Современные демографические тенденции США
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CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB NJV 4 ÄKTRNHJYYST ÉEHYFKS BYAJHVFWBJYYJUJ FUTYNCNDF CIF §2 VTYZÑOBQCZ KBR FVTHBRB: Cjdhtvtyyst ltvjuhfabxtcrbt ntyltywbb CIF Bñym 1999 JN HTLFRWBB Y f ghjnzétybb dctq cdjtq bcnjhbb, n.t. yf ghjnzétybb åjktt ldeö cnjktnbq, yfctktybt Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb gjcnjzyyj bpvtyzkjcm. D cnhfye cntrfkbcm bvvbuhfyns bp ltcznrjd cnhfy vbhf. Gbjyths ghjrkflsdfkb genm rfr xthtp Fnkfynbxtcrbq b Nböbq jrtfys, nfr b gj ceit, jcdfbdfz hfpkbxyst nthhbnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj vfnthbrf. Cktlez bö nhflbwbzv, bö ctvmb b gjnjvrb cnhjbkb yjdst ljvf b ghbjåhtnfkb yjdst ghjatccbb, hfpdbdfz cdjb cgjcjåyjcnb b cnfyjdzcm uhfélfyfvb CIF. Eöjl cj cwtys jhtyjuj gjrjktybz, yf cvtye rjnjhjve ghböjlbn lheujt, jrfpsdftn dkbzybt yf cnhernehe b cjcnfd yfctktybz. Eét d yfit dhtvz, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, d ntxtybt dnjhjq gjkjdbys änjuj dtrf, vjnjhjv fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf zdkztncz gjrjktybt gthbjlf dphsdf hjélftvjcnb, gjzdbdittcz yf cdtn dcrjht gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Yj kñlb cnfhituj gjrjktybz, åkfujlfhz edtkbxtybñ ghjljkébntkmyjcnb ébpyb b lbyfvbxyjve jåhfpe ébpyb, dtcmvf frnbdys d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb ctqxfc, yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxtktnbz. D änjv dsgecrt éehyfkf ghbdjlzncz jcyjdyst ltvjuhfabxtcrbt cdtltybz j gjcktlybö bpvtytybzö d cjcnfdt yfctktybz CIF, lfyyst j gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF, yjdsö ntyltywbzö d bvvbuhfwbb b hfcneotv dkbzybb cnfhituj gjrjktybz. D ytuj nfrét drkñxtyf åbåkbj■ uhfabxtcrfz b lheufz byajhvfwbz gj änjq ntvt. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 2 CI F : J Å O T C N D J B W T Y Y J C N B Äktrnhjyyst éehyf ks Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futy nc ndf CIF Njv 4 / Byajhvfwbjyyjt åñhj / Byajhvfwbjyyjt futy nc nd j CIF / § 2 [email protected] Bñym 1999 u. CJLTHÉFYBT VTYZÑOBQCZ KBR FVTHBRB: CJDHTVTYYST LTVJUHFABXTCRBT NTYLTYWBB CIF AJREC 5 CJTLBYTYYST INFNS FVTHBRB: VYJUJKBRFZ B VYJUJJÅTOFÑOFZ YFWBZ Åbkk Rkbynjy Ctqxfc, yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxtktnbz, Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb ghbåkbéfñncz r njve dhtvtyb, rjulf jyb vjuen cnfnm gthdjq d vbht ltqcndbntkmyj vyjujhfcjdjq, vyjujyfwbjyfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq cnhfyjq, d cjcnfdt yfctktybz rjnjhjq ljkz cnfhituj gjrjktybz xhtpdsxfqyj dscjrf. Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy hfcceélftn j ghjåktvfö, cjghzétyysö c änbv vyjujjåhfpbtv. 7 TLBYJT DJ VYJUJV: CNHERNEHF B ÄNYBXTCRBQ CJCNFD BVVBUHFWBB D CIF Bcgjkmpez bcnjhbxtcrbt, cjwbjkjubxtcrbt b ltvjuhfabxtcrbt lfyyst, jåpjh ghjcktébdftn, rfrbv jåhfpjv ckjébkjcm yfctktybt CIF. 11 BPVTYTYBZ D CJCNFDT YFCTKTYBZ CIF Bp ljrkflf Cjdtnf ärjyjvbxtcrbö rjycekmnfynjd ≤Vtyzñofzcz Fvthbrf≥ D änjq rhfnrjq hfåjnt hfccvfnhbdftncz nhfycajhvfwbz ltvjuhfabxtcrbö gfhfvtnhjd ghjikjuj gjrjktybz. RJVVTYNFHBB 13 GHJÅKTVS GTHTGBCB YFCTKTYBZ CIF D BYAJHVFWBJYYSQ DTR Åfhhb Älvjycnjy Rfrjdf wtkm gthtgbcb yfctktybz? Rfr cnhjzncz cdjlyst nfåkbws b rfr bcgjkmpeñncz lfyyst gthtgbcb? Rfr ghb ghjdtltybb åeleotq gthtgbcb åelen exntys ytljcnfnrb ghtéybö nfåkbw? Änb b lheubt djghjcs jåceélftn fdnjh, dblysq ltvjuhfa b cgtwbfkbcn gj gthtgbcb 2000 u. 17 LTÅFNS D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ GJ DJGHJCFV BVVBUHFWBB Lfayf Cgäqy Xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq Fvthbrf d cjwbfkmyj-rekmnehyjv jnyjitybb? Gkfdbkmysq rjntk, d rjnjhjv hfpkbxyst rekmnehyst nhflbwbb, ghbdytctyyst bvvbuhfynfvb, rfr ås gthtgkfdkzñncz, ghtjåhfpezcm d ytxnj jlyjhjlyjt b tlbyjt? Bkb ghb cnjkryjdtybb änb rekmnehyst nhflbwbb yt hfcgkfdkzñncz, f ghjcnj gthtvtibdfñncz, jcnfdfzcm bylbdblefkmysvb, rfr byuhblbtyns d cfkfnt? Djghjc j njv, rfr ljkéys bvvbuhfyns dgbcsdfnmcz d fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj, ltåfnbhetncz ljdjkmyj lfdyj, ghbxtv hfpyst njxrb phtybz bvtñn jlbyfrjdj åjkmijt xbckj cnjhjyybrjd. D änjq cnfnmt fdnjh, ghtgjlfdfntkm ujhjlcrjuj b ärjkjubxtcrjuj gkfybhjdfybz, cjchtljnjxbdftn dybvfybt yf ltvjuhfabxtcrjv, cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjv, rekmnehyjv b gjkbnbxtcrjv dkbzybb gjcktlybö ntyltywbq d bvvbuhfwbb, jghtltkzz ghjåktvs, rjnjhst gjzdzncz d åeleotv. 3 21 RJHTYYST BPVTYTYBZ D GJKJÉTYBB CNFHITUJ GJRJKTYBZ Ntjljh Hjéfr Fdnjh, vyjuj gbieobq jå edtkbxtybb xbckf fvthbrfywtd cnfhituj djphfcnf d cjcnfdt yfctktybz CIF, hfcceélftn d änjq cnfnmt j dféyjq hjkb änjuj ctuvtynf yfctktybz d cjwbfkmyjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb Fvthbrb. Ghbdjlzncz cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst j yfctktybb cnfhituj djphfcnf b tuj jåotcndtyyj-gjktpyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. 26 YFCTKTYBT CIF: ULT ÉBDEN YJDST BVVBUHFYNS Ebkmzv Ahtq D cnfnmt, yfgbcfyyjq dtleobv cgtwbfkbcnjv-ehåfybcnjv, fyfkbpbhetncz dkbzybt bvvbuhfwbb, vbuhfwbb b ltvjuhfabxtcrbö cldbujd yf hfpdbnbt rhegysö b ytåjkmibö ujhjljd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. 30 CVTIFYYJT YFCTKTYBT FVTHBRB Hjitk K. Cnäyabk Nböfz ltvjuhfabxtcrfz htdjkñwbz – crfxjr d xbckt cvtifyysö åhfrjd – crjhtt jåütlbybn, xtv hfpütlbybn fvthbrfywtd. Fdnjh jåceélftn hfpkbxyst fcgtrns ntyltywbb r cvtifyysv åhfrfv, f nfrét ytrjnjhst ghjnbdjltqcndeñobt afrnjhs. 35 ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ B HTCEHCS CTNB BYNTHYTN CIF : JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpvfhb Rhjrtnn Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhtqu Cghbyuth Jndtncndtyyst htlfrnjhs . . . . . . . . . . . . Vfqrk Lé. Åfylkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cñpfyyf Ljerbyc Pfvtcnbntkm htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ufq Jkcjy Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpfkb Nfhujycrb Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . Nfltei F. Vbcrbycrb-vkflibq Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbkmdbz Crjn Htlfrnjh Bynthytn-dthcbb éehyfkf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eäqy Öjkk Cghfdjxyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vähb Äyy D. Uävåk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ränb Igbutkm Htlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpvfhb Rhjrtnn . . . . . . . . . . . . Léjy Lädbc Öävbkk Htlfrnjhf heccrjuj bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yfnfif Åfhåfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kblbz Djhjybya Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBC dsöjlzn rfélst nhb ytltkb. D ybö jåceélfñncz ckjéyst ghjåktvs, cnjzobt gthtl Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb. Jyb nfrét byajhvbheñn jåotcndtyyjcnm j cjåsnbzö, ghjbcöjlzobö d änjq cnhfys. Éehyfks dsöjlzn d cthbzö: ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥. Jyb cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b byajhvfwbjyyst vfnthbfks gj jåceélftvjq ntvt. Dct éehyfks gthtdjlzncz yf ahfywepcrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb, ghb änjv ubgthntrcnjdst dthcbb geåkbreñncz xthtp ytltkñ gjckt dsöjlf éehyfkf gj-fyukbqcrb. Dcrjht gjckt änjuj dsöjlzn dthcbb d ajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. Ytrjnjhst yjvthf éehyfkjd gthtdjlzncz nfrét yf fhfåcrbq, rbnfqcrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq zpsrb, ghbxtv ldf gjcktlybö dfhbfynf dsöjlzn d ubgthntrcnjdjv htébvt b ajhvfnt Adobe Acrobat. Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ghjcmåf bvtnm d dble, xnj ÑCBC yt åthtn yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b gjcnjzyyeñ ljcnegyjcnm ghbdjlbvsö pltcm cfqnjd d Bynthytnt; nfrjuj hjlf jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bcrkñxbntkmyj bö dkfltkmws. Geåkbretvst cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz bkb gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cyfåétys juhfybxtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjhcrbö ghfd. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnm c ljvfiytq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals/journals.htm”. Éehyfks ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf b gtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ: Editor, Global Issues, Global Issues and Communications – I/TGIC, U.S.Information Agency, 301 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America. Ds vjétnt nfrét bcgjkmpjdfnm cktleñobq flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: [email protected] 4 CJTLBYTYYST INFNS FVTHBRB: VYJUJKBR FZ B VYJUJJÅTOFÑOFZ YFWBZ ÅBKK RKBYNJY J VTHT GHBÅKBÉTYBZ R G D 21 DTRE VS JCJPYFTV, XNJ ÅELEOTT YTCTN D CTÅT RFR CKJÉYST GHJÅKTVS, NFR B PFÖDFNSDFÑOBT GTHCGTRNBDS. CKTLEÑOTV CNJKTNBB E YFC ÅELTN DJPVJÉYJCNM CNFNM GTHDJQ D VBHT LTQCNDBNTKMYJ VYJUJHFCJDJQ B VYJUJYFWBJYFKMYJQ LTVJRHFNBXTCRJQ CNHFYJQ. CTQXFC D YFIBÖ JÅOTCNDTYYSÖ IRJKFÖ GHTLCNFDKTY CFVSQ IBHJRBQ CGTRNH YFWBJYFKMYJCNTQ PF DCÑ BCNJHBÑ BP CTVMB BVVBUHFYNJD. YFGHBVTH, D IRJKFÖ JRHEUF YJV JN YFITQ CNJKBWS ÅTHTUE HTRB GJNJVFR, AÄHAFRC EXFNCZ LTNB B ÄNYBXTCRBÖ UHEGG, RJNJHST UJDJHZN ÅJKTT XTV YF FVTHBRB, 100 D INFNT 180 GHBXTV RFÉLSQ GZNSQ EXTYBR DBHLÉBYBZ, – YF GHJNBDJGJKJÉ- HFPKBXYSÖ HFCJDSÖ, YFWBJYFKMYSÖ HJLYSÖ ZPSRFÖ. VS LJKÉYS CLTKFNM NFR, XNJÅS YFIF CBCNTVF JÅHFPJDFYBZ CGJCJÅCNDJDFKF HFPDBNBÑ NDJHXTCRBÖ CGJCJÅYJCNTQ RFÉLJUJ FVTHB- RFYCRJUJ IRJKMYBRF, DJJHEÉFKF DCTÖ EXFOBÖCZ YFDSRFVB B PYFYBZVB LKZ GJKYJQ HTFKBPFWBB BÖ GJNTYWBFKF B LFDFKF BV DJPVJÉYJCNM GHTECGTNM D ÉBPYB B D HFÅJNT, RJULF JYB DSHFCNEN. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 5 YJDJT CNJKTNBT GHBYTCTN NFRÉT YJDST GHJÅKTVS B DJPVJÉYJCNB LKZ UHFÉLFY CNFHITUJ GJRJKTYBZ. R 2030 U. XBCKTYYJCNM KBW GJÉBKJUJ DJPHFCNF D YFITQ CNHFYT ELDJBNCZ. YS R CTHTLBYT 21-UJ DTRF CHTLYBQ FVTHBRFYTW ÅELTN ÉBNM LJ YTIYÑÑ CHTLYÑÑ GHJLJKÉBNTKMYJCNM ÉBPYB. JLYFRJ ÄNB 82 ÅKFUJLFHZ KTN, XNJ YF 6 ECGTÖFV VTLBWB- KTN GHTDSIFTN YS- LJGJKYBNTKMYST UJLS ÉBPYB – ÅJKMIJQ LFH. JYB NFRÉT CNFDZN GHJÅKTVS GTHTL ATLTHFKMYSVB GHJUHFVVFVB, RJNJHST JÅTCGTXBDFÑN ABYFY- CJDEÑ GJVJOM B VTLBWBYCRJT JÅCKEÉBDFYBT LKZ GHTCNFHTKSÖ. YFC, KÑLTQ CHTLYTUJ DJPHFCNF, – JLYF BP CFVSÖ CTHMTPYSÖ PFÅJN LKZ GJRJKTYBZ, HJLBDITUJCZ D GJCKTDJTYYEÑ ÄHE, – CDZPFYF C NTV, XNJ GJ VTHT CNFHTYBZ VS ÅELTV DJPKFUFNM YTDSYJCBVJT ABYFYCJDJT ÅHTVZ YF YFIBÖ LTNTQ, VTIFZ BV NFRBV JÅHFPJV HFCNBNM YFIBÖ DYERJD. ÄRJYJVBRJQ B GTHDSV C DJPVJÉYJCNM – 1960-Ö GJCRJKMRE VS DCNEGFTV D YJDJT NSCZXTKTNBT C VJOYJQ UU. FRNBDYSV CFKMLJ ÅÑLÉTNF, GTHTL YFVB JNRHSDFTNCZ BCNJHBXTCRFZ B ÄNJ YFI CDZOTYYSQ LJKU – JÅTCGTXBNM CJÖHFYTYBT GHJUHFVV CJWBFKMYJUJ JÅTC- GTXTYBZ B VTLBWBYCRJQ GJVJOB LKZ GJÉBKSÖ DJ BVZ ÅKFUJGJKEXBZ ÅELEOBÖ GJRJKTYBQ FVTHBRFY- WTD, RJNJHST ÅELEN ÉBNM D JÅOTCNDT, ULT VEÉXBYS B ÉTYOBYS ÅELEN YFCKFÉLFNMCZ ÅJKTT LJKUJQ, ÅJKTT FRNBDYJQ B ÅJKTT GHJLERNBDYJQ ÉBPYMÑ. YFV GHTLCNJBN VYJUJT CLTKFNM D CKTLEÑOTV CNJKTNBB YF GENB CJPLFYBZ CNHFYS, RJNJHFZ EDFÉFTN HFPKBXBZ VTÉLE CDJBVB UHFÉLFYFVB, DSCJRJ WTYBN CDJT VYJUJJÅHFPBT B JÅÜTLBYZTNCZ DJRHEU JÅOBÖ WTYYJCNTQ. CTQXFC, ÅSCNHJ GHBÅKBÉFZCM R YJDJVE NSCZXTKTNBÑ, LFDFQNT C UJHLJCNMÑ JNVTNBV DTÖB YF ÄNJV GENB, GJHFLETVCZ LJCNBUYENJVE YFVB GHJUHTCCE B ÅELTV CNHTVBNMCZ R NJVE, XNJÅS LJÅBNMCZ TOT ÅJKMITUJ D UHZLEOBT UJLS. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 6 TLBYJT DJ VYJUJV: CNHERN EHF B ÄNYBXTCRBQ CJCNFD BVVBUHFWBB CIF Bcnjhbz fvthbrfycrjuj yfhjlf – änj bcnjhbz bvvbuhfwbb b hfpyjjåhfpbz. Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbyzkb åjkmit bvvbuhfynjd, xtv kñåfz lheufz cnhfyf vbhf, – d jåotq ckjéyjcnb cdsit 50 vky – b gjghtéytve ghbybvfñn gjxnb vbkkbjy xtkjdtr d ujl. D ghjikjv vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt fdnjhs ghtlcnfdkzkb Fvthbre d rfxtcndt juhjvyjuj gkfdbkmyjuj rjnkf. Gjlhfpevtdfkjcm, xnj yjdjghbåsdibt jnjqlen jn cdjbö cnfhsö jåsxftd b ghbven yjdst, ghbceobt Yjdjve cdtne. R ghbvthe, ltnb bvvbuhfynjd, rfr ghfdbkj, bpexfkb fyukbqcrbq, f yt hjlyjq zpsr cdjbö hjlbntktq. Jlyfrj, d gjcktlytt dhtvz fvthbrfyws cnfkb ghblfdfnm åjkmieñ wtyyjcnm hfpyjjåhfpbñ, hfpkbxyst änybxtcrbt uheggs dyjdm cnfkb ujhlbnmcz cdjbv rekmnehysv yfcktlbtv, f ltnb bvvbuhfynjd pfxfcneñ dshfcnfñn ldezpsxysvb. RJHTYYST FVTHBRFYWS Gthdst bvvbuhfyns, gjzdbdibtcz d Fvthbrt åjktt 20 000 ktn yfpfl, åskb gentitcndtyybrfvb, rjnjhst ghbikb yf fvthbrfycrbq rjynbytyn c lheubö rjynbytynjd. Dvtcnt cj cdjbvb ctvmzvb jöjnybrb ldbufkbcm pf cnflfvb ébdjnysö bp Fpbb d Fvthbre gj gthtitqre, rjnjhsq ceotcndjdfk nfv, ult ctujlyz yföjlbncz Åthbyujd ghjkbd. Rjulf Öhbcnjajh Rjkevå bp Bcgfybb ≤jnrhsk≥ d 1492 u. Yjdsq cdtn, yf nthhbnjhbb, rjnjhfz d yfib lyb jåhfpetn rjynbytynfkmyeñ xfcnm CIF, ghjébdfkj jrjkj 1,5 vky rjhtyysö fvthbrfywtd, öjnz jwtyrb bö xbcktyyjcnb cbkmyj rjktåkñncz. Gj jibårt ghbyzd vtcnj, ult jy dscflbkcz, f änj åsk Cfy-Cfkmdfljh yf Åfufvcrbö jcnhjdfö, pf Bylbñ, Rjkevå yfhtr rjhtyysö ébntktq Fvthbrb ≤byltqwfvb≥. D gjcktleñobt 200 ktn kñlb bp ytcrjkmrbö tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy dcktl pf Rjkevåjv gthtctrfkb Fnkfynbxtcrbq jrtfy, jcdfbdfz Fvthbre b cjplfdfz njhuj- dst gjcns b rjkjybb. Dcktlcndbt änjuj ghbnjrf tdhjgtqwtd rjhtyyst fvthbrfyws cbkmyj gjcnhflfkb. Ptvkz gthtöjlbkf bp byltqcrbö d tdhjgtqcrbt, f gjplytt – d fvthbrfycrbt herb d htpekmnfnt ljujdjhjd, f nfrét c gjvjomñ djqy b ghbyeéltybz, ghbxtv byltqws gjcnjzyyj jncnegfkb, f yjdst gjctktyws ghjldbufkbcm yf pfgfl. D 19-v dtrt ghfdbntkmcndj CIF gsnfkjcm htifnm ≤byltqcreñ ghjåktve≥, pfcnfdkzz gktvtyf ébnm yf cgtwbfkmyj jndtltyysö exfcnrfö ptvkb, yfpdfyysö htpthdfwbzvb. Ytrjnjhst gktvtyf cjghjnbdkzkbcm, yt étkfz jnlfdfnm ptvkñ, rjnjhjq bplfdyf gjkmpjdfkbcm. Dj vyjubö ckexfzö ptvkb d htpthdfwbzö åskb gkjöjuj rfxtcndf, b byltqws gjgflfkb d pfdbcbvjcnm jn ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjvjob. Ybotnf b åtphfåjnbwf chtlb rjhtyysö fvthbrfywtd ceotcndeñn b gj ctq ltym. Djqys pf nthhbnjhbñ yfhzle c pfdtptyysvb bp Cnfhjuj cdtnf åjktpyzvb, ghjnbd rjnjhsö e byltqwtd yt åskj dhjéltyyjuj bvveybntnf, jåhtrkb rjhtyyjt yfctktybt yf htprjt cjrhfotybt lj vbybvfkmyjq jnvtnrb d 350 nsc. xtkjdtr d 1920 u. Jnltkmyst gktvtyf bcxtpkb djjåot. Ntv yt vtytt rjhtyyst fvthbrfyws ghjzdbkb åjkmieñ ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm. B ctujlyz bö xbcktyyjcnm cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 2 vky xtkjdtr – 0,8 ghjwtynf dctuj yfctktybz CIF. Kbim jrjkj nhtnb rjhtyysö fvthbrfywtd gj-ghtéytve ébden d htpthdfwbzö. Juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj utjuhfabxtcrbö yfpdfybq d CIF – ghjbpdjlyst jn byltqcrbö ckjd, d njv xbckt yfpdfybz infnjd Vfccfxectnc, Jufqj, Vbxbufy, Vbccbcbgb, Vbccehb b Fqlföj. Byltqws yfexbkb tdhjgtqwtd djpltksdfnm nfrbt ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyst rekmnehs, rfr rerehepe, gjvbljhs, rfhnjatkm b nfåfr, gjkexbdibt ctujlyz ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt dj dctv vbht. Chtlb vyjujxbcktyysö byltqcrbö bpjåhtntybq – rfyjä, cytujcnegs b vjrfcbys. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 7 ≤PJKJNST DJHJNF≥ Ukfdyjq änybxtcrjq uheggjq chtlb gthdsö gjctktywtd åeleobö Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd åskb fyukbxfyt, nfr xnj bvtyyj fyukbqcrbq zpsr cnfk d Fvthbrt ghtjåkflfñobv. Jlyfrj dcrjht yfxfkb ghbåsdfnm b kñlb bp lheubö cnhfy. D 1776 u. Njvfc Gtqy, ukfifnfq htdjkñwbjyyjuj ldbétybz d rjkjybzö, cfv hjljv bp Fyukbb, gbcfk: ≤Tdhjgf, f yt Fyukbz, gjhjlbkf Fvthbre≥. Änb ckjdf jnyjcbkbcm r gjctktywfv, ghbtpéfdibv yt njkmrj bp Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, yj b bp lheubö tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy – Bcgfybb, Gjhneufkbb, Ahfywbb, Ujkkfylbb, Uthvfybb b Idtwbb. Ntv yt vtytt d 1780 u. bp xtnshtö uhfélfy Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd nhjt bvtkb fyukbqcrbt bkb bhkfylcrbt rjhyb. D gthbjl c 1840 gj 1860 uu. Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbyzkb e ctåz gthdeñ åjkmieñ djkye bvvbuhfynjd. Dj dctq Tdhjgt ujkjl, ytehjéfb, hjcn yfctktybz b gjkbnbxtcrbt åtcgjhzlrb tétujlyj pfcnfdkzkb gjrblfnm hjlyst rhfz jrjkj 5 vky xtkjdtr. D Bhkfylbb gjctds rfhnjatkz gjhfpbkf åjktpym, b åjktt 750 nsc. xtkjdtr evthkj jn ujkjlf. Vyjubt bp ewtktdibö ävbuhbhjdfkb. Pf jlby njkmrj 1847 u. xbckj bhkfylcrbö bvvbuhfynjd d CIF ljcnbukj 118 120. Ctujlyz xbcktyyjcnm fvthbrfywtd bhkfylcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 39 vky xtkjdtr. Gjhfétybt htdjkñwbb 1848–49 uu. d Uthvfybb gjåelbkj vyjubö tt ébntktq ävbuhbhjdfnm. D ujls Uhfélfycrjq djqys d CIF (1861–65 uu.) ctdthzyt gjgjkyzkb cdjb djqcrf, gjjohzz ävbuhfwbñ bp Tdhjgs, jcjåtyyj bp Uthvfybb. D yfuhfle pf ckeéåe d fhvbb ctdthzy bvvbuhfynfv dsltkzkbcm ptvtkmyst exfcnrb. R 1865 u. ghbvthyj gznfz xfcnm cjklfn fhvbb ctdthzy cjcnjzkf bp bvvbuhfynjd djtyyjuj dhtvtyb. Ctujlyz e 22 ghjwtynjd fvthbrfywtd – ytvtwrbt rjhyb. Yfxbyfz ghbvthyj c 1880 u., d CIF cnfkb d åjkmibö rjkbxtcndfö ghbåsdfnm tdhtb, cgfcfdibtcz jn étcnjrbö gjuhjvjd d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt. Pf gjcktleñobt 45 ktn d Cjtlbytyyst Infns gthtåhfkbcm 2 vky tdhttd, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz tdhtqcrjt yfctktybt CIF ghtdsiftn 5 vky xtkjdtr. D rjywt 19-uj dtrf d Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbtpéfkj nfr vyjuj kñltq, xnj Dfibyunjy jhufybpjdfk hfåjne cgtwbfkmyjuj wtynhf gj ghbtve bvvbuhfynjd yf jcnhjdt Äkkbc d pfkbdt Fggth-Åäq åkbp u. YmñQjhrf. D gthbjl c 1892 u., rjulf jy jnrhskcz, gj 1954 u., rjulf tuj pfrhskb, jcnhjd Äkkbcf ckeébk cdjtjåhfpysvb djhjnfvb, xthtp rjnjhst d Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbåskb 12 vky xtkjdtr. Ntgthm änjn jcnhjd cjöhfyty rfr cjcnfdyfz xfcnm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj vjyevtynf ≤Cnfnez Cdjåjls≥. Cfvf Cnfnez Cdjåjls, lfh fvthbrfycrjve yfhjle jn Ahfywbb d 1886 u., cnjbn d ufdfyb yf cjctlytv jcnhjdt. Lkz vyjubö bvvbuhfynjd änf cnfnez cnfkf gthdsv phbvsv jåhfpjv cnhfys, cnfditq bö yjdjq hjlbyjq. BVVBUHFYNS GJYTDJKT Chtlb jåotuj gjnjrf bvvbuhfynjd d Ctdthyeñ Fvthbre jlyf uheggf ghbåskf cñlf yt gj cdjtq djkt. Änj åskb fahbrfyws, pfdtptyyst rfr hfås d rjkbxtcndt 500 nsc. xtkjdtr d gthbjl c 1619 u. gj 1808 u., rjulf ddjp hfåjd d Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnfk ytpfrjyysv. Jlyfrj yf ghfrnbrt dkfltybt hfåfvb b bö gjnjvrfvb ghjljkéfkjcm, jcjåtyyj yf fuhfhyjv fvthbrfycrjv Ñut, ult lkz hfåjns yf gjkzö nhtåjdfkjcm vyjuj hfåjxbö her. Ghjwtcc jnvtys hfåcndf yfxfkcz d fghtkt 1861 u., rjulf dcgsöyekf Uhfélfycrfz djqyf vtéle cdjåjlysvb infnfvb Ctdthf b hfåjdkfltkmxtcrbvb infnfvb Ñuf, 11 bp rjnjhsö dsikb bp Cjñpf. 