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Djghjcs
ltvjrhfnbb
Äktrnhjyysq
éehyfk
ÑCBF
Ghfdjghbvtytybt
d cdjåjlyjv
Yjzåhm
1997 u.
Njv 2 Yjvth 4
jåotcndt
Ghfdjghbvtytybt
d cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt
Jn htlfrwbb
D
bltfkt d cdjåjlyjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt ghfdjghbvtytybt jceotcndkztncz d fnvjcatht, rjulf pfrjyjgjckeiyst uhfélfyt yt åjzncz gjkbwbb. Gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéfn yf åkfuj jåotcndf b åthen yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cdjb
ltqcndbz. Jyb ljkéys cjxtnfnm nhtåjdfybz gj gjllthéfybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf c edfétybtv pfrjyf b ghfd kbxyjcnb. D nfrjq
cbnefwbb uhfélfyt dblzn d gjkbwtqcrbö
cdjbö lheptq, f yt dhfujd.
Yj rfr cjplftncz nfrfz fnvjcathf?
Xnj ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm, xnjås gjlujnjdbnm cjnhelybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd r dsgjkytybñ ldjqyjq pflfxb gj
pfobnt uhfélfy b ckeéåt yf bö åkfuj?
Yf änb djghjcs yt ceotcndetn tlbycndtyyjuj dctjödfnsdfñotuj jndtnf. Ghjatccjh
Jndby Vfhbyty jnvtxftn d cdjtq cnfnmt,
xnj gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yt drkñxftn ntjhtnbxtcrjuj
fyfkbpf ghjåktv ltvjrhfnbb. Yj ghfrnbxtcrbt pfyznbz, bysvb ckjdfvb, bpextybt
njuj, xnj yflj ltkfnm b rfr, ghtdhfoftn
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs d rjyrhtnyeñ äaatrnbdyeñ gjkbnbre.
D änjv yjvtht ghfdjghbvtytybt d
cdjåjlyjv jåotcndt hfccvfnhbdftncz c
hfpkbxysö njxtr phtybz. D cdjq cnfnmt
lbhtrnjh AÅH Kebc Lé. Ahb bccktletn
yjdst nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst pflfxb, dcnfñobt gthtl ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, b ghtlghbybvftvst AÅH ecbkbz gj
bö hfphtitybñ, ghb cjöhfytybb edfétybz
r ghfdfv kbxyjcnb.
D cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjv j åjhmåt
c yfcbkmcndtyysvb ghtcnegktybzvb b
ghfdjghbvtytybtv jn 1994 u., Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb cajhvbhjdfkj Eghfdktybt
vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. D cdjtq cnfnmt Léjpta B. Åhfyy, lbhtrnjh Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, ltvjycnhbhetn, rfr ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv ghbdtkj d gjcktlybt
ujls r cybétybñ ghtcnegyjcnb dj vyjubö
fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö. Cnfnmñ Åhfyyf
ghtrhfcyj ljgjkyztn jgbcfybt ghbywbgjd,
ktéfobö d jcyjdt ghfrnbrb ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, cjcnfdktyyjt Létrjv H. Uhbyjv,
ghjatccjhjv eujkjdyjuj ghfdf d Eybdthcbntnt Ntvgk.
D htgjhnfét bp Yjdjuj Jhktfyf,
rjnjhsq d änjv ujle kblbhjdfk chtlb
fvthbrfycrbö ujhjljd gj ntvgfv cybétybz ghtcnegyjcnb, Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdftn, rfrbv jåhfpjv frnbdyj ghjdjlbvfz
htajhvf gjkbwtqcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf åscnhj ghbdtkf r cjrhfotybñ ghtcnegyjcnb d änjv ujhjlt.
B, yfrjytw, Cnñfhn Ujhby ghtlkfuftn jåpjh hfåjns fvthbrfycrbö celjd yf
atlthfkmyjv, infnyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyzö,
frwtynbhez dybvfybt yf njv, xnj ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb b cel ghbczéysö jcnfñncz aeylfvtynfkmysvb ghbywbgfvb
fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvs.
2
Cjlthéfybt
Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF,
geåkbretvst b hfccskftvst gj
dctve vbhe rfélst nhb ytltkb,
gjcdzotys frnefkmysv ghjåktvfv,
cnjzobv gthtl CIF b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv. Éehyfks
≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥,
≤Ukjåfkmyst djghjcs≥, ≤Djghjcs
ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf
CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b åbåkbjuhfabxtcreñ byajhvfwbñ gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd. Gthtdjls vfnthbfkjd,
jgeåkbrjdfyysö d éehyfkfö, yf
ahfywepcrbq, bcgfycrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b heccrbq zpsrb dsöjlzn
ghbvthyj xthtp ldt ytltkb gjckt
dsöjlf éehyfkf gj-fyukbqcrb.
Vytybz, cjlthéfobtcz d éehyfkmysö cnfnmzö, vjuen yt cjdgflfnm c njxrjq phtybz b gjkbnbrjq
ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Änb cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz pf ghtltkfvb CIF, tckb d
ybö yt cjlthébncz erfpfybq yf
juhfybxtybz, cdzpfyyst c fdnjhcrbvb ghfdfvb.
Cdtébt bkb ghjikst yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb gj flhtce:
http://www.usia.gov/journals/
journals.htm yf yfxfkmyjq cnhfybwt Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF
(ÑCBC) yf Bynthytnt. Jyb dsöjlzn d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö
ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz ghjcvjnhf d htébvt on-line, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb d kjrfkmyeñ cbcntve
b hfcgtxfnrb. Jnpsds j éehyfkfö
ghbcskfqnt d vtcnyst jnltktybz
ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ:
Editor, Issues of Democracy
Democracy and Human Rights –
I/DHR
U.S. Information Agency
301 4th Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20547
United States of America
Ds vjétnt
yfghfdbnm
gbcmvj gj
äktrnhjyyjq
gjxnt
Yjdst ntyltywbb d ghfdjghbvtytybb
. . . . . . . . . . 4
Kebc Lé. Ahb, lbhtrnjh Atlthfkmyjuj åñhj hfccktljdfybq, hfccvfnhbdftn yjdst ghjåktvs, rjnjhst cnjzn gthtl ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, b vths, ghtlghbybvftvst AÅH lkz bö hfphtitybz.
Gjkbwbz b yfctktybt – gfhnyths . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Léjpta B. Åhfyy, lbhtrnjh Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå
ghb Vbybcnthcndt ñcnbwbb, jåüzcyztn pfvtnyst ecgtöb åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ ddtltybtv yjdjq ghjuhfvvs, d hfvrfö rjnjhjq ecnfyfdkbdfñncz ntcyst jnyjitybz gfhnythcndf vtéle gjkbwbtq b vtcnysv yfctktybtv.
Gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
D cdjtv fyfkbpt gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö
ghjatccjh gjkbnjkjubb bp Eybdthcbntnf infnf Dfibyunjy Jndby Vfhbyty ghbdjlbn jcyjdyst äktvtyns jåextybz, wtkm rjnjhjuj cjcnjbn d njv,
xnjås gjkbwtqcrbt cfvb cjåkñlfkb pfrjys.
D pfobne ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ghjatccjh eujkjdyjuj ghfdf bp Eybdthcbntnf Ntvgk Létr H. Uhby gthtxbckztn jcyjdyst ghbywbgs cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv.
Yjdsq jhktfy: Djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl
. . . . . . . . . . 23
Pf gjcktlybt ldf ujlf Yjdsq Jhktfy cevtk htjhufybpjdfnm cdjñ gjkbwtqcreñ ckeéåe b pyfxbntkmyj cjrhfnbnm ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb. D
htgjhnfét c vtcnf cjåsnbq Lädbl Gbnnc jgbcsdftn, rfr änj ghjbpjikj.
Jåpjh fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs
. . . . . . . 30
Cnñfhn Ujhby erfpsdftn yf nj, xnj celtåyj-ghjwtccefkmysq gjhzljr,
ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb b cel ghbczéysö jcnfñncz aeylfvtynfkmysvb
ghbywbgfvb celjghjbpdjlcndf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö.
Byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Åbåkbjuhfabz, htcehcs Bynthytnf
Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk
Ukfdysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vfhr Cvbn
Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cnñfhn Ujhby
Pfvtcnbntkm htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eäqy Öjkk
Htlfrnjh Bynthytnf b ntrcnf . . . . . . . . . . Ltåjhf V.C. Åhfey
Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lädbl Gbnnc
Htlfrnjhs-rjycekmnfyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rähjk Yjhnjy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Åfhåfhf Cfylthc
Öeljétcndtyysq htlfrnjh. . . . . . . . . . . . . Lfqfy Dekdthnjy
Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbkdbz Crjnn
Htlfrwbjyyfz rjkktubz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léjy Lädbc Öfvbkk
gj flhtce:
ejdemos@usia.gov
Htlfrnjhs heccrjuj bplfybz. . . . . . . . . . . Bkmz Ceckjd
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kblbz Djhjybyf
3
Yjdst ntyltywbb
d ghfdjghbvtytybb
Kebc Lé. Ahb
L
D cdjtq htxb yf rjyathtywbb
jåhjt enhj, lfvs b ujcgjlf. Vyt
ljcnfdkztn åjkmijt eljdjkmcndbt dcnhtnbnmcz c dfvb b edbltnm vyjuj ljåhsö
lheptq. Z dscjrj wtyñ dfie Fccjwbfwbñ
b cxbnfñ tt ghtrhfcysv ajhevjv lkz jåceéltybz, b vyt jxtym ghbznyj dscnegfnm
gthtl dfvb. Gjpdjkmnt vyt cyfxfkf jåcelbnm ytcrjkmrj djghjcjd, rjnjhst, gj vjtve vytybñ, åelen dfv bynthtcys.
