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DYTIYZZ GJKBNBRF CIF NJV 2 ÄKTRNHJYYST ÉEHYFKS BYAJHVFWBJYYJUJ FUTYNCNDF CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNJD YJVTH 4 Hfcibhtybt YFNJ: gjpbwbz CIF Jrnzåhm 1997 u. Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy jnvtnbk, xnj ≤hfcibhtyyjt b åjktt cbkmyjt YFNJ, drkñxfñott d ctåz yjdst tdhjgtqcrbt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf, cvjétn tot kexit jåtcgtxbnm tdhjgtqcreñ åtpjgfcyjcnm b tot åjkmit erhtgbnm åtpjgfcyjcnm Fvthbrb≥. ≤Jyj åeltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm clthébdfybñ åeleobö euhjp, cjltqcndjdfnm gjdsitybñ cgjcjåyjcnb yfitq rjkktrnbdyjq jåjhjys r htitybñ nhflbwbjyysö b ytnhflbwbjyysö pflfx gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb b ckeébnm ufhfynbtq bcnjhbxtcrbö pfdjtdfybq ltvjrhfnbb d Tdhjgt. Jyj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rkñxtdeñ xfcnm yfitq cnhfntubb gj cjplfybñ dgthdst d bcnjhbb ythfpltktyyjq, ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq b vbhyjq Tdhjgs≥. Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy cltkfk änb pfvtxfybz, jndtxfz yf djghjcs 20 ctyfnjhjd CIF. Änbv jnrhsdftncz cthbz cnfntq d ysytiytv yjvtht éehyfkf ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥, d rjnjhsö ghjdjlbncz fyfkbp gjkbnbrb CIF gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb YFNJ gj vtht njuj, rfr jåceéltybt änjuj dféytqituj djghjcf döjlbn d htifñoeñ cnflbñ – d cnflbñ hfnbabrfwbb ghbyznbz Dtyuhbb, Gjkmib b Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb d xktys änjq jhufybpfwbb. J xtv ghtélt dctuj pfåjnzncz flvbybcnhfwbz Rkbynjyf, Rjyuhtcc b fvthbrfycrfz jåotcndtyyjcnm ctqxfc, rjulf yf Rfgbnjkbqcrjv öjkvt yfxbyftncz lbcreccbz gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ? Rfrbt rhbnthbb bcgjkmpeñncz d ajhvbhjdfybb gjkbnbrb CIF b dpukzljd Rjyuhtccf? Rfrbv ghtlcnfdkztncz YFNJ d ägjöe gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys, b rfr tuj ltzntkmyjcnm dsikf pf hfvrb ufhfynf djtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb? Éehyfk, j rjnjhjv bltn htxm, fyfkbpbhetn änb b lheubt djghjcs. Rhjvt njuj, r gthcgtrnbdt dsldbuftvjq ghtpbltynjv, ghtlcnfdbntkm flvbybcnhfwbb gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb YFNJ ljåfdkztn ibhjrbq jåpjh gjkbnbrb CIF, åsdibq dscjrjgjcnfdktyysq djtyysq CIF hfpåbhftn hfcibhtybt YFNJ c djtyyjq njxrb phtybz b d gkfyt åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF d YFNJ lftn jwtyre ysytiytq hjkb änjq jhufybpfwbb d vtéleyfhjlysö ltkfö. D éehyfkt nfrét ghbdjlzncz pfvtxfybz ctyfnjhjd CIF, ghbybvfñobö ytgjchtlcndtyyjt exfcnbt d ltåfnfö d Rjyuhtcct gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb YFNJ, b gjvtoftncz rjvvtynfhbq fyfkbnbrf xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf gj djghjce j dkbzybb YFNJ yf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt b ärjyjvbxtcrbt bycnbnens. Gjcktlybt cdtltybz j gjkbnbrt CIF d jnyjitybb YFNJ b gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb änjq jhufybpfwbb, vjéyj gjcnjzyyj gjkexfnm yf yfxfkmyjq cnhfybwt Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC), jpfukfdktyyjq ≤CIF b yjdjt fnkfynbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj≥. Änf cnhfybwf hfcgjkjétyf dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: http://usua.gov/topical/pol/altcomm/atlantic.htm 2 JÅTCGTXTYBT NHFYCFNKFYNBXTCRJQ ÅTPJGFCYJCNB GENTV HFCIBHTYBZ YFNJ 5 Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy jndtxftn yf djghjcs ctyfnjhjd CIF ÅELEOBQ REHC D CATHT GJKBNBRB TDHJGTQCRJQ ÅTPJGFCYJCNB 13 Bynthdmñ cj cgtwbfkmysv cjdtnybrjv ghtpbltynf b ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv hfnbabrfwbb hfcibhtybz YFNJ Léthtvb Hjpythjv HFCIBHTYBT YFNJ: ÅTPHFCCELCNDJ BKB YTJÅÖJLBVJCNM? 18 Gjcjk Hjåthn Öfynth Gjcnjzyysq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF d Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjv cjdtnt LKZ GJLLTHÉFYBZ ÉBPYTCGJCJÅYJCNB CTDTHJFNKFYNBXTCRJUJ CJÑPF YTJÅÖJLBVS YJDST HTCEHCS 23 Bynthdmñ c åsdibv Dthöjdysv ukfdyjrjvfyleñobv Jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt utythfkjv fhvbb CIF d jncnfdrt Léjhlétv Léjekdfyjv RJYUHTCC B HFCIBHTYBT YFNJ 27 Cnäykb H. Ckjey Cnfhibq cgtwbfkbcn gj djghjcfv gjkbnbrb vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb Yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrjq ckeéås Rjyuhtccf DJPLTQCNDBT YFNJ YF LTVJRHFNBXTCRBT B ÄRJYJVBXTCRBT BYCNBNENS 33 Léjief Vehfdxbr Yfexysq cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf BYAJHVFWBJYYST HTCEHCS 36 Fyjyc yjdsö cnfntq Åbåkbjuhfabz Rkñxtdst htcehcs Bynthytnf 3 Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . Pfvtcnbntkb htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . ............... Htlfrnjhsrjycekmnfyns. . . . . ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... Cghfdjxysq jnltk . ............... Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . Gjvjoybr htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . Htlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz . . . . . . . . ............... ............... Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz . . . . . . . . . ............... Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF, geåkbretvst b gthtlfdftvst yf dtcm vbh c nhtöytltkmysv bynthdfkjv, gjlybvfñn dféytqibt ghjåktvs, cnjzobt gthtl CIF b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv, b byajhvbheñn pfheåtéyeñ jåotcndtyyjcnm jå änjq cnhfyt. Éehyfks ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤Fvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b bcöjlyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cdjtq ntvfnbrt. Dfhbfyns éehyfkjd c ubgthntrcnjdsvb dthcbzvb yf ahfywepcrjv b bcgfycrjv zpsrfö dsöjlzn xthtp ytltkñ gjckt gjzdktybz fyukbqcrjuj dfhbfynf; dthcbb Adobe Acrobat dsöjlzn dcrjht gjckt änjuj. Bpåhfyyst yjvthf nfrét gthtdjlzncz yf fhfåcrbq, rbnfqcrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq, ghbxtv yjvthf yf gjcktlybö ldeö zpsrfö dsöjlzn d ubgthntrcnjdjq dthcbb b dthcbb Adobe Acrobat. Dscrfpsdftvst d éehyfkfö vytybz yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Geåkbretvst cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb CIF, tckb yt cjghjdjélfñncz juhfybxtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjhcrbö ghfd. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnm c yfxfkmyjq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: http://www/usia/gov/journals/journals/htm. Éehyfks ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf b gtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda Political Security – I/TPS U.S. Information Agency 301 4th Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20547 E-mail: [email protected] Ghjcbv dfc ghbyznm r cdtltybñ, xnj ysytiybq yjvth éehyfkf ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ hfcgjkjéty yf Yfxfkmyjq cnhfybwt ÑCBC d dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: http://www.usia.gov/journals/itps/ 1097/ijpe/ijpe1097.htm 4 . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk . . . Gfnhbwbz Ö. Reikbc . . . Lfqzy Vfrljyfkl . . . Eäqy Öjkk . . . Ufq Jkcjy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hfkma Läyötqccth Vfhnf Ltqxth Cmñpty Äkkbc Cjab Ajkkb Åhfqfy F. Uktrkth Lébv Rtkvfy Vfhufhtn F. VfrRtq Létrb C. Gjhn Cfveäk V. Fylthcjy Dbdbfy Cnfk . . . Åfhåfhf Kjyu . . . Cbkdbz Crjnn . . . Bdjyy Ifyrc . . . Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf . . . Léjy Lädbc Öävbkk . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk . . . Bkmz Ceckjd . . . Kblbz Djhjybyf JÅTCGTXTYBT NHFYCFNKFYNBXTCRJQ ÅTPJGFCYJCNB GENTV HFCIBHTYBZ YFNJ Jndtns ghtpbltynf Rkbynjyf yf djghjcs fvthbrfycrbö ctyfnjhjd Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy crfpfk, xnj jy gjllthébdftn bltñ ghbcjtlbytybz Gjkmib, Dtyuhbb, Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb r YFNJ, jcyjdsdfzcm yf ndthljv eåtéltybb, xnj änb ujcelfhcndf åelen ghbdthétys ghbywbgfv Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf, dytcen cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt YFNJ b ecbkzn rjkktrnbdysq jåjhjybntkmysq gjntywbfk YFNJ. Änb rjvvtynfhbb ghtpbltynf cjlthéfkbcm d tuj gbcmvt 20 fvthbrfycrbv ctyfnjhfv jn 11 ctynzåhz; d gbcmvt åskb tuj gbcmvtyyst jndtns yf djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ. Ghtlcnfdkzz cdjb djghjcs, ctyfnjhs erfpfkb, xnj e ybö ytn yfvthtybz dshféfnm gjllthére bkb ghjntcn gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ, rjnjhjt jyb öfhfrnthbpeñn ≤rfr Fkmzyc, yfbåjktt ecgtiyj jåtcgtxbdfobq åtpjgfcyjcnm d bcnjhbb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb yt dj dctvbhyjq bcnjhbb≥. Jyb erfpfkb, xnj ghtélt dctuj tcnm ytjåöjlbvjcnm d lfkmytqitv jåceéltybb b fyfkbpt änjuj djghjcf c ntv, xnjås fvthbrfyws cfvb vjukb celbnm, åeltn kb änj htitybt ghbyznj d bö bynthtcfö bkb ytn. Chtlb ntö, rnj gjlgbcfk änj gbcmvj, åskb ctyfnjhs-htcgeåkbrfyws Létccb Ötkvc, Léjy Ejhyth, Räq Åäqkb Öfnxbcjy b Kfei Aärkjn, f nfrét ctyfnjhs-ltvjrhfns Läqk Åfvgthc, Njv Öfhrby b Gjk Eäkcnjey. Lfktt cktleñn dslthérb bp djghjcjd ctyfnjhjd b jndtns ghtpbltynf yf änb djghjcs. DJGHJC: Rfrjq djtyyjq euhjpt ljkéyj otq åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfrét cjöhfybnm bcnjhbxtcrbt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ljcnbétybz d Tdhjgt. Änj zdkztncz jcyjdjgjkfufñotq xfcnmñ yfitq cnhfntubb, yfwtktyyjq yf cjplfybt tlbyjq, ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq b vbhyjq Tdhjgs dgthdst pf dcñ bcnjhbñ vbhf. ghjnbdjcnjznm lfkmytqitt hfcibhtybt YFNJ? Rfrbv jåhfpjv änj hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjdscbn åtpjgfcyjcnm yfhjljd Tdhjgs b Fvthbrb? RKBYNJY: Åtpjgfcyjcnm Tdhjgs jndtxftn ébpytyysv bynthtcfv Fvthbrb, rfr vs d änjv eåtlbkbcm dj dhtvz ldeö vbhjdsö djqy b d gthbjl öjkjlyjq djqys. Pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp åsk jcyjdysv obnjv, rjnjhsq pfobofk yfib bynthtcs. Gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys YFNJ jcnftncz jcyjdjq nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Åjktt cbkmysq b hfcibhtyysq Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp, rjnjhsq åeltn drkñxfnm d ctåz yjdst ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf Tdhjgs, cvjétn kexit jåtcgtxbdfnm åtpjgfcyjcnm Tdhjgs b Fvthbrb. Jy cvjétn jnhféfnm åeleoeñ euhjpe, gjdscbnm yfi rjkktrnbdysq jåjhjybntkmysq gjntywbfk, xnjås jnhféfnm rfr nhflbwbjyyst, nfr b ytnhflbwbjyyst euhjps jå- Cfvj ceotcndjdfybt YFNJ – ufhfynbz njuj, xnj gthtl xktyfvb YFNJ, nfr b gthtl yjdsvb cnhfyfvb, rjnjhst ghbvryen r YFNJ, yt åeltn cnjznm ytvbyetvfz euhjpf yfgfltybz. Tckb yjdst cnhfys åelen ghbyzns d YFNJ, nj cfvfz äaatrnbdyfz cbkf clthébdfybz d vbht ghtélt dctuj cvjétn tot kexit ghtljndhfofnm djpybryjdtybt rfrbökbåj rjyakbrnjd. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkbn änjve djtyyjve åkjre cghfdbnmcz c euhjpfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhst dhtvz jn dhtvtyb dct tot djpybrfñn. YFNJ cvjétn åjktt äaatrnbdyj dsgjkyznm cdjñ jcyjdyeñ pflfxe, f bvtyyj ghjnbdjltqcndbt fuhtccbb, yfwtktyyjq ghjnbd tuj cnhfy-exfcnybw. Rhjvt njuj, rfr vs pyftv yf ghbvtht 5 Åjcybb, ghtcnegyst htébvs, ghbpsds r yfwbjyfkbpve, f nfrét änybxtcrbt, hfcjdst bkb htkbubjpyst rjyakbrns ghjljkéfñn euhjéfnm nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Åjktt rhegyst b cbkmyst cjjåotcndf nhfycfnkfynbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst cvjuen jåütlbybnm dct cdjb djpvjéyjcnb gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb, cvjuen lfnm ljcnjqysq jndtn d ckexft, tckb djpybrfñn xhtpdsxfqyst jåcnjzntkmcndf. jåcnfyjdre lkz lfkmytqituj ghjwdtnfybz. D rféljv ghtlsleotv ckexft hfcibhtybz YFNJ, yfghbvth, ghb ghbcjtlbytybb Uhtwbb b Nehwbb d 1952 ujle, Pfgflyjq Uthvfybb – d 1955 ujle b Bcgfybb – d 1982 ujle, pyfxbntkmyj ecbkbdfkbcm cnfåbkmyjcnm b ltvjrhfnbz d rféljq yjdjq cnhfyt-exfcnybwt YFNJ, f nfrét edtkbxbdfkjcm rjkbxtcndj cnhfy, rjnjhst åhfkb yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndf pfobofnm nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj. D yfcnjzott dhtvz hfcibhtybt YFNJ vjétn ghbytcnb Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt nj, xnj jyj cltkfkj lkz Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs. Lfét gthcgtrnbdf xktycndf d YFNJ gjpdjkbkf erhtgbnm ltvjrhfnbñ d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt, eukeåbnm htajhvs gj cjplfybñ cdjåjlyjuj hsyrf b gjvjxm cnhfyfv, ghtntyleñobv yf xktycndj d YFNJ, hfphtibnm rjyakbrns cj cdjbvb cjctlzvb. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkbn juhflbnm Tdhjge jn ytnhflbwbjyysö afrnjhjd euhjps åtpjgfcyjcnb tt cnhfy-exfcnybw bpdyt: hfcghjcnhfytybz jheébz vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz b hfrtnysö cbcntv lfkmytuj ltqcndbz. Yb jlby bp yfc yt cvjétn äaatrnbdyj cghfdbnmcz c änbvb dblfvb euhjps d jlbyjxre. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkbn eukeåbnm b hfpyjjåhfpbnm rjjhlbyfwbñ ltqcndbq vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb c gjvjomñ änjuj fkmzycf – jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt ltqcndtyysö bycnhevtynjd htitybz änbv ghjåktv. DJGHJC: Rfrbv jåhfpjv hfcibhtybt YFNJ ecbkbn cnfåbkmyjcnm d Tdhjgt, tckb cnhfys, rjnjhst cnfkrbdfñncz c yfbåjkmitq euhjpjq cdjtq åtpjgfcyjcnb, drkñxfz cnhfys Åfknbb b ytcrjkmrj lheubö ujcelfhcnd, yt åelen drkñxtys d änjn ghjwtcc yf gthdjv änfgt hfcibhtybz Fkmzycf? YFNJ ljkéyj åsnm nfrét ujnjdj rj dczrbv lheubv ytjéblfyysv cbnefwbzv, drkñxfz dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj Hjccbz vjétn jcnfdbnm bltb ltvjrhfnbb b djpdhfnbnmcz r gjkbnbrt cjdtncrjuj gthbjlf. Öjnz vs levftv, xnj nfrjq dfhbfyn vfkjdthjznty. Vs cnhtvbvcz cjplfnm ljcnfnjxyj cbkmyst cnbveks lkz njuj, xnjås eukeåbnm jåzpfntkmcndf Hjccbb d catht ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd b vbhysö jnyjitybq c tt cjctlzvb gjchtlcndjv yfitq gjkbnbrb, yfghfdktyyjq yf pfrkñxtybt cjukfitybq c Hjccbtq. Änb ecbkbz, f nfrét ghjwtcc hfcibhtybz YFNJ b gjlgbcfybt Jcyjdjgjkfufñotuj frnf vtéle Hjccbtq b YFNJ, gjdsczn dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj Hjccbz ghjljkébn cdjq rehc gj genb ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj b vbhyjuj hfpdbnbz. RKBYNJY: Hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkbn erhtgbnm cnfåbkmyjcnm dj dctq Tdhjgt b jåtcgtxbnm åtpjgfcyjcnm dctv ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ujcelfhcndfv Tdhjgs, f yt njkmrj ntv, rjnjhst åelen ghbyzns gthdsvb. Änj åeltn cghfdtlkbdj gj wtkjve hzle ghbxby. • Dj-gthdsö, hfcibhtybt YFNJ – änj yt cbñvbyenyjt cjåsnbt, f lkbntkmysq ghjwtcc, rjnjhsq åeltn ghjljkéty b gjckt gthdjuj änfgf. D Vflhblcrjv rjvvñybrt åskj cgtwbfkmyj jnvtxtyj, xnj YFNJ ≤jcnfdkztn jnrhsnjq ldthm lkz ghbyznbz ljgjkybntkmysö xktyjd Fkmzycf d åeleotv≥. Nt ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhst zdkzñncz dthjznysvb rfylblfnfvb lkz xktycndf d YFNJ d åeleotv, njkmrj dsuflfñn jn njuj, xnj jyb åelen pyfnm, xnj YFNJ jåtcgjrjtyj bö åtpjgfcyjcnmñ. D rjytxyjv cxtnt, hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkbn cjöhfybnm bcnjhbxtcrbt ljcnbétybz ltvjrhfnbb d Tdhjgt b eybxnjébnm bcreccndtyyj cjplfyyeñ Cnfkbysv kbybñ hfpltkf. Yf ghjnzétybb 50 ktn Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjve cjñpe elfdfkjcm ghtljndhfofnm djpdhfotybt r kjrfkmysv rjyakbrnfv, erhtgkznm ltvjrhfnbñ b cjplfdfnm yfltéyeñ • Dj-dnjhsö, YFNJ ghtlghbybvftn wtksq hzl wtktyfghfdktyysö ifujd, xnjås gjds6 cbnm åtpjgfcyjcnm ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst åelen ghbyzns yf gthdjv änfgt, f bvtyyj, yfxbyfz c edtkbxtybz xbckf exfcnybrjd d ghjuhfvvt YFNJ ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥ b rjyxfz cjplfybtv Cjdtnf Tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjuj Gfhnythcndf (CTFG) b pfdthitybz hfåjns yfl Öfhnbtq YFNJ-Erhfbyf. åcndtyysö yfwbjyfkmysö djjheétyysö cbk. D atdhfkmcrjv ljrkflt åskj crfpfyj, xnj cnhfys åelen cfvb jgkfxbdfnm hfcöjls, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö ghjuhfvv, rjnjhst yfwtktys yf cjdvtcnyjt abyfycbhjdfybt. D htpekmnfnt änjuj, gj jwtyrt Vbybcnthcndf jåjhjys, jrjkj 40 ghjwtynjd ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv, åeltn abyfycbhjdfnmcz cfvbvb cnhfyfvb b 60 ghjwtynjd hfcöjljd åelen rjvgtycbhjdfnmcz bp jåobö ajyljd. Jåobt pfnhfns cjcnfdzn ghbåkbpbntkmyj jn 9 lj 12 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd, f änj åeltn jpyfxfnm, xnj yjdst cnhfys-exfcnybws åelen jgkfxbdfnm ghbåkbpbntkmyj 35 ghjwtynjd ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ (jn 3 lj 4,5 