CIF, drkñxfz ≤Fvthbräy åfkktn nbänh≥ b ≤Ndfqkf Nfhg lfyc≥. Cdjñ nhegge jy jcyjdfk d 1995 ujle, cnhtvzcm ukeåét dshfpbnm d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt fahjfvthbrfycrbt vjnbds. Jlyfrj dcrjht jy gjyzk, xnj änb vjnbds, gj cenb ltkf, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq rjkktrwbñ hfpysö b ytcöjébö ntyltywbq. Gjplytt jy crfétn jå änjv nfr: ≤Vs ljkéys jghtltkbnmcz gj jnyjitybñ r njve, xnj, dyt dczrjuj cjvytybz, zdkztncz yfibv, jnlfdfz ghb änjv ctåt jnxtn d njv, xnj d jlbyjxre ytdjpvjéyj ybxtuj ljcnbxm≥. Dscnegfz d Cnäylajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, ult jy xbnftn ktrwbb, b d lheubö vtcnfö, Vjptc eltkztn nfywtdfkmyjve yfcktlbñ b fahjfvthbrfycrbv vjnbdfv cnjkmrj ét dybvfybz, crjkmrj ntöybrt åfktnyjuj bcreccndf. D cdjtq hfåjnt jy gjlxthrbdftn afrnjh rekmnehyjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz. Yfukzlysv ghbvthjv nfrjuj gjlöjlf zdkztncz tuj gjcnfyjdrf ≤Åhfncrbq cjñp≥ (Union Fraternal), xfcnm rjnjhjq jy cjplfk nhb ujlf yfpfl, d rjnjhjq jy cvtibdftn cdjq cjdhtvtyysq gjlöjl r öjhtjuhfabb c gfhnbnehjq Léjyf Cfynjcf, cjxtnfñotq d ctåt rjyujktpcrbt åfhfåfys b reåbycreñ vepsre ≤lfycjy≥, gjl rjnjheñ gjctnbntkb ufdfycrbö rkeåjd nfyweñn gfhfvb. Jlyjq bp dtkbxfqibö öjhtjuhfabxtcrbö elfx Vjptcf zdkztncz gjcnfyjdrf ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥ (Word of Mouth), d rjnjhjq djcgtdftncz fahjfvthbrfycrfz ecnyfz nhflbwbz, drkñxfñofz d ctåz hfpyst vfnthbfks, yfxbyfz c gjävs Ybrrb Léjdfyyb b pfrfyxbdfz vepsrjq Lñrf Äkkbyunjyf, ≤Cntqgktc cbyuthc≥ (The Staples Singers) b cjdhtvtyysv hägjv. D änjq gjcnfyjdrt, rfr pfvtnbk Vjptc, hfccrfpsdftncz jåj ≤dctv njv, xnj vs ytctv c cjåjq... j njv, xnj vs ljkéys pyfnm... j yfitv joeotybb ctåz cfvbö... j ghjbcöjéltybb zpsrf b j njv, rfr jy cgkfxbdftn kñltq≥. D gjcktlytt dhtvz Vjptc frnbdyj hfåjnftn d jåkfcnb ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs. D yfxfkt 2003 ujlf jy jgeåkbrjdfk ≤Åbjuhfabñ Åjklebyf≥ – gthdeñ rybue bp nhbkjubb, gjcdzotyyjq yt vepsrt, f hfpujdjhyjve éfyhe – fhöbdyjq pfgbcb cjcnjzditujcz d 1961 ujle ctvbyfhf, yf rjnjhjv ghbcencndjdfkb yjdtkkbcn Létqvc Åjkleby, lhfvfnehu Kjhhäqy Öfycåthhb, gjän Käyucnjy Ömñp b lheubt dblyst fahjfvthbrfycrbt ltzntkb bcreccnd. D rjytxyjv cxtnt öjhtjuhfabz dblbncz Vjptce crjhtt hfcibhzñotqcz gj dctv yfghfdktybzv, xtv kbytqyjq. ≤Nfytw gjcnhjty yf jåhfpfö, – crfpfk jy. – Vs ljkéys gthtcnfnm jnyjcbnmcz r nfywe nfr, åelnj änj vepsrf bkb kbnthfnehf, gjnjve xnj, ytcvjnhz yf nj, jy vjétn gjcktljdfntkmyj hfccrfpsdfnm rfreñ-nj bcnjhbñ, jy djpltqcndetn yf kñltq bysv jåhfpjv≥. Jy endthélftn, xnj ≤d njq cntgtyb, d rfrjq nfytw – cbcntvf, jy ljkéty ckeébnm jåhfpe bkb ldbétybñ, f yt yfjåjhjn≥. ∆ Jrnfdbj Hjrf – dtleobq åfktnysq rhbnbr ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj rhjybrk≥; jy nfrét gbitn rhbnbxtcrbt jåpjhs j ntfnht, vepsrt b bcreccndt nfywf d ufptns ≤Dfibyunjy gjcn≥, ≤Dfibyunjy nfqvc≥ b ≤Cb-Åb-Cb-hflbj Rfyflf≥. Jy – fdnjh rybub ≤Crjnnj: åjkmit, xtv ghbvfljyyf≥ b gthtkjébk ytcrjkmrj dtotq lkz cwtys, d njv xbckt nfrbt rfr ≤Rjhjyfwbz Gjggtf≥, ≤Jhatq b Ädhblbrf≥, ≤Hfccrfp cjklfnf≥ b ≤Yfi lheu Ahbw≥. Jy cjnhelybxfk c rjvgjpbnjhjv Kñcbtq Öjyu d yfgbcfybb rfynfns ≤Ytjghtltktyysq hbnv dfituj gekmcf≥ (The Uncertain Rhythm of Your Pulse), ghtvmthf rjnjhjq ghjikf d 1993 ujle d ≤CfyAhfywbcrj devty abkfhvjybr≥. Hjåthn Vjptc b Ränhby Zåfhhf d åfktnt ≤Bp ecn d ecnf≥ (Word of Mouth), gjcnfdktyyjv Vjptcjv 1 16 Léelbn Létvbcjy nfywetn d åfktnt ≤Gkfx≥ (Cry), 1976 ujl Åtctlf c Léelbn Létvbcjy Yb jlby xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq rjulf-kbåj dbltk dscnegktybt Léelbn Létvbcjy, yt cvjétn pfåsnm äne dscjreñ, ubåreñ étyobye, herb rjnjhjq ldbufñncz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnj cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, åelnj jyb ghjcnbhfñncz lfktrj d rjcvjc. Bvtyyj åkfujlfhz tt ecbkbzv, nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj d bcgjkytybb fahjfvthbrfywtd gjkexbkj åjkmijt ghbpyfybt. Hfåjnfz nfywjdobwtq dj dctvbhyj bpdtcnyjq nheggt ≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbrfy lfyc nbänh≥ d gthbjl c 1965 gj 1980 ujl, Létvbcjy nfywtdfkf ukfdyst gfhnbb d nfrbö cgtrnfrkzö, rfr bcgjkytyysq åjkb ≤Gkfx≥ b kbreñobt ≤Jnrhjdtybz≥, rjnjhst ghbdjlbkb phbntktq d gjkysq djcnjhu. Ujls, rjnjhst jyf ghjhfåjnfkf d nfywtdfkmyjq nheggt Äqkb, pfkjébkb aeylfvtyn lkz yfxfkf tt dnjhjq rfhmths – c 1989 ujlf jyf öjhtjuhfa b öeljétcndtyysq herjdjlbntkm ≤Fkdby Äqkb fvthbrfy lfyc nbänh≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt. Djghjc: Xnj bp njuj, xnj ghjbpjikj d nfywtdfkmyjv bcreccndt d gjcktlybt ghbvthyj ltcznm ktn, ghjbpdtkj yf dfc yfbåjkmitt dgtxfnktybt? Jndtn: Gjghjcne ujdjhz, yfbåjktt pyfxbvsv bpvtytybtv zdkztncz nj, xnj e nfywjhjd gjzdbkjcm åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz njuj, xnjås nfywtdfnm. Ytcvjnhz yf pfrhsnbt ytrjnjhsö nfywtdfkmysö nhegg b nhelyjcnb c abyfycbhjdfybtv, åerdfkmyj yf rféljv euke dcnhtxftncz njn bkb byjq vjkjljq öjhtjuhfa, rjnjhsq yt vjétn b yt étkftn cbltnm ckjéf herb. E vtyz tcnm nhb lheuf, rjnjhst ctqxfc cjplfñn cdjb yjdst nfywtdfkmyst nheggs. Gjzdbkjcm åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq. Djpvjéyj, nfrbö gbjythjd, rfr Fkdby Äqkb, ybrjulf åjkmit yt åeltn, rfr yt åeltn b nfrbö dhtvty, d rjnjhst ébkb jy b tve gjljåyst. Yj gjcrjkmre gjxdf cltkfkfcm cnjkm gkjljhjlyjq, vjkjlst kñlb xedcndeñn elbdbntkmysq ndjhxtcrbq gjpsd pfzdbnm j ctåt, lfnm gjyznm dctve vbhe, xnj bv njét tcnm, xnj crfpfnm. 30 ktn nfywjhs vjtuj gjrjktybz d gththsdfö vtéle dscnegktybzvb gjlhfåfnsdfkb jabwbfynfvb bkb gjxnfkmjyfvb. Ntgthm nfywjhs d gththsdfö vtéle cgtrnfrkzvb nfyweñn. Yfghbvth, d irjkt Äqkb jhufybpjdfys öjhtjuhfabxtcrbt ctvbyfhs lkz nfywjhjd. Ctujlyz jyb jnxtnkbdj gjybvfñn, xnj cwtybxtcrfz ébpym nfywjhf rjhjnrf. Ghtéybt gjrjktybz ybrjulf yt pflevsdfkbcm jå änjv. D gjcktlybt 10-20 ktn djpybrkj joeotybt åtpjnkfufntkmyjcnb. Vjt gjrjktybt ybrjulf yt cnfdbkj dj ukfde eukf cwtybxtcrjt ljkujktnbt. Ysytiybt nfywjhs cnfkb yfcnjkmrj hfcxtnkbdsvb, xnj gkfybheñn cdjñ ébpym b eöbnhzñncz ltkfnm nj, xtuj vs yt vjukb ltkfnm d yfit dhtvz. D: Ghbjåhtnftn kb öjhtjuhfabz yjdst ajhvs? J: Levfñ, lf. Yj z dct dhtvz éle gjzdktybz jxthtlyjuj åktcnzotuj nfkfynf. Yf ujhbpjynt gjzdbkjcm vyjuj yjdsö pdtpl, vjkjlst öjhtjuhfas, rjnjhst evtñn åktcyenm yf cwtyt, rjnjhst yeélfñncz d geåkbrt. Djpmvtv Nhjz Gfeäkkf bp ≤Äqkb II≥, yfitq gjlhjcnrjdjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs. Tve åskj 10 ktn, rjulf Fkdby jnrhsk tuj lkz vbhf nfywf, jnscrfd d jlyjq bp irjk, rjnjhst vs yfdtoftv c gjbcrfö nfkfynjd. Gjplytt jy ghbcjtlbybkcz r nheggt ≤Äqkb II≥, gjckt xtuj z dpzkf tuj d jcyjdyeñ nhegge, ult jy jcnfdfkcz d ntxtybt 10 ktn. E ytuj åskf wtkm d ébpyb. Jy öjntk cnfnm öjhtjuhfajv. Gjcrjkmre tuj åerdfkmyj gthtgjkyzkb pyfybz, rjnjhst jy ghbjåhtk d rfxtcndt ≤lbnz Äqkb≥, jy ljåbkcz cdjtq wtkb. Ntgthm jy zdkztncz infnysv öjhtjuhfajv d nheggt ≤Äqkb II≥. D: Vs pyftv, xnj Fkdby Äqkb ghbjåhtnfk cdjb öjhtjuhfabxtcrbt pyfybz – ntöybre b bltb – dj dhtvz cdjbö vyjujxbcktyysö pfheåtéysö gentitcndbq gj ärpjnbxtcrbv vtcnfv – c njq gjhs dshjckj wtkjt yjdjt gjrjktybt. Gjldthétyj kb ctujlyziytt nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj rfrbv-kbåj pfheåtéysv dkbzybzv? J: Vyt rfétncz, ctqxfc ckjébkfcm lbfvtnhfkmyj ghjnbdjgjkjéyfz cbnefwbz. Gjvyñ, rfr dj dhtvz nehyt gj Tdhjgt vs gjctofkb vtcnyst lbcrjntrb, b vs ghbyjcbkb c cjåjq ltcznrb pfgbctq, xnjås ljytcnb yfie vepsre lj Tdhjgs. Ntgthm ckjébkfcm jåhfnyfz cbnefwbz. Ghjbcöjlbn yfcnjzofz ädjkñwbz – r yfv djpdhfoftncz yfi cjåcndtyysq vfnthbfk. Dkbzybz ghjljkéfñn hfcghjcnhfyznmcz, gentitcndez nelf-cñlf xthtp jrtfys. D: Vjéyj kb ujdjhbnm j njv, xnj ctujlyz d öjhtjuhfabb gj-ghtéytve ljvbybheñn ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ghjikjuj – Léjhlé Åfkfyxby, Léthjv Hjååbyc, Vfhnf Uhäv, Fkdby Äqkb, – bkb dthö åthen yjdst cbks? J: Z gjcnjzyyj dbée yjdst cbks, yjdsö nfywjhjd, yjdst bynthghtnfwbb. Z åskf yf ≤Jnrhjdtybzö≥ (Revelations) d 1970-t ujls. Z dbltkf bö d bcgjkytybb u-yf Äqkb d 1963 ujle – njn ét cfvsq cgtrnfrkm, yj d lheujq bynthghtnfwbb. Rféljt gjrjktybt endthélftn ctåz gj-cdjtve. Rféljt gjrjktybt nfywjhjd ghbdyjcbn d nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj ytxnj yjdjt. Jyb ghbdyjczn cdtétt lsöfybt vjkjljcnb d ltkj, rjnjhsv pfybvfñncz, b, yflj crfpfnm, pfybvfñncz ghjcnj åktcnzot. Ctujlyz d ldf xfcf lyz ≤Jnrhjdtybz≥ lfdfkf jlyf vjz nheggf, f ctujlyz dtxthjv åeltn lfdfnm lheufz. Lj ntö gjh, gjrf jyb dthzn d nj, xtv pfybvfñncz, b jcnfñncz dthysvb cdjtve htvtcke, jyb rfr ås ceotcndeñn dyt dhtvtyb. Yj jyb ljkéys ltkfnm cdjt ltkj åktcnzot. Lj ntö gjh, gjrf njn bkb byjq xtkjdtr yföjlbncz gjl dkbzybtv dctuj vbhf b pyftn cdjt htvtckj, dctulf åeltn gjzdkznmcz xnj-nj yjdjt. Tckb ds, ljgecnbv, pföjnbnt gjärcgthbvtynbhjdfnm c pfgflyjfahbrfycrbvb nfywfvb b ljgjkybnm bö rkeåysvb nfywfvb, ds, ytjéblfyyj lkz ctåz, cjplflbnt ytxnj yjdjt. Dctulf yföjlzncz kñlb, rjnjhst ≤dstpéfñn≥ yf änjv. D: Rfr nfywtdfkmyjve bcreccnde elftncz dsébdfnm d yfit d jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb ärjyjvbxtcrb ytcnfåbkmyjt dhtvz? J: Ghböjlbncz dtcnb gjcnjzyyeñ ≤gjpbwbjyyeñ≥ åjhmåe. Yj z gj-ghtéytve vjue rfr öeljéybr ltkfnm nj, xnj öjxe ltkfnm, b vjb lhepmz jrfpsdfñn vyt d änjv juhjvyeñ gjvjom. D: Rfrbv dfv dblzncz gthcgtrnbds hfpdbnbz nfywtdfkmyjuj bcreccndf yf åkbéfqibt ltcznm ktn? J: Djpvjéyj, vs cnfytv cdbltntkzvb njuj, xnj kñlb gthtcnfyen jnyjcbnmcz r nfywtdfkmyjve bcreccnde rfr r xtve-nj nfrjve, xnj bcöjlbn bp cfvsö ukeåby bö leib. Djpvjéyj, vs yfxytv ibht bcgjkmpjdfnm ntöybxtcrbt ljcnbétybz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, dj xnj åeltn ghtdhfofnmcz vbh. Xnj vtyz hfletn – nfr änj nj, xnj lj ctujlyziytuj lyz d nfywtdfkmyjv bcreccndt yt yfåkñlfkjcm ≤rhbpbcf gthtghjbpdjlcndf≥, åkfujlfhz xtve z vjue ltqcndbntkmyj dbltnm nfytw. Z yt öjxe, xnjås nfywtdfkmyjt bcreccndj gjldthufkjcm xthtcxeh crhegektpyjve fyfkbpe, gjnjve xnj dsdjhfxbdfybt yfbpyfyre yt bvttn ybxtuj jåotuj c xtkjdtxyjcnmñ. Z yt ckbirjv åjñcm änjuj, yj vs ljkéys dctulf ghjzdkznm jcnjhjéyjcnm b gjybvfnm nj, xnj vs ltkftv rfr kñlb, d xtv pfrkñxftncz yfi lfh. Lj ntö gjh, gjrf vs åeltv jcnfdfnmcz dthysvb änjq ntvt, gjkyjq leöjdyjq ≤abpbxyjcnb≥ njuj, xtv zdkztncz nfytw, dct e yfc åeltn öjhjij. ∆ C Léelbn Létvbcjy åtctljdfk Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. 1 17 VEPSRF GJBCNBYT FVTHBRFYCRJT PDEXFYBT NBV CVBN Öjnz d ntxtybt gthdsö ktn XXI cnjktnbz tot yt zcyj, d rfrjv bvtyyj yfghfdktybb gjqltn hfpdbnbt vepsrb d Fvthbrt, ntv yt vtytt, vjéyj, ytcvjnhz yf jncencndbt xtnrbö jhbtynbhjd, ujdjhbnm j ytgkjöbö gthcgtrnbdfö. jghtrb ckbirjv hfyybv pfzdktybzv jå jnvbhfybb rkfccbxtcrjuj éfyhf, jy lj cbö gjh ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn. Ghjbpdtltybz, cjplfdftvst fvthbrfycrbvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb, ghjljkéfñn hfljdfnm b bcgjkybntktq, b ckeifntktq, åjkmibycndj jhrtcnhjd pdexbn dct kexit b kexit, f åjkmibycndj jgth cjåbhftn ytvfkjt b gjcnjzyyj hfcneott xbckj phbntktq, chtlb rjnjhsö dct åjkmit ghtlcnfdbntktq cfvjq étkfyyjq uheggs jn 18 lj 24 ktn. Vepsrf dj dctö yfghfdktybzö – ghjuhtccbdyjv, vtqycnhbv, htnhj – gj-ghtéytve jrfpsdftn cdjt cnbkbcnbxtcrjt dkbzybt dj dctv vbht, rjnjhsq ybrjulf yt nthzk bynthtcf r fvthbrfycrbv vepsrfkmysv ghjbpdtltybzv b dslfñobvcz vepsrfynfv. D YF PFHT RBÅTHNTÖYJKJUBQ Ntöyjkjubxtcrbq ghjuhtcc yt gthtcnftn dkbznm yf dtcm cgtrnh fvthbrfycrjq vepsrb b, d jcyjdyjv, gjkjébntkmyj. Rjvgjpbnjh Njl Vföjdth gthdsv djcgjkmpjdfkcz ≤ubgth-bycnhevtynfvb≥, rjnjhst gjchtlcndjv äktrnhjybrb hfcibhzñn djpvjéyjcnb jåsxysö bycnhevtynjd b lfñn bcgjkybntkñ åjkmibq rjynhjkm yfl njyfkmyjcnmñ, ntvgjv b lheubvb äktvtynfvb vepsrfkmyjq rjvgjpbwbb. Xthtp Bynthytn ckeifntkb pfuheéfñn yt njkmrj gjcktlybt öbns, yj b pfgbcb ébdsö rjywthnjd rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb b jgths. Vepsrfkmyst jhufybpfwbb yt pfvtlkbkb c cjplfybtv cnhfybw d Bynthytnt, gjpdjkzñobö gjcnjzyysv b gjntywbfkmysv rkbtynfv, yt njkmrj xthtp jåsxyeñ gjregre åbktnjd, jpyfrjvbnmcz c ceotcndeñobvb hfåjnfvb, yj b lfét ckeifnm ktrwbb gj vepsrt. Vepsrfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt vtéle ntv ghjljkéftn hfcibhznm cdjb hfvrb. Yfghbvth, ltncrfz bynthfrnbdyfz cnhfybwf Cfy-ahfywbccrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf ghtlkfuftn ghjcnjq d jåhfotybb b ndjhxtcrbq gjlöjl r jcyjdfv vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz. F yjdfz cnhfybwf Åjcnjycrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf jnrhsdftn ghtélt ytdjjåhfpbvst djpvjéyjcnb exfcnbz d ndjhxtcrjv ghjwtcct: gjctnbntkb cnhfybws vjuen eghfdkznm jhrtcnhfwbtq b lfét vfybgekbhjdfnm yjnfvb bpdtcnysö vepsrfkmysö ghjbpdtltybq. 1 18 Akjhblcrbq jhrtcnh ≤Ymñ ejhkl cbvajyb≥ lkz jlfhtyysö dsgecrybrjd fvthbrfycrbö rjycthdfnjhbq zdkztncz dtleobv d bcgjkmpjdfybb yjdsö ntöyjkjubq. Ntöyjkjubz Bynthytn2 yjdtqituj gjrjktybz Bynthytnf lftn djpvjéyjcnm lbhbéthcrjve rkfcce åfknbvjhcrjq rjycthdfnjhbb ≤Gbåjlb bycnbnen≥ yfåkñlfnm pf ébdjq htgtnbwbtq ≤Ymñ ejhkl cbvajyb≥ d VfqfvbÅbx b jåofnmcz c tt lbhbéthjv Vfqrkjv Nbkcjyjv Njvfcjv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz lkz änjq ntöyjkjubb hfphfåfnsdfñncz yjdst ghbvtytybz. R ctnb Bynthytn2 crjhj gjlrkñxbncz Rkbdktylcrbq vepsrfkmysq bycnbnen, jnrhsdfz yjdst djpvjéyjcnb lkz xfcnysö vepsrfkmysö ehjrjd b htgtnbnjhcndf, f gjplytt tot ytcrjkmrj vepsrfkmysö irjk gkfybheñn ghbcjtlbybnmcz r änjve dbhnefkmyjve jåextybñ yf hfccnjzybb. Xnjås yt egecrfnm bp dble yb jlyjuj yjdjuj ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj ljcnbétybz, ≤Ymñ ejhkl cbvajyb≥ cnhjbn cdjq cjåcndtyysq cjdhtvtyysq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq rjvgktrc gj ghjtrne Ahfyrf Uthb. Yjdsq vbh elbdbntkty^ Yj, rjytxyj, yt jåöjlbncz b åtp ghjåktv, cdzpsdftvsö c yjdsvb ntöyjkjubzvb. Ibhjrfz ljcnegyjcnm vepsrb d Bynthytnt cghjdjwbhjdfkf htprbq cgfl ghjlfé pfgbctq. Zdkzñofzcz wtynhfkmysv äktvtynjv d hfcghjcnhfytybb vepsrb, pderjpfgbcsdfñofz bylecnhbz cnhflftn rfr ybrjulf hfymit, b änj yt vjétn yt gjckeébnm gjdjljv lkz åtcgjrjqcndf. Jcjåtyyj nzétkj ghböjlbncz rkfccbxtcrjve éfyhe: rjvgfybb pderjpfgbcb dct htét öjnzn b vjuen dsltkbnm chtlcndf yf dsgecr rkfccbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq. Vyj- étcndj jhufybpfwbq gsnfñncz dscnjznm, yj dct ét gjuhzpfñn d ljkufö, jcjåtyyj d ysytiybö eckjdbzö ytcnfåbkmyjq ärjyjvbrb b jåotuj cjcnjzybz egflrf gjckt 11 ctynzåhz. Cybétybt hsyjxyjq cnjbvjcnb bydtcnbwbq jcjåtyyj cbkmyj elfhbkj gj ébpytyyj dféysv åkfujndjhbntkmysv ajylfv, ghbyjczobv ceotcndtyysq ljöjl jhrtcnhfv b jgthysv rjvgfybzv. Ytvfkj ujcelfhcndtyysö irjk gj-ghtéytve yt drkñxfñn vepsrfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt d cdjñ ghjuhfvve, b änj egeotybt yt vjétn yt crfpfnmcz yf åeleotv hfpdbnbb felbnjhbb. Ljgjkybntkmysq ehjy yfyjcbn cybétybt rjkbxtcndf b rfxtcndf hflbjcnfywbq, gthtlfñobö rkfccbxtcreñ vepsre, gj dctq cnhfyt. Yj djghtrb dctv nhelyjcnzv, fvthbrfycrfz vepsrfkmyfz ébpym yt gthtcnftn jåyfltébdfnm, ltvjycnhbhez pfdblyeñ cgjcjåyjcnm cjghjnbdkznmcz nhelyjcnzv. Nfr, Cfy-ahfywbccrbq cbvajybxtcrbq jhrtcnh, gjnthzd rjynhfrn yf dsgecr cdjbö ghjbpdtltybq c rhegyjq pfgbcsdfñotq rjvgfybtq, cnfk dsgecrfnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst pfgbcb ghtdjcöjlyjuj ntöybxtcrjuj rfxtcndf. Jlyf bp ybö gjkexbkf d 2003 ujle ghtvbñ Uhävvb pf kexitt jhrtcnhjdjt bcgjkytybt. Gsnfzcm gjvjxm eufcfñotve vepsrfkmyjve jåhfpjdfybñ d irjkfö d vfhnt 2003 ujlf, rjfkbwbz, d cjcnfd rjnjhjq döjlzn cnfhtqifz Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, drkñxfñofz 90 000 xktyjd, b Bynthyfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz ghjbpdjlbntktq vepsrfkmysö ghjlernjd, ghtlcnfdkzñofz 8000 rjvgfybq, yfxfkb vfccjdeñ ghjgfufylbcncreñ rfvgfybñ ≤Gjvjub vepsrt≥. Änf frwbz yfukzlyj ltvjycnhbhetn hjlbntkzv b exbntkzv gjktpyjcnm vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ytjåöjlbvjcnm tuj gjdctvtcnyjuj dytlhtybz. Äne rfvgfybñ frnbdyj gjllthébdftn Rjyuhtcc; jyf ibhjrj bcgjkmpetn htcehcs Bynthytnf b jåibhyst cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst, gjlndthélfz, xnj exfobtcz, bvtñobt jcyjds vepsrfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, gjkexfñn åjktt dscjrbt jwtyrb yf ärpfvtyfö gj fyukbqcrjve zpsre b jcjåtyyj gj vfntvfnbrt. B d änj dhtvz, rjulf vepsrfkmysv uheggfv b abkfynhjgbxtcrbv ajylfv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt dsltkznm chtlcndf yf dsgecr yjdsö hfåjn, edféftvfz jhufybpfwbz ≤Dcnhtxf c rjvgjpbnjhjv≥ jåüzdbkf j yjdjv ghjtrnt ≤Vfuyev jgec≥ (Magnum Opus), rjnjhsq ghbpdfy cnbvekbhjdfnm ljgjkybntkmyst xfcnyst bydtcnbwbb. Yfxfkj änjuj ghjtrnf åskj gjkjétyj jlybv cfy-ahfywbccrbv ghtlghbybvfntktv b crhbgfxjv-kñåbntktv, rjnjhsq dytc 375 nsczx ljkkfhjd d hfpdbnbt änjq bybwbfnbds. D crjhjv dhtvtyb yf änb chtlcndf nhb jhrtcnhf cvjuen csuhfnm yjdst ghjbpdtltybz nhtö rjvgjpbnjhjd. GHTLCNFDKTYBT RKFCCBXTCRBÖ BCGJKYBNTKTQ Ghtlcnjzott jnrhsnbt ytcrjkmrbö rjywthnysö pfkjd vjétn ckeébnm lfkmytqibv ljrfpfntkmcndjv cthmtpyjcnb yfvthtybq fvthbrfywtd jnyjcbntkmyj hfpdbnbz vepsrfkmysö bcreccnd. Jctymñ 2003 ujlf Abkfhvjybxtcrbq jhrtcnh Kjc-Fylétktcf jåhtk ljkujélfyysq yjdsq 274-vbkkbjyysq rjywthnysq pfk ≤Ejkn Lbcytq rjycthn öjkk≥ – elbdbntkmyjt fhöbntrnehyjt cjjheétybt pyfvtybnjuj Ahfyrf Uthb. 89-vbkkbjyysq vepsrfkmysq wtynh ≤Cnhänvjh Öjkk≥, dsgjkytyysq gj bpzoyjve lbpfqye ≤Ebkmzv Hjy Fccjibäqnc≥, åeltn cnbvekbhjdfnm rekmnehyeñ ébpym ctdthysö jrhfby Dfibyunjyf b åeltn dnjhsv ljvjv lkz Åfknbvjhcrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf. 370-vbkkbjyysq Wtynh ntfnhfkmysö bcreccnd ujhjlf Vfqfvb, drkñxfñobq d ctåz ytcrjkmrj rjywthnysö pfkjd, dsgjkytyysö gj cvtkjve lbpfqye Ctpfhf Gtkkb, ghtljcnfdbn gjvtotybz lkz rjywthnjd Akjhblcrjuj abkfhvjybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf b ≤Ymñ ejhkl cbvajyb≥, hfdyj rfr b jcnhj ytjåöjlbvsq jgthysq pfk lkz ≤Akjhblf uhfyl jgthf≥. F Yfidbkkcrbq cbvajybxtcrbq jhrtcnh gthttltn d 120-vbkkbjyysq ≤Ithvthöjhy cbvajyb öjkk≥, dsgjkytyysq gj ghjtrne Lädblf V. Idfhwf d ytjrkfccbxtcrjv cnbkt c ytjåsxysv tcntcndtyysv jcdtotybtv. Rfélsq hfp, rjulf elftncz cjåhfnm ltymub b ghjåelbnm äynepbfpv yf gjcnhjqre yjdjuj wtynhf ntfnhfkmysö bcreccnd, erhtgkztncz aeylfvtyn plfybz vepsrfkmyjq rekmnehs Fvthbrb. B änbv cnhjzobvcz wtynhfv, b eét ceotcndeñobv ntfnhfv, ytcjvytyyj, tcnm xnj gjrfpfnm. Fvthbrfycrbt bcgjkybntkb rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb lfdyj bpdtcnys cdjtq gjnhzcfñotq dbhnejpyjcnmñ b dshfpbntkmyjq cbkjq, b bö vfcnthcndj gjcnjzyyj ghjljkéftn hfcnb. Ljcnfnjxyj dpukzyenm yf gjlbevs, xnjå edbltnm ytjåsryjdtyyj åjkmijt xbckj xhtpdsxfqyj nfkfynkbdsö fvt- Gjkmpeñobqcz vbhjdjq bpdtcnyjcnmñ lbhbéth Vfqrk Nbkcjy Njvfc ghjdjlbn htgtnbwbñ c Hjccbqcrbv yfwbjyfkmysv jhrtcnhjv. Nbkcjy Njvfc zdkztncz jcyjdfntktv b lbhtrnjhjv åfpbheñotujcz d Vfqfvb cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf ≤Ymñ Ejhkl≥. hbrfycrbö lbhbéthjd dj ukfdt dtleobö jhrtcnhjd cnhfys: Vfqrk Nbkcjy Njvfc, cvtkj ärcgthbvtynbheñobq c Cfy-ahfywbccrbv cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv, Ktjyfhl Ckfnrby, ecgtiyj hfåjnfñobq c Yfwbjyfkmysv cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv ujhjlf Dfibyunjyf, Hjåthn Cgfyj, herjdjlzobq Cbvajybxtcrbv jhrtcnhjv Fnkfyns, Kjhby Vffptkm, yfrkflsdfñobq cdjq öfhfrnthysq jngtxfnjr yf Ymñ-Qjhrcrbq abkfhvjybxtcrbq jhrtcnh, Létqvc Kbdfqy, xmt gsnkbdjt djjåhfétybt cnfytn, yfxbyfz c 2004 ujlf, jghtltkzñobv vjvtynjv d bcgjkybntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb Åjcnjycrjuj cbvajybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf. Lheubt dtcmvf jlfhtyyst lbhbéths, nfrbt rfr Vfhby Fkcjg, Lädbl Hjåthncjy, Létqvc Rjykjy, Rtyn Yfufyj, gjgjkyzñn vepsrfkmyst htpthds cnhfys. Dyjcbn cdjq drkfl b vjkjljt gjrjktybt bcgjkybntktq. Nfrbt nfkfyns, rfr crhbgfxrf Öbkfhb Öfy b gbfybcn Kfyu Kfyu, jébdkzñn cwtys yt njkmrj cdjtq jnnjxtyyjq ntöybrjq, yj b ukeåjrj ghjlevfyyjq bynthghtnfwbtq. Fvthbrfycrbt rfvthyst jhrtcnhs, chtlb rjnjhsö ≤Ävthcjy rdfhntn≤, ≤Qbyu rdfhntn≥, ghjdjrfwbjyysq d cdjbö nhfrnjdrfö ≤Rhjyjc rdfhntn≥, ecnfyfd- 1 19 kbdfñn dscjrbt cnfylfhns bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf. Fvthbrfycrbt gtdws dyjczn cdjñ ktgne d cjdhtvtyyjt djrfkmyjt bcreccndj, j rjnjhjt xthtp vyjuj ktn crféen, xnj änj åsk pjkjnjq dtr bcgjkybntkmcrjuj vfcnthcndf. Lkz yfxfkf cnjbn jpyfrjvbnmcz c åktcnzobvb cjghfyj Htyt Aktvbyu, Ltåjhs Djqn b Ljy Fgij, åfhöfnysv vtwwj Ltybc Uhäqdp, uecnsv åfhbnjyjv Vfhrf Läkfdfyf b cjdthityyj gjnhzcfñobv rjynhfntyjhjv Lädblf Läybtkcf. HJR Yj cfvst bpdtcnyst fvthbrfycrbt fhcnbcns, rjytxyj, bcgjkyzñn lheueñ vepsre, crfétv, hjr, rjnjhsq gthtdthyek ghtlcnfdktybz j vepsrt d 50-t ujls b yt njkmrj yt eufcftn, yj b ybcrjkmrj yt cåfdkztn jåjhjns d yfib lyb. C änbv nbgbxyj fvthbrfycrbv drkfljv d vepsrfkmyeñ rekmnehe ntgthm pyfrjvs dj dctö eujkrfö ptvyjuj ifhf. Änybxtcrbt vtkjlbb hfpysö yfhjljd, jåsxyj jåütlbyztvst d rfntujhbñ ≤vepsrf vbhf≥, dct edthtyytt endthélfñncz yf vbhjdjv hsyrt, yj cfvst dkbzntkmyst cnbkb gjgekzhyjq vepsrb cj dhtvty häunfqvf åjktt dtrf yfpfl b gj ctq ltym bcöjlzn bp Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Egjhytt dctö pf gjcktlybt ldf ltcznbktnbz lthéfncz ldf éfyhf: häg b tuj cjåhfn öbg-öjg. Häg zdkztncz gjhjéltybtv ujhjlcrjq ybotns, cvtcmñ gjödfkmås c gjnjrjv ghjnbdjhtxbdsö pfzdktybq, b pfvtyztn gtdexbt vtkjlbb crjhjujdjhrjq, ghjbpyjcbvjq gjl yfcnjqxbdsq hbnv. Öbg-öjg bcgjkmpetn d jcyjdyjv nt ét ghbtvs, yj jy åjktt jhbtynbhjdfy yf nfytw, xtv yf ntrcn. Jåf änbö cnbkz fahjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yj jåf åskb åscnhj jcdjtys åtksvb bcgjkybntkzvb b d yfib lyb dcnhtxfñncz ghfrnbxtcrb dtplt. Häggths gjzdkzñncz d ntktdbpbjyyjq htrkfvt b rbyj b lfét dshféfñn yfcnhjtybz cjdhtvtyysö öhbcnbfycrbö uhegg. D gjcktlytt dhtvz öbg-öjg gjkexftn yjdeñ jrhfcre; änj dshféftncz, yfghbvth, d vtytt gjpthcrbö b åjktt ghbptvktyysö ntrcnfö. Lfét crfylfkmyj bpdtcnysq Ävbytv (Eminem), d cdjb hfyybt lyb jcrjhåbdibq dctö b rféljuj, ytcrjkmrj evthbk cdjq uytd b ghbdytc d cdjb ntrcns ñvjh, öjnz, ghfdlf, ytljåhsq. Eybrfkmyjt pdexfybt tuj vepsrb c ytjåsxysvb pderjdsvb ljhjérfvb, hfphfåjnfyysvb ≤Ljrnjh Lht≥ (Dr. Dre) , zdkztncz ghbvthjv cdtétuj lsöfybz d öbg-öjgt. Chtlb ntö, rnj dyjcbn yjdeñ ébpym d änjn gjkñåbdibqcz njkgt cnbkm, vjéyj yfpdfnm tot ≤Henc≥ (The Roots) b ≤Fenrfcn≥ (Outkast). Nzétksq cnbkm d cjxtnfybb c