Rfr ds pyftnt, vs hfcibhztv vyjubt yfib vtéleyfhjlyst ghjuhfvvs, xnj
ghbdtltn r njve, xnj d cels gjcnegzn
ghbywbgbfkmyj yjdst ltkf b yjdst cktlcndtyyst vfnthbfks. Vs cnfkrbdftvcz c
ntv, xnj ghtcnegyjcnm, – d jcjåtyyjcnb
ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghtcnegktybz, b jcjåtyyj
ghtcnegktybz, cdzpfyyst c yfhrjnbrfvb,
jhufybpjdfyyfz ghtcnegyjcnm b nthhjhbpv,
– dct åjkmit ghbjåhtnftn ukjåfkmysq öfhfrnth. D änbö jåkfcnzö ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb pyfxbntkmyj eceueåkzñncz
nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst ntyltywbb.
Ytlfdyj vs cnjkryekbcm cj ckexftv, rjulf xtkjdtr, e rjnjhjuj åsk gthtyjcyjq gthcjyfkmysq rjvgmñnth, yföjlzcm
d Cfyrn-Gtnthåehut, Hjccbz, ljåhfkcz lj
cxtnjd Cbnbåfyrf d Ymñ-Qjhrt b cvju
gthtdtcnb ytcrjkmrj vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd
yf lheujq cxtn, ghtélt xtv åfyr jåyfheébk äne nhfycfrwbñ. Gjnthz cjcnfdbkf
400 000 ljkkfhjd, yj änj åsk öjhjibq
ehjr lkz ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b
Fccjwbfwbb atlthfkmysö celtq
1997 ujlf Kebc Lé. Ahb, lbhtrnjh
Atlthfkmyjuj åñhj hfccktljdfybq, ujdjhbk j yjdsö ajhvfö
nhfycyfwbjyfkmyjq ghtcnegyjcnb,
c rjnjhsvb AÅH ljkéyj dtcnb
åjhmåe, b j njv pyfxtybb, rjnjhjt
jyj ghblftn d gjlujnjdrt cdjbö
futynjd bö vjhfkmyjve jåkbre b
änbxtcrbv djghjcfv. Htxm ghbdjlbncz d cjrhfotybb.
4
Kebc Lé. Ahb
cfvjuj åfyrf. Yf ghbvtht änjuj ckexfz
vs gjyzkb, xnj d åeleotv yfv ghbltncz
dct xfot b xfot cnfkrbdfnmcz c änbv yjdsv dbljv ghtcnegyjcnb.
Vs jåyfheébkb, xnj hfcibhtybt
Bynthytnf b hfcghjcnhfytybt rjvgmñnthjd ghbdtkb r djpybryjdtybñ yjdjq caths ltzntkmyjcnb lkz ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö
jhufyjd. Ctqxfc vs ghtcktletv åtuktwjd
yt njkmrj ≤gj pfåjhfv≥, yj b c gjvjomñ
Bynthytnf.
D yfcnjzott dhtvz yfib futyns
ghb jåscrt dct xfot bpsvfñn öfhl-lhfqds b rjvgmñnths d ljgjkytybt r ljrevtynfv b rybufv. Z gjkfufñ, xnj jxtym
crjhj vs gjljqltv r nfrjve heåtée, rjulf djghjcs d celt, rjnjhst pflfñncz jådbyztvjve yf cnflbb celtåyjuj cktlcndbz,
f nfrét jcyjdfybz lkz gjcnfyjdktybz j
dslfxt jhlthjd yf jåscr bkb fhtcn, htprj bpvtyzncz bp-pf gjzdktybz yjdsö ntöyjkjubq b yjdsö vtnjljd hfcghjcnhfytybz, yfrjgktybz b gthtlfxb byajhvfwbb.
E z p d b v s t v t cn f d b y a h f cn h e r n e h t b y a j h v f w b b
Gjybvfybt pyfxtybz änbö ntöyjkjubxtcrbt
ljcnbétybq gjåelbkj yfc r cjplfybñ ghjuhfvv, rjnjhst frnbdyj bcgjkmpeñncz lkz
dszdktybz ezpdbvsö vtcn d yfitq byahfcnherneht. Ctqxfc dgjkyt jxtdblyj, xnj
cbcntvf yfitq byahfcnhernehs, jcjåtyyj
tt ébpytyyj dféyst äktvtyns, bvtñn
jxtym vyjuj ezpdbvsö vtcn lkz nthhjhbpvf b ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Yfghbvth,
lfét xtkjdtr cj chtlybv jåhfpjdfybtv
vjétn ctqxfc yfytcnb elfh gj byajhvfwbjyysv cbcntvfv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz
dct åjkmibq jåütv byahfcnhernehs ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, f nfrét ñhblbxtcrbö jhufyjd cjplftncz b rjycnhebhetncz
d hfvrfö byajhvfwbjyysö cbcntv. F gjcrjkmre änb cbcntvs cnfyjdzncz dct åjktt
ezpdbvsvb, e ghtcnegybrjd b nthhjhbcnjd
gjzdkztncz åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq yfytcnb
pyfxbntkmysq eothå. Yfghbvth, elfh gj
ajyljdjq åbhét bkb äythutnbxtcrjq ctnb
d ctdthyj-djcnjxyjq xfcnb Cjtlbytyysö
Infnjd d cthtlbyt pbvs vjétn ghbdtcnb
r xtkjdtxtcrbv éthndfv b pyfxbntkmyjve
vfnthbfkmyjve eothåe. Vs cxbnftv, xnj
änj nf jåkfcnm, ult vs ljkéys ekexibnm
cdjñ gjlujnjdre.
K f å j h fn j h b z A Å H
R cjéfktybñ, ytrjnjhst bp ezpdbvsö
vtcn d yfitq byajhvfwbjyyjq byahfcnherneht jnhféfñncz b yf yfitq jhufybpfwbjyyjq cnherneht: z bvtñ d dble kfåjhfnjhbñ AÅH, ult gj htpekmnfnfv ljrkflf
utythfkmyjuj bycgtrnjhf vs ddtkb gjlhfpltktybz gj rjynhjkñ pf rfxtcndjv hfåjns, rjnjhsö e yfc ghtélt yt åskj, f
nfrét ghfrnbre dpfbvysö ghjdthjr b
ghbdktrkb åjkmit extysö r herjdjlcnde
kfåjhfnjhbtq. Dgthdst d yfitq bcnjhbb
vs ddtkb d infn kfåjhfnjhbb vyjuj uhfélfycrbö extysö, b z levfñ, xnj d htpekmnfnt änbö ghtjåhfpjdfybq yfif kfåjhfnjhbz cnfytn ujhfplj cbkmytt. Yfghbvth,
ytlfdyj yf jcyjdfybb htpekmnfnjd ärcgthbps kfåjhfnjhbb AÅH, åsk jcdjåjélty
pfrkñxtyysq, ghjdtlibq d nñhmvt 9 ktn
gj jådbytybñ d ghtcnegktybb, rjnjhjuj
jy yt cjdthifk. Yfit gjlhfpltktybt, rjnjhjt pfybvftncz bccktljdfybtv vjktrek
LYR b rjnjhjt ghjdjlbn ärcgthnbps lkz
atlthfkmysö, infnysö b vtcnysö dkfcntq, cybvftn gjljphtybz c gjljphtdftvsö
d 25 ghjwtynfö ckexftd.
Rfélsq ujl yfif kfåjhfnjhbz ghjdjlbn ghbvthyj 600 000 ärcgthnbp. Bö
5
htpekmnfns cjjåofñncz ghjrehjhfv, b d
ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö gthtlfñncz fldjrfnfv
pfobns b jådbyztvsv, b, nfrbv jåhfpjv,
c åjkmijq dthjznyjcnmñ cnfyjdzncz ghtlvtnjv hfpkbxysö öjlfnfqcnd d celt. Lj
cbö gjh yfv yt bpdtcnyj yb jlyjuj ltkf,
rjnjhjt dtkjcm AÅH bkb jhufyfvb infnjd, b rjnjhjt åskj ås lbcrhtlbnbhjdfyj
dcktlcndbt rhbnbrb kfåjhfnjhbb AÅH bkb
gjkextyysö tñ htpekmnfnjd. D kfåjhfnjhbb nhelzncz cgtwbfkbcns, bcrkñxbntkmyj
ghtlfyyst cdjtve ltke.
Vs cnhjbv yjdeñ kfåjhfnjhbñ
AÅH d yfitv extåyjv wtynht Refynbrj,
infn Dbhébybz. Tt cnhjbntkmcndj åeltn
pfrjyxtyj r rjywe änjuj ltcznbktnbz. Änj
åeltn cjdhtvtyyfz gthdjrkfccyfz kfåjhfnjhbz, ult åelen hfåjnfnm extyst cj dctq
cnhfys b ult vs ghjljkébv hfåjne d jåkfcnb celtåyjq vtlbwbys, åkfujlfhz xtve
b pyfvtybnf kfåjhfnjhbz AÅH. Vs edthtys, xnj jyf jcnfytncz ntv, xnj tcnm ctqxfc – dtleotq kfåjhfnjhbtq celtåyjq vtlbwbys d vbht.