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd dgkjnm lj 2009 ujlf bkb jn 230 lj 350 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd tétujlyj); ntgthtiybt cnhfysexfcnybws (yt drkñxfz CIF) åelen jgkfxbdfnm jrjkj 50 ghjwtynjd (jn 4,5 lj 5,5 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd pf dtcm gthbjl bkb jn 350 lj 425 vbkkbjyjd rfélsq ujl); xnj rfcftncz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, nj jyb åelen dsgkfxbdfnm cdjñ 24-ghjwtynyeñ ljkñ yf cjdvtcnyst ghjuhfvvs, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv Fkmzycf (jrjkj 15 ghjwtynjd – yf jåobt jåzpfntkmcndf, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ bkb ghbåkbpbntkmyj jn 1,5 lj 2 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd d gthbjl c 2000 gj 2009 ujls), nj tcnm, d chtlytv jn 150 lj 200 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd d ujl. • B, yfrjytw, hfcibhtybt YFNJ ljkéyj yfxfnmcz c ghbyznbz cfvsö cbkmysö ghtntyltynjd, d ghjnbdyjv ckexft änjn ghjwtcc yt cnjbkj yfxbyfnm cjdctv. Åfknbqcrbt ujcelfhcndf jcjpyfñn, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ rfr ghjwtcc, rjnjhsq ufhfynbhetn cnfåbkmyjcnm djrheu bö cjåcndtyysö uhfybw, pyfxbntkmyj gjdscbn bö åtpjgfcyjcnm, öjnz jyb tot yt gjkexbkb ghbukfitybt cnfnm ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybwfvb YFNJ. Jyb dshfpbkb cdjñ gjllthére yfitq gjkbnbrt b jabwbfkmyj jljåhbkb htitybt, ghbyznjt yf Vflhblcrjv cfvvbnt. Erhfbycrbt kblths pfyzkb nfreñ ét gjpbwbñ, gjcrjkmre hfccvfnhbdfñn ghbcencndbt gthcgtrnbdysö cnhfy-exfcnybw YFNJ yf cdjbö pfgflysö uhfybwfö rfr dféysq drkfl d jåtcgtxtybt ljkujchjxyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb bö cnhfys. DJGHJC: D ljrkflt flvbybcnhfwbb Rjyuhtcce gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ jn atdhfkz 1997 ujlf ds ghtlgjkjébkb, xnj yf Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbltncz njkmrj 15 ghjwtynjd ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv Fkmzycf, d nj dhtvz rfr yjdst xktys YFNJ åelen jåzpfys dsgkfnbnm 35 ghjwtynjd, f tuj ntgthtiybt xktys YFNJ (yt drkñxfz Fvthbre) åelen gkfnbnm 50 ghjwtynjd. Åelen kb änb cevvs dsgkfxbdfnm yjdst xktys YFNJ bkb tuj ntgthtiybt cnhfys-exfcnybws? Åeltnt kb ds jåceélfnm cjukfitybt j hfcghtltktybb hfcöjljd dj dhtvz gthtujdjhjd j hfcibhtybb? Tckb ytn, nj rfr dfif bkb åeleofz flvbybcnhfwbz cvjétn rjvgtycbhjdfnm änb hfcöjls? Rhjvt ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv Fkmzycf, jnltkmyst cnhfysexfcnybws dsyeéltys åelen ghjljkéfnm ecbkbz gj cjdthitycndjdfybñ åscnhjq gthtåhjcrb cdjbö djjheétyysö cbk c ntv, xnjås jyb jndtxfkb nhtåjdfybzv, pfabrcbhjdfyysv d yjdjq cnhfntubxtcrjq rjywtgwbb YFNJ, ghbyznjq d 1991 ujle. Pflfxb gj åscnhjq gthtåhjcrt djjheétyysö cbk åelen bvtnm jcjåjt pyfxtybt gj vtht hfcibhtybz YFNJ, exbnsdfz htpjkñwbñ cnhfyexfcnybw, rjnjhfz rjycnfnbhetn, xnj jåjhjyf nthhbnjhbq yjdsö xktyjd YFNJ åeltn jceotcndkznmcz pf cxtn bö ecbktybz d gthbjl euhjps, f yt gjchtlcndjv hfpdthnsdfybz vyjujxbcktyysö djjheétyysö cbk. Gjcrjkmre Cjtlbytyyst Infns eét jåkflfñn RKBYNJY: Jwtyrf hfcöjljd d ljrkflt Rjyuhtcce jn atdhfkz 1997 ujlf jnxfcnb jcyjdsdfkfcm yf cnfylfhnysö cjukfitybzö YFNJ j hfcghtltktybb hfcöjljd. D cjjndtncndbb c änbvb ghbywbgfvb rfélfz cnhfyf jgkfxbdftn cnjbvjcnm cjlthéfybz tt cj7 pyfxbntkmysvb djpvjéyjcnzvb gj åscnhjq gthtåhjcrt cdjbö djjheétyysö cbk, jyb yt cnjkryenmcz c nfrjuj hjlf hfcöjlfvb d åeleotv. Vs åeltv ghjljkéfnm gjllthébdfnm yfibö tdhjgtqcrbö cjñpybrjd d ltkt hfpdbnbz djpvjéyjcntq gj åscnhjq gthtåhjcrt djjheétyysö cbk, gkfybhez lfkmytqitt hfpdbnbt rjkktrnbdysö djjheétyysö cbk d hfvrfö YFNJ. xktyjd. Nfrjq nbg ärjyjvbxtcrjq rjyrehtywbb b lbcåfkfycf vjétn cnfnm bcnjxybrjv nhtybq b ytcnfåbkmyjcnb d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt. Åeltn kb YFNJ dsyeéltyj jncnegbnm b hfphtifnm änb cfvst rjyakbrns, rjnjhst dspdfys gjkbnbrjq dsåjhf yjdsö gfhnythjd? Yt åeltn kb xktycndj d Tdhjgtqcrjv Cjñpt åjktt ghbdktrfntkmysv dfhbfynjv lkz ljcnbétybz ärjyjvbxtcrjq cnfåbkmyjcnb, r rjnjhjq cnhtvzncz cnhfys, ghtntyleñobt yf xktycndj d YFNJ? Änb gjcktlybt jwtyrb pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv Fkmzycf, drkñxfz nt, rjnjhst åskb ghtlcnfdktys flvbybcnhfwbtq, ytbpåtéyj zdkzñncz ghjcnj evjphbntkmysvb jwtyrfvb. Ctqxfc, rjulf YFNJ ghbyzkj htitybt, rfrbt ujcelfhcndf ghbukfcbnm, xnjås yfxfnm gthtujdjhs jå bö dcnegktybb d YFNJ, vjéyj åeltn åjktt njxyj jwtybnm bö gjnhtåyjcnb d jåtcgtxtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb b bö htpthds, f nfrét jghtltkbnm dkbzybt änjuj ifuf yf åñlétn YFNJ. Änjn ghjwtcc yfxytncz chfpe b åeltn ntcyj cdzpfy c ghjwtccjv ghbyznbz yjdsö xktyjd d YFNJ. B öjnz rféljt bp nhtö ghbukfityysö yf gthtujdjhs ujcelfhcnd ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkj cdjñ ujnjdyjcnm dytcnb cdjq drkfl, xnjås rjvgtycbhjdfnm jåobt b yfwbjyfkmyst pfnhfns, cdzpfyyst c xktycndjv d YFNJ, gthtujdjhs jå bö ghbyznbb gjpdjkzn åjktt xtnrj cajhvekbhjdfnm bö jåzpfntkmcndf b pflfxb. RKBYNJY: Ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghjåktvs ceotcndeñn rfr d wtynhfkmyj- nfr b d djcnjxyjtdhjgtqcrbö cnhfyfö. Åjkmibycnde bp änbö cnhfy ytjåöjlbvj eukeåkznm hfpkbxyst fcgtrns ärjyjvbxtcrbö htajhv, yfxbyfz c ghbdfnbpfwbb b dytlhtybz ecjdthitycndjdfyysö cbcntv htuekbhjdfybz b rjyxfz ecbkbzvb gj åjhmåt c rjhhegwbtq. Änj jlyf bp ghbxby, gj rjnjhsv vs gjllthébdftv hfcibhtybt Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf c ntv, xnjås jy drkñxfk d ctåz ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. B öjnz Tdhjgtqcrbq Cjñp buhftn dféyeñ hjkm d Tdhjgt, ytn ghbxby yfcnfbdfnm yf dsåjht vtéle hfcibhtybtv Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf b hfcibhtybtv YFNJ. D lfyyjv ckexft jåf afrnjhf dféys. B d njv b d lheujv ckexft änj åeltn ytpfdbcbvsq drkfl d ltkj ghjwdtnfybz b åtpjgfcyjcnb Tdhjgs. Jlyfrj hfcibhtybt njkmrj Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf ytljcnfnjxyj lkz jåtcgtxtybz bynthtcjd åtpjgfcyjcnb yfitq cnhfys d Tdhjgt gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys. D jnkbxbt jn YFNJ Tdhjgtqcrbq Cjñp yt jåkflftn djtyysv gjntywbfkjv. Djtyysq gjntywbfk zdkztncz chtljnjxbtv cbks YFNJ, b jy ytjåöjlbv lkz cjöhfytybz tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ yt åeltn åtcgkfnysv. Jlyfrj tuj vjuen gjpdjkbnm ctåt b ntgthtiybt, b åeleobt tuj xktys. D cdtnt ntö juhjvysö ghtbveotcnd, rjnjhst hfcibhtybt YFNJ ghbytctn rfr Tdhjgt, nfr b Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv, jyj ghbytctn juhjvyeñ dsujle c extnjv dkjétyysö chtlcnd. DJGHJC: Vyjubt bp yfc hfccvfnhbdfñn jcyjdyeñ euhjpe, rjnjhfz cnjbn gthtl 12 cnhfyfvb, cnhtvzobvbcz ghbcjtlbybnmcz r YFNJ, crjhtt yt rfr djtyyeñ euhjpe, f rfr åjhmåe pf ärjyjvbxtcreñ cnfåbkmyjcnm. Vtéle änbvb 12 ujcelfhcndfvb ceotcndetn zhjcnyfz rjyrehtywbz. Änb cnhfys åelen bvtnm zdyjt ghtbveotcndj gthtl cdjbvb cjctlzvb d åjhmåt pf ghbdktxtybt byjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq b hfpdbnbt ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf pf cxtn ghbyznbz d YFNJ yjdsö Gj vtht njuj, rfr cdjåjlyst hsyrb erjhtyzñncz d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, dgjkyt kjubxyj jéblfnm, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrfz rjyrehtywbz vtéle cnhfyfvb änjuj htubjyf cnfytn åjktt byntycbdyjq, nfrjq ét, rfr rjyrehtywbz d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt b d lheubö cnhfyfö vbhf. Jlyfrj yt ceotcndetn rfrbö-kbåj bcnjhbxtcrbö ghbvthjd njuj, xnjås xktycndj d YFNJ cnfkj ås 8 ås ghtjåhfpjdfnm cdjb djjheétyyst cbks, vjlthybpbhjdfnm åjtdeñ ntöybre b dytcnb cdjq drkfl d ltkj åtpjgfcyjcnb pf ghtltkfvb cdjbö uhfybw. Gj jwtyrt Vbybcnthcndf jåjhjys, jyb vjuen ljcnbxm ≤phtkjuj≥ gjntywbfkf d ghtltkfö jlyjuj ltcznbktnbz gjckt ghbcjtlbytybz r Fkmzyce. Vjéyj jéblfnm, xnj yjdst xktys dytcen cdjq drkfl gj dsgjkytybñ aeyrwbq b pflfx YFNJ d ltkt jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb. pyfxbntkmyjq jnkbxbntkmyjq xthnjq d ärjyjvbxtcrjv cjhtdyjdfybb d hfvrfö Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. Pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf xktycndj d YFNJ ybrjulf yt bcgjkmpjdfkjcm lkz njuj, xnjås ghbdktrfnm byjcnhfyyst bydtcnbwbb, crfétv, bp Idtwbb bkb Yjhdtubb. Nj, xnj bvttn cfvjt åjkmijt pyfxtybt lkz abhv b bydtcnjhjd, – änj ärjyjvbxtcrfz cnfåbkmyjcnm. Cnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs cvjuen ghbdktrfnm bydtcnbwbb c gjvjomñ ghbdfnbpfwbb, hfpevyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz cdjbö åñlétnjd b ltytéyjq vfccs b ecbkbq gj cjplfybñ rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq hfåjxtq cbks b cjrhfotybñ åtphfåjnbws. Xnj rfcftncz ntö tdhjgtqcrbq ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst yf yfcnjzobq vjvtyn ärjyjvbxtcrb yt jxtym hfpdbns, nj ghfdbkmysv jndtnjv lkz ybö åeltn eukeåktybt nfrbö htajhv, f gthcgtrnbds xktycndf d YFNJ zdkzñncz ljgjkybntkmysvb gjåelbntkmysvb vjnbdfvb r ghjljkétybñ nfrjq gjkbnbrb. Rhjvt njuj, hfcibhtybt YFNJ yfhzle c åjktt ntcysv dpfbvjltqcndbtv ghb htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥ b htitybq Cjdtnf Tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjuj Gfhnythcndf, hfdyj rfr d cnhfyföexfcnybwfö YFNJ, nfr b jcnfkmysö cnhfyfö, gjpdjkbn erhtgbnm cnfåbkmyjcnm d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, ltkfz bö åjktt ghbdktrfntkmysvb lkz bydtcnjhjd. B yfjåjhjn, ytelfxb ghb hfcibhtybb YFNJ vjukb ås gjljhdfnm ärjyjvbxtcreñ cbnefwbñ dj dctv htubjyt. Gjcrjkmre abhvs dhzl kb åelen bydtcnbhjdfnm ltymub d cnhfys njkmrj gjnjve, xnj jyf – xkty YFNJ, jyb dhzl kb jöjnyj åelen bydtcnbhjdfnm b d nfrbt htubjys, rfr Wtynhfkmyfz b Djcnjxyfz Tdhjgf, tckb åeleott tt åtpjgfcyjcnb åskj ås gjcnfdktyj gjl djghjc. Lfét yf ctujlyz änb nhb ujcelfhcndf dsltkbkb pyfxbntkmyjt rjkbxtcndj cbk, xnjås htfkbpjdfnm ecbkbz YFNJ gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb. Dct dvtcnt dpznst jyb edtkbxbkb xbcktyyjcnm YFNJ yf 300 000 djtyyjckeéfobö. Dj dctö nhtö cnhfyfö ecnfyjdkty étcnrbq rjynhjkm uhfélfycrbö jabwbfkmysö kbw pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ djtyysö. Bö gthdjyfxfkmyst ecbkbz d jåkfcnb djtyyjq htajhvs åskb crjywtynhbhjdfys yf gjdsitybt dpfbvjltqcndbz pf cxtn ybprbö pfnhfn b dscjrjq jnlfxb c ntv, xnjås ljåbnmcz äaatrnbdyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb yf åkbéfqibq gthbjl dhtvtyb. Cj dhtvtytv jyb gjdsczn cdjq gjntywbfk, xnjås ltqcndjdfnm cjdvtcnyj c djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ, rfr d cdjbö cjåcndtyysö cnhfyfö, nfr b d kñåjq njxrt vbhf. Rhjvt njuj, Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb ujnjdyjcnm dytcnb cdjq drkfl d ltkj åtpjgfcyjcnb pf ghtltkfvb bö uhfybw. Gjkmif b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf gjckfkb cdjb djjheétyyst cbks lkz htitybt rjyakbrnjd d Gthcblcrjv pfkbdt. Gjkmif zdkztncz kblthjv d änjv htubjyt, gjcrjkmre jyf gjvjuftn Kbndt b Erhfbyt hfpdbdfnm bö djjheétyyst cbks b cjplftn jåütlbytyyst djqcrjdst cjtlbytybz c jåtbvb cnhfyfvb. Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf dsltkbkb cdsit 1,5 nsczx djtyyjckeéfobö lkz Cbk cnfåbkbpfwbb YFNJ d Åjcybb b Uthwtujdbyt, f Dtyuhbz zdkztncz njq jcyjdjq, c rjnjhjq Cjtlbytyyst Infns hfpdthnsdfñn cdjb cbks d Åjcybb. Änb nhb ujcelfhcndf yfxfkb cjdthitycndjdfnm cdjb ecbkbz gj cjdvtcnyjq hfåjnt c djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJå hfpdbdfz bylbdblefkmyst rjynfrns b exfcndez d vyjujxbcktyysö extybzö d DJGHJC: Jåkflfñn kb Dtyuhbz, Gjkmif b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf djtyysv gjntywbfkjv, xnjås dytcnb cdjq drkfl d ltkj åtpjgfcyjcnb YFNJ, bkb ét jyb åelen ghjcnsvb gjnhtåbntkzvb åtpjgfcyjcnb yf åkbéfqitt åeleott? RKBYNJY: Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf ghtlghbyzkb dféyst ifub, xnj9 hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥. cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle Fkmzycjv b Hjccbtq. Rféljt bp ujcelfhcnd ljkéyj gjcktljdfntkmyj htfkbpjdsdfnm ltqcndtyyeñ b wtktyfghfdktyyeñ ghjuhfvve htajhv gj vjlthybpfwbb djjheétyysö cbk, xnjås ljåbnmcz åjktt dscjrjuj ehjdyz dpfbvjltqcndbz d hfvrfö YFNJ, f nfrét gjdscbnm cdjq djtyysq gjntywbfk d ntxtybt cktleñotuj ltcznbktnbz. Herjdjlbntkb dctö nhtö ujcelfhcnd pfzdbkb j cdjtq ujnjdyjcnb dsgjkybnm äne pflfxe b ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb, xnj bö cnhfys cnfyen ufhfynfvb åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjulf jyb cnfyen gjkyjwtyysvb xktyfvb YFNJ. Ghtpbltyn Tkmwby b lheubt hjccbqcrbt herjdjlbntkb ghjnbdjcnjzn hfcibhtybñ YFNJ, xnj jnxfcnb jnhféftn ckbirjv pfnzyedittcz ytljgjybvfybt cj cnjhjys vyjubö hjccbqcrbö gjkbnbxtcrbö herjdjlbntktq njuj afrnf, xnj Fkmzyc ghtlcnfdkztn euhjpe lkz åtpjgfcyjcnb Hjccbb. Änj njn djghjc, c rjnjhsv vs yt cjukfcys, b hfåjnfz dvtcnt, vs gsnfkbcm ehtuekbhjdfnm änj hfpyjukfcbt. Jlyfrj, celz gj cbnefwbb, vfkjdthjznyj, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ rfrnj gjljhdtn ghjwtcc htajhv d Hjccbb bkb erhtgbn gjpbwbb hjccbqcrbö gjkbnbrjd-ghjnbdybrjd rjvghjvbccjd, nj tcnm, ntö, rnj ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj bvtyyj d änjv ckexft hjccbqcrfz ltvjrhfnbz jrfétncz åjktt öhegrjq, xtv änj åskj d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb yf ghjnzétybb gjcktlybö ytcrjkmrbö ktn. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ yt dspsdftn jcjåjuj åtcgjrjqcndf chtlb åjkmitq xfcnb hjccbqcrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb, rjnjhfz åjktt jåtcgjrjtyf ghjåktvfvb dsgkfns pfhgkfns b gtycbb, rjhhegwbb b lheubvb dyenhtyybvb ghjåktvfvb. DJGHJC: Tckb hfccvjnhtnm dct afrnjhs euhjps bynthtcfv yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb Fvthbrb, nj gthdjcntgtyysv zdkztncz juhjvysq zlthysq fhctyfk Hjccbb. Åjkmijq ghjuhtcc åsk ljcnbuyen, xnjås cybpbnm yfghzétyyjcnm gj zlthysv ghjåktvfv pf cxtn pyfxbntkmysö cjrhfotybq zlthysö djjheétybq pf gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz. F yf yfcnjzobq vjvtyn herjdjlcndj Hjccbb gjcntgtyyj cvbhztncz c djpvjéyjcnmñ hfcibhtybz YFNJ. F xnj ét pfdnhfiybt herjdjlbntkb Hjccbb? Hfcibhzzcm yf Djcnjr, yt cjplftv kb vs ghtwtltyn lkz Vjcrds c ntv, xnjås clthéfnm tt ecbkbz gj lfkmytqitve cjrhfotybñ cnhfntubxtcrbö djjheétybq b lfét yfxfnm hfphfåjnre rjywtgwbb gthdjuj zlthyjuj elfhf? Hjccbz ghjljkéfkf cdjb ecbkbz d jåkfcnb htajhv b åtpjgfcyjcnb d ntxtybt gjcktlytuj ujlf yf ajyt lfkmytqituj hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Ghtpbltyn Tkmwby åsk gthtbpåhfy. Jy ddtk yjdsö kñltq d ghfdbntkmcndj, rjnjhst zdkzñncz ghbdthétywfvb ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq b byntuhfwbb c pfgflysvb b vbhjdsvb cnhernehfvb. Jy yfpyfxbk yjdjuj vbybcnhf jåjhjys, rjnjhsq gjllthébdftn ljujdjh j cjrhfotybb cnhfntubxtcrbö djjheétybq CYD-2. Yf cfvvbnt d Ötkmcbyrb d vfhnt änjuj ujlf jy jåtofk gjnjhjgbnm Ujcelfhcndtyyeñ Leve c hfnbabrfwbtq Ljujdjhf CYD-2 b dsgjkyznm Ljujdjh CYD-3, ghtlgjkfufñobq lfkmytqitt cjrhfotybt zlthysö cbk, gjckt njuj, rfr Ljujdjh CYD-2 djqltn d cbke. B, rjytxyj ét, Hjccbz ghbcjtlbybkfcm r YFNJ d vft änjuj ujlf b pfrkñxbkf c ytq Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn. D cfvjv ltkt, gj vtht lfkmytqituj hfcibhtybz YFNJ Hjccbz cnfyjdbncz åkbét r Pfgfle. RKBYNJY: Wtkmñ yfitq nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjq gjkbnbrb åtpjgfcyjcnb zdkztncz tlbyfz, ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz b vbhyfz Tdhjgf. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ zdkztncz dféyjq xfcnmñ änjq cnhfntubb, rfr, dghjxtv, b yfib ecbkbz gj gjllthért lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz Hjccbb rfr ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj, ghjwdtnfñotuj ujcelfhcndf, ébdeotuj d vbht cj cdjbvb cjctlzvb, dpfbvjltqcndeñotuj c yfvb b c lheubvb ujcelfhcndfvb gj djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb, drkñxfz cjrhfotybt yfibö zlthysö fhctyfkjd. Nfrbvb ét åskb yfib ecbkbz, rjnjhst ghbytckb gkjls d vft vtczwt ghb gjlgbcfybb Jcyjdjgjkfufñotuj frnf YFNJ-Hjccbz, rjnjhsq cnfk jcyjdjq lkz ibhjrjuj b hfpyjcnjhjyytuj 10 Änb gjcktlybt gjpbnbdyst bpvtytybz pfcnfkzñn cjvytdfnmcz d ntjhbb j njv, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjlhsdftn gjkbnbre htajhv d Hjccbb b tt ecbkbz gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb. D kñåjv ckexft åskj ås gj vtymitq vtht ytghjlernbdyj ltkfnm yfie gjkbnbre d jnyjitybb YFNJ pfkjéybrjv ytghtrkjyyjcnb Levs gj jnyjitybñ r CYD-2. Gjcnegfz nfr, vs ås lfkb gjyznm Levt, xnj vs åeltv clthébdfnm hfcibhtybt YFNJ lj ntö gjh, gjrf jyb clthébdfñn hfnbabrfwbñ Ljujdjhf CYD-2. D nfrjv ckexft dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj vs yt gjkexbv ås ybxtuj. Yj yb ctqxfc, yb d åeleotv Hjccbz yt cvjétn yfkfufnm dtnj yf htitybz YFNJ bkb yfkfufnm rfrbt-nj juhfybxtybz yf cdjåjle ltqcndbq YFNJ. Tckb Hjccbz åeltn ghblthébdfnmcz rjycnhernbdyjuj gjlöjlf d jnyjitybzö c YFNJ, nj änj cjplfcn juhjvysq gjntywbfk lkz dpfbvjltqcndbz gj ibhjrjve cgtrnhe djghjcjd, yfxbyfz c ythfcghjcnhfytybz zlthyjuj jheébz b rjyxfz uevfybnfhyjq gjvjomñ. Tckb Hjccbz ghtlgjxntn yt gjkmpjdfnmcz ntvb djpvjéyjcnzvb, rjnjhst tq ghtljcnfdkztn Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn, nj ybrfrbö ghtgzncndbq yt djpybrytn. YFNJ cjöhfybn cdjñ cbke, ytpfdbcbvjcnm b cgjcjåyjcnm ltqcndjdfnm. DJGHJC: Rfrbvb ghbywbgfvb vs gjcnegb- kbcm c njxrb phtybz cdjåjls ltqcndbq YFNJ gj hfpdthnsdfybñ djjheétyysö cbk yf hfcibhtyyjq nthhbnjhbb Fkmzycf c ntv, xnjås gjkexbnm cjukfcbt Hjccbb yf yfi gkfy hfcibhtybz? D Jcyjdjgjkfufñotv frnt ybxnj yt juhfybxbdftn djpvjéyjcnm YFNJ hfpdthnsdfnm cdjb djjheétyyst cbks, åjtdst chtlcndf bkb dsgjkyznm rfreñ-kbåj bp cdjbö aeyrwbq. Gjcktlyzz xfcnm änjuj frnf cjlthébn gjkjétybz jå jlyjcnjhjyytq gjkbnbrt YFNJ, rjnjhst ceotcndjdfkb lj ghbyznbz Jcyjdjgjkfufñotuj frnf b, d xfcnyjcnb, rfr Fkmzyc ghtlgjkfuftn ltqcndjdfnm ≤d cbnefwbb gj jåtcgtxtybñ cjdhtvtyyjq b åeleotq åtpjgfcyjcnb≥. D cdjtv bccktljdfybb gj lfkmytqitve hfcibhtybñ YFNJ pf 1995 ujl ghtlcnfdbntkb Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf cltkfkb pfrkñxtybt, xnj lkz hfcibhtybz Fkmzycf yt nhtåetncz rfrbö-kbåj bpvtytybq d tuj zlthyjv gjntywbfkt; yf jcyjdfybb änjuj d ltrfåht 1996 ujlf YFNJ pfzdbkj, xnj e cnhfy-exfcnybw YFNJ ≤ytn yb yfvthtybq, gkfyjd b ghbxby hfpdthnsdfnm zlthyjt jheébt yf nthhbnjhbb yjdsö xktyjd åkjrf, yb ytjåöjlbvjcnb bpvtyznm rfrbt-kbåj fcgtrns zlthyjuj gjntywbfkf bkb zlthyjq gjkbnbrb YFNJ≥. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn nfrét gjdnjhztn jlyjcnjhjyytt pfzdktybt ghtlcnfdbntktq YFNJ, cltkfyyjt d vfhnt 1997 ujlf, xnj YFNJ ≤åeltn dsgjkyznm pflfxb gj rjkktrnbdyjq jåjhjyt b lheubt pflfxb gjchtlcndjv jåtcgtxtybz ytjåöjlbvjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz, cjnhelybxtcndf b yfhfobdfybz gjntywbfkf lkz ecbktybz djjheétyysö cbk, f yt lkz ljgjkybntkmyjuj hfpdthnsdfybz gjcnjzyyjuj rjynbyutynf cdjbö djjheétyysö cbk≥. Rhjvt njuj, yb RKBYNJY: Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn YFNJ- Hjccbz yt åsk gjgsnrjq regbnm cjukfcbt Hjccbb yf hfcibhtybt YFNJ. Jy åsk htpekmnfnjv yfituj, rfr, dghjxtv, b Ctdthjfnkfnybxtcrjuj cjñpf, htitybz j njv, xnj jnyjitybz vtéle Hjccbtq b YFNJ vjukb ås cnfnm dféysv drkfljv d ltkj cjplfybz vbhyjq tlbyjq Tdhjgs. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn exhtélftn änb dpfbvjjnyjitybz b jåtcgtxbdftn åfpe lkz åjktt ibhjrjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz. B d nj ét dhtvz dct jcyjdyst ghfdf YFNJ jcnfñncz gjkyjcnmñ pfobotyysvb. Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjdtn jcnftncz dscibv jhufyjv Fkmzycf, rjnjhsq ghbybvftn htitybz. Exhtélfz cjdvtcnysq gjcnjzyysq cjdtn YFNJ-Hjccbz, Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn ghtlecvfnhbdftn nfrét ghjdtltybt rjycekmnfwbq, rjjhlbyfwbñ hfåjn, f nfrét cjdvtcnyst ecbkbz b ltqcndbz d jåkfcnb ghbyznbz htitybq. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn nfrét xtnrj jghtltkztn, xnj YFNJ cjöhfyztn pf cjåjq ghfdf ytpfdbcbvjuj ghbyznbz htitybq b ltqcndbq d kñåjt dhtvz. Cjdvtcnysq Gjcnjzyysq cjdtn ghtljcnfdkztn Hjccbb nhbåeye, ult jyf vjétn dshfpbnm cdjñ njxre phtybz b, tckb djpvjéyj, cgjcjåcndjdfnm dpfbvjltqcndbñ vtéle YFNJ b Hjccbtq. 11 jlyj bp jlyjcnjhjyybö pfzdktybq YFNJ d jnyjitybb djtyyjq gjkbnbrb, cjlthéfottcz d Jcyjdjgjkfufñotv frnt, yt juhfybxbdftn djpvjéyjcnb Fkmzycf gj ghjdtltybñ extybq, jhufybpfwbb infåjd bkb cnhjbntkmcndf b ärcgkefnfwbb byahfcnherneh. D cfvjv ltkt, Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn ghbpyftn, xnj YFNJ ≤ljkéyj hfccxbnsdfnm yf bcgjkmpjdfybt fltrdfnyjq byahfcnhernehs, cjhfpvthyjq tt pflfxfv≥, exbnsdfz njn afrn, xnj cnhfntubz YFNJ d yfcnjzott dhtvz pfdbcbn jn cgjcjåyjcnb ujcelfhcnd gjkexfnm ytjåöjlbvjt gjlrhtgktybt d dblt ljgjkybntkmyjuj djbycrjuj rjynbyutynf. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn jnhféftn gjkbnbre Fkmzycf yf lfyysq vjvtyn b yf åkbéfqitt åeleott. Tckb ds pfvtnbnt rfrjt-ybåelm ytjéblfyyjt bpvtytybt d öelieñ cnjhjye, nj YFNJ jcnfdkztn pf cjåjq ghthjufnbde gthtcvjnhtnm gjkbnbre d jnyjitybb hfpdthnsdfybz zlthysö b jåsxysö chtlcnd djjheétybq, b Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn yt vjétn ckeébnm ghtgzncndbtv. Jlyfrj, vs yflttvcz b éltv, xnj gjcktlybt gjpbnbdyst bpvtytybz d Tdhjgt åelen ghjljkéfnmcz, b xnj Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn cnfytn chtlcndjv åjktt ibhjrjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz vtéle YFNJ b Hjccbtq. ¬ 12 ÅELEOBQ REHC D CATHT GJKBNBRB TDHJGTQCRJQ ÅTPJGFCYJCNB Bynthdmñ c Léthtvb Hjpythjv, cgtwbfkmysv cjdtnybrjv ghtpbltynf b ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv hfnbabrfwbb hfcibhtybz YFNJ Ltåfns gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ, cdzpfyyjuj rfr ≤c cthmtpysvb ufhfynbzvb d catht åtpjgfcyjcnb, nfr b cj pyfxbntkmysvb hfcöjlfvb≥, gjvjuen ≤jghtltkbnm rehc yfitq gjkbnbrb d catht tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb yf åkbéfqibt ujls≥, jnvtxftn Hjpyth. Jy edthty d njv, xnj gjckt jrjyxfybz ltåfnjd Ctyfn CIF ghjujkjcetn pf ghbtv d YFNJ Gjkmib, Dtyuhbb b Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb. Bynthdmñ c Hjpythjv ghjdtkf jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh Lfqzy Vfrljyfkl. DJGHJC: Zdkztncz kb hfcibhtybt YFNJ nth, b z edthty, xnj yf Rfgbnjkbqcrjv öjkvt r ytve jnytcencz bvtyyj nfrbv jåhfpjv. cfvsv dféysv dytiytgjkbnbxtcrbv djghjcjv, yf rjnjhsq flvbybcnhfwbz Rkbynjyf ljkéyf lfnm jndtn d ntxtybt åkbéfqibö vtczwtd? DJGHJC: D rfrjq cntgtyb flvbybcnhfwbz kjååbhetn Rjyuhtcc d djghjct j hfcibhtybb YFNJ b rfreñ cnhfntubñ jyf ghb änjv ghbvtyztn? HJPYTH: Änjn djghjc, hfpevttncz, zdkztncz jlybv bp yfibö dféytqibö ghbjhbntnjd, b, rjytxyj, Rjyuhtcc ghblftn tve åjkmijt pyfxtybt, ntv åjktt, xnj d jnkbxbt jn lheubö dytiytgjkbnbxtcrbö bybwbfnbd, htxm bltn j rjyrhtnyjv ujkjcjdfybb, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjuj ljkéyj åsnm cjåhfyj ldt nhtnb ujkjcjd d gjllthére änjuj htitybz. HJPYTH: Z ås, yfdthyjt, yt cnfk yfpsdfnm änj kjååbhjdfybtv, yj vs, rjytxyj, bcgjkmpetv dct bvtñobtcz e yfc djpvjéyjcnb lkz njuj, xnjås eåtlbnm Rjyuhtcc b jåotcndtyyjcnm d njv, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ dsujlyj c njxrb phtybz yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb Fvthbrb. B ghtpbltyn, b ujcctrhtnfhm Jkåhfqn, dghjxtv, rfr b dct, rnj hfåjnftn c ybvb, nhfnzn vyjuj dhtvtyb b ecbkbq yf gthtujdjhs c rjyuhtccvtyfvb, exfcnbt d ckeifybzö, gjlujnjdre vfnthbfkjd, d njv xbckt ljrkflf, rjnjhsq ghtpbltyn yfghfdbk d Rjyuhtcc d atdhfkt, b gbcmvf, yfghfdktyyjuj bv 11 ctynzåhz d flhtc 20 ctyfnjhjd, d rjnjhsö cjlthéfkbcm jndtns yf wtksq hzl cthmtpysö djghjcjd, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ. Vs nfrét dtltv hfpujdjh b c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ – c ntvb uheggfvb, rjnjhst ghjzdkzñn bynthtc r hfcibhtybñ YFNJ, d njv xbckt c dtnthfyfvb, c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb htkbubjpysö jåoby, ltkjdsö rheujd b änybxtcrbö vtymibycnd. Gj- Gjcrjkmre htxm bltn j cthmtpysö bynthtcfö b gjcktlcndbzö, jåotyfwbjyfkmyst ltåfns b htitybt, rjnjhjt ghtlcnjbn ghbyznm Ctyfne CIF, nfrét yjczn cthmtpysq öfhfrnth. D rfrjv-nj cvsckt änj gthdst rhegyst ltåfns gj gjdjle gjkbnbrb d catht tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhst ghjdjlzncz d yfitq cnhfyt cj dhtvtyb jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys. Htxm bltn b j cthmtpysö ufhfynbzö d catht åtpjgfcyjcnb b j pyfxbntkmysö hfcöjlfö. Rhjvt njuj, änb ltåfns yf cfvjv ltkt gjvjuen jghtltkbnm yfie gjpbwbñ d jnyjitybb tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb yf åkbéfqibt ujls. C extnjv dctö änbö ghbxby, htitybt, rjnjhjt ghtlcnjbn ghbyznm, åeltn yjcbnm dtcmvf cthmtpysq öfhfr13 crjkmre gjcktlcndbz hfcibhtybz YFNJ yjczn cthmtpysq öfhfrnth, cnfyjdbncz jxtdblyj, xnj änjn djghjc nhtåetn gjlhjåyjuj jåceéltybz, rfr yf Rfgbnjkbqcrjv öjkvt, nfr b pf ghtltkfvb Dfibyunjyf. ltv jåceélfnm änjn djghjc, ntv åjkmit gjllthérb vs jåhtntv b ntv cgjrjqytt åeltn ctåz xedcndjdfnm Rjyuhtcc. Vs, hfpevttncz, yflttvcz yf gjllthére ghtlctlfntkz d djghjct hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Vs ås ghbdtncndjdfkb äne gjllthére, b d cdzpb c änbv yfc jåjlhbkj pfzdktybt, cjlthéfdittcz d tuj gbcmvt. Vs ltkftv dct lkz njuj, xnjås änb ltåfns yfxfkbcm rfr vjéyj crjhtt. Z levfñ, xnj afrn cjplfybz ghtpbltynjv b ujcctrhtnfhtv cgtwbfkmyjuj jnltkf (jnltkf Ujcltgfhnfvtynf CIF gj djghjce hfnbabrfwbb htitybz j hfcibhtybb YFNJ) lkz änbö wtktq ujdjhbn j njv, xnj jyb öjnzn yt pfvfkxbdfnm, f jåceélfnm änjn djghjc b yfxfnm ltåfns gj ytve rfr vjéyj hfymit, f yt d gjcktlyññ vbyene. DJGHJC: Yf dytiytgjkbnbxtcrjq fhtyt – exfcndetn kb dfi jnltk d rfrbö-kbåj rjyrhtnysö vyjujcnjhjyybö bkb vyjujcnjhjyybö vthjghbznbzö, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ? HJPYTH: Vs, hfpevttncz, dybvfntkmyj ckt- lbv pf ntv, xnj ghjbcöjlbn pf heåtéjv c njxrb phtybz hfnbabrfwbb, f nfrét pf ntv, rfr ghjöjlzn ltåfns gj änjve djghjce. Jnxfcnb vs ltkftv änj gjnjve, xnj pfheåtéyfz htfrwbz yf änjn djghjc jrfpsdftn pfvtnyjt dkbzybt yf ltåfns d yfitq cnhfyt b jcjåtyyj yf gjpbwbñ Rjyuhtccf. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, vs dybvfntkmyj cktlbv pf gjkbnbxtcrbvb ltåfnfvb d lheubö cnhfyfö b pf ntv, rfr änjn djghjc jcdtoftncz pfheåtéysvb CVB. Vs ghjdjlbv dcnhtxb cj vyjubvb pfheåtéysvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb, rjnjhsö bynthtcetn ghjwtcc hfnbabrfwbb lfyyjuj htitybz yfitq cnhfyjq, b d åtctlfö c ybvb epyftv j njv, xnj ltkftncz d änjv gkfyt d bö cnhfyfö. B z, b vjb cjnhelybrb dscnegfkb d lheubö cnhfyfö b hfccrfpsdfkb j njv, xnj vs ltkftv lkz njuj, xnjås pfheåtéyfz jåotcndtyyjcnm gjybvfkf cenm yfibö ecbkbq b ne jpfåjxtyyjcnm, rjnjheñ fvthbrfycrfz jåotcndtyyjcnm b fvthbrfycrbq Rjyuhtcc bcgsnsdfñn gj änjve djghjce. DJGHJC: Rfrjds, gj dfitve vytybñ, åe- len gjcktlcndbz gbcmvf, yfghfdktyyjuj 17 ctynzåhz ghtlctlfntktv ctyfncrjuj rjvbntnf gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv Létccb Ötkvcjv d flhtc ujcctrhtnfhz Jkåhfqn, d rjnjhjv htxm ikf j hfcibhtybb YFNJ b gkfyfö j ghjdtltybb rjvbntnjv ckeifybq gj änjve djghjce? HJPYTH: Vs, hfpevttncz, c eljdktndjhtybtv djcghbyzkb rfr gbcmvj, nfr b pfzdktybt ghtlctlfntkz rjvbntnf j tuj étkfybb cjltqcndjdfnm ghjwtcce hfnbabrfwbb. Yfcrjkmrj vs gjybvftv, e ytuj tot cjöhfyztncz ytrjnjhfz jpfåjxtyyjcnm gj änjve djghjce, b vs yflttvcz yf nj, xnj ckeifybz d Rjyuhtcct gjvjuen hfcctznm cjvytybz, rjnjhst bcgsnsdfñn jy b tuj rjkktub. Vs c cfvjuj yfxfkf ghbdtncndjdfkb bltñ ghjdtltybz ckeifybq gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb YFNJ. D fghtkt yf ckeifybzö d ctyfncrjv rjvbntnt gj ltkfv djjheétyysö cbk dscnegfkb b ujcctrhtnfhm Jkåhfqn, b vbybcnh jåjhjys Rjäy. Vs frnbdyj cjnhelybxftv b c lheubvb ajhevfvb d hfvrfö Rjyuhtccf, exfcndetv d ckeifybzö b ghjdjlbv dcnhtxb c xktyfvb Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq, c ctyfncrjq uheggjq yfåkñlfntktq pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ YFNJ, cjplfyyjq herjdjlcndjv Ctyfnf. Vs yf htuekzhyjq jcyjdt dcnhtxftvcz c exfcnybrfvb änjq uheggs, yfxbyfz c ghtpbltynf, dbwt-ghtpbltynf, ujcctrhtnfhz b lfktt dybp gj änjq dthnbrfkb. Vs cxbnftv, xnj, xtv åjkmit vs åe- DJGHJC: Rfrjuj hjlf jgfcyjcnm cdzpfyf c htitybtv, fkmnthyfnbdysv hfcibhtybñ YFNJ – nj tcnm, c cjöhfytybtv YFNJ d njv cjcnfdt, d rjnjhjv jyj ghtåsdfkj d ujls öjkjlyjq djqys? HJPYTH: Z levfñ, xnj ceotcndetn yt- crjkmrj jgfcysö vjvtynjd. Jåceélfz djghjc j njv, dj crjkmrj jåjqltncz änf bybwbfnbdf, b Rjyuhtcc, b jåotcndtyyjcnm cnhfys ljkéys pflevsdfnmcz b yfl ntv, dj crjkmrj jåjqltncz jnrfp jn ytt. Jndtxfz yf 14 änjn ét cfvsq djghjc d cdjtv atdhfkmcrjv ljrkflt Rjyuhtcce, ghtpbltyn pfzdbk, xnj jnrfp jn hfcibhtybz YFNJ cdzpfy cj vyjubvb gjnthzvb. Dj-gthdsö, gjzdbncz jgfcyjcnm njuj, xnj cnfnec åtpjgfcyjcnb Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs nfr b yt åeltn jghtltkty, f änj cltkftn lfyysq htubjy vtytt åtpjgfcysv. Cktletn gjvybnm j njv, xnj ldt vbhjdst djqys b öjkjlyfz djqyf, rjnjhst ghjbpjikb d änjv cnjktnbb, jnxfcnb cnfkb htpekmnfnjv jncencndbz åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb bvtyyj d änjv htubjyt. Gjänjve åskj ås bcnjhbxtcrjq jibårjq egecnbnm djpvjéyjcnm lkz gjdsitybz ehjdyz åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb d änjv htubjyt, xnj zdkztncz, yfdthyjt, kexibv cgjcjåjv bpåtéfnm djdktxtybz yfc d tot jlye djqye yf nthhbnjhbb Tdhjgs. Yfrjytw, gj vjtve vytybñ, ceotcndetn b jgfcyjcnm c njxrb phtybz rjywtgwbb Tdhjgs b tt tlbycndf. Tckb vs jnrfétvcz jn hfcibhtybz YFNJ, nj gj cenb ltkf vs jcnfdbv d cbkt kbybñ, rjnjhjq Cnfkby hfpltkbk Tdhjge b rjnjhfz c gjvjomñ cbks elthébdfkfcm d ujls öjkjlyjq djqys. Änf hfpltkbntkmyfz kbybz, hfpevttncz, bpébkf ctåz b yt bvttn ghfdf yf ceotcndjdfybt. Gjänjve, tckb vs cnhtvbvcz r kbrdblfwbb änjq hfpltkbntkmyjq kbybb d Tdhjgt b r gjcnhjtybñ ytltkbvjuj, ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj b vbhyjuj tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf, vs ljkéys yfxfnm c ghbtvf d fkmzyc jndtxfñobö yfibv nhtåjdfybzv ujcelfhcnd Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs b ajhvbhjdfybt ghjwtccf, d hfvrfö rjnjhjuj vs vjukb ås d åeleotv ghbyznm ljgjkybntkmyjt xbckj yjdsö xktyjd. Dj-dnjhsö, tckb yfv yt elfcncz hfcibhbnm YFNJ, nj yfv yt elfcncz b erhtgbnm fkmzyc. Cj dcnegktybtv nhtö yjdsö xktyjd d tuj cjcnfd djkmñncz 300 nsczx djtyyjckeéfobö b lheubt htcehcs, erhtgkzñobt åtpjgfcyjcnm fkmzycf. Cdjbv exfcnbtv d djqyt d Pfkbdt b d ecnfyjdktybb vbhf d Åjcybb änb cnhfys eét ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb yfvthtybt dyjcbnm drkfl d erhtgktybt åtpjgfcyjcnb pf ghtltkfvb cdjbö uhfybw. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jnrfpfdibcm jn hfcibhtybz vs ås gjnthzkb gjllthére nhtö ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst vjuen b gj-yfcnjzotve öjnzn gjvjufnm yfv d htitybb yjdsö pflfx d catht tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. DJGHJC: Cxbnftnt kb ds, xnj cbkmyj jnkbxfñobtcz lheu jn lheuf jwtyrb cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ pfnhfn, j rjnjhsö cjjåofñn chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, vjuen djpsvtnm htifñott djpltqcndbt yf htpekmnfns ltåfnjd gj änjve djghjce? HJPYTH: Rjyuhtcc, hfpevttncz, åeltn jxtym dybvfntkmyj bpexfnm djghjc j pfnhfnfö, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ. Rjyuhtcc eét dscrfpsdfk jpfåjxtyyjcnm gj änjve gjdjle. Rjuhtccvtyfv cktletn jåhfnbnm yf änjn djghjc jcjåjt dybvfybt, gjcrjkmre bvtyyj ctqxfc vs gsnftvcz cåfkfycbhjdfnm yfi åñlétn. Ctujlyz, jlyfrj, rjulf vs eét pyftv, rfrbt cnhfys åelen dcnegfnm d YFNJ b rjulf YFNJ eét ujnjdbn cdjñ jwtyre nhtåetvsö htcehcjd, xktys Rjyuhtccf cvjuen d ntxtybt åkbéfqibö vtczwtd gjkexfnm åjktt jghtltktyyeñ byajhvfwbñ, ytjåöjlbveñ lkz gjybvfybz vfcinfåf ghtlgjkfuftvsö pfnhfn. Z yfltñcm yf nj, xnj gj vtht dytctybz zcyjcnb d änjn djghjc e ybö gjzdbncz åjktt ndthlfz jcyjdf lkz ghbyznbz ukfdyjuj htitybz j njv, xnj dsujls jn hfcibhtybz YFNJ gthtdtibdfñn pfnhfns. Vs cxbnftv, xnj hfcibhtybt nhtåetn chfdybntkmyj crhjvysö dkjétybq htcehcjd b chtlcnd, f jnlfxf jn ytuj åeltn xhtpdsxfqyj dscjrf. Gj yfibv D-nhtnmbö, tckb YFNJ yt åeltn hfcibhznmcz, d htubjyt yt åelen htfkbpjdfys ytrjnjhst bp ysytiybö gjpbnbdysö ntyltywbq. Vs cnfkb cdbltntkzvb pfrkñxtybz ltcznrf yjdsö cjukfitybq vtéle ujcelfhcndfvb htubjyf jå ehtuekbhjdfybb gjuhfybxysö b änybxtcrbö hfpyjukfcbq; nfrbt cjukfitybz pfrkñxfñncz jnxfcnb b gjnjve, xnj ujcelfhcndf htubjyf gjybvfñn, xnj, ghtlghbybvfz gjljåyst ifub, jyb erhtgkzñn cdjñ htgenfwbñ d rfxtcndt rfylblfnjd yf dcnegktybt d YFNJ. Tckb ét ghjwtcc hfcibhtybz YFNJ yt gjqltn dgthtl, nj änb ntyltywbb r erhtgktybñ cnfåbkmyjcnb b eukeåktybñ ltvjrhfnbb dhzl kb cjöhfyzn cdjb ysytiybt ntvgs. 