ecbktyyjq uhjvrjcnmñ, bpdtcnysq rfr ≤öädb vtnfk≥, nfrét jcnftncz yteufcfñotq cbkjq cgecnz ltcznrb ktn gjckt tuj gthdjuj dphsdf yf cwtyt. Yj b jy ghtnthgtk ytrjnjhst bpvtytybz. Yfukzlysv ghbvthjv nfrbö gthtvty zdkztncz jåhfpjdfybt uheggs ≤Felbjckäqd≥ (Audioslave) bp xktyjd ldeö ktutylfhysö rjvfyl ghjikjuj dtrf – ≤Häqlé äutqycn pt vfiby≥ (Rage Against the Machine), yfbåjktt jnrhsnj gjkbnbxtcrjq häyn-hjr uheggs rjywf 90-ö ujljd, b ≤Cfeylufhlty≥ (Soundgarden), dtleotuj cbännkcrjuj cgjldbéybrf ≤uhfyéf≥, fuhtccbdyjuj vepsrfkmyjuj cnbkz, dshféfñotuj uytd hfpjxfhjdfyyjq vjkjltéb. C cjplfybtv ≤FelbjcD djphfcnt 22 ktn crhbgfxrf käqd≥ uytd, d jcyjdyjv, gthtÖbkfhb Öfy endthlbkf ctåz yf itk d xbcnsq hjr, yfgjkytyysq vtéleyfhjlyjq rjywthnyjq bycnhevtynfkmysvb bpscrfvb, fhtyt d rfxtcndt cjkbcnrb, evtñotq pfdjtdsdfnm ljdthbt rjnjhst, dthjznyj, dljöyjdzn ckeifntkz. yjdjt gjrjktybt gjrkjyybrjd. Rjytxyj, gjkbnbxtcrbt pfzdktybz yt gthtcnfñn ghjcrfrbdfnm d chtlt hjrf, rfr änj gjdtkjcm ghfrnbxtcrb c cfvjuj tuj pfhjéltybz, yj nt pfzdktybz, rjnjhst vjéyj ctqxfc ecksifnm, ghjbpyjczncz c yjdjq bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnmñ, b ghbvthjv njve vjétn ckeébnm hjr-uheggf ≤Cbcntv ja f lfey≥ (System of a Down), rjnjhfz hfåjnftn d cnbkt ≤ghjuhtccbdyjuj hjrf≥, rjnjhsq xfcnj yfpsdfñn ≤ghju≥. Vepsrfyns rjvåbybheñn d cdjbö rjvgjpbwbzö ntrcns c ktdsv gjkbnbxtcrbv erkjyjv, bpdtcnyst vtkjlbb, rhbrb, cnhtvbntkmyst ubnfhyst gfhnbb b lfét äktvtyns djcnjxysö hbnvjd. GJG Yf gjg-cwtyt yfibö lytq vjéyj jnvtnbnm pfnzyedittcz ghbcencndbt ≤ntöyj≥ d yjxysö rkeåfö (htprfz nfywtdfkmyfz vepsrf, utythbhetvfz lbcr-éjrtzvb) b yjdst ghjzdktybz nfr yfpsdftvsö ≤ufhféysö uhegg≥, chtlb ysytiybö ghtlcnfdbntktq rjnjhsö vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤Dfqyp≥ (The Vines) b ≤Cnhjerc≥ (The Strokes), dthyj dslthébdfñobö nhflbwbb änjq ytjåhfåjnfyyjq b ytcajrecbhjdfyyjq vepsrb. Vtqycnhbv gjg-vepsrb ctujlyz cjcnfdkztn kmdbyeñ ljkñ ljöjljd ije-åbpytcf, b åjkmijq drkfl dyjczn nfrbt gjgekzhyst yf hflbj gtdbws, rfr Ithbk Rhje, gjñofz d cnbkt ≤rfkbajhybqcrjuj hjrf≥ pyfvtybnjq ≤Bukp≥ (The Eagles), b Kñcbylf Ebkmzvc, ghtlcnfdkzñofz ecgtiyeñ cvtcm åkñpf, rfynhb b hjrf. Jlyj zdktybt, rjnjhjt ntgthm htét dcnhtxftncz kñåbntkzv gjg-vepsrb, – änj nfr yfpsdftvst ≤uheggs vfkmxbrjd≥, cjcnjzobt bp ytcrjkmrbö vjkjlsö gfhytq, yfgtdfñobö ytghbnzpfntkmyst vtkjlbb c nofntkmyj cbyöhjybpbhjdfyysvb ufhvjybzvb b pfntqkbdsvb nfywtdfkmysvb ldbétybzvb. Jyb rfpfkbcm ytghtöjlzobvb d 90-t ujls, yj, gjöjét, cnhtvbntkmyj eufcfñn ctqxfc. Åjktt ecnjzdibtcz cnbkb gjg-vepsrb, dghjxtv, jcnfñncz gjgekzhysvb gj ctq ltym, gjlndthéltybtv xtve zdkztncz jåbkbt hflbjcnfywbq, buhfñobö ≤kexibt öbns 80-ö, 90-ö b ctujlyziytuj lyz≥. Nfr ét yt gjpfåsns b tot åjktt cnfhst vtkjlbb hjrf: uheggf ≤Ieufh Häq≥ (Sugar Ray) bcgjkmpetn d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt nfr vyjuj äktvtynjd nhflbwbjyysö ntxtybq hjrf, xnj htpekmnfn gjkexftncz jlyjdhtvtyyj yjcnfkmubxtcrbv b cdtébv. Cjhdfdifz yfuhfle Uhävvb 2003 ujlf yjdbxjr Yjhf Léjyc cdjbv leitdysv gtybtv ytgjchtlcndtyyj yfgjvbyftn nfrbö gtdbw, rfr Abåb Cyje b gjljåysö tq, gtdibö ytcrjkmrj ltcznrjd ktn yfpfl, ljrfpsdfz ntv cfvsv ébdextcnm vzurjuj hjrf b ghjybryjdtyysö ntrcnjd. F Léjy Vtqth, zdkzdibqcz jlybv bp jcyjdysö ljcnjzybq fvthbrfycrjq gjg-vepsrb 60-ö b 70-ö ujljd, ghjltvjycnhbhjdfk, xnj leitdyfz jnpsdxbdjcnm gtdwf b fdnjhf gtcty bvttn ytghtöjlzoeñ wtyyjcnm. B rfr tot jlyj gjlndthéltybt ecnjqxbdjcnb b hfpyjcnjhjyyjcnb änjuj éfyhf – rféeottcz ytdjjåhfpbvsv, yj elbdbntkmyj dsbuhsiyjt cjnhelybxtcndj dtnthfyf cnbkbpfwbq Njyb Åtyytnnf b gjg-rfynhb pdtpls R.L. Kfyu. ÅHJLDTQ B UJKKBDEL Juhjvyfz gjgekzhyjcnm åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Kfr lkz djkjc≥ (Hairspray) c tuj pfhfpbntkmysvb gtcyzvb, djccjplfñobvb fnvjcathe b pdexfybt fvthbrfycrjq cwtys 60-ö, njét gjrfpsdftn ébpytyyeñ cbke åsksö lytq. Vepsrfkmysq ntfnh, d wtkjv, jcnftncz jlybv bp cfvsö ghbvtxfntkmysö rekmnehysö ljcnjzybq Fvthbrb. Nfrbt öbns, rfr ≤Fhtylf≥, ≤Ghjlñcths≥ b ≤Xbrfuj≥ (nfrét cnfdibq gjgekzhysv d rbyjdthcbb b gjkexbdibq Jcrfhf pf kexibq abkmv 2002 ujlf) ghjljkéfñn ljåheñ nhflbwbñ öjhjij djcghbybvftvsö felbnjhbtq ghtlcnfdktybq. F bpjåhtnfntkmysq fdnjh ndjhtybq dhjlt ≤Rjvgfybb≥ (Compa- 1 20 Cfrcjajybcn Eäqy Ijhnth dscnegftn yf atcnbdfkt léfpjdjq vepsrb d Vjynht, Idtqwfhbz Gtdbwf Yjhf Léjyc b tt fkmåjv ≤Gjqltv cj vyjq≥ pfdjtdfkb d 2003 ujle ghbp Uhävvb gj djcmvb rfntujhbzv Vtwwj-cjghfyj Ltybc Uhtqdp, rfhmthf rjnjhjq jnrhskf tq ldthb d cfvst ghtcnbéyst jgthyst ntfnhs b rjywthnyst pfks vbhf, bpdtcnyf, d xfcnyjcnb, bcgjkytybtv ukfdyjq hjkb d nfrbö jgthfö, rfr≤Rfhvty≥ (Carmen) b ≤Cfvcjy b Lfkbkf≥ (Samson et Dalila). Vfcnbnsq cjplfntkm cnbktq d gtctyyjv éfyht Njyb Åtyytn b pdtplf gjg-vepsrb R.L. Kfyu cjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvb dsgecnbkb fkmåjv ≤Pfvtxfntkmyfz ébpym≥. ny) b ≤Yjxyjq cthtyfls≥ (A Little Night Music) Cnbdty Cjylöfqv jcnftncz jåhfpwjv ndjhxtcrjuj gjlöjlf, b tuj gjcktlybq vñpbrk “Bounce” ghj ldeö dslfñoböcz åhfnmtd-ghtlghbybvfntktq yfxfkf ÖÖ dtrf ltåñnbhjdfk d 2003 ujle. D ljgjkytybt r Åhjldtñ, fvthbrfycrbt rjvgjpbnjhs yt gthtcnfñn ljvbybhjdfnm d Ujkkbdelt. Vfcnthcrb jnnjxtyyst, åjufnst b åktcnzot jajhvktyyst vepsrfkmyst cjghjdjéltybz nfrbö vfcnthjd, rfr Léjy Ebkmzvc b Äkvth Åthycntqy, f nfrét ndjhtybz ñysö jlfhtyysö rjvgjpbnjhjd jébdkzñn b jåjufofñn jlby åkjråfcnth pf lheubv. Cnfhtqibq fvthbrfycrbq drkfl d vepsre – léfp – ctujlyz ghtntyletn kbim yf ytåjkmieñ ljkñ jåotcndtyyjuj dybvfybz gj chfdytybñ c ghtéybvb lyzvb, yj jnyñlm yt enhfnbk cdjtq ghbnzufntkmyjq äythubb. Cnjbn njkmrj ecksifnm bpscrfyyst ntrcns gtdbws Lbfys Rhjkk, bkb pfébufntkmysq djrfk, buhe yf gbfybyj b fhfyébhjdrb Gbnthf Xbyrjnnb, bkb cgjrjqyst pderb cfrcjajyf Eäqyf Ijhnthf, rfr cnfyjdbncz jxtdblysv cdtétt lsöfybt dtkbrjuj yfcktlbz léfpf. NJYFKMYFZ BKB FNJYFKMYFZ VEPSRF Fvthbrfycrfz gjg-cwtyf jåsxyj yfåkñlftn ctycfwbb rfélst ytcrjkmrj ktn c gjzdktybtv xtuj-ybåelm cjdthityyj yjdjuj b bpjåhtnfntkmyjuj. Yf dhtvz yfgbcfybz änjq cnfnmb phbntkb dct tot élen cktleñotq ctycfwbb. D rkfccbxtcrjv éfyht dct åjktt-vtytt åtp bpvtytybq cj dhtvty vjoyjq dcnhzcrb ghb gjzdktybb vbybvfkbpvf d yfxfkt 70-ö ujljd. D nj dhtvz vyjubt pyfnjrb pfzdkzkb, xnj änf vjlf yf vbybvfkbpv crjhj ghjqltn. Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj rjvgjpbnjh Abkbgg Ukfcc, cbkmytt dctuj djpvenbdibq rjycthdfnbdyeñ geåkbre cdjbvb ytcrjkmrbvb åfpbcysvb frrjhlfvb b vjnjhysvb hbnvfvb, ljkéty åsk bcxtpyenm gthdsv, jlyfrj jy b gj ctq ltym ecgtiyj gbitn vepsre, yfghbvth, r jljåhtyyjve rhbnbrfvb abkmve ≤Xfcs≥, cjpdexyeñ tuj ndjhxtcnde yf dctv tuj ghjnzétybb. Ntv yt vtytt, d ndjhtybzö Ukfccf b lheubö jcyjdysö vbybvfkbcnjd, nfrbö rfr Léjy Flfvc b Cnbd Htqö, pfvtnys joenbvst gthtvtys. Dct jyb gjcntgtyyj jnnjxbkb cdjñ ntöybre b hfcibhbkb gjkt phtybz. Vbybvfkbpv hfpdbkcz d cnbkm c bcrkñxbntkmyj åjufnjq vtkjlbxtcrjq b ufhvjybxtcrjq ufvvjq, cgjcjåysq yf nfreñ cbke ärcghtccbb, ghbvthjv rjnjhjq ckeébn gjkexbditt Gekbnwthjdcreñ ghtvbñ ghjybryjdtyyjt gjcdzotybt éthndfv 11 ctynzåhz ≤J gthtctktybb lei≥ (On the Transmigration of Souls) Flfvcf, xnj tuj ctqxfc xfcnj cnfdzn d hzl c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ghtdfkbheñotuj d cjdhtvtyyjq rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrt ytjhjvfynbpvf. Öjnz cnhjufz fnjyfkmyjcnm b ckjéyfz fåcnhfrwbz, rjulf-nj gjxbnfdifzcz cdzotyyjq d frfltvbxtcrbö rheufö, tot bvttn cdjbö ghbdthétywtd, jyf dhzl kb jgznm pfdkflttn fvthbrfycrbvb rjvgjpbnjhfvb, rfr änj åskj 40 bkb 50 ktn yfpfl. D yfib lyb ljvbybhetn njyfkmyfz, xfcnj kbhbxyfz b ghjybryjdtyyfz cbkf. Ébdj jajhvktyyst b byjulf ävjwbjyfkmyst cjxbytybz Ffhjyf Létq Rthybcf zdkzñncz gjrfpfntkmysv ghbvthjv änjuj ghjwdtnfñotuj ldbétybz, yt crhsdfñotuj cdjbö rjhytq bp ghjikjuj. Yj d änjv ckexft ltkj yt d djpdhfotybb r ghtéybv cnbkbcnbxtcrbv yföjlrfv. Kexibt ghtlcnfdbntkb ctujlyziytuj ytjhjvfynbpvf d gjkyeñ cbke bcgjkmpeñn jcdjåjélfñott dkbzybt fnjyfkmyjq htdjkñwbb b bccktleñn åtpuhfybxyeñ vtkjlbxtcreñ b ufhvjybxtcreñ ufvve. Cnfhitt gjrjktybt gjgekzhysö rjvgjpbnjhjd, nfrbö rfr Ytl Hjhtv, Léjy Rjhbkmzyj, Ebkmzv Åjkrjv, Léjy Öfhåbcjy, Äkkty Nffaat Wdbkbö, ghjljkéfñn gbcfnm pyfxbntkmyst ghjbpdtltybz, d nj dhtvz rfr vepsrf ÖÖ dtrf ecnegftn vepsrt ÖÖÈ. Ctqxfc, rjulf njyfkmyjcnm jgznm dsikf yf gthdsq gkfy, jyb cvjnhzncz gbjythfvb bkb ghjhjrfvb. Vyjétcndj vjkjlsö rjvgjpbnjhjd, chtlb rjnjhsö Vfqrk Öthi, xmz vhfxyj-rhfcbdfz vepsrf ecnfyfdkbdftn ukeåbyysq rjynfrn cj ckeifntktv, b Rtdby Genc, ljcnbufñobq njuj ét cdjbvb ukeåjrbvb, byjulf yfdtzyysvb vbybvfkbpvjv ghjbpdtltybzvb, gjvjufñn gjyznm, rfr vyjuj tot ytbpdtlfyyjuj d njyfkmysö bycnhevtynfö. Jlyfrj, rfr dctulf ghjbcöjlbn c fvthbrfycrjq vepsrjq, jåjåotybz jxtym jgfcys. Öjnz njyfkmyjcnm dyjdm pfyzkf ukfdtycndeñott gjkjétybt, lheubt yfghfdktybz yt bcxtpkb cjdctv. Cjdhtvtyyfz vepsrf gjhféftn hfpyjjåhfpbtv ärcghtccbb b jåbkbtv jlbyjxysö ujkjcjd. R nfrbv ghtlcnfdbntkzv jnyjczncz Létyybath Öbuljy, xmb åktcnzot jajhvktyyst hfåjns rhfcyjhtxbdj gthtlfñn yfcnhjtybz yf xfcnj dtcmvf ckjéyjv zpsrt, b Näy Lfy, ghbdyjczobq d pfgflyeñ fnvjcathe ärpjnbxtcrbt yjnrb bp cdjtuj hjlyjuj Rbnfz b ghtlcnfdkzñobq yf cel geåkbrb cdjq eybrfkmysq vbh pderf. CJCNJZYBT FVTHBRFYCRJQ VEPSRB Yjdsq dtr, ytcjvytyyj, pfcnfdbn cnjkryenmcz c ytvfksv rjkbxtcndjv hfpyjjåhfpysö ghtgzncndbq, yj, dtcmvf dthjznyj, vepsrfkmyjt cjjåotcndj dcnhtnbn bö cvtkj c gjvjomñ vyjujxbcktyysö nfkfynjd, gjkyjq jnlfxb ctåz bcreccnde b djjåhfétybz. B tckb ckjébnm dvtcnt dct lbyfvbxyst jhrtcnhs, jgthyst rjvgfybb, lbhbéthjd, cjkbcnjd b rfvthyst jhrtcnhs, dctö jhbubyfkmysö rjvgjpbnjhjd b åtccxtnyjt vyjétcndj gjg-bcgjkybntktq, dyjczobö cdjq drkfl d vepsrfkmyjt bcreccndj ltym pf lytv, cnfytn zcyj, xnj fvthbrfycrfz vepsrf jcnftncz yf ljkéyjv ehjdyt b yt nthztn cdjtuj eybrfkmyjuj leöf. ∆ Nbv Cvbn gbitn rhbnbxtcrbt cnfnmb yf ntvs rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb d ufptnt ≤Åfknbvjh cfy≥. Jy fdnjh rybub ≤Rkfccbxtcrfz vepsrf: gentdjlbntkm lkz kñåjgsnyjuj ckeifntkz≥ (The NPR Curious Listener’s Guide to Classical Music) b xfcnj gbitn lkz éehyfkf ≤Jgthf ymñp≥. Rjvgjpbnjh Cnbdty Cjylöfqv (d wtynht) c öjhtjuhfajv Cmñpty Cnhjvfy (cktdf) b htébccthjv-gjcnfyjdobrjv Crjnnjv Äkkbcjv yf ufkfghtlcnfdktybb, ecnhjtyyjv d xtcnm Cjylöfqvf. 1 22 Fdfyufhlbcncrbq rjywthnysq pfk Ejknf Lbcytz, cghjtrnbhjdfyysq fhöbntrnjhjv Ahäyrjv Uthb, zdkztncz gjvtotybtv, d rjnjhjv dscnegftn Kjc-Fyétktccrbq abkfhvjybxtcrbq jhrtcnh. GHJABKM: Rjvgjpbnjh Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm Åjkmibycndj fvthbrfycrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd, gbieobö cthmtpyeñ vepsre, ujlfvb ghblthébdfkbcm nhflbwbjyysö juhfybxtybq: yt gbcfnm jlyjdhtvtyyj c rkfccbxtcrbvb rjvgjpbwbzvb vepsre lkz rbyjabkmvjd, åfktnjd b ntfnhfkmysö ghtlcnfdktybq. Htlrbt bcrkñxtybz bp änjuj ghfdbkf cjcnfdkzñn Léjhlé Uthidby, Ffhjy Rjgktyl, Åthyfhl Uthhvfyy, Léjy Rjhbkmzyj b Abkbgg Ukfcc, xmb ghjbpdtltybz pdexfkb chfpe dj vyjubö éfyhfö bcreccndf. Cktletn ljåfdbnm r änjve cgbcre rjvgjpbnjhf Äkkbjnf Ujkltynfkz, rjnjhsq d cdjb 48 ktn zdkztncz pyfxbntkmysv rjvgjpbnjhjv, gbieobv yt njkmrj cbvajybxtcreñ vepsre lkz rjywthnysö pfkjd, yj b vepsre r abkmvfv. Ujkltynfkm ghbdyjcbn cdjq bylbdblefkbcnbxysq cnbkm d hfdyjq cntgtyb d ytpfdbcbvst vfkjåñlétnyst b ljhjubt cnelbqyst abkmvs. Jy cjxbybk vepsre lkz åfktnf, gjcnfdktyyjuj d 1997 ujle gj itrcgbhjdcrjve ≤Jntkkj≥, b jlyj bp cfvsö pfvtxfntkmysö ghjbpdtltybq 1996 ujlf “Fire Water Paper: A Vietnam Oratorio” lkz öjhf, jhrtcnhf b cjkj dbjkjyxtkb, rjnjhjt bcgjkyzk Qj-Qj Vf. Exbdibqcz e Rjgktylf b Rjhbkmzyj, Ujkltynfkm ctqxfc zdkztncz jåhfpwjv hfpyjcnjhjyyjcnb chtlb rjvgjpbnjhjd. Yf 70-v ñåbktt rjvgjpbnjhf Ktjyfhlf Åthycntqyf ghjpdexfkj tuj crthwj ≤Buhf ntytq≥ (Shadow Play), f yf 75-ñ ujljdobye ktutylfhyjuj åtqcåjkmyjuj gjkz u. Ymñ-Qjhrf – ≤Afynfpbb yf ntve ljceuf≥ (Pastime Variations). Nfr ét hfpyjjåhfpys b hfåjns Ujkltynfkz d rbytvfnjuhfat. D cjghjdjéltybb r abkmve ≤Vfqrk Rjkkbyp≥ jå bhkfylcrjv htdjkñwbjytht jy bcgjkmpetn bhkfylcrbt djksyrb b cdbcnekmrb yfhzle c åjufnsv pdexfybtv jhrtcnhf lkz cjplfybz hjvfynbxtcrjq fnvjcaths. D abkmvt ≤Dhtvz eåbdfnm≥ (A Time to Kill) gj hjvfye Léjyf Uhbifvf rjvgjpbnjh ghbdjlbn d cnjkryjdtybt nhflbwbjyysq fahjfvthbrfycrbq cgbhbxeäk b yfghzétyyst, pdexfobt euhjéfñot cnheyyst ufhvjybb lkz vepsrfkmyjuj dshfétybz lfdytuj hfcbcncrjuj bywbltynf yf fvthbrfycrjv ñut. Cjghjdjéltybt r abkmve ≤Nbnec≥ (Titus), zdkzñottcz ghjlernjv jlyjuj bp vyjujxbcktyysö ghjtrnjd, jceotcndktyysv Ujkltynfktv d gfhnythcndt c htébccthjv Léekb Näqvjh, hfåjnfñotq rfr d ntfnht, nfr b d rbyj, yfxbyftncz vtkjlhfvfnbxtcrb, yj gjnjv gthtöjlbn r cfrcjajyysv cjkj, léfpjdsv ntvfv b lheubv ytnhflbwbjyysv cjxtnfybzv, rjnjhst gjkexfñn hfphtitybt d abyfkmyjq äktubb. Rfr pfvtnbk jlby bp rhbnbrjd, änf vepsrf jnhfpbkf ≤hfpkbxbz vtéle cbvajybxtcrjq, cdbyujdjq, nbåtncrjq, äktrnhjyyjq b ctha-vepsrjq≥ nfr ét, rfr cfv abkmv gjrfpfk hfpyjcnjhjyybt jåhfps Hbvf. Gjcktlyzz hfåjnf Ujkltynfkz – änj ntgkfz b ghjybryjdtyyfz vepsrf r rbyjabkmve Näqvjh 2002 ujlf ≤Ahblf≥, gjdtcndeñotve j celmåt vtrcbrfycrjq öeljéybws Ahbls Rfkj. Jnhféfz cnhfcnm b hjvfynbxyjcnm uthjbyb abkmvf, yfgbcfyyfz lkz ytåjkmijuj fycfvåkz bp ubnfhs, frrjhltjyf, vfhbvås b ajhntgmzyj vepsrf drkñxftn d ctåz äktvtyns vtrcbrfycrjq yfhjlyjq vepsrb b edtyxfyf djkyeñobv dfkmcjv, bcgjkytyysv cyfxfkf yf ubnfht b dyjdm yf ajhntgbzyj. Ujkltynfkm åsk ytjlyjrhfnyj jnvtxty yfuhflfvb pf cdjq drkfl d vepsre lkz rjywthnysö pfkjd, åfktnjd, ntfnhf b rbyj. Gjcktlybq hfp yfuhfljq åskf jnvtxtyf tuj hfåjnf yfl vepsrjq r abkmve ≤Ahblf≥, gjkexbdifz ≤Jcrfhf≥ pf kexieñ vepsre r abkmve 2002 ujlf. ∆ Äkkbjn Ujkltynfkm 1 23 Åtctlf c Lädbljv Ujrkb Ujrkb ghbdktrfk dybvfybt b dyeifk edfétybt yt jlyjve gjrjktybñ rfr lbhtrnjh ≤Ömñcnjy Uhfyl Jgthf≥. D änjv rfxtcndt jy jhufybpjdfk vfnthbfkmyeñ gjllthére yjdsö hfåjn b dsdtk yf gthdsq gkfy vjkjlst bcgjkybntkmcrbt b ndjhxtcrbt lfhjdfybz. Djghjc: Pf ghjikst jlyj-ldf ltcznbktnbz, gj dfitve vytybñ, xnj zdbkjcm cfvsv ceotcndtyysv ljcnbétybtv d cthmtpyjq vepsrt? Jndtn: Yjdfz vepsrf d yfib lyb åjktt jhbtynbhetncz yf ckeifntkz b felbnjhbñ, xtv yf frfltvbxtcrbt rheub. Ntgthm jgthyfz vepsrf c åjkmitq dthjznyjcnmñ vjétn åsnm ghbyznf ibhjrjq geåkbrjq rfr ytxnj ghbznyjt, f yt rfr ujhmrjt ktrfhcndj. Rfétncz, ctujlyz djphjélftncz ghbyznjt d ÖªÈÈÈ-ÖÈÖ dtrfö jnyjitybt r jgtht rfr r hfpdktxtybñ lkz geåkbrb chtlytuj rkfccf, f yt byntkktrnefkmyjve eghféytybñ lkz ghjatccjhjd b pyfnjrjd, xtv jgthf zdkzkfcm yf ghjnzétybb åjkmitq xfcnb ÖÖ dtrf. D 20-t ujls ghjikjuj dtrf rkfccbxtcrfz vepsrf bkb vepsrfkmyjt bcreccndj jncnegbkj jn dtkbrbö nhflbwbq b jrfpfkfcm, z ås crfpfk, yf negbrjdjv genb, c njxrb phtybz ädjkñwbb. Z bvtñ d dble ne vepsre, rjnjhfz cnfkf crjhtt byntkktrnefkmysv ghjwtccjv, xtv gjgsnrjq pfdjhjébnm vfccs ytgjchtlcndtyysv dgtxfnktybtv. D yfib lyb rjvgjpbnjhs yt åjzncz åsnm gjgekzhysvb, b jgthyst rjvgfybb c åjkmibv eljdjkmcndbtv, xtv jhrtcnhs, ghbybvfñn bö e ctåz. Lkz änjq ntyltywbb jxtym öfhfrnthysvb zdkzñncz jnyjitybz vtéle ≤Kbhbr jgthf ja Xbrfuj≥ b rjvgjpbnjhjv Ebkmzvjv Åjkrjvjv. Kbhbxtcrfz jgthf nhbéls pfrkñxfkf rjynhfrn c Åjkrjvjv b ghtljcnfdkzkf dct cdjb åjufnst htcehcs lkz djgkjotybz yf cwtyt tuj ghjbpdtltybq. B vs dblbv, rfr lheubt jgthyst jåotcndf njét ghbybvfñn änb hfåjns: ≤Dbl c vjcnf≥ Åjkrjvf bltn d ≤Vtnhjgjkbnty jgthf≥, f ≤Vfktymrbt étyobys≥ Vfhrf Flfvcf d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr cbnb jgthf≥. Nfr xnj dtplt kñlb cnfyjdzncz åjktt jnrhsnsvb. Rjulf z ghbitk d änjn åbpytc 30 ktn yfpfl, dct pyfkb, xnj jcyjdyfz wtkm dsgecrf vbhjdsö ghtvmth – änj dybvfybt b egjvbyfybt d jåpjht d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr Nfqvc≥. Nfr xnj gjckt vbhjdjq ghtvmths jgthf jåsxyj gskbkfcm yf crkflt. Ctqxfc dct gj-lheujve. D: Yf dfi dpukzl, xnj cfvjt nhelyjt d dfitq jåkfcnb? J: Z ås crfpfk, nhelytt dctuj åjhjnmcz c afrnjv yfkbxbz åjkmijuj rjkbxtcndf hfpyjjåhfpysö åjktt ltitdsö dbljd hfpdktxtybq, drkñxfz ghjckeibdfybt pfgbctq, ghjcvjnh lbcrjd bkb 120 ntktdbpbjyysö rfyfkjd, yt dsöjlz bp ljvf. Änb yjdst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb euhjéfñn djdct dsntcybnm jgthe b cbvajybxtcreñ vepsre bp gjkz dybvfybz geåkbrb. Ctqxfc tcnm vyjuj vjkjlsö jxtym öjhjibö bcgjkybntktq, yj yf bö ljkñ yt ghböjlbncz nfrjq jåotcndtyyjq ckfds, rfrjq gjkmpjdfkbcm Kexfyj Gfdfhjnnb b Åtdthkb Cbkkp. Dybvfybt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ghbrjdfyj r åjktt gjgekzhysv chtlb ibhjrjq geåkbrb dtofv. Tot jlyjq nhelyjcnmñ ghtlcnfdkzñncz bpvtytybz d ltvjuhfabb fvthbrfycrbö ujhjljd, ult dtkbrbt pfgflyst wbdbkbpfwbb clfñn cdjb gjpbwbb. Jgthf b cthmtpyfz vepsrf yt ljcnbufñn ckeöf yjdsö bvvbuhfyncrbö uhegg yfctktybz d ujhjlfö Fvthbrb, b yf bpvtytybt änjq cbnefwbb eqltn yt jlyj gjrjktybt. Yj vepsrf, ntv yt vtytt, rfr-nj ljkéyf dsébdfnm dct änj dhtvz. D: Tcnm kb ctqxfc rfrbt-ybåelm yjdst ntyltywbb, ghbitlibt bp lheubö rekmneh? Tckb lf, nj rnj jrfpsdftn ndjhxtcrjt dkbzybt? J: Pyfxbntkmyjt ndjhxtcrjt dkbzybt d jgtht jrfpsdfñn cwtybxtcrbt htébccths, cjplfñobt yjdst b xfcnj hflbrfkmyst bynthghtnfwbb ceotcndeñotuj htgthnefhf ÖªÈÈ, ÖªÈÈÈ b ÖÈÖ dtrjd, ythtlrj dspsdfz ytljdjkmcndj nhflbwbjyyjq geåkbrb. Ytrjnjhsvb ghbtvfvb htébccths ghbdktrkb r ctåt yjdeñ vjkjleñ geåkbre, åjkmit bynthtceñoeñcz dbpefkmysvb bcreccndfvb. Cthmtpysv bcgsnfybtv nfrjuj hjlf ≤gjcnfyjdjxyjq jgths≥ cnfytn yjdfz flvbybcnhfwbz ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj jgthf≥, f njxytt – utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh Gfvtkf Hjptyåthu. Öjnz Gfvtkf hjljv bp Rfkbajhybb, tt rfhmthf lj ysytiytuj dhtvtyb gj åjkmitq xfcnb hfpdbdfkfcm d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Fvcnthlfv, Ahfyraehn b Inennufhn, ult jyf dgbnfkf öfhfrnthyeñ lkz vjlthybpvf vepsrfkmyeñ xedcndbntkmyjcnm. Tt htgthnefh b gjcnfyjdrb, ytcjvytyyj, cnfyen bcgsnfybtv lkz nhflbwbjyyjq geåkbrb ≤Cfy-Ahfywbcrj jgthf≥. D jnyjitybb ghtlgjxbnftvsö rjvgjpbnjhjd jcyjdyfz vfccf ckeifntktq yt bpvtybkf cdjbö ghbcnhfcnbq, yt cxbnfz ytcrjkmrbö bcrkñxtybq, dhjlt Näy Lfyf. Yj lbhbéths gj-ghtéytve ghbtpéfñn bp-pf heåtéf, hfdyj rfr b ytrjnjhst fvthbrfycrbt lbhbéths cjöhfyzñn cdjñ gjgekzhyjcnm pf heåtéjv. D: Rjulf ds levftnt j ndjhxtcrbö ubufynfö ghjikjuj dhjlt Ktjyfhlf Åthycntqyf, Cävñäkf Åfhåthf, Ffhjyf Rjgktylf b lheubö, yt rfétncz kb dfv, xnj ctqxfc ceotcndetn yjdjt gjrjktybt pyfvtybnjcntq? J: Vyt rfétncz, rjvgjpbnjhf Léjyf Flfvcf vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤ndjhxtcrbv ubufynjv≥. Tuj vepsrf åkbcnftn hfdyj d bcgjkytybb jhrtcnhf b jgthyjv éfyht. Åjkmit yf ev yt ghböjlbn ybrnj, tckb bvtnm d dble nhflbwbb Rjgktylf bkb Åthycntqyf. D: Rfr dfv elftncz dsébdfnm d yfit dhtvz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj egflrf? J: Vs åjktt rjycthdfnbdys d yfitq ghjuhfvvt b ytdthjznyj otgtnbkmys d jnyjitybb hfcöjljd. Vs bcgjkmpetv rféleñ djpvjéyjcnm cltkfnm xnj-nj åjktt äaatrnbdyj b ärjyjvyj, ghjlthéfnmcz, dsåhfnmcz bp nhelyjcntq. D: Hfccrfébnt yfv drhfnwt, rfr ds ctåt ghtlcnfdkztnt dfie jåkfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb xthtp 10 ktn. J: Z ås c eljdjkmcndbtv ghtlcrfpfk yjdsq hfcwdtn jgths. Nhelyjcnb, rjnjhst z egjvzyek hfymit – cjgthybxtcndj c vfccjdjq rekmnehjq b ltvjuhfabxtcrbt bpvtytybz, eceueåkzñncz dscjrjq cnjbvjcnmñ jgths b cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd. Yj e jgths öjnz ås tcnm dbpefkmysq rjvgjytyn, rjnjhsq vs ljkéys bcgjkmpjdfnm d gjkyeñ cbke. Z cxbnfñ, xnj jgthf dscjrjuj rkfccf yt ghtrhfnbn cdjtuj ceotcndjdfybz d rhegysö ujhjlfö CIF b yf atcnbdfkzö nfrbö, rfr ghjbcöjlzn d ≤Cfynf At jgthf≥. Vs dct dhtvz cnfhftvcz ghbdktrfnm yjdeñ geåkbre b pfdjtdsdfnm yjdsö ckeifntktq. Dscjrbq ehjdtym gjlujnjdrb fvthbrfycrbö bcgjkybntktq, ntfnhfkmyjcnm jgths b yjdst hfåjns, hfpdbdfñobt fvthbrfycreñ ntvfnbre, gjvjuen jgtht dsébnm. ∆ Bynthdmñ c Lädbljv Ujrkb ghjdjlbk Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. Lädbl Ujrkb 1 24 NTFNH LHFVFNEHUB YJDST B CNFHST RHBC LÉJYC Dtcyf d Vjynujvthb, infn Fkfåfvf, ghböjlbn hfyj. Yj öjnz dtkbrjktgyfz gkjoflrf Fkfåfvcrjuj Itrcgbhjdcrjuj atcnbdfkz, ghjdjlbvjuj d jlyjv bp rhfcbdtqibö ntfnhjd Fvthbrb, ybrjulf yt åsdftn nfrjq ptktyjq, rfr d änb gthdst vtczws ujlf, fhnbcnbxtcrbq vbh cktnftncz yf hjlbye ldbétybz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf yt cnjkmrj lkz njuj, xnjås gjkñåjdfnmcz rhfcjnfvb ghbhjls, crjkmrj ghbdktxtyysq jlyjq bp ghjuhfvv atcnbdfkz – ghjtrnjv ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf≥. Rfélsq ujl, yf ghjnzétybb ytcrjkmrbö lytq, d hfvrfö ghjtrnf ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf≥ cnfdbncz yt vtytt itcnb, f nj b åjktt yjdsö gmtc rfr yfxbyfñobö, nfr b vfcnbnsö lhfvfnehujd. lyfrj vyjujjåtofñobt yjdbyrb, gjzdkzñobtcz yf wdtneotv gjkt fvthbrfycrjq lhfvfnehubb, vjéyj gjcvjnhtnm yt njkmrj d hfvrfö ghjtrnf ≤Gbcfntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf≥. Dtctyybq Atcnbdfkm yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö gmtc ≤Ömñvfyf≥, ghjdjlbvsq d ≤Kebdbk Ärnjh Nbänh≥, tot åjkmit ckfdbncz pf rfxtcndj jnåbhftvsö ghjbpdtltybq. Nfr d 2003 ujle pltcm åskf gjcnfdktyf yjdfz åktcnzofz gmtcf ≤Dct d cåjht≥ (OmniumGatherum), cybcrfdifz åtityeñ gjgekzhyjcnm. Yfgbcfyyfz Fktrcfylhjq Uthinty-Dfccbkfhjc b Nthtpjq Htåtr, gmtcf åeljhfébn vsckm, ghtgfhbhez fvthbrfycrbt utjgjkbnbxtcrbt dpukzls. D jcyjdt cñétnf – njhétcndtyysq eéby, ecnhjtyysq Vfhnjq Cnñfhn chfpe ét gjckt nthhjhbcnbxtcrjq fnfrb 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf. Ghjnjnbgs uthjtd – bpdtcnyst byntkktrnefks Fvthbrb, f ≤ujcnb≥ – fvthbrfyws – dshféfñn cfvst hfpyst gjkbnbxtcrbt dpukzls. Celz gj njve jnrkbre, rjnjhsq gjcnfyjdrf gjkexbkf d infnt Rtynerrb, fvthbrfycrfz felbnjhbz bcgsnsdftn åjkmieñ gjnhtåyjcnm d lbcreccbzö j vtcnt Fvthbrb d cjdhtvtyyjv vbht. Eikj d ghjikjt ghtlcnfdktybt j rjvvthxtcrbö ghjlñcthfö rfr j éflysö lj yfébds ghtlghbybvfntkzö, cnhtvzoböcz r gjcnfyjdrt ybprjghjåysö phtkbo yf gjnhtåe ibhjrjq geåkbrt. D yfit dhtvz rjvvthxtcrbt ghjlñcths – änj, ghtélt dctuj, åjkmibt kñåbntkb ntfnhf, boeobt yjdst, zhrbt b ghjuhtccbdyst ghjbpdtltybz fvthbrfycrbö fdnjhjd. Jyb ujnjds åhfnmcz lfét pf YF ÅHJLDTT B PF TUJ GHTLTKFVB Gjöjét, xnj cvtkjq b gjödfkmyj jnrhjdtyyjq gmtct ≤Dct d cåjht≥ (Omnium-Gatherum) ceéltyj åsnm gjcnfdktyyjq yf Åhjldtt. D bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf åskj dhtvz, rjulf yjdst gmtcs dgthdst cnfdbkbcm bvtyyj yf Åhjldtt. Jlyfrj eét ytcrjkmrj ktn rfr d cjdhtvtyyjv fvthbrfycrjv