1 zydfhz 1863 u., d cthtlbyt djqys, Ghtpbltyn Fdhffv Kbyrjkmy bplfk Ghjrkfvfwbñ jå jcdjåjéltybb hfåjd, rjnjhfz jnvtyzkf hfåcndj d jnltkbdiböcz infnfö. Gj dctv Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv hfåcndj åskj pfghtotyj d 1865 u. c ghbyznbtv Nhbyflwfnjq gjghfdrb r Rjycnbnewbb CIF. Jlyfrj lfét gjckt jnvtys hfåcndf xthyjrjébv fvthbrfywfv ghtgzncndjdfkb ctuhtufwbz b öelitt rfxtcndj jåhfpjdfybz. D gjbcrfö kexibö djpvjéyjcntq fahj-fvthbrfyws cjplfkb dyenhtyyññ djkye bvvbuhfwbb, gthtvtofzcm c ctkmcrjuj Ñuf yf ehåfybpbhjdfyysq Ctdth. Yj vyjubt xthyjrjébt ébntkb ujhjljd yt vjukb yfqnb hfåjne. Gj pfrjye b nhflbwbb jyb ébkb jnltkmyj jn åtksö, d eåjubö ujhjlcrbö nheojåfö. D rjywt 1950-ö b yfxfkt 1960-ö uu. fahj-fvthbrfyws, dtljvst Vfhnbyjv Kñnthjv Rbyujv-vkflibv, ghbyzkb exfcnbt d åjqrjnfö, vfhifö b lheubö ajhvfö ytyfcbkmcndtyyjuj ghjntcnf, nhtåez hfdtycndf gthtl pfrjyjv b ghtrhfotybz hfcjdsö ghtlhfccelrjd. Gbr ldbétybz pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf ghbitkcz yf 28 fduecnf 1963 u., rjulf åjktt 200 nsc. xtkjdtr dctö hfc cjåhfkbcm gthtl Vtvjhbfkjv Kbyrjkmyf d Dfibyunjyt, b gthtl ybvb c zhrjq htxmñ dscnegbk Rbyu. Dcrjht gjckt änjuj Rjyuhtcc CIF ghbyzk pfrjys, pfghtofñobt lbcrhbvbyfwbñ d jåkfcnb bpåb- CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 8 hfntkmysö ghfd, jåhfpjdfybz b nheljecnhjqcndf, f nfrét d ghtljcnfdktybb, ghb gjregrt b cyznbb ébkmz b d jåotcndtyysö vtcnfö. Ctujlyz fahj-fvthbrfyws cjcnfdkzñn 12,7 ghjwtynf dctuj yfctktybz CIF. D gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz xthyjrjébt fvthbrfyws ljåbkbcm åjkmibö ecgtöjd ghb pyfxbntkmyjv hjcnt fahj-fvthbrfycrjuj chtlytuj rkfccf. ZPSR B YFWBJYFKMYJCNM Ctujlyz, ghjöjlz gj ekbwfv fvthbrfycrjuj ujhjlf, ythtlrj vjéyj ecksifnm bcgfycreñ htxm. D 1950 u. dsöjlws bp bcgfyjzpsxysö cnhfy cjcnfdkzkb vtytt 4 vky ébntktq CIF. Ctujlyz xbcktyyjcnm kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz d CIF ljöjlbn lj 27 vky xtkjdtr. Ghbvthyj 50 ghjwtynjd bcgfyjzpsxysö fvthbrfywtd – vtrcbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Lheubt 50 ghjwtynjd ghbtöfkb bp hfpysö cnhfy, drkñxfz Cfkmdfljh, Ljvbybrfycreñ Htcgeåkbre b Rjkevåbñ. 36 ghjwtynjd bcgfyjzpsxysö ébntktq CIF ghjébdfñn d Rfkbajhybb. Rhegyjt bcgfyjzpsxyjt yfctktybt bvtñn tot ytcrjkmrj infnjd, d njv xbckt Ntöfc, Ymñ-Qjhr, Bkkbyjqc b Akjhblf, ult jåjcyjdfkbcm cjnyb nsczx reåbywtd, åtéfdibö jn htébvf Rfcnhj. D Vfqfvb nfr vyjuj fvthbrfywtd reåbycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, xnj cfvfz åjkmifz ujhjlcrfz ufptnf ≤Vfqfvb uthfkml≥ dsöjlbn jnltkmysvb dsgecrfvb yf fyukbqcrjv b bcgfycrjv zpsrfö. Ibhjrjt ghbvtytybt bcgfycrjuj zpsrf d fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö cnfkj gjdjljv r jåotcndtyyjq lbcreccbb gj ghjåktvt zpsrf d wtkjv. Ytrjnjhst fyukjzpsxyst uhfélfyt erfpsdfñn yf Rfyfle, ult ceotcndjdfybt ldeö zpsrjd – fyukbqcrjuj b ahfywepcrjuj – cjghjdjélftncz ctgfhfnbcncrbv ldbétybtv. Lfås ghtljndhfnbnm gjljåyjt hfpdbnbt cjåsnbq d CIF, ytrjnjhst uhfélfyt ghbpsdfñn ghbyznm pfrjy, jåüzdkzñobq fyukbqcrbq jabwbfkmysv fvthbrfycrbv zpsrjv. Lheubt cxbnfñn nfrjq pfrjy ytyeéysv b gjntywbfkmyj dhtlysv. Ghbpyfybt fyukbqcrjuj d rfxtcndt jabwbfkmyjuj zpsrf, endthélfñn jyb, pfrktqvbn kñltq, ujdjhzobö yf lheubö zpsrfö, b jckjéybn bv gjdctlytdyeñ ébpym. JUHFYBXTYBZ BVVBUHFWBB Cnfnez Cdjåjls yfxfkf jpfhznm genm dyjdm ghbåsdfñobv d njn vjvtyn, rjulf vyjubt fvthbrfyws gj hjéltybñ cnfkb åtcgjrjbnmcz j njv, xnj cnhfyf ghbybvftn ckbirjv vyjuj bvvbuhfynjd. Ytrjnjhst uhfélfyt jgfcfkbcm, xnj euhjpt gjldthuftncz bö rekmnehf bkb xnj jyb gjnthzñn hfåjne bp-pf njuj, xnj yjdjghbåsdibt ujnjds cjukfcbnmcz yf åjktt ybprbq pfhfåjnjr. D 1924 u. Rjyuhtcc ghbyzk Pfrjy Léjycjyf-Hblf jå bvvbuhfwbb. Dgthdst Cjtlbytyyst Infns ddtkb juhfybxtybz yf nj, crjkmrj kñltq bp rféljq cnhfys jyb åelen ghbybvfnm. Tétujlyjt xbckj kñltq, rjnjhsv hfphtifkjcm ävbuhbhjdfnm bp lfyyjq cnhfys, jcyjdsdfkjcm yf xbcktyyjcnb dsöjlwtd bp änjq cnhfys, eét ghjébdfñobö d CIF. D bnjut yf ghjnzétybb gjcktleñobö 40 ktn cnhernehf bvvbuhfwbb jnhféfkf ckjébdittcz bvvbuhfyncrjt yfctktybt, rjnjhjt cjcnfdkzkb, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, tdhjgtqws b ctdthjfvthbrfyws. Lj 1924 u. pfrjys CIF ghzvj pfghtofkb bvvbuhfwbñ bp Fpbb. Ébntkb fvthbrfycrjuj Pfgflf jgfcfkbcm, xnj rbnfqws b lheubt fpbfns gthtödfnzn hfåjxbt vtcnf, b hfcjdst ghtlhfccelrb ghjnbd kñltq c fpbfncrbvb xthnfvb åskb ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytys. Pfrjy, ghtgzncndjdfdibq rbnfqcrjq bvvbuhfwbb, åsk jnvtyty d 1943 u., f ghbyznjt d 1952 u. pfrjyjlfntkmcndj hfphtifkj cnfyjdbnmcz uhfélfyfvb CIF kñlzv dctö hfc. Ctujlyz fvthbrfyws fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz – jlyf bp cfvsö åscnhjhfcneobö änybxtcrbö uhegg d cnhfyt. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ébden 10 vky xtkjdtr c fpbfncrbvb rjhyzvb. Öjnz åjkmibycndj bp ybö ghbåskj cñlf ytlfdyj, änb kñlb ghbyflktéfn r xbcke yfbåjktt ecgtiysö bp dctö bvvbuhfyncrbö uhegg. Bö ljöjl dsit, xtv e vyjubö lheubö änybxtcrbö uhegg, f bö ltnb d åjkmijv rjkbxtcndt exfncz d kexibö eybdthcbntnfö CIF, gjkexfz cntgtyb åfrfkfdhjd, vfubcnhjd b ljrnjhjd yfer. YJDFZ CBCNTVF Ujl 1965-q ghbytc rjhtyyst bpvtytybz d ghtéyññ cnhernehe bvvbuhfwbb. Cjtlbytyyst Infns yfxfkb dslfdfnm bvvbuhfyncrbt dbps d gjhzlrt gjlfxb pfzdktybq, yf cvtye rdjnfv gj cnhfyfv ghbikb rdjns, ecnfyjdktyyst lkz gjkeifhbq. Ghtlgjxntybt CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 9 cnfkj jnlfdfnmcz hjlcndtyybrfv fvthbrfycrbö uhfélfy b bvvbuhfynfv, jåkflfñobv ltabwbnysvb d CIF ghjatccbzvb. D 1978 u. Rjyuhtcc jnvtybk rdjns gj gjkeifhbzv b ecnfyjdbk jåotvbhjdjq ≤gjnjkjr≥, ntv cfvsv hfcgföyed ldthb tot ibht. R ghbvthe, d 1990 u. chtlb cnhfy ghjbcöjéltybz bvvbuhfynjd gthdst ltcznm vtcn pfybvfkb Vtrcbrf (57 000), Abkbggbys (55 000), Dmtnyfv (49 000), Ljvbybrfycrfz Htcgeåkbrf (32 000), Rjhtz (30 000), Rbnfq (29 000), Bylbz (28 000), Cjdtncrbq Cjñp (25 000), Zvfqrf (19 000) b Bhfy (18 000). Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghjljkéfñn ghbybvfnm åjkmit bvvbuhfynjd, xtv kñåfz lheufz cnhfyf vbhf. D 1990 u. yfctktybt CIF drkñxfkj gjxnb 20 vky xtkjdtr, hjlbdiböcz pf uhfybwtq. Gthtcvjnhtyysq bvvbuhfwbjyysq pfrjy 1990 u. ddtk ubårbq dthöybq ghtltk d 675 000 bvvbuhfynjd tétujlyj, ghbxtv jghtltktyyst rfntujhbb kñltq yt gjlgflfñn gjl änb juhfybxtybz. C gjvjomñ änjuj pfrjyf CIF gsnfñncz ghbdktxm åjkmit rdfkbabwbhjdfyysö hfåjxbö b cgtwbfkbcnjd b jåtcgtxbnm bvvbuhfwbñ bp cnhfy, rjnjhst d gjcktlybt ujls gjcnfdkzkb jnyjcbntkmyj ytvyjuj fvthbrfywtd. Ltkftncz änj gentv dslfxb cgtwbfkmysö ≤lbdthcbabrfwbjyysö≥ dbp. D 1990 u. gj gjljåysv dbpfv d Cjtlbytyyst Infns dütöfkj jrjkj 9 000 xtkjdtr bp nfrbö cnhfy, rfr Åfyukflti, Gfrbcnfy, Gthe, Tubgtn b Nhbyblfl b Njåfuj. YTKTUFKMYST BVVBUHFYNS Gj jwtyrfv fvthbrfycrjq Ckeéås bvvbuhfwbb b yfnehfkbpfwbb, d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ghjébdftn åtp hfphtitybz jrjkj 5 vky xtkjdtr, b änf wbahf hfcntn ghbvthyj yf 275 000 d ujl. Fvthbrfyws gj hjéltybñ b ktufkmyst bvvbuhfyns jåtcgjrjtys ghjåktvjq ytktufkmyjq bvvbuhfwbb. Vyjubt cxbnfñn, xnj ytktufkmyst bvvbuhfyns (yfpsdftvst nfrét ≤ytktufkmysvb byjcnhfywfvb≥) jnybvfñn hfåjxbt vtcnf e uhfélfy CIF, jcjåtyyj e vjkjlsö kñltq b ghtlcnfdbntktq vtymibycnd. Åjktt njuj, ytktufks vjuen cjplfdfnm åjkmieñ yfuhepre yf cjwbfkmyst ckeéås, abyfycbhetvst pf cxtn yfkjujgkfntkmobrjd. D 1986 u. Rjyuhtcc gthtcvjnhtk bvvbuhfwbjyysq pfrjy, c ntv xnjås htibnm ghjåktve ytktufkmysö byjcnhfywtd. Vyjubt bp ntö, rnj yföjlbkcz d cnhfyt yfxbyfz c 1982 u., gjkexbkb ghfdj gjlfnm pfzdre yf ghtljcnfdktybt cnfnecf ktufkmyjuj ébntkz cnhfys, rjnjhsq d rjytxyjv bnjut gjpdjkbk ås bv jcnfdfnmcz d cnhfyt gjcnjzyyj. D 1990 u. gjxnb 900 000 xtkjdtr djcgjkmpjdfkbcm änbv pfrjyjv lkz ghbjåhtntybz ktufkmyjuj cnfnecf. Rhjvt njuj, pfrjy ghtlecvjnhtk étcnrbt vths gj åjhmåt c lfkmytqitq ytktufkmyjq bvvbuhfwbtq b ddtk cfyrwbb yf ghtlghbznbz, cjpyfntkmyj yfybvfñobt yf hfåjne ytktufkmysö byjcnhfywtd. YFCKTLBT Ecnjqxbdsq gjnjr kñltq, ghbåsdfñobö r åthtufv Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, ukeåjrj gjdkbzk yf fvthbrfycrbq öfhfrnth. Xnjås gjrbyenm cdjñ hjlbye b jnghfdbnmcz d yjdeñ cnhfye, ytjåöjlbvs cvtkjcnm b vjåbkmyjcnm. Fvthbrfycrbq yfhjl bpdtcnty cdjtq ujnjdyjcnmñ hbcrjdfnm, gecrfnmcz d yjdst pfntb, f nfrét ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ b jgnbvbpvjv. Tckb fvthbrfyws, xmb ctvmb ébden pltcm ljkmit, crkjyys djcghbybvfnm vfnthbfkmysq rjvajhn b gjkbnbxtcrbt cdjåjls rfr ljkéyjt, nj bvvbuhfyns dctulf ujnjds yfgjvybnm bv j njv, xnj änj ghbdbktubb b yfcrjkmrj jyb dféys. Bvvbuhfyns jåjufofñn fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj tot b ntv, xnj ghbdyjczn d ytuj jghtltktyyst vjvtyns cdjtq hjlyjq rekmnehs. Vyjubt xthyjrjébt fvthbrfyws ntgthm jnvtxfñn b Hjéltcndj, b Rdfypf – ghfplybr, jcyjdfyysq yf fahbrfycrbö hbnefkfö. Bcgfyjzpsxyst fvthbrfyws gjllthébdfñn cdjb nhflbwbb, ecnhfbdfz ekbxyst zhvfhrb yf 5 vfz – ≤Xbyrj lt vfqj≥. Dj vyjubö fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö tcnm hfqjys rjvgfrnyjuj ghjébdfybz kñltq jghtltktyyjq yfwbjyfkmyjcnb b htcnjhfys c yfwbjyfkmyjq reöytq. Ghtpbltyn Léjy A. Rtyytlb, cfv dyer bhkfylcrbö bvvbuhfynjd, gjlsnjébk äne cvtcm cnfhjuj b yjdjuj, yfpdfd Fvthbre ≤jåotcndjv bvvbuhfynjd, rfélsq bp rjnjhsö yfxfk ébpym pfyjdj b yfhfdyt c lheubvb≥. ≤Änj b tcnm ctrhtn Fvthbrb, – djcrkbryek jy, – cnhfys kñltq cj cdtétq gfvznmñ j cnfhsö nhflbwbzö, rjnjhst lthpyekb jcdjbnm yjdst ghtltks...≥ ■ Jåobt cdtltybz j yfctktybb CIF bp geåkbrfwbb ≤Gjhnhtn CIF≥, bplfyyjq Byajhvfwbjyysv futyncndjv CIF, ctynzåhm 1997 u. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 10 BPVTYTYBZ D CJCNFDT YFCTKTYBZ CIF Bp ljrkflf ≤Vtyzñofzcz Fvthbrf≥ jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj Cjdtnjv ärjyjvbxtcrbö rjycekmnfynjd Ctujlyz, yf gjhjut yjdjuj cnjktnbz, cjcnfd yfctktybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt vyjujjåhfpysv. D gjcktlybt ujls xbckj fvthbrfywtd kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, f nfrét ghtlcnfdbntktq hfcjdsö vtymibycnd (n.t. hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö uhegg, cjcnfdkzñobö vtytt 50 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz b drkñxfñobö ytbcgfyjzpsxysö uhfélfy, fahj-fvthbrfywtd, dsöjlwtd bp Fpbb b fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd) hjckj åjktt åscnhsvb ntvgfvb, xtv dct yfctktybt cnhfys d wtkjv. D 1970 u. änb uheggs dvtcnt dpznst cjcnfdkzkb kbim 16 ghjwtynjd jn jåotq xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz. R 1998 u. änf ljkz edtkbxbkfcm lj 27 ghjwtynjd. Gj ghjuyjpfv Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz, d ckexft cjöhfytybz ysytiytq ntyltywbb r 2050 u. änb uheggs åelen cjcnfdkznm gjxnb gjkjdbye yfctktybz CIF. B öjnz gjljåyst ghjuyjps dctulf pfrkñxfñn d ctåt jghtltktyyeñ ljkñ gjuhtiyjcnb, jyb ntv yt vtytt gjrfpsdfñn, xnj d cktleñotv cnjktnbb yfctktybt Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd åeltn pyfxbntkmyj åjktt hfpyjjåhfpysv, c njxrb phtybz tuj hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj cjcnfdf. Jcyjdyfz ghbxbyf änjq ltvjuhfabxtcrjq ädjkñwbb pfrkñxftncz d bvvbuhfwbb. Bvtyyj bvvbuhfwbz jåeckjdkbdftn åscnhsq hjcn xbcktyyjcnb uhfélfy fpbfncrjuj b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yfxbyfz c 1960-ö ujljd. Gj lfyysv pf 1997 u., 38 ghjwtynjd fvthbrfycrbö uhfélfy kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b 61 ghjwtyn fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz hjlbkbcm pf ghtltkfvb Fvthbrb – gj chfdytybñ c 8 ghjwtynfvb uhfélfy c åtkjq rjétq, 6 ghjwtynfvb fvthbrfywtd fahbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b 6 ghjwtynfvb fvthbrfycrbö byltq- wtd. Edtkbxtybt xbcktyyjcnb bvvbuhfynjd bp Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb d ntxtybt gjcktlybö ytcrjkmrbö ltcznbktnbq cnfkj d jcyjdyjv htpekmnfnjv bpvtytybq d bvvbuhfwbjyyjq gjkbnbrt. D xfcnyjcnb, Pfrjy jå bvvbuhfwbb 1965 u. kbrdblbhjdfk cbcntve rdjn gj ghbywbge cnhfys ghjbcöjéltybz, rjnjhfz hfytt juhfybxbdfkf bvvbuhfwbñ bp yttdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy. Pfrjy 1986 u. j htajhvt b rjynhjkt bvvbuhfwbjyyjq gjkbnbrb nfrét cgjcjåcndjdfk edtkbxtybñ ljkb dsöjlwtd bp Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb d yfctktybb CIF gentv ktufkbpfwbb åjkmijuj xbckf bvvbuhfynjd. Yf ajyt hjcnf bvvbuhfwbb bp Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb hjcn jcnfkmyjuj yfctktybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd htprj pfvtlkbkcz – d jcyjdyjv bp-pf cybétybz hjélftvjcnb chtlb yt-kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd c xthyjq b åtkjq rjétq. D htpekmnfnt cybétybz hjélftvjcnb ljkz yt-kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd c åtkjq rjétq cjrhfnbkfcm gj chfdytybñ c 1970 u., f ljkz yt-kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd c xthyjq rjétq kbim ckturf edtkbxbkfcm pf änjn ét gthbjl. Bpvtytybz d jghtltktybb hfcjdjq b änybxtcrjq ghbyflktéyjcnb nfrét cgjcjåcndeñn edtkbxtybñ gjrfpfntktq hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj vyjujjåhfpbz. Änj yfbåjktt pfvtnyj yf ghbvtht fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd, xbcktyyjcnm rjnjhsö dshjckf pf gjcktlybt ujls åjktt, xtv vjéyj åskj ås jéblfnm yf jcyjdfybb cnfnbcnbxtcrbö lfyysö j cvthnyjcnb, hjélftvjcnb, bvvbuhfwbb b d htpekmnfnt åjktt njxyjq gthtgbcb yfctktybz. Hjcn xbcktyyjcnb änjq uheggs yfctktybz gjpdjkztn ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj ghb gthtgbcb kñlb åjktt crkjyys cxbnfnm ctåz byltqwfvb, xtv d ghjikjv. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 11 Yfwbjyfkmyst bpvtytybz d cjcnfdt yfctktybz crhsdfñn pf cjåjq vtéhtubjyfkmyst b dyenhbhtubjyfkmyst hfpkbxbz. Utjuhfabxtcrjt hfcghtltktybt hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö uhegg bvttn dféyjt pyfxtybt, gjcrjkmre jyj dkbztn yf gjntywbfk cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz vtéle ybvb. Cjukfcyj ghjuyjpfv Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz, cltkfyysv d 1995 u., yf Pfgflt yfåkñlfkfcm cfvfz dscjrfz rjywtynhfwbz vtymibycnd (36 ghjwtynjd), pfntv cktljdfk ñu (30 ghjwtynjd), Ctdthj-Djcnjr (23 ghjwtynf) b Chtlybq Pfgfl (15 ghjwtynjd). Ytbcgfyjzpsxyst uhfélfyt c xthyjq rjétq ghtlgjxbnfñn ébnm yf ñut, d nj dhtvz rfr fvthbrfyws fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b fvthbrfycrbt byltqws crjywtynhbhjdfys yf pfgflt cnhfys. Hfcjdsq cjcnfd yfctktybz nfrét hfpkbxftncz d åjkmibö ujhjlfö, ghbujhjlfö b ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb. D åjkmibö ujhjlfö ghjébdftn åjkmit uhfélfy kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, uhfélfy c xthyjq rjétq b dsöjlwtd bp Fpbb, xtv ytbcgfyjzpsxysö uhfélfy c åtkjq rjétq (d 1996 u. cdsit gjkjdbys xthyjrjébö fvthbrfywtd b dsöjlwtd bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, f nfrét gjxnb gjkjdbyf dsöjlwtd bp Fpbb ghjébdfkb d åjkmibö ujhjlfö, d nj dhtvz rfr fyfkjubxyfz ljkz ytbcgfyjzpsxyjuj åtkjuj yfctktybz cjcnfdkzkf vtytt 25 ghjwtynjd). B yfjåjhjn, cdsit gjkjdbys dctö åtksö ytkfnbyjfvthbrfywtd b 48 ghjwtynjd kbw fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz ghjébdfkb d 1996 u. d ghbujhjlfö. Fvthbrfycrbt byltqws d jcyjdyjv ébden pf ghtltkfvb ujhjljd b ghbujhjljd – d 1990 u. gjxnb gjkjdbyf bö ghjébdfkb pf ghtltkfvb ehåfybpbhjdfyysö nthhbnjhbq. Gj vtht njuj, rfr cjcnfd yfctktybz cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt vyjujjåhfpysv, ljkéys edtkbxbdfnmcz djpvjéyjcnb lkz cjwbfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz vtéle xktyfvb hfpkbxysö hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö uhegg. Cvtifyyst vtéuheggjdst åhfrb (åhfrb vtéle kñlmvb hfpysö hfc b vtéle ytkfnbyjfvthbrfywfvb b kfnbyjfvthbrfywfvb) – jlby bp gjrfpfntktq cjwbfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz. Xbckj cegheétcrbö gfh, d rjnjhsö cegheub bvtñn hfpyjt hfcjdjt ghjbcöjéltybt, htprj edtkbxbkjcm pf gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq, f njxytt, enhjbkjcm, yfxbyfz c 1960 u. Ntv yt vtytt, htpekmnfns bccktljdfybz, ghjdtltyyjuj d 1995 u. Hjlthbrjv Öfhhbcjyjv b Rkjltn Åtyytn, gjrfpsdfñn, xnj nfrbt cegheétcrbt gfhs cjcnfdkzkb d 1990 u. kbim 2 ghjwtynf, f cvtifyyst vtéuheggjdst åhfrb – 4 ghjwtynf jn jåotuj xbckf cegheétcrbö gfh. Vyjubt ltvjuhfabxtcrbt öfhfrnthbcnbrb jrfpsdfñn djpltqcndbt yf ärjyjvbxtcrbq b cjwbfkmysq cnfnec b jåüzcyzñn hfpkbxbz d ehjdyt åkfujcjcnjzybz uhfélfy CIF. Nfr, yfghbvth, d htpekmnfnt bvvbuhf- wbb cybpbkcz jnyjcbntkmysq cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrbq cnfnec kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz CIF, gjcrjkmre bvvbuhfyns bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb jåsxyj bvtñn åjktt ybprbq ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz b ljöjljd, xtv yfctktybt CIF kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz d wtkjv. R xbcke lheubö ltvjuhfabxtcrbö öfhfrnthbcnbr, jrfpsdfñobö dféyjt djpltqcndbt yf cjwbfkmysq b ärjyjvbxtcrbq cnfnec, ghbyflktéfn gjrfpfntkb cjcnfdf ctvmb b djphfcnyfz cnhernehf. Nfr, edtkbxtybt xbckf ltntq, ébdeobö d eckjdbzö åtlyjcnb, xfcnj cdzpfyj c edtkbxtybtv ljkb ctvtq c jlybv hjlbntktv. Yfxbyfz c 1970 u., ljkz nfrbö ctvtq edtkbxbkfcm d cjcnfdt dctö uhegg yfctktybz, b yfbåjktt dscjrf chtlb fvthbrfywtd fahbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz (38 ghjwtynjd), dcktl pf rjnjhsvb cktleñn fvthbrfycrbt byltqws (26 ghjwtynjd) b kfnbyjfvthbrfyws (26 ghjwtynjd). Cnhernehf ctvmb nfrét pfdbcbn jn ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cnfnecf – yfghbvth, tcnm lfyyst j njv, xnj hfcneofz ntyltywbz chtlb gjébksö kñltq ébnm jnltkmyj jåeckjdktyf hjcnjv ehjdyz bö ärjyjvbxtcrjuj åkfujcjcnjzybz. Jcjåtyyjcnb djphfcnyjq cnhernehs uheggs yfctktybz vjuen jåeckjdkbdfnm ntvgs tt hjcnf, rfr, dghjxtv, b gjrfpfntkb chtlytuj ehjdyz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b cjwbfkmyjuj åkfujcjcnjzybz. Nfr, yfghbvth, ehjdtym åtlyjcnb dsit dctuj chtlb ltntq, f ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb – chtlb dphjcksö kñltq vjkjljuj djphfcnf. D chtlytv ytbcgfyjzpsxyjt åtkjt yfctktybt pyfxbntkmyj cnfhit, xtv dct yfctktybt d wtkjv. Njkmrj 24 ghjwtynf ytbcgfyjzpsxyjuj åtkjuj yfctktybz yföjlbncz d djphfcnyjq uheggt lj 18 ktn, d nj dhtvz rfr änjn ét gjrfpfntkm cjcnfdkztn 30 ghjwtynjd lkz ytbcgfyjzpsxyjuj yfctktybz c xthyjq rjétq b yfctktybz fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b 35 ghjwtynjd lkz fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz. Hfpkbxbz djphfcnyjq cnhernehs vtéle hfcjdsvb b änybxtcrbvb uheggfvb jnhféfñn hfpybwe d ehjdyt cvthnyjcnb, hjélftvjcnb, ghbnjrt bvvbu■ hfynjd b djphfcnt bvvbuhfynjd Vfnthbfk dpzn bp dnjhjq ukfds ljrkflf ≤Vtyzñofzcz Fvthbrf: gjrfpfntkb cjwbfkmyjuj gjkjétybz b ärjyjvbxtcrjuj åkfujcjcnjzybz gj hfcfv b gj ghjbcöjéltybñ bp cnhfy Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb≥, jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj Cjdtnjv ärjyjvbxtcrbö rjycekmnfynjd d hfvrfö ghtpbltyncrjq bybwbfnbds gj hfcjdsv ghjåktvfv, ctynzåhm 1998 u. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 12 GHJÅKTVS GTHTGBCB YFCTKTYBZ CIF D BYAJHVFWBJYYSQ DTR ÅFHHB ÄLVJYCNJY D 2000 u. Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghjdtlen 22-ñ gj cxtne gthtgbcm yfctktybz – yfxbyfz c 1790 u., gthtgbcm yfctktybz d CIF ghjdjlbncz rfélst 10 ktn. Rjycnbnewbz CIF ghtlecvfnhbdftn tt ghjdtltybt hfp d 10 ktn c wtkmñ gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF. Yf ghfrnbrt gthtgbcm yfctktybz ghtljcnfdkztn nfrét nfrét byajhvfwbñ lkz jghtltktybz uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd gj dsåjhfv 435 xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF. D R BCNJHBB DJGHJCF C cfvjuj yfxfkf gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF lfdfkb ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ j yfctktybb cnhfys cdthö fåcjkñnyjuj vbybvevf, nhtåetvjuj lkz gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Rjyuhtcct b jghtltktybz uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd gj dsåjhfv d Rjyuhtcc. D öjlt gthtgbcb 1790 u. rféljq ctvmt pflfdfkcz djghjc j djphfcnt dctö tt xktyjd, gjkt b cntgtyb hjlcndf. D öjlt gthtgbcb 1820 u. d fyrtne åskb ljåfdktys djghjcs j cnhfyt ghjbcöjéltybz b pfyznjcnb d hfpkbxysö jnhfckzö ärjyjvbrb. D gjcktleñobt gthtgbcb åskb drkñxtys djghjcs j hjlt pfyznbq, ckeéåt d fhvbb, ljöjlfö, jåhfpjdfybb, f nfrét lheufz dféyfz byajhvfwbz. Htpekmnfns gthtgbcb, nfrbv jåhfpjv, bvtñn dféytqitt pyfxtybt yt njkmrj lkz gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Rjyuhtcct b jghtltktybb uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd, yj b lkz jhufybpfwbq b ljkéyjcnysö kbw, ghbybvfñobö htitybz d hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö – åelm nj djghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj pyfxtybz, cdzpfyyst cj plhfdjjöhfytybtv, jåhfpjdfybtv, nhfycgjhnysv gkfybhjdfybtv b cjwbfkmysv jåckeébdfybtv, bkb xfcnyjuj gjhzlrf, cdzpfyyst c hfpvtotybtv ghtlghbznbq, ébkmz, vfhrtnbyujv gjnhtåbntkmcrbö njdfhjd b hfphfåjnrjq ärjyjvbxtcrbö cnhfntubq. Ybét hfccvfnhbdftncz bcnjhbxtcrjt jcyjdfybt gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF, ghjdjlzotqcz hfp d 10 ktn, jwtybdftncz pyfxtybt htpekmnfnjd gthtgbcb b jcdtofñncz ckjéyst ghjåktvs b djghjcs, djpybrfñobt ghb ghjdtltybb gthtgbcb yfctktybz d cjdhtvtyysö eckjdbzö. WTKM GTHTGBCB YFCTKTYBZ CIF Gthdjyfxfkmyj gthtgbcm yfctktybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd ghjdjlbkfcm c wtkmñ gjkextybz lfyysö, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF. Cnfnmz I Rjycnbnewbb CIF ghtlecvfnhbdftn jghtltktybt xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz cnhfys hfp d ltcznm ktn. Yfxbyfz c gthtgbcb 1930 u., 435 vtcn d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF fdnjvfnbxtcrb gththfcghtltkzñncz gjckt gjkextybz htpekmnfnjd gjlcxtnf xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz bp Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz. Gththfcghtltktybt vtcn d Rjyuhtcct ghjbcöjlbn chfpe ét gjckt njuj, rfr vbybcnh njhujdkb ghtlcnfdkztn htpekmnfns gjlcxtnf xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz rféljuj infnf Ghtpbltyne. D Rjycnbnewbb CIF jujdfhbdftncz, xnj xbckj vtcn d Rjyuhtcct, pfybvftvsö ghtlcnfdbntkzvb infnjd, ljkéyj njxyj cjjndtncndjdfnm xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz rféljuj infnf. Gjckt njuj, rfr rfélsq infn gjkexbn cdjt xbckj vtcn d Rjyuhtcct, dyjdm jghtltkzñncz utjuhfabxtcrbt uhfybws bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd gj dsåjhfv d Rjyuhtcc. Rjyuhtcc nhtåetn, xnjås Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz ghtljcnfdkzkj cdjlyst nfåkbws ghjdjlbvjq hfp d 10 ktn gthtgbcb yfctktybz herjdjlcnde infnjd lkz pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj gththfcghtltktybz vtcn b jghtltktybz uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd d ntxtybt jlyjuj ujlf gjckt 1 fghtkz, lfns pfdthitybz gthtgbcb. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 13 GHJWTCC CJCNFDKTYBZ CDJLYSÖ NFÅKBW Gthtgbcm yfctktybz yfxbyftncz c cjcnfdktybz httcnhf flhtcjd dctö uhfélfy cnhfys, xnj drkñxftn d ctåz ckjéyst ghjwtlehs, yfghfdktyyst yf jåtcgtxtybt yfbåjktt gjkyjuj jödfnf yfctktybz. Yf rfélsq flhtc vtcnf ébntkmcndf dscskfñncz åkfyrb gthtgbcb dvtcnt c bycnherwbzvb j djpdhfnt gj gjxnt pfgjkytyysö åkfyrjd. Jåsxyj yt dct uhfélfyt djpdhfofñn pfgjkytyyst åkfyrb d hfpevyst chjrb. D cdzpb c änbv wtkfz fhvbz extnxbrjd gjctofñn nt flhtcf, jnrelf yt ghbitk jndtn yf ukfdyst djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz xbckf xktyjd ctvmb b bö jcyjdysö ltvjuhfabxtcrbö öfhfrnthbcnbr. Ghbkjébd nfrbv jåhfpjv pyfxbntkmyst ecbkbz, extnxbrb jghtltkzñn, ghjébdftn kb rnj-kbåj d lfyyjv ljvt bkb rdfhnbht, b gjkexfñn jndtns yf jcyjdyst djghjcs. Änjn ghjwtcc drkñxftn nfrét cgtwbfkmyst ghjuhfvvs gj jödfne jghtltktyysö uhegg yfctktybz (yfghbvth, åtpljvysö kbw, kñltq, yföjlzoböcz d cgtwbfkmysö ktxtåysö exhtéltybzö, jåotébnbzö, rfpfhvfö, f nfrét lheubö kñltq, yt ghjébdfñobö d cnfylfhnysö dblfö ébkmz). Gjckt jåjåotybz cdtltybq, cjlthéfoböcz d ghbckfyysö gj gjxnt jghjcybrfö, lfyysö, gjkextyysö d htpekmnfnt hfåjns extnxbrjd b cgtwbfkmysö ecbkbq gj gjdsitybñ cntgtyb jödfnf yfctktybz, gjkexftncz jrjyxfntkmyfz wbahf xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz CIF. LFYYST GTHTGBCB Jghjcybr, rjnjhsq gjkexbn d öjlt gthtgbcb 2000 ujlf åjkmibycndj ctvtq, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤rjhjnrbq gthtxtym djghjcjd≥, rfcfñoböcz xktyjd ctvtq. Bcnjhbxtcrb ckjébkjcm nfr, xnj gjvbvj vbybvfkmyjuj yfåjhf djghjcjd, rfcfñoböcz djphfcnf, gjkf b hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, jndtns yf rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvs lkz ghtlecvjnhtyyjuj Rjycnbnewbtq gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Rjyuhtcct b jghtltktybz uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd, d öjlt gthtgbcb cjåbhfñncz b ljgjkybntkmyst lfyyst. Yfxbyfz c 1960 u., pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm änbö ljgjkybntkmysö lfyysö dyjcbncz d cgtwbfkmysq åkfyr (bpdtcnysq gjl yfpdfybtv ≤lkbyyjuj gthtxyz djghjcjd≥), rjnjhsq yfghfdkztncz ytrjnjhsv ctvmzv. Änb ljgjkybntkmyst lfyyst ibhjrj bcgjkmpeñncz d htitybb wtkjuj hzlf dféysö jåotcndtyysö pflfx. Rhfnrbq gthtxtym djghjcjd, yfghfdkztvsq dctv ctvmzv, cjlthébn 7 djghjcjd – itcnm bp ybö cdzpfys c ltvjuhfabxtcrbvb gjrfpfntkzvb b jlby – c öfhfrnthbcnbrfvb ébkmz. D lkbyyjv gthtxyt cjlthéfncz dct djghjcs bp rhfnrjuj djghjcybrf, f nfrét ljgjkybntkmyst djghjcs – dctuj 52 geyrnf. Jåsxyj d ghjdjlbvjq hfp d 10 ktn gthtgbcb yfctktybz uhfélfyfv pflfñncz djghjcs j hfcjdjq b änybxtcrjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, öjnz ajhvf nfrbö djghjcjd xfcnj vtyzkfcm. Änb bpvtytybz dyjcbkbcm d cdzpb c bpvtytybtv hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj cjcnfdf yfctktybz, bpvtytybzvb cjwbfkmysö jnyjitybq, bp gjkbnbxtcrbö cjjåhfétybq, f nfrét d cdzpb c bpvtytybzvb gjnhtåyjcntq ghfdbntkmcndf CIF d cnfnbcnbxtcrbö lfyysö gj djghjcfv hfcjdjuj öfhfrnthf. Edtkbxtybt hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz, bpvtytybt jnyjitybq r djghjcfv hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, f nfrét gjdsitybt cghjcf yf lfyyst gthtgbcb ecbkbkb dybvfybt r djghjcfv hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj öfhfrnthf, f nfrét ghbdtkb r djpybryjdtybñ yjdsö hfpyjukfcbq d änjq jåkfcnb. D öjlt gthtgbcb 1990 u. uhfélfyfv pflfdfkcz djghjc j ghbyflktéyjcnb r jghtltktyyjq hfct – rfélsq xtkjdtr ljkéty åsk jghtltkbnm ctåz rfr ghbyflktéfotuj r åtkjq hfct, ytuhjblyjq hfct, fvthbrfycrbv byltqwfv, äcrbvjcfv, fktenfv, fpbfncrjq hfct bkb dsöjlwfv bp Jrtfybb, kbåj jnytcnb ctåz r hfphzle ≤lheubt≥. Fvthbrfycrbt byltqws ljkéys åskb erfpfnm ghbyflktéyjcnm r rjyrhtnyjve gktvtyb. Ghtlcnfdbntkb fpbfncrjq hfcs b dsöjlws bp Jrtfybb ljkéys åskb dsåhfnm cjjndtncndeñoeñ yfwbjyfkmyjcnm bp ghtlkfufditujcz gthtxyz. Yfhzle c änbv djghjcjv j hfct, htcgjyltyns ljkéys åskb jndtnbnm yf djghjc, bvtñn kb jyb bcgfycrbt bkb kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbt rjhyb, b d ckexft gjkjébntkmyjuj jndtnf bltynbabwbhjdfnm ctåz c vtrcbrfywfvb, geähnjhbrfywfvb, reåbywfvb b lh. D öjlt gthtgbcb 2000 ujlf yfctktybñ åelen pflfys djghjcs jnyjcbntkmyj hfcjdjuj b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, fyfkjubxyst djghjcfv, rjnjhst pflfdfkbcm d 1990 u., jlyfrj yf änjn hfp htcgjyltyns åelen bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm bltynbabwbhjdfnm ctåz c åjktt, xtv jlyjq hfcjdjq uheggjq. D jnkbxbt jn ghtlsleobö gthtgbctq, rjulf kñlb, bvtñobt cvtifyyjt hfcjdjt ghjbcöjéltybt, ljkéys åskb cnfdbnm ufkjxre d uhfat ≤lheubt≥, f pfntv dgbcsdfnm gjzcytybt, d öjlt gthtgbcb 2000 u. åeltn cjåbhfnmcz ghzvfz byajhvfwbz j ckfuftvsö cvtifyyjuj hfcjdjuj ghjbcöjéltybz jghfibdftvsö. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 14 YTGJKYJNF JÖDFNF YFCTKTYBZ D ÖJLT GTHTGBCB: GHJÅKTVF, GHBJÅHTNFÑOFZ DCT ÅJKMIEÑ JCNHJNE tcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjkysq gjlcxtn xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz CIF yt elfdfkjcm cltkfnm ybrjulf, d gjcktlybt ujls jåotcndtyyjcnm cnfkf dscrfpsdfnm dct åjkmitt åtcgjrjqcndj gj gjdjle ytgjkyjns lfyysö – jcjåtyyj gjnjve, xnj lfyyst gthtgbcb yfctktybz cjcnfdkzñn tlbycndtyyeñ jcyjde lkz gththfcghtltktybz vtcn d Rjyuhtcct b ibhjrj bcgjkmpeñncz ghb hfcghtltktybz abyfycjdsö htcehcjd ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Åjktt cjdthityyst vtnjls cnfnbcnbxtcrbö b ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq ctujlyz gjpdjkzñn Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz jwtybdfnm ytgjkyjne cjåhfyysö lfyysö åjktt njxyj, xtv hfymit. Jghtltktyyfz ytgjkyjnf lfyysö j yfctktybb öfhfrnthyf lkz gthtgbctq, ghjdjlzoböcz dj dctö cnhfyfö vbhf. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ltvjuhfabxtcrbq fyfkbp jödfnf yfctktybz gjrfpsdftn, xnj ytnnj-xbcktyyjcnm ytexntyysö kñltq (nj tcnm xbckj kñltq, ghjgeotyysö d öjlt gthtgbcb, pf dsxtnjv pfdsitybz d gjlcxtnt) cjcnfdbkf 7 vbkkbjyjd d 1940 u., 6,3 vbkkbjyf – d 1950 u., 5,6 vbkkbjyf – d 1960 u., 5,5 vbkkbjyjd – d 1970 u., 2,8 vbkkbjyf – d 1980 u. b 4,7 vbkkbjyf – d 1990 u. Ghjwtynyfz ljkz ytexntyysö uhfélfy gjcnjzyyj cybéfkfcm d gthbjl c 1940 u. (5,4 ghjwtynf) lj 1980 u. (1,2 ghjwtynf), b djphjckf d 1990 u. (lj 1,8 ghjwtynf). D htpekmnfnt ltvjuhfabxtcrjuj fyfkbpf, ghjdtltyyjuj d 1990 u., gjxnb ldt nhtnb ytnnj-xbcktyyjcnb ytexntyysö uhfélfy cjcnfdkzkb ghtlcnfdbntkb ytxthyjuj yfctktybz (d jcyjdyjv kñlb c åtksv wdtnjv rjéb). Vtéle ntv, ljkz ytexntyysö uhfélfy åskf d xtnsht hfpf dsit chtlb xthyjrjétuj yfctktybz (5,7 ghjwtynf), xtv chtlb ytxthyjuj yfctktybz (1,3 ghjwtynf). D öjlt cgtwbfkmyjuj bccktljdfybz, ghjdtltyyjuj d 1990 u., jåyfheébkjcm, xnj ytnnj-ljkb ytexntyysö uhfélfy chtlb lheubö hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö vtymibycnd nfrét dsit. Dthjznytt dctuj, ytljextn uhegg yfctktybz, cjcnjzobö bp kñltq fpbfncrjuj b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, bvtk vtcnj d htpekmnfnt yfkbxbz d änbö uheggfö jnyjcbntkmyj åjkmijuj xbckf kñltq, hjlbdiböcz pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Bvvbuhfyns vjukb yt gjyznm, rfr ghjdjlbncz gthtgbcm b rfr yeéyj jndtxfnm yf djghjcs. Y Gjkbnbrb b pfbynthtcjdfyyst rheub d wtkjv cjukfcys c ntvb bpvtytybzvb, rjnjhst Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz ghtlkfuftn dytcnb d gthtgbcm 2000 ujlf. Jghjcybrb, rjnjhst åelen hfccskfnmcz d öjlt gthtgbcb, åelen ghjot b gjyznytt cajhvekbhjdfys. D jghjcybrfö åeltn åjkmit bcgjkmpjdfnmcz wdtnyfz gtxfnm lkz njuj, xnjås dsltkbnm rjyrhtnyst vtcnf, relf htcgjyltyns ljkéys åelen dgbcfnm jndtns yf djghjcs. Åjktt njuj, åelen cajhvbhjdfys yjdst gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz c vtcnysvb ujhjlcrbvb dkfcnzvb, f nfrét dkfcnzvb jrheujd b infnjd. D rféljv infnt åeltn cajhvbhjdfy rjvbntn gj jåtcgtxtybñ gjkyjuj jödfnf, rjnjhsq d cjnhelybxtcndt c Åñhj gthtgbcb åeltn cnhtvbnmcz ljytcnb lj dctö exhtéltybq infnf zcyjt gjybvfybt njuj, xnj dktxtn pf cjåjq gjkysq jödfn yfctktybz gthtgbcmñ. Rhjvt njuj, Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF yfvthtyj bphfcöjljdfnm 100 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd yf gkfnyeñ htrkfve, yfghfdktyyeñ yf ghbdktxtybt åjktt ibhjrjuj exfcnbz jåotcndtyyjcnb d gjlujnjdrt cdjlysö nfåkbw. jdjkmyj kñåjgsnyst gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz ecnfyfdkbdfñncz cj cneltynfvb b ghtgjlfdfntkzvb CIF. Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz hfccskftn åtcgkfnyst extåyst vfnthbfks gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Lkz xtuj yeéyf gthtgbcm 2000 ujlf≥ d ltcznrb nsczx jåotcndtyysö b xfcnysö yfxfkmysö b chtlybö irjk yf dctq nthhbnjhbb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Wtkm änjq ghjuhfvvs cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås xthtp exfoböcz cnbvekbhjdfnm ctvmb jnrkbryenmcz yf ghjcmåe jndtnbnm yf djghjcs jghjcybrjd, hfccskftvsö d öjlt gthtgbcb. Jcjåjt dybvfybt åeltn eltkznmcz ntv hfqjyfv, ult ehjdtym cåjhf lfyysö d öjlt gthtgbcb nhflbwbjyyj ybpjr. Yf ghfrnbrt Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz yt cvjétn ljåbnmcz ecgtöf d htitybb cnjzobö gthtl ybv pflfx åtp ibhjrjq gjllthérb b exfcnbz cj cnjhjys yfctktybz CIF. D öjlt änjq rfvgfybb ytjåöjlbvj åeltn cjplfnm gfhnythcrbt jnyjitybz c flvbybcnhfwbzvb infnjd b vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb. Jlyf bp rjyrhtnysö pflfx, rjnjheñ ghtlcnjbn htibnm d wtkzö gjdsitybz ehjdyz cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz b vtcnysvb dkfcnzvb, cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås cjukfcjdfnm jåotyfwbjyfkmysq flhtcysq httcnh lkz jxthtlyjq gthtgbcb, gjcrjkmre ghbxbyjq ghbvthyj gjkjdbys ytexntyysö lfyysö ckeéfn ghjgeotyyst flhtcf. Yjdst vtnjls gjpdjkzñn yfltznmcz yf cjrhfotybt jåütvf ghjgeotyysö flhtcjd, xnj d cdjñ jxthtlm lfcn djpvjéyjcnm cjrhfnbnm xbcktyyjcnm ytexntyysö uhfélfy. L CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 15 RJYTXYST GJKMPJDFNTKB LFYYSÖ, GJKEXTYYSÖ D ÖJLT GTHTGBCB Gthtgbcm yfctktybz pfybvftn eybrfkmyjt vtcnj chtlb lheubö cnfnbcnbxtcrbö ghjuhfvv, ghjdjlbvsö ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF, gjnjve xnj jyf jåtcgtxbdftn ljcnfnjxyj dscjreñ cntgtym njxyjcnb lfét lkz ytåjkmibö utjuhfabxtcrbö hfqjyjd b gjluhegg yfctktybz. Ghfdbntkmcndj ghjbpdjlbn nfrét cåjh byajhvfwbb yf åfpt flvbybcnhfnbdysö fhöbdjd b cgtwbfkmysö jåcktljdfybq, yj njkmrj gthtgbcm yfctktybz jåtcgtxbdftn gjkextybt ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf byajhvfwbjyysö lfyysö jåj dctv yfctktybb, rjnjhst vjuen jåhfåfnsdfnmcz d hfphtpt åjktt vtkrbö utjuhfabxtcrbö hfqjyjd b uhegg yfctktybz. Lfyysvb, cjåhfyysvb d öjlt gthtgbcb yfctktybz, ibhjrj gjkmpetncz atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj, flvbybcnhfwbb infnjd b vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb, f nfrét nfrbt äktvtyns xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf, rfr yfexyjt b ltkjdjt cjjåotcndj. Yfxbyfz c 1970 u., rjulf htpekmnfns gthtgbcb cnfkb ljcnegysvb d ajhvt rjvgmñnthysö åfp lfyysö, vfcinfås bcgjkmpjdfybz änbö lfyysö ibhjrbv cgtrnhjv gjkmpjdfntktq lkz htitybz wtkjuj hzlf pflfx htprj djphjckb. cnherneht fvthbrfycrjq cnfnbcnbrb lfyyst gthtgbcb yfctktybz dsgjkyzñn jxtym dféyst aeyrwbb. Nfr, jyb bcgjkmpeñncz ghb cjcnfdktybb hfcxtnjd lkz hfphfåjnrb ghjuhfvv b ghfdbntkmcndtyysö jnxtnjd (yfghbvth, Ckeéåf bvvbuhfwbb b yfnehfkbpfwbb jgbhftncz yf lfyyst gthtgbcb d jnyjitybb xbcktyyjcnb ébntktq CIF, hjlbdiböcz pf heåtéjv, d cdjbö jnxtnfö, pfghfibdftvsö Rjyuhtccjv); ghb hfcxtnt dféytqibö cnfnbcnbxtcrbö gjrfpfntktq (yfghbvth, hjélftvjcnb b cvthnyjcnb), rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñncz, d xfcnyjcnb, jhufyfvb plhfdjjöhfytybz d wtkzö vjybnjhbyuf cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz yfctktybz CIF; ghb cjcnfdktybb byajhvfwbjyysö cdjljr j hfcghtltktybb yfctktybz gj djphfcne, gjke b hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, xnj gjcnjzyyj ytjåöjlbvj lkz jghtltktybz dtcjd hfpkbxysö dsåjhjxysö jghjcjd – lheubvb ckjdfvb, lkz jghtltktybz c vfrcbvfkmyj djpvjéyjq njxyjcnmñ ntreotuj cjcnfdf yfctktybz. Xnj ét rfcftncz flvbybcnhfwbq infnjd b vtcnysö jhufyjd dkfcnb, nj jyb bcgjkmpeñn äne byajhvfwbñ lkz dszdktybz ntö kbw b uhegg yfctktybz, rjnjhst yeélfñncz d rjyrhtnysö eckeufö, f nfrét lkz hfcghtltktybz cbk b chtlcnd d wtkzö yfbåjktt äaatrnbdyjuj jåckeébdfybz yfctktybz. D Cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst, gjkexftvst d öjlt gthtgbcb, bvtñn dféytqitt pyfxtybt b lkz xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf. Rjvvthxtcrbt cnhernehs, eybdthcbntns b lheubt bccktljdfntkmcrbt exhtéltybz, ytrjvvthxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb, chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, extyst b jnltkmyst uhfélfyt yföjlzn dféyjt ghbvtytybt änbv lfyysv, jcjåtyyj d cjxtnfybb c lfyysvb, gjkextyysvb d öjlt cjåcndtyysö bccktljdfybq. Rjhgjhfwbb xfcnj ghbybvfñn dféyst htitybz gj djghjcfv vfhrtnbyuf b ghjlfé yf jcyjdt cnfnbcnbxtcrbö lfyysö j yfctktybb. Bccktljdfntkmcrbt jhufybpfwbb bcgjkmpeñn lfyyst gthtgbcb lkz bpextybz djghjcjd, rjnjhst xfcnj dkbzñn yf cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcreñ gjkbnbre – yfghbvth, lkz yfåkñltybz pf hjcnjv ehjdyz jåhfpjdfybz d wtkzö gjkextybz åjktt njxysö lfyysö j gjnhtåyjcnzö d ghjuhfvvfö jåextybz xntybñ dphjckjuj yfctktybz. F chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bcgjkmpeñn änb lfyyst lkz njuj, xnjås byajhvbhjdfnm jåotcndtyyjcnm j cfvsö hfpysö dtofö – yfghbvth, jå bpvtytybzö d cjcnfdt yfctktybz b pfdbcbvjcnb nfrbö bpvtytybq jn ghjwtccf vbuhfwbb. Vjéyj cltkfnm dsdjl j njv, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns yt cvjuen ljkéysv jåhfpjv äaatrnbdyj aeyrwbjybhjdfnm, tckb hfp d 10 ktn d cnhfyt yt åeltn ghjdjlbnmcz gthtgbcm yfctktybz. Nfr åskj d ntxtybt gjcktlybö ldeö cnjktnbq, b änj ytcjvytyyj åeltn ■ cghfdtlkbdj b d uhzleotv nsczxtktnbb. Åfhhb Älvjycnjy, yfxfkmybr Wtynhf bccktljdfybq ghjåktv yfhjljyfctktybz b gthtgbcb yfctktybz ghb Gjhnktylcrjv eybdthcbntnt, infn Jhtujy, fdnjh ytlfdyj ghjdtltyyjuj bccktljdfybz d jåkfcnb gthtgbcb yfctktybz gj pfrfpe Åñhj gj bccktljdfybñ ghjåktv yfhjljyfctktybz d u. Dfibyunjyt. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 16 LTÅFNS D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ GJ DJGHJCFV BVVBUHFWBB LFAYF CGÄQY Yf ghjnzétybb gjcktlybö ldeö ltcznbktnbq vfcinfås bvvbuhfwbb d Cjtlbytyyst Infns åskb yfcnjkmrj dtkbrb, xnj, yfdthyjt, änj cnjktnbt pfrjyxbncz ntv ét, xtv jyj yfxfkjcm, nj tcnm ltåfnfvb j njv, rfrjt vtcnj djjåot ljkéys pfybvfnm bvvbuhfyns d fvthbrfycrjv jåotcndt. Cktletn kb gjlxthrbdfnm rekmnehyst hfpkbxbz bkb cnfhfnmcz ybdtkbhjdfnm bö? Yeéyj kb cnbhfnm änybxtcrbt b hfcjdst uhfybws gentv fccbvbkzwbb bvvbuhfynjd, hfpvsdfz hfpkbxbz b cnhtvzcm r cjcnjzybñ, jåhfpeñotvecz d gkfdbkmyjv rjnkt, bkb kexit gjllthébdfnm hfcjdst b änybxtcrbt hfpkbxbz c wtkmñ ajhvbhjdfybz åjktt cbkmyjuj gkñhfkbcnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf? Jåt änb njxrb phtybz gjkmpeñncz ljdjkmyj ibhjrjq gjllthérjq. D jghjct yfctktybz cnhfys, ghjdtltyyjv d 1994 ujle Yfwbjyfkmysv wtynhjv gj bccktljdfybñ jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, jnvtxfkjcm cktleñott: ≤Jlyb kñlb cxbnfñn, xnj cjöhfytybt hfcjdsvb b änybxtcrbvb uheggfvb cdjbö cgtwbabxtcrbö rekmnehysö jnkbxbq gjqltn yf gjkmpe Fvthbrt. Lheubt dscrfpsdfñncz d gjkmpe fccbvbkzwbb hfpkbxysö uhegg c ntv, xnjås bö cvtibdfybt d vfcinfåfö dctuj jåotcndf dtkj r htfkbpfwbb rjywtgwbb gkfdbkmyjuj rjnkf≥. Jghfibdftvst ljkéys åskb erfpfnm cdjt vytybt gj änbv djghjcfv, gjkmpezcm cgtwbfkmyjq irfkjq, rjnjhfz yfxbyfkfcm c geyrnf ≤cjöhfytybt rekmnehyjq cgtwbabrb≥ (nj tcnm gkñhfkbpv) b pfrfyxbdfkfcm geyrnjv ≤cvtibdfybt d vfcinfåfö dctuj jåotcndf≥ (nj tcnm fccbvbkzwbz). Htpekmnfns jghjcf gjrfpfkb, xnj ghbvthyj nhtnm fvthbrfywtd cxbnfñn gkñhfkbpv kexibv gentv hfpdbnbz, lheufz nhtnm dscrfpfkfcm pf fccbvbkzwbñ, f vytybz jcnfkmysö hfcgjkjébkbcm vtéle änbvb ldevz gjpbwbzvb. D yfcnjzotq cnfnmt jgbcsdfñncz gjcktlybt ntyltywbb, cdzpfyyst c bvvbuhfwbtq d Cjtlbytyyst Infns. Jåceélfñncz ltvjuhfabxtcrbt, cjwbfkmyjärjyjvbxtcrbt, rekmnehyst b gjkbnbxtcrbt gjcktlcndbz dscjrjuj ehjdyz bvvbuhfwbb lkz fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf, f nfrét yjdst ghjåktvs, rjnjhst élen yfc d cktleñotv cnjktnbb. Bvvbuhfwbz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cdjtuj hjlf ägbkju bcnjhbb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd 20-juj dtrf. D ntxtybt gthdjuj ltcznbktnbz yfituj dtrf d CIF tétujlyj ghbåsdfkj cdsit 1 vky bvvbuhfynjd, b nfrjq ét jåütv tétujlyjq bvvbuhfwbb yfåkñlftncz b d ntxtybt gjcktlytuj ltcznbktnbz. (D gthbjl c 1915 gj 1965 ujls ehjdtym bvvbuhfwbb åsk jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbv jnxfcnb bp-pf ärjyjvbxtcrjq ltghtccbb rjywf 20-ö – yfxfkf 30-ö ujljd, f nfrét d htpekmnfnt ghbyznbz hfpkbxysö juhfybxbntkmysö pfrjyjd). Ctujlyz bvvbuhfyns ghbåsdfñn d CIF yt bp ntö cnhfy, bp rjnjhsö itk gjnjr bvvbuhfwbb d yfxfkt 20-uj dtrf, b gjctkzñncz jyb d cfvsö hfpysö fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö. Ntv yt vtytt, bvvbuhfwbz pfcnfdkztn dyjdm gjlybvfnm ytrjnjhst bp ntö djghjcjd, rjnjhst cnjzkb yf gjdtcnrt lyz cnj ktn yfpfl. D jgeåkbrjdfyyjv d 1994 u. ljrkflt Åñhj ltvjuhfabxtcrjq cnfnbcnbrb ≤Bvvbuhfwbz d Cjtlbytyyst Infns: gentitcndbt r ytjghtltktyyjq wtkb≥ (fdnjhs Abkbg Vfhnby b Äkbpfåtn Vblékb) erfpsdfñncz nhb ghbxbys, cltkfdibö bvvbuhfwbñ ghtlvtnjv ltåfnjd d 90-ö ujlfö. Dj-gthdsö, xbckj bvvbuhfynjd djphfcnftn, gj chfdytybñ c ybpitq njxrjq, rjnjhfz yfåkñlfkfcm d 40-ö ujlfö. Dj-dnjhsö, ctujlyziybt bvvbuhfyns pyfxbntkmyj jnkbxfñncz jn fvthbrfywtd, hjlbdiböcz d CIF, c njxrb phtybz bö änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, ehjdyz jåhfpjdfybz b ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfdsrjd. D-nhtnmbö, yt ceotcndetn gjkb- CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 17 nbxtcrjuj rjyctycecf d djghjct j njv, ckeéfn kb bvvbuhfyns åkfujv bkb åhtvtytv lkz fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf. B öjnz jåott cjwbjkjubxtcrjt bccktljdfybt, ghjdtltyyjt d 1994 u., dszdbkj, xnj d wtkjv fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj nthgbvj jnyjcbncz r bvvbuhfwbb, jyj gjrfpfkj nfrét, xnj, gj vytybñ 60 ghjwtynjd fvthbrfywtd, ysytiybq jåütv bvvbuhfwbb ljkéty åsnm cjrhfoty. Ytcrjkmrj åjkmifz ljkz htcgjyltynjd (jrjkj ldeö nhtntq) cxbnfñn, xnj ljgjkybntkmyfz bvvbuhfwbz eckjéybn pflfxe gjllthéfybz tlbycndf cnhfys. Gj vytybñ fvthbrfywtd, bvvbuhfwbz dhzl kb gjvjétn ecrjhbnm ntvgs ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf, ghb änjv 80 ghjwtynjd jghjityysö cxbnfñn, xnj gjdsitybt ehjdyz bvvbuhfwbb dktxtn pf cjåjq gjdsitybt ehjdyz åtphfåjnbws (öjnz jyb b yt åjzncz, xnj bvvbuhfwbz gjcnfdbn gjl euhjpe bö cjåcndtyyst hfåjxbt vtcnf). LTVJUHFABXTCRBT NTYLTYWBB D gthbjl c 1905 gj 1914 ujls d Cjtlbytyyst Infns tétujlyj ghbåsdfkj jrjkj vbkkbjyf bvvbuhfynjd, d jcyjdyjv vjhcrbv gentv. D ysytiytv ltcznbktnbb, yfxbyfz c 1992 u., d Fvthbre tétujlyj ghbåsdfkj cnjkmrj ét bvvbuhfynjd, c njq njkmrj hfpybwtq, xnj jyb gjkmpeñncz ctujlyz yfptvysv, vjhcrbv b djpleiysv nhfycgjhnjv. B d yfxfkt, b d rjywt yfituj dtrf ehjdtym bvvbuhfwbb åsk jlbyfrjdj dscjr, jlyfrj d ctujlyziybö eckjdbzö bvvbuhfwbz jrfpsdftn lheujt djpltqcndbt yf cnhernehe yfctktybz CIF, gjnjve xnj tuj xbcktyyjcnm c ntö gjh pyfxbntkmyj edtkbxbkfcm. D yfxfkt 20-uj dtrf hjlbdibtcz pf heåtéjv fvthbrfyws cjcnfdkzkb gjxnb 15 ghjwtynjd dctuj yfctktybz cnhfys, gj chfdytybñ c 9 ghjwtynfvb ctujlyz, ujdjhbncz d ljrkflt Vfhnbyf b Vblékb, f nfrét d cnfnmt ≤Cjtlbytyyst Infns d cthtlbyt ltcznbktnbz≥ (fdnjh – Rähjk Lé. Lt Dbnf), jgeåkbrjdfyyjq d 1996 u. d ≤Ltvjuhfabxtcrjv åñkktntyt≥. Bvvbuhfyns yfxfkf b rjywf cnjktnbz hfpkbxfñncz ghtélt dctuj gj njve, bp rfrbö cnhfy jyb ghbåsdfkb. D gthdst ujls 20-uj dtrf åjkmibycndj bvvbuhfynjd ghbåsdfkb bp Bnfkbb, Fdcnhj-Dtyuhbb, Hjccbb, Rfyfls b Fyukbb. D 19-v dtrt bp Tdhjgs vjhcrbv gentv ghbåsdfkj cnjkmrj bvvbuhfynjd, xnj ghfdbntkmcndj CIF lj 1908 u. lfét yt exbnsdfkj ntö, rnj ghbtpéfk d Cjtlbytyyst Infns ceöjgenysv gentv bp Vtrcbrb b Rfyfls. D 20-ö ujlfö Vtrcbrf cnfkf rhegysv gjcnfdobrjv bvvbuhfynjd d CIF, f ctujlyz bp änjq cnhfys d CIF ghbåsdftn yf- båjkmitt xbckj bvvbuhfynjd. Ctujlyz gjckt Vtrcbrb cfvsvb rhegysvb gjcnfdobrfvb bvvbuhfynjd cnfkb Abkbggbys, Rbnfq b Bylbz. Ujhjl Ymñ-Qjhr åsk bpkñåktyysv vtcnjv ghbåsnbz tdhjgtqcrbö bvvbuhfynjd, rjnjhst dscfébdfkbcm yf åthtu jcnhjdf Äkkbc d 1910 ujle, rjulf jrjkj 40 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz ujhjlf cjcnfdkzkb kñlb, hjlbdibtcz pf ghtltkfvb CIF. Ctujlyz, rjulf cnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb b Fpbb cnfkb rhegysvb bcnjxybrfvb bvvbuhfwbb, gthdjt vtcnj c YmñQjhrjv ltkbn d änjv cgbcrt Kjc-Fylétktc. D gthbjl c 1991 gj 1996 uu. d rfélsq bp änbö ujhjljd ghbåskj 600 nsc. bvvbuhfynjd. Ctujlyz rfélsq gznsq bvvbuhfyn ghbåsdftn d jlby bp änbö ldeö ujhjljd. Gj gjgekzhyjcnb chtlb bvvbuhfynjd yf dnjhjv vtcnt yföjlzncz Xbrfuj b Vfqfvb. C 1991 gj 1996 uu. d rfélsq bp änbö ujhjljd ghbåskj gj 200 nsc. bvvbuhfynjd. Åjcnjy b Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, relf d yfxfkt dtrf ghbåsdfkj åjkmijt xbckj bvvbuhfynjd, gj-ghtéytve yföjlzncz d cgbcrt 12 yfbåjktt gjgekzhysö chtlb bvvbuhfynjd ujhjljd. D ujls, rjulf bvvbuhfyns ghbåsdfkb d jcyjdyjv bp Tdhjgs, jyb ctkbkbcm d ctdthj-djcnjxysö b chtlyt-pfgflysö infnfö CIF. Ctujlyz, rjulf åjkmijt xbckj bvvbuhfynjd ghbåsdftn bp cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb b Fpbb, jyb ghtlgjxbnfñn ctkbnmcz yf pfgflt b ñuj-pfgflt cnhfys. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, bvvbuhfyns gjdnjhzñn vbuhfwbjyyst vfhihens, ghjkjétyyst ehjéltyysvb fvthbrfywfvb, b ntv cfvsv hfccnfdkzñn jnxtnkbdst htubjyfkmyst frwtyns d ltåfnfö vtéle cnjhjyybrfvb fccbvbkzwbb b gkñhfkbpvf. CJWBFKMYJ-ÄRJYJVBXTCRBQ CNFNEC Nhtvz jcyjdysvb bylbrfnjhfvb cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cnfnecf xtkjdtrf d CIF dscnegfñn jåhfpjdfybt, hjl pfyznbq b ehjdtym ljöjlf. D gjkyjcnmñ fccbvbkbhjdfyyjv jåotcndt kñlb, ghbåsdibt bp hfpysö cnhfy, ljkéys kbim ytpyfxbntkmyj hfpkbxfnmcz gj änbv gjrfpfntkzv vtéle cjåjq. Vjéyj nfrét jéblfnm cjrhfotybz nfrbö hfpkbxbq gj vtht edtkbxtybz chjrf ghtåsdfybz bvvbuhfynjd d yfitq cnhfyt. Jnxfcnb änb ghtlgjkjétybz gjlndthélfñncz lfyysvb gthtgbcb yfctktybz 1990 ujlf. Ehjdtym ljöjlf åjktt lfdybö bvvbuhfynjd ghtdsiftn ehjdtym ljöjlf e bvvbuhfynjd åjktt gjplytq djkys, b jyb xfot pfybvfñn ljkéyjcnb vtytléthjd b cgtwbfkbcnjd-ghjatccbjyfkjd. Ntv yt vtytt, bvvbuhfyns gjcktlytq djkys xfot bvtñn dscitt jåhfpjdfybt, xtv bvvbuhfyns ghtlitcndeñotuj gthbjlf b ehjéltyyst fvthbrfyws. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 18 D 1990 u. chtlybq ljöjl ctvmb bvvbuhfynjd, ghbåsdibö d Cjtlbytyyst Infns lj 1980 u., cjcnfdkzk 35700 ljkkfhjd d ujl, nj tcnm ghbvthyj cnjkmrj ét, crjkmrj chtlybq ljöjl ctvmb fvthbrfywtd, hjlbdiböcz d Fvthbrt. Vtéle ntv, chtlytujljdjq ljöjl ctvmb bvvbuhfynjd, ghbåsdibö d Fvthbre gjckt 1980 u., cjcnfdkzk d 1990 u kbim 24600 ljkkfhjd. Chtlb bvvbuhfynjd gjcktlytq djkys d ldf hfpf åjkmit vfkjbveobö kñltq (23 ghjwtynf), xtv chtlb bvvbuhfynjd ghtlsleotuj gthbjlf (11 ghjwtynjd) b fvthbrfywtd, hjlbdiböcz d Fvthbrt (10 ghjwtynjd). Änb gjrfpfntkb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj åkfujcjcnjzybz jnhféfñn hfpybwe d cnherneht pfyznjcnb. Xtndthnm dphjcksö bvvbuhfynjd, ghbåsdibö d CIF lj 1980 u., pfybvfkb herjdjlzobt ljkéyjcnb b ljkéyjcnb cgtwbfkbcnjd c dscibv jåhfpjdfybtv, xnj ghbvthyj cjjndtncndetn fyfkjubxyjq ljkt chtlb fvthbrfywtd, hjlbdiböcz d Fvthbrt. Lkz chfdytybz, kbim 17 ghjwtynjd bvvbuhfynjd d nheljcgjcjåyjv djphfcnt, ghbåsdibö gjckt 1980 u, pfybvfkb gjljåyst ljkéyjcnb. Ljkz bvvbuhfynjd, pfybvfñoböcz bylbdblefkmyjq nheljdjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ (13 ghjwtynjd), ghbvthyj cjjndtncndetn bö ljkt chtlb ehjéltyysö fvthbrfywtd. Yt cjdgflftn kbim jåhfpjdfntkmysq ehjdtym. Ghbvthyj rfélsq xtndthnsq bvvbuhfyn gjcktlytq djkys d 1990 u. bvtk lbgkjv jå jrjyxfybb rjkktléf, d nj dhtvz rfr chtlb bvvbuhfynjd ghtlitcndeñotuj gthbjlf b ehjéltyysö fvthbrfywtd nfrjq lbgkjv bvtk kbim rfélsq gznsq – gj lfyysv Vfhnbyf b Vblékb, f nfrét lheujq uheggs bccktljdfntktq – Åfhhb Xbpebrf b Nthtps F. Cfkkbdfy, xmb htpekmnfns jåcktljdfybz yjdsö bvvbuhfynjd d 1995 ujle åskb jgeåkbrjdfys d rybut ≤J gjkjétybb d cnhfyt: Fvthbrf d 90-ö ujlfö≥ (gjl htlfrwbtq Htqyjkmlcf Afhkb). REKMNEHYSQ DRKFL Htkbubz, zpsr, reöyz b nhflbwbjyyst ghfplybrb – djn jcyjdyst äktvtyns ghbyflktéyjcnb r njq bkb byjq rekmneht. Vyjubt rhegyst ujhjlf Fvthbrb ntgthm yfhzle c öhbcnbfycrbvb wthrdzvb b cbyfujufvb erhfifñn b vtxtnb. Dsdtcrb, ukfczobt j ghjdtltybb htkbubjpysö ckeéå yf ldeö bkb åjktt zpsrfö, cnfkb ghbdsxysvb dj vyjubö yfctktyysö geyrnfö CIF, gjcrjkmre vyjubt öhfvs ghtljcnfdkzñn cdjb gjvtotybz htkbubjpysv jåobyfv yjdsö bvvbuhfynjd gjrf jyb yt cjplflen cdjb cjåcndtyyst. Vyjétcndj byjcnhfyysö zpsrjd, ghbdytctyysö bvvbuhfynfvb, c jlyjq cnjhjys, cjplfkj ljgjkybntkmyeñ yfuhepre lkz hzlf hfqjyysö irjkmysö cbcntv, f c lheujq – jåjufnbkj exfoböcz pyfybtv ytpfgflyjq kbnthfnehs b bcreccndf. Bvvbuhfyns jåjufnbkb b ufcnhjyjvbxtcreñ rekmnehe Fvthbrb, jnrhsd htcnjhfys b ghjljdjkmcndtyyst vfufpbys, rjnjhst jåckeébdfñn rfr bvvbuhfynjd, nfr b ehjéltyysö fvthbrfywtd. Nfr, yfghbvth, d u. Dfibyunjyt ghjébdftn pyfxbntkmyjt dmtnyfvcrjt, rjhtqcrjt b äabjgcrjt yfctktybt, yfwbjyfkmyfz reöyz rjnjhsö cnfkf bynthtcysv ljåfdktybtv r nhflbwbjyyjq reöyt fvthbrfywtd. Xbyrj lt Vfqj b rbnfqcrbq Yjdsq ujl ibhjrj ghfplyeñncz gj dctq cnhfyt. Cjplfybt vfksö ghtlghbznbq b bydtcnbwbb d ≤cgzobt≥ hsyrb ébkmz d vfhubyfkmysö hfqjyfö – djn ldf yfghfdktybz, yf rjnjhsö bvvbuhfyns gjvjufñn djphjélfnm ébpym d fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö. Xnj ét rfcftncz ghtlgjxntybq d jnyjitybb fccbvbkzwbb bkb gkñhfkbpvf, nj yf änjn cxtn chtlb bvvbuhfynjd dscrfpsdfñncz cfvst hfpyst vytybz. D bltfkmyjv ckexft jåt änb rjywtgwbb ljkéys cjceotcndjdfnm, lfdfz djpvjéyjcnm dyjdm ghbåsdibv bvvbuhfynfv ghjljkéfnm ne rekmnehyeñ ghfrnbre, r rjnjhjq jyb ghbdsrkb e ctåz yf hjlbyt, b d nj ét dhtvz ghjlernbdyj exfcndjdfnm d ärjyjvbxtcrjq ébpyb fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf. EXFCNBT D GJKBNBXTCRJQ ÉBPYB Bvvbuhfyns htét exfcndeñn d dsåjhfö, xtv ehjéltyyst fvthbrfyws, gjnjve xnj vyjubt bp ybö tot yt cnfkb gjkyjghfdysvb uhfélfyfvb CIF d htpekmnfnt ghjwtccf yfnehfkbpfwbb. Dyjdm ghbåsdibt bvvbuhfyns d djphfcnt cnfhit 18 ktn vjuen gjkexbnm fvthbrfycrjt uhfélfycndj, tckb jyb yf ktufkmysö jcyjdfybzö ghjébkb d CIF gznm ktn, evtñn xbnfnm, gbcfnm b ujdjhbnm gj-fyukbqcrb, bvtñn jghtltktyyst pyfybz gj bcnjhbb b cbcntvt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz CIF b tckb bö vjhfkmysq jåkbr cjjndtncndetn ghbyznsv d fvthbrfycrjv jåotcndt ecnjzv. Htitybt gjkexbnm uhfélfycndj zhxt dctuj jnhféftn cnhtvktybt r fccbvbkzwbb cj cnjhjys bvvbuhfynjd. Bp dctö bvvbuhfynjd, yföjlbdiböcz d CIF d 1990 u., 40 ghjwtynjd bvtkb fvthbrfycrjt uhfélfycndj. Yf gthdjv vtcnt d änjv jnyjitybb yföjlbkbcm bvvbuhfyns bp Bnfkbb b Uthvfybb (nhb xtndthnb dctö bvvbuhfynjd bvtkb uhfélfycndj), f yf gjcktlytv – dsöjlws bp Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb (vtytt 20 ghjwtynjd dctö bvvbuhfynjd gjkexbkb uhfélfycndj), ujdjhbncz d ljrkflt Vfhnbyf b Vblékb. 40 ghjwtynjd yfnehfkbpjdfyysö bvvbuhfynjd – änj vyjuj bkb vfkj gj bcnjhbxtcrbv vthrfv? Gj lfyysv Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF, d 1920 u., CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 19 rjulf étyobyfv dgthdst cnfkj ghtljcnfdkznmcz uhfélfycndj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, 49 ghjwtynjd dphjcksö ébntktq Fvthbrb, hjlbdiböcz pf heåtéjv, åskb fvthbrfycrbvb uhfélfyfvb. Ytrjnjhjt cybétybt ljkb yfnehfkbpjdfyysö bvvbuhfynjd vjétn hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr ghbpyfr edtkbxbdfñotujcz cnhtvktybz r gkñhfkbpve. C lheujq cnjhjys, ghbvthyj hfdyjt cjjnyjitybt gjrfpfntktq yfnehfkbpfwbb d 1920 u. b d 1990 u. ljcnjqyj dybvfybz, gjcrjkmre änj hfdtycndj bvttn vtcnj yf ajyt edtkbxbditujcz hfpyjjåhfpbz ytlfdybö bvvbuhfynjd b bpvtytybq gjkbnbxtcrjuj rkbvfnf. Rjulf htxm bltn j gjkbnbxtcrbö djghjcfö, åjkmibycndj fvthbrfywtd ghtlgjxbnfñn fccbvbkzwbñ gkñhfkbpve. D öjlt jghjcf, ghjdtltyyjuj d 1994 u. Yfwbjyfkmysv wtynhjv gj bpextybñ jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, dszcybkjcm, xnj ldt nhtnb fvthbrfywtd jljåhbkb – b ytrjnjhst lfét htibntkmyj gjllthéfkb – vsckm j njv, xnj ≤gjkbnbxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb, cajhvbhjdfyyst gj hfcjdjve bkb änybxtcrjve ghbpyfre, cgjcjåcndeñn hjcne ctgfhfnbpvf b jckjéyzñn yfie cjdvtcnyeñ ébpym lheu c lheujv≥. Cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj kñlb htfkbpeñn yf ghfrnbrt nj, xnj ghjgjdtleñn. Jndtxfz yf djghjc j cfvjjnjéltcndktybb, gjlfdkzñott åjkmibycndj htcgjyltynjd (89 ghjwtynjd) bltynbabwbhjdfkb ctåz rfr ≤ghjcnj fvthbrfytw≥, f yt ghbåfdkzkb xthtp ltabc ckjdj, jåjpyfxfñott ghbyflktéyjcnm r rfrjq-kbåj hfcjdjq bkb änybxtcrjq uheggt, n.t. yt cxbnfkb ctåz ≤fvthbrfywtv xthtp ltabc≥. GTHCGTRNBDS D htpekmnfnt ghjiksö b cjdhtvtyysö bvvbuhfwbjyysö ntyltywbq cajhvbhjdfkjcm yfctktybt CIF, rjnjhjt d jcyjdyjv cjcnjbn bp kñltq c åtksv wdtnjv rjéb, ytkfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz (74 ghjwtynf). Yj tckb bvvbuhfwbz åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz ysytiybvb ntvgfvb, nj r 2050 u. fvthbrfyws c åtksv wdtnjv rjéb åelen cjcnfdkznm ytpyfxbntkmyjt åjkmibycndj (52 ghjwtynf). Dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb åelen cjcnfdkznm cfvjt rhegyjt vtymibycndj yfctktybz (22 ghjwtynf). Fvthbrfyws fahbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz åelen cjcnfdkznm 14 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz, f xbckj dsöjlwtd bp cnhfy Fpbb edtkbxbncz c 3 lj 10 ghjwtynjd. Dgthdst d bcnjhbb fvthbrfyws, pfgjkyzz jghjcybr d öjlt gthtgbcb yfctktybz 2000 ujlf, cvjuen jnytcnb ctåz r jlyjq bkb ytcrjkmrbv hfcfv. Htitybt j njv, xnjås hfphtibnm vyjétcndtyyeñ hfcjdeñ bltynbabrfwbñ, cnfkj htpekmnfnjv byntycbdysö ltåfnjd vtéle cgtwbfkbcnfvb d jåkfcnb ltvju- hfabxtcrjq cnfnbcnbrb, gjkbnbrfvb b jåotcndtyysvb uheggfvb. Änj jpyfxftn ifu r hfcjdjq fccbvbkzwbb b ujdjhbn j njv, xnj hfcjdst hfpkbxbz, rjnjhst hfymit dspsdfkb ghjnbdjhtxbz, vjuen d rjytxyjv bnjut gjkyjcnmñ bcxtpyenm. Hjåthnj Cehj, fdnjh rybub ≤Xeébt chtlb yfc: rfr kfnbyjfvthbrfycrfz bvvbuhfwbz nhfycajhvbhetn Fvthbre≥, cxbnftn, xnj ysytiybq ktrcbrjy gj hfcjdjq ntvfnbrt yt cjjndtncndetn htfkmyjve gjkjétybñ dtotq, gjnjve xnj dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b Fpbb yt dgbcsdfñncz d vbh, d rjnjhjv kñlb rkfccbabwbheñncz rfr cdjb b xeébt d pfdbcbvjcnb jn wdtnf rjéb – åtkjuj bkb xthyjuj. B yf cfvjv ltkt, d rfntujhbñ ≤kfnbyjfvthbrfyws≥ döjlzn rfr bvvbuhfyns, nfr b kñlb, hjlbdibtcz d CIF, b änj cnbhftn hfpkbxbz vtéle dyjdm ghbåsdibvb b lfdyj ébdeobvb d cnhfyt kñlmvb. Åeleobt ltåfns gj gjdjle fccbvbkzwbb b gkñhfkbpvf åelen cbkmyj jnkbxfnmcz jn ysytiybö, gj vtht njuj rfr åelen cnbhfnmcz hfcjdst b änybxtcrbt hfpkbxbz vtéle kñlmvb. D rjywt 90-ö ujljd Rjyuhtcc ghbyzk, f Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy gjlgbcfk ibhjrbq cgtrnh pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd, yfghfdktyysö yf htajhvbhjdfybt cbcntvs cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz yfctktybz. Änj pfrjyjlfntkmcndj juhfybxbdftn jghtltktyyst dbls ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjvjob bvvbuhfynfv. Gjcrjkmre bvvbuhfyns gjcktlytq djkys yföjlzncz d öelitv vfnthbfkmyjv gjkjétybb, xtv bvvbuhfyns ghtlitcndeñotuj gthbjlf, gjrf yt zcyj, rfr yfctktyyst geyrns b hfqjys c dscjrbv ehjdytv bvvbuhfwbb cvjuen eljdktndjhbnm gjnhtåyjcnb ntö kñltq, rjnjhst yeélfñncz d gjvjob. Xnj ét ujnjdbn yfv åeleott? Bp ltåfnjd gj gjdjle bvvbuhfwbb vs vjétv epyfnm j yfc cfvbö rfr jå fvthbrfywfö. Ghjbcöjlbn dct åjkmitt hfpvsdfybt uhfybw vtéle uheggfvb yfctktybz. B öjnz lj rjywf änb uhfybws cnthtnm yfdthyzrf yt elfcncz, lf änj b yt yeéyj, bö vbybvbpfwbz ghtlcnfdkztncz ytbpåtéyjq. Fdnjhs Rjycnbnewbb, rjnjhst yfgbcfkb: ≤Vs, yfhjl Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, lfås jåhfpjdfnm åjktt cjdthityysq Cjñp...≥ d rjywt 18 dtrf, dshféfkb yfltéle yf åeleott jn bvtyb yfwbb bvvbuhfynjd. Ctujlyz, yf gjhjut 21-uj dtrf, gthtl Fvthbrjq cnjbn pflfxf – gj-ghtéytve drkñxfnm bvvbuhfynjd d dblt■ ybt åeleotuj yfitq cnhfys. Lfayf Cgäqy, ghtgjlfdfntkm ujhjlcrjuj b ärjkjubxtcrjuj gkfybhjdfybz fhöbntrnehyjuj afrekmntnf Eybdthcbntnf infnf Dbhlébybz (Ifhkjncdbkk), fdnjh ljrkflf ≤Fvthbrf yf uhfyb ldeö cnjktnbq≥, jgeåkbrjdfyyjuj d vft 1999 ujlf Åñhj ltvjuhfabxtcrjq cnfnbcnbrb, u. Dfibyunjy CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 20 RJHTYYST BPVTYTYBZ D GJKJÉTYBB CNFHITUJ GJRJKTYBZ NTJLJH HJÉFR D enhtyytq ufptnt z yfitk kñåjgsnyeñ yjdjcnm rekmnehyjq ébpyb. Ntktrjvgfybb ghjdtkb cdjq tétujlysq rjyrehc gj htqnbyue ntktghjuhfvv, rjnjhsq ghtljghtltkztn ljöjl jn htrkfvs d cktleñotv ctpjyt. Gjåtlbkb ldt ntktrjvgfybb, rjnjhst ghbdktrkb åjkmit dctuj ntktphbntktq d djphfcnt jn 18 lj 49 ktn, cxbnfñoböcz, gj cjjåotybzv ghtccs, yfbåjktt wtyysvb, c njxrb phtybz htrkfvjlfntktq. Dgthdst fvthbrfycrbq hsyjr ghjzdbk cthmtpysq bynthtc r ≤gjrjktybñ vjkjltéb≥ åjktt 30 ktn yfpfl. Åtcgjrjqyst ltnb gjrjktybz ≤dphsdf hjélftvjcnb≥, rfpfkjcm, jnrhsdibt ctrhtn dtxyjq vjkjljcnb, ctqxfc djikb d ckjéysq chtlybq gthbjl ébpyb, gjkysq nhtdju b hfpjxfhjdfybq. Jlyfrj htrkfvjlfntkb b chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, nfr ét rfr gjkbnbrb b kbwf, ghbybvfñobt htitybz, gj-ghtéytve jxfhjdfys ñyjcnmñ b, gjöjét, yt jåhfofñn dybvfybz yf yeéls b dpukzls fvthbrfywtd cnfhituj gjrjktybz. D cgtwbfkmyjv dsgecrt ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc väuäpby≥, gjcdzotyyjv ltvjuhfabxtcrbv ghjåktvfv, jlby cnfhtñobq ärcgthn gj fdnjhcrjve ghfde d htrkfvt éfkjdfkcz, xnj ≤lkz htrkfvjlfntkz vjkjljcnm – änj dtctkmt... Dct änj bltn jn jlyjuj bp ytgbcfysö ghfdbk vfhrtnbyuf: yt nhfnmnt ecbkbz yf gjnhtåbntktq cnfhit 50 ktn, gjcrjkmre bö dct hfdyj ybxtv yt elbdbim≥. D cdjtq rybut ≤Xnj rktdj?