Vtyz jcjåtyyj djkyeñn nfrbt ckexfb, gjcrjkmre gjcktlytt ltkj, rjnjhjt
z dtk, åelexb gjvjoybrjv ghjrehjhf
CIF, åskj cdzpfyj c gjreitybtv yf
celmñ d ñéyjv hfqjyt Ymñ-Qjhrf – celmñ Hbxfhlf Lé. Lfhjyrj, rjnjhsq åsk
eåbn. Z vjue dfc pfdthbnm, xnj AÅH cjdvtcnyj cj Ckeéåjq celtåysö vfhifkjd
jxtym nofntkmyj hfåjnftn yfl nfrbvb ltkfvb.
D åjkmibycndt ckexftd änb euhjps
ytqnhfkbpeñncz, gjnjve xnj vjéyj åscnhj
ecnfyjdbnm kbxyjcnb ntö, rnj bö dscrfpsdftn: pfrkñxtyyst b kñlb c gcböbxtcrbvb pfåjktdfybzvb – b ghbyznm cjjndtncndeñobt vths.
Yt ljkéyj crkflsdfnmcz nfrjuj gjkjétybz, xnjås vs yt cjjåobkb j öjlt
hfccktljdfybz celtåyjve hfåjnybre, gjkexbditve gbcmvj bkb pdjyjr c euhjpfvb b
cjjåobditve yfv jå änjv. Tckb rnj-nj
bp dfc jrfpfkcz d nfrjv gjkjétybb, cdzébntcm c yfibv vtcnysv cgtwbfkmysv
futynjv, jndtxfñobv pf änb djghjcs. Dct
yfib cgtwbfkmyst futyns gjkexbkb erfpfybz rfr vjéyj gjkytt byajhvbhjdfnm
celtåysö hfåjnybrjd j kñåjv ghjuhtcct
d hfccktljdfybb änbö ltk.
E u h j p s d f l h t c g h t l cn f d b n t k t q c e l t å y j q c b cn t v s
F ctqxfc z öjxe ytvyjuj gjujdjhbnm j
hfccktljdfybzö, rjnjhst vs dtltv d cdzpb c euhjpfvb d flhtc celtq, vfubcnhfnjd
b hfåjnybrjd celjd.
Dj dhtvz vjbö gjtpljr gj cnhfyt
celmb pflfdfkb vyt djghjcs jnyjcbntkmyj
njuj, yt djphjckj kb rjkbxtcndj änbö euhjp. Öjnz b vjétn ckjébnmcz nfrjt dgtxfnktybt, yj yfib cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst
cdbltntkmcndeñn jå jåhfnyjv. Yfghbvth,
d 1996 ujle vs gjkexbkb b hfccktljdfkb
ckexfb j 45 jnltkmysö euhjpfö d flhtc
atlthfkmysö celtq b pyfxbntkmyj vtymitt rjkbxtcndj ckexftd ghjnbd lheubö cjnhelybrjd celf. Rjkbxtcndj euhjp d flhtc
xktyjd Dthöjdyjuj celf, rjnjhst vs ghjdjlbv gj jnltkmyjq rfntujhbb, jcnfdfkjcm
jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbv d ntxtybt gjcktlybö
ytcrjkmrbö ktn. Nfrbt ckexfb hfccvfnhbdfñncz jxtym cthmtpyj. Vs hfåjnftv yfl
ybvb åscnhj b nofntkmyj, f pfntv ghtlcnfdkztv jåibhysq ljrkfl gj htpekmnfnfv
yfibö hfccktljdfybq.
Änbrf d AÅH
Ctqxfc vs dcnegbkb d jxtym lbyfvbxyeñ
cnflbñ yfituj hfpdbnbz. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz jrjkj 75 000 xtkjdtr gjlfkb pfzdktybz yf ljkéyjcnb cgtwbfkmysö futynjd,
ghbxtv gjxnb dct jyb bvtñn ljcnfnjxyeñ
rdfkbabrfwbñ lkz dsgjkytybz änjq hfåjns. Rfélsq ujl vs yfybvftv yf hfåjne
jrjkj 1000 futynjd – jnxfcnb lkz njuj,
xnjås rjvgtycbhjdfnm njn gthbjl d 1992
b 1993 ujlfö, rjulf vs yt ghbybvfkb
kñltq yf hfåjne, yj d åjkmitq cntgtyb
åkfujlfhz yjdsv fccbuyjdfybzv, gjkextyysv jn Rjyuhtccf. R rjywe 1998 ujlf
kñlb, ghbyznst yf hfåjne d gjcktlybt
xtnsht ujlf, cjcnfdzn jrjkj 40 ghjwtynjd
dctö yfibö cjnhelybrjd. Änj rjkjccfkmyst gthtvtys. D gjcktlybt ldf ujlf
vyjubt cjnhelybrb eikb d jncnfdre, b
ghjbpjitk ghbnjr wtkjuj yjdjuj gjrjktybz futynjd AÅH.
6
Vs ghblftv juhjvyjt pyfxtybt
gthdjyfxfkmyjve jåextybñ b bycnhernfée
änbö yjdsö futynjd. Jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz bö vjhfkmyjve jåkbre b änbxtcrbv
yjhvfv. Rjulf z pfyzk d 1993 ujle änjn
gjcn, nj jåyfheébk, xnj d extåyjv gkfyt
djghjcs änbrb bpexfkbcm yf 14-q ytltkt
16-ytltkmyjuj rehcf. Yf änbö pfyznbzö
jxtym gjdthöyjcnyj bpexfkbcm änbxtcrbt
yjhvs, rjnjhst ljkéys cjåkñlfnm cjnhelybrb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd.
Åelexb d Refynbrj, z pflfdfk yjdsv
futynfv djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz ubgjntnbxtcrbö cbnefwbq, b eåtlbkcz d njv, xnj
ceotcndetn yfcnjzntkmyfz gjnhtåyjcnm
d åjktt eukeåktyyjv bpextybb änbrb.
Celmb-ktrnjhs b ghjåktvs
änbrb d ghfdjjöhfybntkmy s ö j h uf y f ö
C änjq wtkmñ z ddtk ghjuhfvve, ghtlecvfnhbdfñoeñ ghbukfitybt celtq r
yfv d extåysq wtynh. D Refynbrj ghbtpéftn vyjuj celtq, rjnjhst ghjdjlzn wtksq ltym c yfibvb yjdsvb futynfvb.
Celmb yt ghjcnj xbnfñn ktrwbb j hjkb
atlthfkmysö celjd b j dpfbvjjnyjitybzö
vtéle celfvb, celmzvb, ghjrehjhfvb b
cktljdfntkzvb. Jyb ltqcndbntkmyj jåhfofñn dybvfybt yfibö futynjd yf juhjvyjt pyfxtybt vjhfkmyjuj jåkbrf d yfitq
hfåjnt b yf änbxtcrbt yjhvs, rjnjhst vs
ljkéys cjåkñlfnm. B jyb ltkfñn änj nfr,
rfr, gj vjtve vytybñ, vjuen ltkfnm njkmrj celmb.
Rhjvt exfcnbz celtq d ghjuhfvvt,
vs hfphfåjnfkb extåysq gkfy, d rjnjhjv
gthdst ldf lyz jåextybz yjdjuj futynf
gjcdzotys änbrt hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Vs hfccvfnhbdftv åkbprbt
r htfkmysv cbnefwbb. Yfghbvth, xnj ltkfnm, tckb ghb hfccktljdfybb juhfåktybz
åfyrf futyns yföjlzn ljrfpfntkmcndf ytdbyjdyjcnb gjljphtdftvjuj, rjnjhst blen
dhfphtp eét ecnfyjdktyyjq kbxyjcnb gjljphtdftvjuj b dctq dthcbb änjuj ghtcnegktybz.
Ghjåktvf cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås yfexbnm futynjd, rfr gjcnegfnm c änbvb cdb-
ltntkmcndfvb, b jåüzcybnm ytjåöjlbvjcnm
ghbdktxm r ybv dybvfybt yfxfkmcndf bkb
gjvjoybrf ghjrehjhf CIF. Vs exbv bö
njve, xnj jöhfyf rjycnbnewbjyysö ghfd
ujhfplj dféytt, xtv htpekmnfn kñåjuj bynthdmñ bkb bcöjl rjyrhtnyjuj hfccktljdfybz. D extåysq gkfy drkñxtyj vyjuj djpvjéyjcntq lkz jåceéltybz b bycnhernféf
gj änjve rjhtyyjve änbxtcrjve djghjce,
yf rjnjhjv jcyjdsdftncz ltzntkmyjcnm yt
njkmrj AÅH, yj b dctö jcnfkmysö atlthfkmysö futyncnd, pfybvfñoböcz hfccktljdfybtv ghtcnegktybq gj gjhextybñ
ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
D Refynbrj vs cjplfkb Eghfdktybt
gj änbrt hfåjns ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd. Yfib cjnhelybrb ljkéys tétujlyj
ghjöjlbnm pfyznbz gj änbrt d ghfdjghbvtytybb.
Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz
ghfdjghbvtytybz
Vs gjgsnfkbcm nfrét bcgjkmpjdfnm ytrjnjhst fcgtrns änjq ghjuhfvvs yf ehjdyt
infnjd b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt, f nfrét d
jåextybb pf heåtéjv. D 1994 ujle cjplfyf Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz ghfdjghbvtytybz d Åelfgtint. Jyf åskf cjplfyf
Ujcltgfhnfvtynjv cjdvtcnyj c AÅH b
lheubvb atlthfkmysvb jhufyfvb lkz jåextybz yjdjuj gjrjktybz gjkbwtqcrbö bp
Hjccbb b lheubö htcgeåkbr åsdituj
Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, cnhfy Åfknbb, f nfrét
lheubö cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq
Tdhjgs. Jåextybt d frfltvbb ukfdysv
jåhfpjv cjchtljnjxtyj yf hfåjnt gjkbwbb
d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt, rjnjhfz,
åtpeckjdyj, ceotcndtyyj jnkbxftncz jn
hfåjns gjkbwbb d ytltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt.