ntfnhfkmyjv bcreccndt bltn frnbdysq ghjwtcc dpfbvjdsujlyjuj jåvtyf yjdsvb gmtcfvb vtéle ytrjvvthxtcrbvb fvthbrfycrbvb ntfnhfvb, pfxfcneñ yfpsdftvsvb vtcnysvb bkb htubjyfkmysvb, b bö rjvvthxtcrbvb cjåhfnmzvb. Ytrjnjhst yjdst gmtcs gjkexfñn gentdre d ébpym d rjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhfö, f pfntv gthtöjlzn d htubjyfkmyst ytrjvvthxtcrbt ntfnhs. Ckexftncz b ldbétybt d jåhfnyjv yfghfdktybb: jn hjéltybz yf cwtyfö Kebcdbkkz bkb Vjynujvthb lj gjcnfyjdrb yf bpdtcnytqibö rjvvthxtcrbö gkjoflrfö. Bvtyyj nfrjq genm ghjltkfkf gmtcf Ljyfkmlf Vfhuekmtcf ≤Eéby c lhepmzvb≥ (Dinner with Friends). D yfib lyb änb ldt bcnjhbxtcrb ckjébdibtcz jnhfckb fvthbrfycrjq ntfnhfkmyjq bylecnhbb, yföjlzcm d dtxyjv gjbcrt yjdsö gmtc, dpfbvyj b ghbvthyj hfdyjwtyyj gbnfñn lheu lheuf. Cwtyf bp cgtrnfrkz ≤Dct d cåjht≥ (Omnium-Gatherum), djcödfkztvjq rhbnbrjq gmtcs, rjnjheñ yfgbcfkb Fktrcfylhf Uthinty-Dfcbkfhjc b Nthtpf Htåtr (dthöytt ajnj). J 1 25 hbcrjdfyyst gjcnfyjdrb, tckb gmtcf bö pfödfnbkf. Ghb njv, xnj vñpbrks gj-ghtéytve ljvbybheñn yf Åhjldtt, pltcm cnfdzncz b dtkbrjktgyst yjdst fvthbrfycrbt gmtcs, nfrbt, yfghbvth, rfr ≤Dsdtlb vtyz d cdtn≥ (Take Me Out) Hbxfhlf Uhbyåthuf. Änf gmtcf Uhbyåthuf, hfccrfpsdfñofz lhfvfnbxtcreñ bcnjhbñ buhjrf d åtqcåjk, ujvjctrcefkbcnf, dsikf d abyfk rjyrehcf lhfvfnbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq yf Gekbnwthjdcreñ ghtvbñ 2003 ujlf. Jlyfrj yjdst gmtcs, gjrfpfyyst d 2003 ujle d Fkfåfvt b Rtynerrb, njét öjhjij jnhféfñn dcñ ibhbye b hfpyjjåhfpbt ndjhxtcndf yjdjuj gjrjktybz lhfvfnehujd. Fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh bvttn lfdyññ nhflbwbñ cwtybxtcrjuj bccktljdfybz cjwbfkmysö ghjåktv cjdhtvtyyjcnb, b yjdst lhfvfnehub ghjljkéfñn hfpdbdfnm äne nhflbwbñ. dbt ghjbcöjlbn yf nthhbnjhbb dsvsiktyyjuj rjkktléf b hfpdbdftncz djrheu htfrwbb åtksö herjdjlbntktq rjkktléf yf cjjåotybt j njv, xnj cneltyn gthdjuj rehcf, fahjfvthbrfytw, gjkexftn fyjybvyst gbcmvf c euhjpfvb d cdjq flhtc. Dj dnjhjv frnt ljdtltyyfz lj ghtltkf ltrfy gj hfåjnt cj cneltynfvb Cfhf Läybtkc chsdftncz b hfphféftncz d ghbcencndbb rjkktub vjyjkjujv, d rjnjhjv ghbpyftncz d cjåcndtyyjv hfcbpvt. GmtYJDST UJKJCF cf b tt gjcnfyjdrf åskb ghbyzns c juhjvysv bynthtcjv, hfdyj Rfhkfqk Åhfey, pfvtxfntkmysq fdnjh, d yfcnjzott dhtvz rfr b tt gjcktleñofz gjcnfyjdrf d ≤Vfyöännty nbänh rkfå≥. åjktt dctuj bpdtcnysq rfr fdnjh gmtcs Fahbrfycrfz nheggf C ntö gjh, rfr bp-gjl gthf Ubkvfy dsikb ≤Vfkmxbr b ltdjxbuhftn ≤Hbxfhlf ÈÈÈ≥ (African Company Presents Richard III), yfgbrf≥ (Boy Gets Girl) – lhfvf jå jnyjitybzö vtéle vjkjlsvb cfk b cfv csuhfk gmtce ≤Aekf bp Fvthbrb≥ (The Fula From Amer- kñlmvb, ghtecgtdfñobvb ghjatccbjyfkfvb b ≤Ujkeåjq gjica), gjcdzotyyeñ bccktljdfybñ vbabxtcrjuj b htfkmyjuj njr≥ (Blue Surge) – gmtcf j cdzpzö, djpybrfñobö vtéle gjkbwtqvtcnf d ébpyb cjdhtvtyyjuj fahjfvthbrfywf, gentitcndeñot- crbvb b ghtcktletvsvb bvb ghtcnegybrfvb, Ubkvfy pfyzkf uj yf fdnjåect gj lbrbv ghjcnjhfv cdjtq fahbrfycrjq hjlbys. vtcnj d hzle cfvsö bynthtcysö, lthprbö b pyfxbntkmysö lhfvfNfkfyn Åhfeyf, zhrbt nbgféb b kerfdsq cjwbfkmysq ñvjh nehujd, xmt ndjhxtcndj pfckeébdftn ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz. ghtdhfoftn änj cnhfyyjt gentitcndbt xthtp dcñ Fahbre d yfcnjzobq itltdh. Cj cdjbvb hfpvsiktybzvb yfl nfrbvb DJGHJCS, HJÉLFÑOBT CGJHS dtxysvb djghjcfvb, rfr djpvjéyjcnm djpdhfotybz r bcnjrfv Hfpevttncz, cjdhtvtyysq fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh ghtlcnfdkty yt b bpvtytybt hjkb fvthbrfywtd d vbht, ≤Aekf≥ djcghbybvftncz njkmrj yjdsvb bvtyfvb. Nfrbt gbcfntkb, rfr Njyb Reith, rfr cdtétt, velhjt b htfkbcnbxyjt ghjbpdtltybt. gjcdznbdibq cdjñ ytjlyjpyfxyj ghbyzneñ gmtce “Homebody/ Ntv dhtvtytv fdnjh gmtc yf gjkbnbxtcrbt ntvs Rbf Rjhnhjy, Kabul” ghjåktvfv ajhvbhjdfybz åfkfycf cbk yf Åkbéytv jlyf bp kexibö yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö gbcfntktq b fdnjh ymñ-qjhr- Djcnjrt, ghjljkéfñn ghjdjwbhjdfnm gjkbnbxtcrbt ltåfns d crjuj öbnf j ltdbxmbö åfylfö “Breath, Boom”, ghtlkjébkf dybcjdhtvtyyjv ntfnht Fvthbrb. vfybñ geåkbrb yjdjt ghjdjrfwbjyyjt ghjbpdtltybt gjl yfpdfJufcn Ebkcjy ghfrnbxtcrb pfdthibk cdjñ ägjgtñ j genb, ybtv ≤Djjheétyyfz Dtythf Vbkjccrfz≥ (The Venus de Milo Is ghjqltyyjv fahjfvthbrfywfvb d rféljv bp ltcznbktnbq ÖÖ Armed), ult ujdjhbncz j xeljdboysö ukjåfkmysö gjcktlcndbzö dtrf. Tuj åktcnzofz hfåjnf ≤Rjhjkm Ötlkb ÈÈ≥ (King Hedley II), jn dphsdjd vby, yj c xbcnj fvthbrfycrjq njxrb phtybz. edbltdifz cdtn d 2000 ujle, eåtlbntkmyj gjrfpfkf, xnj änjn B yfrjytw – ghjbpdtltybt ljctkt ytbpdtcnyjq gbcfntkmybws bp Fkfåfvs Åbhl Rbkkbfy gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Hfccdtn d Ffhjydbkkt≥ (Aaronville Dawning): cvtiyfz, yfgjkytyyfz ghjcnjdfnjq åjknjdytq gmtcf bp ébpyb fvthbrfycrjuj Ñuf, ult uthjbyz, gjébkfz étyobyf bp infnf Vbccbcbgb, ukzlz yf felbnjhbñ bp jryf cdjtq reöyb, hfccrfpsdftn j cdjtq ébpyb b vtcnysö ébntkzö, pfybvfzcm ghbujnjdktybtv tls lkz gjvbyjr. Pfåfdyjt b velhjt, änj ghjbpdtltybt – xnj-nj dhjlt ñéyjq dthcbb gmtcs ≤Crfpfnm cdjt ckjdj≥ (Having Our Say) – åktcnzotuj ghjbpdtltybz gjcktlytuj ltcznbktnbz j hjéltyysö d Ufhktvt ctcnhfö Ltkfyb. D cjdjregyjcnb änb nhb pfvtxfntkmyj hfpyst gmtcs zdkzñn cjåjq eåtlbntkmyjt cdbltntkmcndj hfcneotuj cnhtvktybz cjdhtvtyyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf jnhféfnm cfvsq ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy ujkjcjd, jcjåtyyj ntö, rjnjhst vs cksibv yt nfr eé xfcnj. Itrcgbhjdcrbq atcnbdfkm d Fkfåfvt cnfk ntv vtcnjv, relf cktletn ghbtpéfnm, xnjås gjcvjnhtnm hfåjns dblysö fdnjhjd Ñuf, yfghbvth, Htåtrrb Ubkvfy, rjnjhfz pf gjcktlybt gznm ktn Yfnfy Ktqy (cktdf) b Vtnmñ Åhjlthbr, pfyznst d gthdjv cjcnfdt cnfkf jlybv bp yfbåjktt pfvtnysö yjdsö ujkjcjd d fvthbrfy- frnthjd, buhfñobö yf Åhjldtt gmtce ≤Ghjlñcths≥ (The Producers). D 2001 ujle änf cfnbhf yf fvthbrfycrbt vñpbrks eljcnjbkfcm crjq lhfvfnehubb. ghbceélftvjq Fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkmysv cjñpjv ghtvbb ≤Njyb≥ gj 12 yjvbyfwbzv. Nfrjuj ecgtöf yt ljåbdfkjcm yb jlyj Crhjvyfz b ytghbnzpfntkmyfz étyobyf ghbvthyj 35 ktn, lheujt ije d bcnjhbb Åhjldtz. Ubkvfy ghbtöfkf d Xbrfuj bp Nhecdbkkz d infnt Fkfåfvf. Dct tt gjgsnrb ghjåbnmcz yf cwtye åskb ytelfxysvb lj ntö gjh, gjrf rhjitxyfz xbrfucrfz nheggf gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Ctrk nbänh by Ajhtcn Gfhr≥ yt gjcnfdbkf jlye bp tt hfyybö gmtc ≤Cxfcnmt ébnm≥ (The Glory of Living) – jnrhjdtyysq fyfkbp cdzpb vtéle étcnjrjcnmñ gj jnyjitybñ r ltnzv, ctrcefkmysvb jnrkjytybzvb b cthbqysvb eåbqcndfvb. Gjkjébntkmyst jnpsds ljikb Yf Åhjldtt frnths Vjc Lta (bcgjkyzñobq hjkm Åenf) b lj Cñpfy Åen, d nj dhtvz pfybvfditq gjcn kbnthfnehyjuj Létaahb Hfqn (bcgjkyzñobq herjdjlbntkz d ghtcnbéyjv xbrfucrjv ≤Uelvfy nbänh≥ b UbkNhb chfétyysö kñåjdmñ étyböf hjkm Kbyrjkmyf) d eljcnjtyyjq vfy åscnhj cnfkf tt kñåbvbwtq. d cgtrnfrkt gj gmtct Xfhkmpf K. Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb gmtct Vb ≤Åjkmifz kñåjdm≥ (Big Love) Cmñpfy-Kjhb Gfhrc ≤GjåtlbNtfnh Uelvfyf dgthdst gjcnfdbk gmtce Ubkvfy ≤Rfr yjé d ntkm/Ghjbuhfdibq≥ (Topdog/ yf atcnbdfkt yjdsö fvthbrfyUnderdog). vfckj≥ (Spinning Into Butter) j hfcbpvt åtksö kbåthfkjd. Ltqcn- crbö gmtc ≤Ömñvfyf≥. 1 26 Cwtyf bp cgtrnfrkz gj gmtct ≤Vtnfvjhajps≥ (Metamorphoses), ghtlcnfdkzñotq cjåjq gththfåjnre rkfccbxtcrbö hbvcrbö vbajd Jdblbz. Äne gmtce yfgbcfkf b gjcnfdbkf Vähb Wbvvthvfy. Ltåjhf Qtqnc b Åjql Utqyc d ≤Rjynfrnfö vtéle kñlmvb≥ (Contact), åhjldtqcrjv ≤vñpbrkt≥, d rjnjhjv ybrnj yt gjtn. Äktrnhjyysq jåhfp ckeébn ltrjhfwbtq yf ghtlcnfdktybb gjgekzhyjuj åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Kfr lkz djkjc≥ (Hiarspray), pfgjvbyfñobtcz gtcyb rjnjhjuj djccjplfñn pdexfybt vepsrb b fnvjcathe itcnbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf d Fvthbrt. Fabif j gjcnfyjdrt gmtcs Htåtrrb Ubkvfy ≤Vfkmxbr b ltdjxrf≥ (Boy Gets Girl) d ≤Vfyöännty nbänh rkfå≥ pfvtxfntkmyj gkjljdbnsq b gjänbxysq gbcfntkm dct lfkmit dnjhuftncz yf nthhbnjhbñ, rjulf-nj gjldkfcnyeñ kbim fdnjhfv lhtdytuhtxtcrbö nhfutlbq. D 2003 ujle gmtcjq ≤Étvxeébyf jrtfyf≥ (Gem of the Ocean) Ebkcjy dgbitn tot jlye ukfde d cdjñ gjhfpbntkmyeñ ägjgtñ. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jy eét yfgbcfk ghj ltdznm ltcznbktnbq ghjikjuj dtrf. Jcnftncz jnhfpbnm gjcktlytt. Pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf dtkbrbq gfnhbfhö fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf Äldfhl Jkåb ljrfpfk, xnj b d ctvmltczn ktn lhfvfnehu cgjcjåty cdjbv ndjhxtcndjv gjnhzcfnm geåkbre. Gmtcf Jkåb ≤Rjptk, bkb rnj nfrfz Cbkmdbz?≥ (The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia), ctvtqyfz nhfutlbz, d rjnjhjq jlby bp gthcjyfétq dkñåkztncz d xtndthjyjujt ébdjnyjt, d 2002 ujle åskf eljcnjtyf yfuhfls ≤Njyb≥ pf kexieñ jhbubyfkmyeñ gmtce yf Åhjldtt b cnfkf jlyjq bp cfvsö jåceélftvsö gjcnfyjdjr gjcktlybö ktn. Ytcvjnhz yf pfzdktyyeñ ntve, gmtcf djdct yt j ctrcefkmysö bpdhfotybzö. Yf cfvjv ltkt, änj cthmtpyjt, ljåhjnyjt ghjbpdtltybt, d rjnjhjv nfåebhjdfyysq ghtlvtn cnhfcnb ckeébn vtnfajhjq, jåjpyfxfñotq kñåjuj ≤byjuj≥ gfhnythf d kbxysö bkb lfét b d gjkbnbxtcrbö jnyjitybzö. D rjywt rjywjd, cfvj ckjdj ≤nhfutlbz≥ ghjbpjikj jn ckjdf, jåjpyfxfdituj ≤rjpkbyeñ gtcym≥. Yf ajyt gmtcs Jkåb c tt ukeåjrbvb ntvfvb, bcgjkytyysvb dtkbrjuj vtnfajhbxtcrjuj cvsckf, åjktt vjkjlst fdnjhs dsukzlzn dtcmvf åktlyj. Jlyfrj ytcrjkmrj yjdsö fvthbrfycrbö lhfvfnehujd cevtkb d gjcktlybt ldf ujlf ghbdktxm r ctåt dybvfybt. Älfv Hfgg, zhrbq dshfpbntkm ñyjitcrjuj åeynfhcndf b hfpheibntkm ntfnhfkmysö rfyjyjd, yfgbcfk nfrbt gmtcs, rfr ≤Yjrnñhy≥ (Nocturne) j gthtébdfybb vjkjlsv xtkjdtrjv xedcndf cdjtq dbys b ≤Åkfujhjlyst ufps≥ (Finer Noble Gases) – cdthöyfnehfkbcnbxtcrjt bpjåhfétybt ébpyb rjvgfybb jlbyjrbö vepsrfynjd, pfyznsö ntv, xnj cyfxfkf ghbjåhtnfñn ntöybre, f gjnjv tt hfpheifñn. Ghbyflktéfobq r åjktt cnfhitve gjrjktybñ Xfhkmp K. Vb, gjhfpbntkmyj ckjéysq b jlfhtyysq lhfvfnehu, ghjrkflsdftn cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñ cntpñ. Tuj bcrkñxbntkmyjcnm ghjzdkztncz b d njv, xnj jy gjcskftn dct cdjb hfåjns d Bynthytn b gjjohztn ntfnhfkmyst rjkktrnbds rjvgjyjdfnm recrb gmtc gj bö ecvjnhtybñ. Yf ndjhxtcndj Vb pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt jrfpfkb rkfccbxtcrbt fdnjhs. Rfr gjrfpfkf tuj cnfdifz åtpevyj gjgekzhyjq gmtcf ≤Åjkmifz kñåjdm≥ (Big Love), tuj jcjåtyyj ghbdktrfñn cjdhtvtyyst flfgnfwbb lhtdytuhtxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq. Uthjq gjcktlytq gmtcs Vb ≤B rfélsq ltym kbvjyfl≥ (Limonade Tous Les Jours) jnghfdkztncz d Gfhbé, ult d ytuj åtpevyj dkñåkztncz ghtrhfcyfz vjkjlfz ahfyweétyrf – gtdbwf rfåfht. Rfr b dct ghjbpdtltybz Vb, gmtcf cjplftn fnvjcathe dkñåktyyjcnb, afynfpbq b velhjcnb. (Cktdf) Jlybv bp jcyjdysö nfkfynjd yf cwtyt fvthbrfycrjuj ntfnhf zdkztncz lhfvfnehu b kfehtfn vyjubö ghtvbq Jufcn Ebkcjy. (Cghfdf) D Ymñ-Qjhrt, yf euke 45 ekbws b Åhjldtz. Åhjcftncz d ukfpf jåbkbt htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq j hfpkbxysö ije yf Åhjldtt. Ntfnhfks dscnhfbdfñncz d jxthtlm, xnjås regbnm åbktns, ghjlfdftvst cj crblrjq d ltym cgtrnfrkz. Vb xfcnj ghböjlbkjcm hfåjnfnm c htébccthjv Fyyjq Åjufhn. D htpekmnfnt bö cjdvtcnyjuj ndjhxtcndf åsk gjcnfdkty cgtrnfrkm ≤Åjåhfeityåthufvthbrf≥ (bobrauschenbergamerica) – åktcnzofz ntfnhfkmyfz htnhjcgtrnbdf ndjhxtcndf Åjåf Hfeityåthuf, dslfñotujcz vfcnthf dbpefkmyjuj bcreccndf 1950-ö. Bp-gjl gthf Åjufhn dsikf nfrét gmtcf ≤Gfhnbnehf≥ (Score) – cjdhtvtyysq dpukzl yf rfhmthe dtkbrjuj rjvgjpbnjhf Ktjyfhlf Åthycnfqyf. Rhjvt njuj, hzl kexibö frnthjd bp tt nheggs ≤CBNB≥ (SITI) hfåjnftn c lheubvb fvthbrfycrbvb lhfvfnehufvb: yfghbvth, dtkbrjktgysq Létaathcjy Väqp åjkmieñ xfcnm 2002 b 2003 gjcdznbk buht d gmtct Leuf Hfqnf ≤Cfv ctåt étyf≥ (I Am My Own Wife), hfccrfpsdfñotq bcnjhbñ ytvtwrjuj nhfycdtcnbnf, gthtébdituj gfltybt Åthkbycrjq cntys. HFPHEITYBT UHFYBW Ndjhxtcndj Åjufhn (d rjnjhjv htébccth b fdnjh pfxfcneñ dscnegfñn rfr jlyj wtkjt) dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö zdkztncz gjrfpfntktv ghjwtccf hfpvsdfybz uhfybw, rjulf-nj hfpltkzdibö fvthbrfycrjt ntfnhfkmyjt bcreccndj yf jnltkmyst jåkfcnb. D yfib lyb änb uhfybws gjnthzkb cdjt pyfxtybt b åscnhj bcxtpfñn. Vähb Wbvvthvfy, gbcfntkm b htébccth, xmz hjcrjiyfz ntfnhfkmyfz flfgnfwbz ≤Vtnfvjhajp≥ Jdblbz bvtkf nfrjq ecgtö yf Åhjldtt, vjétn ckeébnm ghbvthjv fåcjkñnyj cfvjljcnfnjxyjuj öeljéybrf. Dj dctö cdjbö hfåjnfö, yfxbyfz c ≤Pfgbcjr≥ Ktjyfhlf lf Dbyxb b pfrfyxbdfz tt elfxyjq cjdvtcnyjq gjcnfyjdrjq c Abkbgjv Ukfccjv jgths ≤Ufkbktj Ufkbktq≥ d ≤Ntfnht Uelvfyf≥, Wbvvthvfy, cxfcnkbdj bpåtéfd rfr fyföhjybpvjd, nfr b ghzvjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj rjvvtynfhbz, dct ét cevtkf ghjdtcnb ytpfåsdftvst gfhfkktkb vtéle afrnfvb bcnjhbb b cjåsnbzvb ctujlyziytuj lyz. Wbvvthvfy – ghbhjéltyyfz hfccrfpxbwf. Jlyfrj nhflbwbjyyjt gjdtcndjdfybt yt ckbirjv bynthtcetn åjkmieñ xfcnm vjkjlsö fvthbrfycrbö lhfvfnehujd, ghtlcnfdkzñobö nfr yfpsdftvjt gjrjktybt ≤dbltj≥, djcgbnfyyjt yf cñhhtfkbcnbxtcrbö jåhfpfö b vtkmrfñobö rfhnbyrfö dbltjhzlf. Nfrbt gbcfntkb, rfr ébdeobq d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Ltybc Léjycjy, fdnjh “Hell-hound on My Trail”, jcnhj djcghbybvfñobq ltqcndbntkmyjcnm – jxtdblysq yfcktlybr nhflbwbb Cfhyf Itgfhlf b ktnjgbctw gjkevbabxtcrjuj fvthbrfycrjuj Pfgflf – pfxfcneñ eltkzñn åjkmit dybvfybz cbkt jåhfpjd, f yt öjkjlyjq kjubrt cjåsnbq. D wtkjv yjdjt gjrjktybt gbcfntktq ctqxfc åjkmit edktxtyj hfpheitybtv uhfybw éfyhjd. Nfr, yfghbvth, d phtkjq hfåjnt Cmñpfy-Kjhb Gfhrc ≤Gjåtlbntkm/ghjbuhfdibq≥ (Topdog/ Underdog), eljcnjtyyjq Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb, ldf åhfnf fahjfvthbrfywf, Kbyrjkmy b Åen, ltkzn eåjueñ rjvyfne d ltitdjq ujcnbybwt. Ghb änjv Kbyrjkmy, pfybvfñobqcz ≤ébdjq htrkfvjq≥ d gfccfét ltitdsö vfufpbyjd, bvbnbhez bkb bpjåhféfz njdfhs, bpjåhféftn nfrét Fdhffvf Kbyrjkmyf. Xnj änj? Bcnjhbz bkb ét öeljétcndtyysq dsvsctk? Åtcöbnhjcnysq hfccrfp j cjgthybxtcndt ldeö åhfnmtd bkb ét dtkbrjktgyfz bcnjhbxtcrfz gfhfkktkm? Rfr b d cdjtq yt vtytt dspsdfñotq ≤Fvthbrfycrjq gmtct≥ (The America Play), Gfhrc, ghjdjwbhez phbntkz, 1 28 cfvsv ghbxelkbdsv jåhfpjv cvtibdftn htfkmyjcnm b afynfpbb. Gthtl änjq ytzdyjq ntfnhfkmyjcnmñ yt ecnjzk lfét åhjldtqcrbq vñpbrk. Uhtu Rjnb b Vfhr Öjkkvfyy d cdjtv vñpbrkt ≤Ehbynfey≥ (Urinetown) hbceñn djjåhféftvsq vbh, d rjnjhjv ghbywbg xfcnyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb djpdtlty d nfrjq fåcjkñn, xnj lfét dct nefktns jrfpfkbcm ghbdfnbpbhjdfyysvb. Cgtrnfrkm cnhtvbncz gjrfpfnm, rfr dféyj jöhfyznm ghbhjle b evtnm cjgthtébdfnm. Yj tuj uthjb yt pfåsdfñn b j njv, xnj änj dct-nfrb vñpbrk. Dct änj cjplftn fnvjcathe evyjq gjcnvjlthybcncrjq enjyxtyyjcnb, rjnjhfz nfr yhfdbncz vjkjlsv phbntkzv, öjnz ije b jnlftn lfym nhflbwbzv åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf – jlyjve bp dtkbxfqibö bpjåhtntybq fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf, j xtv yfv nfr evtcnyj yfgjvybkf ytdthjznyj cvtiyfz cwtybxtcrfz gjcnfyjdrf ≤Ghjlñcthjd≥ (The Producers) Vtkf Åhercf. Änf ntyltywbz cvtitybz éfyhjd yfåkñlftncz dj dctö jåkfcnzö bcreccndf. Rfr veptqyst dscnfdrb, nfr b hjr-rjywthns d Fvthbrt cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt zdyj ntfnhfkbpjdfyysvb – dgkjnm lj drkñxtybz d ybö buhs frnthjd b lhfvfnbxtcrjuj gjdtcndjdfybz. Åhjldtq pfxfcneñ xthgftn dljöyjdtybt d Ujkkbdelt b yfjåjhjn: ujkkbdelcrfz dthcbz åhjldtqcrjuj vñpbrkf ≤Xbrfuj≥ åskf ghbpyfyf Fvthbrfycrjq rbyjfrfltvbtq kexibv abkmvjv 2002 ujlf. CGTWÄAATRNS D yfcnjzott dhtvz vyjubt ntfnhs erfpsdfñn yf nj, xnj bv ghböjlbncz rjyrehbhjdfnm d åjhmåt pf phbntkz yt cnjkmrj c ntfnhfkmysvb rjkktrnbdfvb, crjkmrj c hjpybxyjq njhujdktq, rjnjhfz ghbjåhtnfñn dct åjktt ntfnhfkbpjdfyyst ajhvs. Nfr jlby xbrfucrbq vfufpby – ≤Fvthbrfy Uthk Gktqc≥, cgtwbfkbpbheñobqcz yf njdfhfö lkz ltdjxtr gjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf, lfét yfyzk åhjldtqcrbö rjvgjpbnjhjd b gjcnfdbk cdjq cjåcndtyysq vbyb-vñpbrk, rjnjhsq buhftncz d gjldfkmyjv änfét plfybz. Yjdst ntfnhfkmyst gjcnfyjdrb, nfrbv jåhfpjv, hjélfñncz lfét d catht njhujdkb. Vtyztncz b fvthbrfycrfz ntfnhfkmyfz ntöyjkjubz. D gjcktlybt ldf ujlf elfkjcm ljåbnmcz gjhfpbntkmysö htpekmnfnjd d jåkfcnb ldeövthyjuj bpjåhfétybz: wbahjdst ntöyjkjubb cjplfñn nj, xnj ghtélt åskj gjldkfcnyj njkmrj rbcnb öeljéybrf. Ntgthm, rjulf cdtnj-vepsrf cnfkf jåsltyyjcnmñ, yfbåjktt gthtljdst d ntöybxtcrjv jnyjitybb ntfnhs – nfrbt, rfr gjhféfñobq djjåhfétybt yjdsq ≤Rjkkbptq≥ yf 4 nsczxb vtcn d ≤Wtpfhm-Gfkfct≥ d Kfc-Dtufct – bcgjkmpeñn lkz ljcnbétybz äaatrnf ukeåbys ghjcnhfycndf åjkmibt ärhfys yf jcyjdt cdtnj-lbjljd. Ghb änjv ehjdtym phtkboyjcnb cgtrnfrkz gjlybvftncz yf nfreñ dscjne, rjnjhfz gjrf ytljcnbébvf ybult d vbht. D yfib lyb ije Kfc-Dtufcf – eét yt ghjcnj åktcr b åhfdflf. Öjnz b yt nfrjq dscjrjntöyjkjubxysq, yj gjöjébq ärhfy bcgjkmpetncz d rfxtcndt ajyf d åhjldtqcrjv vñpbrkt ≤Kfr lkz djkjc≥ (Haispray), d rjnjhjv bcrhjvtnysq ntfnhfkmysq ñvjh cjxtnftncz c cthmtpysvb ntvfvb uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl, rjnjhst nfr åkbprb cthlwe fkfåfvwtd. Ghbnjv, xnj gmtcf jcnftncz dféyjq ajhvjq ntfnhfkmyjuj bcreccndf cjdhtvtyyjq Fvthbrb, yjdst ntfnhfkmyst ghjbpdtltybz lfktrj dsöjlzn pf ghtltks ghbdsxysö hfvjr. ∆ GHJABKM: Lhfvfnehu Htlébyf Ntqkjh Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl htébccth ghbycnjycrjuj ntfnhfkmyjuj rjkktrnbdf d infnt Ymñ-Léthcb jåhfnbkcz r Htlébyt Ntqkjh c ghjcmåjq yfgbcfnm lhfvfnbxtcrjt ghjbpdtltybt, dpzd pf jcyjde fkmåjv cj cnfhsvb xthyj-åtksvb ajnjuhfabzvb fahjfvthbrfyjr d gfhflyj-dsöjlysö ikzgfö, rjnjhst jyb jåsxyj yfltdfkb, rjulf ikb d wthrjdm. Ntqkjh edktrkfcm änjq nhelyjq pflfxtq. Htpekmnfnjv tt nhelf zdbkfcm gjcnfyjdrf gmtcs ≤Rjhjys≥ (Crowns), d rjnjhjq wthrjdyfz vepsrf gthtgktnftncz c étycrbvb bcnjhbzvb, hfccrfpfyysvb d cnfhjvjlyjq vfytht. Lhfvfnehu b frnhbcf d jlyjv kbwt, Ntqkjh yfgbcfkf xfcnm gmtcs dj dhtvz cdjtq cnfébhjdrb d frnthcrjq irjkt Hjåthnf Htlajhlf d Cfylfyct, infn Ñnf, f d rjywt 2002 ujlf ghtlcnfdbkf tt yf cel phbntktq d jlyjv bp rjkktlétq infnf Ymñ-Léthcb. Gthtl ghtvmthjq gmtcs ≤Rjhjys≥ Ntqkjh rjhjnrj pfvtnbkf: ≤Vs djcghjbpdjlbv ghfdle bö ébpyb≥. Ujdjhz j pyfxtybb ikzg lkz gjybvfybz uthjbym, Ntqkjh yfpdfkf bö ≤djkitåysvb jryfvb, gjpdjkzñobvb pfukzyenm d leib änbö étyoby≥. Gmtcf ≤Rjhjys≥, pfdjtdfdifz pyfxbntkmyeñ bpdtcnyjcnm gjckt cdjtq ghtvmths, zdkztn cjåjq kbim cfvsq gjcktlybq ghbvth ndjhxtcrjq b byntkktrnefkmyjq cvtkjcnb fdnjhf. Ntqkjh – änj cjdhtvtyyjt djgkjotybt étyobys ägjöb Djphjéltybz. Frnhbcf, htébccth b lhfvfnehu d jlyjv kbwt, jyf eét ldf ltcznbktnbz cdjåjlyj gentitcndetn gj vbhe ntfnhfkmyjuj bcreccndf, cjxtnfz tuj cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst ajhvs. Ntqkjh hjlbkfcm d ctvmt irjkmysö exbntktq b dshjckf d Lfkkfct, infn Ntöfc. Tt ghjatccbjyfkmysq ltåñn rfr frnhbcs cjcnjzkcz tot d ujls extås d rjkktlét, ult jyf gjcnbufkf ghtvelhjcnb éehyfkbcnbrb b fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf. Jyf csuhfkf hjkm d ntktdbpbjyyjq ljrevtynfkmyjq lhfvt jå bcnjhbb byntuhfwbb irjk Ñuf CIF. Gj jrjyxfybb extås d 1981 ujle Ntqkjh gthttöfkf d Ymñ-Qjhr, ult ghjljkéfkf buhfnm yf cwtyt. R änjve tt gjlnjkryek jlby bp ghtgjlfdfntktq gbcfntkmcrjuj vfcnthcndf d rjkktlét. D jlyjv bp cdjbö ytlfdybö bynthdmñ jyf crfpfkf: ≤Vtyz pfdjhfébdfk ghjwtcc frnthcrjq buhs≥. ≤Rjulf ds gbibnt, nj djlbnt hexrjq gj åevfut. Änj vfnthbfkmysq ghjwtcc. Buhfz, frnth jnlftn cdjq ujkjc b ntkj dj dkfcnm leöjdyjuj≥. Ntqkjh cnfkf gthdjq fahjfvthbrfycrjq frnhbcjq, csuhfditq hjkm Léekmtnns d åhjldtqcrjq gjcnfyjdrt ≤Hjvtj b Rhbc Léjeyc zdkztncz ntfnhfkmysv rhbnbrjv ufptns ≤Xbrfuj Nhbåmñy≥. Frnhbcs, buhfñobt d gmtct Htlébys Ntqkjh ≤Rjhjktds: gjhnhtns ntvyjrjébö étyoby d ikzgfö lkz gjctotybz wthrdb≥ (Crowns, Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats) 1 29 Léekmtnns≥. Hfåjnfz yf ntktdbltybb, jyf pfdjtdfkf ≤Pjkjnjq ukjåec≥ pf hjkm fahjfvthbrfyrb Ñuf CIF 50-ö ujljd d pyfvtybnjv cthbfkt ≤Z ektxe≥ (I’ll Fly Away). D rbyjabkmvfö tt gjcnjzyysvb gfhnythfvb åskb nfrbt frnths, rfr Ltyptk Dfibyunjy b Cävñäk K. Létrcjy. Gthdfz gmtcf Ntqkjh gjl yfpdfybtv ≤J-åkf-lb≥ (Oo-Bla-Dee), gjcdzotyyfz xthyjrjébv étyobyfv léfpvepsrfynfv 1940-ö ujljd, dgthdst åskf gjcnfdktyf d jlyjv bp xbrfucrbö ntfnhjd, f pfntv – dj vyjubö lheubö ntfnhfö cnhfys. Gjckt änjuj jyf yfgbcfkf gmtce gj vjnbdfv Xtöjdcrjuj ≤Dbiytdjuj cflf≥ gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Njyeofz djhjyf≥ (Drowning Crow), ult ltqcndbt ghjbcöjlbn d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb cjdhtvtyyjq Ñéyjq Rfhjkbys, f htxm bltn j rjyakbrnt gjrjktybq d ctvmt öeljéybrjd. Ntgthm, rjulf ≤Rjhjys≥ gjckt gjrfpf d Ghbycnjyt gjcnfdktys yf ymñ-qjhrcrjq cwtyt, Ntqkjh jålevsdftn cktleñobq ghjtrn – cjplfybt, gj ghjcmåt cfvjuj fdnjhf, cwtybxtcrjq dthcbb hjvfyf Äkbc Ejrth ≤Wdtn gehgeh≥ (The Color Purple). ∆ Åtctlf c Rthb Gthkjaa Djn eét gjxnb 20 ktn Rthb Gthkjaa, öeljétcndtyysq herjdjlbntkm ≤Fvthbrfy rjycthdfnjhb nbänh≥ d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, zdkztncz exfcnybrjv b cdbltntktv ädjkñwbb cwtybxtcrjuj bcreccndf CIF. Pf nj ltcznbktnbt, xnj jyf djpukfdkzkf bpdtcnyeñ nhegge ≤F.C.N.