≥ (1997 u.), gjdtcndeñotq j ≤åbpytc-rekmneht, rjynhrekmneht b hfpdbnbb ≤öbggjdjuj≥ gjnhtåbntkmcndf≥, Njvfc Ahfyr endthélftn, xnj jlthébvjcnm ñyjcnmñ, djpybrifz d 60-ö, jcnfytncz c yfvb yfdctulf. ≤Vjkjljcnm dctulf ljkéyf dsbuhsdfnm, – gbitn jy. – Yjdjt tcntcndtyysv jåhfpjv cvtyztn cnfhjt... Åelen yjdst gjrjktybz vjkjltéysö åeynjd njxyj nfr ét, rfr åelen yjdst gjrjktybz ukeibntktq lkz fdnjvjåbktq, peåyjq gfcns b jåedb≥. Tckb Ahfyr ghfd, njulf fvthbrfycrbq åbpytc b chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yföjlzncz d rjyakbrnt c fvthbrfycrbv Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz. D änjv ét rjyakbrnt b gjkbnbrb, yt ghjzdkzñobt pfåjns j cnfhitv gjrjktybb. Dct jyb ébden, buyjhbhez ukfdyeñ ltvjuhfabxtcreñ jcjåtyyjcnm 21-uj cnjktnbz: vjkjlst cnfkb dsvbhfñobv dbljv. Åeleott – pf cnfhbrfvb. Öjnz vjkjlst vjuen jcnfdfnmcz jlybv bp hsyrjd cåsnf, jyb jåhtxtys yf gjcnjzyyjt cjrhfotybt xbcktyyjcnb b gjregfntkmyjq cgjcjåyjcnb. Ghjwtcc rjkktrnbdyjuj cnfhtybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yfxfkcz tot d 1800 u. Dj dhtvtyf Njvfcf Létaathcjyf gjkjdbyf åtkjuj yfctktybz åskf vjkjét 16 ktn. Nfrjuj cjjnyjitybz vjkjljcnb b cnfhjcnb d cnhfyt yt åskj eét åjkmit ybrjulf. Ytcvjnhz yf ltvjuhfabxtcrbt gjlütvs b cgfls, dspdfyyst djkyfvb bvvbuhfwbb b eåbqcndtyysvb ägbltvbzvb, d 19-v d. chtlyzz ghjljkébntkmyjcnm ébpyb gjcnjzyyj hjckf, b jåotcndj nfr ét gjcnjzyyj cnfyjdbkjcm cnfhit. D 30-ö ujlfö yfituj cnjktnbz åskb ghjdtltys ytcrjkmrj jåotyfwbjyfkmysö rjyathtywbq lkz gjbcrf htitybz ghjåktv, gjcnfdktyysö åscnhjhfcneobv gjébksv yfctktybtv. Yf ctujlyziybq ltym fvthbrfyws cnfhit 50 ktn jåhfpeñn yfbåjktt åscnhj hfcneoeñ xfcnm jåotcndf. Ghb ljkujchjxyjq ntyltywbb cnfhtybz yfctktybz CIF åjkmibv bcrkñxtybtv cnfk dphsd hjélftvjcnb, gj-fyukbqcrb ≤åäåb-åev≥, d gthbjl vtéle 1946 b 1964 uu. D änb ujls hjélftvjcnm d CIF dpktntkf lj chtlytuj ehjdyz d 3,7 htåtyrf yf ctvmñ. Vtymit xtv ltcznbktnbt cgecnz athnbkmyjcnm étyoby d CIF, rfr ås dsljöibcm, htprj cybpbkfcm, ljcnbuyed d 1976 u. htrjhlyj ybprjq jnvtnrb d chtlytv 1,7 hjéltybq yf ctvmñ, xnj ceotcndtyyj ybét ehjdyz, ytjåöjlbvjuj lkz djcghjbpdjlcndf yfctktybz. C änjuj dhtvtyb ehjdtym hjélftvjcnb ghjljkéfk cybéfnmcz, rfr b d åjkmibycndt ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsö CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 21 cnhfy. Njn afrn, xnj jåobq ehjdtym hjcnf yfctktybz rjktåfkcz d hfqjyt jnvtnrb djcghjbpdjlcndf, zdkztncz cktlcndbtv dkbzybz bvvbuhfwbb. Dj dctö bylecnhbfkmysö jåotcndfö gfhs dcnegfñn d åhfr gjpét (tckb änj djjåot ghjbcöjlbn), yf åjktt lkbntkmyst chjrb jnrkflsdfñn hjéltybt ltntq b hjéfñn dct vtymit. B lfét nt ltvjuhfas, rjnjhsö geuftn rjkjccfkmysq hjcn yfctktybz, ghbpyfñn, xnj cybéfñobqcz ehjdtym hjélftvjcnb ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfy c ntv, xnj cjdhtvtyysq vbh yfpsdftn ≤ghjuhtccjv≥. Étyobys d jcjåtyyjcnb cxbnfñn åtpltnyjcnm bkb gjplytt hjéltybt ltntq jcdjåjéltybtv. Änj gjpdjkztn bv nhfnbnm åjkmieñ xfcnm cdjtq ébpyb yf rfhmthe, gentitcndbz b extåe. Cfvb ét ltnb gjrjktybz dphsdf hjélftvjcnb ecnfyjdbkb änjn gjhzljr djcghjbpdjlcndf. D cthtlbyt 70-ö ujljd, rjulf ljcnbukj cdjtuj gbrf ldbétybt pf jcdjåjéltybt étyoby, rjkbxtcndj åtpltnysö 20-ktnybö étyoby eldjbkjcm, f d cktleñotv ltcznbktnbb d nhb hfpf djphjc ehjdtym hjélftvjcnb chtlb étyoby d djphfcnt jn 30 lj 35 ktn. Åjkmibycndj änbö vfv cnfhituj djphfcnf hfåjnfkb, b e ybö åskj vtymit ltntq, xfcnj kbim jlby htåtyjr. Yj fvthbrfyws cnfhituj gjrjktybz dct åjkmit gthtrhsdfñn vjkjlsö yt njkmrj gj xbcktyyjcnb. Bö ljkz d yfwbjyfkmyjv åjufncndt pyfxbntkmyj ghtdsiftn ljkñ bö ltntq b dyerjd – afrn, rjnjhsq vjétn åsnm bynthtcty ghtlcnfdbntkzv åbpytcf, cnjkm zhj jåöfébdfñobv vjkjleñ felbnjhbñ. Tétujlysq kbxysq ljöjl njq xtndthnb fvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz, rjnjhjq d yfxfkt 21-uj cnjktnbz gthtdfkbn pf 50 ktn, ghbåkbéftncz r nhbkkbjye (vbkkbjy vbkkbjyjd) ljkkfhjd. Änb fvthbrfyws cnfhituj djphfcnf bvtñn d cdjtv hfcgjhzétybb gjkjdbye ≤cdjåjlyjuj≥ (nj tcnm jcnfñotujcz gjckt eljdktndjhtybz gthdjjxthtlysö gjnhtåyjcntq) ljöjlf d cnhfyt, 75 ghjwtynjd abyfycjdsö frnbdjd (cnjbvjcnmñ åjktt xtv 8 nhky ljkkfhjd) b 80 ghjwtynjd cåthtufntkmysö cxtnjd d åfyrfö Fvthbrb. D eckjdbzö dscjrjq ghjljkébntkmyjcnb ébpyb gjrjktyb åäåb-åevf gj vtht cnfhtybz åeltn åjufntnm. Jyb eyfcktleñn åjktt 10,7 nhky ljkkfhjd jn cdjbö hjlbntktq. Gj jwtyrfv Eghfdktybz cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz CIF, fvthbrfyws cnfhit 65 ktn, åkfujlfhz kbxysv cåthtétybzv, ghjuhfvvt vtlbwbycrjuj cnhföjdfybz ≤Vtlbräh≥, dkfltybñ ytldbébvjcnmñ b yfkjujdsv kmujnfv, jåkflfñn yfbåjkmibv ≤cdjåjlysv≥ ljöjljv d cnhfyt, åjktt xtv d ldf hfpf ghtdsifñobv ljöjl kñltq jn 25 lj 34 ktn. Jlyb njkmrj étyobys d djphfcnt gjckt vtyf-gfeps CNFHBRB: ÉBPYTYYJ DFÉYST HTCEHCS Létqvc Itqåtk Cnfhtybt yfctktybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd vjukj ås ghtlcnfdkznm pyfxbntkmyeñ euhjpe, tckb ås gjébkst uhfélfyt dscfcsdfkb htcehcs bp jåotcndf, jnåbhfz bö e vjkjlsö fvthbrfywtd. Dhtvz jn dhtvtyb nfr j cnfhbrfö b ujdjhzn. Yf cfvjv ét ltkt cnfhtybt yfwbb ghtljcnfdkztn elbdbntkmyeñ djpvjéyjcnm lkz drkñxtybz yfbåjktt jåhfpjdfyyjq b éféleotq ébpyb uheggs gtycbjythjd d bcnjhbb CIF d åjhmåe c ghjåktvfvb cjdhtvtyyjuj fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf. Pf gjcktlybt xtnsht ltcznbktnbz xbckj ébntktq CIF cnfhit 65 ktn eldjbkjcm, b jéblftncz, xnj r 2030 ujle jyj eldjbncz tot hfp. Ctujlyziybt gtycbjyths dblzn, xnj gjckt dsöjlf yf gtycbñ e ybö tcnm dhtvz, äythubz b étkfybt gjcdznbnm ctåz ljåhjdjkmxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, yf rjnjheñ e ybö åskj nfr vfkj dhtvtyb, gjrf jyb hfåjnfkb. Jyb dcnegfñn d jhufybpfwbb, gjljåyst Yfwbjyfkmyjve rjhgece gjébksö, rjnjhfz jödfnsdftn åjktt xtv gjkvbkkbjyf uhfélfy cnfhituj djphfcnf. D rjhgect, döjlzotv d cjcnfd Rjhgjhfwbb pf yfwbjyfkmyeñ ckeéåe, 24 nsczxb ≤ghbtvysö≥ åfåeitr b ltleitr ghjdjlzn 20 xfcjd d ytltkñ d bcghfdbntkmysö exhtéltybzö, ljvfö lkz nhelysö gjlhjcnrjd, rkfccfö, ghbñnfö lkz åtpljvysö b lheubö vtcnfö, gjvjufz ltnzv, cnfdibv éthndfvb étcnjrjuj b åtpjndtncndtyyjuj jåhfotybz cj cnjhjys hjlbntktq, b pfåjnzcm j ytljyjityysö vkfltywfö b ltnzö-bydfkblfö. Jrjkj 13 nsczx ≤gjébksö gjvjoybrjd≥ gjvjufñn lheubv gjébksv jlbyjrbv kñlzv. Lheubt gjébkst djkjynths pfybvfñncz c exfobvbcz, djpdjlzn ljvf, gfnhekbheñn ébkst hfqjys b ljcnfdkzñn gboe ghbrjdfyysv r gjcntkb kñlzv. Veéxbys b étyobys cnfhit 55 ktn dct xfot jnlfñn cdjq jgsn, yfdsrb, nfkfyns, bynthtcs b ndjhxtcrbt cgjcjåyjcnb vtcnysv ytrjvvthxtcrbv jhufybpfwbzv, jhufybpfwbzv d catht jåckeébdfybz b ljåhjdjkmxtcrbv ghjuhfvvfv, jhufybpetvsv xfcnysvb rjhgjhfwbzvb. Jyb ghbvtyzñn cdjb yfdsrb d hfpysö dblfö ltzntkmyjcnb, yfxbyfz c jåhfpjdfybz b plhfdjjöhfytybz b rjyxfz jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnmñ b jöhfyjq jrheéfñotq chtls. Cnfhbrb jcjåtyyj öjhjij gjlöjlzn r hfåjnt c ghjåktvfvb ltntq b vjkjltéb. Yfghbvth, 5 ltvjycnhfwbjyysö ghjtrnjd gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Rjhgec evelhtyysö≥, ghjdtltyysö Rjhgjhfwbtq pf yfwbjyfkmyeñ ckeéåe, gjlnfkrbdfñn gjébksö uhfélfy yt njkmrj cnfyjdbnmcz htgtnbnjhfvb d irjkfö, yj nfrét exfcndjdfnm d djcgbnfntkmyjq hfåjnt cj irjkmybrfvb gjckt ehjrjd, jhufybpjdsdfnm hjlbntktq lkz cjplfybz fccjwbfwbq ≤Hjlbntkm – exbntkm – irjkmybr≥ b gj-yjdjve exfcndjdfnm d hfåjnt vtcnysö irjk. Gj vtht njuj rfr dct åjkmit b åjkmit gjébksö kñltq b gtycbjythjd cnhtvzncz exfcndjdfnm d jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnt, herjdjlcndj cnhfys ljkéyj cjplfdfnm dct åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz bö hfåjns rfr gjkysq, nfr b ytgjkysq hfåjxbq ltym. Bcgjkmpjdfybt gjntywbfkf 50 vky gjébksö kñltq vjétn vyjujt lfnm d gjcnhjtybb kexituj jåotcndf lkz dctö fvthbrfywtd. Bpdtcnysq fvthbrfycrbq gcböjkju Ähbr Ähbrcjy jlyféls crfpfk, xnj gjcktlybq dspjd ébpyb pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås ghbqnb r ghbyznbñ endthéltybz: ≤Z – änj nj, xnj jcnfytncz gjckt vtyz≥. Tckb jy ghfd, nj ljåhjdjkmxtcrfz hfåjnf, jcjåtyyj nfrfz, rjnjhfz jrfpsdftn dkbzybt yf vjkjlsö kñltq, ytjåöjlbvf lkz njuj, xnjås yfckfélfnmcz gkjljndjhyjq b ghbyjczotq gjkmpe cnfhjcnmñ. Létqvc Itqåtk, dbwt-ghtpbltyn Rjhgjhfwbb pf yfwbjyfkmyeñ ckeéåe, yföjlzotqcz d u. Dfibyunjyt. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 22 ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq, gj ckjdfv éehyfkbcnrb Äkkty Uelvfy, ≤vtxne åbpytcvtyf≥ – 50 vky ltzntkmysö étyoby, gjregfñobö rybub b gjnhtåkzñobö rekmnehyst wtyyjcnb, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö, åkfujlfhz ecgtöfv ujhvjyfkmyjq vtlbwbys, åelen ghjljkéfnm frnbdyeñ ébpym b djpvjéyj lfét tot ljkubt ujls pfhfåfnsdfnm ltymub. ≤Vjkjltéysq hsyjr åeltn ceotcndjdfnm dctulf≥, – jnvtxftn htlfrnjh éehyfkf ≤Fvthbräy ltvjuhfabrc≥ Ithbk Hfcctk, ≤yj jy yt dctulf åeltn cnjkm vjoysv gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb hsyrfvb. D åeleotv fvthbrfycrjve åbpytce ghbltncz yfexbnmcz kñåbnm kñltq chtlytuj djphfcnf≥. Nfrbt ukeåjrbt ltvjuhfabxtcrbt bpvtytybz yt vjuen yt ghbdtcnb r åjktt vfcinfåysv gjkbnbxtcrbv bpvtytybzv d åkbéfqitv åeleotv. Gj vtht njuj rfr abyfycjdsq b gjkbnbxtcrbq wtynh nzétcnb fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf gjcntgtyyj cvtoftncz r åjktt cnfhitve djphfcne, wtyyjcnb, ghbceobt cnfhitve gjrjktybñ, cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt pyfxbvsvb. Gjébkst kñlb yt njkmrj cjcnfdkzñn åjkmibycndj cjåcndtyybrjd ytldbébvjcnb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, jyb nfrét cfvst cjpyfntkmyst bpåbhfntkb cnhfys. Gjllthérf c bö cnjhjys åeltn ceotcndtyysv afrnjhjv yf dsåjhfö uhzleotuj cnjktnbz. Bccktljdfybz gjdtltybz bpåbhfntktq ujdjhzn j njv, xnj e gjébksö bpåbhfntktq ytn xtnrj ghjuyjpbhetvsö gjkbnbxtcrbö jhbtynfwbq gj rfrbv-kbåj djghjcfv – pf bcrkñxtybtv euhjp bö ghbdbktubzv. Åelexb rjycthdfnbdysv gj vyjubv djghjcfv, cnfhitt gjrjktybt ckeébn zrjhtv ujcelfhcndf c hfpdbnjq cbcntvjq cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz, b änjn zrjhm c rfélsv ujljv cnfyjdbncz dct nzétktt. Änf ytevjkbvfz ntyltywbz ghblftn jcjåeñ dféyjcnm rfvgfybb gj cjrhfotybñ bkb ghbdfnbpfwbb cjwbfkmysö ghjuhfvv, nfrbö rfr ≤Vtlbräh≥ b cjwbfkmyjt jåtcgtxtybt. Yfghbvth, ghjtrn Gjkf Wjyufcf d cjcnfdt abyfycjdj-rjycthdfnbdyjq rjfkbwbb ≤Rjyrjhl≥ cjpsdftn jåotcndtyyst ajhevs, gjcdzotyyst ≤jndtncndtyyjcnb gjrjktybq≥, b d cdjbö geåkbrfwbzö endthélftn, xnj ≤lj njuj rfr åäåb-åev ghtdhfnbncz d ≤åev gjébksö≥, e yfibö gjkbnbxtcrbö kblthjd tcnm tot gthbjl lkz ghbyznbz vth≥ gj htajhvbhjdfybñ gjkbnbrb cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz gjébksö. Cnjhjyybrb änjuj ghjtrnf gjkfufñn, xnj gjljåyst hfcöjls crjhj ≤gjukjnzn dct atlthfkmyst ljöjls≥. Pdexbn euhjéfñot, yj rfr crjhj änj ckexbncz? Lfét tckb vs ybxtuj yt cltkftv d gkfyt gthtcnhjqrb cbcntvs cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz lj 2032 ujlf, cbcntvf dct hfdyj åeltn d cjcnjzybb ghjbpdjlbnm 75 ghjwtynjd ghbxbnfñoböcz dsgkfn. Nj tcnm lfét ghb nfrjq rhfqytq cbnefwbb d åkbéfqitv åeleotv yt djpybrytn rfnfcnhjabxtcrjuj gjkjétybz. Yj, rjytxyj ét, fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj yt åeltn ghjcnj cbltnm ckjéf herb, ybxtuj yt ghtlghbybvfz d catht cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz. Eghfdktybt cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz CIF cxbnftn, xnj hzl gjcntgtyysö evthtyysö htajhv abyfycbhjdfybz b ghtljcnfdktybz eckeu, yb jlyf bp rjnjhsö yt gjnhtåetn ghbdfnbpfwbb, gjpdjkbn cjöhfybnm ghjuhfvve cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz d ltqcndbb yf ghjnzétybb cktleñotuj cnjktnbz. Lheubt ghjnbdybrb cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz gjébksö rhbnbreñn tuj tot åjktt hflbrfkmyj. Ghtpbltyn-jcyjdfntkm rjfkbwbb ≤Rjyrjhl≥ Gbnth Lé. Gtnthcjy ghtleghtélftn, xnj ghjuhfvvf ≤Vtlbräh≥ crjhj åeltn dsyeéltyf dcgjvybnm, xnj nfrjt hfcghtltktybt ≤gj rfhnjxrfv≥. Djpvjéyj, xnj, rfr jy pfzdkztn, jy pfoboftn bynthtcs ≤yfibö ltntq≥, yj bynthtcyj åeltn gjcvjnhtnm, crjkmrj änbö ltntq jnrhjñn rjitkmrb, rjulf flvbybcnhfnjh rjvvthxtcrjq ghjuhfvvs vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob cjjåobn bv, xnj pfnhfns yf gjllthéfybt bö cnfhtñobö hjlbntktq d ébdsö ckbirjv dscjrb. Rjulf-nj cktlbnm pf ntv, xnjås åjufncndj yfwbb hfcghtltkzkjcm gjhjdye, åskj pflfxtq ghjacjñpjd. D ghtlcnjzobt ujls, djpvjéyj, kbim ≤dkfcnm ltljd≥ åeltn tlbycndtyyjq ljcnfnjxyj vjoyjq b cgjcjåyjq yf cjxedcndeñoeñ htfrwbñ cbkjq lkz njuj, xnjås clthébdfnm ltzntkmyjcnm fvthbrfycrböp rjhgjhfwbq b hfpdbnbt ukjåfkbpfwbb. Tckb änjn öjl vsckb gjrfétncz djpkfufñobv ckbirjv åjkmibt yfltéls yf cnfhbrjd, nj cktletn dcgjvybnm, xnj gjrjktybt dphsdf hjélftvjcnb dctulf jéblfkj jn ctåz jxtym vyjujuj. Ytkmpz celbnm j cnfhbrfö gjrjktybz åäåbåevf gj ysytiybv cnfhbrfv – rjulf gjrjktybt åäåb-åevf gthtqltn d rfntujhbñ cnfhbrjd, vjéyj jéblfnm jn ybö ceotcndtyyj lheujuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj gjdtltybz. Cktleñott gjrjktybt gjébksö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö åeltn yfbåjktt jåhfpjdfyysv, åjkmit gentitcndjdfdibv, åjktt ghjatccbjyfkmyj gjlujnjdktyysv, gjkbnbxtcrb uhfvjnysv b yfbåjktt ndjhxtcrbv d rekmnehyjv jnyjitybb gjrjktybtv, xtv rjulfkbåj hfytt. B jyb ytcen d ctåt pfvtxfntkmyjt yfcktlbt. Jyb dgbcfkb ctåz d ktnjgbcm bcnjhbb rfr åeynjdobrb, rjnjhst d rjywt rjywjd ghbikb r jncnfbdfybñ vyjubö åkfujhjlysö bltq: uhfélfycrbö ghfd, zlthyjuj hfpjheétybz, ctrcefkmyjq cdjåjls, pfobns ghfd gjnhtåbntktq, åjhmås pf xbcnjne jrheéfñotq chtls b jcdjåjéltybt änybxtcrbö vtymibycnd, étyoby b ujvjctrcefkbcnjd. Cj dhtvty nfrbö ytpfdbcb- CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 23 vsö gjkbnbxtcrbö abueh yfxfkf yfituj cnjktnbz, rfr Hjåthn Kfajkktnn b Ghtpbltyn Ntjljh Hepdtkmn, yb jlyj gjrjktybt lj änjuj yt dcnegfkj d ghjnbdjåjhcndj c dkfcnmñ, dsldbufz jcnhst djghjcs jå änbxtcrbö ghbywbgfö bcgjkmpjdfybz åjufncndf b dkfcnysö gjkyjvjxbq. Vjkjljcnm – dhtvz jncnfbdfybz dscjrbö vjhfkmysö bltfkjd, lheujq nfrjq gthbjl ghböjlbncz yf cnfhjcnm. Ghfdlf nj, xnj åeynfhcrjt vjkjljt gjrjktybt 60-ö dshjckj d jndtncndtyysö dphjcksö, xnj crfpfkjcm yf bö bltfkbpvt. Yj cj dhtvtytv dphjckst cnfyjdzncz tot cnfhit, b d rjywt rjywjd ljcnbufñn cjcnjzybz, rjnjhjt jnkbxftncz jn cdjåjls eybdthcbntncrjuj ujhjlrf. Jlybv bp ntö, rnj hfyj jcjpyfk änjn afrn, tot d 60-ö ujlfö, åskf Väuub Rey – jcyjdfntkmybwf ≤Ctlsö gfynth≥, jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhfz pfybvftncz hfpdbnbtv cdzptq vtéle gjrjktybzvb, jåhfpjdfybtv b erhtgktybtv cjwbfkmyjq b ärjyjvbxtcrjq cghfdtlkbdjcnb. Ghtlt ytq cnjzn djghjcs jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj plhfdjjöhfytybz, pfyznjcnb, cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz, ébkbo, ecnjqxbdjq jrheéfñotq chtls, jåhfpjdfybz b vbhf. Rfr jyf jnvtxftn, ≤åkfujlfhz cdjtve ébpytyyjve jgsne, yfkbxbñ cdjåjlyjuj dhtvtyb b yfbvtymibö jgfctybq xnj-kbåj gjnthznm, dscnegfz c bybwbfnbdfvb, cnfhbrb jrfpfkbcm d yfbkexitv gjkjétybb lkz ltzntkmyjcnb yf åkfuj jåotcndf≥. Åskj ås jibårjq ghbxbckbnm cneltynjd 60-ö r jåsxysv ghtlcnfdbntkzv chtlytuj rkfccf. Djpvjéyj, åeltn cnjkm ét ytdthyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cktleñott cnfhitt gjrjktybt ghjcnj eqltn d gjkbnbxtcrjt ytåsnbt, rfr änj åskj c bö ghtlitcndtyybrfvb, rjulf bö åskj vfkj b rjulf ckjdj ≤cnfhsq≥ åskj étcnrj cdzpfyj cj ckjdjv ≤åtlysq≥. ≤Åsnm yf gtycbb, – jnvtnbkf Rey, – änj dct hfdyj xnj åsnm åjufnsv: ybrnj yt vjétn ntåz edjkbnm≥. Cnfhtñobt ghtlcnfdbntkb gjrjktybz dphsdf hjélftvjcnb c kturjcnmñ jåyfheéfn d gfvznb vyjétcndj rjynhrekmnehysö fkmnthyfnbd, yf rjnjhst vjéyj jgthtnmcz, cjdthifz htdjkñwbñ ghjljkébntkmyjcnb ébpyb. Jyb dshjckb c enjgbxtcrbvb cnhtvktybzvb, rjnjhst jåotcndjdtls nbgf Gjkf Uelvfyf cjxkb yfxfkjv pyfxbntkmysö gjkbnbxtcrbö gthtvty. D gthdsq hfp nt, rnj bpjåhtnfk fkmnthyfnbds ceotcndeñotve gjhzlre, vjukb åsnm ckbirjv ñysvb, bv yeéyj åskj gjdphjcktnm. Bvtyyj änjn genm jyb b ghjikb c 60-ö gj 90-t. Ntgthm jyb cnfkb cnfhibv gjrjktybtv, rjnjhjt ytkmpz buyjhbhjdfnm rfr bcgjhxtyysö ltntq. Dsöjl yf gtycbñ lftn bv dhtvz, f cjwbfkmyjt jåtcgtxtybt – vfnthbfkmyst djpvjéyjcnb dthyenmcz r DPUKZL D ÅELEOTT: C NJXRB PHTYBZ XTKJDTRF GJRJKTYBZ DPHSDF HJÉLFTVJCNB Dslthérb bp ljrkflf ≤Fyfkbp ctuvtynfwbb≥, gjlujnjdktyyjuj Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbtq gtycbjythjd. Gjrjktybt ≤åäåb-åevf≥ – änj uheggf yfctktybz CIF, hjéltyyfz d gjcktdjtyyst ujls vtéle 1946 b 1964 uu. D ntxtybt vyjubö ltcznbktnbq jyj ghbdktrfkj dybvfybt ltvjuhfajd, gjkbnbrjd, bccktljdfntktq hsyrf b jåotcndjdtljd, rjnjhst bpexfkb gjcktdjtyysq dphsd hjélftvjcnb d 50-t, rjynhrekmnehe – d 60-t, ctvmb c ldjqysv ljöjljv b Z-gjrjktybt 70-t, 80-t b 90-t ujls. Ctqxfc yfbåjktt cnfhst ghtlcnfdbntkb änjuj gjrjktybz gthtdfkbkb 50-ktnybq heåté b ghbåkbéfñncz r gtycbjyyjve djphfcne. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö eét dsikb yf gtycbñ. Vyjubt cnfyen gtycbjythfvb lj 2010 ujlf. Ytlfdytt bccktljdfybt, ghjdtltyyjt Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbtq gtycbjythjd, d öjlt rjnjhjuj åskj cjåhfyj juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj byajhvfwbb gjchtlcndjv jghjcjd ajrecysö uhegg, ibhjrjvfcinfåysö ntktajyysö jghjcjd b lheubö cjwbjkjubxtcrbö jghjcjd, dszdbkj cktleñobt jéblfybz ghtlcnfdbntktq gjrjktybz åäåb-åevf gj hzle djghjcjd: ❏ Djctvm bp ltcznb jghjityysö gkfybheñn, åelexb yf gtycbb, hfåjnfnm gj rhfqytq vtht yf ytgjkysq hfåjxbq ltym. Kbim 16 ghjwtynjd ujdjhzn, xnj jyb djjåot yt gkfybheñn hfåjnfnm. ❏ Itcnm bp ltcznb edthtys d cdjtq cgjcjåyjcnb fltrdfnyj gjlujnjdbnmcz r åeleotve. Kbim 23 ghjwtynf gjkfufñn, xnj bv c nheljv ghbltncz cdjlbnm rjyws c rjywfvb. ❏ Kbim ldjt bp ltcznb gjkfufñn, xnj ≤åeleott cfvj j ctåt gjpfåjnbncz≥, b kbim ltdznm ghjwtynjd gjkfufñncz yf cdjb ctvmb d cvsckt abyfycjdjq gjvjob yf gtycbb. ❏ Ldt nhtnb jghjityysö eljdktndjhtys ltytéysvb cevvfvb, rjnjhst jyb ctujlyz jnrkflsdfñn yf gtycbñ. Vtymit xtv gjkjdbyf (48 ghjwtynjd) gjkfufñncz yf cbcntve cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz rfr yf bcnjxybr ljöjlf yf gtycbb. Bp änbö 48 ghjwtynjd kbim 15 ghjwtynjd ghtlgjkfufñn bcgjkmpjdfnm änjn bcnjxybr rfr jcyjdyjq bkb tlbycndtyysq lkz gjrhsnbz cdjbö hfcöjljd yf gtycbb. ❏ Gjxnb gjkjdbyf (49 ghjwtynjd) jghjityysö ghtlgjkfufñn gjcdznbnm åjkmit dhtvtyb jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnt bkb ljåhjdjkmxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, åelexb yf gtycbb. ❏ Åjktt ctvb bp ltcznb (73 ghjwtynf) gkfybheñn pfybvfnmcz öjååb bkb jcjåsv edktxtybtv, rjnjhjve jyb gjcdznzn pyfxbntkmyjt dhtvz, åelexb yf gtycbb. ❏ Åjktt djcmvb bp ltcznb (81 ghjwtyn) bp ntö, rnj endthélftn, xnj eltkbk pyfxbntkmyjt dhtvz jålevsdfybñ cdjtq ébpyb yf gtycbb, ujdjhzn, xnj jyb c jgnbvbpvjv cvjnhzn yf änb ujls. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 24 vjhfkmysv ecnhtvktybzv, rjulf-nj ghjckfdbdibv bö rfr elbdbntkmyjt gjrjktybt. Ctqxfc rfhbrfnehysq cnthtjnbg gjébkjuj fvthbrfywf – änj xtkjdtr, dtleobq gfhfpbnbxtcrbq jåhfp ébpyb, jlyjq yjujq d vjubkt, rjdskzñobq gj gjkñ lkz ujkmaf. Änjn jåhfp dtcmvf lfktr jn htfkmysö gjébksö kñltq, rjnjhst dct åjkmit hfåjnfñn yf ljåhjdjkmysö yfxfkfö, djpdhfofñncz dj dct åjkmibö rjkbxtcndfö d extåyst pfdtltybz, frnbdyj exfcndeñn d gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb b ltvjycnhbheñn ébdjq bynthtc r yjdjddtltybzv, jcdfbdfz rjvgmñnths. Kñåjq cgtwbfkbcn, hfåjnfñobq c gtycbjythfvb, pyftn, xnj d änjv djphfcnt kñlb cthmtpyj pflevsdfñncz j cvsckt ébpyb b cnfhfñncz gjcdznbnm ctåz xtve-nj ≤dtxyjve≥. Cktleñott gjrjktybt cnfhbrjd vjétn yfqnb änjn cvsck d hfåjnt, rjnjheñ jyj jcnfdbkj ytpfrjyxtyyjq vyjuj ktn yfpfl. Gjän Ebkmzv Ejhncdjhn, vjkjljcnm rjnjhjuj ghbikfcm yf dhtvz Dtkbrjq ahfywepcrjq htdjkñwbb, gbcfk j vjkjltéb, ébditq d nj ytghjcnjt dhtvz: ≤Åkfétycndjv åskj ébnm d änj dhtvz hfccdtnf/F åsnm vjkjlsv åskj ckjdyj ébnm d hfñ^≥. Åeltn dtcmvf pyfvtyfntkmyj, tckb bcnbyyfz celmåf hflbrfkmyjuj ghjntcnf d yfit dhtvz jrfétncz cdzpfyyjq yt c hfccdt■ njv änjuj ytjåsxyjuj gjrjktybz, f c pfrfnjv. Ntjljh Hjéfr, ghjatccjh bcnjhbb d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Rfkbajhybz d Ötqdfhlt, fdnjh rybu ≤Velhfz Fvthbrf: htdjkñwbz d ghjljkébntkmyjcnb ébpyb b åkfujcjcnjzybt ujcelfhcndf≥, bpl-dj ≤Ömñnjy Vbakby rfvgäyb≥, 1998 u., b ≤Ajhvbhjdfybt rjynhrekmnehs: hfpvsiktybz j ntöyjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt b jggjpbwbb vjkjlsö≥, bpl-dj Rfkbajhybqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf 1995 u. Cnfnmz jgeåkbrjdfyf d éehyfkt ≤Wbdbkbpfwbz≥, jrnzåhm/ yjzåhm 1998 u. Gthtgtxfnsdftncz c hfphtitybz éehyfkf. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 25 YFCTKTYBT CIF: ULT ÉBDEN YJDST BVVBUHFYNS EBKMZV Ö. AHTQ kfujlfhz tétujlyjve ghbnjre d Cjtlbytyyst Infns jrjkj jlyjuj vbkkbjyf yjdsö bvvbuhfynjd, d jcyjdyjv kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, hfcjdj-änybxtcrbq cjcnfd yfctktybz Fvthbrb cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt hfpyjjåhfpysv. Gj rhfqytq vtht, bvtyyj nfrjt ghtlcnfdktybt gjkexftim, ghjcvfnhbdfz cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst gj cnhfyt d wtkjv. Ghtlcnjzofz d 2000 u. gthtgbcm yfctktybz gjrfétn, xnj yt vtytt nhtö bp ltcznb ébntktq CIF – jnyñlm yt åtkst fyukjcfrcs. D 2006 u. kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjt yfctktybt ghtdscbn gj cdjtq xbcktyyjcnb fahjfvthbrfywtd. F d 2030 u. rfélsq xtndthnsq ébntkm cnhfys åeltn kbåj kfnbyjfvthbrfywtv, kbåj fpbfnjv. Änf jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz cnfnbcnbrf ghtlgjkfuftn d rekmnehyjv jnyjitybb yfkbxbt ≤tlbyjuj gkfdbkmyjuj rjnkf≥, d rjnjhsq gjgflfñn yjdst fvthbrfyws, ghbyjczobt c cjåjq cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst rekmnehyst nhflbwbb. Jlyfrj bpextybt cnhernehs yfctktybz d jnltkmysö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö cdbltntkmcndetn cjdthityyj j lheujv. C jlyjq cnjhjys, vs jåyfheébdftv, xnj jåkbre cnhfys d 2030 u. eét ctqxfc cjjndtncndeñn 25 ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq, ult gj rhfqytq vtht 25 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz cjcnfdkzñn dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b Fpbb, f yf ljkñ fyukjcfrcjd ghböjlbncz vtytt 60 ghjwtynjd. Cñlf Å jnyjczncz rhegyst ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb, ckjébdibtcz djrheu Kjc-Fylétktcf, Cfy-Lbtuj b Cfy-Ahfywbcrj (Rfkbajhybz), Vfqfvb (Akjhblf) b Ömñcnjyf (Ntöfc), f nfrét vyjubt yt cnjkm åjkmibt ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb d Rfkbajhybb, Ymñ-Vtrcbrj b dljkm ntöfccrj-vtrcbrfycrjq uhfybws. C lheujq cnjhjys, åjktt xtv d gjkjdbyt ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq CIF – 148 bp 271 – åtkjt yfctktybt cjcnfdkztn yt vtytt 80 ghjwtynjd – yf Ctdthj-Djcnjrt, Chtlytv Pfgflt b d ujhysö infnfö, f nfrét dj vyjubö hfqjyfö Ñuf, ult jcyjdyeñ uhegge ytåtkjuj yfctktybz, rfr ghfdbkj, jåhfpeñn yt yjdst bvvbuhfyncrbt vtymibycndf, f fahj-fvthbrfyws. Ckjdjv, yjdfz bvvbuhfwbz b hfcghjcnhfytybt kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö b fpbfncrbö vtymibycnd gj Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv jcnfñncz d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht crjywtynhbhjdfyysvb d ghtltkfö ujhcnrb ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq, rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ≤gkfdbkmyst rjnks≥. Yf änbö nthhbnjhbzö dscjrbq ghjwtyn vtéhfcjdsö åhfrjd b åjktt ybprbq ehjdtym ctuhtufwbb ghb hfcctktybb zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv cgtwtabxtcrbö eckjdbq änybxtcrbö fyrkfdjd, ult ghjwdtnfñn ghtlghbznbz vfkjuj åbpytcf b rekmnehf njq bkb byjq jghtltktyyjq änybxtcrjq uheggs, xnj åskj öfhfrnthyj lkz bvvbuhfyncrjuj yfctktybz cnhfys d yfxfkt ghjikjuj cnjktnbz. Djghjc d njv, rjulf b rfr åscnhj yfctktybt änbö d jghtltktyyjq cntgtyb rekmnehyj jåjcjåktyysö fyrkfdjd dsgktcytncz d jcyjdyjq gjnjr fvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz. Yjdsq fyfkbp cbnefwbb, rjnjhsq ghbdjlbncz ybét, jcyjdfy yf ytlfdyj jgeåkbrjdfyysö cnfnbcnbxtcrbö lfyysö gthtgbcb yfctktybz, cdbltntkmcndeñobö j CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 26 njv, xnj jghtltktyyjt hfcchtljnjxtybt yjdsö bvvbuhfyncrbö vtymibycnd afrnbxtcrb eét ghjbcöjlbn. Änjn fyfkbp nfrét gjpdjkztn dsltkbnm nt ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb, rjnjhst vjuen hfccxbnsdfnm yf lfkmytqibq hjcn kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj yfctktybz. Jlyfrj dyfxfkt hfccvjnhbv rkfccbxtcrbt ghbnzufntkmyst lkz bvvbuhfynjd ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb, ult gj-ghtéytve cjchtljnjxtyj vyjétcndj yjdsö bvvbuhfyncrbö vtymibycnd, cjcnjzobö bp kñltq, hjlbdiböcz pf uhfybwtq. RKFCCBXTCRBT WTYNHS BVVBUHFWBB Pf gthdst ctvm ktn 1990-ö uu. jrjkj 65 ghjwtynjd dctö bvvbuhfynjd d CIF jåjcyjdfkjcm dctuj d 10 ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö. D Ymñ-Qjhr b Kjc-Fylétktc ghbåskj ghbvthyj gj vbkkbjye xtkjdtr, d CfyAhfywbcrj – ghbåkbpbntkmyj dnhjt vtymit. Lfktt cktletn Xbrfuj (Bkkbyjqc) – xtndthnm vbkkbjyf bvvbuhfynjd. Jcnfkmyst itcnm – Vfqfvb, Dfibyunjy, Ömñcnjy b Lfkkfc (Ntöfc), Cfy-Lbtuj b Åjcnjy (Vfccfxectnc) – dvtcnt dpznst ghbyzkb vtymit yjdjghbåsdibö, xtv jlby Ymñ-Qjhr bkb Kjc-Fylétktc. D änbö 10 ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö, ult rjywtynhbheñncz d jcyjdyjv yjdst bvvbuhfyns, ghjébdftn kbim jrjkj 30 ghjwtynjd dctuj yfctktybz CIF. Åjktt njuj, dct jyb, pf bcrkñxtybtv Lfkkfcf b Ömñcnjyf, ghbybvfz vyjétcndj bvvbuhfynjd, d nj ét dhtvz bcgsnsdfñn jnnjr dyenhtyybö vbuhfynjd d lheubt xfcnb cnhfys. D änjq cnfnbcnbrt ljvbybheñn Ymñ-Qjhr b Kjc-Fylétktc, rfélsq bp rjnjhsö pf gthbjl 1990–97 uu. gjnthzk jrjkj 1,5 vky dyenhtyybö vbuhfynjd. Gjxtve ét bvvbuhfyns ghjljkéfñn cntrfnmcz d nt vtcnf, rjnjhst, gjöjét, cnfyjdzncz vtytt ghbdktrfntkmysvb lkz ébntktq CIF? Jndtn pfkjéty d ghjxyjq nhflbwbb djccjtlbytybz ctvtq, pfrhtgktyyjq d fvthbrfycrjv bvvbuhfwbjyyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt, b bcgsnsdftvjq kñlmvb gjnhtåyjcnb ébnm nfv, ult ébden kñlb jlyjq c ybvb yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, ghbtöfdibt bp njq ét cnhfys, c ntv ét zpsrjv b rekmnehjq b ult jyb gjkexfn rfr cjwbfkmyeñ, nfr b ärjyjvbxtcreñ gjllthére. Bvvbuhfwbz d gjhzlrt djccjtlbytybz ctvtq jåsxyj ghjbcöjlbn gj wtgjxrfv, ghbdjlzobv hjlcndtyybrjd b lheptq d jlyb b nt ét vtcnf. Änj jcjåtyyj öfhfrnthyj lkz bvvbuhfynjd c ybprjq rdfkbabrfwbtq, gjcrjkmre jyb d åjkmitq vtht jgbhfñncz yf hjlcndtyyst cdzpb, gjvjufñobt dytlhbnmcz d ytajhvfkmyst cbcntvs pfyznjcnb, rjnjhst ceotcndeñn d ≤rkfccbxtcrbö≥ wtynhfö bvvbuhfwbb. Yfghjnbd, åjkmibycndj kñltq, hjlbdiböcz b ljkmit ghjébdibö pltcm, jcjåtyyj åtksö b xthyjrjébö, ujhfplj åjktt kturb yf gjlütv. D ärjyjvbxtcrjv b cjwbfkmyjv jnyjitybzö jyb yt cnjkm juhfybxtys, xnjås rjywtynhbhjdfnmcz d jghtltktyysö xfcnzö cnhfys. Öfhfrnth bö vbuhfwbq ujhfplj cbkmytt jåeckjdkty yfkbxbtv bkb jncencndbtv djpvjéyjcntq nheljecnhjqcndf b eljåcndfvb, jghtltkzñobvb rfxtcndj ébpyb, ytétkb hjlcndtyysvb cdzpzvb. Gjänjve jnhbwfntkmyjt cfkmlj dyenhtyybö vbuhfwbq lkz Ymñ-Qjhrf, Kjc-Fylétktcf b lheubö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq c dscjrjq bvvbuhfwbtq yt jåzpfntkmyj jpyfxftn, xnj ébntkb CIF åtuen jn bvvbuhfynjd. Ghjcnj d gjbcrt byajhvfwbb j hfåjxbö vtcnfö ytbvvbuhfyns vtymit pfdbczn jn lheptq b ctvtqysö cdzptq. Rfr ghfdbkj, jyb tlen nelf, ult d gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz yfåkñlftncz yfbåjktt dphsdjjåhfpysq hjcn pfyznjcnb, jcjåtyyj d rhegyst hfqjys yf Pfgflt pf ghtltkfvb Rfkbajhybb b vyjubt vtcnf yf nfr yfpsdftvjv ≤Yjdjv Ñut≥ nbgf Fnkfyns, ult djpybrfñn yjdst hfåjxbt vtcnf – d htubjys, xtq hfcjdj-änybxtcrbq jåkbr yjcbn ghtbveotcndtyyj xthyj-åtksq öfhfrnth. Nfr rfr 10 rkfccbxtcrbö wtynhjd bvvbuhfwbb ghbdktrkb åjkmibycndj yjdsö bvvbuhfynjd, yt ghböjlbncz elbdkznmcz b njve, xnj bvtyyj d ybö cjchtljnjxtyj åjkmibycndj kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj yfctktybz cnhfys. Pltcm ghjébdfñn gjxnb itcnm bp ltcznb kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd b fpbfnjd. Njkmrj yf ljkñ Kjc-Fylétktcf ghböjlbncz jrjkj gznjq xfcnb kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz CIF, b dct ét rféljq ujhjlcrjq fukjvthfwbb cdjqcndtyyf cdjz jcjåfz cvtcm. Vfqfvb jåkflftn åjkmijq ghbnzufntkmyjq cbkjq lkz reåbywtd, Ymñ-Qjhr dktxtn ljvbybrfywtd, geähnjhbrfywtd b lheubö dsöjlwtd bp cnhfy Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf, f Xbrfuj gj-ghtéytve jcnftncz vfuybnjv lkz vtrcbrfywtd. Dctuj d nhtö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö – Kjc-Fylétktct, Ymñ-Qjhrt b Cfy-Ahfywbcrj – ébdtn åjktt 40 ghjwtynjd dctö fvthbrfywtd-dsöjlwtd bp Fpbb, öjnz jyb ghbåskb bp hfpysö cnhfy. Rhegyeñ bvvbuhfyncreñ uhegge d Ymñ-Qjhrt cjcnfdkzñn rbnfqws, abkbggbywtd xhtpdsxfqyj vfybn Kjc-Fylétktc, f d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj d åjkmijv rjkbxtcndt ghtlcnfdktys jåt änb uheggs. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 27 C extnjv änjq cnfnbcnbrb yt elbdbntkmyj, xnj 4 bp 10 rkfccbxtcrbö wtynhjd bvvbuhfwbb ghbikb r njve, xnj åtkjt yfctktybt jrfpfkjcm d vtymibycndt, bkb åkbprb r änjve (43 ghjwtynf d Vfqfvb b KjcFylétktct, 54 ghjwtynf d Ömñcnjyt b 55 ghjwtynjd d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj). Fukjvthfwbz Åjkmijuj Ymñ-Qjhrf, jödfnsdfñofz 29 jrheujd, hfcgjkjétyysö d xtnshtö hfpysö infnfö, eét bvttn dctuj 60 ghjwtynjd åtkjuj yfctktybz – pfvtnyj ybét chtlytuj gjrfpfntkz gj cnhfyt (72 ghjwtynf). Åjktt njuj, hfpyjjåhfpbt hfpkbdftncz gj dctq fukjvthfwbb, yt juhfybxbdfzcm wtynhjv ujhjlf. 21 bp änbö 29 jrheujd bcgsnsdfñn ghbnjr bvvbuhfynjd, jlyjdhtvtyyj nthzz dyenhtyybö vbuhfynjd d gjkmpe lheubö htubjyjd cnhfys. Jrfpsdftncz, xnj e änbö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq, rjnjhst d rekmnehyjv jnyjitybb, rfr vs erfpfkb dsit, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq cfvst hfpyst ≤gkfdbkmyst rjnks≥, tcnm ghtbveotcndf gj chfdytybñ c jcnfkmyjq nthhbnjhbtq cnhfys, yfctktybt rjnjhjq jnyñlm yt cnjkm hfpyjjåhfpyj. Rjywtynhfwbz yfhzle c åtksvb b xthyjrjébvb åjkmijuj rjkbxtcndf yjdsö hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö vtymibycnd ljkéyf ghbdtcnb r åjkmitq cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjq byntuhfwbb änbö uhegg d ghtltkfö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq. Öfhfrnth nfrjq byntuhfwbb, jödfnsdfñotq vyjujxbcktyyst uheggs, cnjkm hfpyjjåhfpyst, rfr vtrcbrfyws, dsöjlws bp Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb, rjhtqws, bylbqws, dmtnyfvws b lheubt, d hfpysö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö hfpkbxty, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ckjébditujcz d rféljq bp ybö cjxtnfybz ghjébdfñobö nfv uhegg. Dghjxtv, ctuhtufwbz änbö yjdsö uhegg ghb hfcctktybb dyenhb htubjyjd, relf jyb ghbåsdfñn, bö ghbdzpfyyjcnm r étcnrj pflfyysv ghjatccbjyfkmysv ybifv, f lkz ytrjnjhsö uhegg tot b rhfqyt ybprbq ehjdtym gjkbnbxtcrjuj cjpyfybz dtcmvf jckjéyzn bv genm r gjkyjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq byntuhfwbb. Jlyfrj hfcneott xbckj cvtifyysö åhfrjd, rjnjhjt yfåkñlftncz d änbö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö, b ghbpyfrb njuj, xnj dj dnjhjv gjrjktybb ltnb dkfltñn fyukbqcrbv b xfot cxbnfñn ctåz fvthbrfywfvb ≤xthtp ltabc≥, ghtlgjkfufñn gjntywbfkmyeñ djpvjéyjcnm gjcktleñotq fccbvbkzwbb, cdzpfyyeñ rfr c cjwbfkmyjq vjåbkmyjcnmñ, nfr b c jnnjrjv kñltq bp änbö ≤rkfccbxtcrbö≥ wtynhjd bvvbuhfwbb. YJDST WTYNHS BVVBUHFWBB D yfcnjzott dhtvz dgthdst yfåkñlfñncz ghbpyfrb ytrjnjhjuj ≤dsgktcrbdfybz≥ yjdsö bvvbuhfyncrbö vtymibycnd, jcjåtyyj fpbfncrbö b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö, d ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb, ult ghtélt bö rjywtynhfwbz åskf ytdtkbrf. Lkz änbö uhegg vtymibycnd wtgjxrb vbuhfwbq bp rkfccbxtcrbö geyrnjd ghbåsnbz bkb bp hjlysö cnhfy njkmrj yfxbyfñncz. D åjkmibycndt nfrbö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq ghjbcöjlbn b ceotcndtyysq hjcn åtkjuj b xthyjrjétuj yfctktybz. D 90-t uu. d änbö ujhjlfö b bö jrhtcnyjcnzö cjplfñncz yjdst hfåjxbt vtcnf, b egjvzyenst dsit yjdst bvvbuhfyncrbt vtymibycndf yföjlzn ctåt ybib rfr d dthöytq, nfr b d ybéytq xfcnb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgtrnhf. D änbö hfqjyfö pf gthdst ctvm ktn 90-ö uu. xbcktyyjcnm yfctktybz rféljq uheggs djphjckf gj rhfqytq vtht yf 40 ghjwtynjd, ghbxtv d 1997 u. d rféljq fukjvthfwbb ghjébdfkj yt vtytt 50 nsc. ghtlcnfdbntktq rféljuj bp änbö vtymibycnd. Xnj rfcftncz kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd, nj bö xbcktyyjcnm d Kfc-Dtufct edtkbxbkfcm pf ntreott ltcznbktnbt åjktt xtv yf 100 ghjwtynjd. Yt yfvyjuj jncnftn cnjkbwf Yjdjuj Ñuf Fnkfynf, ult lj ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd åskj rhfqyt vfkj. Xnj ét lj jcnfkmysö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq, bcgsnsdfñobö åjkmijq ghbhjcn kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz, nj jyb hfcgjkjétys, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, yf ÑujDjcnjrt b Pfgflt CIF. Gjhnktyl (Jhtujy), Jhkfylj b Eäcn-Gfkv-Åbx (Akjhblf), Cjkn-Ktqr-Cbnb (Ñnf), Cbänk (Dfibyunjy), Jcnby (Ntöfc) b Abybrc (Fhbpjyf) – d rféljv bp änbö ujhjljd d ntxtybt 90-ö uu. kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjt yfctktybt djphjckj åjktt xtv yf 50 ghjwtynjd. Gj rhfqytq vtht yf 40 ghjwtynjd edtkbxbkjcm jyj d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Zrbvf (Dfibyunjy), Nfvgf (Akjhblf), Rjkjhflj-Cghbyuc (Rjkjhflj), Vbyytfgjkbc (Vbyytcjnf), Jrkföjvf-Cbnb (Jrkföjvf), Åtqrthcabkl b Vjltcnj (Rfkbajhybz). Änjn cgbcjr drkñxftn hzl yfctktyysö geyrnjd, ult eét ghjébdftn rhegyjt kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjt yfctktybt, – nfrbt, rfr Jcnby, Abybrc, Zrbvf, Åtqrthcabkl b Vjltcnj. Jlyfrj d ytuj döjlzn b ujhjlcrbt fukjvthfwbb, ult xbcktyyjcnm kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd, ytcvjnhz yf åscnhsq hjcn d gjcktlybt ujls, ytdtkbrf (Fnkfynf – 3,2 ghjwtynf, Cbänk – 4,2 ghjwtynf, Vbyytfgjkbc – 2,1 ghjwtynf, Jrkföjvf-Cbnb – 4,8 ghjwtynf). Gthdst kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbt gthtctktyws d änb CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 28 hfqjys åelen hfcgjkfufnm vtymitq cjwbfkmyjq byahfcnhernehjq b rfgbnfkjv, rjnjhsvb vjéyj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz, yj bö gthtctktybt, dthjznyj, ghjkjébn ljhjue lkz ghbåsnbz nelf yjdsö kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd d ghtlcnjzott ltcznbktnbt. Cgbcjr yjdsö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbq, ghbnzubdfñobö fpbfncrjt yfctktybt, nfrét djpukfdkzñn Kfc-Dtufc b Fnkfynf, ult änj yfctktybt djphjckj cjjndtncndtyyj yf 92 ghjwtynf b 79 ghjwtynjd. Abybrc, Lfkkfc b Ömñcnjy d 90-t uu. edtkbxbkb cdjt fpbfncrjt yfctktybt åjktt xtv yfgjkjdbye. R xbcke lheubö yjdsö ≤fpbfncrbö vfuybnjd≥ jnyjczncz Vbyytfgjkbc, Gjhnktyl, Åjcnjy, Cbänk, Ltnhjqn (Vbxbufy), Ltydth (Rjkjhflj) b Vfqfvb. D änbö ujhjlcrbö fukjvthfwbzö xbcktyyjcnm fpbfncrjuj yfctktybz yt jcjåtyyj dtkbrf. Pf bcrkñxtybtv Cbänkf (7,6 ghjwtynf) b Ömñcnjyf (4,6 ghjwtynf), ljkz fpbfnjd d yfctktybb jcnfkmysö änbö nthhbnjhbq cjcnfdkztn vtytt 4 ghjwtynjd, ghbxtv jåsxyj pyfxbntkmyj vtymit. D nj ét dhtvz lkz åjkmibycndf gthtxbcktyysö hfqjyjd öfhfrnthty åehysq ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn, cjghjdjélfñobqcz åscnhsv hjcnjv xbckf hfåjxbö vtcn. Fpbfncrjt yfctktybt jcjåtyyj ghbdktrfñn htubjys, cbkmyst cdjbvb ntöybxtcrb ckjéysvb b yferjtvrbvb jnhfckzvb, xnj öfhfrnthyj lkz wtkjuj hzlf yjdsö wtynhjd ghbnzétybz. DSDJLS Jxtdblyj, xnj fpbfncrbt b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbt bvvbuhfyns gthtåbhfñncz d nt hfqjys CIF, ult bö yt åskj d ghjikjv. Jlyfrj tot dféytt njn afrn, xnj jyb, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, gj-ghtéytve åelen jcnfdfnmcz vtymibycndfvb d hfqjyfö ghtbveotcndtyyj åtkjuj yfctktybz. Änb ≤änybxtcrbt gbjyths≥ gjkmpeñncz yjdsvb djpvjéyjcnzvb, yj b ytcen dcñ nzétcnm yjdsö ghjåktv, gjljåysö ntv, rjnjhst bcgsnsdfkb bvvbuhfyns d CIF d ghjikjv. Pf gjcktlybt ujls d ghbujhjls Ymñ-Qjhrf, Xbrfuj b CfyAhfywbcrj gthtctkbkbcm lheubt uheggs gthdjghjöjlwtd. Ctujlyziybt vbuhfwbb ghbdtlen yjdst vtymibycndf yf hsyrb nhelf d nfrbö ujhjlfö rfr Cjkn-Ktqr-Cbnb, Vbyytfgjkbc, Jrkföjvf-Cbnb b Rjkjhflj-Cghbyuc. D bnjut yjdst ntyltywbb dyenhb nhflbwbjyysö fvthbrfycrbö ≤gkfdbkmysö rjnkjd≥, f nfrét yjdst wtynhs bvvbuhfwbb ytcjvytyyj jghtltkzn d ghtlcnjzobt ltcznbktnbz öfhfrnth hfcjdsö jnyjitybq rfr yf vtcnfö, nfr b d vfcinfåfö dctq ■ cnhfys. Ebkmzv Ö. Ahtq, Wtynh cjwbfkmysö b ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq, Eybdthcbntn infnf Ymñ-Qjhr d Jkåfyb CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 29 CVTIFYYJT YFCTKTYBT FVTHBRB D HJITK K. CNÄYABKL ntxtybt vyjubö ktn hfåjnf Öjhöt Ltkgbyfkf d rfxtcndt gjvjoybrf yfxfkmybrf jnltkf yfhjljyfctktybz Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås hfcghtltkznm kñltq gj xtnrbv jnltkmysv uhfafv: åtkst, xthyst, kfnbyjfvthbrfyws, fpbfns bkb rjhtyyst fvthbrfyws. Åelexb csyjv vfnthb-fyukjfvthbrfyrb b jnwf-kfnbyjfvthbrfywf, jy, jlyfrj, dctulf pyfk, xnj äne ghjwtlehe yt dctulf kturj jceotcndbnm. ≤Z cajhvbhjdfkcz rfr kbxyjcnm rfr kfnbyjfvthbrfytw, öjnz d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb z kbim yfgjkjdbye kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz≥, – gjzcybk jy. Gjänjve jy ghtrhfcyj gjybvftn ghjåktve cvtifyysö vtéhfcjdsö cegheétcrbö gfh, jn rjnjhsö nhtåetncz ghb pfgjkytybb ljrevtynjd erfpsdfnm ghbyflktéyjcnm cdjtuj htåtyrf njkmrj r jlyjq hfct. B tcntcndtyyj jyb pflfñn cghfdtlkbdsq djghjc: ≤Gjxtve vs ljkéys dsåbhfnm vtéle hjlbntkzvb?