Jlyjdhtvtyyj vs ghbukfiftv yf
djcmvbytltkmyjt jåextybt ghtlcnfdbntktq
nhtö cnhfy, b ghb änjv nhb jnltkmyst
uheggs gjkbwtqcrbö jåtcgtxbdfñncz cbyöhjyysv gthtdjljv. Änb gjkbwtqcrbt d
åjkmibycndt cdjtv åskb exfcnrjdsvb d
åsdibö njnfkbnfhysö ujcelfhcndfö.
Gthdjt, xtve vs bö exbv – änj
edfétybt xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Vs
7
gjlxthrbdfz, xnj d herfö cjnhelybrjd
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd cjchtljnjxtyf juhjvyfz dkfcnm, b xnj d yfitq ghjatccbb ytjåöjlbvs änbxtcrbt yjhvs, ljdthbt b xtcnyjcnm. Yfv ghbznyj dbltnm,
xnj d rjywt jåextybz ckeifntkb jwtybdfñn rehc gj änbrt dsit dctö jcnfkmysö.
Änj gjlndthélftn ghfdbkmyjcnm bpåhfyyjuj yfvb yfghfdktybz jåextybz b gjybvfybz njuj, xnj bv ytjåöjlbvj d änjq jåkfcnb bpexfnm.
xtv nj, rjnjhjt ceotcndjdfkj yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn.
D cdjbö gjtplrfö gj cnhfyt z cnfhfñcm dcnhtxfnmcz c celmzvb b bö rjkktufvb. Z gjctofñ hfpkbxyst eghfdktybz
AÅH ghbvthyj hfp d ldt ytltkb. B dj
dhtvz änbö gjtpljr z dcnhtxfñcm c celmzvb – tckb yt c ukfdysv celmtq, nj c rtvnj lheubv – b ghtcktleñ ldt wtkb: gthdfz – xnjås ghtlcnfdbnmcz cfvjve, b dnjhfz – cghjcbnm, rfr AÅH b atlthfkmyst
ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys vjukb ås
ekexibnm hfåjne d änjv jrheut, gjdscbnm
rfxtcndj gjlujnjdrb ltk, ghtlcnfdkztvsö
yf hfccvjnhtybt celjd, rfxtcndj ljrfpfntkmcnd b rfxtcndj hfåjns futynjd. Pf nhb
c gjkjdbyjq ujlf z gjkexbk jn celtq juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj wtyyjq byajhvfwbb
b z änj jxtym wtyñ.
Rjjhlbyfwbz hfåjns ghfdjj ö h f y b n t k m y s ö j h uf y j d
B gjcktlytt, j xtv z öjntk ås crfpfnm,
änj yjdst vths gj rjjhlbyfwbb hfåjns
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd yf atlthfkmyjv, infnyjv b vtcnyjv ehjdyzö. Änb vths ljkéys ghbdtcnb r åjktt rfxtcndtyyjq gjlujnjdrt ltk b r åjktt nofntkmyjve bö hfccvjnhtybñ lj ghtlüzdktybz jådbytybz, f yt gjckt. Yfib egjkyjvjxtyyst cgtwbfkmyst futyns yf vtcnfö ntcyj
dpfbvjltqcndeñn cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb bp
Åñhj gj rjynhjkñ pf fkrjujkmysvb yfgbnrfvb, nfåfxysvb bpltkbzvb b juytcnhtkmysv jheébtv ghb Vbybcnthcndt
abyfycjd CIF b bp Eghfdktybz gj
åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb ghb Vbybcnthcndt
ñcnbwbb, jcjåtyyj nfv, ult ceotcndeñn
cgtwbfkmyst jgthfnbdyst uheggs. Gj
cnhfyt yfcxbnsdftncz 152 jgthfnbdyst
uheggs, d rjnjhsö futyns AÅH hfåjnfñn
dvtcnt c cjnhelybrfvb atlthfkmysö
ckeéå, ltgfhnfvtynjd jnltkmysö infnjd
b vtcnysö dtljvcnd d gjbvrt kbw, crhsdfñoböcz jn ghfdjcelbz, d åjhmåt ghjnbd
nzérbö ghtcnegktybq b d åjhmåt c nthhjhbpvjv. Bö pflfxf pfrkñxftncz d njv,
xnjås vfnthbfks ltkf åskb ljkéysv
jåhfpjv gjlujnjdktys lj ghtlüzdktybz
jådbytybz b ghtlcnfdktybz ltkf d cel.
Jyb nfrét jåtcgtxbdfñn hfpevyjt b crjjhlbybhjdfyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt yfibö htcehcjd.
Gjljåyjt gfhnythcndj ecnfyjdktyj
nfrét c WHE b Ujcltgfhnfvtynjv d jåkfcnb ujcelfhcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Z
gjkfufñ, xnj nfrjt dpfbvjltqcndbt jåtcgtxbdftn ujhfplj kexitt cjnhelybxtcndj,
8
Cgfcbåj.
Gjkbwbz b yfctktybt –
gfhnyths
Léjpta B. Åhfyy
D cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv j åjhmåt c nzérbvb ghtcnegktybzvb b j
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, ghbyznjv d 1994 u., Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb cajhvbhjdfkj Eghfdktybt
vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå
(EVGC). Dscnegfz d fghtkt änjuj
ujlf d gjlrjvbntnt gj åñlétnysv
fccbuyjdfybzv Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq, rjnjhsq dsltkztn chtlcndf
yf abyfycbhjdfybt EVGC, tuj lbhtrnjh Léjpta B. Åhfyy ghtlcnfdbk fyfkbp ltzntkmyjcnb änjuj yjdjuj eghfdktybz. Jy jöfhfrnthbpjdfk tt rfr ≤gfhnythcndj vtéle
gjkbwtqcrbvb b uhfélfyfvb, rjnjhsv jyb ghbczuyekb ckeébnm b rjnjhsö jyb jåzpfkbcm jöhfyznm≥.
D
jrnzåht 1994 u. vbybcnh ñcnbwbb
Léfytnn Hbyj cajhvbhjdfkf Eghfdktybt
vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, htfkbpez ntv
cfvsv Hfpltk È Pfrjyf j åjhmåt c nzérbvb ghtcnegktybzvb b ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö
jhufyfö. Hfpltk È änjuj pfrjyf drkñxftn
gjkjétybz, wtkm rjnjhsö hfpdbnbt gfhnythcndf b ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c
vtcnysv yfctktybtv hflb jåotcndtyyjq
åtpjgfcyjcnb. Pfrjy ghtlecvfnhbdftn ljgjkybntkmysq yfåjh 100 000 gjkbwtqcrbö
d vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt eghfdktybz gj
dctq cnhfyt.
Hfpltk È bvttn jxtym elfxyjt yfpdfybt. Yfbåjktt dféysq fcgtrn yfitq ghjuhfvvs, rjnjhsq ljkéty jåtcgtxbnm tq
ecgtö d åeleotv, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj abyfycbhetvst yfvb gjkbwtqcrbt djdktxtys d ajhvbhjdfybt ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c yfctktybtv lkz åjktt äaatrnbdyjq
åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ yf vtcnfö.
Cthlwtdbyjq änjq ltzntkmyjcnb ckeébn gfhnythcndj vtéle gjkbwbtq b uhfélfyfvb, rjnjhsv jyb gjrkzkbcm ckeébnm
b rjnjhsö jåzpfkbcm jöhfyznm. Gjkbwtqcrbt, pfyznst nfrjq hfåjnjq, cnfyjdzncz
xktyfvb vtcnysö jåoby, d rjnjhsö jyb
hfåjnfñn. Jyb pyfrjvzncz c ltnmvb, öjpztdfvb vfufpbyjd, ctvmzvb, f nfrét c
ghtcnegybrfvb b yfheibntkzvb jåotcndtyyjuj cgjrjqcndbz. Änb jabwths hfåjnfñn c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb irjk, wthrdtq,
9
ibdfnmcz bkb jcnfyfdkbdfnm ghtcnegktybt
ghtélt, xtv jyj ghjbpjikj.
D 1989 u. z etöfk bp Cfynf-Fyys
b pfyzk gjcn yfxfkmybrf gjkbwtqcrjuj eghfdktybz d Ötqdfhlt, Rfkbajhybz. Z
eåtlbkcz d njv, xnj ytcvjnhz yf ltvjuhfabxtcrbt jnkbxbz Ötqdfhlf jn Cfynf-Fyys, d änjv ujhjlt hfåjnf vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå vjétn åsnm yt vtytt
äaatrnbdyjq.
B y b w b fn b d y s q g j l ö j l
Léjpta B. Åhfyy
hfpkbxysö jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, f
nfrét jhufyjd eghfdktybz lkz njuj, xnjås
hflbrfkmyj hfphtibnm ghjåktvs d ébksö
hfqjyfö, rjnjhst jyb gfnhekbheñn.
Cnhfntubz nfrjuj ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ åskf
hfphfåjnfyf yt wtynhfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv, f hzljdsvb gjkbwtqcrbvb, rjnjhst
öjhjij pyfñn, rfrbt vtnjls hfåjns ghbyjczn gkjls b rfrbt ytn. Vjq 26-ktnybq
jgsn hfåjns d vtcnysö ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö eåtlbk vtyz d jlyjv – ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv
ghbyjcbn htfkmyst gkjls.