≥ – cghfdbdibcm d njv xbckt b c djccnfyjdktybtv plfybz ntfnhf bp heby gjckt ptvktnhzctybz 1989 ujlf d Rfkbajhybb – yf tt ukfpfö dshjckj rfr xbckj nfkfynkbdsö fdnjhjd, nfr b phbntktq. Yt juhfybxbdfzcm hfvrfvb CIF, jyf botn yjdst bltb e cdjbö cdthcnybrjd gj dctve vbhe b cjplftn cjdvtcnyst ndjhxtcrbt ghjtrns. Djghjc: Rfrbt yjdst zdktybz d ntfnhfkmyjv vbht pf gjcktlytt ltcznbktnbt rféencz dfv yfbåjktt pyfxbntkmysvb? Jndtn: Nfrbö ytcrjkmrj. Dj-gthdsö, änj htytccfyc fvthbrfycrjuj frnthf. Änj dtkbrfz dtom. Z vyjuj hfpvsikzñ yfl åeleobv änjq caths, gjcrjkmre d yfitv ≤Fvthbrfy rjycthdfnjhb nbänh≥ tcnm ghjuhfvvf jåextybz frnthjd, gj jrjyxfybb rjnjhjq ghbcdfbdftncz cntgtym vfubcnhf bcreccnd frnthcrjuj vfcnthcndf. Vs jåyfheébkb, xnj fvthbrfycrbt frnths jåkflfñn eybrfkmysv cgkfdjv yfdsrjd: pfvtxfntkmysv xedcndjv ldbétybz b ibhjrbv ävjwbjyfkmysv lbfgfpjyjv d cjxtnfybb c zpsrjv b yfdsrfvb hfåjns c ntrcnjv, rjnjhst nhflbwbjyyj fccjwbbhjdfkbcm c åhbnfycrbv ntfnhjv. Gj dctq cnhfyt ehjdtym frnthcrjuj vfcnthcndf d cfvsö hfpysö éfyhfö ytdthjznyj dscjr. Vjb rjkktub bp lheubö cnhfy, ghbtpéfz r yfv hfåjnfnm, yt ecnfñn gjhféfnmcz njve, xnj fvthbrfycrbt frnths vjuen b gtnm, b nfywtdfnm, dkfltz ghb änjv cfvsvb hfpysvb cnbkzvb. Z levfñ, xnj e yfc d CIF uhfybws vtéle lbcwbgkbyfvb djjåot vtytt dshfétys. Ghjbcöjlbn hfpheitybt nhflbwbjyysö hfvjr, d rjnjhst ljkéyf åskf erkflsdfnmcz ljåhjnyfz gjcnfyjdrf. D ghjikjv ujle dvtcnt c pfvtxfntkmysv cfy-ahfywbccrbv rdfhntnjv ≤Rhjyjc≥ vs cjplfkb vyjujéfyhjdsq vepsrfkmysq cgtrnfrkm – yjdsq dfhbfyn jgths, rjnjhsq vyjubvb åsk djcghbyzn c äynepbfpvjv rfr ghbvth lkz gjlhféfybz. Nfrjuj hjlf ghbvths gthtgktntybz éfyhjd vjéyj yfqnb gj dctq cnhfyt, xnj yfgjvbyftn yfv j njv, xnj fvthbrfycrbq ntfnh gjbcnbyt jåotyfhjlty b yt juhfybxbdftncz gjlvjcnrfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf. Bltn ghjwtcc dpfbvjjgkjljndjhtybz éfyhjd, b änj pfvtxfntkmyj. Rhjvt njuj, cbkmyj dshfétyj dkbzybt vbhjdjuj jgsnf. R yfv d ≤F.C.N≥. gjcnjzyyj ghbtpéfñn öeljéybrb bp lheubö cnhfy. D.: D xtv yf ctujlyziybq ltym pfrkñxftncz cfvsq åjkmijq dspjd, cnjzobq gthtl fvthbrfycrbv ntfnhfkmysv cjjåotcndjv? J.: Dj-gthdsö, änj ghjljkétybt åjhmås pf cfvjåsnyjcnm b eybrfkmyjcnm. Ceotcndetn htfkmyfz jgfcyjcnm njuj, xnj d eckjdbzö ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgflf ntfnh vjétn cnfnm tlbyjjåhfpysv, nj tcnm dct ntfnhs åelen cnfdbnm ghbvthyj jlbyfrjdst gmtcs, f ghjlñcths åelen åjznmcz hbcrjdfnm. Gj-yfcnjzotve edktrfntkmysq ntfnh cjplftncz lkz rjyrhtnyjuj cjjåotcndf, ébdeotuj d lfyyjv vtcnt b d lfyyjt dhtvz, b ljkéty cnfnm bö zhrbv dshfétybtv. Njkmrj ghb änjv eckjdbb ntfnh vjétn jcnfdfnmcz bynthtcysv. D wtkjv gj cnhfyt vjéyj jnvtnbnm, xnj ntfnhfkmyst ctpjys lfhzn yfv vtymit cñhghbpjd, xtv hfymit. Jyb cnfyjdzncz åjktt ghtlcrfpetvsvb. Gjänjve djghjc bylbdblefkmyjcnb jxtym dféty. Tot jlyf pflfxf – änj rfr elthéfnm d catht ntfnhf dtleobö frnthjd. Jn yfc jyb jxtym åscnhj eöjlzn d rbyjbylecnhbñ. Lheubt cjåkfpys njét jxtym dtkbrb. Rthb Gthkjaa © Åfhåfhf Hbc, 2003 u. 1 30 D.: C dfitq njxrb phtybz, rfrbt pfheåtéyst ndjhxtcrbt b öeljétcndtyyst yfghfdktybz jrfpfkb yf dfc yfbåjkmitt dkbzybt? J.: Bhjybz celmås pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj vs ljkéys åkfujlfhbnm tdhjgtqwtd pf nj, xnj nfrbt dtkbrbt öeljéybrb Fvthbrb, rfr htébccth Hjåthn Ebkcjy, yt eikb bp ntfnhf. Änj rfétncz ytdthjznysv, yj jlby bp cfvsö pyfxbntkmysö fvthbrfycrbö ndjhwjd hfåjnftn gjxnb bcrkñxbntkmyj e tdhjgtqwtd. Pltcm, d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, ébden kñlb cj dctuj vbhf. Gjänjve yfl rfrjq ås ntvjq ds yb hfåjnfkb, ds yfqltnt cjjndtncdeñobq vfnthbfk chtlb ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz. D.: Vjéyj kb crfpfnm, xnj ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ghjikjuj – J’Ybks, Ebkmzvcs b bö cjdhtvtyybrb – dct tot ljvbybheñn yf änjv gjkt, bkb ét yjdst ujkjcf dct-nfrb vjéyj hfccksifnm? J.: Levfñ, xnj vjéyj ecksifnm b lheubt ujkjcf. Yt pyfñ gjrf, ljcnbukj kb yjdjt gjrjktybt ehjdyz Ntyytccb Ebkmzvcf b Ñlébyf J’Ybkf, Rkbaajhlf Jltncf b Kjhhtqy Öfycåthhb b bv gjljåysö. Änj vjéyj crfpfnm njkmrj gj ghjitcndbb dhtvtyb. Yj levfñ, xnj fvthbrfycrjt gbcfntkmcrjt ndjhxtcndj yföjlbncz yf gjlütvt, jlyfrj nhtåetncz dhtvz, xnjås yjdst ujkjcf åskb ecksifys. B jgznm vs djpdhfoftvcz r ghjåktvt hbcrf: ntfnh ljkéty åsnm yfcnjkmrj pfbynthtcjdfy d rjyrhtnyjv gbcfntkt, xnjås cnfdbnm rfr tuj elfxyst, nfr b ytelfxyst gmtcs. Nfr dphfobdfñncz fdnjhs. Z ltqcndbntkmyj cxbnfñ, xnj fvthbrfycrbq phbntkm cnfk ujhfplj åjktt bcreityysv, xtv ltcznm ktn yfpfl. Vs d ≤F.C.N.≥ cnfdbv jxtym jhbubyfkmyst gmtcs. B gjcrjkmre vs gjnhfnbkb ytvfkj cbk yf nj, xnjås ghbdbnm yfitq felbnjhbb drec r ytjåsxyjve, tq änj yhfdbncz. D.: 10-12 ktn yfpfl htébccthe chtlytq herb, hfåjnfñotve pf ghtltkfvb Ymñ-Qjhrf, nfrjuj hjlf ärcgthbvtyns yt cjikb ås c her nfr ghjcnj. J.: Cjukfcyf. Yj cbnefwbz bpvtybkfcm. B änj pfvtxfntkmyj. Öeljéybre nfrfz hfåjnf ghbyjcbn ujhfplj åjkmitt eljdktndjhtybt. D.: Vs gthtébdftv ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl. Xnj ds ltkftnt, xnjås ghbcgjcjåbnmcz r yjdsv eckjdbzv? J.: Ärjyjvbxtcrfz cbnefwbz jcjåtyyj eéfcyf yf Pfgflyjv gjåthtémt. Ctdthyfz Rfkbajhybz gthtébkf ytåsdfksq ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv, xnj gjpdjkbkj yfitve ntfnhe ≤F.C.N.≥ gjkyjcnmñ gjrhsnm ltabwbn, djpybribq gjckt ptvktnhzctybz b cajhvbhjdfnm juhjvysq gjlgbcyjq ajyl. Yj rhbpbc d Cbkbrjyjdjq ljkbyt b nthhjhbcnbxtcrfz fnfrf 11 ctynzåhz d cjxtnfybb c ärjyjvbxtcrjq htwtccbtq åjkmyj elfhbkb gj Rfkbajhybb. Jlyfrj änj yt gjvtifkj njve, xnj änjn ujl cnfk lkz ≤F.C.N.≥ jlybv bp htrjhlysö gj rfccjdsv cåjhfv. Phbntkm bpujkjlfkcz gj ébdjve ntfnhe – gj njve jgsne cjgthtébdfybz, rjnjhsq lftn ghjcvjnh gmtcs d ntfnht. Rfr b lheubt htubjyfkmyst ntfnhs, vs jhufybpetv lbcreccbb lj b gjckt cgtrnfrkz, dcnhtxb cj phbntkzvb – dct, xnj gjvjuftn felbnjhbb xedcndjdfnm ctåz exfcnybrfvb ghjwtccf. Yfi jgsn ujdjhbn j njv, xnj phbntkm åkfujlfhyj htfubhetn yf ghtlkjétybt gjexfcndjdfnm d cjplfybb cgtrnfrkz. Jlyf bp jcyjdysö ghbxby abyfycjdsö ghjåktv rfr ≤F.C.N≥, nfr b lheubö ytrjvvthxtcrbö ntfnhjd cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jyb, d jnkbxbt jn cbvajybxtcrbö jhrtcnhjd b öeljétcndtyysö vepttd, bcgsnsdfñn öhjybxtcrbq ltabwbn gjéthndjdfybq. Gjcrjkmre vs dtxyj jpfåjxtys cktleñotq gjcnfyjdrjq, vs yt dctulf eltkztv ljkéyjt dybvfybt ljkujchjxyjve gkfybhjdfybñ b gjbcre cgjcjåjd dsébdfybz. Cnfyjdbncz jxtym nhelyj ghjldbufnmcz dgthtl, hfcnb, cnhjbnm gkfys, pfybvfnmcz ntv, xnj ns öjxtim ltkfnm b ghb änjv yt blnb yf ckbirjv åjkmijq hbcr, xnjås yt gjldthufnm jgfcyjcnb abyfycjdjt åkfujgjkexbt ntfnhf. Änj xhtpdsxfqyj nhelyfz pflfxf. D: Yt vjukb ås ds gjhfpvsikznm j njv, xnj ghjbpjqltn c ntfnhjv d ntxtybt cktleñotuj ltcznbktnbz? J.: Z yfltñcm, xnj jgznm djpybrytn åjkmit ntfnhjd chtlytuj hfpvthf. Änj jlby bp rkñxtq r ärjkjubxtcrjve pljhjdmñ dctuj ntfnhfkmyjuj vbhf. Bvtyyj gjänjve z öjntkf, xnjås e ≤F.C.N.≥ gjzdbkfcm vfkfz cwtyf. Rfr yb pfvtxfntkmyj cvjnhtnm vfcinfåyst gjcnfyjdrb d åjkmijv dtkbrjktgyjv pfkt, tcnm ytrfz ghtktcnm d bynbvyjq fnvjcatht ntfnhfkmyjuj pfkf yf 200 vtcn. B tot jlyf wtkm, pf rjnjheñ z gj-yfcnjzotve åjhñcm, gjnjve xnj änj cfvjt kexitt, xnj lfkf vyt hfåjnf d ≤F.C.N.≥: cjöhfytybt zlhf nheggs. R cjéfktybñ, pf gjcktlybt 10 ktn änf nhflbwbz ghfrnbxtcrb bcxtpkf d fvthbrfycrjv ntfnht. Jlyj bp cfvsö åjkmibö eljdjkmcndbq – änj yfåkñlfnm, rfr ghtrhfcyst frnths gthtdjgkjofñncz bp hjkb d hjkm. Änj edktrfntkmyjt phtkbot. E yfc tcnm pfvtxfntkmysq frnth, rjnjhsq csuhfk cnhfiyj crjkmprjuj b cnhfiyj cvtiyjuj gthcjyféf d ≤Fvthbrfycrjv Åeaafkj≥ (American Buffalo) Ltqdblf Vfhytnf. F ntgthm jy cjåbhftncz buhfnm hjvfynbxtcrjuj uthjz d gmtct Xtöjdf ≤Nhb ctcnhs≥. Änj lftn djpvjéyjcnm phbntkzv gjyznm dtcm ghjwtcc ndjhxtcrjuj gthtdjgkjotybz d ntfnht. ∆ Bynthdmñ c Rtfhb Gthkjaa ghjdjlbk Vfqrk. Lé. Åäylkth. 1 31 RBYJBCRECCNDJ RBYJABKMVS B CJDHTVTYYFZ FVTHBRF HBXFHL GTKKC Xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤nbgbxysq≥ fvthbrfycrbq rbyjabkmv? Kñlb dj dctv vbht edthtys, xnj pyfñn jndtn yf änjn djghjc. Öfhfrnthyfz fvthbrfycrfz rbyjrfhnbyf, yfcnfbdfñn jyb, bpjåbketn zhrbvb cgtwäaatrnfvb b ljhjujcnjzobvb, dtkbrjktgysvb ltrjhfwbzvb, d rjnjhsö yföjlbn jnhfétybt gjxnb vbcnbxtcrjt åjufncndj Fvthbrb. Lfktt, fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs egbdfñncz cnhtvbntkmyj hfpdjhfxbdfñobvcz ltqcndbtv b djcödfkzñn kbxyjt vfcnthcndj, bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnm b jhbubyfkmyjcnm, ghbceobt uthjbxtcrbv gjldbufv njq bkb byjq åtperjhbpytyyj jltnjq b dtxyj vjkjljq pdtpls. Rhjvt njuj, nbgbxyfz fvthbrfycrfz rbyjrfhnbyf yt jåöjlbncz åtp kñåjdysö bcnjhbq, rjnjhst ytbpåtéyj, öjnz xfcnj b ytghfdljgjljåyj, bvtñn cxfcnkbdsq rjytw. lyfrj pf gjcktlybt 15 ktn yf rféleñ dscjrjntöyjkjubxyeñ b gjkyeñ nhñrjd rbyjrfhnbye nbgf ≤Vbccbz ytdsgjkybvf≥, ghböjlzncz ytcrjkmrj cthmtpysö b yfheifñobö leitdyjt hfdyjdtcbt phbntktq abkmvjd, nfrbö rfr ≤Fvthbrfycrfz rhfcfdbwf≥ b ≤Xfcs≥. Yf rfélsq cltkfyysq d Ujkkbdelt ljhjujcnjzobq rbyjabkmv, jnkbxfñobqcz gsiyjcnmñ gjcnfyjdrb b hfccxbnfyysq yf eljdktndjhtybt drecjd b pfghjcjd 12-ktnybö vfkmxbitr, cybvftncz wtksq hzl ukeåjrbö rbyjrfhnby, nfrbö rfr ≤Nhfabr≥, ≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥, ≤Vfuyjkbz≥ b ≤J Ivblnt≥, rjnjhst yfvthtyyj ltkfñncz lkz dphjcksö. Gjänjve pyfvtyfntkmysv lkz cjdhtvtyysö fvthbrfycrbö rbyjabkmvjd zdkztncz bö hfpyjjåhfpbt, ghbkfuftvst d ybö ecbkbz d wtkzö gjyznm ébpym d cjdhtvtyyjq Fvthbrt c cjwbfkmyjq bkb gcböjkjubxtcrjq cnjhjys b evtybt fdnjhjd änbö abkmvjd cjxtnfnm hfpdktrfntkmyjcnm c öeljétcndtyysv vfcnthcndjv. J VBAS JÅ FVTHBRFYCRJQ GJGEKZHYJQ REKMNEHT Ntv yt vtytt, cnthtjnbgyst ghtlcnfdktybz j ujkkbdelcrbö abkmvfö ukeåjrj erjhtybkbcm d cjpyfybb rbyjphbntktq hfpysö cnhfy. D 1998 u., rjulf z hfåjnfk d Uthvfybb gj ghbukfitybñ eybdthcbntnf, vyt xfcnj ljdjlbkjcm xbnfnm ktrwbb d hfpkbxysö tdhjgtqcrbö ujhjlfö jå fvthbrfycrbö rbyjabkmvfö. Htfrwbz vjbö ckeifntktq xfcnj åskf jlyjq b njq ét. Tckb, yfghbvth, z dscnegfk gthtl exbntkzvb chtlybö irjk d Åhñcctkt, Åthkbyt bkb Åfhctkjyt, z jåsxyj cghfibdfk e cdjbö ckeifntktq, rnj bp ybö cvjnhtk ≤Nbnfybr≥. Rfr ghfdbkj, gjkjdbyf ghbcencndjdfdibö yf vjtq ktrwbb ghtgjlfdfntktq ytjöjnyj gjlybvfkb here. Åskj jxtdblyj, xnj jyb bcgsnsdfkb cveotybt jnnjuj, xnj gjllfkbcm bcreitybñ cöjlbnm yf jxthtlyjq ujkkbdelcrbq abkmv. Rjulf z cghfibdfk bö, gjxtve jyb gjikb yf abkmv ≤Nbnfybr≥, jyb jåsxyj jndtxfkb, xnj öjntkb kexit gjyznm drecs cdjbö extybrjd bkb ltntq, rfrbvb ås dekmufhysvb änb drecs yb åskb. Bkb ét exbntkz ujdjhbkb, xnj bv åskj kñåjgsnyj gjcvjnhtnm, gjxtve djrheu egjvzyenjuj abkmvf gjlyzkb nfreñ ievböe, pfxtv cnjkm hmzyj ghjldbufkb tuj yf hsyjr b d xtv ét pfrkñxftncz juhjvyfz gjgekzhyjcnm änjq dslevrb, hfpébufñotq djjåhfétybt gjlhjcnrjd, yf rjnjheñ åskj pfnhfxtyj 200 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF. 1 32 Yb jlby bp ghtgjlfdfntktq yt öjntk ghbpyfnmcz d njv, xnj gjitk cvjnhtnm ≤Nbnfybr≥, gjcrjkmre, gj jnpsdfv lheubö kñltq, jy zdkztncz öjhjibv abkmvjv, djpvjéyj, lfét ghtlcnfdkzñobv cjåjq ghjbpdtltybt bcreccndf. Cfvb njuj yt cjpyfdfz, ghtgjlfdfntkb ukeåjrj ecdjbkb rhbnbre fvthbrfycrjq vfccjdjq rekmnehs b, ghtélt dctuj, rhbnbre d jnyjitybb fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd, rjnjhfz dscrfpsdfkfcm gjxnb yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbz. Gj vytybñ pfobnybrjd dscjrjq rekmnehs, fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs yjczn cnhtvbntkmysq, gjdthöyjcnysq, åtccjlthéfntkmysq b byafynbkmysq öfhfrnth. Öeét dctuj nj, xnj jyb zdkzñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb. Gjljåyj dctve d fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb rbyjrfhnbys cxbnfñncz kbim jxthtlysv bvtñobvcz d yfkbxbb gjnhtåbntkmcrbv njdfhjv, b dctulf ghtlyfpyfxtys kbim lkz ghjlféb. Jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq njdfh, rjnjhsq yeéyj htrkfvbhjdfnm b cåsdfnm yf hsyrt nfr ét, rfr änj ltkftncz c vjñobvb chtlcndfvb b cnbhfkmysvb vfibyfvb. Gjänjve yt cnjbn elbdkznmcz xedcnde dbys, rjnjhjt bcgsnsdfkb ghtgjlfdfntkb pf nj, xnj gjikb cvjnhtnm ≤Nbnfybr≥. Jyb pyfkb, xnj gjikb cvjnhtnm ytktgsq abkmv. Lfét cfvj egjvbyfybt jå änjv abkmvt dspdfkj cvtö lfyyjq felbnjhbb; jyj ytbpvtyyj dspsdftn cvtö kñåjq felbnjhbb. Yf cfvjv ltkt, bvtyyj gjljåysq cvtö gjpdjkztn kñlzv yfckfélfnmcz fvthbrfycrbvb rbyjrfhnbyfvb, yt xedcndez ghb änjv euhsptybq cjdtcnb bp-pf njuj, xnj nhfnbim dhtvz yf nfrbt gecnzrb. FVTHBRFYCRBT ABKMVS D ITCNBLTCZNSÖ B CTVBLTCZNSÖ UJLFÖ GHJIKJUJ DTRF Ytcvjnhz yf gjljåyst ghtldpznst ghtlcnfdktybz j ujkkbdelcrbö abkmvfö, ceotcndeñobt eét gjxnb yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbz, yfv cktletn dcgjvybnm b j njv, xnj yt nfr eé lfdyj bp Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd gjcnegfkb rbyjrfhnbys, rjnjhst dspsdfkb e kñltq dctuj vbhf ébdtqibq bynthtc b ujhzxbt cgjhs b rjnjhst, gjéfkeq, ytgjchtlcndtyyj pfnhfubdfkb bö kbxyst b cjwbfkmyst lbktvvs. Cj dnjhjq gjkjdbys itcnbltcznsö b lj rjywf ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf d fvthbrfycrjv rbyjghjbpdjlcndt yfåkñlfkjcm ytåsdfkjt djphjéltybt rbyjbcreccndf. Htlrj vjéyj yfqnb lheubt gjljåyst gthbjls, rjulf fvthbrfycrbt htébccths gjkmpjdfkbcm ås nfrbv dkbzybtv bkb bö abkmvs buhfkb ås cnjkm åjkmieñ hjkm d ajhvbhjdfybb jgsnf b äcntnbxtcrbö wtyyjcntq rbyjphbntktq dj dctö cnhfyfö vbhf. Jlyjq bp ghbxby änjuj djphjéltybz cnfkj nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj c gjzdktybtv rjynhrekmnehs rhegytqibt ujkkbdelcrbt cnelbb eét yt vjukb edthtyyj endthélfnm, rfrjuj öfhfrnthf abkmvs vjukb ås ghbyjcbnm ghbåskm, f nfrét xtuj öjnzn yjdst vjkjlst rbyjphbntkb, ljcnbuibt cjdthityyjktnbz d itcnbltcznsö ujlfö ghjikjuj dtrf. Gjänjve d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj gthbjlf egjvzyenst cnelbb jöjnyj gjpdjkzkb cyznm e ctåz njn bkb byjq abkmv dctv, e rjuj bvtkbcm cnjzobt bltb. Änb rbyj- rjnjhsö jcjåtyyj ghbikbcm gj drece cneltynfv rjkktlétq b dphjcksv ghtlcnfdbntkzv vjkjljuj gjrjktybz, dshféfdibv ytljdjkmcndj djqyjq dj Dmtnyfvt b hfpjxfhjdfdibvcz d njv, xnj rjulf-nj d åjktt ≤ytgjhjxysq≥ dtr yfpsdfkjcm fvthbrfycrjq vtxnjq. D xbckj änbö abkmvjd djikb ≤Dsgecrybr≥ Vfqrf Ybrjkcf; ≤Lbrfz åfylf≥ Cävf Gtrbygf; ≤Åtcgtxysq tpljr≥ Ltyybcf Öjggthf; ≤Gjcktlybq rbyjctfyc≥ Gbnthf Åjulfyjdbxf; ≤Gznm kturbö gmtc≥ Åjåf Htqatkcjyf; ≤Rhtcnysq jntw≥ (xfcnb È b ÈÈ), ≤Hfpujdjh≥ b ≤Fgjrfkbgcbc ctujlyz≥ Ahtycbcf Ajhlf Rjggjks; ≤Fvthbrfycrbt uhfaabnb≥ b ≤Pdtplyst djqys≥ Léjhléf Kerfcf; ≤Xtkñcnb≥ b ≤Åkbprbt rjynfrns nhtnmtuj dblf≥ Cnbdtyf Cgbkåthuf; ≤Vfrrtqå b u-éf Vbkkth≥ b ≤Yfidbkk≥ Hjåthnf Fkmnvfyf; ≤Rjdfhyst ekbws≥ b ≤Nfrcbcn≥ Vfhnbyf Crjhctpt; ≤Dcz ghtpbltyncrfz hfnm≥ Äkfyf Gfrmñks; ≤Ytpfveéyzz étyobyf≥ Gjkf Vfpehcrb; ≤Äyyb Öjkk≥ b ≤Vfyöännty≥ Delb Fkktyf; ≤Rfåfht≥ b ≤Dcz änf cetnf≥ Åjåf Ajccf b cfvsq ghjypbntkmysq abkmv ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz ≤Jöjnybr yf jktytq≥ Vfqrkf Xbvbyj. Änb abkmvs lfdfkb ghtlcnfdktybt jå Fvthbrt rfr cnhfyt, rjnjheñ pföktcnyekb jlbyjxtcndj, pfujdjhs b rjhhegwbz, leöjdyfz jgecnjityyjcnm b cvthnm. Jlyfrj, ytcvjnhz yf ghtlcnfdktyyeñ d egjvzyensö abkmvfö gtxfkmyeñ rfhnbye fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb, cfvb jyb åskb cltkfys c evjv b bcrkñxbntkmysv dljöyjdtybtv, rjnjhst gjlrhtgkzkbcm ébpytyyjq cbkjq yjdj- Frnth Létr Ybrjkcjy d abkmvt Fktrcfylthf Gtqyf ≤J Ivblnt≥ Htébccth Vfhnby Crjhctpt b frnth Lfybtk Läq-Kmñbc dvtcnt hfåjnfkb yfl nfrbvb dscjrjöeljétcndtyysvb rbyjabkmvfvb rfr ≤Åfyls Ymñ-Qjhrf≥ b ≤Ägjöf ytdbyyjcnb≥. cnelbb gthtlfkb Ujkkbdel uheggt nfkfynkbdsö b xfcnj ärcwtynhbxysö htébccthjd (Hjåthne Jknvtye, Ahäycbce Ajhle Rjggjkt, Vfhnbye Crjhctpt, Cnbdtye Cgbkåthue, Léjhlée Kerfce b Delb Fkktye), rjnjhst öjntkb ltkfnm abkmvs d tdhjgtqcrjv cnbkt – abkmvs, d jcyjdyjv ghtlcnfdkzdibt cjåjq bpextybt öfhfrnthjd åtp jåotghbyznjuj cwtyfhbz bkb gjcnhjtybz jlyjkbytqyjuj gjdtcndjdfybz b c åjkmijq ljktq ärcgthbvtynbhjdfybz d jåkfcnb cnbkbcnbrb rbyj. Yfxbyfz c 1967 u., rjulf gjzdbkcz abkmv Fhnehf Gtyyf ≤Åjyyb b Rkfql≥, fvthbrfyws dsgecnbkb d ghjrfn wtksq gjnjr bvghjdbpfwbjyysö b fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbö abkmvjd, vyjubt bp 1 33 uj gjrjktybz pdtpl, zdyj xeéljuj Ujkkbdele, nfrbö rfr Ejhhty Åbnnb, Lfcnby Öjaavfy, Hjåthn Lt Ybhj, Fkm Gfxbyj, Léär Ybrjkcjy, Léby Öärvfy, Atq Lfyädtq, Lébk Rktqåthu b Vthbk Cnhbg. gkfytnt. Ntv yt vtytt, rfr änj yb gfhfljrcfkmyj, fvthbrfyws jåyfheébkb, xnj ébden d tot åjktt ytecnjqxbdjv b jgfcyjv d vjhfkmyjv b gjkbnbxtcrjv jnyjitybb vbht – vbht, d rjnjhjv nthhjhbcns yt edféfñn yfwbjyfkmysö uhfybw bkb yt ghbpyfñn yhfdcndtyysö juhfybxtybq. UJKKBDEL B JRJYXFYBT ÖJKJLYJQ DJQYS D gthbjl djcmvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf cjplfkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm änjq rbytvfnjuhfabxtcrjq bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb bcxtpkf. Jlyfrj lfét d ntxtybt ltcznbktnbz, rjulf kñlb d Dfibyunjyt b yf Ejkk-Cnhbnt zrjås jnxfzyyj cnhtvbkbcm cnfnm öjpztdfvb Dctktyyjq, cfvsvb pfgjvbyfñobvbcz abkmvfvb åskb yt rbyjghjbpdtltybz c afynfcnbxtcrbv cñétnjv, jåbkbtv cgtwäaatrnjd b exfcnbtv Cbkmdtcnhf Cnfkkjyt b Fhyjkmlf Idfhwtytuuthf, f ytljhjubt b åjktt cgjrjqyst abkmvs, nfrbt rfr ≤Dthlbrn≥ b ≤Ijath vbcc Ltqpb≥, d rjnjhsö edktxtyyj b c åjkmijq ukeåbyjq hfccrfpsdfkjcm j ébpyb b ecgtöfö cfvsö jåsxysö kñltq, b änj ckeébkj ghjnbdjzlbtv ghjnbd yfåbdibö jcrjvbye rkbit j njv, rfr Fvthbrf jåjéftn åjufncndj b cdjñ ukjåfkmyeñ vjom. Ytcvjnhz yf Dmtnyfv b pyfxbntkmyst cldbub dj dctö jåkfcnzö, cdzpfyyst d 60-ö ujlfö c ghböjljv yjdjuj gjrjktybz b gjzdktybtv rjynhrekmnehs, d wtkjv yf fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb dct tot ktéfkf pkjdtofz ntym öjkjlyjq djqys. Jlyfrj, gj rhfqytq vtht, Cjtlbytyyst Infns b Cjdtncrbq Cjñp yfexbkbcm ltqcndjdfnm gj ghfdbkfv lbgkjvfnbxtcrjq b bltjkjubxtcrjq buhs: yb jlyf bp änbö cnhfy yt étkfkf ddzpsdfnmcz d vtéleyfhjlyst fdfynñhs, rjnjhst vjukb ås gjcnfdbnm gjl euhjpe joeotybt åtpjgfcyjcnb e ghjnbdjgjkjéyjq cnjhjys. Dct änj bpvtybkjcm c jrjyxfybtv öjkjlyjq djqys d 1989 ujle, rjulf Cjtlbytyyst Infns jrfpfkbcm tlbycndtyyjq cdthölthéfdjq yf CJDHTVTYYJT FVTHBRFYCRJT RBYJ Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jcnfdbd gjpflb pyfrjvst gfhfvtnhs öjkjlyjq djqys, fvthbrfyws gjckt 1989 u. vjukb c yfckféltybtv cvjnhtnm cfvst hfpyst abkmvs. D änj dhtvz d fvthbrfycrjv rbyjghjbpdjlcndt xtnrj jåjpyfxbkbcm ldf yfghfdktybz, bcnjxybrjv dljöyjdtybz lkz rjnjhsö gjckeébkj ghjikjt rbytvfnjuhfabb. Gthdjt yfghfdktybt ghtlcnfdkzkj cjåjq cnhfcnyjt edktxtybt cj cnjhjys vjkjlsö rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd, nfrbö rfr Rdtynby Nfhfynbyj, Cnbdty Cjlthåthu, Léjäk b Änfy Rjäys b Rfvthjy Rhje, gjlhféfybtv ytnhflbwbjyysv, eltkzñobv jcyjdyjt dybvfybt öfhfrnthfv ltqcndeñobö kbw abkmvfv itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf. Änj cnhtvktybt yfikj yfbåjktt zhrjt dshfétybt d nfrbö abkmvfö, rfr ≤Ctrc, kjém b dbltj≥, ≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Jåsxyj gjljphtdftvst≥, ≤Afhuj≥, ≤Ctrhtns Kjc-Fylétktcf≥, ≤Afyfnbr≥, ≤Ctvtqrf Ntytyåfevjd≥. Nfr, yfghbvth, cdjbvb ckjéysvb bpkjétybzvb cjåsnbq b zpdbntkmyj-pkjåysv rhbnbxtcrbv fyfkbpjv fvthbrfycrjq bylecnhbb hfpdktxtybq ≤Vfuyjkbz≥ Gjkf Njvfcf Fylthcjyf yfgjvbyftn ≤Yfidbkk≥ Hjåthnf Jknvtyf, f ≤Xbrfuj≥ Hjåf Vfhifkkf gjcnhjtyj njxyj nfr ét, rfr ≤Rfåfht≥ Åjåf Ajccf. Rhjvt njuj, fvthbrfycrbt htébccths cnhtvbkbcm djcrhtcbnm äne eyfcktljdfyyeñ jn itcnbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf nhflbwbñ cnbkbcnbxtcrb dshfpbntkmysö, äkkbgnbxtcrbö b rjivfhysö ärcrehcjd d vbh bpvextyysö lei – 1 34 ecbkbt, yfitlitt jnhfétybt d abkmvfö ≤Ctvm≥, ≤Åjqwjdcrbq rkeå≥, ≤Vfköjkkfyl lhfqd≥, ≤Buhs hfpevf≥ b ≤Åtccjyybwf≥. Lheufz ntyltywbz rfétncz åjktt fnfdbcncrjq. Jyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cbkmyjt étkfybt djpdhfnbnmcz r ägbxtcrbv ntvfv b cnfhjvjlyjve gjdtcndjdfybñ åjktt hfyytq Fvthbrb. Ldf abkmvf yfbåjktt ghbdthétys änjve gkfye – ≤Nbnfybr≥ Létqvcf Rfvthjyf b ≤Cgfcnb hzljdjuj Hfqfyf≥ Cnbdtyf Cgbkåthuf. Rfélfz bp änbö rbyjrfhnby ghtdjcöjlyj cltkfyf b ghjybpfyf dthjq d kexitt åeleott, öjnz htfkbcnbxyj gjrfpsdftn ébpym dj dctq tt cehjdjq ghfdlt. Jlyfrj ghb dctö pfbvcndjdfybzö e rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf b gthdjuj ltcznbktnbz ÖÖÈ dtrf bpjåhféfñn jåotcndj, rjnjhjt yt epyfkb ås rbytvfnjuhfabcns b rbyjphbntkb gthbjlf rjynhrekmnehs b fynbdjtyyjuj ldbétybz. D rjywt abkmvf ≤Åjyyb b Rkfql≥ Åjyyb cghfibdftn Rkfqlf, rfr ås jy hfcgjhzlbkcz cdjtq ébpymñ, tckb ås ntgthm e ytuj åskf djpvjéyjcnm ghjébnm tt gj-byjve. Rkfql jndtxftn tq, xnj cnfk ås uhfåbnm åfyrb yt d njv infnt, d rjnjhjv ébdtn. Felbnjhbz rbyjphbntktq hfpltkztn, f, djpvjéyj, b c eksårjq djcghbybvftn bhjybxtcrjt ytcjjndtncndbt vtéle djghjcjv b jndtnjv. Pltcm ytn yfltéls – njkmrj jéblfybt hjrjdjuj rjywf, cjåcndtyyjq ubåtkb. D jnkbxbt jn änjuj, d abkmvfö ≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥ b ≤Nbnfybr≥, ghzvj ghjnbdjgjkjéysö gj cdjbv cñétnfv b dshféftvsv xedcndfv, ghbcencndetn cnhtvktybt r dtht d cgjcjåyjcnm xtkjdtrf eghfdkznm cdjtq celmåjq b dyjdm gjlxthrbdftncz ghbceofz fvthbrfywfv eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj jnltkmyst kñlb vjuen rhenj bpvtyznm cdjñ ébpym. Rhjvt njuj, abkmvs gjcktlybö 15 ktn ghtlcnfdbkb rbyjphbntkzv yjdjt gjrjktybt frnthjd, rjnjhst d vtymitq cntgtyb jkbwtndjhzñn cjåjq ytnhflbwbjyyeñ Fvthbre, xtv frnths, ljcnbuibt cjdthityyjktnbz d itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujlfö ghjikjuj dtrf. Ntv yt vtytt, Rtdby Cgtqcb, Hfcctk Rhje, Åhäl Gbnn, Léjy Rmñcfr, Vänn Ltqvjy, Äldfhl Yjhnjy, Ahtycbc Vfrljhväyl, Udbytn Gtknhje b Léekbfyyf Veh – cjplfkb yt vtytt ébdst b tlbycndtyyst d cdjtv hjlt jåhfps, xtv bö ghjckfdktyyst ghtlitcndtyybrb. D jnkbxbt jn rfyjybxtcrbö pdtpl rkfccbxtcrjq ägjöb Ujkkbdelf, rjnjhst, celz gj dctve, ytbpvtyyj buhfkb cfvbö ctåz – nfrbö pdtpl, rfr Rähb Uhfyn, Léjy Eäqy, Uähb Regth, Rkfhr Utqåk, Äkbpfåtn Näqkjh, – fvthbrfycrbt frnths ysytiytuj gjrjktybz vjuen gjkyjcnmñ hfcndjhznmcz d cdjbö hjkzö, cjplfdfz d rféljv cdjtv abkmvt yjdsq öeljétcndtyysq jåhfp. Åjkmibycndj bö abkmvjd, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj jyb abyfycbheñncz Ujkkbdeljv, d dscitq cntgtyb jhbubyfkmys, xnj cdbltntkmcndetn j hfpyjjåhfpbb fvthbrfycrjq rbyjbylecnhbb. Jlyjq bp dféysö ghbxby gjljåyjuj ärktrnbpvf zdkztncz djpltqcndbt ytåjkmibö, yfgjkjdbye ytpfdbcbvsö cnelbq, nfrbö rfr ≤Cjyb Gbrxthc Rkfccbrc≥ b ≤LhbvEjhrc≥, rjnjhst cgtwbfkbpbheñncz yf ghjbpdjlcndt b ghjrfnt fdfyufhlysö abkmvjd. Yb jlby bp herjdjlbntktq cnelbq yt gjkmpetncz cnjkm åjkmibv dkbzybtv bkb yt ljåbdftncz nfrbö pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd d ghjldbétybb yf hsyjr yjdfnjhcrbö fvthbrfycrbö, f nfrét byjzpsxysö byjcnhfyysö abkmvjd, rfr ukfdf cnelbb ≤Vbhjvfrc≥ Öfhdb Dfqycntqy. Jy dj vyjujv zdkztncz cdjtuj hjlf rkñxtdsv cdzpeñobv pdtyjv vtéle abkmvfvb itcnbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz b abkmvfvb gjcktlybö 15 ktn. Dfqycntqy dshjc d itcnbltcznst ujls ghjikjuj dtrf. Tuj bljkfvb åskb Ahfycef Nhñaaj, Atlthbrj Atkkbyb, Vfhnby Crjhctpt, Hjåthn Fkmnvfy b Ahtycbc Ajhl Rjggjkf. Rjulf d 1979 u. Dfqycntqy jcyjdfk cdjñ cnelbñ ≤Vbhjvfrc≥, jy öjntk åsnm ghjlñcthjv gjåeélfñobö r ndjhxtcnde, åjufnsö yjdsvb bltzvb abkmvjd yfgjljåbt ntö, rjnjhsvb jy djcöbofkcz d lyb cdjtq vjkjljcnb. Bvtyyj änj jy b cltkfk. Åkfujlfhz ≤Vbhjvfrce≥ yf ärhfys Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd dsikb nfrbt byjcnhfyyst abkmvs, rfr ≤Étcnjrfz buhf≥, ≤Rbyjntfnh≥ ≤Gfhflbpj≥ ≤Gjxnfkmjy≥, ≤Ébpym ghtrhfcyf≥ b ≤Jgfktyyst cnhfcnmñ≥, rfélsq bp rjnjhsö ghbytc ghbåskm, ytcvjnhz yf åsneñott pf uhfybwtq vytybt j njv, xnj fvthbrfyws cnfyen gjregfnm åbktns njkmrj d rbyjntfnhfö, ult gjrfpsdfñn cltkfyyst d Ujkkbdelt ljhjujcnjzobt rbyjabkmvs, jnkbxfñobtcz gsiyjcnmñ gjcnfyjdrb. Jlyfrj Dfqycntqy nfrét ghtljcnfdbk abyfycjdst chtlcndf yf cjplfybt cfvsö pfvtxfntkmysö fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd gjcktlybö ktn, f byjulf zdkzkcz b bö dljöyjdbntktv, drkñxfz: ≤Ctrc, kjém b dbltj≥, ≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Fyukbqcrbq gfwbtyn≥, ≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥, ≤D cgfkmyt≥, ≤Xfcs≥, ≤Xbrfuj≥ b ≤Åfyls Ymñ-Qjhrf≥. Rfrbvb ås pyfxbntkmysvb yb åskb eåtéltybz b drkfl d fvthbrfycrjt rbyj jnltkmysö ghjlñcthjd, htébccthjd bkb frnthjd, xnj åjkmit dctuj jåütlbyztn cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs c abkmvfvb itcnbltcznsö b ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz, nfr änj cthmtpyjcnm öeljétcndtyysö wtktq d cjxtnfybb c gjåeéltybtv edktxm felbnjhbñ. Änb ldf yt jnltkbvsö lheu jn lheuf cnhtvktybz yb d rjtv ckexft yt zdkzñncz ceueåj fvthbrfycrbvb. Jnrelf ås yb åhfkb jyb cdjt yfxfkj, (Cktdf) Öfhdb Dfqycntqy (cghfdf) b tuj åhfn Åjå Dfqycntqy zdkzñncz cjghtlctlfntkzvb cjdtnf lbhtrnjhjd ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥. Bö rjvgfybz dscnegfkf d rfxtcndt ghjlñcthf vyjubö yfbåjktt gjgekzhysö fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd, drkñxfz ≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥ (Shakespeare in Love) (ybéytt ajnj) d rjnjhjv ukfdyst hjkb buhfñn Udbytn Gäknhje b Léjpta Amtyyc,b ≤Xbrfuj≥ (Chicago), d rjnjhjv gtdbwf, nfywjdobwf b frnhbcf Reby Känfqaf buhfkf nñhtvyeñ yflcvjnhobwe ≤Vfve≥ Vjhnjy (dthöytt ajnj). 