≥ D 2000 u d öjlt ghjdjlbvjq hfp d ltcznm ktn gthtgbcb yfctktybz änf ghjåktvf åjkmit yt djpybrytn. Dgthdst d åkfyrfö gthtgbcb kñlb cvjuen gjcnfdbnm jnvtnrb d cnjkmrbö uhfafö j hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, crjkmrj jyb cjxnen jnyjczobvbcz r ybv. D htpekmnfnt Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz gjkexbn åjktt ljcnjdthyeñ rfhnbye hfcghjcnhfytybz cvtifyysö åhfrjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. Ytcrjkmrj ktn njve yfpfl, rjulf nfrjq ghzvjq vtnjl jncencndjdfk, dtnthfy ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq Åfhhb Älvjycnjy bcgjkmpjdfk ckjéyst vtnjls vfntvfnbxtcrjuj vjltkbhjdfybz lkz hfcxtnf njuj, rfr cvtifyyst åhfrb vtyzñn kbwj Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, d hfvrfö bpextybz ghjwtccjd bvvbuhfwbb, rjnjhjt jy ghjdjlbk gj pfrfpe Yfwbjyfkmyjuj bccktljdfntkmcrjuj cjdtnf Fvthbrfycrjq Frfltvbb Yfer. Htpekmnfnjv tuj ltzntkmyjcnb cnfk jnxtn, jpfukfdktyysq ≤Yjdst fvthbrfyws: ärjyjvbxtcrbt, ltvjuhfabxtcrbt b abyfycjdst fcgtrns bvvbuhfwbb≥. Jlyfrj gjcrjkmre cfv Älvjycnjy, xtkj- dtr åtkjq hfcs, hjlbkcz d Rfyflt b étyfn yf cjwbjkjut Iähjy Kb, fvthbrfyrt rbnfqcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yf cfvjv ltkt tve yt åsk yeéty rjvgmñnth lkz gjybvfybz nhfycajhvfwbq, ghjbcöjlzobö d yfitv jåotcndt. Jy b tuj ctvmz – ébdst b ltqcndeñobt exfcnybrb änjuj ghjwtccf. Kbwj Fvthbrb vtyztncz d åerdfkmyjv cvsckt ckjdf. Rfr crfpfk Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy, vs ljkéys åsnm ujnjds r njve, xnj xthtp 30-40 ktn yb jlyf hfcf yt åeltn cjcnfdkznm åjkmibycndj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. Cfv Rkbynjy ujnjdbncz r änjve dhtvtyb, ibhjrj jåceélfz djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c hfcjdjq nthgbvjcnmñ b ljcnjbycndfvb rekmnehyjuj vyjujjåhfpbz. Lheubt lbcrenbheñn j gjkbnbrt d jåkfcnb bvvbuhfwbb. D wtynht gjxnb dctö lbcreccbq yföjlbncz gjntywbfkmyfz djpvjéyjcnm hfcrjkf d cnhfyt, rjnjhfz åjkmit yt åeltn cnhfyjq c ghtbveotcndtyyj åtksv yfctktybtv, d jcyjdyjv tdhjgtqcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Yj d ghjnbdjgjkjéyjv yfghfdktybb hfpdbdftncz byfz ntyltywbz, rjnjhfz – ghb evtkjv jåhfotybb – vjétn crjhtt ntcytt jåütlbybnm, xtv hfpütlbybnm cnhfye. Änf nböfz ltvjuhfabxtcrfz ≤rjynhhtdjkñwbz≥ cdzpfyf c rjkjccfkmysv hjcnjv xbckf cvtifyysö åhfrjd. ≤Ltvjuhfabz – ltkj dtcmvf bynbvyjt, – jnvtxftn Åty Lé. Ejnntyåthu, cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf b bccktljdfybq ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb (FBG) d Dfibyunjyt. – Cenm yt d njv, j xtv ujdjhzn frnbdbcns, cenm d njv, xnj ltkfñn vjkjlst kñlb b ltdeirb. F jyb pfybvfñncz ntv, xnj dcnegfñn d åhfr lheu c lheujv b pfdjlzn ltntq≥. Gj ghjuyjpe Älvjycnjyf, r 2050 u. 21 ghjwtyn yfctktybz CIF åeltn bvtnm cvtifyyjt hfcjdjt bkb änybxtcrjt ghjbcöjéltybt, gj chfdytybñ c ctvmñ ghjwtynfvb, rjnjhst, gj jwtyrfv, änjn gjrfpfntkm cjcnfdkzñn d yfcnjzott dhtvz. Jy b lheubt bcckt- CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 30 ljdfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj chtlb nhtnmtuj gjrjktybz fvthbrfywtd kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz pfrkñxtybt åhfrjd c gfhnythfvb pf ghtltkfvb njq bkb byjq jghtltktyyjq änybxtcrjq bkb hfcjdjq uheggs cjcnfdkztn yt vtytt 50 ghjwtynjd. Nfrjuj hjlf åhfrb pyfxbntkmyj vtytt hfcghjcnhfytys chtlb fahjfvthbrfywtd, jlyfrj b chtlb ybö bö ehjdtym pyfxbntkmyj dshjc, ghbvthyj c 1,5 ghjwtynf d 1960-t ujls lj 8–10 ghjwtynjd d yfcnjzott dhtvz. Cnjkm ukeåjrbt ltvjuhfabxtcrbt cldbub vjukb ghjqnb ytpfvtxtyysvb, gjcrjkmre gj rhfqytq vtht jabwbfkmyj pf änbv ybrnj yt yfåkñlfk. Atlthfkmyst dtljvcndf nhflbwbjyyj cjåbhfkb lfyyst c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ajhveks ≤jlby xtkjdtr – jlyf hfcf≥, fyfkjubxyjq ajhvekt ujkjcjdfybz ≤jlby xtkjdtr – jlby ujkjc≥, rjnjhfz yf ghjnzétybb bcnjhbb ghbjåhtkf ljcnfnjxysq fdnjhbntn. Nfrbv jåhfpjv Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz vjukj jéblfnm, xnj d åkfyrfö gthtgbcb yt åjktt ldeö ghjwtynjd yfctktybz ghbxbckbn ctåz r ytcrjkmrbv hfcfv. D jncencndbt åjktt ghzvjq ajhvs extnf ybrnj yt vju d njxyjcnb pyfnm, rfrjds ltvjuhfabxtcrbt gjrfpfntkb yf ltkt. Änf cbnefwbz dcrjht bpvtybncz. Gjckt gthtgbcb 2000 u. e ghfdbntkmcndf CIF gjzdbncz kexitt ghtlcnfdktybt j htfkmyjv gjkjétybb ltk. D 1997 u. Flvbybcnhfnbdyj-åñlétnyjt eghfdktybt CIF, rjnjhjt jceotcndkztn yflpjh pf cåjhjv cnfnbcnbxtcrbö lfyysö yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, endthlbkj lbhtrnbde, gjpdjkzñoeñ kñlzv cnfdbnm jnvtnrb d cnjkmrbö uhfafö j hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, crjkmrj jyb cxbnfñn jnyjczobvbcz r ybv. Änj bpvtytybt cnfkj rjvghjvbccjv vtéle nhtåjdfybzvb ytrjnjhsö uhegg j ddtltybb uhfas ≤vyjujhfcjdfz ghbyflktéyjcnm≥ b ntvb, rnj dscnegfk ghjnbd dczrbö bpvtytybq, åjzcm hfpåfdktybz b cjrhfotybz xbcktyyjcnb cdjbö uhegg. D öjlt gjlujnjdrb r gthtgbcb 2000 u. Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz ghjdtkj utythfkmyst htgtnbwbb d nhtö ujhjlfö Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb. D Cfrhfvtynj, in. Rfkbajhybz, 5,4 ghjwtynf yfctktybz cltkfkb jnvtnre d ytcrjkmrbö uhfafö j hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, xnj gjxnb dnhjt ghtdsiftn ljkñ, rjnjheñ jéblfkb vyjubt cgtwbfkbcns. Rjkbxtcndtyyst gjrfpfntkb nfrét cdbltntkmcndeñn j njv, xnj xbckj cvtifyysö åhfrjd hfcntn. Chtlb kñltq cnfhit 18 ktn 4,1 ghjwtynf cltkfkb jnvtnre d ytcrjkmrbö uhfafö, f chtlb kbw lj 18 ktn bö xbckj cjcnfdbkj 8,1 ghjwtynf. lyfrj, rjulf jncencndeñn jabwbfkmyst rjkbxtcndtyyst gjrfpfntkb, djrheu hfcjdsö djghjcjd djpybrfñn ujhzxbt cgjhs, f vtéle cjgthybxfñobvb hfcjdsvb b änybxtcrbvb uheggfvb yfctktybz xfcnj djpybrftn ytljdthbt, vytybz gj djghjce j pyfxtybb cvtifyysö åhfrjd lkz fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf d åeleotv, hfcöjlzncz. Ytrjnjhst cjwbjkjub yfpsdfñn cvtifyyst åhfrb vtéle fpbfnfvb b åtksvb, f nfrét vtéle kfnbyj- b fyukjfvthbrfywfvb ghjcnj gjcktlytq ljåfdrjq d gkfdbkmysq rjntk, d rjnjhjv c yfxfkf änjuj dtrf åskj gthtgkfdktyj nfr vyjuj bhkfylcrbö, bnfkmzycrbö, ytvtwrbö b lheubö ctvtq tdhjgtqcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. Jlyfrj, ytcvjnhz yf hjcn xbckf åhfrjd vtéle åtksvb b xthysvb, vyjubt cjvytdfñncz d njv, xnj fahjfvthbrfyws ghbven pfvtnyjt exfcnbt d änjv ghjwtcct. ≤Z gjkfufñ, xnj d Fvthbrt ceotcndetn gjxnb ytecnhfybvfz uhfybwf vtéle xthysvb b dctvb ghjxbvb, – cxbnftn Hjléth Ebkrbyc, ghjatccjh bcnjhbb d Eybdthcbntnt Léjhléf Vtqcjyf, lfdybq exfcnybr åjhmås pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf. – Xthyst dctulf åskb nhelyj gthtdfhbdftvjq vfccjq. Jlyfrj, ytcvjnhz yf änj, xnj-nj dct ét ghjbcöjlbn. Dpukzybnt njkmrj yf htrkfve gj ntktdbltybñ c exfcnbtv rhfcbdsö b yt cjdctv åtksö veéxby b étyoby. Rnj jyb – cvtcm åtksö b xthysö, xthysö b fpbfnjd, kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd b åtksö? Nhelyj crfpfnm≥. Lheubt jéblfñn, xnj åhfr cltkftn nj, xnj yt elfkjcm cltkfnm lheubv rfnfkbpfnjhfv. D cdjtq cnfnmt d ≤Ymñ Ltvjrhfn≥ d 1996 u. yfexysq cjnhelybr FBG Leukfc Lé. Åtifhjd gbcfk, xnj hfcneott xbckj vjkjltéb cvtifyyjq hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb ckeébn ≤kexitq yfltéljq yf åeleott fvthbrfycrbö hfcjdsö jnyjitybq≥. Hfvjyf Leukfcc, ghtpbltyn Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfywtd cvtifyysö hfcjdsö b änybxtcrbö uhegg, c djcnjhujv djcrkbwftn: ≤Vs ghtlcnfdkztv cjåjq ébdjt ljrfpfntkmcndj njuj, xnj kñlb ldeö hfpkbxysö hfc bkb yfwbjyfkmyjcntq vjuen ufhvjybxyj ébnm dvtcnt, xnj cvtifyyst vtéhfcjdst ctvmb d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb yjhvfkmyj aeyrwbjybheñn≥. Vfnm Leukfcc bnfkjfvthbrfyrf, f tt jntw – htåtyjr jn cvtifyyjuj åhfrf fahjfvthbrfyrb b rjhtyyjuj fvthbrfywf. Rjytxyj, vyjubt hfccvfnhbdfñn cvtifyyst åhfrb rfr vtöfybpv gjcntgtyyjuj eybxnjétybz njq bkb rjyrhtnyjq uheggs yfctktybz. Nfrbv åsk nhflbwbjyysq gjlöjl tdhttd, rjnjhst yf ghjnzétybb dctq cdjtq bcnjhbb nofntkmyj jöhfyzkb cdjb hzls jn fccbvbkzwbb. Jlyfrj dtcmvf dscjrbq ehjdtym cvtifyysö åhfrjd tdhttd gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys J CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 31 ghbdtk r gthtcvjnhe jabwbfkmyjq ljrnhbys ghjuhtccbdysvb yfghfdktybzvb fvthbrfycrjuj belfbpvf. B öjnz gjljåyst tdhtqcrbt jåobys gj-ghtéytve gjjohzñn åhfrb c tlbyjdthwfvb, jlyfrj dvtcnj njuj, xnjås jnnjhufnm ntö, rnj pfrkñxftn åhfrb c yttdhtzvb, ntgthm jyb ghbdktrfñn r ctåt änb cvtifyyst cegheétcrbt gfhs. ≤Tdhtqcrbt jåobys, gj rhfqytq vtht, kbåthfkmyst tdhtqcrbt jåobys gthtikb jn gjpbwbb djpveotybz r gjpbwbb jödfnf, – gjzcyztn Äujy Vtqth, ghjatccjh cjwbjkjubb d Åherkbycrjv rjkktlét b åsdibq cjlbhtrnjh Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjuj tdhtqcrjuj åfyrf lfyysö ghb Eybdthcbntnt ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhrf. – Yfåkñlftncz juhjvyfz frnbdbpfwbz ecbkbq gj ecnfyjdktybñ cdzptq c änbvb ctvmzvb, yfkfébdfybñ kbxysö rjynfrnjd, abuehfnbdyj ujdjhz, ghbujnjdktybt cdjtuj hjlf vyjujckjqyjuj ≤vekmnbrekmnehyjuj≥ gbhjuf, rjnjhsq ghtlgjkfuftncz dctv dvtcnt tcnm d ljvfiytv rheue≥. Öjnz cjwbjkjub chfpe ét erfpsdfñn yf hfpkbxbz vtéle tdhtzvb b lheubvb uheggfvb vtymibycnd, ntv yt vtytt jyb ghbpyfñn, xnj ädjkñwbz gjlöjlf tdhttd r cvtifyysv åhfrfv vjétn gjckeébnm jåhfpwjv lkz cnhfys d wtkjv gj vtht njuj, rfr jyf jåyfheébdftn, f pfntv cnfkrbdftncz c hfcjdsv b änybxtcrbv gthtvtibdfybtv yfctktybz. GKFDBKMYSQ RJNTK Lkz njuj, xnjås edbltnm yjdjt kbwj Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, cöjlbnt d åfrfktqysq vfufpby b dpukzybnt yf ghjlerns gbnfybz vfhrb ≤Åtnnb Rhjrth≥. C ntö gjh, rfr d 1936 u. gjzdbkjcm gthdjt bpjåhfétybt cdtnkjrjétq b ujkeåjukfpjq Åtnnb, änjn gjhnhtn ghtnthgtk djcmvjt djgkjotybt. Ntgthm e änjq ltdeirb rfhbt ukfpf b ntvyst djkjcs. Jyf cveuktt, xtv ctvm tt ghtlitcndtyybw, f tt xthns ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ytrbq cgkfd kbw åtkjuj, kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj, byltqcrjuj, fahbrfycrjuj b fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz. nf yjdfz Åtnnb åskf cjplfyf rjvgmñnthjv d cthtlbyt 1990-ö ujljd gjchtlcndjv jåütlbytybz ajnjuhfabq 75 hfpkbxysö étyoby. Rfr gjzcyztn ghtlcnfdbntkm rjvgfybb ≤Létythfk Vbkkc, Byr.≥, ghjwtcc yt pfyzk ckbirjv vyjuj dhtvtyb. Jlyfrj rjvgfybz ghbpyftn, xnj hfcghjcnhfytybt yjdjuj jåhfpf yf dcñ yjvtyrkfnehe ghjlerwbb vfhrb ≤Åtnnb Rhjrth≥ dct ét gjnhtåjdfkj lkbntkmyjuj dhtvtyb. Ä Vtlktyysq öjl cfvjuj änjuj ghjwtccf vjétn åsnm jkbwtndjhtybtv gjcntgtyyjuj gthtvtibdfybz hfc b yfwbjyfkmyjcntq d yfitq cnhfyt. D cfvjv ltkt, nhtåetncz ljkujt dhtvz lkz njuj, xnjås yjdsq cvtifyysq fvthbrfytw gjzdbkcz d cjpyfybb jåotcndf. Ñyfz pdtplf ujkmaf Nfquth Delc dytc cdjq drkfl d äne ntyltywbñ, jåüzdbd, xnj cxbnftn ctåz ≤åtkxthybyfpbfnjv≥, n.t. cvtcmñ åtkjuj, xthyjuj, byltqwf b fpbfnf. Gj åjkmitq xfcnb genm d änjq ädjkñwbb ghjrkflsdftn hsyjr, f yt ghfdbntkmcndj. Gj vytybñ cgtwbfkbcnjd bylecnhbb vjls, ceotcndetn åjkmijq cghjc yf vyjujhfcjdsö frnthjd b vjltkmthjd, d xfcnyjcnb, yf veéxby. F lkz exfcnbz d ntkthtrkfvt ctqxfc jöjnytt dsåbhfñn ltntq-dsöjlwtd bp cvtifyysö vyjujhfcjdsö ctvtq. ≤Hfåjnybrb htrkfvysö futyncnd, rjnjhst yfybvfñn änbö vjltkmthjd b frnthjd, yt jnyjczncz r xbcke bltfkbcnjd, – gjlxthrbdftn Ebkrbyc. – Bv yeéyj ghjlfdfnm njdfh, b jyb dtcmvf nofntkmyj bpexfñn ntyltywbb. Pyfxbn jyb dblzn åjkmijq hsyjr, jhbtynbhjdfyysq yf kñltq yt xbcnj åtkjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b yt nfr ghzvj yfwtktyysö yf gkfdbkmysq rjntk nhflbwbjyyjq Fvthbrb≥. Nj, xnj cthmtpyst extyst ujdjhzn jå bpvtytybb jåhfpf gkfdbkmyjuj rjnkf, – cfvj gj ctåt jnhféftn rfhlbyfkmyjt bpvtytybt cbnefwbb. D rfxtcndt vtnfajhs fvthbrfycrjuj vyjujjåhfpbz jåhfp gkfdbkmyjuj rjnkf åsk dgthdst lbcrhtlbnbhjdfy gjckt Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjulf tdhjgtqcrbt bvvbuhfyns, öksyedibt d fvthbrfycrbt ujhjlf, jåhfpjdsdfkb änybxtcrbt b yfwbjyfkmyst fyrkfds, rjnjhst yt ceotcndjdfkb jåjcjåktyyj. Yj dhtvz bpvtybkjcm, vtnfajhf rjnkf ecnfhtkf d njv dblt, d rjnjhjv tt egjhtåkzkb hfymit. Cvtitybt hfc b änyjcjd yfxfkjcm gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys b ghjbcöjlbkj d ghbujhjlfö. Kñlb etpéfkb jn cdjtuj ujhjlcrjuj bnfkmzycrjuj, bhkfylcrjuj, gjkmcrjuj bkb tdhtqcrjuj jrheétybz d byntuhbhjdfyyeñ chtle ghbujhjljd, pfntv gjcskfkb cdjbö ltntq d åjkmibt eybdthcbntns, ult nt cnfkrbdfkbcm c vjkjltémñ lheujuj änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, rjnjhfz ntv yt vtytt dshjckf d ctvmzö cj cöjlysv jåhfpjv ébpyb. ≤Åjkmibycndj kñltq dcnhtxftn cdjbö gjntywbfkmysö gfhnythjd kbåj d rjkktlét, kbåj njulf, rjulf jyb njkmrj-njkmrj yfxbyfñn hfåjnfnm, – ujdjhbn cjwbjkju Kb bp Hbxvjylcrjuj eybdthcbntnf (in. Dbhlébybz), rjnjhfz d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghtgjlftn d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Jhtujy d Gjhnktylt. – Tckb e dfc tcnm dscitt jåhfpjdfybt, nj ds c åjkmijq dthjznyjcnmñ åeltnt yföjlbnmcz d chtlt kñltq hfpkbx- CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 32 ysö yfwbjyfkmyjcntq, b änj edtkbxbdftn dthjznyjcnm dcnegktybz d åhfr c xtkjdtrjv lheujq yfwbjyfkmyjcnb≥. Cfvf Kb – ébdjt gjlndthéltybt änjuj ntpbcf, gjcrjkmre dcnhtnbkf cdjtuj veéf Älvjycnjyf, lbhtrnjhf gjhnktylcrjuj Wtynhf infnf gj bccktljdfybzv yfhjljyfctktybz b gthtgbczv yfctktybz, rjulf jyb åskb cneltynfvb. Lädbl Wty, cgtwbfkmysq gjvjoybr d Eghfdktybb gtycbq b cjwbfkmysö gjcjåbq Vbybcnthcndf nhelf CIF, hfccrfpsdftn gjöjéeñ bcnjhbñ. Tuj vfnm ghbtöfkf bp Ärdfljhf, f jntw åsk csyjv rbnfqcrjuj lbgkjvfnf, ckeébdituj d Dfibyunjyt. Bö åhfr, pfrkñxtyysq d rjywt 1950-ö ujljd, åsk ytjåsxty lkz njuj dhtvtyb. Jlyfrj, rfr ujdjhbn Wty: ≤Z levfñ, gjvjukj nj, xnj kñlb, c rjnjhsvb jyb gjllthébdfkb lheétcrbt jnyjitybz b jåofkbcm, åskb jåhfpjdfyysvb b byntkkbutynysvb, b öjhjij ctåz xedcndjdfkb c kñlmvb bp lheubö cnhfy b lheubö rekmneh≥. Änf lbyfvbrf ctujlyz dgjkyt jåsxyf chtlb hjlbdiböcz d Fvthbrt fvthbrfywtd fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd. ≤Yfåkñlfñncz dtcmvf dscjrbt ehjdyb cvtifyysö åhfrjd chtlb kfnbyjvthbrfywtd b fpbfnjd, rjnjhst ébden d ljcnfnjxyj byntuhbhjdfyysö hfqjyfö pf ghtltkfvb bö nhflbwbjyysö hfqjyjd cjchtljnjxtybz yf ñuj-pfgflt b pfgflt cnhfys≥, – jnvtnbk Älvjycnjy. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf jy ccskftncz yf bccktljdfybt, d rjnjhjv ghbdjlbncz 80-ghjwtynysq gjrfpfntkm åhfrjd, pfrkñxtyysö c gfhnythfvb dyt rjyrhtnysö änybxtcrbö uhegg, chtlb hjlbdiböcz d Fvthbrt vjkjlsö fvthbrfywtd fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz d Yjdjq Fyukbb (yf ctdthjdjcnjrt CIF). Gfhfljrcfkmyj, yj hjcn bvvbuhfwbb b ntyltywbz r rekmnehyjve vyjujjåhfpbñ, rjnjhst vyjubt fdnjhs hfccvfnhbdfñn d rfxtcndt jcyjdysö afrnjhjd, dtleobö r hfcrjkfv, yf cfvjv ltkt cgjcjåcndeñn gthtvtibdfybñ hfc b änybxtcrbö uhegg. ≤Rjulf jåotcndj lhjåbncz yf nfrjt vyjétcndj uhegg hfpkbxyjuj änybxtcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, nj, c vfntvfnbxtcrjq njxrb phtybz, cnfyjdbncz dct vtytt b vtytt dthjznysv dcnhtnbnm rjuj-kbåj dfitq cjåcndtyyjq yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, – ujdjhbn Ejnntyåthu. – Bvtyyj änj b ckexbkjcm d ghbywbgt c tdhtqcrbv yfctktybtv≥. Jcnftncz cgjhysv djghjc j njv, jödfnbn kb xthyjrjébö fvthbrfywtd ntyltywbz ≤rekmnehyjq gthtgkfdrb≥, rfr jyf jödfnbkf lheubt hfcjdst b änybxtcrbt vtymibycndf. Crtgnbrb erfpsdfñn yf ujhfplj vtymieñ ljkñ åhfrjd vtéle åtksvb b xthysvb b ujdjhzn, xnj åscnhj änjuj yt ghjbpjqltn. Lheubt jn- dtxfñn, xnj cnfnbcnbxtcrfz åfpf dtcmvf vfkf, nfr rfr lj 1967 u. d 19 infnfö gjljåyst åhfrb åskb ytpfrjyysvb. GHJNBDJLTQCNDEÑOBT CBKS Öjnz vyjubt cbks ltqcndeñn d gjkmpe hjcnf xbckf cvtifyysö åhfrjd, lheubt jckfåkzñn äne ntyltywbñ. Jcjåtyyj zhrj änj ghjzdkztncz e fahjfvthbrfywtd. Hfcneobq ctuvtyn xthyjrjétuj yfctktybz, rjnjhsq bltn exbnmcz d rjkktlé, dcnegftn d hzls chtlytuj rkfccf b dstpéftn d ghbujhjls, nfrét cktletn jåotq ntyltywbb r hjcne xbckf cvtifyysö åhfrjd. Gj lfyysv Htqyjkmlcf Afhkb, rjnjhsq bpexftn jcjåtyyjcnb hfcctktybz fahjfvthbrfywtd, änf ntyltywbz yfbåjktt pfvtnyf d Rfkbajhybb b d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Lfkkfc (in. Ntöfc), Kfc-Dtufc (in. Ytdflf) b Atybrc (in. Fhbpjyf), ult ctuhtufwbz gj hfcctktybñ åskf vtytt dshfétyf, xtv d åjktt cnfhsö ujhjlfö Ctdthj-djcnjrf b Chtlytuj Pfgflf CIF. R ghbvthe, rfr jnvtnbk Älvjycnjy, d Rfkbajhybb chtlb fahjfvthbrfywtd d djphfcnt jn 25 lj 34 ktn 14 ghjwtynjd pfveéybö xthysö étyoby b 32 ghjwtynf étyfnsö xthysö veéxby bvtñn cegheuf lheujq hfcs. Jlyfrj d ujhjlcrbö rdfhnfkfö Ctdthj-djcnjrf b Chtlytuj Pfgflf CIF cjöhfyztncz cnfhfz rfhnbyf. ≤Bvttncz pyfxbntkmyfz ljkz xthyjuj yfctktybz, rjnjhfz dct tot ébdtn d wtynhfkmyjq xfcnb ujhjljd – d Ltnhjqnt, Xbrfuj, Ymñ-Qjhrt, – b rjnjhfz yt djdktxtyf d lbyfvbxysq ghjwtcc ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf, – jnvtxftn Afhkb, åsdibq ghjatccjh Vbxbufycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, f ysyt dbwt-ghtpbltyn Ajylf Hfcctkf Ctqléf d Ymñ-Qjhrt. – Bö änjn ghjwtcc yt pfnhjyek, b jyb jcnfkbcm lfktrj gjpflb≥. ot jlyjq ghjnbdjltqcndeñotq cbkjq ckeébn bvvbuhfwbz. Rfr ghfdbkj, bvvbuhfyns yt dcnegfñn d åhfr c kñlmvb lheujq hfcjdjq bkb änybxtcrjq uheggs. D ytrjnjhjq cntgtyb änj ltkfñn bö ltnb, jlyfrj cvtifyyst åhfrb xfot dctuj dcnhtxfñncz d nhtnmtv gjrjktybb. Gjcktlyzz ibhjrjvfcinfåyfz djkyf bvvbuhfwbb lfkf gjrf njkmrj fvthbrfywtd gthdjuj bkb dnjhjuj gjrjktybz. Dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn htfkmyjq cntgtyb ghjbcöjlzotuj hfcjdjuj b änybxtcrjuj gthtvtibdfybz, rhbnthbtv cvtifyyjuj jåotcndf åeltn ljkz kñltq, rjnjhst jcjpyfñn ctåz rfr kbxyjcnb, ghbyflktéfobt r hfpysv hfcfv bkb änybxtcrbv uheggfv. Lj cbö gjh änjn ghjwtyn ytdtkbr. Jnxfcnb änj ghjbcöjlbn gjnjve, xnj kñlb, rfr ghfdbkj, ghbybvfñn hfcjdeñ bkb änybxtcreñ ghbyflktéyjcnm jlyjuj hjlbntkz – xfcnj hjlbntkz bp änybxtcrjuj vtymibycndf, xnj öf- T CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 33 