B cn j h b z g h j u h f v v s
c jn h e l y b x t cn d f g j k b w b b
c yfctktybtv
21 ujl z ghjckeébk jabwthjv d gjkbwtqcrjv eghfdktybb ujhjlf Cfynf-Fyyf, Rfkbajhybz, b ghjitk genm jn ghjcnjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj lj rfgbnfyf. B öjnz d cfvjv
yfxfkt ckeéås z hfpjxfhjdfkcz d hfåjnt
gjkbwtqcrjuj, z yt bpvtybk änjq ghjatccbb, gjnjve xnj d eghfdktybb gjzdbkcz
yjdsq yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb, rjnjhsq ddtk
gjkbwtqcreñ ckeéåe d ébksö hfqjyfö.
Z edbltk, xnj gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen cltkfnm
ujhfplj åjkmit, xtv ghjcnj åtcrjytxyj
htfubhjdfnm yf cjjåotybz jå jlybö b ntö
ét ghtcnegktybzö. Gjkbwtqcrbt vjukb
fyfkbpbhjdfnm gjdflrb ghtcnegybrf, dszdkznm gjntywbfks ghtcnegyjuj vbhf, dvt-
Ghjuhfvvf ltzntkmyjcnb Eghfdktybz
vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå ghtlecvfnhbdftn edtkbxtybt xbckf gjkbwtqcrbö ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 20 ghjwtynjd b hfcghjcnhfytybt vtnjljd hfåjns gjkbwbb d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysv yfctktybtv yf dcñ cnhfye. Vs öjnbv jåtcgtxbnm,
xnjås änb 100 nsczx ljgjkybntkmyj yfåhfyysö gjkbwtqcrbö yt cbltkb pf cnjkfvb, f yföjlbkbcm d ébksö hfqjyfö b dtkb djqye c ghtcnegktybzvb yf vtcnfö.
Gjkbwtqcrfz hfåjnf d ébksö hfqjyfö zdkztncz gjlkbyysv yjdfnjhcrbv yfxbyfytv
d gjkbwtqcrjq ckeéåt, rjnjhfz åskf gjlödfxtyf gjkbwtqcrbvb d hfpkbxysö eghfdktybzö gj dctq cnhfyt. Ceåcblbb Eghfdktybz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå gjikb yf ghbdktxtybt yjdsö eghfdktybq
r änjq hfåjnt b yf hfpdbnbt änjq hfåjns
nfv, ult jyf eét dtkfcm. Änb ceåcblbb
cgjcjåcndeñn åjktt äaatrnbdyjq, åjktt
byntycbdyjq b åjktt wtktyfghfdktyyjq
ltzntkmyjcnb rfr ytåjkmibö, nfr b rhegysö gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybq. Åkfujlfhz
ceåcblbzv EVGC, rfr rhegyst, nfr b ytåjkmibt ujhjlf cvjukb frnbdbpbhjdfnm
hfåjne ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b yfdtcnb gjhzljr d ébksö rdfhnfkfö.
D gthbjl vjtuj ghtåsdfybz d
EVGC z dcnhtxfkcz c yfxfkmybrfvb gjkbwbb, ithbafvb b bö gjvjoybrfvb,
gjkbwtqcrbvb, vähfvb, egjkyjvjxtyysvb
jrheujd b ghtlcfdbntkzvb jåotcndtyyjcnb. Z cksifk åtcrjytxyst hfccrfps j
njv, rfr djphjlbkbcm ujhjlf b jnltkmyst
hfqjys, åkfujlfhz hfåjnt vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. Änj jnyjcbncz rfr r åjkmibv ujhjlfv, rfr Ajhn-Ejhn, infn Ntöfc,
10
ult ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm yf 44 ghjwtynf xthtp xtnsht ujlf gjckt jhufybpfwbb vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå, nfr b r
ytåjkmibv, nfrbv rfr Yjhn-Åheycdbr,
infn Ymñ-Léthcb, d rjnjhjv ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm åjktt xtv yf 22 ghjwtynf gjckt njuj, rfr pltcm åskb jhufybpjdfys vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås c
gjvjomñ ceåcblbq nhtö nbgjd: COPS
FAST, COPS MORE, COPS Universal
Hiring Program (Eybdthcfkmyfz ghjuhfvvf
yfåjhf yf ckeéåe). Yfghbvth, d 1996 u.
d Vähbcdbkkt, infn Rfkbajhybz, ghtcnegyjcnm cjrhfnbkfcm yf 24 ghjwtynf.
Yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb b ghtlcnfdbntkb jåotcndtyyjcnb jåüzcyzñn änj hfåjnjq gjkbwtqcrbö d ébksö hfqjyfö. Vähbcdbkk
gjkexbk ceåcblbb jn EVGC yf yftv nhtö
gjkbwtqcrbö.
Tot jlybv ghbvthjv vjétn ckeébnm Ithkb, infn Vfccfxectnc, d rjnjhjv ghtcnegyjcnm cybpbkfcm yf 36 ghjwtynjd dctuj pf 7 vtczwtd 1995 u. Pltcm
yfåkñlfkjcm htprjt cybétybt afrnjd dfylfkbpvf b djhjdcndf – ntö dbljd ghtcnegktybq, rjnjhst cybéfñn ehjdtym ébpyb d
nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Ithkb. Yfxfkmybr gjkbwbb Gjkm Nbåjlj jåüzcyztn nfrjt cjrhfotybt ghtcnegyjcnb åjktt pfvtnyjq
hfåjnjq gjkbwtqcrbö pf cxtn ceåcblbq,
gjkextyysö gjkbwtqcrjq ckeéåjq ujhjlf.
Ujhjlcrbt dkfcnb Ithkb bcgjkmpjdfkb
äne ceåcblbñ lkz jhufybpfwbb gfnhekbhjdfybz yf ekbwfö yf dtkjcbgtlfö b gtirjv.
L j å b d fn m c z h t p e k mn fn j d
Åkfujlfhz vtcnysv gjkbwtqcrbv ckeéåfv
xbckj nzérbö ghtcnegktybq pyfxbntkmyj
cjrhfnbkjcm d nfrbö ujhjlfö, rfr Nfvgf,
infn Akjhblf, b Gbncåehu, infn Gtycbkmdfybz. D Nfvgt åskj pfabrcbhjdfyj
cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb yf 15
ghjwtynjd dctuj pf 6 gthdsö vtczwtd
1995 u. D Gbncåehut ghtcnegyjcnm cybpbkfcm d 1995 u yf 17,5 ghjwtynf b ljcnbukf cfvjuj ybprjuj ehjdyz pf gjcktlybt
30 ktn. Nfrbt htpekmnfns cnfkb djpvjéys
d änbö ujhjlfö åkfujlfhz cjnhelybxtcnde
vtéle gjkbwbtq b yfctktybtv. Gj gj-
cktlybv lfyysv, xbckj eåbqcnd d ujhjlt
Abybrc, infn Fhbpjyf, evtymibkjcm d
1996 u yf 16 ghjwtynjd. EVGC gjvjukj
dctv änbv ujhjlfv dytlhbnm gjkbwtqcreñ
hfåjne d ébksö rdfhnfkfö, eukeåbnm ljdthbt b gjdscbnm rfxtcndj ébpyb pf cxtn
gjdsitybz xedcndf åtpjgfcyjcnb b, xnj
cfvjt ukfdyjt, cybpbnm ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb.
Gjéfkeq, yfbåjkmieñ hjkm EVGC
csuhfkj d ntö yfctktyysö geyrnfö, ult
yfib ceåcblbb gjpdjkbkb cjplfnm gjkbwtqcrbt exfcnrb, rjnjhst lj änjuj jncencndjdfkb. Yfghbvth, Yfdfccf d Ctdthyjq
Rfhjkbyt – änj ytåjkmijq ujhjljr, rjnjhsq cnfk gtxfkmyj pyfvtybn d jrheut
Åheycdbr njhujdktq yfhrjnbrfvb. Yfdfccf
cvjukf cjplfnm cdjq cjåcndtyysq gjkbwtqcrbq exfcnjr – d cjcnfdt yfxfkmybrf
b ldeö jabwthjd – åkfujlfhz ceåcblbzv
EVGC. B njhujdws yfhrjnbrfvb gjrbyekb
ekbws, f yf gthtrhtcnrfö änjuj ujhjlrf
åjkmit yt cnjzn ghjcnbnenrb.
Z vju ås ghjljkébnm gthtxtym ghbvthjd njuj, rfr vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt
ckeéås jhufybpjdfkb gfnhekbhjdfybt b
ljåbkbcm zdysö htpekmnfnjd c gjvjomñ
ceåcblbq, ghtljcnfdktyysö EVGC. Gjujdjhbnt c yfxfkmybrfvb gjkbwbb, ithbafvb b jabwthfvb gj dctq cnhfyt, rjnjhst
cxbnfñn, xnj vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås cgjcjåcndjdfkb cybétybñ ghtcnegyjcnb dj dctö htubjyfö cnhfys. Bö ltzntkmyjcnm ghbyjcbn htpekmnfns. Åkfujlfhz
änbv gjkbwtqcrbv ckeéåfv, ébntkb ujhjljd xedcndeñn ctåz edthtyytt b åtpjgfcytt. Gjkbwtqcrbt ckeéås d ébksö hfqjyfö hfåjnfñn, b hfåjnfñn öjhjij.
Yjdst pflfxb
D cjjndtncndbb c ghjuhfvvjq EVGC xbckj jabwthjd vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå
ljkéyj edtkbxbnmcz r 2000 u. yf 100 nsczx xtkjdtr. Vyt ghbznyj cjjåobnm, xnj
änf ghjuhfvvf ecgtiyj htfkbpetncz. Pf
ldf c gjkjdbyjq ujlf vs dsltkbkb chtlcndf yf ghbtv bkb gthtdjl yf äne hfåjne
ljgjkybntkmyj åjktt 56 nsczx jabwthjd
lkz vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå. Gjckt
bö ghbtvf yf hfåjne b jåextybz vtcnys-
11
vb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, änb
gjkbwtqcrbt åelen jåckeébdfnm åjktt,
xtv 87 ghjwtynjd ébntktq CIF.
Vtyz cghfibdfkb, gjxtve tot yt
dct 56 nsczx jabwthjd, ghbtv rjnjhsö
yf hfåjne jåtcgtxty d cjjndtncndbb c
ghjuhfvvjq EVGC, ghbcnegbkb r cdjbv
jåzpfyyjcnzv. Ghbxbyf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj
nhtåetncz jn 6 lj 18 vtczwtd lkz njuj,
xnjås yfqnb rdfkbabwbhjdfyysö rfylblfnjd, ghjdtcnb nofntkmyst ghjdthrb, yfghfdbnm rfylblfnjd yf jåextybt d extåyst wtynhs b pfntv yf extybz d gjktdsö
eckjdbzö. EVGC ghtljcnfdkztn djpvjéyjcnm jnltkmysv hfqjyfv htfkbpjdfnm
cdjb ghjuhfvvs ghjdthrb, yfåjhf b gjlujnjdrb rflhjd. Åjktt njuj, vs ghbpsdftv
ntö, rnj gjkexftn yfib ceåcblbb, yt ghjzdkznm bpkbiytq cgtirb, yt cnhtvbnmcz
r njve, xnjås gjkbwtqcrbt rfr vjéyj
crjhtt ghbcnegbkb r hfåjnt. Rfr dtnthfy
ckeéås d ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, z
vjue crfpfnm, xnj cgtirf ghb gjlujnjdrt
jnhbwfntkmyj crfpsdftncz rfr yf åtpjgfcyjcnb ébntktq, nfr b yf åtpjgfcyjcnb
cfvjuj jabwthf.
EVGC dctulf cnhtvbkjcm b åeltn b
dghtlm cnhtvbnmcz xenrj htfubhjdfnm yf
yeéls ntö, rjve vs ckeébv, – ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv b gjkbwtqcrbv yfitq
cnhfys. Vs pyftv, xnj d rjywt änjuj ujlf
bcntrftn chjr ltqcndbz gthdsö ceåcblbq
EVGC, b vtcnyst jhufys ljéys åelen
ghbyznm yf ctåz jgkfne eckeu änbö ljgjkybntkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö. Dct exfcnybrb
ghjuhfvvs EVGC cjjåobkb, xnj bvb hfphfåjnfys gkfys cjöhfytybz änbö gjkbwtqcrbö, b jyb gjcnfhfñncz cltkfnm lkz
änjuj dct djpvjéyjt. EVGC åeltn ghjljkéfnm jrfpsdfnm bv cjltqcndbt lkz cjöhfytybz b ghjljkétybz gjkbwtqcrjq hfåjns
yf vtcnfö.
hfpjdfybz. Jéblftncz, xnj änf ghjuhfvvf,
d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq cnbgtylbfns ljkéys jnckeébnm xtnsht ujlf gjckt jrjyxfybz extåyjuj pfdtltybz, cjplfcn ytjåöjlbvst cnbveks lkz ghbdktxtybz b elthéfybz ñyjitq b ltdeitr yf ckeéåt d
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö. D änjv ujle
vs gjkexbkb pfzdrb yf exfcnbt d änjq
ghjuhfvvt jn 17 infnjd.
Pfrjy j cnbgtylbzö lkz hfåjnybrjd
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd ghtlcnfdkztn
cjåjq ljgjkytybt r Ghjuhfvvt lkz gjkbwtqcrjuj rjhgecf. D cjjndtncndbb c änbv
Pfrjyjv, gjkbwtqcrbt b gjvjoybrb ithbaf, rjnjhst ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb cdjñ
ghtlfyyjcnm ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv,
åelen gjkexfnm abyfycjdeñ gjllthére
lkz gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. Gj
gjkjétybzv änjq ghjuhfvvs, rfr b d ckexft ghjuhfvvs cnbgtylbq gjkbwtqcrjuj
rjhgecf, cnbgtylbfns ljkéys dpznm yf
ctåz jåzpfntkmcndj ghjljkéfnm ckeéåe,
xnj jcjåtyyj dféyj lkz lfkmytqitq dthåjdrb, elthéfybz yf ckeéåt b gjdsitybz
jåhfpjdfybz hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd rfr d infnfö, nfr b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt.
B, yfrjytw, Ghjuhfvvf dthåjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö yfwtktyf yf dthåjdre b elthéfybt rfylblfnjd yf hfåjnt d gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybzö. Änf ghjuhfvvf drkñxftn cktleñott: ckeéåe dthåjdrb, d njv
xbckt ghjuhfvvs ljgjkybntkmyjq gjlujnjdrb r clfxt dcnegbntkmysö ärpfvtyjd
d extåyst pfdtltybz; gjvjom rfylblfnfv
d jajhvktybb ljrevtynjd, f nfrét eckeub, jrfpsdftvst hfpkbxysv dtljvcndfv
lkz elthéfybz rdfkbabwbhjdfyysö rfylblfnjd.
Ghjuhfvvs ceåcblbq EVGC
Åkfujlfhz Ghjuhfvvt lkz gjkbwtqcrjuj
rjhgecf, edtkbxbncz xbckj öjhjij jåhfpjdfyysö b gjlujnjdktyysö gjkbwtqcrbö, f
rfylblfns, pfbynthtcjdfyyst d ckeéåt d
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyfö, gjkexfn ytjåöjlbveñ gjllthére lkz pfdthitybz jå-
12
Gjlujnjdrf
gjkbwtqcrbö rflhjd
d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv
jåotcndt
Jndby Vfhbyty
Cbcntve ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vjéyj jgbcfnm njkmrj d jåobö
xthnfö, gjcrjkmre d cnhfyt ceotcndetn jrjkj 17 000 ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö dtljvcnd vtcnyjuj, infnyjuj b
atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz. D änjq cnfnmt
l-h Jndby Vfhbyty, ghjatccjh gjkbnjkjubb, cgtwbfkbcn gj eujkjdyjve
ghfde d eybdthcbntnt infnf Dfibyunjy, jgbcsdftn hfpkbxyst ajhvs
gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Fdnjh gjlxthrbdftn, xnj
≤njkmrj ghfrnbxtcrfz gjlujnjdrf gjpdjkztn djgkjnbnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt
yjhvs d äaatrnbdyeñ gjkbnbre≥.
D
kñåjv jåotcndt dsgjkytybt gjkbwtqcrbö aeyrwbq – jlyf bp cfvsö ckjéysö b nhelysö pflfx. D ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv
jåotcndt gjkyjvjxbz b aeyrwbb gjkbwbb
jcyjdfys yf pfrjyt, b d nj ét dhtvz gjkbwbz dj vyjujv cfvf jghtltkztn, rjulf
b rfr ghbvtybnm pfrjy. Gjkbwbz ljkéyf
dsgjkyznm nhtåjdfybz jåotcndf gj pfobnt
b åtpjgfcyjcnb yfctktybz b d nj ét dhtvz ljkéyf ghjnbdjcnjznm kñåsv gjgsnrfv yfheibnm jöhfyztvst Rjycnbnewbtq
ghfdf jnltkmysö kbw b uhegg kñltq. Gjkbwbb ghtljcnfdkztncz jghtltktyyfz cntgtym cdjåjls ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb – rfr jnltkmysv kbwfv, nfr b jhufybpfwbzv. Yj d nj ét dhtvz jyf ljkéyf
cktljdfnm jghtltktyysv yjhvfv gjdtltybz b ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl jåotcndjv d wtkjv b gthtl bpåhfyysvb yf
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö jcyjdfö jabwbfkmysvb
kbwfvb.
13
Vyjubt caths ltzntkmyjcnb gjkbwbb, rfr-nj ghbvtytybt cbks lkz jåtcgtxtybz cjåkñltybz jåotcndtyysö yjhv,
kjém b jåvfy ghb dsgjkytybb ctrhtnyjq
hfåjns bkb exfcnbt d regkt-ghjlfét yfhrjnbrjd, blen dhfphtp c jåotghbyznsvb
jåotcndtyysvb yjhvfvb gjdtltybz, b ntv
yt vtytt jyb ytjåöjlbvs lkz eljdktndjhtybz gjnhtåyjcntq jåotcndf d cjöhfytybb gjhzlrf, åtpjgfcyjcnb b åkfujgjkexbz. Rjhjxt ujdjhz, gjkbwbz ljkéyf cjxtnfnm d cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb pfrjyyst, yj d
nj ét dhtvz ghjnbdjgjkjéyst lheu lheue
wtyyjcnb b ghfdf. Jyf ljkéyf jåtcgtxbdfnm äaatrnbdyjcnm cdjbö ltqcndbq, yt
yfheifz ghfd kbxyjcnb. Jyf ljéyf gjllthébdfnm jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr, yt juhfybxbdfz bpkbiyt cdjåjle ltqcndbq.
Jyf ljkéyf euhjéfnm ghbvtytybtv cbks
bkb ghbvtyznm cbke yf ltkt, yt ljgecrfz
pkjegjnhtåktybz tñ. Jyf ljkéyf herjdjlcndjdfnmcz d cdjbö ltqcndbzö pfrjyjv b d
nj ét dhtvz ghjatccbjyfkmysv jgsnjv.