1 35 dtkbxfqibt htébccths – dctulf ghbpyfdfkb ntcyeñ dyenhtyyññ cdzpm vtéle hfpdktxtybtv b bcreccndjv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs, ytcjvytyyj, zdkzñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb, ytn ybrfrjuj dyenhtyytuj ghjnbdjhtxbz vtéle cnhtvktybtv r gjkextybñ ghbåskb jn njuj bkb byjuj abkmvf b cnhfcnysv étkfybtv cjplfnm jhbubyfkmyjt b edktrfntkmyjt ghjbpdtltybt. Yf cfvjv ltkt, dgjkyt djpvjéyj, xnj hsyjxysq cnbvek r ecnfyjdktybñ ävjwbjyfkmyjq cdzpb c rbyjphbntkzvb zdkztncz jlybv bp gjåelbntkmysö vjnbdjd r gjdsitybñ öeljétcndtyyjuj ehjdyz rbyjghjbpdtltybz. Bp änjuj cktletn, xnj åjkmibycndj cfvsö ytpfåsdftvsö fvthbrfycrbö abkmvjd gjcktlybö 40 ktn jn ≤Rhtcnyjuj jnwf≥ lj ≤Xfcjd≥ åskb ecgtiysvb c rjvvthxtcrjq njxrb phtybz b dvtcnt c ntv ghbdktrfkb phbntkz cdjbv dscjrbv öeljétcndtyysv vfcnthcndjv. EYBDTHCFKMYSQ ÖFHFRNTH FVTHBRFYCRBÖ ABKMVJD Jlyfrj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, xnj ltkftn cjdhtvtyyst fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs ceueåj ≤fvthbrfycrbvb≥, nfr änj jnrfp pfgeubdfnm phbntkz cjwbfkmyjq yfghfdktyyjcnmñ rbyjghjbpdtltybz. Fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs jåsxyj eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dybvfybt xtkjdtxtcrbv jnyjitybzv b xedcndfv jnltkmysö kñltq, f yt ghjåktvfv rfrjuj-nj jghtltktyyjuj dhtvtyb b vtcnf. Änb abkmvs hfccrfpsdfñn kñåjdyst bcnjhbb (≤Dkñåktyysq Itrcgbh≥, ≤Afyfnbr≥), bynhbueñn phbntkz (≤Jåsxyj gjljphtdftvst≥, ≤Ctrhtns Kjc-Fylétktcf≥), gjdtcndeñn jå ecgtöfö b ytelfxfö (≤Xbrfuj≥, ≤Fvthbrfycrfz rhfcfdbwf≥), pfnhfubdfñn vjhfkmyst ghjåktvs (≤Rhbvbyfkmyjt xnbdj≥, ≤Cdjq xtkjdtr≥) b gjrfpsdfñn åjhmåe pf dsébdfybt (≤Nbnfybr≥, ≤Cgfcnb hzljdjuj Hfqfyf≥). Gjljåysq gjlöjl r cjplfybñ rbyjabkmvjd xfcnbxyj jnhféftn nhflbwbjyyeñ fvthbrfycreñ dthe d ghbjhbntn jnltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf b tuj kbxyjcnb. Jlyfrj åelmnj fvthbrfycrbq abkmv bkb abkmv rfrjq-kbåj byjq cnhfys, gjljåyst kbxyst lbktvvs ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ytxnj nfrjt, xnj ghböjlbncz ghtjljktdfnm kñlzv dj dctv vbht. Gjänjve d Tdhjgt, Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt pfks rbyjntfnhjd pfgjkyzñncz, rjulf d ybö ltvjycnhbheñncz fvthbrfycrbt abkmvs. Bö cvjnhzn gjdcñle yt gjnjve, xnj jyb ghjckfdkzñn gjkbnbxtcrbt bycnbnens Fvthbrb bkb tt ärjyjvbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb, f d cdzpb c ntv, xnj rbyjphbntkb ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, d rfrjq cnhfyt jyb ébden, vjuen dbltnm d fvthbrfycrbö abkmvfö xfcnm cdjtq cjåcndtyyjq ébpyb, yföjlzotq jnhfétybt d cyznsö d Ujkkbdelt lhfvfnbxtcrbö bcnjhbzö kñådb b enhfn. Ghjatccjh bcnjhbb d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Ntöfc, u. Jcnby, Hbxfhl Gtkkc zdkztncz fdnjhjv hzlf rybu, drkñxfz ≤Ytgjöjébt yf yfc: rfr tdhjgtqws kñåbkb, ytyfdbltkb b ghtjåhfpjdsdfkb fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe cj dhtvtyb Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys≥. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jy hfåjnftn yfl rybujq ≤Jn vjlthybpvf r rbyj: ukjåfkbpfwbz fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs d ÖÖ dtrt≥, rjnjhfz åeltn bplfyf bplfntkmcndjv ≤Qtbk Ñybdthcbnb Ghtcc≥. D hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs vtéleyfhjlysö jåvtyjd d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz, cjplfyyjq gj bybwbfnbdt ctyfnjhf E. Aekåhfqnf, Gtkkc hfåjnfk gj ghbukfitybñ d eybdthcbntnfö Cfy-Gfeke, Fvcnthlfvf, Rjgtyufutyf, Cblytz, Åjyyf, Åthkbyf, Rtkmyf b Dtys. GHJABKM: Rbytvfnjuhfabcn Fktrcfylth Gtqy Ghjcnjhs Ytåhfcrb, yfxbyfñobtcz ghzvj d jrhtcnyjcnzö u. Jvföb, gjrfpfyyst d abkmvt ≤J Ivblnt≥, b jåkbr cfvjuj änjuj nböjuj ujhjlf ghtlcnfdkzñn lkz rbytvfnjuhfabcnf Fktrcfylthf Gtqyf cdjtuj hjlf djpdhfotybt d hjlyst rhfz. Gtqy, hjlbntkb rjnjhjuj åskb uhtrfvb b dkfltkb d Jvföt bpdtcnysv htcnjhfyjv, gjckt jrjyxfybz cnfhibö rkfccjd chtlytq irjks etöfk bp Ytåhfcrb c ntv, xnjås bpexfnm bcgfycrbq zpsr d Cnäylajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, ghtcktlez ghb änjv wtkm cnfnm byjcnhfyysv rjhhtcgjyltynjv. Gj ljcnbétybb cjdthityyjktnbz, jy ghjdtk gthdst ujls cdjtq dphjckjq ébpyb d Bcgfybb, ult gjcnegbk yf abkjcjacrbq afrekmntn Cfkfvfyrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf. Gjplytt celmåf ghbdtkf Gtqyf d Rjkevåbñ, f pfntv d Rfkbajhybqcrjv eybdthcbntnt d Kjc-Fylétktct tve ghbcdjbkb extyeñ cntgtym vfubcnhf bpzoysö bcreccnd. Jcyjdyjt dybvfybt d nhtö öeljétcndtyysö abkmvfö Gtqyf eltkztncz ébpyb d ntö vtcnfö, rjnjhst jy nfr öjhjij pyftn – fvthbrfycrjve Chtlytve Pfgfle b, d xfcnyjcnb, Jvföt. Gthdsvb phbntkzvb tuj abkmvjd åskb rbytvfnjuhfabcns b kñåbntkb rbyj, rjnjhst cfvb öjntkb cybvfnm vfkjåñlétnyst abkmvs yf ytåjkmibö ytpfdbcbvsö rbyjcnelbzö. Pfntv phbntkmcrfz felbnjhbz Gtqyf hfcibhbkfcm b eét jödfnsdfkf nhflbwbjyyjuj rbyjphbntkz. D cyznjv Gtqyjv d 1996 u. abkmvt ≤Uhfélfyrf Hen≥ bcgjkybntkmybwtq ukfdyjq hjkb åskf pdtplf Kjhf Lthy. Jyf buhfkf vjkjleñ åthtvtyyeñ yeélfñoeñcz étyobye, rjnjhfz ckexfqyj cnfyjdbncz gtirjq d herfö jåtbö cnjhjy, exfcndeñobö d cgjht jå fåjhnfö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Jlyb exfcnybrb änjuj cgjhf dscnegfñn pf pfghtn fåjhnjd, f lheubt – pf ghtljcnfdktybt étyobyfv ghfdf cfvbv htifnm djghjc j njv, hjéfnm bv htåtyrf bkb ltkfnm fåjhn. Xthtp nhb ujlf Gtqy yfgbcfk cwtyfhbq b cfv cyzk gj ytve abkmv gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Dsåjhs≥, ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq jcnheñ cfnbhe yf fvthbrfycreñ gjkbnbre. Jåütrnjv änjq cfnbhs zdkzñncz dsåjhs d extybxtcrbq cjdtn d jlyjq bp cnfhibö chtlybö irjk Chtlytuj Pfgflf. Pf cdjq cwtyfhbq Gtqy åsk yjvbybhjdfy yf gjkextybt yfuhfls Fvthbrfycrjq frfltvbb rbyjbcreccnd, f exfcnbt d änjq rbyjrfhnbyt vjkjljq frnhbcs Hbp Ebpthcgey, csuhfditq d ytq ukfdyeñ hjkm, gjpdjkbkj tq yfxfnm ecgtiyeñ rfhmthe d rbyj. Htébccth Cgfqr Kb yf ghtvmtht cdjtuj ljrevtynfkmyjuj abkmvf ≤Yfcnjzobt rjhjkb rjvtlbb≥ (Original Kings of Comedy), d rjnjhjv hfccrfpsdftncz j nfkfynfö xtnshtö fvthbrfycrbö rjvtlbqysö frnthjd d öjlt bö nehyt gj Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv. Fktrcfylth Gtqy 1 36 Cjdctv ytlfdyj Gtqy flfgnbhjdfk lkz ärhfyf hjvfy Kebcf Åtukb ≤J Ivblnt≥. C cfvjuj gthdjuj vjvtynf, rjulf d änjv abkmvt gjzdkztncz Ivbln (d bcgjkytybb frnthf Létrf Ybrjkcjyf) yfrfyeyt cdjtuj eöjlf yf gtycbñ, jy gjkyjcnmñ pfdkfltdftn dybvfybtv phbntkz. Cfv rbyjhtébccth lftn cktleñoeñ öfhfrnthbcnbre cdjtve ndjhtybñ: änj abkmv jå ≤jlbyjxtcndt, ghtphtybb, pkjcnb b cjéfktybb≥. B dct ét Gtqy ddjlbn äktvtyns ñvjhf d gentitcndbt Ivblnf, f nfrét yfvtrftn yf nj, xnj d rfrjv-nj cvsckt jy bcregbk cdjñ dbye. D rjywt abkmvf Ivbln yföjlbn wtkm d ébpyb: xthtp jlye bp vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq jy åthtn yf ctåz pfåjne j åtlcndeñotv fahbrfycrjv htåtyrt. Lkz 41-ktnytuj Gtqyf, yfpsdfñotuj ctåz ≤yteujvjyysv≥ b ujnjdzotujcz ctqxfc r cütvrfv cdjtuj yjdjuj abkmvf (j ldeö lhepmzö, jnghfdkzñoböcz yfrfyeyt étybnmås jlyjuj bp ybö d gentitcndbt, wtkmñ rjnjhjuj zdkztncz ltuecnfwbz dby) yfcnegbkf cfvfz åkfujlfnyfz gjhf tuj ébpyb. ≤Z yfxbyfñ ltkfnm nt abkmvs, rjnjhst dctulf öjntk cybvfnm≥, – ujdjhbn jy. ∆ Åtctlf c Létaahb Ubkvjhjv D zydfht rféljuj ujlf d ntxtybt 10 lytq ytåjkmijq rehjhn Gfhr-Cbnb, infn Ñnf, relf cütpéfñncz kñåbntkb pbvybö dbljd cgjhnf, ghtdhfoftncz d jlye bp cfvsö dféysö dscjn yf kfylifant fvthbrfycrjuj rbyjbcreccndf. Ghjöjlzobq nfv rbyjatcnbdfkm ≤Cfylfyc≥ zdkztncz jlybv bp ukfdysö vthjghbznbq, gjrfpsdfñobö, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d ndjhxtcrjq catht ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyj Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, yf änjv rbyjatcnbdfkt ltvjycnhbheñncz abkmvs, dsgecrftvst ytpfdbcbvsvb ghjlñcthfvb, rjnjhst yt döjlzn d cbcntve ujkkbdelcrbö cnelbq. Yfxbyfz c ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf, d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp lbhtrnjhjd egjvzyenjuj atcnbdfkz b lbhtrnjhf ghjuhfvvs ghtlcnfdkztvsö yf ytv rbyjrfhnby Létaahb Ubkvjh jndtxftn pf jnåjh abkmvjd lkz gjrfpf yf tétujlyjv rbyjatcnbdfkt ≤Cfylfyc≥, f nfrét pf cnhernehe gjcktlytuj. Djghjc: Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt dfit ghtbveotcndtyyjt gjkjétybt yf änjv rbyjatcnbdfkt, yt vjukb ås ds crfpfnm, rfrbt cjåsnbz d ctujlyziytq ébpyb fvthbrfycrjuj rbyj zdkzñncz, yf dfi dpukzl, yfbåjktt zhrbvb? Jndtn: Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ytpfdbcbvjt rbyjghjbpdjlcndj pfhjlbkjcm yt ltcznm ktn njve yfpfl, f hfymit, d gjcktlybt ujls yfåkñlftncz tuj ytåsdfkjt hfpdbnbt. D ytpfdbcbvjv rbyj gjzdbkjcm yjdjt gjrjktybt htébccthjd, rjnjhst cybvfñn abkmvs gj jåt cnjhjys uhfybws, hfpltkzñotq ldf ctrnjhf cjdhtvtyyjq rbyjbylecnhbb, – d eckjdbzö ytpfdbcbvjuj ghjbpdjlcndf vfkjåñlétnysö rbyjrfhnby, b yf rhegysö cnelbzö, ult cjchtljnjxtyj jcyjdyjt rbyjghjbpdjlcndj. D yfxfkt ltdzyjcnsö ujljd dscrfpsdfkfcm vsckm j njv, xnj jåf änbö ctrnjhf ybrjulf yt åelen hfåjnfnm cjjåof. Jlyfrj d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjljåyfz vsckm eét yt bvttn jcyjdfybz. Jyf åjkmit yt ghbvtybvf r nfrbv cjdhtvtyysv htébccthfv, rfr Njl Ötqyc (≤Lfktrj yt hfq≥, Far From Heaven) bkb Fktrcfylth Gtqy (≤J Ivblnt≥). Hfpevttncz, vtéle änbvb ctrnjhfvb gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyzñncz hfpkbxbz, yt gjcktlytt bp rjnjhsö cjcnjbn d njv, xnj chtlyzz cnjbvjcnm cyznjuj yf cnelbb abkmvf ghbåkbéftncz r 60 vbkkbjyfv ljkkfhjd gkñc tot 30 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd, hfcöjletvsö yf ghjldbétybt nfrjuj abkmvf yf hsyjr b tuj ghjrfn, d nj dhtvz rfr d vbht ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyj åñlétns yf ghjbpdjlcndj abkmvjd ujhfplj vtymit. D: Jlyfrj d ndjhxtcrjv gkfyt änb hfpkbxbz cöjlzn yf ytn, yt nfr kb? J: Lf, gjljåysq ghjwtcc bvttn vtcnj, yj z jcvtkñcm endthélfnm, xnj ghjitlibq ujl yjcbk ytcrjkmrj ytjåsxysq öfhfrnth. Rhegyst cnelbb gj cfvjq cdjtq ghbhjlt herjdjlcndeñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb cjjåhfétybzvb. Tckb njn bkb byjq ghjtrn bvttn äcntnbxtcreñ cnjhjye, cekzoeñ rjvvthxtcreñ dsujle, d ytv nfrét jnrhsdftncz ghjcnjh lkz ndjhxtcrjuj cfvjdshfétybz d jåkfcnb htébccehs, frnthcrjq buhs, cwtyfhbz b lbfkjujd. B änj ghtrhfcyj. Jlyfrj rhegyst cnelbb, crjhtt dctuj, åelen nhtåjdfnm ujhfplj åjkmitq jghtltktyyjcnb d jnyjitybb njuj, xnj chfåjnftn, f xnj ytn. Ds cghfibdfkb vtyz j cfvsö åjkmibö bpvtytybzö, bvtdibö vtcnj d gjcktlytt dhtvz. D rbyjntfnhfö gjrfpsdftncz wtksq hzl abkmvjd, ghjrfnjv rjnjhsö d djcmvbltcznst ujls bkb lfét d yfxfkt ltdzyjcnsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz ybrnj djjåot yt cnfk ås pfybvfnmcz. Ghjbpjikb bpvtytybz b yf rbyjhsyrt, f nfrét d öfhfrntht dsöjlzobö yf ärhfy abkmvjd. Rfélsq ujl cnelbzvb ghjbpdjlbncz jrjkj 250 abkmvjd, b tot 350 bkb jrjkj njuj öeljétcndtyysö fvthbrfycrbö b tdhjgtqcrbö ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd gjgflftn d ghjrfn. Rhjvt njuj, edtkbxbkjcm xbckj abkmvjd, cyznsö d eckjdbzö ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf étyobyfvb-htébccthfvb, nfrbvb rfr Äkkbcjy Äylthc, Ybrjkm Öjkjacbyth, Htåtrrf Vbkkth b Kbpf Xjkjltyrj. Djphjckj rjkbxtcndj rbyjghjbpdtltybq htébccthjd hfpysö hfc. Dctulf åskj rbyj, gjcdzotyyjt ébpyb fahjfvthbrfywtd, yj jyj ljkujt dhtvz jcnfdfkjcm d ntyb. Ntgthm ét änjn éfyh gjkyjcnmñ yf dble, b d tuj cjplfybb exfcndeñn nfrbt kñlb, rfr Lébyf Ghbyc-Åkfqndel, Léjy Cbyuknjy b åhfnmz Öflkby. Tcnm rbytvfnjuhfabcns kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, nfrbt rfr Hjåthn Hjlhbutc b Uhtujhb Yfdf. Ldf lyz njve yfpfl ghjikf vbhjdfz ghtvmthf abkmvf fvthbrfycrjuj rbytvfnjuhfabcnf fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz Léfcnbyf Kbyf ≤Gjdtptn pfdnhf≥ (Better Luck Tomorrow), gthdsq geåkbxysq gjrfp rjnjhjuj cjcnjzkcz yf rbyjatcnbdfkt ≤Cfylfyc≥. Eét cfv afrn yfkbxbz e dfc gjljåyjuj lbfgfpjyf rbyjghjbpdtltybq lftn jghtltktyyjt ghtlcnfdktybt jå bvtdibö vtcnj ghtjåhfpjdfybzö. Änj – yt hzljdjt ljcnbétybt. Jyj bvttn jxtym åjkmijt pyfxtybt b d ytrjnjhjv cvsckt yföjlbncz yf cdjtq yfxfkmLétaahb Ubkvjh yjq cnflbb. Yf ytpfdbcbvsq ctrnjh ghböjlbncz vtytt 10 ghjwty1 37 njd jåotuj jåütvf rfccjdsö cåjhjd. Ntv yt vtytt, änjn ctrnjh ghbdytc d Ujkkbdel pfvtxfntkmyj nfkfynkbdsö kñltq – dtleobö frnthjd, nfrbö rfr Htyt Ptkkdtuth, Léekbfyyf Veh, Älhbty Åhjelb b Ybrjkm Rblvfy b nfrbö htébccthjd, rfr Ötqyc, Cnbdty Cjlthåthu, Rdtynby Nfhfynbyj b Ufc Dfy Cäyn. D yfcnjzott dhtvz änb htébccths vjuen ltkfnm abkmvs, ult öjnzn b rjulf öjnzn, rfr d cbcntvt rhegysö rbyjcnelbq, nfr b dyt tt, f rbyjatcnbdfkm ≤Cfylfyc≥ dj vyjujv zdkztncz ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ jrfpfybz gjvjob d njv, xnjås ytpfdbcbvst abkmvs yfikb cdjtuj phbntkz. D: D xtv cjcnjbn pyfxbntkmyfz ghjåktvf, c rjnjhjq ghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnmcz vjkjlsv rbytvfnjuhfabcnfv b rbyjbylecnhbb d wtkjv? J: Vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj rjulf ghjbpdjlbncz åjkmijt xbckj abkmvjd, änj b öjhjij b gkjöj. R ytljcnfnrfv rbyjbylecnhbb ctujlyziytuj lyz vjéyj jnytcnb gkjöjt cjcnjzybt cbcntvs rbyjghjrfnf, b z gjkfufñ, xnj jyj cnfytn tot åjkmitq ghjåktvjq gj vtht edtkbxtybz xbckf dsgecrftvsö abkmvjd b lfkmytqitq ltvjrhfnbpfwbb rbyjghjbpdjlcndf, rjulf cybvfnm abkmvs åeltn dct ktuxt b ktuxt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yt yeéys juhjvyst htcehcs lkz njuj, xnjås cyznm njn bkb byjq abkmv, ghjbpdjlcndtyyjt rfxtcndj rjnjhjuj åskj ås yf ljkéyjv ehjdyt. D ghjikjv dctulf yföjlbkbcm kñlb, cybvfdibt abkmvs pf 5000 ljkkfhjd CIF, yj bö åskj ytvyjuj. Ctujlyz c gjvjomñ öjhjitq kñåbntkmcrjq rbyjrfvths b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ghjuhfvvs jrjyxfntkmyjuj vjynféf abkmvf yf rjvgmñntht vjéyj cltkfnm rbyjrfhnbye, bvtñoeñ ehjdtym ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj rfxtcndf, rjnjhsv jåkflfñn vyjubt gjkmpeñobtcz cghjcjv dtob. Dnjhsv cthmtpysv ghtjåhfpjdfybtv cnfkj nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yjczn ntgthm rjhgjhfnbdysq öfhfrnth. D yfcnjzott dhtvz gjxnb dct rhegyst cnelbb Ujkkbdelf zdkzñncz xfcnmñ vyjujyfwbjyfkmysö rjhgjhfwbq chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ds bvttnt ltkj c rjvgfybzvb, ceotcndjdfybt rjnjhsö yt jåzpfntkmyj pfdbcbn jn njuj, öjhjij kb jyb ghjbpdjlzn abkmvs d Ujkkbdelt. Ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm änbö rjvgfybq jcyjdsdftncz yf gjcnegktybb lheubö ljöjljd, gjkexftvsö jn ärcgkefnfwbb rfåtkmysö rfyfkjd bkb jn rjvgfybq, dsgecrfñobö rybéyeñ b vepsrfkmyeñ ghjlerwbñ. D jghtltktyyjv cvsckt gjljåyjt hfpdbnbt cjåsnbq ghbdtkj r åjktt ibhjrbv ghtjåhfpjdfybzv, xtv ghtjåhfpjdfybz d jåkfcnb ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf. D: B rfreñ ét pflfxe ghtlcnjbn htifnm d cdzpb c bvtdibvb vtcnj ghtjåhfpjdfybzvb? J: Pflfxf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås yfqnb vtnjls, c gjvjomñ rjnjhsö cnfylfhnyjt b yjczott jåobq öfhfrnth rbyjghjbpdtltybt, d jcyjdyjv ghjbpdjlbvjt lkz vfccjdjq felbnjhbb, yt gjlfdkzkj ås njq jhbubyfkmyjcnb bkb njuj hfpyjjåhfpbz, rjnjhjt dyjcbn d änj rbyjghjbpdtltybt ytpfdbcbvjt rbyj. D: Ghjljkéfñn kb ubufyns ghjikjuj pfybvfnm dtleott gjkjétybt, bkb ét afrnbxtcrb yjdjt gjrjktybt rbytvfnjuhfabcnjd jrfpfkjcm dgthtlb? J: Ndjhxtcrbt ubufyns ytlfdytuj ghjikjuj, ghtlcnfdbntkb gjrjktybz, ghbitlituj d rbyjghjbpdjlcndj d ctvbltcznsö ujlfö ghjikjuj cnjktnbz, lj cbö gjh cjöhfyzñn juhjvyeñ cbke b dkbzybt – Rjggjks, Crjhctpt, Cgbkåthub. Jlyfrj bö ljvbybheñofz hjkm yt yjcbn bcrkñxbntkmyjuj öfhfrnthf. Ctujlyz vs vjétv ujdjhbnm j lheujv cjcnjzybb rbyjghjbpdjlcndf gj chfdytybñ c ntv, rjnjhjt ceotcndjdfkj, rjulf hjckb nt kñlb. Ysytiytt ärjyjvbxtcrjt gjkjétybt Ujkkbdelf pyfxbntkmyj jnkbxftncz jn ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbnefwbb d ytv d gthbjl ctvbltcznsö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf, tckb ujdjhbnm j njv, rfr ctqxfc abyfycbheñncz abkmvs b rfrbv jåhfpjv cjcnfdkztncz bö åñlétn. Pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf d htpekmnfnt ghjdtltybz rbyjatcnbdfkz ≤Cfylfyc≥ ghbjåhtkb bpdtcnyjcnm xtnsht htébccthf, d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghbcnegfñobt r hfåjnt yfl abkmvfvb, åñlétn rjnjhsö cjcnfdkztn 100 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF. D: Cxbnftnt kb ds, xnj ysytiybq ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl åeltn bvtnm euhjéfñobt gjcktlcndbz lkz ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf? J: Åjkmit yt åeltn bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz, rjnjhst yf ghjnzétybb 20 ktn hjcnf ajyljdjuj hsyrf gjvjufkb abyfycbhjdfnm rbyjghjbpdjlcndj, f bvtyyj juhjvyjuj jåütvf ghjlfé yf byjcnhfyysö hsyrfö b gjllthérb d ajhvt dbltjghjlerwbb. Dshféfñncz jgfctybz, ghbxtv ytrjnjhst bp ybö dgjkyt jghfdlfys, gj gjdjle njuj, xnj vjétn yt jrfpfnmcz d yfkbxbb pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb ghjlerwbb, rjnjhfz jcjåtyyj gjllthébdfkf jcyjdyst ytpfdbcbvst abkmvs. D: Yt jnjåmtn kb änj jöjne e ljcnbuibö cjdthityyjktnbz vjkjlsö kñltq b ltdeitr cybvfnm rbyj? J: Yt jnjåmtn. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj dvtcnj ghjbpdjlcndf ytpfdbcbvsö abkmvjd pf 5 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd, gjljåyst abkmvs, djpvjéyj, ghbltncz cybvfnm pf 1 vbkkbjy ljkkfhjd. Ghfdlf pltcm djpybrftn tot jlby djghjc: cevtñn kb änb gfhyb b ltdeirb ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås bö abkmvs cvjnhtkb? D: Djpybrftn joeotybt, xnj bpvtybkcz ltvjuhfabxtcrbq cjcnfd rbyjphbntktq. Ytn kb e dfc nfrjuj joeotybz? J: Ujdjhzn, xnj rbyjphbntkm cnfyjdbncz cnfhit. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj abkmvs åelen hfpyjjåhfpysvb b åjktt ckjéysvb d äcntnbxtcrjv jnyjitybb. Rhjvt njuj, vjéyj åskj ås ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj ytcrjkmrj gjnthzñn cdjt ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt ifåkjyyst abkmvs, rjnjhst cybvfñn ytåjkmibt rfvgfybb gj pfrfpe bpdtcnysö rhegysö cnelbq. Z yt djpmve yf ctåz cvtkjcnm endthélfnm, xnj cnthtjnbgyst abkmvs bcxtpfñn. Ctqxfc bvttn vtcnj ibhjrbq gjrfp abkmvjd, ltvjycnhbheñobö cbke b kjdrjcnm ltdeitr. Änb abkmvs ghtlyfpyfxtys ytgjchtlcndtyyj lkz gjlhjcnrjd. Rhjvt njuj, cjplfdftvst gj pfrfpe rhegysö cnelbq abkmvs c pfödfnsdfñobv cñétnjv, d rjnjhsö ghtjåkflfñn äktvtyn ltqcndbz b åscnhfz cvtyf cjåsnbq, rfr dctulf pfybvfñn ghjxyjt gjkjétybt yf hsyrt, gjcrjkmre hfccxbnfys yf jghtltktyyjuj phbntkz. Ntv yt vtytt, z yt levfñ, xnj ltvjuhfabxtcrbq cjcnfd rbyjphbntktq eöeliftncz. Yfjåjhjn, gj-vjtve, jy cnfyjdbncz kexit. D: Ntgthm d gjhzlrt gjldtltybz bnjujd yt vjukb ås ds jåhbcjdfnm gthcgtrnbds lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz rbyjghjbpdjlcndf? J: Vs tldf yfxbyftv gjybvfnm djpltqcndbt wbahjdjq rbytvfnjuhfabb b cjplfybz abkmvjd c gjvjomñ wbahjdsö ntöyjkjubq, b vs vjétv jéblfnm pyfxbntkmyjuj ärcgthbvtynbhjdfybz b cjplfybz hfpyjjåhfpysö cnbktq d dbpefkmyjq jåkfcnb. Jlyfrj, gjlöjlz r dfitve djghjce j gthcgtrnbdfö åjktt ibhjrj, vjéyj egjvzyenm j njv, xnj d vbht gjzdbkfcm nfrfz hfpyjdblyjcnm ytpfdbcbvjuj rbyjghjbpdjlcndf, rjnjheñ ytkmpz yfpdfnm yb ≤öeljétcndtyysv abkmvjv≥, yb ≤cnelbqysv abkmvjv≥. Änf hfpyjdblyjcnm jnrhsdftn wtksq hzl djpvjéyjcntq lkz abkmvjd, d rjnjhsö hfccrfpsdftncz bcnjhbz, b fdnjhcrbö abkmvjd, ghbxtv b nt b lheubt jåtofñn åsnm hfpyjjåhfpysvb b åjufnsvb gj cjlthéfybñ. ∆ Åtctljdfk c Létaahb Ubkvjhjv Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. 