15 jwtyrfv, d ntxtybt cktleñotuj ltcznbktnbz ljkz hfcöjljd CIF yf änb wtkb cjcnfdbn jn 150 lj 200 vky ljkkfhjd d ujl. Gj chfdytybñ c vbkkbfhlfvb ljkkfhjd, rjnjhst vs pfnhfnbkb yf exfcnbt dj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqyt, b c nhbkkbjyfvb ljkkfhjd, d rjnjhst yfv jåjikfcm öjkjlyfz djqyf, ysytiybt hfcöjls ghtlcnfdkzñncz jnkbxysv dkjétybtv chtlcnd – ghb eckjdbb, xnj änj lfcn yfv åtpjgfcyjcnm b cnfåbkmyjcnm d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt yf ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq dgthtl. b vbhyjq Tdhjgs – djpvjéyj, dgthdst pf dcñ bcnjhbñ tt ceotcndjdfybz. DJGHJC: Rfrbv jåhfpjv hfcibhtybt YFNJ dkbztn yf jnyjitybz CIF cj cnhfyfvb, yt döjlzobvb d cjcnfd YFNJ, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö, rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñncz d rfxtcndt rfylblfnjd yf dcnegktybt? HJPYTH: Tckb cvjnhtnm yf dtcm cgtrnh bybwbfnbd, dsldbuftvsö d änjn gthbjl – htxm bltn yt njkmrj j ghbtvt nhtö cnhfy, yj b j gjkbnbrt jnrhsnsö ldthtq, j yjdsö cjukfitybzö c Hjccbtq b Erhfbyjq, jå ecbktybb ghjuhfvvs ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥, f nfrét j yfibö cjåcndtyysö ldecnjhjyybö ecbkbzö c ujcelfhcndfvb htubjyf – z levfñ, cnfyjdbncz zcyj, gjxtve vyjubt ujcelfhcndf htubjyf yt gjkexbkb ghbukfitybz d Vflhblt r yfxfke ghjwtccf dcnegktybz, yj, ntv yt vtytt, dshfpbkb htibntkmyeñ gjllthére ghbyznsö d Vflhblt htitybq b pfzdbkb, xnj, ytcvjnhz yf jncencndbt nfrjuj ghbukfitybz, jyb cxbnfñn, xnj htitybz vflhblcrjuj cfvvbnf cgjcjåys erhtgbnm b bö cjåcndtyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm. DJGHJC: Rfr ds vjétnt öfhfrnthbpjdfnm pyfxtybt htitybq vflhblcrjuj cfvvbnf c njxrb phtybz tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, f nfrét gthtcnhjqrb b åeleotuj hfpdbnbz YFNJ rfr jhufybpfwbb? HJPYTH: Vflhblcrbq cfvvbn cnfk bcnjhbxtcrbv cjåsnbtv. Fkmzyc ghbyzk htitybt ghbukfcbnm Gjkmie, Dtyuhbñ b Xticreñ Htcgeåkbre r yfxfke ghjwtccf dcnegktybz d fkmzyc. Hfpevttncz, änj cnfkj cj vyjubö njxtr phtybz cfvsv pyfxbntkmysv htitybtv cj dhtvtyb jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys. Rhjvt njuj, fkmzyc pfzdbk j njv, xnj jcnfdkztn jnrhsnjq ldthm lkz dcnegktybz d tuj cjcnfd b lheubö ujcelfhcnd d gjcktleñobq gthbjl. Åsk, d xfcnyjcnb, jnvtxty ghjuhtcc, rjnjhjuj ljåbkbcm Hevsybz b Ckjdtybz, f nfrét jåhfotyj dybvfybt yf cnhtvktybt åfknbqcrbö ujcelfhcnd r dcnegktybñ d YFNJ. Jlybv bp ghbvthjd, eåtélfñobö yfc d njv, xnj änj yf cfvjv ltkt nfr, cnfk xhtpdsxfqyj ntgksq ghbtv, rjnjhsq åsk jrfpfy ghtpbltyne b ujcctrhtnfhñ d Åeöfhtcnt (Hevsybz) dctuj kbim xthtp ytcrjkmrj lytq gjckt vflhblcrjuj cfvvbnf. Yf ekbws dsikj cdsit 100 nsczx xtkjdtr lkz njuj, xnjås ghbdtncndjdfnm ghtpbltynf b ghbyznst d Vflhblt htitybz, f dtlm Hevsybz nfr b yt gjkexbkf ghbukfitybz r dcnegktybñ d YFNJ, rjnjhjuj jyf nfr yfcnjqxbdj ljåbdfkfcm. Ghtpbltyn Rjycnfynbytcre htibntkmyj gjllthéfk yfxfnsq YFNJ ghjwtcc. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, z levfñ, e yfc tcnm öjhjibt ljrfpfntkmcndf njuj, xnj dtcm änjn htubjy d wtkjv ghbdtncndetn lfyyst bybwbfnbds, rjnjhst cgjcjåys gjdscbnm ehjdtym åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb d htubjyt. Yfhzle c änbv, vflhblcrbq cfvvbn ghjljkébk ghjwtcc flfgnfwbb YFNJ, cdzpfyysq c cjdthitycndjdfybtv tuj ltzntkmyjcnb, egjhzljxtybtv rjvfylysö cnherneh, ecbkbzvb gj gjdsitybñ vyjubö bp tuj djpvjéyjcntq, yfghbvth, gjchtlcndjv Cjdtnf tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjuj gfhnythcndf, ecbktyyjq ghjuhfvvs ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥, öfhnbb c Erhfbyjq b Jcyjdjgjkfufñotuj frnf c Hjccbtq. Dct änj dvtcnt dpznjt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dgtxfnkzñobq yfåjh bybwbfnbd, rjnjhst lfñn YFNJ ndthleñ jhbtynfwbñ yf htitybt yjdsö pflfx d catht tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b yf htfkbpfwbñ wtkb, j rjnjhjq pltcm eét åskj crfpfyj – cjplfybt gj-yfcnjzotve ytltkbvjq, ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq DJGHJC: Rfrjds, gj dfitve vytybñ, åelen cktleñobt ifub d hfcibhtybb YFNJ, tckb Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf gjkexfn xktycndj? 16 HJPYTH: YFNJ pfzdbkj, xnj d 1999 u. ghbcnegbn r jåceéltybñ ghjwtccf lfkmytqituj hfcibhtybz, f nfrét j njv, xnj jcnfdkztn ldthm jnrhsnjq lkz ghbtvf lheubö djpvjéysö rfylblfnjd, b åeltn hfåjnfnm c ybvb d hfvrfö ≤Gfhnythcndf dj bvz vbhf≥ b Cjdtnf tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjuj gfhnythcndf. Z levfñ, xnj gjckt njuj, rfr åeltn ghbyznj htitybt j ghbtvt gthdjq uheggs ujcelfhcnd – f z levfñ, xnj änj ghjbpjqltn r 1999 u. – djpybrytn ytjåöjlbvjcnm bpexbnm djghjc j njv, yfcrjkmrj ecgtiyj åsk ghjdtlty änjn ghjwtcc. Z levfñ, xnj dybvfybt åeltn jåhfotyj yf byntuhfwbñ änbö nhtö ujcelfhcnd d cjcnfd fkmzycf, f nfrét yf nt ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhst r änjve vjvtyne cjöhfyzn étkfybt dcnegbnm d fkmzyc. cf j pfnhfnfö, f pfntv ghtlcnfdbnm yfib dsdjls Ctyfne lkz hfnbabrfwbb. Z levfñ, xnj Ctyfn åeltn jxtym ghbcnfkmyj bpexfnm djghjc j njv, xnj jpyfxftn hfcibhtybt lkz fvthbrfycrbö yfkjujgkfntkmobrjd, lkz yfibö jnyjitybq c Hjccbtq, lkz ujcelfhcnd, yt gjkexbdibö ghbukfitybz yf gthdjv änfgt, f nfrét lkz gjdsitybz äaatrnbdyjcnb YFNJ; Ctyfn åeltn nfrét bpexfnm cdzpm vtéle hfcibhtybtv YFNJ b jgthfwbzvb, ghjdjlbvsvb d Åjcybb. Yj gjckt njuj, rfr Rjyuhtcc bpexbn änb djghjcs, z edthty, xnj jy ghjujkjcetn pf ghbtv änbö nhtö ujcelfhcnd – xtve, rjytxyj, åelen ghtlitcndjdfnm étcnrbt ltåfns. Pfntv vs åeltv ljåbdfnmcz hfnbabrfwbb änjuj htitybz dctvb jcnfkmysvb cjñpybrfvb. Nfrjt htitybt ljkéyj åsnm ghbyznj tlbyjukfcyj. DJGHJC: D xtv flvbybcnhfwbz ecvfnhbdftn ctqxfc ukfdyeñ ghjåktve c njxrb phtybz hfcibhtybz YFNJ? Z levfñ, xnj gthtl yfvb cnjbn pflfxf ljrfpfnm, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ dsujlyj lkz cfvjuj fkmzycf, lkz Tdhjgs b lkz åtpjgfcyjcnb Fvthbrb. Kexibv cgjcjåjv ljrfpfnm änj cnfytn ghbtv ujcelfhcnd d cjcnfd fkmzycf. B öjnz änjn ghjwtcc pfqvtn ytcrjkmrj ktn, z levfñ, xnj d bnjut cfv afrn dcnegktybz änbö ujcelfhcnd d fkmzyc lfcn edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnj änj dsujlyj yfv, yfibv cjñpybrfv b cfvjve fkmzyce. ¬ HJPYTH: D yfcnjzobq vjvtyn vs yföjlbvcz d ghjwtcct gthtujdjhjd j dcnegktybb c erfpfyysvb nhtvz ujcelfhcndfvb. Yfv ghtlcnjbn tot pfdthibnm änb gthtujdjhs. Yfv dvtcnt c yfibvb cjñpybrfvb gj YFNJ ghtlcnjbn pfdthibnm bpextybt djghj- 17 HFCIBHTYBT YFNJ: ÅTPHFCCELCNDJ BKB YTJÅÖJLBVJCNM? Ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF d YFNJ Hjåthn Öfynth D ghjwtcct hfcibhtybz YFNJ ≤vs cnhtvbvcz ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj änf jhufybpfwbz yt njkmrj yt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq euhjps yb jlyjq bp cnhfy, f yfjåjhjn, jåtcgtxbdftn dctv, rnj öjxtn hfåjnfnm c yfvb, ljcnjqyjt vtcnj yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt, pfzdbk gjcnjzyysq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF d Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjv cjdtnt≥, gjcjk Hjåthn Öfynth. Gj tuj vytybñ, hfcibhtybt YFNJ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤ytjåöjlbveñ ghtlgjcskre r ljcnbétybñ ghjxyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt≥. Ghbdjlbvfz ybét cnfnmz zdkztncz flfgnbhjdfyysv dfhbfynjv dscnegktybz Öfynthf d Xbrfucrjv cjdtnt gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv, rjnjhjt cjcnjzkjcm d ctynzåht. Rfrjt elbdbntkmyjt dhtvz gthtébdftn ctqxfc Jhufybpfwbz Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf^ Dtlm dctuj ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl dct öjhjybkb YFNJ; dvtcnt c Dfhifdcrbv ljujdjhjv tuj cjåbhfkbcm jnghfdbnm, rfr ujdjhbk Rfhk Vfhrc, ≤yf cdfkre bcnjhbb≥. Jlyfrj d yfcnjzott dhtvz z c åjkmibv eljdktndjhtybtv ljrkflsdfñ dfv, xnj cjñp YFNJ ≤ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn≥, jceotcndkzz cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm d eckjdbzö ghjxyjq gjllthérb änjq jhufybpfwbb cj cnjhjys dctö tt 16 xktyjd, nhtö cnhfy, gjkexbdibö ghbukfitybt djqnb d tt cjcnfd, b 24 lheubö cnhfy, exfcndeñobö d ghjuhfvvt ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥. ybnm änjn bcgsnfyysq b dthysq cjñp YFNJ. YFNJ gj-ghtéytve zdkztncz jgjhjq jlyjuj bp cfvsö eybrfkmysö ljcnbétybq d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf – 15 xktyjd Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjñpf cevtkb ljåbnmcz nfrjuj ytdblfyyjuj ghjuhtccf, rfr ecnhfytybt djqys bp jnyjitybq vtéle ybvb. Ntgthm ytdjpvjéyj ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt, xnjås Uthvfybz b tt cjctlb vjukb dyjdm hfpdzpfnm djqye, b ybrnj yt cjvytdftncz d velhjv htitybb cjöhfybnm b hfcibhbnm änj ≤tdhjgtqcrjt uhfélfycrjt ghjcnhfycndj≥, jlyjdhtvtyyj cnhtvbnm r njve, xnjås jödfnsdftvfz bv nthhbnjhbz cnfyjdbkfcm rfr vjéyj åjkmit b ceotcndjdfkf dctulf. YFNJ ébdtn b ghjwdtnftn, gjcrjkmre jyj ghjzdbkj ctåz – djn eét d rjnjhsq hfp – ytpfvtybvsv bycnbnenjv d eljdktndjhtybb gjnhtåyjcntq b bcgjkmpjdfybb djpvjéyjcntq endthéltybz åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt yt njkmrj d ysytiybq gthbjl, yj b gjckt gthtöjlf d yjdjt cnjktnbt. Ntgthm vs d YFNJ bvttv djpvjéyjcnm b ghjzdkztv xtcnjkñåbdjt étkfybt gjcntgtyyj hfcibhznm änj uhfélfycrjt ghjcnhfycndj yf Djcnjr, c ntv xnjås d ytuj djikb cnhfys, rjnjhst lj ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb yt vjukb b gjvsikznm j åeleotv, cdjåjlyjv jn gjcnjzyyj djpybrfñobö rjyakbrnjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp eét dsitk pf hfvrb cdjbö cnfhsö uhfybw, – lf, d änjv cvsckt vs eét ≤hfcibhbkbcm≥ – cjplfdfz gthcgtrnbde b lfdfz yfltéle yf endthéltybt åtpjgfcyjcnb yf nthhbnjhbb dctuj rjynbytynf, åtpjgfcyjcnb, rjnjhfz yf änjn hfp åeltn ghjxyjq b hfcghj- Dct 16 cjñpybrjd ghbikb r dsdjle j njv, xnj öjnzn jåtcgtxbdfnm cdjñ åtpjgfcyjcnm rjkktrnbdysvb ecbkbzvb, f yt d jlbyjxre, lfét ytcvjnhz yf bcxtpyjdtybt ghbxby bö dcnegktybz d änjn cjñp – öjkjlyjq djqys b Cjdtncrjuj cjñpf. Ybrnj yt öjxtn djpdhfofnmcz r cbcntvfv jåjhjys jnltkmysö yfwbjyfkmysö ujcelfhcnd; dct öjnzn cjöhf18 cnhfybncz yf dct cnhfys b yfhjls Tdhjgs, ujnjdst ghbyznm exfcnbt d änjv ghjwtcct. ytjåöjlbvsv. Dyjdm cjñpybrb cxbnfñn yfc bcnjxybrjv dljöyjdtybz, herjdjlcndf b ghbdthétyyjcnb jåotve ltke. Vs nfrét ghbpyfkb, xnj endthéltybt vbhf b åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt nhtåetn htdjkñwbjyyjuj gjlöjlf r Hjccbb, cnhfyt, celmåf rjnjhjq vjétn jrfpfnmcz jghtltkzñobv afrnjhjv åeleotuj Tdhjgs. Vs yt ljkéys jnyjcbnmcz r ytq rfr r ghjbuhfditq djqye gfhbb – yfgjljåbt Uthvfybb gjckt 1918 u., – f djcghbybvfnm tt rfr dtkbreñ cnhfye, bvtñoeñ pfrjyyjt ghfdj åsnm xfcnmñ Tdhjgs d gjkbnbxtcrjv, cjwbfkmyjv b ärjyjvbxtcrjv gkfyt, f nfrét d gkfyt åtpjgfcyjcnb, b hfccvfnhbdfnm tt rfr cnhfye, ctqxfc yfgjvbyfñoeñ Uthvfybñ gjckt 1945 u., rjnjhfz ntgthm ghtdhfnbkfcm d cdjåjlyeñ b ltvjrhfnbxtcreñ Atlthfkmyeñ Htcgeåkbre. Gjänjve yfc ytjåöjlbvj hfccvfnhbdfnm dct änb ghjåktvs jåcnjzntkmyj. Zcyj, xnj r ysytiytve gjrjktybñ fvthbrfywtd dyjdm jåhfofñncz c ghjcmåjq dpznm yf ctåz jghtltktyyst jåzpfyyjcnb, xnj lkz fvthbrfycrjuj yfhjlf ghbikj dhtvz cthmtpyj pflevfnmcz b ghbyznm jxtym dféyst htitybz. Änj ghfdbkmyj, evtcnyj b ytjåöjlbvj, gjcrjkmre, ghbybvfz htitybt nfrjuj vfcinfåf, vs ljkéys jgbhfnmcz yf dcñ yfie åjufneñ gjkbnbxtcreñ rekmnehe. Hfcibhtybt YFNJ... Xnj änj – åtphfccelcndj bkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm? Djghjc jnyñlm yt hbnjhbxtcrbq, b r ytve ytkmpz jnyjcbnmcz kturjvscktyyj. Lfdfqnt ghzvj gjcvjnhbv yf afrns: nj, xnj yfc ctqxfc ghjczn cltkfnm, f bvtyyj ghbyznm Dtyuhbñ, Gjkmie b Xticreñ Htcgeåkbre d YFNJ, åtcgjdjhjnyj cjtlbybn CIF c tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnmñ. Änj ghtlüzdbn yfv yjdst nhtåjdfybz b, ytcjvytyyj pfcnfdbn yfc ytcnb ljgjkybntkmyst hfcöjls. Änj pfcnfdbn yfc dpznm yf ctåz ljkujchjxyjt jåzpfntkmcndj gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb b cnfåbkmyjcnb Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs. Änj åeltn jpyfxfnm, xnj yfv ghbltncz cj dctq cthmtpyjcnmñ jnyjcbnmcz r jgfctybzv Hjccbb b gjcnfhfnmcz hfpdtznm bö. Yfrjytw, änj gjnhtåetn jn cjñpybrjd gj YFNJ cjjåof jåtcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkjétybt, ghb rjnjhjv dct ikj ås ghfdbkmyj, c ntv xnjås rfélfz cnhfyf d Nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjv ghjcnhfycndt, jödfnsdfñotv nthhbnjhbñ, rjnjhfz yfxbyftncz d Ctdthyjq Fvthbrt b ghjöjlbn xthtp dcñ Tdhfpbñ, gj rhfqytq vtht öjnz ås d rfrjqnj cntgtyb hfccxbnsdfkf yf ecgtö Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf. Vs öjnbv, xnjås c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb nt, rnj yföjlbncz d Xbrfuj, Ahfyraehnt, Dfhifdt, Ghfut, Åelfgtint, Åeöfhtcnt b ujcelfhcndfö Åfknbb – b, yt elbdkzqntcm, d Rbtdt b Vjcrdt – vjukb ås crfpfnm, xnj ltzntkmyjcnm YFNJ cltkfkf bö åeleott åjktt åtpjgfcysv. D nj ét dhtvz YFNJ dpzkjcm pf htitybt pflfxb gjkjébnm rjytw cfvjq cthmtpyjq b ghjljkébntkmyjq cj dhtvtyb Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys djjheétyyjq åjhmåt d Tdhjgt, rjnjhfz ctqxfc dtltncz d Åjcybb, b gjcnhjbnm vjcn jn Cfhftdj 1914 u. lj Cfhftdj 1997 u. B YFNJ dyjdm ljrfpsdftn, xnj jyj bvttn lkz CIF juhjvyjt pyfxtybt yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt. Vs eét lfdyj cnfkb tdhjgtqcrjq lthéfdjq d cvsckt yflktéfotuj jnhfétybz yfibö cnhfntubxtcrbö, gjkbnbxtcrbö b ärjyjvbxtcrbö bynthtcjd, f nfrét yfibö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö wtyyjcntq b wtktecnhtvktyyjcnb. Gjkfufñ, xnj vs, fvthbrfyws, bvttv tlbyjt vytybt gj änjve djghjce, b yfif ghjljkéfñofzcz ghbdthétyyjcnm YFNJ zdkztncz rdbynäcctywbtq dshfétybz änbö ljkujchjxysö bynthtcjd b ytghtöjlzobö wtyyjcntq. Vyt ghbyjcbn eljdktndjhtybt njn afrn, xnj rfélsq xkty Rjyuhtccf, gjctnbdibq YFNJ, rjulf z yföjlbkcz nfv, ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, r rfrjq bp ldeö gfhnbq jy ghbyflktéfk, dshféfk gjllthére ghjljkéfñotvecz frnbdyjve exfcnbñ CIF d ltkfö tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. D nj ét dhtvz yf änjv rjynbytynt gjljåyjt frnbdyjt exfcnbt tot hfp åskj ghbpyfyj ébpytyyj Tckb vs öjnbv, xnjås dct ghjikj öjhjij, vs ljkéys gjkmpjdfnmcz djpvjéyjcnzvb, 19 rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkztn yfv bcnjhbz. D yfcnjzott dhtvz e yfc tcnm ifyc ghjnzyenm here cjnyzv vbkkbjyjd kñltq, rjnjhst nfr ljkuj vexfkbcm d eckjdbzö rjvveybcnbxtcrjq nbhfybb b cjdtncrjuj ujcgjlcndf, jnhtpfyyst jn ljcnbuitq pfgflyjq ltvjrhfnbb, ljcnbuitq pf gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz dctvthyjuj hfpdbnbz, b htpekmnfnjd gjnhzcfñotuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ghjuhtccf. E yfc tcnm ifyc gjvjxm d kbrdblfwbb ghjhsdjd, zdbdiböcz htpekmnfnjv yt jlyjq, f nhtö hfpheibntkmysö tdhjgtqcrbö djqy ysytiytuj cnjktnbz. Yfv ghtljcnfdkztncz yb xnj byjt, rfr eybrfkmyfz djpvjéyjcnm dj dnjhjq hfp pfdthibnm hfåjne, yfxfneñ Gkfyjv Vfhifkkf, b cjltqcndjdfnm gjcnhjtybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö, ghjwdtnfñobö b ébdeobö d eckjdbzö åtpjgfcyjcnb cnhfy dj dctq Tdhjgt, rjnjhst yf änjn hfp yt åelen jnhtpfys jn jcnfkmyjuj vbhf étktpysv pfyfdtcjv. kfynbxtcrjve cjñpe. Ghb änjv jnåbhfkbcm cnhfys, cxbnfñobtcz yfbåjktt gjlujnjdktyysvb lkz ghbyznbz yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnb, jåeckjdktyyjq xktycndjv d YFNJ, b bvtdibvb yfbåjkmieñ dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj gfhkfvtyns 16 cnhfy jljåhzn bö dcnegktybt d äne jhufybpfwbñ. D yfcnjzott dhtvz vs dtltv c ybvb gthtujdjhs j gjlgbcfybb ljrevtynjd jå bö ghbcjtlbytybb r Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjve cjñpe; d cktleñotv ujle änb ljrevtyns gjcnegzn d gfhkfvtyns b d ckexft hfnbabrfwbb, – cñlf döjlbn b gjkextybt ldeö nhtntq ujkjcjd d Ctyfnt CIF – egjvzyenst gthdst yjdst cnhfysxktys ghbcjtlbyzncz r Cjñpe yf dcnhtxt YFNJ yf dscitv ehjdyt, rjnjhfz cjcnjbncz fghtkt 1999 u. d Dfibyunjyt b åeltn gjcdzotyf 50-ktnbñ YFNJ. D nj ét dhtvz yf Vflhblcrjq dcnhtxt cjñpybrb ljcnbukb ljujdjhtyyjcnb j njv, xnjås jcnfdbnm ldthb YFNJ jnrhsnsvb lkz dcnegktybz d ytuj yjdsö cnhfy. Änb ldf htitybz j xktycndt b jcnfdktybb ldthtq YFNJ jnrhsnsvb lkz ghbyznbz d tuj cjcnfd yjdsö xktyjd ntcyj cdzpfys vtéle cjåjq; jåf jyb yfghfdktys yf ecnhfytybt hfpvtétdfybq d Tdhjgt b cjplfybt gjkjétybz, bcrkñxfñotuj gjzdktybt yjdsö hfpltkbntkmysö kbybq yf änjv rjynbytynt. C njxrb phtybz CIF ldthb YFNJ ljkéys jcnfdfnmcz jnrhsnsvb lj ntö gjh, gjrf ceotcndeñn tdhjgtqcrbt ujcelfhcndf, ujnjdst b étkfñobt dpznm yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm, jåeckjdktyyeñ xktycndjv d änjq jhufybpfwbb. Gjrf xnj yt ghbyznj htitybz j njv, rfrbt cnhfys åelen ghbyzns d YFNJ d cktleñoeñ jxthtlm b rjulf änj ghjbpjqltn. Jlyfrj ndthlfz ghbdthétyyjcnm dpznsv yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndfv yfkbwj. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, YFNJ ghbcnegbkj r cdjtve jåyjdktybñ. C änjq wtkmñ ysytiytq dtcyjq d ntxtybt 44 pfvtxfntkmysö lytq herjdjlbntkb cnhfy xktyjd YFNJ ghbybvfkb frnbdyjt exfcnbt d wtkjv hzlt gjhfpbntkmysö vthjghbznbq, yfxbyfz c gjlgbcfybz d Gfhbét Jcyjdjgjkfufñotuj Frnf YFNJHjccbz b rjyxfz dcnhtxtq 43 ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd yf bcnjhbxtcrjv cfvvbnt YFNJ d Vflhblt. Gj pfdthitybb änjq hfåjns YFNJ ghtnthgtkj cfvst ukeåjrbt ghtjåhfpjdfybz c vjvtynf cjplfybz änjq jhufybpfwbb 50 ktn yfpfl. Änj zdbkjcm ghzvsv htpekmnfnjv herjdjlzotq ltzntkmyjcnb Ghtpbltynf Rkbynjyf b ghjljkétybtv dsgjkytybz htitybq Åhñcctkmcrjq dcnhtxb yf dscitv ehjdyt 1994 u. YFNJ ghjdjlbkj frnbdyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm d djcmvb hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö, ghbxtv ljcnbétybz d jlyjq bp jåkfcntq erhtgkzkb gjkjétybt dj dctö jcnfkmysö, b dct dvtcnt jyb cjplfdfkb xtnreñ b gjcktljdfntkmyeñ jcyjde lkz endthéltybz tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Ntv yt vtytt, herjdjlbntkb cnhfy YFNJ yt jcnfyfdkbdfñncz yf ljcnbuyenjv. Nhb ujlf yfpfl änf jhufybpfwbz ghbcnegbkf r jceotcndktybñ jlyjq bp cdjbö cfvsö ecgtiysö bybwbfnbd – ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥. Änf ghjuhfvvf djdktrftn d cathe ltzntkmyjcnb b rheu vthjghbznbq YFNJ 27 cnhfy bp Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs, Erhfbye b Hjccbñ, f nfrét hzl cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fpbb. Lkz ntö ytcrjkmrbö cnhfy, rjnjhst cnhtvzncz D bñkt d Vflhblt 16 ukfd ujcelfhcnd b ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy YFNJ ljcnbukb ljujdjhtyyjcnb j njv, xnjås ghtlkjébnm gthdsv nhtv cnhfyfv ghbcjtlbybnmcz r Ctdthjfn20 dcnegbnm d YFNJ, GBV, rfr vs yfpsdftv äne ghjuhfvve, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ghjvtéenjxysq änfg yf genb r xktycnde d YFNJ, cdjtuj hjlf gjkbujy lkz dcnegktybz d Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp, gthtöjlyeñ cnflbñ, gjpdjkzñoeñ pfhfytt gjlujnjdbnmcz r xktycnde d änjq jhufybpfwbb, c ntv xnjås, rjulf Ctyfn CIF cghjcbn cjjndtncndeñobt cnhfys jå bö ujnjdyjcnb r dcnegktybñ d YFNJ, jyb vjukb lfnm gjkjébntkmysq jndtn. Xnj rfcftncz ntö cnhfy, rjnjhst yt dcnegfñn d YFNJ bkb gj rhfqytq vtht yt jrféencz d xbckt gthdsö rfylblfnjd, nj GHV ghtlkfuftn bv gjcnjzyyjt frnbdyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt c yfvb, rjnjhjt drkñxftn d ctåz gjxnb dcñ hfåjne, rjnjhjq pfybvfñncz cjñpybrb. Yf cfvjv ltkt 14 bp änbö gfhnythjd d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghbybvfñn exfcnbt d Cbkfö gj cnfåbkbpfwbb d Åjcybb, dyjcz cdjq drkfl d gjllthéfybt nfv vbhf yfhfdyt c kñåjq cnhfyjq, zdkzñotqcz xktyjv YFNJ. pfctlfybt d Ymñ-Qjhrt yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd, yf rjnjhjv ghbcnegbk r hfphfåjnrt cdjtq hfåjxtq ghjuhfvvs. Gjcktlyzz ghb yfkbxbb ljåhjq djkb b gjkjébntkmysö ecbkbq c jåtbö cnjhjy vjétn gththfcnb d cnhfntubxtcrjt gfhnythcndj, jndtxfñott bynthtcfv jåtbö cnjhjy b jlyjdhtvtyyj jåtcgtxbdfñott gjkyeñ pfobne bynthtcjd dctö lheubö cnhfy. Lj cbö gjh nhelyj ctåt ghtlcnfdbnm, xnj d yfcnjzott dhtvz 1300 hjccbqcrbö djtyyjckeéfobö yföjlzncz d Åjcybb, ult ltqcndeñn d cjcnfdt herjdjlbvsö YFNJ Cbk gj cnfåbkbpfwbb. Fvthbrfycrbt b hjccbqcrbt djtyyjckeéfobt jceotcndkzñn cjdvtcnyjt gfnhekbhjdfybt, ecbkbdfz ltqcndbz lheu lheuf. Nfrjuj yt åskj c njuj dhtvtyb, rfr gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys hfcgfkfcm fynbubnkthjdcrfz rjfkbwbz. Rhjvt njuj, YFNJ ecnfyjdbkj jnyjitybz jcjåjuj gfhnythcndf c Erhfbyjq gjchtlcndjv gjlgbcfybz Öfhnbb, ghbpyfñotq ne ébpytyyj dféyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ buhftn änf cnhfyf d cfvjv cthlwt Tdhjgs, xnj zdkztncz htifñotq ghjdthrjq dctö gjcnfdktyysö yfvb gthtl cjåjq wtktq. Dvtcnt c ntv, YFNJ yfgjkybkj ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥ åjufnsv gjkbnbxtcrbv cjlthéfybtv gentv cjplfybz yjdjuj Cjdtnf Tdhjfnkfynbxtcrjuj gfhnythcndf, gjpdjkzñotuj döjlzobv d ytuj 43 cnhfyfv-xktyfv jrfpsdfnm gjvjom d jghtltktybb yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb GBV b ljdtltybb cdjbö pfåjn b ghjåktv lj cdtltybz Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf. Yjdjt YFNJ nfrét rjhtyysv jåhfpjv vtyztn vtnjls cdjtq hfåjns, c ntv xnjås jndtxfnm cfvsv hfpyjjåhfpysv djtyysv nhtåjdfybzv yjdjuj dtrf. Vs cjåbhftvcz yf ldt nhtnb cjrhfnbnm xbckj infåjd, ddjlbv yjdst vtnjls jhufybpfwbb djjheétyysö cbk, ghtlyfpyfxtyysö lkz gjllthéfybz vbhf b ehtuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd, f nfrét cjplftv yjdst chtlcndf eghfdktybz änbvb djqcrfvb. Jlyfrj ghb änjv vs jåtcgtxbdftv nfrjt gjkjétybt, ghb rjnjhjv Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp gj-ghtéytve åsk ås d cjcnjzybb cghfdbnmcz c kñåjq gjntywbfkmyjq djtyyjq euhjpjq b ghb rjnjhjv hfcibhtybt YFNJ gjpdjkzkj ås änjq jhufybpfwbb cjöhfybnm tt ysytiyññ äaatrnbdyjcnm. Jlyfrj, gjéfkeq, cfvsv pfvtxfntkmysv ljrevtynjv zdkztncz Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq Frn YFNJ-Hjccbz. Jy lftn gjcktlyññ djpvjéyjcnm d gjkyjv jåütvt ghbybvfnm exfcnbt d ltkfö tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d njv ckexft, tckb änf cnhfyf gjljåyj dctv lheubv ujcelfhcndfv åeltn buhfnm gj ghfdbkfv. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn jåtcgtxbdftn gjkyeñ pfobne cgjcjåyjcnb YFNJ r ghbyznbñ cdjbö cjåcndtyysö htitybq b cjöhfytybñ cdjbö jcyjdysö öfhfrnthbcnbr b aeyrwbq jåjhjybntkmyjuj cjñpf; rhjvt njuj, egjvzyensq ljrevtyn ghtlecvfnhbdftn ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy rjycekmnfnbdysö vthjghbznbq, cjnhelybxtcndf b, yt elbdkzqntcm, lfét cjdvtcnysö ltqcndbq c Hjccbtq. D ctynzåht ytlfdyj cjplfyysq Cjdvtcnysq gjcnjzyysq cjdtn YFNJ-Hjccbz ghjdtk cdjt Yfrjytw, vs d YFNJ jnrkbryekbcm yf étkfybt yfibö tdhjgtqcrbö cjñpybrjd dpznm yf ctåz åjkmieñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jåjhjye b åjkmieñ ljkñ hfcöjljd gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb d hfvrfö yjdjq Tdhjgtqcrjq cjcnfdkzñotq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhj21 ys. Dgthdst e Pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrjuj cjñpf gjzdbncz djpvjéyjcnm ghjdtltybz cfvjcnjzntkmysö djtyysö jgthfwbq c jgjhjq yf gjvjom YFNJ. Ghb änjv dvtcnj ceotcndjdfdituj hfytt cjgthybxtcndf ghb ecnfyjdktybb nhfycfnkfynbxtcrbö cdzptq gjcktlybt åelen erhtgkznmcz. cnfdkztn cjåjq euhjps yb jlyjq bp cnhfy, f yfjåjhjn, jåtcgtxbdftn dctv, rnj öjxtn hfåjnfnm c yfvb, ljcnjqyjt vtcnj yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfcibhtybt YFNJ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytjåöjlbveñ ghtlgjcskre ljcnbétybz ghjxyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt. Yj hfpdt änj njét åtphfccelcndj? Änj åskj ås åtphfccelysv, tckb ås yfv yt elfkjcm jceotcndbnm pflevfyyjuj cj dctvb tuj dpfbvjcdzpfyysvb fcgtrnfvb; tckb öjnz ås d jlyjq cnhfyt yfv yt elfkjcm ås ljåbnmcz hfnbabrfwbb ljrevtynjd j ghbcjtlbytybb; tckb ås yfv yt elfkjcm jåtcgtxbnm yfkbxbt cjjndtncndeñobö htcehcjd – cfvsö crhjvysö htcehcjd, – ytjåöjlbvsö lkz gjllthéfybz cbks YFNJ bkb, tckb ås yfv yt elfkjcm yf ghfrnbrt jceotcndbnm gthcgtrnbde, ktéfoeñ d jcyjdt dctö yfibö ysytiybö ecnhtvktybq – cjplfnm ghjxyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm d Tdhjgt yf gthbjl dctuj 21-uj cnjktnbz, rjnjhfz vjukf ås gjvjxm yfv djccnfyjdbnm cghfdtlkbdjcnm, enthzyyeñ d öjlt étcnjrjq bcnjhbb 20-uj dtrf. Djn njulf änj ltqcndbntkmyj åskj ås ghjdfkjv b åtphfccelcndjv. Gj vjtve vytybñ, bvtyyj yf änjv ajyt yfv cktletn hfccvfnhbdfnm djghjc j hfcibhtybb YFNJ, ghtlcnfdkzñotuj cjåjq ifu yf genb cjplfybz dctjåütvkñotq cnhernehs åtpjgfcyjcnb, yfljkuj cjöhfyzñotq cdjñ ghjxyjcnm, gjcrjkmre gjljåyfz cnhernehf jndtxftn pfrjyysv gjnhtåyjcnzv dctö cnhfy, frnbdyj exfcndeñobö d tdhjgtqcrbö ltkfö. Ghtljcnfdkzz yjdsv cnhfyfv xktycndj d Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjv cjñpt, vs ghtcktletv lfktrj bleoeñ wtkm lfnm cnhfyfv Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs djpvjéyjcnm gjrjyxbnm c ghjiksv, ghjiksv njuj cnjktnbz, d rjnjhjv ytedthtyyjcnm b ytcnfåbkmyjcnm xfcnj ghbdjlbkb änb – b vyjubt lheubt – cnhfys r rjyakbrnfv b nhfutlbzv. Vs cnhtvbvcz r njve, xnjås gjkjébnm rjytw cjgthybxtcnde, yfghfdktyyjve yf ljcnbétybt ujcgjlcndeñotuj gjkjétybz d änjv htubjyt b pfödfne rjynhjkz yfl ybv, c ntv xnjås änb cnhfys, ljkujt dhtvz ckeébdibt jåütrnfvb gjkbnbrb c gjpbwbb cbks, vjukb cnfnm ceåütrnfvb – b öjpztdfvb – cdjtq cjåcndtyyjq celmås. Vs cnfhftvcz lfnm änbv kñlzv dyenhtyyññ edthtyyjcnm åtcghtgzncndtyyj ghtlghbybvfnm ecbkbz, yfghfdktyyst yf djccjtlbytybt c Pfgfljv, erhtgktybt cdjbö yjdsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, cjplfybt d ybö hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb, gjcnhjtybt cdjtq ébpyb b ébpyb cdjbö ctvtq d cjjndtncndbb c cjåcndtyysvb ecnhtvktybzvb. B d öjlt änjuj ghjwtccf vs gsnftvcz ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj YFNJ yt ghtl- Jlyfrj z edthty, xnj vs ljåmtvcz ecgtöf, – d xfcnyjcnb, z edthty d njv, xnj yfhjl Fvthbrb drkñxbncz d pfdthitybt hfåjns, yfxfnjq gjkdtrf yfpfl Gkfyjv Vfhifkkf b cjplfybtv YFNJ. Gj cenb ltkf vs dct frnbdyj drkñxbkbcm d äne hfåjne. Gthtl dctvb yfvb ctqxfc cnjzn nhelyst pflfxb, yt vtytt nhelyst, xtv pflfxb, c rjnjhsvb ghbikjcm cnjkryenmcz cvtksv b lfkmyjdblysv herjdjlbntkzv 50 ktn yfpfl. Bcffr Ymñnjy rfr-nj crfpfk, xnj jy ≤cnjbn yf gktxfö ubufynjd≥. Vs njét cnjbv yf gktxfö ubufynjd, b z edthty, xnj, rjulf xthtp 50 ktn vs jrfétvcz gthtl celjv bcnjhbb, åeleott gjrjktybt cjxntn, xnj vs c xtcnmñ dslthéfkb änj bcgsnfybt. ¬ 22 LKZ GJLLTHÉFYBZ ÉBPYTCGJCJÅYJCNB CTDTHJFNKFYNBXTCRJUJ CJÑPF YTJÅÖJLBVS YJDST HTCEHCS Bynthdmñ c jncnfdysv utythfkjv Fhvbb CIF Léjhlétv Léjekdfyjv Léjekdfy ujdjhbn, xnj ghbyznbt d YFNJ yjdsö frnbdysö xktyjd bp cnhfntubxtcrb dféyjuj htubjyf Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs ekexibn åtpjgfcyjcnm CIF b bö cjñpybrjd. Jncnfdyjq utythfk fhvbb, rjnjhsq lj bñkz änjuj ujlf åsk Dthöjdysv ukfdyjrjvfyleñobv jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt, gjkfuftn, xnj Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz b Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf ≤ghbdytcen cdtébq leö b äythubñ, xnjås jébdbnm fkmzyc d hfvrfö tuj gjlujnjdrb r dcnegktybñ d ÖÖÈ dtr≥. Bynthdmñ c Léjekdfyjv dpzkf rjhhtcgjyltyn ÑCBF Létrb Gjhn. DJGHJC: Gjxtve ds gjkfuftnt, xnj YFNJ, LÉJEKDFY: Dyenhtyyzz flfgnfwbz fkmzy- rfr ds crfpfkb, zdkztncz yfbåjktt ecgtiysv djtyysv fkmzycjv d bcnjhbb? cf c yfbåjkmitq jxtdblyjcnmñ, levfñ, ghjzdkztncz d yfitq djtyyjq cnherneht. Ukfdyjt rjvfyljdfybt jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt, r ghbvthe, cjrhfnbkj xbckj gjlxbytyysö tve htubjyjd c xtnshtö lj nhtö. Yf 25 ghjwtynjd cjrhfotys rflhs. Hfwbjyfkbpbhjdfyf rjvfylyfz b cbkjdfz cnhernehs. LÉJEKDFY: Gj vyjubv ghbxbyfv. Ghtélt dctuj, YFNJ ljrfpfkj cdjñ cbke rfr gjkbnbxtcrfz b djtyyfz jhufybpfwbz dctv ntv, xnj jyj ltkfkj d yfxfkt 40-ö ujljd, xnj cgjcjåcndjdfkj jrjyxfybñ öjkjlyjq djqys, gfltybñ Åthkbycrjq cntys b ≤étktpyjuj pfyfdtcf≥, djccjtlbytybñ Uthvfybb b cvthnb rjvveybpvf d Tdhjgt. Vs nfrét exbnsdftv d yfitq hfåjnt d Infåt dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt Tdhjgtqcreñ cjcnfdkzñoeñ tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhjys (TCTÅJ). Yfghbvth, xtnshtöpdtplysv yfxfkmybrjv infåf ghb dthöjdyjv ukfdyjrjvfyleñotv jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ dctulf åsk fvthbrfytw. Ntgthm änj ytvtw. Yfxfkmybrjv jåütlbytyyjuj b cjdvtcnyjuj infåf gkfybhjdfybz zdkztncz nhtöpdtplysq utythfk-ujkkfyltw. Herjdjlbntkm Uheggs gj rjjhlbyfwbb gfhnythcndf – ldeöpdtplysq utythfk bp Lfybb. Nfr xnj tdhjgtqcrbt jabwths buhfñn dct åjktt dféyeñ hjkm d rjvfylyjq cnherneht fkmzycf. B dyenhtyyzz flfgnfwbz fkmzycf åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz. Yfxbyfz c 1989 u. fkmzyc ghbcgjcfåkbdftncz r htfkbzv cjdhtvtyyjq Tdhjgs. Jlby bp cthmtpysö afrnjhjd nfv zdkztncz ytcnfåbkmyjcnm. B YFNJ htfubhetn nfrbv jåhfpjv, rjnjhsq erfpsdftn yf tuj ubårjcnm b ytjåöjlbvjcnm tuj cjöhfytybz d ÖÖÈ dtrt. Ybult änj yt ghjzdkztncz c åjkmitq jxtdblyjcnmñ, xtv d Åjcybb. Fkmzyc, ghjdtlz hzl dcnhtx yf dscitv ehjdyt, dpzk yf ctåz yjdst vbccbb, jceotcndbk rfr dyenhtyyññ, nfr b dytiyññ flfgnfwbñ b dgthdst d bcnjhbb yfghfdbk djqcrf d Åjcybñ, xnjås ghbdtcnb d bcgjkytybt vbhyjt cjukfitybt, jåtcgtxbd nfrbv jåhfpjv cnfåbkmyjcnm d änjv dtcmvf dphsdjjgfcyjv hfqjyt Tdhjgs. DJGHJC: Yt vjukb ås ds ytvyjuj hfccrf- Vs nfrét hfccvfnhbdftv rjywtgwbñ cjdvtcnyjq jåütlbytyyjq jgthfnbdyj-nfrnb- pfnm j dyenhtyytq flfgnfwbb? 23 xtcrjq uheggs, ghb rjnjhjq vs vjukb ås ckbnm rjvfylyj-eghfdktyxtcrbt infås. Jyb vjukb ås aeyrwbjybhjdfnm gjl gfnhjyfétv YFNJ bkb rfrjq-kbåj lheujq jhufybpfwbb – yfghbvth PTC, Pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrjuj cjñpf – ghb ghjdtltybb jgthfwbb, rjnjhfz åeltn yjcbnm ghtélt dctuj tdhjgtqcrbq öfhfrnth. Änf flfgnfwbz xhtpdsxfqyj dféyf gj vtht njuj, rfr YFNJ ghbcgjcfåkbdftncz r ctujlyziybv b pfdnhfiybv htfkbzv. YFNJ d Tdhjgt. Yfxbyfz c jrnzåhz 1995 u., pfvtcnbntktv dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt gj rjvfyljdfybñ hjccbqcrbvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb d Åjcybb zdkztncz heccrbq. D htpekmnfnt änjq ljujdjhtyyjcnb hjccbqcrbt djtyyjckeéfobt hfåjnfñn d Åjcybb åjr j åjr c fvthbrfycrbvb b yfnjdcrbvb cbkfvb, gfnhekbheñn cnhfntubxtcrbq Gjcjdbycrbq rjhbljh b tétlytdyj dpfbvjltqcndeñn lheu c lheujv d cdzpb, vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjv cyfåétybb b nfrnbxtcrjq gjlujnjdrt. D htpekmnfnt änjuj cjnhelybxtcndf d vft änjuj ujlf d Gfhbét åsk gjlgbcfy Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq frn YFNJ-Hjccbz, rjnjhsq jnrhsdftn åjkmibt gthcgtrnbds yf åeleott. DJGHJC: Rfr ghjöjlbn dytiyzz flfgnfwbz? LÉJEKDFY: Tcnm ldf jcyjdysö djghjcf. Gthdsq – ghjuhfvvf ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥ (GBV), rjnjhfz cnfkf htpekmnfnjv cfvvbnf ukfd ujcelfhcnd d zydfht 1994 u. Änj åskj gjgsnrf fkmzycf fgtkkbhjdfnm r åsdibv ghjnbdybrfv b ytghbcjtlbybdibvcz ujcelfhcndfv, b epyfnm, vjétv kb vs cjjåof hfphfåfnsdfnm jåobt cnfylfhns, ghjwtlehs b ljrnhbye lkz dsgjkytybz cjdvtcnysö vbccbq d åeleotv. Ybrnj njulf yt pyfk, xnj änjq ntjhbb åeltn ceéltyj htfkbpjdfnm ctåz d Åjcybb. Änf ghjuhfvvf djtyyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf åskf jlyjq bp vjbö yfbåjktt ghbjhbntnysö pflfx. B jyf jrfpfkfcm xhtpdsxfqyj ecgtiyjq: ntgthm d ghjuhfvvt ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥ exfcndeñn 27 ujcelfhcnd; 25 yfghfdbkb cdjbö jabwthjd cdzpb d Infå dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt d Vjyct (Åtkmubz). Änj ltkftn Infå dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d Tdhjgt rhegytqitq vyjujyfwbjyfkmyjq infå-rdfhnbhjq d vbht. YFNJ b yfib gfhnyths ghjdjlzn 15 rhegyjvfcinfåysö cjdvtcnysö extybq, f nfrét exfcndeñn d cjnyzö ctvbyfhjd, hfåjxbö uhegg b lheubö ajhvfö cjnhelybxtcndf. Vs ldbétvcz jn rjyahjynfwbb öjkjlyjq djqys r cjnhelybxtcnde b lbfkjue. B änj yfv elftncz. DJGHJC: Rfrbt tot djtyyst flfgnfwbb bkb bpvtytybz ljkéty ghtlghbyznm fkmzyc, xnjås ghjdtcnb cdjt hfcibhtybt, rhjvt ntö, j rjnjhsö ds eét hfccrfpfkb? LÉJEKDFY: Gj cenb ltkf, ljkéyj ghjbpjqnb cktleñott: ujcelfhcndf, ghbyznst d xktys YFNJ, ljkéys rfr vjéyj crjhtt åsnm drkñxtys d byntuhbhjdfyyeñ cnhernehe ghjnbdjdjpleiyjq jåjhjys YFNJ. Änj, yf vjq dpukzl, zdkztncz jlyjq bp gthdjcntgtyysö pflfx. Rhjvt njuj, ljkéys åsnm cjplfys cbcntvs cdzpb, b frnbdbpbhjdfyf gjlujnjdrf rflhjd d wtkzö crjhtqituj ghbdtltybz yjdsö ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd YFNJ d cjjndtncndbt cj cnfylfhnfvb YFNJ. DJGHJC: Rfrbv jåhfpjv yjdst xktys YFNJ cvjuen ekexibnm dsgjkytybt fvthbrfycrbö nhtåjdfybq r åtpjgfcyjcnb? LÉJEKDFY: Z cxbnfñ, xnj ghtlgjkfuftvst yjdst xktys YFNJ: Dtyuhbz, Gjkmif b Xtöbz – yföjlzncz d cnhfntubxtcrb dféyjq xfcnb Tdhjgs. Änj njn åeath, rjnjhsq ceotcndjdfk vtéle Uthvfybtq b Hjccbtq yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbq, b yf ghjnzétybb cnjktnbq d änjv htubjyt dtkbcm djqys: njkmrj d yfitv dtrt ldt vbhjdsö djqys, eytcibt ébpyb vbkkbjyjd b vbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr b ghbxbybdibt eothå cnjbvjcnmñ d nhbkkbjys ljkkfhjd. Gjänjve ddtltybt änbö ujcelfhcnd d fkmzyc erhtgkztn yt Lheujt yfghfdktybt dytiytq flfgnfwbz – änj yfit cjnhelybxtcndj c heccrbvb. Jyj zdkzkjcm jlybv bp jcyjdysö yfghfdktybq vjtq xtnshtöktnytq ltzntkmyjcnb d ljkéyjcnb dthöjdyjuj ukfdyjrjvfyleñotuj jåütlbytyysvb djjheétyysvb cbkfvb 24 njkmrj åtpjgfcyjcnm CIF, yj b åtpjgfcyjcnm YFNJ. xnj jyb åelen gjkyjghfdysvb, frnbdysvb b gjktpysvb xktyfvb YFNJ. Rhjvt njuj, änb cnhfys bvtñn djjheétyyst cbks, rjnjhst cj dhtvtytv jåtcgtxfn wtyyst htcehcs lkz fkmzycf, b jyb eét ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb, xnj jyb étkfñn hfpltkznm yt njkmrj yfib wtyyjcnb b bltfks d hfvrfö fkmzycf, yj b hbcrb, yfghfdkznm cdjbö djtyyjckeéfobö d Åjcybñ. Rhjvt njuj, z gjkfufñ, xnj änb ujcelfhcndf ghbdytcen cdtébq leö b äythubñ, xnjås jébdbnm fkmzyc d hfvrfö tuj gjlujnjdrb r dcnegktybñ d ÖÖÈ dtr. DJGHJC: Rhbnbrb hfcibhtybz YFNJ en- dthélfñn, xnj ddtltybt d YFNJ yjdsö xktyjd vjukj ås d rjytxyjv cxtnt kbibnm fkmzyc tuj bcrjyyjq ghbhjls. Rfrjdf dfif njxrf phtybz? LÉJEKDFY: Änj njn djghjc, rjnjhsq ljkéty jåceélfnmcz d ntxtybt åeleotuj ujlf bkb ldeö. Yj dtlm ghjbpjikj ét hfcibhtybt fkmzycf d 1951 u. E yfc åskj 12 ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd, rjulf gthdsv dthöjdysv ukfdyjrjvfyleñobv åsk utythfk Äqptyöfeäh. D ntxtybt gjcktleñobö 30 ktn vs hfcibhbkbcm lj 16 ujcelfhcnd. Nfr xnj hfcibhtybt ghjbcöjlbkj b d ghjikjv. Z gjkfufñ, ceotcndeñn dtcmvf ndthlst cnhfntubxtcrbt ghbxbys lkz ghbyznbz d xktys YFNJ ntö ujcelfhcnd, rfylblfnehs rjnjhsö åskb cjukfcjdfys d Vflhblt (d bñkt): Gjkmib, Dtyuhbb b Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb. Tot 12 ujcelfhcnd jåhfnbkbcm c ghjcmåjq j dcnegktybb d xktys YFNJ, nfr xnj fkmzyce b pfbynthtcjdfyysv cedthtyysv ujcelfhcndfv ytjåöjlbvj ghjljkéfnm lbfkju, f pfntv ghbyznm gjkbnbxtcrjt htitybt j njv, crjkmrj tot ljkéyj ghjljkéfnmcz änj hfcibhtybt. DJGHJC: Zdkztncz kb hfcibhtybt YFNJ djtyyjq ytjåöjlbvjcnmñ? LÉJEKDFY: Z cxbnfñ, xnj lf. Z gjkfufñ, xnj drkñxtybt d fkmzyc änjq cnhfntubxtcrb dféyjq xfcnb Tdhjgs erhtgbn cnfåbkmyjcnm b hfcibhbn djpvjéyjcnb lkz bydtcnbwbq d Djcnjxyjq b Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, vs nfrét ljåmtvcz ghjuhtccf yf genb r ltvjrhfnbb. D rjywt rjywjd, hfphfåjnfyysq 50 ktn njve yfpfl gkfy Vfhifkkf drkñxfk d ctåz yt njkmrj Pfgflyeñ Tdhjge, yj b Djcnjxyeñ Tdhjge b – lfét d nj dhtvz – Cjdtncrbq Cjñp. Gjänjve änj dj vyjujv cjjndtncndetn vtxnt Vfhifkkf, rjnjhjq eét bcgjkybkjcm gjkdtrf. Ltqcndbntkmyj, yf vjq dpukzl, cnfåbkmyjcnm d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt jåtcgtxbdftn Hjccbb åtpjgfcyjcnm yf tt pfgflyjv akfyut. DJGHJC: Ytjåöjlbvj kb hfcibhtybt YFNJ lkz erhtgktybz jnyjitybq dyenhb Fnkfynbxtcrjuj cjjåotcndf? DJGHJC: Ds rhfnrj eét rjcyekbcm änjuj, yj yt vjukb ås ds åjktt gjlhjåyj jghtltkbnm djtyyst gjcktlcndbz dcnegktybz d YFNJ lkz Gjkmib, Dtyuhbb b Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb? LÉJEKDFY: Z gjkfufñ, xnj hfcibhtybt zdkztncz pfrjyjvthysv cktlcndbtv cjåsnbq, rjnjhst ghjbpjikb d 1989 b 1990 uu. Vs yt vjétv jnrfpfnm d xktycndt ntv ujcelfhcndfv, rjnjhst pf gjcktlybt 40–50 ktn vyjubv gjéthndjdfkb hflb cdjåjls b rjnjhst nfrét cvjuen dytcnb åjkmijq drkfl d åeleoeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm Tdhjgs. LÉJEKDFY: Z gjkfufñ, änj ekexibn åtpjgfcyjcnm dctö nhtö ujcelfhcnd, änj jxtdblyj, yj dj dhtvz vjbö åtctl c gjkbnbxtcrbvb b djtyysvb herjdjlbntkzvb änbö nhtö cnhfy jyb lfdfkb vyt gjyznm, xnj jyb nfrét yfvthtdfñncz dytcnb åjkmijq drkfl d ltzntkmyjcnm fkmzycf, rfr gjkbnbxtcrbq, nfr b lbgkjvfnbxtcrbq, f nfrét d djtyyjv jnyjitybb. Gjckt jåibhysö jåceéltybq c herjdjlcndjv änbö ujcelfhcnd z eåtélty, DJGHJC: Rfr ds gjkfuftnt, cvjuen kb xktys YFNJ – gj jnltkmyjcnb b dvtcnt – htibnm djghjcs hfpltktybz åhtvtyb jåjhjys d ljcnfnjxyjq cntgtyb, xnjås ghtjljktnm cjghjnbdktybt cj cnjhjys ntö xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm yfcnhjtys ghjnbd hfcibhtybz YFNJ? 25 LÉJEKDFY: Z levfñ, xnj jlybv bp ntö djghjcjd, rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvj htifnm, zdkzñncz pfnhfns. Kbxyj z vjue crfpfnm, xnj dj dhtvz vjbö åtctl c gjkbnbxtcrbvb b djtyysvb herjdjlbntkzvb dctö nhtö ujcelfhcnd jyb ujdjhbkb, xnj yfvthtdfñncz gjkyjcnmñ ytcnb dcñ cghfdtlkbdeñ ljkñ hfcöjljd yf hfcibhtybt YFNJ. Rfr z eét crfpfk, c vjtq njxrb phtybz, d åsnyjcnm vjñ dthöjdysv ukfdyjrjvfyleñobv, z jxtym zcyj lfk gjyznm, xnj jlybv bp nhtåjdfybq, rfr vyt ghtlcnfdkztncz, zdkztncz byntuhfwbz cbcntv ghjnbdjdjpleiyjq jåjhjys, cdzpb b gjlujnjdrb. Rfrbt cfvjktns, celf bkb nfyrb pfregfnm njq bkb byjq cnhfyt – änj tt cjåcndtyyjt ltkj. vjéyj, cdjb jåütrns, yj yf jcyjdfybb vjbö cjåcndtyysö jåceéltybq b dpfbvjltqcndbz c änbvb nhtvz ujcelfhcndfvb z vjue cltkfnm dsdjl, xnj jyb åelen jxtym vyjuj ltkfnm lkz fkmzycf b hflb ljcnbétybz ntö wtktq, r rjnjhsv cnhtvbncz fkmzyc. Yf vtyz ghjbpdtkj jxtym ukeåjrjt dgtxfnktybt nj, xnj änb ujcelfhcndf gjybvfñn wtyyjcnb b bltfks fkmzycf, rjnjhsö vs ghblthébdftvcz yf ghjnzétybb cnjkmrbö ktn, b afrnbxtcrb dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö jyb yfgjvbyfñn yfv j njv, hflb xtuj ét, cjåcndtyyj ujdjhz, b ceotcndetn yfi fkmzyc. DJGHJC: Ltåfns gj djghjce j hfcibhtybb YFNJ d Ctyfnt CIF gj dhtvtyb gjxnb cjdgflfñn c ltåfnfvb gj dsdjle bp Åjcybb djqcr CIF b YFNJ. Tcnm kb e dfc rfrbtkbåj jgfctybz, b yt jéblftnt kb ds rfrbökbåj ghjåktv gj gjdjle djpvjéyjq dpfbvyjq edzprb änbö ldeö djghjcjd? D yfcnjzott dhtvz e yfc d fkmzyct ytn gjkyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz vtéle 16 ujcelfhcndfvb. Yt e dctö bvtñncz jlbyfrjdst nfyrb; yt e dctö bvtñncz jlbyfrjdst bcnhtåbntkb. Yj vs ljujdjhbkbcm jå jåobö ghbywbgfö, cnfylfhnfö b ghjwtlehfö. B änb ujcelfhcndf, j rjnjhsö vs ujdjhbv, ltvjycnhbheñn änj, jyb gjcnbufñn änb ghjwtlehs d Åjcybb ctujlyz. DJGHJC: Tcnm kb rfrbt-kbåj lheubt djtyyst bpvtytybz bkb flfgnfwbb, rjnjhst ljkéty ghtlghbyznm fkmzyc, xnjås ghjdtcnb cdjt hfcibhtybt, pf bcrkñxtybtv ntö dyenhtyybö b dytiybö, j rjnjhsö ds eét egjvzyekb? LÉJEKDFY: C gjkbnbxtcrjq njxrb phtybz, z gjkfufñ, änj vjétn cnfnm jlyjq bp ghjåktv. Z öjntk ås yfltznmcz, xnj djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c Åjcybtq, elfcncz htibnm lj bñyz 1998 u. Yj pltcm ytjåöjlbvj ghbyznm gjkbnbxtcrbt htitybz. Cbks gj cnfåbkbpfwbb, bkb CAJH, yföjlzncz nfv eét 18 vtczwtd, gjnjve xnj änj åskj gjkbnbxtcrjt htitybt fkmzycf, jlybv bp rkñxtdsö xktyjd rjnjhjuj zdkzñncz CIF. Tckb CIF bkb vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj öjnzn bpvtybnm chjrb, nj fkmzyc ljkéty pfzdbnm, xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq yjdfz vbccbz, b xtnrj cajhvekbhjdfnm tt wtkb. Z cxbnfñ, xnj xtv crjhtt änj åeltn cltkfyj, ntv kexit. Bkb vs dsdtltv djqcrf d bñyt 1998 u. Änj htitybt ljkéyj åsnm ghbyznj c gjkbnbxtcrjq njxrb phtybz b jxtym crjhj – z ås crfpfk, yt gjplytt ltrfåhz. LÉJEKDFY: Ytn, z gjkfufñ, xnj cnhernehf eét flfgnbhjdfyf. Ntgthm e yfc tcnm Cjdtn fnkfynbxtcrjuj gfhnythcndf, rjnjhsq drkñxftn d ctåz dctö gfhnythjd (gj GBV). Gjänjve d jnyjitybb bö ghbyznbz d YFNJ d rfxtcndt yjdsö xktyjd z gjkfufñ, xnj gjkbnbxtcrfz cnhernehf fkmzycf cvjétn ghbyznm bö. Ntgthm bv, dthjznyj, ghbltncz hfcibhznm cdjt infnyjt hfcgbcfybt b, djp- Yj djghjc j hfcibhtybb – änj nfrét b cnhfntubxtcrbq djghjc, b z öjntk ås yfltznmcz, xnj jy gjkexbn ljkéyjt jåceéltybt, gjnjve xnj änb htitybz åelen pfnhfubdfnm åeleoeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm CIF d ÖÖÈ dtrt. B vs ljkéys ghbyznm ghfdbkmyst htitybz. F änj nhtåetn dctjåotq gjllthérb cj cnjhjys fvthbrfycrjuj yfhjlf, Rjyuhtccf b Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj fkmzycf. ¬ B gjänjve ghjåktve pfnhfn ytjåöjlbvj htifnm, yj z yf cfvjv ltkt gjkfufñ, xnj d ytrjnjhsö jnxtnfö jyb åskb pfdsitys. Rhjvt njuj, z yt pyfñ, rfr vjéyj jwtybnm njn hbcr, c rjnjhsv yfv ghbltncz cnjkryenmcz d ckexft djpybryjdtybz njuj bkb byjuj rjyakbrnf bkb lfét djqys. Gjänjve z levfñ, xnj pfnhfns, j rjnjhsö vs ujdjhbv, yfv gjcbkmys. 26 RJYUHTCC B HFCIBHTYBT YFNJ Cnäykb H. Ckjey, ärcgthn gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, Yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrfz ckeéåf Rjyuhtccf Lbcreccbz gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ ≤vjétn cnfnm jlybv bp jcyjdysö äktvtynjd, rjnjhst åelen dkbznm yf rehc dytiytq gjkbnbrb CIF d ntxtybt gjcktleñobö ktn≥, crfpfk Ckjey. Ybét cktletn cnfnmz, d rjnjhjq jy jgbcsdftn djpvjéysq dfhbfyn ltqcndbq, rfcfñoböcz ghjwtccf hfnbabrfwbb ljrevtynjd j hfcibhtybb YFNJ d Rjyuhtcct. Ckjey zdkztncz cnfhibv ärcgthnjv gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb d Yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrjq ckeéåt Rjyuhtccf ghb Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jy zdkztncz cjdtnybrjv d ctyfncrjq uheggt yfåkñlfntktq YFNJ b ljrkflxbrjv gj cgtwbfkmyjve ghjtrne Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjq Fccfvåktb ≤YFNJ d 21 dtrt≥. JCJÅFZ HJKM CTYFNF Rfr Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq, nfr b Ctyfn buhfñn dféyeñ hjkm d ghjwtcct ghbyznbz htitybq. D cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq CIF, Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq ljkéyf ghtlcnfdkznm pfrjyjghjtrns gj hfcöjlysv cnfnmzv. Cktljdfntkmyj, Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq ljkéyf jljåhbnm abyfycjdst pfrjyjghjtrns, rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvs lkz gjllthéfybz ghjwtccf hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Ltåfns d Rjyuhtcct gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ eét yfxfkbcm. Änb ltåfns jabwbfkmyj åskb jnrhsns 7 jrnzåhz dj dhtvz ckeifybq d ctyfncrjv Rjvbntnt gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv, yf rjnjhsö ghbcencndjdfkf ujcctrhtnfhm Välkby Jkåhfqn. Jlyfrj afrnbxtcrb Rjyuhtcc hfccvfnhbdftn djghjcs hfcibhtybz YFNJ eét yf ghjnzétybb ytcrjkmrbö ktn. Rjyuhtcc eét ghbyzk ytcrjkmrj pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd d gjllthére ghjwtccf hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Cfvsv gjcktlybv bp ybö zdkztncz Frn j tdhjgtqcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb 1997 u., rjnjhsq jljåhztn ghjwtcc hfcibhtybz YFNJ b ghbpsdftn r ghjljkétybñ änjuj ghjwtccf. D ytcrjkmrbö pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnfö, ghbyznsö d ntxtybt ghtlsleobö ktn ghjcnsv åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjd d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq b Ctyfnt, nfrét dshféfkfcm gjllthérf lfkmytqitve hfcibhtybñ YFNJ b dsltkzkbcm jghtltktyyst chtlcndf c ntv, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm exfcnbt gjntywbfkmysö rfylblfnjd d ghjuhfvvt YFNJ ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥. Jlyfrj djpybrftn djghjc, ytjåöjlbvs kb ldt nhtnb ujkjcjd Ctyfnf, c ntv xnjås lfnm ≤cdjq cjdtn b cjukfcbt≥ yf hfcibhtybt Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf b ghbyznm d cdjb xktys Xticreñ Htcgeåkbre, Dtyuhbñ b Gjkmie. Xnj rfcftncz Ctyfnf, nj jy buhftn jcjåeñ hjkm yf yfxfkmyjv änfgt änjuj ghjwtccf. C ntv xnjås ghjwtcc hfnbabrfwbb pfrjyxbkcz ecgtiyj, ldt nhtnb xktyjd Ctyfnf – ≤rfr ghbcencndeñobt, nfr b ujkjceñobt≥ – ljkéys ghjujkjcjdfnm ≤pf≥ ghb ghjdtltybb ujkjcjdfybz d Ctyfnt gj djghjce hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq ljujdjh, rjnjhsq bpdtcnty nfr ét rfr ≤Dfibyunjycrjt cjukfitybt≥, dctulf ghtlcnfdkzk jcjåsq bynthtc lkz Ctyfnf. Rjulf änf nhfycfnkfynbxtcrfz cltkrf åskf pfrkñxtyf d 1949 u., Ctyfn pfdthbk, xnj jy åeltn gjkyjghfdysv gfhnythjv d änjq cltkrt yf cnjhjyt CIF. D ljrkflt ctyfncrjuj rjvbntnf gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv gj gjdjle änjuj ljujdjhf ujdjhbkjcm, xnj tckb yjdst xktys åelen ghbukfitys d änjn fkmzyc, nj Ctyfn åeltn 27 hfccvfnhbdfnm änj rfr jåzpfntkmcndj, ñhblbxtcrb cdzpsdfñott flvbybcnhfwbñ ghtpbltynf b lfdfnm cdjq cjdtn b cjukfcbt d jnyjitybb rféljuj ghtntyltynf. C ntö gjh ghtpbltyns CIF bcgjkmpeñn äne ghfrnbre. ghtlcnfdbnm ljgjkytybz r ljujdjhe yf hfccvjnhtybt Ctyfnf. GHJWTCC Gkfybhetncz, xnj d ltrfåht 1997 u. cnhfysexfcnybws YFNJ ljkéys åelen jljåhbnm htpekmnfns gthtujdjhjd gj gjdjle ghbyznbz d xktys YFNJ nhtö yjdsö cnhfy. Htpekmnfns änbö gthtujdjhjd åelen ghtlcnfdktys d ajhvt nhtö ghjtrnjd ghjnjrjkjd r Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjve ljujdjhe bkb jlyjuj ghjnjrjkf, tckb åeltn htityj jåütlbybnm nhb ljrevtynf d jlby gfrtn pfrjyjd. (Rjulf d 1952 u. Uhtwbz b Nehwbz ghbcjtlbybkbcm r YFNJ, åsk njkmrj jlby ghjnjrjk jå bö ghbyznbb, f yt ldf.) Dthjznyj, xnj d zydfht 1998 u. Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy ghtlcnfdbn ghjnjrjk[s] Ctyfne. Afrnbxtcrb hfccvjnhtybt djghjcf j hfcibhtybb YFNJ d Ctyfnt åeltn ghjbcöjlbnm d njn vjvtyn, rjulf ghtpbltyn ghtlcnfdbn ghjnjrjk[s] yf Rfgbnjkbqcrbq öjkv. Tot d vfhnt 1997 u. Nhtyl Kjnn (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Vbccbcbgb), kblth ctyfncrjuj åjkmibycndf, yfpyfxbk cgtwbfkmyeñ ≤Ctyfncreñ uhegge yfåkñlfntktq YFNJ≥, xnjås rjynhjkbhjdfnm ghjwtcc hfcibhtybz YFNJ. D cjcnfd uheggs döjlbn 20 xktyjd Ctyfnf b 8 åsdibö dscjrjgjcnfdktyysö kbw bp herjdjlcndf jåtbö gfhnbq. Uhegge djpukfdkztn ctyfnjh Ebkmzv D. Hjn-vkflibq (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Ltkfdäh), ctyfnjh Léjpta H. Åfqlty-vkflibq (ltvjrhfn, infn Ltkfdäh) zdkztncz cjghtlctlfntktv uheggs. C vjvtynf cdjtuj cjplfybz änf uheggf ghjdtkf vyjujxbcktyyst dcnhtxb c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb flvbybcnhfwbb, uhfélfycrbvb b djtyysvb jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb d YFNJ b jabwbfkmysvb kbwfvb, ghtlcnfdkzñobvb cnhfys-rfylblfns yf xktycndj d YFNJ. Änb dcnhtxb gjckeébkb cdjtjåhfpysv rfyfkjv byajhvfwbb lkz Ctyfnf j ghjwtcct hfcibhtybz YFNJ, f nfrét rfr ajhev lkz ytjabwbfkmysö lbcreccbq gj djghjce hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Pfntv ghjnjrjk[s] åeltn yfghfdkty d ctyfncrbq Rjvbntn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv, rjnjhsq hfccvfnhbdftn gjcnegfñobt ghtlkjétybz b ghtlcnfdkztn bö Ctyfne. Åjkmibycndj xktyjd änjuj rjvbntnf ljkéys ghjujkjcjdfnm pf änb ghjnjrjks c ≤htpjkñwbtq j hfnbabrfwbb≥. Rjvbntn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv ghjdtltn ckeifybz gj änjve djghjce b hfccvjnhbn djpvjéyst ljgjkytybz b jujdjhrb, xnjås ljgjkybnm äne htpjkñwbñ. Rhjvt njuj, jcnfkmyst rjvbntns Ctyfnf nfrét vjuen ghjdjlbnm ckeifybz b ghtlcnfdbnm cdjb ljrkfls. Ctyfncrbq Rjvbntn gj djjheétyysv cbkfv, rjnjhsq djpukfdkztn ctyfnjh Cnhjv Nehvjyl (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf), dthjznyj, åeltn buhfnm dféyeñ hjkm, c ntv xnjås yfghfdbnm d ghfdbkmyjt heckj ltåfns d Ctyfnt, yj bvtyyj Rjvbntn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv ljkéty Änjn nofntkmysq ghjwtcc fyfkbpf gjcntgtyyj döjlbn d jabwbfkmyjt heckj, gjcrjkmre Rjvbntn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv yfxfk ckeifybz gj djghjce hfcibhtybz YFNJ, rjnjhst åelen ghjljkétys d yjzåht. Jcyjdyjt dybvfybt yf änbö ckeifybzö åeltn eltkznmcz ukfdysv ghjåktvfv hfcibhtybz YFNJ, drkñxfz cnhfntubxtcreñ wtktcjjåhfpyjcnm hfcibhtybz, djghjcs pfnhfn b hfcghtltktybz hfcöjljd, rfxtcndtyyst öfhfrnthbcnbrb cnhfy-ghtntyltynjd b djpvjéyjt djpltqcndbt yf jnyjitybz c Hjccbtq. Ghtlctlfntktv änjuj rjvbntnf zdkztncz ctyfnjh Létccb Ötkvc (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf), b jy åeltn jghtltkznm öfhfrnth njuj, rfr rjvbntn åeltn ujnjdbnm äne htpjkñwbñ. Dféyeñ hjkm åelen buhfnm nfrét ctyfnjh Ujhljy Cvbn (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Jhtujy), rjnjhsq zdkztncz ghtlctlfntktv Gjlrjvbntnf Ghtélt xtv ghtlkfuftvjt ljgjkytybt r ljujdjhe åeltn hfccvjnhtyj d Ctyfnt, jyj ljkéyj ghjqnb tot ytrjnjhst ghjwtlehs. Ctqxfc vjétn åsnm ckbirjv hfyj c edthtyyjcnmñ ujdjhbnm j njv, rfr åeltn ghjöjlbnm hfnbabrfwbz gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ, yj lfktt vs ghtlcnfdkztv djpvjéysq dfhbfyn ltqcndbq. 