Wtkm jåextybz pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås
ghtljcnfdbnm gjkbwtqcrbv byntkktrnefkmyst b ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb lkz ghbyznbz
ghfdbkmyjuj htitybz ghb extnt dctö änbö
jcjåtyyyjcntq.
Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz
g j l uj n j d r f
D wtynht dybvfybz änjq cnfnmb – vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt jhufys d Cjtlbytyysö
Infnfö, gjcrjkmre jyb cfvst vyjujxbcktyyst, d bö herfö yföjlzncz åjkmibt
gjkyjvjxbz, b bvtyyj c ybvb xfot dctuj
cnfkrbdfñncz uhfélfyt cnhfys. Njkmrj d
1993 u. d infnysö b vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufyfö hfåjnfkj 830 nsc. xtkjdtr,
bp ybö jrjkj 620 nsc. jabwthjd, ghbyzdibö ckeétåyeñ ghbczue, f jcnfkmyst –
uhfélfycrbt kbwf.
Åjkmibycndj vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö
yt cgtwbfkbpbhetncz d rjyrhtnysö jåkfcnzö – jyb ltkfñn dct, xnj ytjåöjlbvj. Bö
hfåjnf drkñxftn d ctåz gfnhekbhjdfybt,
gjdctlytdyjt gjllthéfybt jåotcndtyyjuj
gjhzlrf b ghtljcnfdktybt hfpyjjåhfpysö
eckeu yfctktybñ. D åjktt rhegysö gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynfö gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen
pfybvfnmcz cktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjnjq, jn
ybö nhtåetncz ghbvtytybt bö cgtwbfkmysö yfdsrjd, f nfrét dsgjkytybt flvbybcnhfnbdysö aeyrwbq.
Ceotcndetn nhb dblf ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö lkz hfåjns d vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö:
åfpjdjt frfltvbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, jåextybt d gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö yf vtcnfö,
ghjdjlbvjt jgsnysvb jabwthfvb gjkbwbb, b cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjt jåextybt ytgjchtlcndtyyj yf ckeéåt. D lfyyjq cnfnmt jgbcsdftncz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö,
ghbyzdibö ckeétåyeñ ghbczue b yfltktyysö dctvb gjkyjvjxbzvb hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, f yt
uhfélfycrbö kbw, rjnjhst hfåjnfñn d gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrfö. Åtpeckjdyj gjkbwtqcrbt jåexfñncz b ytgjchtlcndtyyj d ghjwtcct hfåjns. Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz gjlujnjdrf yfwtktyf yf jåextybt åfpjdsv ghfdbkfv b ghbywbgfv, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö
ljkéty ghbjåhtnfnmcz ghfrnbxtcrbq
jgsn.
C n f y l f h n b p f w b z g j l uj n j d r b
gjkbwtqcrbö
Cnfylfhnyfz frfltvbxtcrfz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö ddtltyf d CIF chfdybntkmyj
ytlfdyj åkfujlfhz ldev yjdjddtltybzv:
jlyjve yf infnyjv ehjdyt, lheujve yf
atlthfkmyjv.
D 1959 u. d Rfkbajhybb åskf cjplfyf Rjvbccbz gj cnfylfhnfv b gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö d vbhyjt dhtvz, pflfxf rjnjhjq cjcnjzkf d cnfylfhnbpfwbb
nhtåjdfybq lkz gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd d
ghtltkfö infnf. Gjckt änjuj dj dctö infnfö åskb cjplfys gjljåyst dtljvcndf b
cbcntvs jåextybz. Gjcrjkmre d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö veybwbgfkmyst dkfcnb, gj
pfrjye, ajhvbheñncz dkfcnzvb infnjd, nj
cfvb infns rjynhjkbheñn bö gjkyjvjxbz,
d njv xbckt gjkbwtqcrbt, jghtltkzz bö d
ghjatccbjyfkmysö ecnfdfö.
Jåsxyj rjvbccbb gj jåextybñ b
gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö hfphfåfnsdfñn
cnfylfhns gj dthåjdrt, yföjéltybb yf
ckeéåt b edjkmytybñ gjkbwtqcrbö, ecnfyfdkbdfñn vbybvfkmyst nhtåjdfybz gj
14
gjlujnjdrt rflhjd b pfybvfñncz exhtéltybtv yjdsö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd, dytlhtybtv ghjuhfvv jåextybz b lheubvb
yjdjddtltybzvb.
Yfwbjyfkmyfz rjycekmnfnbdyfz rjvbccbz gj cnfylfhnfv b pflfxfv eujkjdyjuj ghfdf ghjfyfkbpbhjdfkf hfåjne cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdf d yfxfkt 70-ö uu.
b jåyfheébkf, xnj d cnhfyt ceotcndeñn
xhtpdsxfqyj hfpyjjåhfpyst nhtåjdfybz
b vtnjls gjlujnjdrb gjkbwtqcrbö. Rjvbccbz htrjvtyljdfkf rehc åfpjdjuj jåextybz
lkz yjdjåhfywtd d jåütvt vbybvev 400
xfcjd, gjlhfpltkzñobqcz yf cktleñobt
rfntujhbb:
• ddtltybt d cbcntve eujkjdyjq ñcnbwbb (8fi),
• pfrjyjlfntkmcndj (10fi),
• xtkjdtxtcrbt wtyyjcnb b ghjåktvs (22fi),
• gfnhekbhjdfybt b jgthfnbdyj-cktljdfntkmcrfz hfåjnf (33fi),
• ghbvtytybt cbks b ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb gjkbwtqcrbö (18fi) b
• flvbybcnhfnbdyfz hfåjnf (9fi).
Rhjvt njuj, rjvbccbz htrjvtyljdfkf
gjdscbnm ytjåöjlbvsq ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz ghb ghbtvt yjdjåhfywtd yf jåextybt.
Ctujlyz åjkmibycndj gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd nhtåetn, xnjås yjdjåhfyws bvtkb pfrjyxtyyjt chtlytt jåhfpjdfybt, f
jlby ghjwtyn ltgfhnfvtynjd nhtåetn lbgkjv jå jrjyxfybb rjkktléf. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz dj dctö infnfö ceotcndetn cnfylfhnysq frfltvbxtcrbq extåysq gkfy d
jåütvt 425 extåysö xfcjd, d nj dhtvz
rfr åjktt rhegyst ltgfhnfvtyns jåsxyj
nhtåeñn åjktt lkbntkmyjuj rehcf jåextybz.
Åfpjdjt frfltvbxtcrjt
jåextybt
Jåextybtv yjdjåhfywtd pfybvfñncz
vtcnyst gjkbwtqcrbt eghfdktybz, rjnjhst jgkfxbdfñn bö jåextybt d frfltvbb.
Rehcs åfpjdjuj jåextybz ghtljcnfdkzñncz dkfcnzvb infnjd, htubjyfkmysvb
uheggfvb gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd b ytrjnjhsvb rhegysvb gjkbwtqcrbvb dtljvcndfvb d jnltkmyjcnb. Yfghbvth, d Vby-
ytcjnt jåextybt yjdjåhfywtd ghjöjlbn d
rjkktléfö vtcnyjuj ehjdyz, b dsgecrybrb änbö ghjuhfvv ytgjchtlcndtyyj yfybvfñncz yf hfåjne gjkbwtqcrbvb eghfdktybzvb.
Rfr ghfdbkj, åfpjdfz gjlujnjdrf gjkbwtqcrbö yfghfdktyf yf jcdjtybt nhtö
jåkfcntq pyfybq: yfdsrb gj gfnhekbhjdfybñ b jgthfnbdyj-cktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjnt,
pyfybz gj ghfdjdsv b ghjwtlehysv djghjcfv b ghfdbkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt cbks
b jheébz. Ujhfplj vtymit dybvfybz eltkztncz xtkjdtxtcrbv dpfbvjjnyjitybzv b
yfdsrfv jåotybz, pyfybñ cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdf b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq änbrt.
Jcyjdyfz wtkm jåextybz – lfnm yjdjåhfywfv jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb, rjnjhst bv gjnhtåeñncz ghb dsgjkytybb hfåjns.
C ntxtybtv dhtvtyb äktvtyns jcyjdyjuj rehcf jåextybz ghtnthgtdfñn bpvtytybz, d xfcnyjcnb, d gjcktlytt dhtvz
åjkmit dybvfybz cnfkj eltkznmcz djghjcfv ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf c vtcnysv
yfctktybtv. Tot jlyj bpvtytybt cdzpfyj
c edtkbxtybtv ghbtvf yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ ghtlcnfdbntktq yfwbjyfkmysö vtymibycnd b étyoby, xnj ghbdtkj r åjkmitve gjybvfybñ yfkbxbz rekmnehysö hfpkbxbq vtéle kñlmvb, b cgjcjåcndjdfkj hfphfåjnrt b dytlhtybñ ghjuhfvvs jåextybz
hfåjnt c kñlmvb hfpysö yfwbjyfkmyjcntq.
Jåextybt ghfdbkmyjve dpfbvjltqcndbñ
lheu c lheujv b c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb lheujq hfcs, yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, gjkf b jåhfpf
ébpyb jcyjdfyj yf vtnjlfö hjktdjq buhs.