1 38 KBNTHFNEHF YTCRJKMRJ PFHBCJDJR CDTY ÅTHRTHNC Jlybv bp yfbåjktt bynthtcysö vjvtynjd, rfcfñoböcz yfgbcfybz rhbnbxtcrbö cnfntq yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn, zdkztncz nj jåcnjzntkmcndj, xnj dhtvz jn dhtvtyb vtyz ghbpsdfñn dyjdm gthtxbnfnm njuj bkb byjuj rjyrhtnyjuj fdnjhf bkb gthtébnm rfrjt-kbåj cjåsnbt, b njulf z jåsxyj jåyfheébdfñ yt njkmrj, rfr bpvtybkbcm vjb drecs b crkjyyjcnb, yj b xnj jåütrns vjtuj dybvfybz jnrfpsdfñncz jcnfdfnmcz ytbpvtyysvb, rfr ås pfåfkmpfvbhjdfyysvb vevbzvb njuj, xnj z levfk hfymit. Cjdctv ytlfdyj änj yfukzlytqibv jåhfpjv gjlndthlbkjcm, rjulf vtyz gjghjcbkb lfnm jwtyre cjcnjzybz fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehs, drkñxfz öeljétcndtyyeñ kbnthfnehe b gjäpbñ, d yjdjv nsczxtktnbb d dblt rhfnrjuj åtukjuj jåpjhf. elexb dtxyj gthtuheétyysv hfåjnjq b gjgsnfdibcm jåktuxbnm ctåt pflfxe, z cyfxfkf dyjdm jåhfnbkcz r äcct, rjnjhjt yfgbcfk åjktt ltcznb ktn yfpfl d ajhvt jåpjhf, yjczotuj öfhfrnth hfplevbq, gjl yfpdfybtv “The Talent in the Room”. Wtkm änjuj äcct åskf dtcmvf cöjétq c njq hfåjnjq, rjnjheñ vyt ghtlcnjzkj yfgbcfnm, f bvtyyj lfnm öfhfrnthbcnbre jcyjdysv ntyltywbzv b nfkfynkbdsv kñlzv d vbht öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs. Z yfltzkcz bcgjkmpjdfnm, gj rhfqytq vtht, jcyjde b jåoeñ ajhve åsditq cnhernehs. Eds, cnjbkj vyt ghbcnegbnm r xntybñ, rfr z gjyzk, xnj änjve yt ceéltyj cåsnmcz. Nfr bkb byfxt, gjrf z cktlbk pf ltqcndbtv, ghjbcöjlzobv yf gthtlytv gkfyt, n.t. ghjdjlbk fyfkbp njuj bkb byjuj gbcfntkz, r vjtve elbdktybñ, pflybq gkfy cnfk yterkjyyj cvtofnmcz. D änjv hfyytv äcct, htibntkmyj jndthufz gjktvbxtcrbt endthéltybz Yjhvfyf Vtqkthf, cjlthéfobtcz d tuj cjåcndtyyjq cnfnmt 1959 u., gjcdzotyyjq vjtve fyfkbpe, f nfrét gjlcnhtrfntkmcrbt gjkjétybz d cnfnmt Njvfcf Dekaf “Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast: A Literary Manifesto for the New Social Novel”, rjnjhfz åskf jgeåkbrjdfyf d éehyfkt ≤Öfhgthc≥ d 1989 u., z ghbitk r dsdjle j njv, xnj cjdhtvtyyfz fvthbrfycrfz öeljétcndtyyfz kbnthfnehf clfdfkf cdjb gjpbwbb. D eckjdbzö, rjulf dct åjkmit gbcfntktq jrfpsdfkbcm ytcgjcjåysvb yfqnb cdjt vtcnj d ghtnthgtditv rjhtyyst ghtjåhfpjdfybz gjcnvjlthybcncrjv äktrnhjyyjv jåotcndt, djpybrkj ibhjrjt ldbétybt d pfobne åjktt ghjcnjq rfhnbys vbhf. Dvtcnj njuj xnjås ghbyznm ehåfybcnbxtcreñ byajhvfwbjyyeñ rekmnehe, hjvfybcns b fdnjhs rjhjnrbö hfccrfpjd jnlfdfkb ghtlgjxntybt dsåjhe ntv, cdzpfyysö c ébpymñ d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb b ytåjkmibö ujhjlfö, ghbvtyzz r nhfrnjdrt änbö ntv vbybvfkbcncrbq bkb vfrcbvfkbcncrbq gjlöjls. D änjv rjyntrcnt z, d xfcnyjcnb, hfccvfnhbdfk ndjhxtcndj Hfcctkkf Åäyrcf, Hbxfhlf Ajhlf, Äyy Nfqkth, Äyy Åbnnb, Ebkmzvf Rtyytlb, Léjyf Fglfqrf, Cñ Vbkkth b Léjqc Rähjk Jenc. Dct jyb zhrj b rhfcjxyj bpjåhféfkb hfpkbxyst cnjhjys fvthbrfycrjq ébpyb, yj, gj vjtve vytybñ, ybrnj bp ybö yt pfnhfubdfk ntvs, rjnjheñ d nj dhtvz z cxbnfk ukfdyjq. Hfpevttncz, åskb chtlb gbcfntktq b bcrkñxtybz d änjv gkfyt, f bvtyyj Ljy Ltkbkkj, Njvfc Gbyxjy, Hjåthn Cnjey, Hbxfhl Gfeähc, Gjk Jcnth, Å 1 39 Njyb Vjhhbcjy b Gjk Dtcn, gbcfntkb, rjnjhst, rfr z cxbnfk, åjktt xenrj jnyjcbkbcm d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt r ghjzdktybñ änbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq. Jlyfrj, lfét ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt egjvzyenst bcrkñxtybz, vjz jåofz jwtyrf cjcnjzybz fvthbrfycrjq öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs åskf clthéfyyj gtccbvbcnbxtcrjq. ZPSR YJDJUJ GJRJKTYBZ Z djcöboty b jåjlhty ntv jåcnjzntkmcndjv, xnj pf ltcznm c kbiybv ktn gjckt gjzdktybz vjtuj äcct bvtkb vtcnj cnjkm åjkmibt bpvtytybz, öjnz jyb ghjbpjikb yt gentv htdjkñwbjyyjuj åeynf, f crjhtt gjcntgtyyj, ifu pf ifujv, gjchtlcndjv cldbujd b cvtotybq. Änj ckexbkjcm åkfujlfhz njve, xnj vjkjlst nfkfyns jåhtkb phtkjcnm, cvzuxbkb cdjñ ävjwbjyfkmyeñ jujktyyjcnm, cnfkb åjktt lbcwbgkbybhjdfyysvb d gjcnvjlthybcncrjv cvsckt änjuj ckjdf, f cnfhst gbcfntkb dj vyjubö ckexfzö ecnegbkb nt gjpbwbb, rjnjhst pfybvfkb yf ghjnzétybb ljkubö ktn, b kbibkbcm bynthtcf cj cnjhjys xbnfntkmcrjq felbnjhbb. Cfvsv pyfxbntkmysv ghtjåhfpjdfybtv, gj-vjtve, cnfkj ljvbybheñott dkbzybt yjdjuj gjrjktybz bcrkñxbntkmyj äythubxysö gbcfntktq, rjnjhst cjxtnfñn d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt ibhjne gjåeéltybq c cjpdexyjcnmñ ägjöt yfituj jåotuj döjéltybz d vbh cdthöckjéyjq b vyjujzpsxyjq rekmnehs byajhvfwbjyyjuj dtrf. Gjéfkeq, yfbåjkmitq bpdtcnyjcnmñ chtlb ybö gjkmpetncz yjdfnjh d kbnthfneht Léjyfnfy Ahäypty, hjvfy rjnjhjuj ≤Bcghfdktybz≥ (Corrections), ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq bcnjhbñ ldeö gjrjkt- Hzl yjdsö kbw yf kbnthfnehyjq cwtyt Fvthbrb drkñxfñn d ctåz (d gthtlytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Léjyfnfy Cfahfy Ajth, Vbhf Yäqh, Léjyfnfy Ahäypty, Yäy Veyb; (d chtlytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Fyf Vtytyltc, Fqkby Hjptywdtqu, Cbynbz Hjqkb, Öävgnjy Cfqlp; (d pflytv hzle, cktdf yfghfdj) Ybr Htlbyu, Léjhlé Cbyuknjy, Ybk Gjkkfr, Läy Xfjy. ybq ctvmb Kävåthnjd yf Chtlytv Pfgflt, d 2001 u. d ntxtybt vyjubö vtczwtd döjlbk d cgbcrb åtcnctkkthjd. Änjn fdnjh yfgjvybk cthmtpysv xbnfntkzv dctuj vbhf j njv, xnj vjéyj cnhfybwe pf cnhfybwtq hfccrfpsdfnm öjhjieñ bcnjhbñ, jnlfdfz ghb änjv ljkéyjt ahfuvtynfhyjq ckjéyjcnb ébpyb d yfit dhtvz, rjnjhjt vjéyj jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm rfr njnfkmyeñ gjcn-ägjöe. D xbckj lheubö yföjlzoböcz d wtynht dybvfybz b dtcmvf edféftvsö gbcfntktq gjrjktybz Ahäyptyf, rjnjhsö yfcxbnsdftn- cz xenm åjkmit 40, döjlbn b gkjljdbnsq fdnjh-äywbrkjgtlbcn Hbxfhl Gfeähc. Gjckt cdjtuj ctlmvjuj hjvfyf ≤Ghjåbhfzcm d ntvyjnt≥ (Plowing the Dark), gjcdzotyyjuj bpextybñ cenb dbhnefkmyjcnb bkb vybvjq htfkmyjcnb, gjkextyyjq d htpekmnfnt wbahjdjuj vjltkbhjdfybz, Gfeähc d 2003 u. jgeåkbrjdfk ubufyncreñ ctvtqyeñ öhjybre ≤D ne gjhe, rjulf vs gtkb≥ (The Time of Our Signing). Änj – bcnjhbz ctvmb, cjcnjzotq bp ghtlcnfdbntktq hfpysö hfc b yfwbjyfkmyjcntq, rjnjhst edktrfkbcm vepsrjq, hfcjdjq gjkbnbrjq b ntjhtnbxtcrjq abpbrjq. Pfcke- 1 40 ébdftn egjvbyfybz b Létaahb Ñlébybltc, fdnjh ≤cnhfiyjuj≥ hjvfyf ≤Cfvjeåbqcndf ltdcndtyybw≥ (Virgin Suicides), cnfdituj rkfccbrjq änjuj éfyhf lkz wtkjuj gjrjktybz. D gjcktlytv hjvfyt Ñlébybltcf ≤Chtlybq gjk≥ (Middlesex), rjnjhsq dsitk d 2002 ujle, nofntkmyj hfphfåjnfyyst gthbjls bpkjétybz cjåsnbq d bö öhjyjkjubxtcrjq gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb cjxtnfñncz c jgbcfybzvb leitdysö ver ljcnbufñotuj cjdthityyjktnbz nhfycctrcefkf. Lkz vyjubö vjkjlsö xbnfntktq Lädbl Ajcnth Ejkkfc jcnftncz pyfvtyjcwtv yjdjuj cjcnjzybz yhfdcndtyyjuj hfcgflf b rekmnehyjq hfpjåotyyjcnb. Tuj jåütvysq hjvfy ≤Åtcrjytxyfz buhf≥ (Infinite Jest), jgeåkbrjdfyysq d 1996 ujle, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jghtltktyyeñ dtöe d ndjhxtcndt gbcfntkz b bvttn lkz tuj xbnfntktq nfreñ ét wtyyjcnm, rjnjheñ ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq njve yfpfl xbnfntkmcrfz felbnjhbz ghblfdfkf ≤Hfleut ptvyjuj ghbnzétybz≥ (Gravity’s Rainbow) Njvfcf Gbyxjyf, d nj dhtvz rfr åjktt gjplybt hfccrfps Ajcnthf d tuj rybut ≤Rjhjnrbt bynthdmñ c eéfcysvb kñlmvb≥ gjuheéfñn xbnfntkz d vbh xhtpdsxfqyj jlthébvsö kbxyjcntq. Chtlb åjktt vjkjlsö nfkfynjd Hbr Velb, rjnjhsq gbitn cj pyfybtv ltkf d hfpkbxysö éfyhfö – hfccrfp ≤Ltvjyjkjubz≥ (Demonology), hjvfy ≤Gehgehyfz Fvthbrf≥ (Purple America) b vtvefhs ≤Xthyfz defkm≥ (The Black Veil), f nfrét Rjkcjy Efqnötl, vjkjljq fahjfvthbrfycrbq hjvfybcn, rjnjhsq, djqlz d kbnthfnehe dtcmvf ghbxelkbdsv hjvfyjv ≤Bynebnbdbcn≥ (Intuitionist) jå bycgtrnjht kbanjd, gjgjkybk hzls vfrcbvfkbcnjd, yfgbcfd ≤Lyb Léjyf Utyhb≥ (John Henry Days), jnkbxfñoeñcz ibhjrbv pfvsckjv cfnbhe yf cjdhtvtyyst hfcjdst jnyjitybz, dcnegfñobt d ghjnbdjhtxbt c rekmnehjq dctghjybrfñotq htrkfvs. Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl Lädbl Äuuthc ljåbkcz e xbnfntktq juhjvyjuj ecgtöf cdjtq rybujq ≤Leithfplbhfñobq nhel jitkjvbntkmyjuj utybz≥ (A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius), rjnjhfz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cvtksq ubåhbl hjvfyf b vtvefhjd b cjxtnftn bcgjdtlm b cdjåjlyjt kbnthfnehyjt gjdtcndjdfybt. F.V. Öjevc, Léjfyyf Crjn b Ötkty LtDbnn, nhb étyobys, gj cdjtve ndthljve eåtéltybñ gbieobt yt j ébpyb étyoby d cdjtq ctvmt b ljvfiytv jxfut – cnfhst cnthtjnbgs ébdexb, yt ecnegfñn cdjbv rjkktufv-veéxbyfv d bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb b ujnjdyjcnb gbcfnm d leöt dhtvtyb, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj yb jlyf bp ybö yt ljåbkfcm gjgekzhyjcnb Äkbc Ctåjkl (≤Hjlyst rjcnb≥, The Lovely Bones), Léäytn Abnx (≤Åtksq jktfylh≥, White Oleander) bkb Äyy Gfhrth (≤Ujkjdjq dybp c gbhcf Rkfeptyf≥, The Dive From Clausen’s Pier). Bynthtcyj jnvtnbnm, xnj rfélfz bp dsitegjvzyensö nhtö étyoby gbitn hjvfy, d jcyjde rjnjhjuj gjkjétyj leitdyjt gjnhzctybt xtkjdtrf d htpekmnfnt enhfns åkbprjuj. Létaahb Ñlébybltc VTÉYFWBJYFKMYFZ GTHCGTRNBDF Lheubv pfckeébdfñobv egjvbyfybz zhrj dshfétyysv bpvtytybtv ntyltywbb d hfpdbnbb kbnthfnehs zdbkjcm jåhtntybt tñ vtéyfwbjyfkmyjq gthcgtrnbds, ghbdytctybt d ytt vtéyfwbjyfkmyjuj cjlthéfybz b vtéyfwbjyfkmysö ntv. Hjlbdibqcz d Rbnft hjvfybcn b fdnjh hfccrfpjd Öf Wpbym d hjvfyt ≤Jéblfybt≥ (Waiting) b ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj hjvfyf ≤Cevfcitlibq≥ (The Crazed) gjkjébk yfxfkj jnhfétybñ d fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfneht gthbjlf rekmnehyjq htdjkñwbb d Rbnft. Fvthbrfytw erhfbycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz Fcrjkml Vtkmybxer d cdjtv ghjbpdtltybb ≤Gjcjk vthndtwjd≥ (Ambassador of the Dead) lftn dshfpbntkmyjt jgbcfybt hfytt pfvfkxbdfdiböcz eéfcjd Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjnjhst ghbikjcm gthtébnm ldev ctvmzv fvthbrfywtd erhfbycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. F hjlbdibqcz d Cfhftdj bvvbuhfyn Fktrcfylh Ötvjy, fdnjh cåjhybrf hfccrfpjd, jpfukfdktyyjuj ≤Djghjc Åheyj≥ (The Question of Bruno), d cdjtv hjvfyt ≤Xtkjdtr ybjnrelf≥ (Nowhere Man) kfdbhetn vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv, hfccrfpsdfz j ébpyb vjkjljuj xtkjdtrf bp Cfhftdj, rjnjhsq ctqxfc ébdtn d Xbrfuj. Xfyu-hft Kb d hjvfyt ≤Afkmibdfz ébpym≥ (A Gesture Life) njyrj b dshfpbntkmyj bpjåhféftn ébpym hjlbditujcz d Rjhtt zgjywf, rjnjhsq ébdtn d Fvthbrt b gsnftncz jcdjåjlbnmcz jn ghbphfrjd cdjtuj pfgznyfyyjuj ghjikjuj. Kfehtfn Gekbnwthjdcrjq ghtvbb Léöevgf Kföbhb, yfgbcfdibq ≤Njkrjdfntkz åjktpytq≥ (Interpreter of Maladies), b fdnjh ≤Enjgktyybrf≥ (Drown) Éeyj Lbfc jnyjczncz r njve hzle vjkjlsö gbcfntktq, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñn éfyh hfccrfpf lkz fyfkbpf ckjéysö nhtybq, djpybrfñobö vtéle kñlmvb, ébdeobvb d eckjdbzö hfpltktybz kñltq gj änybxtcrjve ghbpyfre. Gthdsq bp ldeö – fvthbrfytw bylbqcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, f dnjhjq – fvthbrfytw ljvbybrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Fyfkjubxyjt gjåeéltybt, njkmrj dshfétyyjt c gjvjomñ jåhfnyjq gthcgtrnbds, ghjcktébdftncz d nfrbö ghjbpdtltybzö, rfr hjvfy Fhnehf Abkkbgcf ≤Ghfuf≥ (Prague) b cnfdibq åtcnctkkthjv hjvfy Léjyfnfyf Cfahfyf Ajthf ≤B dct cdtnbkjcm≥ (Everything Is Iluminated). Jåf fdnjhf jgbcsdfñn ébpym d eckjdbzö lheujq rekmnehs c njxrb phtybz dsujlyjuj gjkjétybz fvthbrfywtd, ébdeobö b gentitcndeñobö pf uhfybwtq. Tckb Abkkbgc ghtkjvkztn yfi ytlfdybq rekmnehysq gthbjl gjchtlcndjv jgsnf uheggs fvthbrfycrbö ärcgfnhbfynjd, ébdeobö pf heåtéjv, – yf cfvjv ltkt yt d Ghfut, f d Åelfgtint (cvtyf bcnbyyjuj vtcnf ghtåsdfybz zdkztncz kbim kturjq ienrjq Rjkcjy Efqnötl Léöevgf Kföbhb 1 41 fdnjhf), – nj Ajth jgbcsdftn dcnhtxe vjkjljuj fvthbrfycrjuj gentitcndtyybrf (gj bvtyb Léjyfnfy Cfahfy Ajth) c ghjiksv cdjbö ghtlrjd d cjdhtvtyyjq Erhfbyt. Änjn hzl ghjbpdtltybq dsltkztncz yf ajyt njuj, xnj jcnftncz ecnjqxbdjq ghttvcndtyyjcnmñ jcyjdyjuj yfghfdktybz fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehs. Hfpkbxyst dbls fvthbrfycrjuj htfkbpvf gj-ghtéytve ibhjrj ghtlcnfdktys d hfåjnfö nfrbö gbcfntktq, rfr Hbxfhl Ajhl, Ebkmzv Rtyytlb, Cñ Vbkkth, Ejhl Léfcn, Fylht Lñåñ ÈÈÈ, Gbnth Vännöbccty b Abkbg Hjn. Tuj ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyyfz nhbkjubz, drkñxfñofz d ctåz ≤Fvthbrfycreñ Gfcnjhfkm≥, ≤Z dsikf pfveé pf rjvveybcnf≥ b ≤Pfgznyfyyeñ htgenfwbñ≥ (American Pastoral, I Married a Communist b The Human Stain), zdkztncz pyfxbntkmysv ljcnbétybtv kbnthfnehs gjcktlytuj ltcznbktnbz). Yt vtytt ≤htfkmyst≥, yj cnbkbcnbxtcrb åjktt nofntkmyj hfphfåjnfyyst dfhbfyns ghtlcnfdktys d ghjbpdtltybzö Fyyb Ghe b Rjhvfrf Vfrrfhnb, f nfrét Léjyf Fglfqrf, Ebkmzvf Djkkväyf b lheubö gbcfntktq. Vjéyj lj åtcrjytxyjcnb ghjljkéfnm gthtxbcktybt bvty. Yf jghtltktyyjv änfgt ibhjrbt nbgjkjubb hfcgflfñncz, b yfxbyftim jnvtxfnm ufkjxrjq tlbycndtyyst d cdjtv hjlt nfkfyns: åjktt edthtyysö d ctåt cnbkbcnjd-ärcgthbvtynfnjhjd, nfrbö rfr Hjåthn Redth, Lädbl Vfrcjy, Vähb Hjåbcjy b Léjhlé Cjylthc; ytjåsryjdtyysö hfccrfpxbrjd, cgjcjåysö cjplfdfnm ghjbpdtltybz cfvjq hfpyjq yfghfdktyyjcnb, nfrbö rfr Gjk Jcnth, Gjk Dtcn, Vfhr Ckerf, Ujdfhl Yjhvfy, Xfhkmp Åärcnth, Lfukfc Åjth, Léjyfnfy Lb, Fkkty Rehwdtqk, Äkfy Kfqnväy, Vfqrk Xfåjy, Vfhuj Kbdcb, Vjhby Öfefhl, N. R. Åjqk b Äyy Gänxtnn; dtljvsö ujkjcjv ñéfy, nfrbö rfr Gälétnn Gfeäkk, Kmñbc Yjhlfy, Lébkk Vfrrjhrk, Äkbpfåtn Rjrc, Kb Cvbn, Yäycb Ktvfyy, Åfhhb Öfyyf, Ljyyf Nfhnn b Äkkty Ubkrhfqcn. Jcjåj yeéyj jnvtnbnm Ybrjkcjyf Åtqrthf, rjnjhsq, jgbcsdfz ltqcndbntkmyjcnm, rfr ås ghtlcnfdkztn tt gjl edtkbxbntkmysv cntrkjv. Änj åskj öfhfrnthyj lkz tuj ghjps, yfxbyfz c gthdjuj hjvfyf ≤Gjvtotybt gjl cwtyjq≥ (The Mezzanine) b rjyxfz ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyysv ≤Rjhjårjv cgbxtr≥ (A Box of Matches), d rjnjhjv dct gjdtcndjdfybt hfpdjhfxbdftncz rfr hfpvsiktybt xtkjdtrf chtlybö ktn hfyybv enhjv e rfvbyf. Yt pfåsk kb z egjvzyenm rjuj-nj? Yfdthyzrf pfåsk egjvzyenm bvtyf ltcznrjd, cjnty ljcnjqysö gbcfntktq. Kñåjq, rnj åthtncz pf cjcnfdktybt jåpjhf, ljkéty ébnm c änbv gjcnjzyyj ghtcktleñobv dfc xedcndjv, xnj ds rjuj-nj pfåskb egjvzyenm. DSHFPBNTKMYST CHTLCNDF GJÄPBB Lkz gjänbxtcrjuj ndjhxtcndf nfrét öfhfrnthyj vyjujjåhfpbt cgjcjåjd dshfétybz. Jlyfrj nj, xnj ghtlcnfdkztncz åjufncndjv b hfpyjjåhfpbtv d vbht öeljétcndtyyjq ghjps, vyjubvb gjänfvb, c rjnjhsvb vyt ljdtkjcm åtctljdfnm, djcghbybvftncz rfr hfpheibntkmyjt hfpltktybt kbnthfnehs yf jnltkmyst dhféltåyj jnyjczobtcz lheu r lheue vtkrbt nthhbnjhbb. Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl gjäns ltkbkbcm yf ldf jcyjdysö kfuthz – ≤ajhvfkbcnjd≥ b cnjhjyybrjd hfpkbxysö dbljd ≤cdjåjlyjuj≥ cnböf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz gjkjétybt ytcrjkmrj bpvtybkjcm, b cenm yfåkñlfñotujcz vtéle gjänfvb hfcrjkf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jlyb bp ybö gjkmpeñncz zpsrjv d rfxtcndt jncskrb r rjyrhtnysv ghtlvtnfv b zdktybzv, n.t. rfr erfÖf Wpbym pfybt yf yfi jåsxysq vbh, f lkz lheubö zpsr ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cfvjljdktñoeñ cathe. Gjcktlybt drkñxfñn d ctåz nfreñ dtcmvf pfvtnyeñ kbxyjcnm, rfr Léjy Fiåthb b tuj vyjujxbcktyysö gjcktljdfntktq, f nfrét gjänjd, yföjlzoböcz gjl dkbzybtv Léjhb Uhäv, rjnjhfz rkfltn d jcyjde cdjbö dshfpbntkmysö ghbtvjd lbyfvbxtcrbq ghjwtcc djcghbznbz. Åkbprj ghbvsrfñn r ybv gjäns ärcgthbvtynfkmyjq irjks L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, drkñxfz Vfqrkf Gfkvthf, Xfhkmpf Åthycntqyf b Kby Ötlébyzy, rjnjhfz d cdjtq lkbyyjq gjävt “Oxota” yfgbcfkf cktleñobt cnhjrb: ≤Bvtyyj ghbywbg cdzpb, f yt ghbywbg ghbxbyyjcnb cgfcftn yfc jn gkjöjq åtcrjytxyjcnb / jöjnf pf ckjdjv yt zdkztncz ntymñ ckexfqyjcnb≥. Gjäns, bcgjkmpeñobt zpsr crjhtt rfr jncskre r rjyrhtnysv ghtlvtnfv b zdktybzv, jåhfpeñn ytcrjkmrj yfghfdktybq. Bvtñncz cnfhst yfcktlybrb vjlthybpvf, nfrbt rfr gjän-kfehtfn Hjåthn Gbycrbq, Ahäyr Åfqlfhn, Kebp Ukfr, Xfhkmp Cfqvbr b C.R. Ebkmzvc. Yfhzle c ybvb vs yföjlbv uhegge d jcyjdyjv vjkjlsö gjänjd, egjnhtåkzñobö åjktt cdjåjlysq zpsr, rjnjhsq cjlthébn vtymit bcnjhbxtcrb jåeckjdktyysö blbjv, drkñxfz Njvf Cktz, Äkfyf Ifgbhj, Hjpfyye Ejhhty, Utqk Vfpeh b Ñptaf Rjveyzre, c jlyjq cnjhjys, f c lheujq – gjänjd, bvtñobö ujhfplj åjkmieñ crkjyyjcnm r ajhvfkbpve, nfrbö rfr Ebkmzv Kjeufy, Lfyf Léjqz, Åhäl Ktqnöfepth, Ukby Vfrcdtkk, Ltåjhf Uhtuth b Vähb Léj Cjknth. Ujdjhz j lheubö uheggfö, erfétv yf gjänjd, rjnjhst d åjkmitq cntgtyb gjlxthrbdfñn kbxyjcnyjt yfxfkj cdjtuj gjänbxtcrjuj ndjhxtcndf, nfrbö rfr Vfhb Öje, Vfhr Ljenb b Ifhjy Jklp; vzurbq b ckturf cñhhtfkbcnbxtcrbq gjän-kfehtfn Åbkkb Rjkkbyc, b gjän gjétcnxt, jåkflfñobq ytcrjkmrj vhfxysv ñvjhjv Cnbdty Ljåbyc. D åjktt jåibhyjv jåpjht vjéyj åskj ås hfccrfpfnm j gjäpbb Njvfcf Kfrcf b Lädblf Ktvfyf, f nfrét j zhrjv b cdjtjåhfpyjv cfvjdshfétybb cnfhsö, åjktt ghbpyfyysö gjänjd, nfrbö rfr Älhbtyy Hbx, Hjåthn Åkfq, Ljyfkl Öjkk, Njv Ufyy b Lädbl Athhb. CTHMTPYSQ XBNFNTKM GJ-GHTÉYTVE ÉLTN YFCNJZOTQ KBNTHFNEHS Gthtöjlz jn gjäpbb r vfcinfåyjq rfhnbyt vbhf kbnthfnehs, vjéyj cvtkj endthélfnm, xnj cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghtjåhfpjdfybz jrfpfkb b ghjljkéfñn jrfpsdfnm cdjt djpltqcndbt yf kbnthfnehysq ghjwtcc. D bplfntkmcrjv ltkt, gjljåyj dctv lheubv jåkfcnzv, vepsre pfrfpsdfñn nt, e rjuj tcnm ltymub, b yfåkñlfñobqcz d gjcktlytt dhtvz abyfycjdsq cgfl d cjxtnfybb c cjöhfyzñotqcz ntyltywbtq cjplfybz rjhgjhfnbdysö rjyukjvthfnjd (rjnjhfz cjghjdjélftncz nhtåjdfybtv gjcktlybö j vfrcbvbpfwbb ≤bnjujdsö≥ ghbåsktq) jrfpsdftn lfdktybt yf ghbyjczobt vfkst ghbåskb kbnthfnehyst ghjtrns. Fdnjhfv cnfyjdbncz dct nhelytt ljåbdfnmcz jgeåkbrjdfybz cdjbö ghjbpdtltybq; htlfrnjhfv ghböjlbncz ujhfplj egjhytt hfåjnfnm lkz njuj, xnjås eujdjhbnm cdjt yfxfkmcndj yf bplfybt rybu, yt cekzobö åjkmijuj jåütvf ghjlfé. Yt cåskbcm lfdybt yfltéls, rjnjhst kbnthfnjhs gbnfkb d nt dhtvtyf, rjulf bplfntkmcrjt ltkj yföjlbkjcm d herfö ytpfdbcbvsö abhv. Gjxnb dct ytpfdbcbvst bplfntkmcndf bcxtpkb. Fyyb Ghe 1 42 D nj ét dhtvz åehyj hfpdbdfñofzcz äktrnhjyyfz rekmnehf ghjljkéftn cdjt gjåtlyjt itcndbt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj hfcödfkbdfdifzcz yf dct kfls äktrnhjyyfz rybuf (gjhnfnbdyjt ghbcgjcjåktybt, rjnjhjt, rfr gjkfufkb, dytctn rjhtyyst bpvtytybz d ghjwtcc xntybz) nfr b yt ghbébkfcm, gj cenb ltkf, gjnthgtd gjkysq ghjdfk b gjdcñle hfpheibd gkfys cgtwbfkbcnjd, vfkj rnj cjvytdftncz d njv, xnj d fcgtrns yfitq ébpyb, cdzpfyyst c ghjwtccjv xntybz, dnjhufñncz dct åjktt cjdhtvtyyst dbls hfpdktxtybq (dbltj, wbahjdst dbltjlbcrb b n.l.). B, rjytxyj ét, vs cksibv gjcnjzyyst éfkjås yf nj, xnj kbnthfnehf gthtcnftn åsnm cthmtpyjq. C lheujq cnjhjys (ybrfr yt jåjqnbcm åtp änjq ≤lheujq cnjhjys≥), gj-ghtéytve gbiencz, bplfñncz, ghjldbufñncz yf hsyjr b xbnfñncz ljcnjqyst rybub, b nfrbt gjkmpeñobtcz juhjvyjq gjgekzhyjcnmñ åtcnctkkths, rfr ≤Bcghfdktybz≥ b ≤Hjlyst rjcnb≥ yfgjvbyfñn dctv, rnj pfybvftncz rybéysv åbpytcjv, j njv, xnj éféleobq öjhjibö rybu cthmtpysq xbnfntkm yt bcxtp. Tckb ctqxfc yfåkñlftncz dtcmvf pfvtnyfz ntyltywbz r ghtjåkflfybñ åjktt zhrbö b bvtñobö åjkmieñ ghbnzufntkmyjcnm hfpdktxtybq, vs, ntv yt vtytt, jnvtxftv yterkjyysq hjcn xbckf rkeåjd kñåbntktq rybub b lheubö jåütlbytybq xbnfntktq. Hbcrjdfyyj ltkfnm jghtltktyyst ghjuyjps. Tckb yt cxbnfnm ghjhjxtcndf j gjzdktybb rjkzcrb åtp kjiflb (fdnjvjåbkz), jyb dctulf jrfpsdfkbcm ghtedtkbxtyysvb. ∆ GHJABKM: Gbcfntkmybwf Lébkk Vfrrjhrk Fvthbrfycrbt gbcfntkb dctulf jåkflfkb xedcndjv vtcnf. D xfcnyjcnb, gbcfntkb c Ñuf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – Ebkmzv Ajkryth, Ñljhf Etknb, Ntyytcb Ebkmzvc b hzl lheubö – öjhjij bpdtcnys cdjbv evtybtv rhfcjxyj b njxyj bpjåhféfnm änjn eybrfkmysq htubjy. Lébkk Vfrrjhrk ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlye bp yfcktlybw änjq nhflbwbb, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj d tt ndjhxtcndt yföjlbn jnhfétybt Yjdsq Ñu, xthtp rjnjhsq ghjöjlzn vtéle infnfvb crjhjcnyst fdnjcnhfls b d rjnjhjv ghbujhjlyst pjys b jåofz åscnhjntxyjcnm cnfkb ytjåhfnbvjq htfkmyjcnmñ. Jlyfrj d cdjbö gznb hjvfyfö b ldeö cåjhybrfö hfccrfpjd Vfrrjhrk gjllthébdftn b hfpdbdftn ecnyeñ nhflbwbñ, rjnjhfz cnfkf gjxnb ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ ñéyjq – b ctkmcrjq – rekmnehs. Jlyféls gbcfntkmybwf jöfhfrnthbpjdfkf cdjq cnbkm rfr ≤bcnjhbxtcrb ljcnjdthysq vtnjl gjdtcndjdfybz d ajhvt åtcwtkmyjuj hfpujdjhf≥. Ehjétyrf Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbys Vfrrjhrk dytpfgyj djikf d kbnthfnehe d 1984 u. d djphfcnt 26 ktn gjckt jrjyxfybz rjkktléf b extås d hfvrfö jlyjq bp ghjuhfvv gjlujnjdrb r ghjatccbb kbnthfnjhf, yfgbcfd ldf hjvfyf “The Cheer Leader” b ≤7 bñkz≥ (July 7th), rjnjhst åskb jgeåkbrjdfys jlyjdhtvtyyj. Vfrrjhrk jrfpfkfcm jlybv bp ntö fdnjhjd ghjbpdtltybq öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs, rjnjhsö jgtrfkj bplfntkmcndj ≤Fkujyrdby åerc≥, ytåjkmijt ytpfdbcbvjt bplfntkmcndj dscjrjghjatccbjyfkmyjq öeljétcndtyyjq, yfexyjq b ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs, åfpbheñottcz d Xfgtk-Öbkk, Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf. Ctqxfc, rjulf bplfyj eét ctvm rybu Vfrrjhrk, jyf b ≤Fkujyrdby≥ eét vyjuj ktn gkjljndjhyj cjnhelybxfñn b ljdjkmys lheu lheujv. Ndjhxtcndj Vfrrjhrk jnkbxftncz ytghbnzpfntkmysv ñvjhjv, yj d jcyjdt tt ghjbpdtltybq ktébn åjhmåf xtkjdtrf pf ljcnjqyeñ ébpym. ≤Z gbie j kñlzö, rjnjhst gsnfñncz hfpjåhfnmcz d ctåt, yfqnb cdjt vtcnj d jåotcndt b ljåbnmcz jn ytuj jghtltktyyjuj ehjdyz gjybvfybz, – jlyféls ghbpyfkfcm gbcfntkmybwf. – Xfcnj z yfxbyfñ cdjt ghjbpdtltybt c rfrjq-kbåj bltb, ghjcnj gjnjve, xnj jyf gjrfpfkfcm vyt cvtiyjq, yj gjnjv cnfhfñcm yfqnb ntvyeñ cnjhjye dctq bcnjhbb≥. Jnlfdfz ljkéyjt tt evtkjve ñvjhbcnbxtcrjve gjlöjle b yfåkñlfntkmyjcnb, rjulf htxm bltn j öfhfrntht gjdtltybz ñéfy, jlby bp rhbnbrjd pfvtnbk, xnj ≤jn änjuj tt dbltybt yt cnfyjdbncz vtytt xtkjdtxysv. Jyf gjrfpsdftn ckfåjcnb cdjbö gthcjyfétq, yj ghb änjv djplthébdftncz jn htprbö ceéltybq bkb uheåsö dsgfljd≥. Étyobys c Ñuf, jåhfps rjnjhsö Vfrrjhrk cjplftn d cdjbö hjvfyfö, nfrbö rfr ≤Rfhjkbyf Vey≥ (Carolina Moon) b ≤Gj ljhjut d Dbhlébybñ≥ (Tending to Virginia), d ghjbpdtltybzö, yfbåjktt eljdktndjhzñobö gbcfntkmybwe – cfvjuj hfpyjuj djphfcnf, jn gjlhjcnrjdjuj lj gjébkjuj. Nj, rfr jyf cgktnftn d rkeåjr cjåsnbz bö ébpyb, gjpdjkztn ujdjhbnm j étkfybb fdnjhf jödfnbnm ibhjrbq cgtrnh xtkjdtxtcrbö jnyjitybq b djcgtnm ytghthsdyjcnm ntxtybz ébpyb. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj Vfrrjhrk – rjhtyyfz ñéfyrf, d tt ndjhxtcndt jåceélfñncz eybdthcfkmyst ntvs. Dthjznyj, bvtyyj gj änjq ghbxbyt tt rybub gthtdtltys xtv yf åjktt ltcznm zpsrjd. Cåjhybr hfccrfpjd Vfrrjhrk, rjnjhfz ctqxfc ghtgjlftn gbcfntkmcrjt vfcnthcndj d Ufhdfhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt b Åtyybyunjycrjv rjkktlét, åsk jgeåkbrjdfy gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Hfås ghbdsxrb≥ (Creatures of Habit). Rfr pfvtnbk jlby bp jåjphtdfntktq, d änbö hfccrfpfö bpjåhféftncz, ≤rfrbv ljkéyj åsnm djpdhfotybt ljvjq, yj htlrj åsdftn – evbhjndjhzñobv, jåüzcyzñobv b d dscitq cntgtyb étkfntkmysv cjåsnbtv≥. ∆ Cdty Åthrthnc zdkztncz fdnjhjv itcnb rybu, drkñxfz ≤Äktubb Uentyåthuf: celmåf xntybz d äktrnhjyysq dtr≥ (The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age) b vtvefhjd ≤Vjb ytåtcyj ujkeåst pfyznbz≥ (My Blue Sky Trades). Lébkk Vfrrjhrk 1 43 Åtctlf c Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv Hfåjnfz d ntxtybt gjkedtrf htlfrnjhjv b bplfntktv, Létqcjy Ägcntqy cjplfk änfkjy bplfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. D rfxtcndt jcyjdfntkz bplfntkmcndf ≤Äyrjh åerc≥ jy cnfk gtxfnfnm d åevféyjv gthtgktnt rybub, cjlthéfobt kbnthfnehe cfvjuj dscjrjuj rfxtcndf, d gjhzlrt fkmnthyfnbds vfccjdjve hsyre njvjd d vzurjv gthtgktnt. Ägcntqy åsk htlfrnjhcrbv lbhtrnjhjv bplfntkmcndf ≤Häyljv öfec≥; jlybv bp jcyjdfntktq ghtcnbéyjuj kbnthfnehyjuj éehyfkf ≤Ymñ-Qjhr htdmñ ja åerc≥; cjplfntktv ≤Åbåkbjntrb Fvthbrb≥, bvtñotq cdjtq wtkmñ ghjldbétybt yf hsyjr hjcrjiysö bplfybq rkfccbxtcrbö ghjbpdtltybq fvthbrfycrjq öeljétcndtyyjq, yfexyjq b ljrevtynfkmyjq kbnthfnehs, f nfrét gjäpbb. Ägcntqy cnfk gthdsv kfehtfnjv Yfwbjyfkmyjq rybéyjq ghtvbb pf dslfñobtcz pfckeub gthtl fvthbrfycrjq kbnthfnehjq d pyfr ghbpyfybz tuj hfåjns d ≤bpjåhtntybz yjdsö dbljd bplfybz b htlfrnbhjdfybz ghjbpdtltybq≥. Djghjc: Åkfujghbznyjt kb ctqxfc dhtvz lkz bplfybz rybu d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö? Jndtn: Bplfdftvst ctqxfc yfexyst, ljrevtynfkmyst b ghjxbt rybub, yt jnyjczobtcz r rfntujhbb öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs, yt vtytt bynthtcys, xtv rybub, rjnjhst vs bplfdfkb 20 bkb 30 ktn yfpfl, f, djpvjéyj, lfét b bynthtcytq. Öjhjibt bcnjhbrb, drkñxfz ghjatccbjyfkjd b kñåbntktq d änjq jåkfcnb, yfexbkbcm njve, rfr yflj hfpujdfhbdfnm c vfccjdsv xbnfntktv, b bynthtc r gthdjrkfccyjq bcnjhbxtcrjq kbnthfneht cjjndtncndtyyj djphjc. Nj ét cfvjt jnyjcbncz r yfexyjq kbnthfneht. Hfåjnfñobt d änjq catht gbcfntkb nfrét yfexbkbcm yföjlbnm jåobq zpsr c xbnfntkzvb, yt bvtñobvb ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfexysö pyfybq. D jåkfcnb öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs ltkj jåcnjbn byfxt, b pltcm, rfr z gjkfufñ, yföjlbn jnhfétybt jlyf bp ghjåktv, ghbceofz rekmnehfv ≤gthdjuj vbhf≥. Bp ysytiytuj gjrjktybz gbcfntktq yt dsikj vyjuj nfkfynjd vbhjdjuj rkfccf, f yf änj, djpvjéyj, yfltzkbcm. Ytn ytljcnfnrf d bynthtcysö öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybzö, yj ytn b yt ghtldblbncz yjdsö Vtqkthjd, bkb Hjnjd, bkb Ötkkthjd, bkb Ljrnjhje, bkb LtKbkkj – gbcfntktq, ghjbpdtltybz rjnjhsö zdkzñncz jåzpfntkmysvb lkz cthmtpysö xbnfntktq. Yt vjue crfpfnm, vjéyj kb jåüzcybnm änj zdktybt ntv, xnj d ÖÖ dtrt dtkbcm jgecnjibntkmyst djqys. Cfvsvb bynthtcysvb yjdsvb gbcfntkzvb zdkzñncz dsöjlws bp Bylbb, Rbnfz, Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b lfét Bckfylbb, b tcnm dct jcyjdfybz gjkfufnm, xnj bp vyjétcndf kñltq kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, ghjébdfñobö ctqxfc d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, b dghtlm åelen gjzdkznmcz bynthtcyst nfkfyns. Rekmnehysq lbccjyfyc, c rjnjhsv ghböjlbncz cnfkrbdfnmcz änbv kñlzv, ljkéty lfnm bv åjufneñ gboe lkz cjplfybz dslfñoböcz ghjbpdtltybq öeljétcndtyyjq kbnthfnehs. Gjrf ét cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj ljkz xbnfntktq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö djphjckf, b vyt dctulf ghbznyj cvjnhtnm, Létqcjy Ägcntqy rfr d ymñ-qjhrcrjq gjlptvrt vjkjlst kñlb cfvjuj hfpyjuj änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz xbnfñn öjhjibt rybub. D: Yf dfi dpukzl, rfrbt ghjåktvs bvtñncz ctujlyz d rybujbplfntkmcrjv ltkt b d kbnthfneht? J: C lheujq cnjhjys, tcnm vyjuj ghbxby lkz åtcgjrjqcndf gj gjdjle ysytiytuj cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjq jnhfckb, rjnjhfz gthtébdftn jxtym cthmtpysq cnhernehysq rhbpbc, djpybribq d htpekmnfnt xhtpvthyjq wtynhfkbpfwbb hjpybxyjuj hsyrf. D jnkbxbt jn hsyrf kbnthfnehs ghjikjuj gjrjktybz, yf rjnjhjv åskj ghtlcnfdktyj jn 4000 lj 5000 ytpfdbcbvsö rybujnjhujdwtd, yf ctujlyziytv hsyrt ujcgjlcndetn ytpyfxbntkmyjt xbckj hjpybxysö ctntdsö vfufpbyjd, nhtåeñobö åscnhjuj jåjhjnf njdfhysö pfgfcjd c wtkmñ gjllthéfybz cdjtq ljhjujcnjzotq ltzntkmyjcnb b ghjbpdjlzobö jnåjh cdjbö njdfhysö pfgfcjd d wtynhfkbpjdfyyjv gjhzlrt. Änj htprj cjrhfoftn chjr ghtåsdfybz rybub yf ghbkfdrt, f, cktljdfntkmyj, b fccjhnbvtyn rybu, bvtñoböcz d yfkbxbb lkz xbnfntktq. D yfcnjzott dhtvz, d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, dthjznyj, yfcxbnsdftncz yt åjktt 50 bkb 60 ytpfdbcbvsö rybéysö vfufpbyjd c jåütvjv njdfhysö pfgfcjd d 100 000 bkb åjkmit yfbvtyjdfybq, xnj gjvjuftn jåüzcybnm ecgtö amazon.com. Jlyfrj, rfr cnfkj bpdtcnyj, ltzntkmyjcnm gjljåysö njhujdwtd yt ghbyjcbn ghbåskb, b cj dhtvtytv jyb vjuen ghtrhfnbnm cdjt ceotcndjdfybt. Bvtñofzcz ctnm gjcnfdobrjd, cyfåéfñobö rybufvb hjpybxyst rybéyst vfufpbys, zdyj ecnfhtkf b yf cnflbb gjcnfdrb åeltn gjcntgtyyj pfvtyznmcz äktrnhjyysv hfcghtltktybtv wbahjdsö afqkjd, hfcgtxfnfyysö b gthtgktntyysö d dblt rybu d åevféyjq jåkjért åbåkbjntxyjuj rfxtcndf. Änb rhfqyt hfpheibntkmyst ntöyjkjubb eét ceotcndeñn, yj d yfcnjzott dhtvz yt vjuen yfqnb ghbvtytybt, gjcrjkmre änj cltkftn ytyeéysv nfrbt nhflbwbjyyst bplfntkmcrbt aeyrwbb rfr wtynhfkbpjdfyyjt gtxfnfybt, abpbxtcrjt öhfytybt b gjcnfdre njdfhysö pfgfcjd, jhufybpfwbñ nhflbwbjyyjuj cåsnf, lf b cfvbö bplfntktq b njhujdwtd. Rjulf cj dhtvtytv cnfyen ghbvtyznmcz gjljåyst ntöyjkjubb, änj ghbdtltn r njve, xnj dj dctv vbht xbnfntkb gjkexfn ibhjrbq, ltitdsq b gjcnjzyysq ljcneg r vbkkbjyfv yfbvtyjdfybq rybu yf vyjubö zpsrfö. Cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl gjrf yt jrfpsdftn djpltqcndbz yf gthtxyb rybu, dsgecrftvsö bplfntkmcndfvb. Jlyfrj ghbåskb dj vyjubö bplfntkmcrbö rjyukjvthfnfö cybpbkbcm, b, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, gj-ghtéytve åelen evtymifnmcz. Nfr, yfghbvth, bplfntkmcrfz abhvf ≤Åthntkcvfyy≥ ghbcnegbkf r kbrdblfwbb ytrjnjhsö gjcnjzyysö pfnhfn gentv jåütlbytybz jnltkmysö gjlhfpltktybq, yfvthtdfzcm ghb änjv cjrhfnbnm yt njkmrj yfrkflyst hfcöjls, yj b xbckj bplfybq. Vjhfkmyjt cjcnjzybt d änjq jnhfckb jcnfdkztn étkfnm kexituj. Jlyfrj jåyfltébdfñobv ghbpyfrjv pltcm zdkztncz gjdctvtcnyjt gjzdktybt vfksö bplfntkmcnd, åjkmibycndj bp rjnjhsö endthlbkj e ctåz dscjrbt kbnthfnehyst cnfylfhns. Celz gj dctve, dhtvz bplfntkmcrbö rjyukjvthfnjd gjlöjlbn r rjywe yfhzle c hjpybxysvb ctntdsvb rybéysvb vfufpbyfvb, d rjnjhsö ghjlféb rybu d jlbyfrjdsö vfufpbyfö pfgfplsdfñn yf ytcrjkmrj rdfhnfkjd. Jlyfrj kñlb gj-ghtéytve åelen hfccrfpsdfnm bcnjhbb, rfr hfccrfpsdfkb bö yf pfht ceotcndjdfybz xtkjdtxtcndf, f lheubt kñlb åelen ghjljkéfnm bö xbnfnm. D cdzpb c änbv vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cnhernehysq rhbpbc, jödfnbdibq bplfntkmcreñ jnhfckm, hfyj bkb gjplyj – nfr bkb byfxt – åeltn ghtjljkty. Åtctljdfk c Létqcjyjv Ägcntqyjv Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. 1 44 DBPEFKMYJT BCRECCNDJ CNBHFYBT UHFYBW ÄKBYJH ÖFHNYB Rjulf-nj vjéyj åskj ytcrjkmrbvb vtnrbvb ahfpfvb lfnm jåoeñ öfhfrnthbcnbre cjdhtvtyysv yfghfdktybzv d fvthbrfycrjv bcreccndt – d jlyjv ckexft ujlbkfcm ahfpf: ≤fåcnhfrnyfz, ägfnféyfz ébdjgbcm≥, d lheujv – ≤djpdhfn r ajhvt, jhyfvtynfwbb bkb fkktujhbxtcrjve bpjåhfétybñ≥. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ujhfplj nhelytt njxyj jghtltkbnm jcyjdyjt yfghfdktybt c gjvjomñ ahfp, öjnz ås jnlfktyyj ghbåkbéfñoböcz r gjljåyjve ehjdyñ njxyjcnb. Xfcnbxyj änj jåüzcyztncz ntv, xnj bpvtybkjcm bcreccndj, f jnxfcnb ntv, xnj bpvtybkcz vbh. Ntv yt vtytt, z gjkfufñ, xnj bvttncz hzl jghtltktyysö ntyltywbq, öfhfrnthysö lkz bcreccndf ctujlyziytuj lyz. Xfcnj ljcnbxm jgnbvfkmyjuj gjybvfybz änbö ntyltywbq elftncz gentv hfccvjnhtybz ndjhxtcndf jnltkmysö öeljéybrjd, yfbåjktt zhrj b njxyj ghtlcnfdkzñobö nj bkb byjt yfghfdktybt, b hfpvsiktybq j njv, yfcrjkmrj änb öeljéybrb hfcibhzñn yfit gjybvfybt b yfib ltabybwbb bcreccndf. lyfrj ghtélt, xtv vs cevttv cltkfnm änj, åskj ås wtktcjjåhfpysv dybvfntkmytt gjljqnb r cfvjve gjyznbñ ≤fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj≥. Änf yf gthdsq dpukzl rféeofzcz ghjcnjq rfntujhbz yf cfvjv ltkt zdkztncz yfvyjuj åjktt ckjéyjq, xtv yfv rfétncz. Eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj ceotcndetn nfrjt zdktybt, rfr ≤fvthbrfycrbq cnbkm≥ d ébdjgbcb bkb crekmgneht, rjnjhsq erfpsdftn yf yfkbxbt ytrjtq ceueåj ≤fvthbrfycrjq≥ öfhfrnthyjq jcjåtyyjcnb, åskj ytrjulf ytpsåktvsv gjcnekfnjv vjlthybcncrjuj bcreccndjdtltybz. Jlyfrj d yfcnjzott dhtvz gjyznbt ≤fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj≥ jnyñlm yt juhfybxbdftncz utjuhfabxtcrbvb hfvrfvb, yfwbjyfkmysv ghjbcöjéltybtv bkb njxrjq phtybz. Dvtcnj änjuj, cjxtnfybt nfrbö afrnjhjd, rfr ukjåfkbpfwbz hsyrjd, kturjcnm vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåotybz b rjxtdjq jåhfp ébpyb öeljéybrjd, rjnjhst xfcnj gthttpéfñn bp jlyjq cnhfys d lheueñ, dytckj cdjq drkfl d bcreccndj, hfpvsd xtnrbt ghtlcnfdktybz j yfwbjyfkmyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb d änjv vbht. Lkz öeljéybrjd cnfkj jåsxyjq ghfrnbrjq yfpsdfnm vtcnjv cdjtuj ghjébdfybz ytcrjkmrj cnhfy b jåüzdkznm ctåz fvthbrfywtv byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Ytlfdyj z gjctnbkf dscnfdre, yf rjnjhjq åskb ghtlcnfdktys öeljéybrb dctuj vbhf. Nfv z dcnhtxfkfcm c öeljéybrfvb cfvsö hfpysö cnhfy – jlby ghbtöfk c Reås, lheujq – bp Ybuthbb, nhtnbq – bp Rbnfz. Jlyfrj gjpét z jåyfheébkf, xnj dct nhjt ghjébdfñn ctqxfc d Ymñ-Qjhrt dctuj d ytcrjkmrbö vbkzö jn vjtuj ljvf. Gjljåyfz gjldbéyjcnm zdkztncz dféysv äktvtynjv d kñåjv jåceéltybb ctujlyziytuj fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf. D cdtltybb yf ytn uhfybw vtéle yfhjlfvb, gj rhfqytq vtht, d jåkfcnb bcreccndf yföjlbn jnhfétybt bcxtpyjdtybt b dctdjpvjéysö bysö uhfybw. Dhzl kb rnj-ybåelm dct tot dshféftn åtcgjrjqcndj gj gjdjle eybrfkmysö öfhfrnthbcnbr ébdjgbcb b crekmgnehs. Njxyj nfr ét, rfr öeljéybrb ctqxfc ≤ghsufñn≥ gj dctve ptvyjve ifhe, ckjdyj buhfñn d ≤rkfccbrb≥, jyb ghb cjplfybb cdjbö ghjbpdtltybq tot b åtpj dczrbö ecbkbq ≤gthtcrfrbdfñn≥ c jlyjuj ntöybxtcrjuj chtlcndf yf lheujt, jlyjdhtvtyyj bcgjkmpez yt njkmrj nhflbwbjyyst vfnthbfks, yj b wbahjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ, ntf– nhfkmyeñ bycnfkkzwbñ, ajnjuhfabb, gthajhvfyc, vepsre, rbyjabkmvs b dbltj. ≤Jåotljcnegyjt bcreccndj≥ nfrét rjulf-nj jpyfxfkj ecnfyjdre vfccbdysö crekmgneh yf jåotcndtyyjq gkjofÅtp yfpdfybz (The Cuddler) Jajhn Léjyf Rfhhbyf J 1 45 lb. Ntgthm ét jåotljcnegyjt bcreccndj c nfrbv ét ecgtöjv vjétn gjzdkznmcz d Bynthytnt bkb ghtlcnfdkznm cjåjq exfcnbt ytåjkmibö uhegg kñltq, ghjébdfñobö d jlyjv hfqjyt, d hfåjnt yfl ghjtrnjv, rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn vtcnysq bynthtc. Yt vtymit bpvtybkjcm b ghtéytt ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj bcreccndj yt ljkéyj dsöjlbnm pf ghtltks cdjtq caths. D yfcnjzott dhtvz öeljéybrb drkñxfñn d cdjt ndjhxtcndj yfere, gjkbnbre, htkbubñ, fhöbntrnehe b ärjkjubñ, f nfrét yfltñncz jrfpsdfnm cdjbv bcreccndjv dkbzybt, hfcghjcnhfyzñottcz lfktrj pf ghtltks öeljétcndtyyjq ufkthtb. HFCIBHTYYJT JGHTLTKTYBT BCRECCNDF Yföjéltybt cdjtuj genb d änjv yjdjv ≤ghtrhfcyjv≥ vbht bcreccndf nhtåetn jhbubyfkmyjcnb evf b ujnjdyjcnb hfccnfnmcz c ghtldpznsvb ceéltybzvb. Änj zdcndetn bp kñåjuj jåpjhf ntö bkb bysö öeljéybrjd, ghjbpdtltybz rjnjhsö ctqxfc dspsdfñn cgjhs. Jlybv bp cfvsö pyfvtybnsö ghtlcnfdbntktq vbhf bcreccndf yf ctujlyziybq ltym zdkztncz Vänmñ Åfhyb, öeljéybr b rbytvfnjuhfabcn, ndjhxtcndj rjnjhjuj cnfkj ntvjq jlyjq bp rhegytqibö htnhjcgtrnbdysö dscnfdjr d Veptt Ueuutyöfqvf d Ymñ-Qjhrt. Åfhyb cjtlbyztn d ctåt rbytvfnjuhfabcnf b öeljéybrf-bycnfkkznjhf, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj tuj bycnfkkzwbb d jcyjdyjv cjcnjzn bp ltrjhfwbq, dpznsö cj cütvjxysö gkjofljr tuj cjåcndtyysö abkmvjd. Tuj cfvjt rhegyjt b dslfñottcz ghjbpdtltybt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq, cjcnjzobq bp gznb xfcntq ctvbxfcjdjq abkmv gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Rhtvfcnth≥ (Cremaster). Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj rfélfz tuj xfcnm gj lkbyt b dbpefkmyjq jnltkrt yfgjvbyftn öeljétcndtyysq abkmv, bvtñncz ytrjnjhst pyfxbntkmyst jnkbxbz vtéle ntv, xnj vjéyj edbltnm d vtcnyjv rbyjntfnht, b abkmvfvb, rjnjhst Åfhyb ghtlkfuftn lkz ghjcvjnhf. Dj dctv änjv jgect cjlthébncz kbim 12 cnhjr lbfkjuf, f cfv abkmv yfgbxrfy lbrjdbyysvb gthcjyféfvb b ceotcndfvb, d rjnjhsö cvtibdfñncz gjk b dbls. Egjvzyenst gznm xfcntq pfnhfubdfñn dct, jn nfywtdfkmysö yjvthjd Åfcåb Åthrtkb d Ujkkbdelt nhblwfnsö ujljd ghjikjuj cnjktnbz lj eåbqws Uähb Ubkvjhf b vfcjycrjuj hbnefkf gjcdzotybz. Rbyjgjdtcndjdfybt jnkbxftncz rhfqytq ldecvscktyyjcnmñ, b rhbnbrb hfcöjlzncz d tuj njkrjdfybb. Xnj ltkftn Åfhyb jlybv bp ntö öeljéybrjd, djrheu rjnjhjuj ctujlyz hfpujhfñncz cfvst éfhrbt cgjhs, nfr änj Vännmñ Hbnxb (yfdthöe) ghbjåhtk bpdtcnyjcnm rfr cjplfyyjq bv yf cjåcndtyyjv dtå-cfqnt rjcvjkjubtq, nfr b cdjtq fåcnhfrnyjq, xhtpdsxfqyj ckjéyjq yfcntyyjq ébdjgbcmñ b cdjbvb yfgjkmysvb hfåjnfvb. Sea State One, 2001 ujl (ajnj dybpe),jnnbcr dscjrjq gtxfnb b rybuf öeljéybrf (pltcm yt ghbdjlbncz); 16 ö 32 lñqvf, nbhfé – 70 ärptvgkzhjd, wtyf 1200 ljkkfhjd CIF. Jgeåkbrjdfyf bplfntkmcndjv ≤Fhnbcnc cgtqc≥ d 2001 ujle. Nbhfé yfgtxfnfy nbgjuhfabtq ≤Ne gfkvp ghtcc≥, Ymñ-Qjhr. C hfphtitybz änjuj öeljéybrf b ≤Fylhtf Hjpty Ufkkthb≥, Ymñ-Qjhr. (Cktdf dybpe) Iföpbz Cbrfylth b tt ahtcrf Chaman, gjrhsnfz nrfymñ, d Ufkthtt ≤Abkbg Vjhhbc≥ Veptz fvthbrfycrjuj bcreccndf Ebnyb. (Cghfdf) Plfybt c ytzcysvb jxthnfybzvb (The Blur Building) – ndjhtybt fhöbntrnjhjd Äkbpfåtn Lbkkth b Hbrfhlj Crjablbj lkz ≤Cdbcc Ärcgj 2002≥ – yf cfvjv ltkt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gjldtityyeñ gkfnajhve, jrenfyyeñ dtxysv jåkfrjv bcreccndtyyjuj nevfyf. tuj vtnjl jhufybxyjuj cvtitybz gjgekzhyjq rekmnehs, cjåcndtyyjq afynfpbb, fccjwbfwbq bp jåkfcnb dscjrjuj bcreccndf b fhöbntrnehs b gjhfpbntkmyjq jåhfpyjcnb b ghtdytctybt dctuj änjuj d ytrbq ckjéysq b cnhjubq rbytvfnjuhfabxtcrbq vbh, rjnjhsq d jlbyfrjdjq cntgtyb eåtlbntkty cfv gj ctåt b nhelty lkz gjybvfybz. Ghjbpdtltybz Åfhyb vjéyj b lfét yeéyj cvjnhtnm ytcrjkmrj hfp. Dj dhtvz änbö ghjcvjnhjd ds åeltnt dct kexit gjybvfnm, rfr cgktnftncz d tlbyjt wtkjt nofntkmyj b bcrecyj gjljåhfyyfz cjdjregyjcnm tuj cjåcndtyysö cbvdjkjd. Cthbfk Åfhyb ≤Rhtvfcnth≥ lftn yfv rkñx r njve, rfr vjéyj cjxtnfnm bpjåhfpbntkmyjt bcreccndj c rbytvfnjuhfajv lkz cjplfybz xtuj-nj nfrjuj, xnj zdkztncz rhfqyt lfktrbv jn yfibö ghbdsxysö jéblfybq d jnyjitybb änbö ldeö dbljd bcreccndf. Ytxnj gjljåyjt ghjbcöjlbn b d cjtlbytybb bcreccndf c fhöbntrnehjq, xnj bvttn vtcnj d ndjhxtcndt Äkbpfåtn Lbkkth b Hbrfhlj Crjablbj. 1 46 Ghjatccbjyfkmyst fhöbntrnjhs, jlbyfrjdj öjhjij jhbtynbheñobtcz b d vbht bcreccndf, Lbkkth b Crjablbj cjplfñn hfåjns, rjnjhst pfcnfdkzñn pflfnmcz djghjcjv, xnj ét nfrjt fhöbntrnehf b rfrjdj tt yfpyfxtybt d vbht. Bö yfbåjktt bpdtcnyjq hfåjnjq zdkztncz gkzéysq ljvbr, ghjtrn rjnjhjuj ghbyzkb, yj cfv ljvbr nfr b yt gjcnhjbkb. Jy åsk cghjtrnbhjdfy hflb dblf, jnrhsdfñotujcz bp tuj tlbycndtyyjuj jryf. Vfrtn änjuj yt bvtñotuj lheubö jrjy ljvbrf bvttn nfrjq bpubå, xnj egjvzyensq dbl ytljcnegty lj ntö gjh, gjrf yt ghjqltim xthtp bynthmth, d rjnjhjv rfr ås vtéle ghjxbv hfcgjkjétys dct jcyjdyst rjvgjytyns jåsxyjuj ljvf. Jlyfrj jcyjdysv äktvtynjv lfyyjuj cnhjtybz zdkztncz åjkmijt cntrkzyyjt jryj d lfkmytv rjywt gjvtotybz, rjnjhjt, rfr änj yb cnhfyyj, jrfpsdftncz cdjtuj hjlf xfitq Uhffkz, rjnjhjq ghfrnbxtcrb ytkmpz pfdkfltnm. Rfr njkmrj gjctnbntkb ghjöjlzn xthtp ljvbr, xnjås ljåhfnmcz lj ljkujélfyyjuj dblf, jyb jåyfheébdfñn, xnj jy d jcyjdyjv pfujhjéty dbltjcbcntvjq, rjnjhfz gjrfpsdftn tuj pfgbcfyysq dfhbfyn. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, änjn ljvbr zdkztncz rfr aeyrwbjyfkmysv plfybtv, nfr b ghjbpdtltybtv rjywtgnefkmyjuj bcreccndf, rjnjhjt ghtlkfuftn yfv pflfnm ctåt djghjc j njv, rfr vs djcghbybvftv htfkmyjcnm. Rhjvt njuj, Lbkkth b Crjablbj pfybvfñncz bpextybtv njuj, rfr yfi jgsn djcghbznbz ghjcnhfycndf vtyztncz d htpekmnfnt yfåkñltybz pf yfvb. Änj ghjljkétybt bö hfytt ghjzdktyyjuj bynthtcf r njve, rfr jryf cjplfñn yjdjt joeotybt ghjphfxyjcnb d vjlthybcncrjq fhöbntrneht. Jlby gjljåysq ghjtrn cdzpfy c lbpfqyjv bynthmthf htcnjhfyf, d rjnjhjv gjcnfdbkb rfvths yfåkñltybz, yfghfdktyyst yf cblzobö d åfht gjctnbntktq. Pfntv bö bpjåhfétybz gthtlfñncz yf vjybnjhs, dblbvst pf ghtltkfvb htcnjhfyf ghjöjébvb yf ekbwt. D htpekmnfnt, änf hfåjnf gjkyjcnmñ gthtdjhfxbdftn jåsxyst cdzpb vtéle yfåkñlfntkzvb b yfåkñlftvsvb, dyjdm bpvtyzz djcghbznbt yfvb yfituj jnyjitybz r vbhe. BCRECCNDJ RFR ÉBPYM Gjljåyst hfåjns hfcibhzñn jghtltktybt bcreccndf, cnfdz tuj d jlby hzl c fhöbntrnehjq. Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv lheubt öeljéybrb gthtyjczn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm d jåkfcnb bcreccndf yf rjhgjhfnbdyst vjltkb jhufybpfwbb. Bvtyyj nfreñ cnhfntubñ bpåhfkf lkz ctåz Léekbz Ith, rjnjhfz pfybvftncz ntvjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b dkflttn rjvgfybtq ≤Ctrmñhbnb åfq Léekbz≥. Cjplfdfz cdjb hfåjns d ufkthtzö b lheubö bycnbnenfö, jyf åthtn yf dhtvz jåjheljdfybt rjvgfybq, pfybvfñoböcz jåtcgtxtybtv åtpjgfcyjcnb – rfvths yfåkñltybz, rjynhjkbheñobt ecnhjqcndf, fggfhfnehe, gjpdjkzñoeñ gthtlfdfnm gj cbcntvt dyenhtyytq cdzpb cjjåotybz, ecgjrfbdfñobt gjctnbntktq, b hfåjxbt cnjks, pf rjnjhsvb cblzn kñlb, jltnst d hjpjdeñ eybajhve tt rfvgfybb. D wtkzö jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb yf jnrhsnbb ije d ≤Fylhtf Hjpty ufkthb≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, Ith fhtyljdfkf dthnjktns cktétybz lkz rbyjcütvrb gjctnbntktq, döjlzobö d äne ufkthtñ b dsöjlzobö bp ytt, b ltvjycnhbhjdfkf jncyznst bpjåhfétybz yf ecnfyjdktyysö d gjvtotybb ufkthtb vjybnjhfö. Gjljåyst bycnfkkzwbb gfhjlbheñn b d nj ét dhtvz gjlhsdfñn ceotcndeñott d yfit dhtvz ljdthbt r ntöyjkjubb, ghbpdfyyjq jåtcgtxbdfnm yfv joeotybt kbxyjq b jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Gjljåyst öeljéybrb ghblfñn yjdjt pdexfybt lfdytq vtxnt fdfyufhlbcnjd j cnbhfybb uhfyb vtéle bcreccndjv b ébpymñ. D jghtltktyyjv cvsckt d bö ndjhxtcndt bcreccndj cnfyjdbncz ébpymñ. Vyjubt öeljéybrb, hfåjnfñobt ctujlyz d jåkfcnb jåotljcnegyjuj bcreccndf, cnfhfñncz ghtdhfnbnm ébntktq njuj hfqjyf, d rjnjhjv gjzdzncz ghjbpdtltybz änbö öeljéybrjd, d frnbdysö exfcnybrjd cdjtuj ndjhxtcndf. 1 47 Öeljéybwf Lé. Vjhufy Gmñtnn cjplfkf jcjåtyyj ghbdktrfntkmysq jåhfptw gjljåyjuj gjlöjlf lkz ghjdjlbditujcz d 2002 u. atcnbdfkz ≤Cgjktnj≥ d Xfhkmcnjyt, Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf. Tt ghjbpdtltybt yfpsdfkjcm ≤Yfljvyjt ghjbpdjlcndj≥ (Cottage Industry), b d jghtltktyyjv cvsckt jyj ltqcndbntkmyj zdkzkjcm nfrjdsv. D jlyjv bp hfqjyjd, ult hfytt ghjébdfkb fahjfvthbrfyws, Gmñtnn pfyzkf jåbnsq ljcrfvb ljv, bp rjnjhjuj eét åskb dsctktys ébkmws d cdzpb c ghtlcnjzotq htrjycnherwbtq änjuj ébkjuj rdfhnfkf. Öeljéybwf ghtdhfnbkf egjvzyenjt gjdblfditt dbls cnhjtybt d ytåjkmieñ idtqyeñ afåhbre. Hfåjnfz c vtcnysvb nrfxböfvb, idtzvb b rhfcbkmobwfvb, Gmñtnn cjplfkf fccjhnbvtyn ntrcnbkmysö nrfytq b ghtlvtnjd jltéls, cjtlbyzdibö d ctåt jnyjczobtcz r ghjikjve äktvtyns jltéls, rjnjheñ yjcbkb gkfynfnjhs b hfås Ñéyjq Rfhjkbys lj Uhfélfycrjq djqys. Yf gthbjl hfåjns änjq dscnfdrb, evtkmws, hfåjnfñobt c änjq bpjåhtnfntkmyjq öeljéybwtq, ghtjåhfpjdfkb cnfhsq ljv b cjplfkb d ytv rjyathtyw-pfks, cnelbñ lbpfqyf, ytåjkmijt idtqyjt fntkmt, nrfwrbq wtö b gjvtotybt, d rjnjhjv gjctnbntkb vjukb ltkfnm pfrfps yf hfpkbxyst ghtlvtns jltéls. Gmñtnn öjntkf ljytcnb lj gjctnbntktq dscnfdrb b ytrjnjhjt gjkbnbxtcrjt cjlthéfybt. Tt öeljétcndtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt d dblt idtqyjq afåhbrb ckeébkj bv yfgjvbyfybtv j cehjdjq bcnjhbb Xfhkmcnjyf. Jyj nfrét ghtlcnfdkzkj cjåjq jåhfpwjdjt vfkjt ghtlghbznbt, rjnjhjt vjukb ås cjplfnm b ébntkb änjuj hfqjyf. Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenjt öeljétcndtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt lfkj djpvjéyjcnm öeljéybrfv b hzljdsv gjctnbntkzv gjujdjhbnm j djpltqcndbb ghjwtccf htrjycnherwbb ébksö rdfhnfkjd änjuj ujhjlf yf yfbåjktt ezpdbvst ckjb ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz. ≤Öeljétcndtyyfz≥ xfcnm lfyyjuj ghjtrnf drkñxfkf d ctåz cjplfybt ghbxelkbdsö rjcnñvjd b vjåbkbpfwbñ ecbkbq recnfhtq Xfhkmcnjyf. DBHNEFKMYFZ CATHF Fvthbrfycrjt bcreccndj gjlxbyztn cdjtve ujcgjlcnde b dbhnefkmyeñ cathe, gjcrjkmre öeljéybrb cjplfñn ghjbpdtltybz, j rjnjhsö vjéyj gjkexbnm ghtlcnfdktybt njkmrj d Bynthytnt. Jlybv bp yfbåjktt jhbubyfkmysö öeljéybrjd nfrjuj hjlf zdkztncz Vännmñ Hbnxb, rjnjhsq bpjåhtk wtkeñ rjcvjkjubñ, ghtlcnfdktyyeñ b ytcrjkmrj pfufljxyj jåüzcyztveñ yf tuj cfqnt dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb. Jcyjdfyysq yf vbafö j cjplfybb vbhf d pfgflyjq rekmneht b ghbvtyzz cdjtuj hjlf bynthfrnbdyeñ buhjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ Bynthytnf, Hbnxb ghblevfk ctvthsö ytåjébntktq c ytrjnjhsvb gjdhtéltybzvb, Lé. Vjhufy Gmñänn djpdhfnbkf r ébpyb jlyj bp gecneñobö plfybq d Xfhkmcnjyt, infn Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf, cdjbv cjwbfkmyj jcvscktyysv ghjbpdtltybtv bcreccndf ≤Yfljvyjt ghjbpdjlcndj≥ (Cottage Industry). rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn hfpkbxyst xfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjuj vjpuf. Cåhjityyst c ytåtc jyb gflfñn yf Ptvkñ b hfpåbdfñncz yf ctuvtyns yf nthhbnjhbb ctvb rjynbytynjd. Änb ahfuvtynfhyst ceotcndf cjtlbyzñncz dvtcnt b gjcnjzyyj jåhfpeñn yjdst cjxtnfybz, cjplfdfz ntv cfvsv gjxnb åtcrjytxyeñ cjdjregyjcnm djpvjéysö gjdtcndjdfybq, c rjnjhsvb vjuen pyfrjvbnmcz gjkmpjdfntkb Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb. Ntv dhtvtytv lkz ntö, rnj ghtlgjxbnfñn, xnjås bö bcreccndj öjnz ås jlyjq yjujq cnjzkj d ≤htfkmyjv≥ vbht, Hbnxb nfrét gthtdjlbn cdjb gjdtcndjdfybz d fåcnhfrnyst ébdjgbcyst gjkjnyf, rjnjhst hfpvtofñncz yf cntyfö, gjnjkrfö b gjke ufkthtq. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjdtcndjdfybz Hbnxb, djpvjéyj, b yt gjllfñncz gjybvfybñ dj dctö jnyjitybzö, jy, ytcjvytyyj, djcghjbpdtk fkktujhbñ ndjhxtcndf, djcgtdfñoeñ hjkm öeljéybrf rfr yjdfnjhf, d djjåhfétybb rjnjhjuj hjélfñncz yjdst vbhs. Rhjvt njuj, öeljéybrb cjxtnfñn d cdjtv ndjhxtcndt wbahjdeñ ntöyjkjubñ c åjktt nhflbwbjyysvb ntöybxtcrbvb chtlcndfvb. Jlybv bp yfbåjktt zhrbö ghbvthjd gjljåyjuj cjxtnfybz zdkzñncz hfåjns hjlbditqcz d Gfrbcnfyt b åfpbheñotqcz d Ymñ-Qjhrt öeljéybws Cföföpbb Cbrfylth, rjnjhfz exbkfcm nhflbwbjyyjq ntöybrt vbybfnñhs. Yfbåjkmitq gjgekzhyjcnmñ gjkmpeñncz ytéyst frdfhtkb änjq öeljéybws, d rjnjhsö d afynfcnbxtcrjq vfytht ghbxelkbdj cjtlbyzñncz d tlbyjt wtkjt hfpkbxyst cnjhjys byleccrbö b bckfvcrbö jåhfpjd étyoby. Jlyfrj dj dhtvz cdjtuj ghjébdfybz d Ntöfct, jyf cjplfkf wbahjdeñ ≤rfhnbye≥, d rjnjhjq bpjåhfétyyst yf gjdthöyjcnb ytåjkmijuj ghjtrwbjyyjuj ajyfhz ahfuvtynfhyst jåhfps, ntrcns b cbvdjks, gjxthgyenst bp fpbfncrbö b pfgflysö öeljétcndtyysö nhflbwbq, vtlktyyj bcxtpfñn b gjzdkzñncz dyjdm. Änjn ghjwtcc gjpdjkztn tq cjplfnm yfukzlysq jåhfp gjcnjzyyj b åscnhj vtyzñotujcz öfhfrnthf kbxyjcnb, jåhfp, rjnjhsq nfr åkbpjr, gthtébn b gjyzn yf cjåcndtyyjv jgsnt öeljéybrfvbävbuhfynfvb d cjdhtvtyyjv, gjldthétyyjv ghjwtcce ukjåfkbpfwbb vbht bcreccndf. JÅSXYJT C YTJÅSXYSV Bp dctuj änjuj bccktljdfybz yjdsö chtlcnd, vtnjljd b vfnthbfkjd, ghbvtyztvsö d bcreccndt, djdct yt cktletn, xnj öeljéybrb jnrfpfkbcm jn tuj nhflbwbjyysö gentq. Tot jlyf cjdhtvtyyfz ntyltywbz cjcnjbn d gththfåjnrt ghjdthtyysö dtrfvb öeljétcndtyysö nhflbwbq. Pltcm cöjlzofz yf ytn uhfybwf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq hfpltkbntkmyeñ kbybñ vtéle ghjiksv b yfcnjzobv. Jnrfpsdfzcm jn ädjkñwbjyyjq ntjhbb bcnjhbb bcreccndf, gjljåyst öeljéybrb hfphfåfnsdftn nhflbwbb, rjnjhst eét lfdyj åskb jåüzdktys ecnfhtdibvb. Nfr, yfghbvth, Ejknjy Ajhl cjplftn rfhnbys ghbhjls, d rjnjhsö ghbcencndetn xhtpvthysq htfkbpv b bpscrfyyjcnm yfnehfkbcnbxtcrbö bkkñcnhfwbq akjhs b afeys öeljéybrf ÖÈÖ dtrf Léjyf Létqvcf La Historia Me Absalvera, 1999 ujl AP 1, wdtnyfz uhfdñhf, Jlñåjyf. Jlyfrj Ajhl ghblfbcgjkytyyfz Ejknjyjv Ajhljv tn cdjbv rfhnbyfv ytjåsxysq frdfnbynjq b ceöjq bukjq yf cfnbybhjdfyyjq åevfut öfhfrnth – ddjlbn d ybö ñvj≤Cjvvthctn≥; 44 ö 30 lñqvjd, hbcnbxtcrbt gjlhjåyjcnb, rjnjPKE 4619. 