28 gj tdhjgtqcrbv djghjcfv, b ctyfnjh Åfqlty, xkty Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb rfr d rjvbntnt, nfr b d gjlrjvbntnt. Dthjznyj, xnj ctyfnjh Hbxfhl Keufh (htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Bylbfyf) b lheubt xktys rjvbntnf nfrét åelen buhfnm åjkmieñ hjkm dj dhtvz lbcreccbb. Dj dhtvz jåceéltybz d rjvbntnfö b yf pfctlfybb Ctyfnf åeltn nofntkmyj ghjfyfkbpbhjdfyf jcyjdyfz wtkm Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf, f nfrét ghfdbkmyjt hfcghtltktybt jndtncndtyyjcnb b cath dkbzybz d cfvjv fkmzyct. Ghjujkjceñn bkb ytn ldt nhtnb ctyfnjhjd pf hfcibhtybt YFNJ, d åjkmijq cntgtyb åeltn pfdbctnm jn gjybvfybz cjdhtvtyyjuj cjcnjzybz dpfbvjltqcndbz d hfvrfö cjñpf b jn rfxtcndtyysö öfhfrnthbcnbr cnhfy-ghtntyltynjd yf xktycndj d YFNJ. D zydfht 1998 u. lbcreccbz d ctyfncrjv Rjvbntnt gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv yfxytncz c jåceéltybz ntö gjkjétybq bkb jujdjhjr, rjnjhsvb ctyfnjhs öjntkb ås ljgjkybnm htpjkñwbñ j hfnbabrfwbb. Tckb rjvbntn åeltn tlbyjleity gj gjdjle htpjkñwbb j hfnbabrfwbb, jy yfghfdbn äne htpjkñwbñ yf pfctlfybt Ctyfnf. Dj dhtvz jåceéltybz d Ctyfnt ctyfnjhs vjuen ghtlkjébnm ljgjkybntkmyst eckjdbz bkb jujdjhrb, b gj rféljve bp ybö ytjåöjlbvj ghjcnjt åjkmibycndj ujkjceñobö, c ntv xnjås änb jujdjhrb åskb drkñxtys d htpjkñwbñ. Gjckt änjq nfr yfpsdftvjq hfcibhtyyjq lbcreccbb ytjåöjlbvj, xnjås ldt nhtnb ctyfnjhjd, ghbcencndeñobö b ujkjceñobö (67 xtkjdtr, tckb dct cnj ctyfnjhjd ghbcencndeñn yf pfctlfybb), ghjujkjcjdfkb ≤pf≥ b yfghfdbkb ghjnjrjk[s] ghtpbltyne, rjnjhsq b pfdthibn ghjwtcc hfnbabrfwbb jn bvtyb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Åjkmibycndj ärcgthnjd gj YFNJ yf Rfgbnjkbqcrjv öjkvt cxbnftn, xnj cfvsv nhelysv djghjcjv d åjhmåt pf hfcibhtybt YFNJ åeltn cnfhsq b pyfrjvsq dctv djghjc, f bvtyyj: hfpltktybt jndtncndtyyjcnb. Jrjyxfybt öjkjlyjq djqys ghbdytckj c cjåjq dhtvtyyjt pfnbimt d äyltvbxtcrbt ltåfns d Rjyuhtcct gj gjdjle hfcghtltktybz jndtncndtyyjcnb. Gjckt gfltybz åthkbycrjq cntys änjve djghjce ghjcnj yt eltkzkjcm nfrjuj ét dybvfybz, rjnjhjt jy bvtk d gthbjl öjkjlyjq djqys. Jlyjdhtvtyyj jåceéltybt djghjcjd, cdzpfyysö c hfcöjlfvb yf hfcibhtybt YFNJ b pfnhfnfvb yf htitybt åjcybqcrjuj rjyakbrnf, vjuen cnfnm ghbxbyjq njuj, xnj änjn djghjc åeltn lbcrenbhjdfnmcz c tot åjkmitq äythubtq. Ctyfnjh Kjnn crfpfk, xnj jy öjntk ås, xnjås Ctyfn pfdthibk cdjñ hfåjne r fghtkñ 1998 u., pf ujl lj lfns, ecnfyjdktyyjq flvbybcnhfwbtq Rkbynjyf lkz ghjdtltybz cfvvbnf YFNJ d Dfibyunjyt, c ntv xnjås ghbdtncndjdfnm nhtö yjdsö xktyjd fkmzycf yfrfyeyt 50-jq ujljdobys cj lyz jcyjdfybz YFNJ. Ctyfnjh Hjn, zhsq gjåjhybr hfcibhtybz YFNJ, rjnjhsq zdkztncz d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghtlctlfntktv Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjq Fccfvåktb, gfhkfvtyncrjuj jhufyf YFNJ, ghtleghtlbk: ≤Ghb ltåfnfö j hfnbabrfwbb, jcjåtyyj d fvthbrfycrjv ctyfnt, rhbnbxtcrb dféysv djghjcjv åeltn djghjc j njv, rfr åelen hfcghtltkznmcz pfnhfns, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ≥. Ctyfnjh Åfqlty, nfrét cnjhjyybr YFNJ b tuj hfcibhtybz, ghtleghtlbk, xnj ≤YFNJ jcnfytncz htpjybheñotq jhufybpfwbtq... cnhfys-exfcnybws YFNJ, pf bcrkñxtybtv CIF, ljkéys jwtybnm, rfrjdf åeltn bö cghfdtlkbdfz ljkz ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn, cdzpfyysö c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ≥. B rfr crfpfk ctyfnjh Åfqlty, jyb nfrét ljkéys yfhfobdfnm cdjq cjåcndtyysq gjntywbfk gj åscnhjq gthtåhjcrt djjheétyysö cbk d kñåeñ njxre ptvyjuj ifhf. DJGHJCS LTÅFNJD Ltåfns d Ctyfnt, f nfrét d fvthbrfycrjv Rjyuhtcct, åelen drkñxfnm d ctåz ujhfplj åjkmit djghjcjd, xtv ghjcnj djghjc j njv, rnj ljkéty ghbcjtlbybnmcz r YFNJ. Dthjznyj, xnj hfccvjnhtybt ghjnjrjkf[jd] åeltn drkñxfnm d ctåz lbcreccbñ j hjkb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd b tdhjgtqcrbö cjñpybrjd d cjdhtvtyyjv vbht gjckt pfdthitybz öjkjlyjq djqys. Vfkjdthjznyj, xnj änj åeltn eprjgfhnbqyfz lbcreccbz. D jåtbö gfhnbzö tcnm ghbdthétyws b ghjnbdybrb änjq bltb. 29 Dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj djghjc j hfcghtltktybb pfnhfn b jndtncndtyyjcnb åeltn cajrecbhjdfy yf ytcrjkmrbö fcgtrnfö: ytgjchtlcndtyyst pfnhfns, cdzpfyyst c hfcibhtybtv YFNJ, ecjdthitycndjdfybt djjheétyysö cbk, ytjåöjlbvjt lkz dsgjkytybz yjdsö pflfx, b vths, yfghfdktyyst yf ghjljkétybt dsgjkytybq Ltqnjycrbö cjukfitybq d Åjcybb. Rhjvt njuj, vyjubt xktys Rjyuhtccf cxbnfñn, xnj jcyjdyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ghbyznbt yjdsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy d kjyj pfgflyj-tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy ghbyflktébn Tdhjgtqcrjve Cjñpe. Jyb öjntkb ås yfåkñlfnm pf ghjwtccjv hfcibhtybz Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjuj, djpvjéyj, cnhfys Djcnjxyjq b Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs dcrjht ghbvryen r Tdhjgtqcrjve Cjñpe. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj tot jn 10 lj 13 vkhl ljkkfhjd yjdsv xktyfv YFNJ yeéyj åeltn gjnhfnbnm, xnjås htajhvbhjdfnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst djjheétyyst cbks b xnjås jyb vjukb xtnrj dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm c djjheétyysvb cbkfvb YFNJ d ltkt jåtcgtxtybz rjkktrnbdyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b ghjdtltybz jgthfwbq gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf. Vyjubt ärcgthns b cfvb ghtntyltyns yf xktycndj d YFNJ hfccvfnhbdfñn äne xfcnm pfnhfn rfr hfcöjls, rjnjhst yjdst xktys YFNJ d kñåjv ckexft dsyeéltys åelen gjytcnb, xnjås vjlthybpbhjdfnm cdjb djjheétyyst cbks d ntxtybt cktleñotuj ltcznbktnbz. PFNHFNS, CDZPFYYST C CJDTHITYCNDJDFYBTV DJJHEÉTYYSÖ CBK Yfbåjktt ghjnbdjhtxbdsv b nhelysv djghjcjv, c rjnjhsv flvbybcnhfwbz Rkbynjyf cnfkrbdftncz ghb jwtyrt åeleobö pfnhfn b yf rjnjhsq ctyfnjhs jåzpfntkmyj jåhfnzn dybvfybt, änj – pfnhfns, cdzpfyyst c gjdsitybtv åjtdjuj gjntywbfkf cnhfyexfcnybw YFNJ. Änb pfnhfns, rjnjhst, gj jwtyrfv CIF, cjcnfdkzñn jn 8 lj 10 vkhl ljkkfhjd, yt rfcfñncz htitybz j hfcibhtybb YFNJ. Crjhtt änb pfnhfns zdkzñncz htpekmnfnjv ltqcndbz yjdjq cnhfntubxtcrjq rjywtgwbb YFNJ, ghbyznjq d 1991 u., d rjnjhjq dsldbyens nhtåjdfybz, xnjås dct cjñpybrb htajhvbhjdfkb cdjb djjheétyyst cbks b xnjås jyb vjukb åscnhj gthtåhfcsdfnm cdjb djjheétyyst cbks pf ghtltks cdjbö yfwbjyfkmysö uhfybw. Cjtlbytyyst Infns cxbnfñn, xnj änj ecjdthitycndjdfybt dféyj yt njkmrj lkz dsgjkytybz yjdsö pflfx, cnjzobö gthtl YFNJ, yj b lkz dsgjkytybz jåzpfntkmcnd gj jåtcgtxtybñ rjkktrnbdyjq jåjhjys yjdsö cjñpybrjd gj YFNJ. Vyjubt cjñpybrb eét yfxfkb ldbétybt d änjv yfghfdktybb, yj yb e jlyjuj bp ybö ytn ≤yjdsö ltytu≥ lkz yfhfobdfybz djpvjéyjcntq gj åscnhjq gthtåhjcrt djjheétyysö cbk. Jyb gsnfñncz dsgjkybnm pflfxb yjdjq cnhfntubxtcrjq rjywtgwbb pf cxtn gjdsitybz äaatrnbdyjcnb b gththfcghtltktybz ghbjhbntnjd d cdjbö ntreobö hfcöjlfö. PFNHFNS YF HFCIBHTYBT YFNJ Xnj rfcftncz ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfn yf hfcibhtybt YFNJ, nj d ljrkflt Rjyuhtcce pf atdhfkm 1996 u. flvbybcnhfwbz Rkbynjyf ghtlgjkjébkf, xnj jåobt pfnhfns yf gthdjyfxfkmyeñ ≤ytåjkmieñ≥ uhegge ghtntyltynjd yf xktycndj d YFNJ (gjljåyeñ njq, rjnjhfz åskf jljåhtyf d Vflhblt) cjcnfdzn jn 27 lj 35 vkhl ljkkfhjd d gthbjl c 1997 gj 2009 ujl. Bp änjq cevvs jn 9 lj 12 vkh ljkkfhjd åelen gjnhfxtys yf ≤ytgjchtlcndtyyjt hfcibhtybt≥ YFNJ, rfrnj: cjdthitycndjdfybt cbcntv eghfdktybz b rjynhjkz lkz cdzpb vtéle yjdsvb cjñpybrfvb b ntgthtiybvb cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb YFNJ. Änb pfnhfns vjéyj åeltn hfcghtltkbnm d cjjndtncndbb c nhflbwbjyysvb ghbywbgfvb hfpltktybz pfnhfn d YFNJ, d cjjndtncndbb c ybvb ljkz pfnhfn CIF åeltn cjcnfdkznm jn 150 lj 200 vky ljkkfhjd d ujl. Xktys Rjyuhtccf jéblfñn, xnj xktys YFNJ dytcen cdjñ ≤cghfdtlkbdeñ ljkñ≥ nfrbö jnyjcbntkmyj evthtyysö hfcöjljd åtp rfrbö-kbåj jujdjhjr. Åtpeckjdyj, YFNJ cjukfcbncz yf nfrbt ghbywbgs hfpltktybz pfnhfn, yj åjkmibycndj tdhjgtqcrbö cjñpybrjd cxbnfñn, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns gthtjwtybkb ehjdtym nhtåetvsö pfnhfn. Dgjkyt djpvjéyj, xnj jabwbfkmyfz jwtyrf åeleobö pfnhfn cj cnjhjys YFNJ jrfétncz ybét gjrfpfntktq, ghtlcnfdktyysö Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb. 30 B gjcktlytt. Dthjznyj, xnj htpjkñwbz Ctyfnf j hfnbabrfwbb åeltn drkñxfnm d ctåz ytcrjkmrj gjkjétybq c ghbpsdjv r cjñpybrfv gjlndthlbnm lfyyst j ytgjchtlcndtyysö pfnhfnfö yf hfcibhtybt YFNJ b dsgjkybnm jåzpfntkmcndj gj yfhfobdfybñ gjntywbfkf lkz åscnhjq gthtåhjcrb djjheétyysö cbk d kñåeñ njxre ptvyjuj ifhf. bö åelen jådbyznm d ghjdfkt Ltqnjycrbö cjukfitybq b xnj, djpvjéyj, jyb cnjkryencz c rhbnbrjq cj cnjhjys CIF pf bcöjl änbö cjåsnbq. Ghb nfrbö jåcnjzntkmcndfö lbcreccbz j nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, f bvtyyj: rnj djpmvtn yf ctåz åhtvz gj gjllthéfybñ vbhf d Åjcybb, åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz gj vtht njuj, rfr Ctyfn åeltn jåceélfnm djghjc j hfcibhtybb YFNJ. ÅJCYBZ Jlyjq bp yfbåjktt nhelysö ghjåktv vjétn jrfpfnmcz nfrjt ytelfxyjt cjdgfltybt ghjwtccf ltåfnjd gj hfnbabrfwbb d Ctyfnt CIF b jrjyxfybt vfylfnf Cbk cnfåbkbpfwbb d Åjcybb. Gjkbnbrf flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf cdjlbncz r njve, xnj Fvthbrf dsdtltn cdjb djjheétyyst cbks bp Åjcybb gj jrjyxfybb chjrf ltqcndbz vfylfnf d bñyt 1998 u., f rhegyst tdhjgtqcrbt lthéfds pfzdkzñn, xnj tckb Cjtlbytyyst Infns eqlen, nj jyb gjcktleñn pf ybvb. Vyjubt xktys Rjyuhtccf öjntkb ås, xnjås flvbybcnhfwbz clthéfkf cdjt ckjdj, jlyfrj, rfr rfétncz, d yfcnjzott dhtvz Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy jcnfdbk djghjc j dsdjlt dctö cbk jnrhsnsv b ghtlgjkfuftn, xnj ytrjnjhfz xfcnm djjheétyysö cbk jcnfytncz nfv gjckt bñyz 1998 u. Afrnbxtcrb, tckb åeltn ghbyznj htitybt j njv, xnj YFNJ ljkéyj åeltn ghjljkébnm jgthfwbb gjckt dsdjlf Cbk cnfåbkbpfwbb, nj lkz ntöybxtcrjuj bcgjkytybz änjq jgthfwbb gjnhtåetncz, xnjås ytrjnjhfz xfcnm djjheétyysö cbk CIF jcnfkfcm d Åjcybb, f ≤yt pf ujhbpjynjv≥. YFNJ-HJCCBZ Rhjvt njuj, dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj åeltn jåceélfnmcz djghjc b jå jnyjitybb Hjccbb r YFNJ. Ytrjnjhst ctyfnjhs dscrfpsdfñn jgfctybt, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ vjétn ecbkbnm gjpbwbb rjvveybcnjd b yfwbjyfkbcnjd d Hjccbb b ghbnjhvjpbnm ghjwtcc htajhv d Hjccbb. Lheubt ctyfnjhs åtcgjrjzncz – xnjås cukflbnm ghjnbdjltqcndbt Hjccbb d jnyjitybb hfcibhtybz YFNJ, cnhfys YFNJ vjuen ghtljcnfdbnm Hjccbb ckbirjv åjkmijt dkbzybt d ltkt ghbyznbz åeleobö htitybq gj YFNJ. Flvbybcnhfwbz Rkbynjyf ghbpdfyf gjrfpfnm, xnj gjkbnbrf CIF b YFNJ jåtcgtxbdftn cjöhfytybt äaatrnbdyjuj hfdyjdtcbz vtéle änbvb rhfqyjcnzvb. ÖFHFRNTHBCNBRB GHTNTYLTYNJD Fvthbrfycrbt ctyfnjhs öjnzn åsnm edthtys d njv, xnj nhb ghtntyltynf yf xktycndj d YFNJ ltkfñn dct djpvjéyjt, xnjås erhtgbnm ltvjrhfnbñ d cdjbö cnhfyfö b xnjås dytcnb dféysq drkfl d ltkj dsgjkytybz pflfx, cnjzobö gthtl YFNJ. D änbö cathfö bvtñncz jnltkmyst ytljcnfnrb, yj, dthjznyj, ceotcndetn åjkmijq pfgfc ljåhjq djkb b jghtltktyysö ecbkbq, rjnjhst cnhfys eét ghbkjébkb, xnjås htajhvbhjdfnm cdjq gjkbnbxtcrbq cnhjq b gthtjhbtynbhjdfnm cdjñ gjkbnbre d jåkfcnb jåjhjys. Vjétn gjrfpfnmcz ljcnfnjxyj bhjybxysv, yj lbcreccbb j öfhfrnthbcnbrfö yjdsö ghtntyltynjd vjuen åsnm vtytt dféysvb, ytétkb djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz rfxtcndtyyjq cnjhjys fkmzycf, f nfrét hjkb CIF b Tdhjgs d änjv fkmzyct. Jnltkmyst xktys Rjyuhtccf, rjnjhst cxbnfñn, xnj ghbcencndbt djtyysö cbk bpdyt ytjåöjlbvj b gjckt bñyz 1998 u., levfñn, xnj tdhjgtqcrbt cjñpybrb ljkéys b vjuen dpznm yf ctåz åjkmieñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jåtcgtxtybt åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt, ghbyzd yf ctåz djtyyst pflfxb gjckt dsdjlf Cbk cnfåbkbpfwbb bp Åjcybb. Åjkmibycndj ghfdbntkmcnd tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy cxbnfñn, jlyfrj, xnj bvtyyj YFNJ ljkéyj ghjljkébnm jgthfwbñ d Åjcybb gjckt dsdjlf Cbk cnfåbkbpfwbb b crkjyys jcnfnmcz d Åjcybb, yt bvtz yf yfcnjzobq vjvtyn ybrfrbö xtnrbö jåzpfntkmcnd cj cnjhjys CIF. Exbnsdfz nfrjt ytjghtltktyyjt åeleott, rjnjhjt jéblftn Åjcybñ, tdhjgtqws jgfcfñncz, xnj 31 CNHFNTUBXTCRBT DJGHJCS Dct dsiterfpfyyst djghjcs åelen jåceélfnmcz d rjyntrcnt åjktt rhegysö ghjåktv. Edtkbxbdftn bkb evtymiftn hfcibhtybt YFNJ dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns åelen djdktxtys d rfrjq-ybåelm rjyakbrn d Tdhjgt d åeleotv? Rfrjds yjdst pflfxb YFNJ d gthbjl, rjulf cjdtncrjq euhjps åjkmit yt ceotcndetn? J xtv afrn ghbyznbz bkb jnrfpf jn bltb hfcibhtybz YFNJ Ctyfnjv crfétn Tdhjgt b dctve jcnfkmyjve vbhe b rfreñ hjkm Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghtlgjkfufñn buhfnm d vbht gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys? Nfr ét rfr d cdjt dhtvz htitybt hfnbabwbhjdfnm Dfibyunjyucrjt cjukfitybt d 1949 u. gjvjukj cajhvekbhjdfnm hjkm b jåzpfntkmcndf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd yf cktleñobt 50 ktn, nfr b änb ltåfns vjuen jrfpfnmcz jlybv bp dféysö äktvtynjd, rjnjhst jghtltkzn dytiyññ gjkbnbre CIF yf uhzleobt ujls. ¬ 32 DJPLTQCNDBT YFNJ YF LTVJRHFNBXTCRBT B ÄRJYJVBXTCRBT BYCNBNENS Léjief Vehfdxbr, gjcnjzyysq yfexysq cjnhelybr, Fvthbrfycrbq bycnbnen ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf Jnvtnbd, xnj d cnhfyfö YFNJ wfhzn cdjåjlf, ghjwdtnfybt b åtpjgfcyjcnm, Vehfdxbr jnvtxftn, xnj YFNJ ≤d cjcnjzybb ecnfyfdkbdfnm yjhvs, rjnjhst vjuen jrfpfnm ukeåjrjt djpltqcndbt≥ yf yjdsö xktyjd YFNJ b yf lheubt cnhfys, étkfñobt cnfnm xktyfvb änjuj fkmzycf. ≤Öjnz jgkjnjv fkmzycf zdkzñncz dpfbvyst jåzpfntkmcndf gj jåtcgtxtybñ jåjhjys YFNJ, rjnjhst åjktt dctuj jåütlbyzñn cnhfys-exfcnybws, lheujq dféytqitq aeyrwbtq fkmzycf vjétn jrfpfnmcz tuj gcböjkjubxtcrjt djpltqcndbt yf gjkbnbxtcreñ b ärjyjvbxtcreñ ädjkñwbñ Tdhjgs≥, – crfpfk Vehfdxbr. Léjief Vehfdxbr – yfexysq cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf, f nfrét dytinfnysq yfexysq cjnhelybr Bycnbnenf åkbéytdjcnjxyjq gjkbnbrb, Dfibyunjy, b ghjatccjh Bycnbnenf vbhjdjq gjkbnbrb. Jy – xkty htlfrwbjyysö rjkktubq d ≤Ejhkl äaathc≥, ≤Léjhyäk ja ltvjrhäcb≥ b ≤Jhåbc≥. Rjulf d 1949 u. fvthbrfycrbq ctyfn hfnbabwbhjdfk Ljujdjh j ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjv cjñpt, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjuj gjzdbkcz åkjr YFNJ, jcyjdyst lbcreccbb åskb crjywtynhbhjdfys yf fcgtrnfö djtyyjq ckfåjcnb gthcgtrnbdysö cjñpybrjd Fvthbrb. djtyyjuj gfhnythf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt ytn nfrjq cbks, rjnjhfz ås cghfdbkfcm c djjheétyysvb cbkfvb Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf≥. C djtyyjq njxrb phtybz, ghjljkéfk jy, ≤vs gjcnegfkb lfét ckbirjv ≤åkfujhjlyj≥, ghbukfifz cnhfys ghbcjtlbybnmcz r yfv, yt frwtynbhez dybvfybt yf bö vjob, hfpvtht b gjkjétybb. Ntv yt vtytt, pfrkñxbk jy, cjplfybt fkmzycf åskj dsujlyj lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, gjcrjkmre ≤djtyyst fcgtrns bvtkb dnjhjcntgtyyjt pyfxtybt≥. Tdhjgtqcrbt cnhfys njkmrj yfxfkb djccnfyjdbntkmsyt hfåjns gjckt hfpheibntkmyjq Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Jyb yt jåkflfkb ljcnfnjxysv gjntywbfkjv, xnjås cgjcjåcndjdfnm jåtcgtxtybñ rjkktrnbdyjq jåjhjys. Jyb yt cvjukb ås änjuj cltkfnm djjåot, tckb ås Cjtlbytyyst Infns yt dpzkb yf ctåz pfnhfns gj bö gthtdjjheétybñ, yf rjnjhst ytjöjnyj ikb ctyfnjhs, gjcrjkmre d nj dhtvz, rfr, dghjxtv, b ctqxfc, bö ukeåjrj djkyjdfkb djghjcs åñlétnysö fccbuyjdfybq. Äne jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm elfkjcm cyznm åkfujlfhz cnfnmt djtyyjuj cnhfntuf Åthyfhlf Åhjelb, d rjnjhjq fyfkbpbhjdfkb dtcmvf cöjébt c yfcnjzobvb ghjåktvs hfcibhtybz YFNJ. Rfr ét änj vjukj ckexbnmcz? Änjn fkmzyc åsk cjplfy d cdzpb c euhjpjq fuhtccbb cj cnjhjys Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. Åhjelb jxtym cthmtpyj djcghbybvfk äne euhjpe, yj jy ljrfpsdfk, xnj ≤ytdjtyyfz ajhvf fuhtccbb≥, lheubvb ckjdfvb, ybpdthétybt htébvjd – änj yfbåjktt dthjznysq cgjcjå, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj cjdtncrfz bvgthbz vjukf hfcibhbnm cdjt dkbzybt yf Pfgflyeñ Tdhjge. Djccjplfybt cjwbfkmysö ecnjtd cnhfy Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs d kñåjq ajhvt vjukj gjckeébnm rkñxjv r ghtljndhfotybñ ghjybryjdtybz Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf d änjn htubjy. ≤Gj rhfqytq vtht, änjn fkmzyc cgjcjåcndetn b cnbvekbhetn djphjéltybt Tdhj- D cnfnmt, jgeåkbrjdfyyjq d yjvtht ≤Qtkm htdmñ≥ d ltrfåht 1949 u., Åhjelb jnvtnbk, xnj ≤pf rjhjnrbq gthbjl Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrbq cjñp ghtdhfnbkcz lkz yfc d yfltéyjuj 33 gs≥, – crfpfk Åhjelb, f bynhbub Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf ≤yt åelen ghtlcnfdkznm rfrjq-kbåj euhjps≥. Cktljdfntkmyj, ghjljkéfk jy, ≤pyfxtybt änjuj cjñpf lkz Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd åskj crjhtt gjkbnbxtcrbv, xtv djtyysv, gjcrjkmre ujcelfhcndf Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs vjukb ghtlghbyznm jghtltktyyst ecbkbz d cjwbfkmyjq, gjkbnbxtcrjq b ärjyjvbxtcrjq jåkfcnb, njkmrj åkfujlfhz jåtofybzv jåtcgtxbnm bv åtpjgfcyjcnm, xnj b ufhfynbhjdfk änjn cjñp≥. rf Tdhjgs ghtljcnfdkzkf hsyrb, njdfhs b rfgbnfk, rjnjhsq cgjcjåcndjdfk ytghthsdyjve ärjyjvbxtcrjve hjcne cfvjq Fvthbrb. Ärjyjvbxtcrjt djccnfyjdktybt tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy xfcnj hfccvfnhbdftncz rfr cdjtjåhfpyjt ≤xelj≥. Yj gjkbnbxtcrjt djccnfyjdktybt Tdhjgs ghtlcnfdkztncz åjktt pyfvtyfntkmysv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz åjkmibycndj fvthbrfywtd, rfr, dghjxtv, b åjkmibycndj tdhjgtqwtd, djcghbybvfñn ltvjrhfnbñ d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt rfr ytxnj cfvj cjåjq hfpevtñottcz. Lj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys ltvjrhfnbz åskf jxtym öhegrjq yf Tdhjgtqcrjv rjynbytynt. D åjkmibycndt cnhfy jyf ghbjåhtkf åjktt bkb vtytt xtnrbt jxthnfybz ytpfljkuj lj Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys bkb dcrjht gjckt ytt. Pfntv d yfcsotyyst cjåsnbzvb 20–30-t ujls jyf ecnegbkf vtcnj lbrnfne. D htpekmnfnt änjuj öjhjij byajhvbhjdfyyst jåjphtdfntkb ghtlcrfpsdfkb vhfxyst gthcgtrnbds hfpdbnbz ltvjrhfnbb dyt uhfybw fyukj-cfrcjycrjq rekmnehs. Änb gtccbvbcnbxtcrbt hfpujdjhs pdexfkb nfr ét, rfr ctqxfc pdexfn dscrfpsdfybz j ltvjrhfnbb d cnhfyfö hfpdbdfñotujcz vbhf. Crjhtt dctuj, änb cjvytybz zdkzñncz åtcgjxdtyysvb rfr njulf, nfr b ctqxfc. Fyfkbp