hfrnthyj lkz xthyjrjébö b kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd. Jlyfrj d åjkmijq cntgtyb änf cfvjbltynbabrfwbz yfdzpsdftncz jåotcndjv. ≤E vtyz bcgfycrfz afvbkbz, b z ujdjhñ gj-bcgfycrb, gjänjve kñlb cxbnfñn vtyz kfnbyjfvthbrfywtv≥, – gjzcybk Ltkgbyfk, cjnhelybr Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz. Hfcjdfz bltynbabrfwbz vjétn bvtnm lheujq bcnjxybr, yfghbvth, jåjcnhtyyjt xedcndj ujhljcnb d htpekmnfnt ghbyflktéyjcnb r jghtltktyyjq hfcjdjq uheggt bkb djpvjéyjcnm gjkexbnm dsujle jn ghjuhfvvs ≤gjpbnbdysö ltqcndbq≥ kbåj lheubö ghjuhfvv, yfghfdktyysö yf gjvjom yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv. D gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq cnfkj vjlysv bvtnm byltqcrjt ghjbcöjéltybt. Pf gthbjl vtéle 1970 b 1980 ujlfvb xbcktyyjcnm kñltq, rjnjhst d åkfyrfö gthtgbcb yfctktybz cltkfkb jnvtnre d uhfat ≤Fvthbrfycrbq bylttw≥, edtkbxbkfcm c 800 000 lj 1,4 vky xtkjdtr, xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ujhfplj åjktt åscnhsq ghbhjcn, xtv gjkexfñobqcz d htpekmnfnt dsxtnf xbckf cvthntq bp xbckf hjéltybq. ≤Kñlb htibkb, xnj öjnzn cxbnfnm ctåz fvthbrfycrbvb byltqwfvb, jnxfcnb bp-pf hjcnf änybxtcrjuj cfvjcjpyfybz≥, – jnvtnbk Létahb C. Gfcctk, lbhtrnjh Ghjuhfvvs gj bvvbuhfwbjyyjq gjkbnbrt d Bycnbnent bpextybz ujhjljd b åsdibq yfxfkmybr jnltkf yfhjljyfctktybz Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz. Bvtyyj änbv gjpbnbdysv gjlöjljv r hfcjdjq bkb änybxtcrjq cfvjbltynbabrfwbb gsnfñncz djcgjkmpjdfnmcz kbåthfkmyst tdhtqcrbt jåobys. D ntxtybt ldeö nsczxtktnbq åhfrb c yttdhtzvb hfccvfnhbdfkbcm rfr cthmtpysq ghjcnegjr. Dj vyjubö vtcnfö tdhtb xbnfkb vjkbnde jå evthibö gj xtkjdtre, dcnegbditv d åhfr c yttdhttv. D htpekmnfnt cvtifyyst åhfrb åskb htlrb. Gj lfyysv Vtqthf bp Eybdthcbntnf ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhr, lj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys bö xbckj cjcnfdkzkj yt åjktt ctvb ghjwtynjd jn jåotuj xbckf åhfrjd tdhttd. Jlyfrj d 1970 u. d öjlt Jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj jghjcf tdhtqcrjuj yfctktybz dszcybkjcm, xnj pf ghtlsleobt gznm ktn 30 ghjwtynjd yjdsö åhfrjd tdhttd åskb pfrkñxtys c yttdhtzvb. R 1990 u. änjn gjrfpfntkm cjcnfdbk åjktt 50 ghjwtynjd. Gjckt vyjubö cjdtofybq, hfpvsiktybq b ujhzxbö cgjhjd hfpkbxyst uheggs yfbåjktt kbåthfkmysö ntxtybq belfbpvf b tdhtqcrbt jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb htibkb rfhlbyfkmyj bpvtybnm cdjq gjlöjl. Jyb gj-ghtéytve cnfhfñncz yt gjjohznm cvtifyysö åhfrjd, yj d ckexft bö pfrkñxtybz jrfpsdfñn hfleiysq ghbtv yjdsv ctvmzv kñltq hfpyjuj dthjbcgjdtlfybz. Jlybv bp ntö, rnj bpvtybk cdjñ gjpbwbñ, cnfk hfddby Läybäk Ptvtk bp htajhvbcncrjq cbyfujub d Dfibyunjyt. Ytlfdyj Ptvtk jnvtnbk: ≤D 1979 u., rjulf z cnfk hfddbyjv, z cxbnfk, xnj ntö hfddbyjd, rjnjhst pfrkñxfñn cvtifyyst åhfrb, cktletn bpujyznm bp fccjwbfwbq hfddbyjd. Yj c ntö gjh vjt vbhjdjpphtybt pyfxbntkmyj bpvtybkjcm≥. Öjnz cfv jy gj-ghtéytve yt pfrkñxftn åhfrjd vtéle ghtlcnfdbntkzvb hfpysö dthjbcgjdtlfybq. ≤Z levfñ, xnj, tckb vjéyj ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt vyjujjåhfpyeñ, ytjlyjhjlyeñ tdhtqcreñ jåobye, nj änj b tcnm bvtyyj nj, r xtve vs ghbltv d åeleotv≥, – cxbnftn jy. Dvtcnt c ntv jy ghbpyftn, xnj änj gjnhtåetn htdjkñwbb dj dpukzlfö njq xfcnb tdhtqcndf, rjnjheñ cbkmytt jåütlbyzñn jåobt tdhjgtqcrbt rjhyb, f yt htkbubjpyst jåsxfb. Jgbcsdftvst Ptvtkjv bpvtytybz d rfrjq-nj cntgtyb fyfkjubxys gthtvtyfv, rjnjhst ljkéys ghjbpjqnb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb gj vtht njuj, rfr jyb nhfycajhvbheñncz b ghtdhfofñncz bp cnhfys c ghtbveotcndtyyj åtksv yfctktybtv d cnhfye, ult ceotcndetn vyjujhfcjdjt cvtifyyjt yfctktybt. D rfxtcndt gthdjuj ifuf gj änjve genb yfv, djpvjéyj, yeéyj gjyznm, rnj vs. F änj nhtåetn njxyjuj djcghbznbz dctö wdtnjd b hfpkbxysö jnntyrjd ■ vtéle ybvb. Hjitk K. Cnäyabkl, åsdibq infnysq rjhhtcgjyltyn ≤Yäiyk Léjhyäk≥, d yfcnjzott dhtvz hfåjnftn d u. Dfibyunjyt b gbitn yf ntvs ltvjuhfabb b ehåfybcnbrb. Änf cnfnmz gthdjyfxfkmyj åskf jgeåkbrjdfyf d yjvtht ≤Yäiyk Léjhyäk≥ jn 13 ctynzåhz 1997 u. Dgjcktlcndbb gththfåjnfyf fdnjhjv. Fdnjhcrbt ghfdf jn 1997 u. ghbyflktéfn ≤Yäiyk Léjhyäk Uheg Byr.≥ Dct ghfdf pfobotys. Gthtgtxfnsdftncz c hfphtitybz. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 34 ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ B HTCEHCS CTNB BYNTHYTN Bpåhfyyst rybub, cnfnmb b ljrevtyns Aleinikoff, T. 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Funderburg, Lise. “Crossing the Demographic Divide: the Otherness of Multiracial Identity.” America Demographics, October 1998, pp. 24–25. Millman, Joel. The Other Americans: How Immigrants Renew Our Country, Our Economy, and Our Values. New York: Viking, 1997. Gibson, Campbell J. and Lennon, Emily. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990. Population Working Paper, No. 29. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, February 1999. [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/ twps0029/twps0029.html] O'Hare, William. “Managing Multiple-Race Data.” American Demographics, April 1998, pp. 42–44. Hobbs, Frank B. with Damon, Bonnie L. 65+ in the United States. Current Population Reports, Special Studies, P23–190. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996. [http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p23–190/ p23–190.html] O'Hearn, Claudine C., ed. Half and Half: Writers on Growing Up Biracial and Bicultural. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 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U.S. Information Agency. “One from Many: Immigration Patterns and Ethnic Composition. Portrait of the United States. Washington: U.S. Information Agency, pp. 3–9. [http://www.usia.gov/usa/infousa/facts/portrait/ch1.htm] BPÅHFYYST HTCEHCS CTNB BYNTHYTN Cnhfybwf Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb gtycbjythjd (FFG) [http://research.aarp.org/] Jcyjdyst caths ltzntkmyjcnb: ≤byajhvfwbz b jåhfpjdfybt, hfåjnf c yfctktybtv, pfobnf ghfd gjnhtåbntktq, ghfdjdfz b celtåyfz pfobnf, ghtljcnfdktybt eckeu xktyfv jhufybpfwbb≥. FFG bcgjkmpetn äne cnhfybwe Bynthytnf lkz byajhvbhjdfybz xktyjd FFG b yfctktybz d wtkjv gj djghjcfv, rfcfñobvcz ghfd gjnhtåbntktq, ärjyjvbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, hfåjns, pljhjdmz, cfvjcnjzntkmyjq ébpyb b lheubv djghjcfv, bvtñobv dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz gjébksö kñltq. Jyf nfrét ckeébn gjktpysv bcnjxybrjv geåkbrfwbq [http://research.aarp.org/rgs5pubs.html], nfrbö rfr ≤Jåobt cdtltybz j gjébksö fvthbrfywfö≥ b ≤Gjhnhtn vtymibycnd cnfhituj djphfcnf≥, f nfrét bcxthgsdfñobv cghfdjxybrjv byajhvfwbb [http://www.aarp.org/cyber/guide1.htm]. Fvthbrf b gjébkst kñlb [http://www.seniors.gov/intro.html] ≤Fvthbrb b gjébkst kñlb≥ – bybwbfnbdf atlthfkmysö dtljvcnd b jhufybpfwbq gj jrfpfybñ äktrnhjyysö eckeu gjébksv kñlzv. Yf änjv cfqnt Bynthytnf ghtlkfuftncz byajhvfwbz j kmujnfö, pljhjdmt b gbnfybb, pfobnt gjnhtåbntktq, pfyznjcnb b djkjynthcrjq hfåjnt, yfkjufö, gentitcndbzö b ljceut, jåhfpjdfybb b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrt, f nfrét ccskrb yf lheubt fyfkjubxyst bcnjxybrb. Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfywtd, ghbyflktéfobö r hfpysv hfcfv (FVÄF) [http://www.ameasite.org/] Wtkm änjq jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq jhufybpfwbb vtéänybxtcrbö b vtéhfcjdsö uhegg pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås cjltqcndjdfnm ≤hfcghjcnhfytybñ gjpbnbdyjq byajhvfwbb j vtéhfcjdjq b vtéänybxtcrjq ghbyflktéyjcnb d bynthtcfö bylbdblf b jåotcndf d wtkjv≥. FVÄF ghtljcnfdkztn cdtltybz gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr rkfccbabrfwbb yfctktybz d jabwbfkmysö fyrtnfö, vekmnbänybxtcrfz b vekmnbhfcjdfz bltynbabrfwbz, djcgbnfybt ltntq d vtéhfcjdjq ctvmt, pljhjdmt, jåhfpjdfybt b vtéhfcjdjt ecsyjdktybt. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 38 ≤Fvthbrfycrfz Ltvjuhfabz≥ [http://www.demographics.com] Yf änjv cfqnt ghtlkfufñncz geåkbrfwbb, nfrbt rfr éehyfk ≤Fvthbrfycrfz ltvjuhfabz≥, cdtltybz j ntyltywbzö d jåkfcnb gjnhtåktybz lkz herjdjlbntktq rjvgfybq, vtnjls vfhrtnbyuf, ghjuyjps, byajhvfwbjyysq åñkktntym j ltvjuhfabxtcrbö ntyltywbzö b ghjuyjpfö rjyüñyrnehs, f nfrét vtnjls bccktljdfybz. Wtynh bccktljdfybq d jåkfcnb bvvbuhfwbb (WBB) [http://www.cis.org/] Wtynh pfybvftncz bcrkñxbntkmyj fyfkbpjv ärjyjvbxtcrbö, cjwbfkmysö, ltvjuhfabxtcrbö, abyfycjdsö b ghjxbö fcgtrnjd dkbzybz bvvbuhfwbb yf Cjtlbytyyst Infns Fvthbrb. Pflfxf WBB pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås ≤åjktt gjkyj byajhvbhjdfnm jåotcndtyyjcnm b ajhvbhjdfnm gjybvfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb bvvbuhfwbjyyjq gjkbnbrb, cnfdzotq dj ukfde eukf jåotyfwbjyfkmyst bynthtcs≥. Wtynh ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq b gthtgbcb yfctktybz (WLBG) [http://www.upa.pdx.edu/CPRC/] Ltqcndeñobq yf åfpt gjhnktylcrjuj Eybdthcbntnf infnf, WLBG d jcyjdyjv pfybvftncz hfphfåjnrjq jwtyjr xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz infnf Jhtujy. Rhjvt njuj, jy jåtcgtxbdftn ≤djpvjéyjcnb lkz bccktljdfybz ghbxby b gjcktlcndbq ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bpvtytybq≥. Xthtp änjn cfqn Bynthytnf vjéyj gjkexbnm ljcneg r atlthfkmysv lfyysv b lfyysv infnjd, byajhvfwbb j ghbrkflysö bccktljdfntkmcrbö ghjtrnfö, geåkbrfwbzv WLBG b ccskrfv yf lheubt cfqns Bynthytnf. Bvvbuhfwbz: dtxyst ghjnbdjhtxbz [http://theatlantic.com/atlantic/atlweb/flashbks/immigr/ immigint.htm] Fyyjnfwbb cnfntq, jgeåkbrjdfyysö d ≤Fnkfynbr Vfyckb≥ gj djghjcfv bvvbuhfwbb yfxbyfz c 1896 u., dvtcnt cj ccskrfvb yf gjkysq ntrcn. Bvvbuhfwbz d gfvznb fvthbrfywtd [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/immig/ immig.html] Yf änjq cnhfybwt, hfpltktyyjq yf xtnsht öhjyjkjubxtcrbö gthbjlf – Pfctktybt, Hfcneofz yfwbz, Dtkbrbq gjlütv b Bvvbuhfwbz ctujlyz – ghtlcnfdktyf gjlhjåyfz byajhvfwbz jå bvvbuhfwbb d bcnjhbxtcrjq gthcgtrnbdt. Ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp jcyjdysö bcnjxybrjd b ccskrb yf gjkyst ntrcns ljrevtynjd. 1999 u. – Vtéleyfhjlysq ujl gjébksö kñltq [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/iyop/index.html] D pyfr ghbpyfybz ≤cnfhtybz xtkjdtxtcndf b cdzpfyysö c änbv jéblfybq åjktt ≤phtkjuj gjybvfybz≥ änjuj afrnf, f nfrét ghtljcnfdktybz åjkmibö djpvjéyjcntq cnfhitve gjrjktybz d cjwbfkmyjq, ärjyjvbxtcrjq, rekmnehyjq b leöjdyjq cathfö≥ Utythfkmyfz fccfvåktz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghjdjpukfcbkf 1999 u. Vtéleyfhjlysv ujljv gjébksö kñltq gjl ltdbpjv ≤Yfdcnhtxe jåotcnde lkz dctö djphfcnjd≥. Yf änjv jabwbfkmyjv cfqnt Bynthytnf ghbdjlzncz rfktylfhm vthjghbznbq, rjywtgnefkmyst b jgthfnbdyst hfvrb änjq bybwbfnbds, f nfrét ghtlkjétybz gj ghjdtltybñ hfåjns yf yfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt. Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh bpextybz jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz (YWBJV) [http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/] Ltqcndeñobq yf åfpt Xbrfucrjuj eybdthcbntnf, YWBJV ghjdjlbn ≤bleobt yf gjkmpe jåotcndf bccktljdfybz gj pfrfpfv ujcelfhcndtyysö dtljvcnd, exhtéltybq jåhfpjdfybz, xfcnysö ajyljd, ytrjvvthxtcrbö jhufybpfwbq b xfcnysö rjhgjhfwbq≥. Bynthtc ghtlcnfdkzñn nfrbt ntvs, rfr plhfdjjöhfytybt, gjkbwtqcrbq rjynhjkm d ébksö hfqjyfö, irjkmyfz ecgtdftvjcnm, ktxtybt yfhrjvfybb, hsyrb nhelf b eöjl pf gjébksvb kñlmvb. YWBJV nfrét geåkbretn ≤Jåott cjwbfkmyjt jåjphtybt≥ [http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/gss/homepage.htm], d rjnjhjv jwtybdfñncz ntyltywbb bpvtytybq dpukzljd, jgsnf, jåsxftd b pfåjn fvthbrfywtd pf gjcktlybt 30 ktn. Vfq 1999 u. – Vtczw gjébksö fvthbrfywtd [http://pr.aoa.dhhs.gov/May99/default.htm] Abyfycbhetvfz Eghfdktybtv gj djghjcfv cnfhtybz yfctktybz [http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/], änjn cfqn cjlthébn byajhvfwbñ j ltzntkmyjcnb b vthjghbznbzö, cdzpfyysö c kjpeyujv ysytiytuj ujlf: ≤Edféfqnt ghjikjt, levfqnt j åeleotv: yfdcnhtxe jåotcnde lkz dctö djphfcnjd≥. Ghbdjlzncz ccskrb yf Ltrkfhfwbñ Ghtpbltynf, uhfabxtcrbt vfnthbfks, vfnthbfks, gjlujnjdktyyst lkz fyfkjubxysö vthjghbznbqw d ghjikjv. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 39 Fccjwbfwbz yfctktybz Fvthbrb [http://www.popassoc.org/] Änf jhufybpfwbz, jåütlbyzñofz 3000 cgtwbfkbcnjd, tétrdfhnfkmyj geåkbretn éehyfk ≤Ltvjuhfabz≥, cjltqcndetn ghjdtltybñ bccktljdfybq d jåkfcnb ghjåktv yfhjljyfctktybz b ghtljcnfdkztn extysv djpvjéyjcnm jåvtyznmcz vytybzvb yf cdjtq tétujlyjq rjyathtywbb. Bvtñncz nfrét rfktylfhm vthjghbznbq b ccskrb yf geåkbrfwbb. Ghjtrn ≤Ujkjceqnt jålevfyyj≥. Ghjåktvf: bvvbuhfwbz [http://www.vote-smart.org/issues/IMMIGRATION] Ghjtrn ≤Ujkjceqnt jålevfyyj≥ yfwtkty yf ghjcdtotybt yfctktybz d djghjcfö uhfélfycrbö ghfd. Änjn cfqn gjcdzoty ysytiybv étcnrbv ltåfnfv gj gjdjle bvvbuhfwbb. Ghtlcnfdktys fyyjnbhjdfyyst ccskrb yf cfqns Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhsö dscrfpsdfñncz njxrb phtybz pf b ghjnbd bvvbuhfwbb. Åñhj ltvjuhfabxtcrjq byajhvfwbb (ÅLB) [http://www.prb.org/] Wtkm Åñhj ltvjuhfabxtcrjq byajhvfwbb – cdjtdhtvtyyjt ghtljcnfdktybt jåütrnbdyjq byajhvfwbb j ntyltywbzö d catht yfhjljyfctktybz d CIF b pf heåtéjv b bö gjcktlcndbzö. R xbcke gjktpysö geåkbrfwbq jnyjczncz tétvtczxysq byajhvfwbjyysq åñkktntym ≤Yfctktybt ctujlyz≥, tétrdfhnfkmyfz cthbz ≤Ljrkfls ÅLB jå Fvthbrt≥ b ≤Cghfdjxybr gj yfhjljyfctktybñ≥. ÅLB nfrét dtltn cfqn ≤Gjgytn≥ [http://www.popnet.org/], ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq bcxthgsdfñobq fyyjnbhjdfyysq erfpfntkm cfqnjd Bynthytnf gj djghjcfv yfhjljyfctktybz, drkñxfz cfqns, cjplfyyst ujcelfhcndtyysvb b vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, eybdthcbntncrbvb wtynhfvb, f nfrét fccjwbfwbzvb b cthdthfvb cgbcrjd. CtymjhYtn [http://www.seniornet.org/] Rfr cktletn bp ltdbpf ghjuhfvvs CtymjhYtn ≤Rfr gjltkbnmcz velhjcnmñ d dtr byajhvfwbb≥, tt pflfxf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås ≤ghjcdtofnm gjébksö kñltq d jåkfcnb rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b jåtcgtxbdfnm ljcneg r ybv d wtkzö gjdsitybz rfxtcndf bö ébpyb b ghtljcnfdktybz bv djpvjéyjcnb gjltkbnmcz cdjbvb pyfybzvb b velhjcnmñ≥. Wtynh ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq Vbxbufycrjuj eybdthcbntnf [http://www.psc.lsa.umich.edu] D WLB, jlyjv bp cnfhtqibö wtynhjd ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb, hfåjnfñn extyst vyjubö cgtwbfkmyjcntq, pfybvfñobtcz bccktljdfybzvb d jåkfcnb yfhjljyfctktybz. Gjkmpjdfntkb vjuen dtcnb gjbcr bynthfrnbdysö htcehcjd b gjkexfnm ccskrb yf fyyjnfwbb bkb gjkysq ntrcn vyjujxbcktyysö geåkbrfwbq, drkñxfz geåkbrfwbb Ebkmzvf U. Ahtz, fdnjhf rybub ≤Fvthbrfycrbq ujhjl d ägjöe gthtvty≥. Cnfnbcnbxtcrbt htcehcs d Bynthytnt: ltvjuhfabz b ébkmt [http://www.lib.umich.edu/libhome/Documents.center/ stdemog.html] Cjplfyysq Wtynhjv ljrevtynjd Vbxbufycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, änjn cfqn Bynthytnf ghtlkfuftn jåibhysq gthtxtym htcehcjd Bynthytnf gj djghjcfv ébkmz b ltvjuhfabb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Fvthbrb. Gthtgbcm yfctktybz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb 2000 u. [http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/2khome.htm] Yf änjq jabwbfkmyjq cnhfybwt, jnrhsnjq Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF b gjcdzotyyjq ghtlcnjzotq gthtgbcb, cjlthéfncz ccskrb yf gkfys b rfktylfhyst uhfabrb, cdtltybz j gthtgbcb d irjkfö, jnxtns b jwtyrb gj htpekmnfnfv utythfkmysö htgtnbwbq gthtgbcb, jndtns yf xfcnj pflfdftvst djghjcs, cdbltntkmcndf exfcnybrjd, cdjlrb afrnbxtcrbö lfyysö b ghjxbt geåkbrfwbb. Wtynh ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq Bycnbnenf bpextybz ujhjljd [http://www.urban.org/centers/psc.html] Wtynh ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bccktljdfybq ghb Bycnbnent bpextybz ujhjljd [http://www.urban.org/] ghjdjlbn ltvjuhfabxtcrbq fyfkbp b gjvjuftn cktlbnm pf jåobvb ärjyjvbxtcrbvb b cjwbfkmysvb ntyltywbzvb, nfrbvb rfr dkbzybt bvvbuhfynjd yf ärjyjvbre b jåotcndj d CIF, bpvtytybt cjcnfdf ctvtq, gjkjétybt ltntq d ctvmzö c ybprbvb ljöjlfvb. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 40 Eghfdktybt gj djghjcfv cnfhtybz yfctktybz CIF (ECY) [http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/] ECY pfybvftncz htfkbpfwbtq ghjuhfvv, gjvjufñobö cjwbfkmyj ezpdbvsv gjébksv kñlzv ghjljkéfnm ébnm ljvf. Jrfpfybt cjwbfkmysö eckeu b ghtljcnfdktybt lheubö ghjuhfvv, rjnjhst lfñn gjébksv fvthbrfywfv djpvjéyjcnm erhtgkznm pljhjdmt, gjllthébdfnm cdzpm c ctvmtq, exfcndjdfnm d jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb b ébpyb cnhfys. Yf cfqnt bvttncz ljcneg r ≤Cnfnbcnbxtcrjq byajhvfwbb j gjébksö kñlzö≥ [http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/aoa/stats/statpage.html], lfyysv Yfwbjyfkmyjuj wtynhf byajhvfwbb j cnfhtybb yfctktybz [http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/naic/default.htm] b erfpfntkñ cfqnjd Bynthytnf [http://www.aoa.dhhs. gov/aoa/webres/craig.htm]. Eghfdktybt gj djghjcfv cnfhtybz yfctktybz CIF. Cnfhtybt yfctktybz d vtéleyfhjlysö vfcinfåfö [http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/international/iyop/default.htm] Cjlthébn jåobt cdtltybz j vthjghbznbzö ghfdbntkmcndf CIF, cdzpfyysö c jåüzdktybtv 1999 ujlf Vtéleyfhjlysv ujljv gjébksö kñltq, b ccskrb yf jabwbfkmyst htxb b pfzdktybz, bybwbfnbds Eghfdktybz, jåotyfwbjyfkmyst vthjghbznbz b cfqn Atlthfkmyjuj cgtwbfkmyjuj rjvbntnf gj gjlujnjdrt r Vtéleyfhjlyjve ujle gjébksö kñltq. Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF [http://www.census.gov] Åñhj gthtgbcb yfctktybz Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF geåkbretn vyjujxbcktyyst jnxtns, cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst b ltvjuhfabxtcrbt bccktljdfybz gj CIF. Dsgecrftvsq Jnltkjv byajhvbhjdfybz jåotcndtyyjcnb Åñhj åñkktntym ≤Afrns gj hfpkbxysv djghjcfv≥ [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/ factsheets.html] cjlthébn ccskrb yf gjktpyeñ byajhvfwbñ yf hfpkbxyst ntvs, drkñxfz ≤Vtczw yfcktlbz fvthbrfywtd fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b dsöjlwtd c jcnhjdjd Nböjuj jrtfyf≥, ≤Vtczw kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjuj yfcktlbz≥ b ≤Jåhfnysq jncxtn lj gthtgbcb yfctktybz 2000 u.≥. Rjyuhtcc CIF. Ctyfn. Cgtwbfkmysq rjvbntn gj cnfhtybñ yfctktybz [http://www.senate.gov/~aging/] Rjvbntn pfybvftncz ghjåktvfvb cnfhtybz yfctktybz b djpvjéyjcnzvb, ghtljcnfdkztvsvb gjébksv kñlzv d cjöhfytybb pljhjdmz, jåtcgtxtybb ljcnfnjxyjuj ljöjlf, gjbcrfö hfåjns b gjkextybb ébkmz. CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB / B ÑYM 1999 U . 41 CIF: JÅOTCNDJ B WTYYJCNB NJV 4 ÄKTRNHJYYST ÉEHYFKS BYAJHVFWBJYYJUJ FUTYNCNDF CIF §2 VTYZÑOBQCZ KBR FVTHBRB: Cjdhtvtyyst ltvjuhfabxtcrbt ntyltywbb CIF Bñym 1999