1 48 hst ghtdhfofñn änb rfhnbys d cfnbhbxtcrbt fkktujhbb bvgthcrjq dkfcnb. D cthbb rfhnby, dscnfdktyysö d ≤Gjk Rfpvby ufkthb≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, yf jlyjq bp ybö bpjåhfétyf jåtpmzyf, lthéfofz d kfgt cnhfybws lytdybrf bccktljdfntkz b jlyjdhtvtyyj rehzofz rfkmzy. Yf lheujq rfhnbyt lftncz öeljétcndtyysq jåhfp ubufyncrjuj crdjhwf, ujnjdzotujcz ghjukjnbnm åjktt vtkreñ gnbwe. Léjy Rthhby ghjltksdftn fyfkjubxyeñ jgthfwbñ c nhflbwbjyysvb éfyhfvb jåyfétyyjq yfnehs b gjhnhtnf. Tuj nofntkmyj yfgbcfyyst vfckzysvb rhfcrfvb rfhnbys gfhjlbheñn cnbkm ctdthyjuj htytccfycf Öª b ÖªÈ dtrjd b hfyybt öjhjij bpdtcnyst nhflbwbb vfymthbpvf. Jlyfrj b pltcm cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj yf änbö rfhnbyfö xnj-nj yt nfr. Rthhby yfvthtyyj ljgecrftn bcrfétybz ntkf bkb xthn kbwf b pfcnfdkztn cdjbö gthcjyfétq cvjnhtnm dzksv, åtphfpkbxysv dpukzljv, rjnjhsq crjhtt yfgjvbyftn dshfétybt kbwf cjdhtvtyysö vfytrtyobw, f yt rfhnbys cnfhsö vfcnthjd. D htpekmnfnt, d cjpyfybb phbntkz ghjbcöjlbn jlyjdhtvtyyjt cvtitybt cnfhjuj c yjdsv, xnj pfneitdsdftn hfpkbxbz vtéle bcnjhbxtcrbv b cjdhtvtyysv djcghbznbtv jåhfpf. ECNHFYTYBT UHFYBW Bp änjuj rjhjnrjuj jåpjhf ljkéyj åsnm zcyj, xnj cjdhtvtyyjt bcreccndj gjldthétyj bpvtytybñ ajhvs b kbrdblfwbb uhfybw. Tckb xnj-nj b jåütlbyztn yfcnjzobt ukeåjrj jnkbxyst lheu jn lheuf ntyltywbb, nfr änj ytétkfybt åsnm cdzpfyysvb rfrbv-kbåj ghjcnsv jghtltktybtv ≤bcreccndf≥. Gjljåyjt hfpdbnbt cjåsnbq pyfvtyetn cjåjq åtcghtwtltynysq jnöjl jn cnfhsö gjyznbq jå bcreccndt, d rjnjhsö ltkfkcz frwtyn yf tuj jnltktybt jn ébpyb b ghbceotq tve ntyltywbb hfpdbnbz b bpvtytybz d cjjndtncndbb c lbrnetvsvb bpyenhb ghfdbkfvb. D yfcnjzott dhtvz bpvtytybz d bcreccndt d hfdyjq cntgtyb pfdbczn jn njuj, xnj ghjbcöjlbn dyt tuj b dyenhb ytuj. Cktljdfntkmyj, d ägjöe ecnhfytybz uhfybw pflfxf rhbnbrb cnfyjdbncz ckjéytt b bynthtcytq. Ntgthm eét ytdjpvjéyj gbcfnm j cjdhtvtyyjv bcreccndt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö rfr j ytrjtv hzlt ajhvfkmysö cjåsnbq bkb rfr jå egjhzljxtyyjq cvtyt jlyjuj ldbétybz lheubv. Dvtcnj änjuj, bcreccndj cnfyjdbncz cgjcjåjv abkmnhjdfybz hfpyjjåhfpyjq b ghjnbdjhtxbdjq byajhvfwbb, rjnjhfz jåheibdftncz yf yfc cj dctö cnjhjy. Gjkmpeñottcz cdjåjljq pfbvcndjdfybz öeljétcndtyysö chtlcnd bp rféljq jnhfckb pyfybq, rféljq öeljétcndtyyjq nhflbwbb b rféljuj cgjcjåf tuj gthtlfxb cjdhtvtyyjt bcreccndj jrfpsdftncz nfrbv ét ckjéysv, dspsdfñobv b nhtåjdfntkmysv d byntkktrnefkmyjv jnyjitybb, rfr b gjhjlbdibq tuj vbh. ∆ Äkbyjh Öfhnyb – bcreccndjdtl, cnfnmb rjnjhjq gtxfnfñncz d hfpysö bplfybzö gj dctve vbhe, htlfrnjh éehyfkf ≤Fhn by Fvthbrf≥, fdnjh rybub ≤Htifñott eckjdbt: Fvthbrfycrfz rekmnehf yf hfcgenmt b gjcnvjlthybpv≥. GHJABKM: Öeljéybr Njv Ahblvfy Rjhjårf bp-gjl djpleiyjq rereheps. Ujhcnrf peåjxbcnjr. Cnbhfkmysq gjhjijr. Recjxrb cföfhf. Djn njkmrj ytrjnjhst bp vfnthbfkjd, rjnjhst åkbprb cthlwe öeljéybrf b crekmgnjhf Njvf Ahblvfyf, jcnhjevbt b bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnm rjnjhjuj cgjcjåcndjdfkb bpvtytybñ ghtlcnfdktybz j cjdhtvtyyjv bcreccndt. Ghbvtyzz eét bcgjkmpjdfyyeñ étdfntkmyeñ htpbyre, wdtnyst gtyjgkfcnjdst cnfrfyxbrb, åevféyst cjkjvbyrb b lheubt jåsxyst dtob d rfxtcndt cdjbö vfnthbfkjd, 37-ktnybq Ahblvfy cnfk yjdsv nfkfynjv, gjkmpeñobvcz gjgekzhyjcnmñ d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b pf heåtéjv. Tuj ndjhtybz åthen cdjt yfxfkj d irjkt gjg-fhnf Äylb Ejhöjkf b vbybvfkbpvt, yj ytbpvtyyj åsdfñn cnjkm bcrecyj cltkfys, xnj dsukzlzn bcrkñxbntkmyj bynthtcyj. ≤Z cnfhfñcm ghtdhfnbnm änb vfnthbfks d jåütrns, ghtlyfpyfxtybt lkz cjpthwfybz b hfpvsiktybz, c ntv, xnjås cltkfnm bö htaktrnbdysvb, n.t. gjcnjzyyj djpdhfofñobvbcz r cfvbv ctåt, – ujdjhbn öeljéybr j cdjtv ndjhxtcndt. – Gentv ghbvtytybz njuj bkb byjuj ghjwtccf bkb yföjéltybz kjubrb, rjnjhfz gj-yjdjve jghtltkztn bö, vyt d ytrjnjhjv hjlt elftncz bp pyfrjvsö ghtlvtnjd cltkfnm bö ytpyfrjvsvb≥. Crktbdfqnt d jghtltktyyjv gjhzlrt jlby ltcznjr peåjxbcnjr pf lheubv, gjzcyztn öeljéybr, b htpekmnfn – yfpjdbnt tuj cjpdtplbtv bkb cytébyrjq (Ahblvfy ghtlgjxtk jcnfdbnm änj ghjbpdtltybt, pfrjyxtyyjt d 1995 u., åtp yfpdfybz) – vjétn jrfpfnmcz cjdthityyj äatvthysv. Wtksq hzl gjcnfdktyysö lheu yf lheuf gtyjgkfcnjdsö ifhbrjd dspsdftn joeotybt gjuheétybz d yjdeñ, xeéleñ dfv ajhve. Nfåktnrt fcgbhbyf vjéyj ghblfnm rjynehs rfvtb c fdnjgjhnhtnjv. ≤Vfnthbfks vjuen åsnm cfvsvb jåsxysvb, – pfvtnbk jlby jåjphtdfntkm, – yj ghjatccbz öeljéybrf dctulf eybrfkmyf≥. Ehjétytw Ctyn-Kebcf, Vbccehb, Ahblvfy d rjkktlét exbkcz bkkñcnhfnbdyjq uhfabrt, f d fcgbhfyneht – crekmgneht. Tuj gthdst gthcjyfkmyst dscnfdrb åskb jhufybpjdfys d 1991 u. d Xbrfuj b Ymñ-Qjhrt. Ghjbpdtltybz Ahblvfyf dscnfdkzñncz d veptzö Étytds, Kjyljyf, Cnjrujkmvf, Hbvf, Njrbj b Vbkfyf, f nfrét d hfpkbxysö ujhjlf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Jlby bp rhbnbrjd cktleñobv jåhfpjv öfhfrnthbpetn hfåjns Ahblvfyf: ≤Jåsxyjt ghtdhfoftncz d ytjåsxyjt, rjyrhtnyjt gthtöjlbn d fåcnhfrnyjt, ghjcnjnf bpjåkbxftn ckjéyjcnm, b pyfrjvjt cnfyjdbncz ytpyfrjvsv. Cfvjt pfvtxfntkmyjt pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj dct änj ltkftncz åtp ghtntypbq, kbim c vfkjq njkbrjq yfcnjqxbdjcnb b edthtyyjcnb. Gjljåysq gjlöjl hfcgjkfuftn r djcghbznbñ b gjybvfybñ, gjcrjkmre dfv ybxtuj yt gsnfñncz yfdzpfnm≥. ∆ Åtp yfpdfybz (Untitled), ndjhtybt, cjplfyyjtd 1995 ujle öeljéybrjv Njvjv Ahblvfyjv, cltkfyj bp peåjxbcnjr b bvttn hfpvths 26 ö 30 ö 23 lñqvf. 1 49 Åtctlf c Ränb Öjkåhbx Ränb Öjkåhbx dcgjvbyftn j njv, rfr, gjctofz veptb cdjtuj hjlyjuj ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhrf, jyf dgthdst edbltkf rfhnbys fåcnhfrnyjuj ärcghtccbjybcnf Létrcjyf Gjkkjrf. Ghtjåhfpeñofz cbkf tuj gjkjnty ghjbpdtkf yf ltdjxre-gjlhjcnrf cnjkm juhjvyjt dgtxfnktybt, xnj bcreccndj yfdctulf cnfkj tt cfvsv cnhfcnysv edktxtybtv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz Öjkåhbx pfybvftn ljkéyjcnm lbhtrnjhf ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ d Vbyytfgjkbct, Vbyytcjnf, zdkzñotujcz jlybv bp gthtljdsö rekmnehysö exhtéltybq Fvthbrb. Djghjc: Xnj ds cxbnftnt cfvsv dféysv cjåsnbtv bkb yfghfdktybtv d dfitq hfåjnt pf änjn gthbjl? Jndtn: Rjulf d 1991 u. z cnfkf lbhtrnjhjv veptz, nj gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, ghtélt dctuj, gjcnfhfkfcm jghtltkbnm cdjb pflfxb yf änjq ljkéyjcnb b kexit hfpjåhfnmcz d hfåjnt lheubö fyfkjubxysö exhtéltybq. D nj dhtvz rfr d bö pflfxb döjlbkj ghjdtltybt cthmtpysö yfexysö bccktljdfybq d jhufybpfwbb jhbubyfkmysö dscnfdjr b bvtñott åjkmijt pyfxtybt gjgjkytybt bö gjcnjzyysö rjkktrwbq, kbim jxtym ytvyjubt bp änbö bycnbnenjd, tckb nfrjt djjåot ckexfkjcm, egjvbyfkb j ntö, lkz rjuj vs hfåjnftv. C ujlfvb vyjubt jhufybpfwbb dj dct åjkmitq cntgtyb cnfkb ghjdjlbnm cdjñ hfåjne d ldeö yfghfdktybzö. Vs gj-ghtéytve cjöhfyztv cthmtpyeñ ghbdthétyyjcnm bcreccnde, yj ghb änjv yfåkñlftncz jghtltktyysq gjdjhjn r njve, xnjås eltkznm åjkmit dybvfybz ghfrnbre – öeljéybre – b, xnj tot dféytt, dct åjkmitve gjybvfybñ hfpyjjåhfpbz njq felbnjhbb, lkz rjnjhjq vs hfåjnftv. Gjänjve lkz vtyz jcyjdysv cjåsnbtv pf gjcktlytt ltcznbktnbt cnfkj frwtynbhjdfybt dybvfybz d yfitq hfåjnt yf njv, xnjås wtynhfkmyjt vtcnj d ytq jndjlbkjcm kñlzv. ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ eltkztn ntgthm gjdsityyjt dybvfybt kñlzv, rjnjhsv vs hfymit yt jxtym öjhjij ckeébkb. Jy hfcgföyek gthtl ybvb cdjb ldthb. Änj d gthdeñ jxthtlm jnyjcbncz r gjlhjcnrfv. Z cfvf gjvyñ, xnj, rjulf åskf cjdctv ñyjq, ghtjåhféfñofz cbkf bcreccndf bpvtybkf vjt vsiktybt b hfcibhbkf vjq rheujpjh. Gjcrjkmre z bcgsnfkf nfrjt cfvf, z gjlevfkf j njv, xnj z jåzpfyf ghbjåofnm gjlhjcnrjd r bcreccnde, exbnm bö wtyyjcnzv, rjnjhst jyb vjuen gjcnbxm d rekmnehysö exhtéltybzö. Dtlm gjlhjcnrb gjcnegfñn nfr ét, rfr öeljéybrb. Jyb ≤hfcrfxbdfñn kjlre≥, jyb pflfñn ytcnfylfhnyst djghjcs, b bö gjnhtåyjcnb åhjcfñn dspjd ceotcndeñotve gjkjétybñ ltk. Jlybv bp lheubö rhegyjvfcinfåysö bpvtytybq d änjq jåkfcnb zdkztncz ghbpyfybt njuj afrnf, xnj yb jlby xtkjdtr, yb jlyj exhtéltybt yt bvttn vjyjgjkbb yf ärcgthnyst pyfybz, xnj ybrnj, gjéfkeq, yt vjétn åsnm cgtwbfkbcnjv d jåkfcnb dctö rekmneh vbhf. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, cnhtvktybt vepttd r njve, xnjås cnfnm ltqcndbntkmyj jåotcndtyysvb bkb uhfélfycrbvb bycnbnenfvb, cjghjdjélftncz bö cnhtvktybtv r hfcibhtybñ yfituj cjåcndtyyjuj gjybvfybz jåkfcnb bpåhfyyjq yfvb ghjatccbb b yfibö ärcgthnysö pyfybq, f nfrét ajhvbheñobö bö wtyyjcntq. D: Ljdjlbkjcm kb dfv pf gjcktlybt 10 ktn yfåkñlfnm hjcn vfcinfåjd ndjhxtcrjuj bkb öeljétcndtyyjuj dkbzybz pfheåtéyjuj bcreccndf? J: Åtpeckjdyj. Yfif hfåjnf d ≤Ejrth fhn ctynth≥ kexit dctuj gjllftncz jåüzcytybñ c gjvjomñ cktleñobö nhtö rjhjnrbö öfhfrnthbcnbr: cjcnjzofz bp vyjubö lbcwbgkby, vyjujjåhfpyfz b ukjåfkmyfz. ≤Cjcnjzofz bp vyjubö lbcwbgkby≥ jpyfxftn, xnj d pfkfö yfituj veptz ghtlcnfdktys yt njkmrj dbpefkmyst bcreccndf, yj b bcgjkybntkmcrjt bcreccndj, gthajhvfyc, rbyj/ dbltj b media-art, bcreccndj, bcgjkmpeñott cjdthityyj yjdst dshfpbntkmyst chtlcndf, yfghbvth, äktrnhjyyst. Öfhfrnthbcnbrf ≤hfpyjjåhfpyfz≥ ghbcencndetn dj dctv, xnj gjrfpsdftncz d tuj ghjtrwbjyyjv pfkt, yf tuj cwtyt b d tuj ufkthtzö. Vs djcghbybvftv yjdst ceéltybz j cnfhsö rekmnehfö b afrnfö vfnthbfkmyjq rekmnehs lhtdytuj xtkjdtrf. Kñåjt cjdhtvtyyjt exhtéltybt d cdzpb c ntv, xnj jyj bvttn ltkj c ébdsvb öeljéybrfvb, yt vjétn bpåtéfnm hfpkbxbz gjlöjljd r öeljétcndtyyjve ndjhxtcnde, tckb jyb bcöjlzn bp Bjufyytcåehuf, Cnfvåekf bkb Ifyöfz. Yt vjétn jyj b jnrfpfnmcz jn njuj, xnj cdzpsdftn yfc c änbvb ujhjlfvb d gjybvfybb bcreccndf. D: Bvtñncz kb e dfibö rjkktu tot rfrbt-kbåj wtyyst bltb? J: D ntxtybt ljkubö ktn vyjubt bp yfc gj ceotcnde yt pyfkb, xnj ltkfnm c ≤nhflbwbjyysvb≥ ghjbpdtltybzvb. Ntgthm ghbikj gjybvfybt njuj, xnj lfét cfvjt cjdhtvtyyjt ghjbpdtltybt bvttn fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbt, utjuhfabxtcrbt b rekmnehyst rjhyb. Ctqxfc eét ytn nfrjuj xedcndf, xnj nhflbwbz – änj jlyj, f cjdhtvtyyfz ghfrnbrf – cjdctv lheujt. D: Gj-ghtéytve kb pfybvfñn ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt vfcnthf ghjikjuj bkb njy pflftn yjdjt gjrjktybt öeljéybrjd? J: Dctulf åelen dtkbrbt vfcnthf, b yflj hfljdfnmcz änjve. Jlyfrj ctqxfc vs ghböjlbv r gjybvfybñ njuj, xnj dj dctv vbht ujhfplj åjkmit dtkbrbö vfcnthjd, xtv yfv rfpfkjcm d ghjikjv. Djn gjxtve bvtyyj ntgthm kñlb cnfkb ibht cvjnhtnm yf vbh bcreccndf b gthtcnfkb pfvsrfnmcz d ntö äcntnbxtcrbö hfvrfö, rjnjhst bv ghtlgbcsdfñn. D: Xnj zdkztncz ctujlyz cfvjq åjkmijq ghjåktvjq? J: Ärjyjvbxtcrfz ytcnfåbkmyjcnm. Jyf jrfpsdftn juhjvyjt djpltqcndbt yf yfie cdjåjle dsåjhf. Z pfzdbkf vjtve cjdtne lbhtrnjhjd j njv, xnj rfrjq ås dsåjh vs yb ltkfkb d eckjdbzö ysytiytuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj rkbvfnf, vs ljkéys ltkfnm tuj c yfvthtybtv cjöhfybnm cdjåjle yjdfnjhcndf, cdjåjle ljcnegf r bcreccnde b cjplfybz yjdsö vjltktq gjybvfybz. Z yt cxbnfñ, xnj vs vjétv gjpdjkbnm ctåt jnrfpfnmcz jn änjq cdjåjls gjl ghtlkjujv jncencndbz ltytu, lfét tckb jncencndbt ltytu edtkbxbdftn hbcrb, rjnjhst yfv ytjåöjlbvj åhfnm yf ctåz. Jlyf bp cfvsö åjkmibö ghjåktv rekmnehysö exhtéltybq pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj jyb yt ghbkfufñn ljcnfnjxysö ecbkbq lkz njuj, xnjås cnfnm gjkyjwtyysvb, xedcndeñobvb cdjñ uhfélfycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm gfhnythfvb d ébpyb ntö kñltq, rjnjhsv jyb ghbpdfys ckeébnm. D: Rfr, gj dfitve vytybñ, bpvtybncz d ndjhxtcrjv gkfyt jåkfcnm bcreccndf d åkbéfqibt 10 ktn? J: Z gjkfufñ, xnj xthtp 10 ktn d bcreccndt gjzdzncz yjdst ajhvs. Jyb jåütlbyzn rbyj, bcgjkybntktq b wbahjdeñ dctktyyeñ. Bycnbnens gj nhflbwbb b, djpvjéyj, lfét hflb eljåcndf crkjyys hfpåbdfnm lbcwbgkbys yf jnltkmyst jåkfcnb. E yfc tcnm jåkfcnm ajnjuhfabb, jåkfcnm ébdjgbcb b crekmgnehs, jåkfcnm hbcjdfybz b, vjétn åsnm, jåkfcnm rbyj. D yfcnjzott dhtvz öeljéybrb pfybvfñncz ecnhfytybtv änbö uhfybw. ∆ Åtctljdfk c Ränb Öjkåhbx Vfqrk Lé. Åäylkth. 1 50 Ränb Öjkåhbx ÅBÅKBJU HFABZ Rybub Allen, Michael. Contemporary U.S. Cinema. New York: Longman/Pearson Education, 2003. Gioia, Dana. Can Poetry Matter? Essays on Poetry and American Culture. St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 2002. Bigsby, Christopher. Contemporary American Playwrights. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Grosenick, Uta and Reimschneider, Burkhard, eds. Art at the Turn of the Millennium. New York: Taschen America, 1999. Birkerts, Sven P. American Energies: Essays on Literature. New York: Random House, 1994. Gussow, Mel. Edward Albee: A Singular Journey. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. Bogdanov, Vladimir, ed. All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop and Soul. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books, 2002. Hasse, John E., ed. Jazz: The First Century. New York: Morrow/Avon, 2000. Cohen, Selma J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Dance; A Project of Dance Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Cowen, Tyler. Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World’s Cultures. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. Croce, Arlene. Writing in the Dark: Dancing in “The New Yorker.” New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000. Davis, Peter G. The American Opera Singer: The Lives and Adventures of America’s Great Singers in Opera and Concert, From 1825 to the Present. New York: Doubleday, 1999. Epstein, Jason. Book Business; Publishing: Past, Present, and Future. New York: Norton, 2002. Larsen, Lars Bang. Art Now. New York: Taschen America, 2001. Lihs, Harriet L. Appreciating Dance: A Guide to the World’s Liveliest Art. 3d ed. Hightstown, NJ: Princeton Book, 2002. Heartney, Eleanor. Postmodernism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Lucie-Smith, Edward. Art Today. New York: Phaidon Press, 1999. Smith, Tim. The NPR Curious Listener’s Guide to Classical Music. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002. Lyman, Rick. Watching Movies: The Biggest Names in Cinema Talk About the Films That Matter Most. New York: Time Books, 2003. Struble, John Warthen. The History of American Classical Music: MacDowell Through Minimalism. New York: Facts on File, 1994. Mallon, Thomas. In Fact: Essays on Writers and Writing. New York: Knopf, 2001. Teachout, Terry. A Terry Teachout Reader. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press [forthcoming]. McCarthy, Kevin F. et al. The Performing Arts in a New Era. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2001. Supported by the Pew Charitable Trust. http://www.pewtrusts.com/pdf/ cul_rand.pdf Jenkins, Jeffrey E., ed. The Best Plays of 2001-2002. New York: Limelight Editions, 2003. Katz, Ephraim; Klein, Fred; and Nolen, Ronald Dean. The Film Encyclopedia. 4th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. Lane, Anthony. Nobody’s Perfect: Selected Writings From “The New Yorker.” New York: Knopf, 2002. Romanowski, Patricia and George-Warren, Holly, eds. The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. Miller, Laura, ed. The Salon.com Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Authors. New York: Penguin, 2000. Pells, Richard. From Modernism to the Movies: The Globalization of American Culture in the 20th Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press [forthcoming]. Rich, Frank L. Hot Seat: Theater Criticism for the New York Times, 19801993. New York: Random House, 1998. 1 51 Vendler, Helen H., ed. Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002. Ward, Geoffrey C. et al. Jazz: A History of America’s Music. New York: Knopf, 2000. Cfqns Bynthytnf Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater http://www.alvinailey.org/ American Association of Museums http://www.aam-us.org/ American Ballet Theatre http://www.abt.org/ American Conservatory Theater http://act-sf.org/index.cfm?s_ id=&pid=hom ArtsJournal.com: The Daily Digest of Arts, Culture and Ideas http://www.artsjournal.com/ New York Review of Books http://www.nybooks.com/ Opera America http://www.operaamerica.org/ Artslynx http://www.artslynx.org/ balletcompanies.com http://www.balletcompanies.com/ Billboard http://www.billboard.com/ Poets and Writers http://www.pw.org/ Publishers Weekly http://publishersweekly.reviews news.com/ Robert Moses’ Kin http://www.robertmoseskin.org/ Dance/USA http://www.danceusa.org/ American Symphony Orchestra League http://www.symphony.org/ Houston Grand Opera http://www.houstongrand opera.org/ Sundance Institute http://institute.sundance.org/ jsps/site.jsp?resource=pag_ex_ home American Theater Web http://www.americantheater web.com/ Internet Movie Database http://us.imdb.com/ Theatre Communications Group http://www.tcg.org/ Andante http://www.andante.com/ Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) http://www.mpaa.org/ Walker Art Institute http://www.walkerart.org/ Art and Culture http://www.ArtandCulture.com/ National Endowment for the Arts http://www.nea.gov/ Art Museum Network http://www.amn.org/ New York City Ballet http://www.nycballet.com/ nycballet/homepage.asp Whitney Museum of American Art http://www.whitney.org/ New York Public Library for the Performing Arts http://www.nypl.org/research/lpa/ lpa.html 1 52 KBWF B JHUFYBPFWBB, GHTLJCNFDBDIBT AJNJUHFABB Jåkjérf: Vfhnb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Rfhjkfqyf åäkktq≥; 4, ≤Fccjibäqntl ghtcc (FG)≥/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 7, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 9, (cktdf) © Nfcbr Lhfufy, (d wtynht) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (cghfdf) Kbylf Öähhbc; 10, Lfybäkkm Gmthh, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Nfywtdfkmyjq uheggs Vfhrf Vjhhbcf≥; 10-11, (cktdf) Ajnj Äylétks Cnthkbyu, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Gfcbabr yjhleäcn åäkktq≥, (d wtynht) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (cghfdf) Åfhhb IfkävÍ phototails.net; 13, © Kjbc Uhbyabkl; 14, (ddthöe cghfdf) Ajnj H.Lé. Vmñyf, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Bcgjkybntkmcrjq uheggs Léj Uelf≥, (d cthtlbyt) Ajnj Gjkf Rjkybrf, (dybpe, cktdf yfghfdj) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Åäkktq Bcgfybrj≥, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, Vfhnb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Rbnfqcrjq nfywtdfkmyjq nheggs Kbkb Xfq≥, Ajnj © Åjå Ijvkth, 2002, c hfphtitybz ≤Cfy-Öjct åäkktq≥, Cbkbrjyjdfz ljkbyf; 15, (cktdf) Cfhf Rhekdbx/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (cghfdf) Äylhtf Vjöby/≤Ymñ-Qjhr Nfqvc≥; 16, Vännb Cjk, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz hjlcndtyybrjd Hjåthnf Vjptcf; 17, © Vfrc Ejklväy, 1976; 19, Jktu Ybrbiby/≤Ymñc vtqrthp/≥ ≤Utnnb bvälébp≥; 20, FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 21, (cktdf b ddthöe cghfdf) FG/ ≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (d cthtlbyt cghfdf) Qjöfy Äkåthp, 1998, (dybpe cghfdf) © ≤Htqnthc ymñc vblbf, byrjhgjhtntl≥/≤RJHÅBC≥; 22, (cktdf) Åhñc Ukbrfc © 2003 ≤Utnnb bvälébp≥, (cghfdf) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Ghtcc-ltgfhnfvtynf Kjc-Fyétktccrjuj abkfhvjybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf; 23, Léekbäy Åhjfl, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Cjyb vñpbr≥; 24, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Ömñcnjy Uhfyl-Jgthf≥; 25 (yfdthöe) Vfhbccf Hjn/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (dybpe) Ajnj Léjyf Abnwléthfkmlf; 26, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Yjhvfyf Lébyf Hjq; fabif yf ldthb Cthbyj Rjqyf, (dybpe cktdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥, (dybpe cghfdf) © Vböfk Läybtk, 2000; 27, (ddthöe cktdf) © Léjfy Vfhrec, (d cthtlbyt) Cfhf Rhekdbx/ ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, (cktdf dybpe) Rjywtgwbz b pfvsctk: ≤Äkfqhäy Vähab Uheg kbvbntl≥, (cghfdf dybpe) Cfhf Rhekdbx/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥; 28, (cktdf) © Vfqrk Hjvfyjc, (cghfdf) Ybrjkm Åtylébdtyj/≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥; 29, © Léjfy Vhrec; 32, © Åfhåfhf Hbc, 2003; 33, (yfdthöe) © 2002 ≤Ymñ Kfqy Ghjlfriyp byrjhgjhtqntl≥, (dybpe) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 34, © 1998 ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥/≤Eybdthcfk gbrxthp≥ – c cjöhfytybtv dctö ghfd; 35, (yfdthöe) © 2003 ≤Vbhfvfrc abkvp≥ – c cjöhfytybtv dctö ghfd, (dybpe) Rtdby Vfpeh © WireImage.com; 36 (cktdf) Ajnj Cnbdf Uhfybwf/ WireImage.com, (cghfdf) © 2002 ≤Ymñ Kfqy Ghjlfriyp, byrjhgjhtqntl≥; 37, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Rbyjatcnbdfkz ≤Cfylfyc≥; 40, Létqcjy Ivbln; 41, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Vfqrkf Kädfqyf, (dybpe cktdf) Ajnj Rfhty Zvefxb, (dybpe cghfdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 42, (cktdf) ≤Vbhbäv Åthrkb Ajnjuhfab≥, (cghfdf) FG/≤Efql Ejhkl ajnje≥; 43, ≤Vbhbäv Åthrkb Ajnjuhfab≥; 44, Léjy Yjhltkk/≤Rhbcxty cfqtyc vjybnjh≥; 45, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz öeljéybrf b Ufkthtb Nfrf Bibb; 46, (yfdthöe) Ajnj Njlf Äåthkt, ≤Däybnb aäqh≥, atdhfkm 2000 u., (dybpe) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Åhtynf Cbrrtvs, Ymñ-Qjhr Cbnb; 46-47, Ajnj Åbkkf Jhrfnnf, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Fhnbcnc Cgtqc kbvbntl≥; 47, Ajnj Åbnf Eblvthf; 48, (cktdf) Ajnj Léjyf Vfrebkmzvcf; (cghfdf) C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Ufkthtb Gjkf Rfpvbyf b öeljéybrf; 49, Jhty Ckjh, c kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz ≤Abxth byrjhgjhtqntl≥, Ymñ-Qjhr; 50, C kñåtpyjuj hfphtitybz Öeljétcndtyyjuj wtynhf Ejrthf. 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