Åhjelb jrfpfkcz ghjhjxtcrbv. Gjl pfobnjq YFNJ cnhfys Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs djccnfyjdbkb cdjq ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjntywbfk, f nfrét dct cnhernehs uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf b gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb. Åtpeckjdyj, xnj cjplfybt YFNJ åskj jlybv bp afrnjhjd, rjnjhsq cgjcjåcndjdfk ärjyjvbxtcrjve djccnfyjdktybñ Tdhjgs. Åjktt ytgjchtlcndtyyjt djpltqcndbt bvtk gkfy Vfhifkkf. Pf xtnsht ujlf Cjtlbytyyst Infns yfghfdbkb jrjkj 13 vkhl ljkkfhjd d dblt gjvjob yf ghjtrn, yfghfdktyysq yf ärjyjvbxtcrjt djphjéltybt jnltkmysö tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Ctujlyz änf cevvf åskf ås hfdyf 88 vkhl ljkkfhjd. Änj åsk pyfxbntkmysq drkfl, yj åjkmibycndj bcnjhbrjd cxbnftn, xnj ytgjchtlcndtyyfz abyfycjdfz gjvjom åskf yt nfr dféyf, rfr gcböjkjubxtcrjt djpltqcndbt. Nfrbt ldf vjvtynf, rfr yfltélf, rjnjheñ lfk kñlzv gkfy Vfhifkkf, b åtpjgfcyjcnm, rjnjheñ ufhfynbhjdfkj YFNJ, cjplfkb jcjåsq rkbvfn. Jy jåtcgtxbdfk tdhjgtqwfv cnbveks r hfåjnt, yfrjgktybñ b dkjétybñ chtlcnd lj ntö gjh, gjrf jyb cfvb yt ghbikb r ytdblfyyjve ghjwdtnfybñ. D 30-t ujls bcnjhbr Fhyjkml Njqyåb gbcfk, xnj jnrfp Bnfkbb jn ltvjrhfnbb (d jåotghbyznjv gjybvfybb änjuj ckjdf) gjcnfdbk djghjc j njv, cvjétn kb änj gjkbnbxtcrjt hfcntybt gecnbnm rjhyb ult-kbåj d lheujv vtcnt, rhjvt cdjtq hjlyjq gjxds. Ltcznbktnbt cgecnz gbcfntkm b frfltvbr Dfkmlj Ahfyr gbcfk d éehyfkt ≤Ajhby faathc≥, xnj ≤euhjpf (ltvjrhfnbb) gthtébdtn Ubnkthf, gjcrjkmre afibpv tcnm htpekmnbheñofz cbkf hfpyjjåhfpysö fynbltvjrhfnbxtcrbö yfghfdktybq d cnherneht cjdhtvtyyjq tdhjgtqcrjq vsckb≥. D 1952 u., rjulf pfrjyxbkfcm jrregfwbz Uthvfybb cjñpybrfvb, bpdtcnysq gjkbnjkju Öfqyw Jqkfe, gjctnbdibq cdjñ hjlbye, c gtccbvbpvjv jnvtnbk cktleñott: ≤Dj vyjubö fcgtrnfö åjyycrfz htcgeåkbrf dsukzlbn nfr ét, rfr dnjhfz Dtqvfhcrfz, ytcvjnhz yf cvtye ltrjhfwbq b bcgjkybntktq... Ytvtwrfz gjkb- Fvthbrf lfkf vyjujt Tdhjgt rfr d gkfyt ärjyjvbxtcrjq gjvjob, nfr b djtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, yj jyf vyjujt b gjkexbkf. Öjnz byjulf fvthbrfyws egecrfñn änjn vjvtyn bp dble. Gj vtht lfkmytqituj ghjwdtnfybz Tdhjgs ytrjnjhst fvthbrfyws cnfkb hfcwtybdfnm Tdhjge rfr rjyrehtynf, f yt rfr gfhnythf. Yj änj jxtym eprbq dpukzl yf htfkmyjt gjkjétybt dtotq. B öjnz tdhjgtqcrbt abhvs ltqcndbntkmyj rjyrehbhjdfkb c fvthbrfycrbvb, djccnfyjdktyyfz ärjyjvb34 nbrf... jcyjdfyf yt yf ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jgsnt, f yf ukeåjrjv ävjwbjyfkmyjv gjhsdt≥. xtybtv zdkztncz Uhtwbz, ult ltvjrhfnbz d htpekmnfnt djtyyjuj gthtdjhjnf d 1967 u. gfkf b yt vjukf åsnm djccnfyjdktyf d ntxtybt ctvb ktn. D Nehwbb gj hzle ghbxby djtyyst cdthufkb ghfdbntkmcndf, bpåhfyyst ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv gentv, ghb änjv rfélsq hfp djpdhfofz eghfdktybt ujcelfhcndjv uhfélfycrbv herjdjlbntkzv d ntxtybt ujlf bkb ytvyjubv åjkmit. Änb jgfctybz cnfdbkb dctö d negbr. Hfpdbnbt ltvjrhfnbz d cnhfyfö Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys åskj ujhfplj ecgtiytt, xtv gjckt Gthdjq vbhdjq djqys. Änjve gjkbnbxtcrjve ecgtöe cjltqcndjdfkb vyjujxbcktyyst afrnjhs, b jlybv bp ybö zdkztncz cbkmyjt dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf. Ctqxfc hfcibhtybt YFNJ xfcnj jgbcsdftncz rfr hfcghjcnhfytybt åtpjgfcyjcnb yf cnhfys Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs. Yj ctqxfc nfr ét, rfr d cdjt dhtvz eét jnvtxfk Åhjelb, åtpjgfcyjcnm vjétn vtymit åsnm cdzpfyf c jnhfétybtv djtyyjq euhjps, ytétkb c jåtcgtxtybtv cnfåbkmyjcnb pf cxtn erhtgktybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd b edthtyyjcnb, cgjcjåcndeñotq ärjyjvbxtcrjve hjcne. Jlybv bp afrnjhjd åskf åtpjgfcyjcnm, rjnjheñ ufhfynbhjdfkj YFNJ, gjcrjkmre jxtym xfcnj cnhfö gthtl euhjpjq bpdyt ckeébk ghtlgjcskrjq ghböjlf r dkfcnb lbrnfnjhjd. Rhjvt njuj, YFNJ gjhjlbkj xedcndj tlbycndf chtlb cnhfy Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj cjñpf, d hfvrfö rjnjhjuj åsdibt zhjcnyst ghjnbdybrb ghtdhfnbkbcm d gfhnythjd. Yj YFNJ åskj yt tlbycndtyyjq cbkjq, rjnjhfz jåtcgtxbdfkf cgkjxtybt ujcelfhcnd Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf. Ceotcndjdfkb b nfrbt afrnjhs, rfr njhujdkz b nehbpv, b nfrét lheubt vtéleyfhjlyst bycnbnens. Ntv yt vtytt zlhjv änjuj cjjåotcndf åskj jåzpfntkmcndj gj jåtcgtxtybñ dpfbvyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb b ujnjdyjcnm gjéthndjdfnm cdjtq ébpymñ hflb lheujuj. Djtyyst d ntö ujcelfhcndfö, rjnjhst eét gjkexbkb ghbukfitybt d YFNJ, b lfét ntö, rjnjhst gjrf njkmrj exfcndeñn d ghjuhfvvt ≤Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf≥, cvjuen gjkexbnm öjhjieñ gjlujnjdre c gjvjomñ fvthbrfycrbö b pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrbö gfhnythjd. Dvtcnt c ytq jyb ecdjzn yfdsrb uhfélfycrjuj eghfdktybz, b änj dkbzybt åeltn xedcndjdfnmcz yt njkmrj chtlb djtyyjckeéfobö. Ghbcjtlbytybt r YFNJ jpyfxftn ghbcjtlbytybt r Pfgfle, d rjnjhjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb zdkzñncz åjktt ytjnütvktvsvb afrnjhfvb, xtv Vfrljyfkmlc b ≤V-Nª≥. Änb dpfbvyst cdzpb vtéle cnhfyfvb jnxfcnb ajhvbhjdfkbcm d jndtn yf jåoeñ euhjpe, f jnxfcnb c wtkmñ gjcnhjtybz jåobö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö jcyjd. Rfr crfpfyj d ghtfvåekt Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf: ≤Cnjhjys... gjkys htibvjcnb jöhfyznm cdjåjle, jåott yfcktlbt b wbdbkbpfwbñ cdjbö yfhjljd, jcyjdfyyeñ yf ghbywbgfö ltvjrhfnbb, cdjåjls kbxyjcnb b pfrjyf≥. YFNJ – ghtcnbéysq rkeå. E tuj xktyjd tcnm nj, xnj jyb öjnzn: cdjåjlf, ghjwdtnfybt b åtpjgfcyjcnm. Nfrbv jåhfpjv YFNJ vjétn ecnfyfdkbdfnm yjhvs, rjnjhst vjuen jrfpsdfnm ukeåjrjt djpltqcndbt yf tt yjdsö xktyjd b yf lheubt ujcelfhcndf, cnhtvzobtcz r xktycnde d YFNJ, bkb lfét yf nt, rjnjhst öjnzn gjllthébdfnm ntgkst jnyjitybz c xktyfvb änjuj rkeåf. B öjnz ukfdyjq pflfxtq fkmzycf zdkztncz dsgjkytybt jåzpfntkmcnd gj jåtcgtxtybñ åtpjgfcyjcnb, xnj ukfdysv jåhfpjv b ghbdktrftn lheubt ujcelfhcndf, tuj gcböjkjubxtcrjt djpltqcndbt yf gjkbnbxtcreñ b ärjyjvbxtcreñ ädjkñwbñ Tdhjgs vjétn jrfpfnmcz tot jlyjq dféytqitq aeyrwbtq änjuj cjñpf. ¬ Fkmzyc nfrét cgjcjåcndjdfk gthtöjle åsdibö djtyysö herjdjlbntktq yf htkmcs uhfélfycrjq ébpyb gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Änj ghtlgjkfufkj eåtéltyyjcnm d ghtdjcöjlcndt uhfélfycrbö, f yt djtyysö herjdjlbntktq. D 20-t b 30-t uu. gfltybt ltvjrhfnbq dj vyjubö cnhfyfö Tdhjgs åskj ltkjv her djtyysö. Yj d cnhfyfö YFNJ änj åskj jxtym htlrbv zdktybtv. Bcrkñ35 BYAJHVFWBJYYST HTCEHCS FYJYC YJDSÖ CNFNTQ Barry, Charles L. CREATING A EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENSE IDENTITY (Joint Force Quarterly, no. 15, Spring 1997, pp. 62–69) Kitfield, James A LARGER NATO MEANS BIGGER HEADACHES? (National Journal, no. 29, July 19, 1997, pp. 1467–1469) Rbnabkl endthélftn, xnj djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c hfcghtltktybtv åhtvtyb jåjhjyysö hfcöjljd, rjnjhst jåceélfñncz d hfvrfö ltåfnjd gj gjdjle hfcibhtybz YFNJ, ≤eét ctqxfc uhjpzn cnfnm ghtgzncndbtv lkz hfnbabrfwbb Ctyfnjv htitybz j hfcibhtybb d cktleñotv ujle≥. Fdnjh pfzdkztn, xnj hfcibhtybt YFNJ yf djcnjr pfgjkybn ceotcndeñobq cnhfntubxtcrbq dfreev b erhtgbn vjkjlst ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgs. Rbnabkl nfrét gjkfuftn, xnj d fkmzyct tot d ntxtybt vyjubö ktn åelen blnb cgjhs gj gjdjle lfkmytqituj tuj hfcibhtybz. Tdhjgtqcrfz cjcnfdkzñofz åtpjgfcyjcnb b jåjhjys (TCÅJ), n.t. rjywtgwbz cjplfybz tlbysö djjheétyysö cbk d Tdhjgt, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤djjleitdkzñoeñ bybwbfnbde≥, cxbnftn Åfhhb, jncnfdyjq gjlgjkrjdybr ceöjgenysö cbk CIF. Vtéle ntv, TCÅJ ljkéyf ghtjljktnm tot vyjuj ghtgzncndbq lkz njuj, xnjås ljrfpfnm cdjñ yfltéyjcnm, ujdjhbn jy. ≤Cjtlbytyyst Infns öjnzn, xnjås Tdhjgf yfxfkf djtyysvb chtlcndfvb htfubhjdfnm yf rhbpbcs≥, – endthélftn jy. Ecgtiyjt cjplfybt TCÅJ vjétn jpyfxfnm, xnj Tdhjgf dvtcnt c Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb cgjcjåyf dpznm yf ctåz frnbdyeñ hjkm d ehtuekbhjdfybb rhbpbcjd, djpybrfñobö pf ghtltkfvb Tdhjgs. Pipes, Richard IS RUSSIA STILL AN ENEMY? (Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no. 5, September/October, 1997, pp. 65–78) Cragg, Anthony INTERNAL ADAPTATION: RESHAPING NATO FOR THE CHALLENGES OF TOMORROW (NATO Review, vol. 45, no. 4, July/August 1997, pp. 30–35) Pfgflyst kblths ljkéys gjlevfnm yfl ntv, cnjbn kb hfcibhznm YFNJ yf nthhbnjhbñ Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, tckb änjn ghjwtcc ghbdtltn r jnxeéltybñ åjkmibycndf gjkbnbxtcrb frnbdysö hjccbzy, rjnjhst cxbnfñn, xnj d htpekmnfnt nfrbö ltqcndbq Hjccbz åeltn yfdctulf bcrkñxtyf bp cjcnfdf Tdhjgs, ujdjhbn fdnjh cnfnmb, ghtgjlfñobq bcnjhbñ d Ufhdfhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt. ≤Ldecvscktyysq≥ öfhfrnth ≤cthjq pjys≥, hfpltkzñotq Hjccbñ b ysytiybö xktyjd YFNJ, ujdjhbn jy, gjvjétn jåüzcybnm Hjccbb xnj, yt zdkzzcm xfcnmñ Tdhjgs d gjkbnbxtcrjv b djtyyjv cvsckt, jyf ntv yt vtytt yt bcrkñxftncz bp xbckf tdhjgtqcrbö ujcelfhcnd. Gfqgc ghtleghtélftn j njv, xnj nhtåeñncz ≤juhjvyjt nthgtybt b pyfxbntkmyfz vthf cjxedcndbz≥, rjulf htxm bltn j vtlktyyjv b ythjdyjv ldbétybb Hjccbb r ltvjrhfnbb, b xnj ≤jncencndbt nfrjuj nthgtybz b cjxedcndbz åeltn kbim yf here fynbpfgflysv cbkfv≥. Yjdst pflfxb YFNJ d catht gjllthéfybz vbhf b ehtuekbhjdfybz rhbpbcjd yfhzle c jnrhsditqcz djpvjéyjcnmñ gjcnhjtybz yjdjq cbcntvs åtpjgfcyjcnb d Tdhjgt nhtåeñn bpvtytybz cnhernehs fkmzycf, ujdjhbn Rhäuu, gjvjoybr Utythfkmyjuj ctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv jåjhjyyjuj gkfybhjdfybz b jgthfnbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Jy endthélftn, xnj fkmzyc ≤ctujlyz jåkflftn ljcnfnjxysvb djpvjéyjcnzvb lkz gjkyjvfcinfåyjuj b äaatrnbdyjuj htitybz pflfx yjdjuj cnjktnbz≥. 36 Rose, Richard TEDDY BEARS: THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE ARE IN NO MOOD FOR CONFLICT, WHICH OUGHT TO EASE NATO EXPANSION (National Review, vol. 49, no. 16, September 1, 1997, pp. 44–45) Htpekmnfns jlyjuj bp jghjcjd jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz d Hjccbb gjrfpsdfñn, xnj hjccbzyt öjnzn vbhf, ujdjhbn Hjep. Jy endthélftn, xnj d yfcnjzobq vjvtyn hjccbqcrbq yfhjl d åjkmitq cntgtyb pfyzn cdjbvb dyenhtyybvb ghjåktvfvb, xtv hjkmñ cdjtq cnhfys yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt. ≤Htfkmyst euhjps åtpjgfcyjcnb hjccbzy yföjlzncz dyenhb cnhfys, – ujdjhbn jy. – Ghtcnegyjcnm yf ekbwfö b rhegyst vföbyfwbb c cjåcndtyyjcnmñ≥ cj cnjhjys dscjrjgjcnfdktyysö xbyjdybrjd b åbpytcvtyjd jrfpsdfñn yf hjccbzy ltvjhfkbpeñobq äaatrn, gbitn Hjep. 37 ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ Asmus, Ronald D.; Kugler, Richard L.; Larrabee, F. Stephen WHAT WILL NATO ENLARGEMENT COST? (Survival, vol. 38, no. 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 5–26) Reprinted by Rand in 1997 as RP-622. Gallis, Paul E. NATO: CONGRESS ADDRESSES EXPANSION OF THE ALLIANCE (CRS Issue Brief 95076). Washington: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, July 24, 1997. 16p. Barry, Charles REFORGING THE TRANS-ATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP Washington: National Defense University, 1996. 208p. Gompert, David C.; Larrabee, F. Stephen AMERICA AND EUROPE: A PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW ERA New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 276p. Biden, Joseph R., Jr. MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF A POST-COLD WAR WORLD: NATO ENLARGEMENT AND U.S.-RUSSIA RELATIONS (Senate Print 105–26). Washington: Government Printing Office, May 1997. 59p. Goodby, James E. NATO ENLARGEMENT AND AN UNDIVIDED EUROPE Stanford, CA: Center for International Security and Arms Control, Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, 1997. 16p. Dean, Jonathan THE NATO MISTAKE: EXPANSION FOR ALL THE WRONG REASONS (Washington Monthly, vol. 29, no. 7, July/August 1997, pp. 35–38) AN INTERVIEW WITH JOHN R. GALVIN: THE FORMER COMMANDER OF NATO DISCUSSES HIS THOUGHTS ON THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATO IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD (Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol. 21, no. 2, Summer 1997/Fall 1997, pp. 37–45) Ek, Carl NATO EXPANSION: COST ISSUES (CRS Report for Congress, no. 97-668 F). Washington: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, July 2, 1997. 20p. Muravchik, Joshua WHY DIE FOR DANZIG? (Commentary, vol. 104, no. 4, October 1997, pp. 40–45) EUROPEAN SECURITY ACT: TWO STEPS FORWARD ON NATO ENLARGEMENT, ONE ILL-ADVISED STEP BACK ON MISSILE DEFENSE (Decision Brief 97-D78). Washington: Center for Security Policy, June 11, 1997. 30p. Pelz, Stephen THE CASE FOR LIMITING NATO ENLARGEMENT: A REALIST PROPOSAL FOR A STABLE DIVISION OF EUROPE (National Security Studies Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 59–72) 38 Sharp, Jane TOWARD A SECURE EUROPE (Current History, vol. 96, no. 608, March 1997, pp. 130–134) Sloan, Stanley R. NATO ENLARGEMENT AND THE FORMER EUROPEAN NEUTRALS (CRS Report 97-249 F). Washington: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, February 18, 1997. 6p. Steel, Ronald EASTERN EXPOSURE (New Republic, vol. 217, no. 2–3, July 14, 1997, p. 27) Straus, Ira NATO, GO EAST: AS NATO SPREADS TO THE EAST, RUSSIA MAY DECIDE TO LOOK EASTWARD AS WELL (National Review, vol. 49, no. 15, August 11, 1997, pp. 39–41) U.S. Congressional Budget Office THE COSTS OF EXPANDING THE NATO ALLIANCE Washington: The Office, March 1996. 71p. U.S. Department of Defense REPORT ON ALLIED CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COMMON DEFENSE Washington: The Department, March 1997. 37p. U.S. General Accounting Office NATO ENLARGEMENT: U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO ASSIST POTENTIAL NEW MEMBERS (GAO/NSIAD-97–164). Washington: The Office, June 1997. 28p. 39 CFQNS BYNTHYTN Ghjcbv jåhfnbnm dybvfybt yf nj, xnj ÑCBC yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b yfkbxbt gthtxbcktyysö ybét htcehcjd; nfrfz jndtncndtyyjcnm wtkbrjv kjébncz yf ghjdfqlthjd. JDC YFNJ d Ñéyjq Tdhjgt http://www.afsouth.nato.int/ Rehc ghjatccbjyfkmyjq jhbtynfwbb infåysö jabwthjd YFNJ http://www.ndu.edu/ndu/inss/nsooc/nsoochp.html Cghfdjxybr Rjyuhtccf: hfcibhtybt YFNJ http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-43.html YFNJ: dthöjdysq ukfdyjrjvfyleñobq JDC YFNJ yf Fnkfynbrt http://www.saclant.nato.int/ Wtynh gj bpextybñ ghjåktv jåjhjys b vtéleyfhjlyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb: cdzpb d catht jåjhjys b åtpjgfcyjcnb http://www.cdiss.org/links.htm YFNJ: pfxtv? http://www.robust-east.net/Net/czechl.html Rjvbccbz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt http://www.house.gov/csce/ Yjdfz Fnkfynbxtcrfz bybwbfnbdf http://www.eai.org/nai/nai.htm Ajhby faathc: YFNJ http://www.policy.com/issues/foraff/nato.html Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrfz fccfvåktz http://ww.nato.int/related/naa/ Wtynh byajhvfwbjyysö htcehcjd, rjkktlé rfyflcrbö djjheétyysö cbk, afrekmntn yfwbjyfkmyjq jåjhjys http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milorg/nato.html Jhufybpfwbz gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt http://www.osceprag.cz/ Vtéleyfhjlysq bycnbnen cnhfntubxtcrbö bccktljdfybq http://www.isn.ethz.ch/iiss/iisshome.htm Gfhnythcndj dj bvz vbhf http://www.shape.nato.int/pfp.htm Vflhblcrbq cfvvbn YFNJ, 8–9 bñkz 1997 u. http://www.embusa.es/nato/indexeng.html Ljrkfl Rjyuhtcce j hfcibhtybb Jhufybpfwbb Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf: jåjcyjdfybt, ghtbveotcndf, pfnhfns b gjcktlcndbz http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ 9702nato_report.html Futyncndj YFNJ gj rjycekmnfwbzv, rjvfyljdfybñ b eghfdktybñ http://www.nc3a.nato.int/ Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF: åñhj gj ltkfv tdhjgtqcrbö ujcelfhcnd b Rfyfls http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ europe_home.html#nato Hfcibhtybt YFNJ http://www.usis.hu/nato.htm Hfcibhtybt caths ltzntkmyjcnb YFNJ http://washingtonpost.com/wp¸srv/inatl/ longterm/nato/nato.htm Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF: CIF b yjdjt fnkfynbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj http://www.usia.gov/topical/pol/atlcomm/atlantic.htm Hfcibhtybt caths ltzntkmyjcnb YFNJ: fyfkbp djtyysö fcgtrnjd http://www.fas.org/man/nato/index.html Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj CIF d YFNJ http://www.nato.int/usa/home.htm Jabwbfkmyfz yfxfkmyfz cnhfybwf YFNJ http://www.nato.int./ Ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj CIF d Tdhjgtqcrjv Cjñpt http://www.useu.be 40