D frfltvbzö jåsxyj ghtgjlfñn
jgsnyst jabwths, dtleobt pfyznbz d
rkfccfö; ghjdjlzncz gbcmvtyyst ärpfvtys
bkb ghfrnbxtcrbt pfxtns, yfghbvth, gj
pfvthe cktljd iby gjckt ljhjéyjuj ghjbcitcndbz. D ghjwtcct jåextybz ckeifntkb gjkexfñn pyfybz, rjnjhst cxbnfñncz
ytjåöjlbvsvb lkz dctö gjkbwtqcrbö, f
nfrét jndtns yf djghjcs nbgf: rfr ghjbpdtcnb fhtcn njhujdwf yfhrjnbrfvb, b xnj
nfrjt ≤rhféf cj dpkjvjv≥? Yj d jåextybb buhfñn hjkm nfrét b jgsn, plhfdsq
cvsck b jåofz rekmnehf gjkbwtqcrjuj htvtckf.
15
Xthtp dtcm ghjwtcc jåextybz ghjöjlzn ntvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ujhljcnb, vtnjljd jåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb gjkbwtqcrjuj, jåzpfyyjcnb gjkbwtqcrbö pfobofnm
lheu lheuf, ytjåöjlbvjcnb lthéfnm kñåeñ
cbnefwbñ gjl rjynhjktv b gjcnjzyyjuj
vjybnjhbyuf jrheéfñotq jåcnfyjdrb. Rfr
ghfdbkj, yf gjcktlybö pfyznbzö bpexftncz
≤Rjltrc gjdtltybz gjkbwtqcrbö≥, rjnjhsq yjdjåhfyws gjckt jrjyxfybz extås
lfñn rkznde cjåkñlfnm.
ysö yfdsrjd (yfghbvth, yfdsrb jåotybz, cjcnfdktybt jnxtnjd b vfythf gjdtltybz).
C ntö gjh åjkmibycndj gjkbwtqcrbö
exfcnrjd dytlhbkj e ctåz cöjlyeñ vjltkm
jåextybz yf vtcnfö. D 1993 u. yf jåextybt yf vtcnfö jndjlbkjcm d chtlytv gj
CIF jrjkj 220 xfcjd, ghb änjv cfvst
ghjljkébntkmyst chjrb jåextybz, hfdyst
550 xfcfv, öfhfrnthys lkz gjkbwtqcrbö
eghfdktybq d ujhjlfö chtlytuj hfpvthf
(jn xtndthnb lj gjkevbkkbjyf ébntktq).
J å e x t y b t y f v t cn f ö
Ghjwtcc jåextybz yf vtcnfö ghtlgjkfuftn lfkmytqibq gthtdjl yjdjåhfywf jn
uhfélfycrjq ébpyb d yjdeñ chtle gjkbwtqcrbö c bö jcjåjq rekmnehjq. Jy jödfnsdftn nfrbt caths, rfr yfdsrb gjkbwtqcrbö d wtkjv, djghjcs b cbnefwbb, c
rjnjhsvb jyb cnfkrbdfñncz; bö jåexfñn,
rfr ltqcndjdfnm d rjyrhtnyjq jåcnfyjdrt,
b pyfrjvzn c hfpkbxysvb fcgtrnfvb ltzntkmyjcnb lfyyjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj exfcnrf
b jcjåtyyjcnzvb jrheéfñotq chtls, nfrbvb rfr hfcjdsq cjcnfd ujhjlf b öfhfrnthbcnbrb åkbpktéfobö ébksö hfqjyjd.
Rfr ghfdbkj, dj dhtvz jåextybz yf vtcnfö yjdjåhfyws ghjöjlzn bcgsnfntkmysq
chjr, b bö vjuen edjkbnm åtp erfpfybz
ghbxbys.
Jåsxyj ghb jåextybb yf vtcnfö vjkjljq yjdjåhfytw hfåjnftn d gfht c jgsnysv gfhnythjv. Yfghbvth, d 1972 u. gjkbwtqcrjt eghfdktybt d Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz, hfphfåjnfkj jabwbfkmyeñ ghjuhfvve gjlujnjdrb yf vtcnfö ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ d jlby ujl (drkñxfz 14-ytltkmysq rehc åfpjdjq frfltvbxtcrjq gjlujnjdrb). Htfkbpfwbtq änjq ghjuhfvvs pfybvfñncz cgtwbfkmyj dsltktyyst jabwths.
Gj jrjyxfybb frfltvbb vjkjlst
gjkbwtqcrbt gjcntgtyyj pyfrjvzncz c
öfhfrnthjv hfåjns gjkbwbb gjl cnhjubv
rjynhjktv jgsnysö jabwthjd. Bö ltqcndbz gjcnjzyyj jwtybdfñncz gj rhfqytq
vtht ldevz jabwthfvb, pfybvfñobvbcz
jåextybtv yf vtcnfö, c njxrb phtybz rfr
jcyjdysö pyfybq (nfrbö rfr ujyrf c ghtcktljdfybtv, hfcgjpyfdfybt jgfcyjcnb,
ghbvtytybt jheébz), nfr b dnjhjcntgty-
Jåextybt åtp jnhsdf jn
ckeéås
Jnltkmysv gjkbwtqcrbv ghtljcnfdkztncz
djpvjéyjcnm jåextybz åtp jnhsdf jn
ckeéås – xfcnj änj åsdftn yfuhfljq pf
öjhjieñ hfåjne. Änj gjlujnjdrf d wtkzö
lfkmytqituj ghjldbétybz gj ckeéåt bkb
jåextybz hzljdsö gjkbwtqcrbö rfrbv-kbåj cgtwbabxtcrbv yfdsrfv, ytjåöjlbvsv
lkz dsgjkytybz cnjzobö gthtl gjkbwtqcrbv eghfdktybtv pflfx.
Rehcs gj jåextybñ åtp jnhsdf jn
ckeéås, d jcyjdyjv d catht herjdjlcndf
b flvbybcnhfnbdyjq hfåjns, jhufybpeñn
rfr ghfdbkj infnyst b atlthfkmyst dtljvcndf, f nfrét xfcnyst jhufybpfwbb.
Jyb vjuen bvtnm ajhve rhfnrjdhtvtyysö
rehcjd gj ntreobv djghjcfv, yjdsv ntöyjkjubzv, gjcktlybv htitybzv celjd, vfnthbfkmyjve b ghjwtccefkmyjve ghfde
(yfghbvth, hjpscr b pfödfn), vtnjlfv jgthfnbdyj-hjpscryjq hfåjns b yfdsrfv eghfdktybz. Änb rehcs jåsxyj lkzncz jn
jlyjuj lyz lj ldeö ytltkm b jhufybpeñncz
yf ytghthsdyjq jcyjdt rfr extåysvb rjvbccbzvb b frfltvbzvb infnf, nfr b xfcnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Yfghbvth, extåyfz
rjvbccbz infnf Dfibyunjy tétujlyj geåkbretn rfnfkju, d rjnjhjv gthtxbcktys
hfpkbxyst extåyst rehcs, yfxbyfz c jåextybz cjcnfdktybñ hfpkbxysö ljrevtynjd
b rjyxfz hfccktljdfybtv ltk, cdzpfyysö
c étcnjrbv jåhfotybtv b ctrcefkmysvb
ljvjufntkmcndfvb d jnyjitybb ltntq, f
nfrét vtnjlfv hfåjns d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysv yfctktybtv b hfccktljdfybñ ljhjéysö ghjbcitcndbq.
16
Dj vyjubö infnfö tcnm rjkktléb gj
gjlujnjdrt gjkbwtqcrbö-herjdjlbntktq,
rjnjhst ghtlkfufñn rehcs gj gjlujnjdrt
flvbybcnhfnjhjd b yfxfkmybrjd gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd. Yfghbvth, yfwbjyfkmyst
frfltvbxtcrbt rehcs ghb Frfltvbb AÅH
d Refynbrj, infn Dbhlébybz, pfybvfñncz
gjlujnjdrjq rflhjd gjkbwtqcrbö lkz
vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd. Atlthfkmysq wtynh gj gjlujnjdrt hfåjnybrjd
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd d Uktyrj,
infn Léjhlébz, jåexftn ukfdysv jåhfpjv
cjnhelybrjd atlthfkmysö ltgfhnfvtynjd,
yj nfrét pfybvftncz jåextybtv gjkbwtqcrbö bp vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö exfcnrjd
nfrbv yfdsrfv b pyfybzv, rjnjhst jåsxyj yt ghtgjlfñncz d cjcnfdt extåysö
rehcjd bkb d frfltvbzö yf vtcnfö. Chtlb
ibhjrj bpdtcnysö ytgjkbwtqcrbö extåysö pfdtltybq – Ñéysq bycnbnen gjkbwbb b Ctdthj-pfgflysq bycnbnen ljhjéyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, döjlzobt d cjcnfd
eybdthcbntnjd.
L t v j r h fn b x t c r b t g h b y w b g s
gjkbwtqcrjq hfåjns
Jlby bp cfvsö åjkmibö gfhfljrcjd pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj d ghjwtcct jåextybz
gjkbwtqcrbö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb yt pfnhfubdfñncz ghzvsv jåhfpjv. Ytn rehcjd, gjcdzotyysö
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ghbywbgfv gjkbwtqcrjq
jöhfys d wtkjv bkb jåjcyjdfybñ ltqcndbq gjkbwbb, d rjnjhsö bpexfkbcm ås jlyjdhtvtyyj ghbvtytybt cbks, c jlyjq
cnjhjys, b ghfdf xtkjdtrf, xtkjdtxtcrjt
ljcnjbycndj b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb,
c lheujq. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj jåextybt
äaatrnbdyjve dsgjkytybñ gjkbwtqcrjq
jöhfys ghb gjllthért cbkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufybpfwbq, cnhjuj cjåkñlfñobö
ghfdbkf, ghbdtltn r jåtcgtxtybñ ltvjrhfnbxyjcnb ghb bcgjkytybb gjkbwtqcrbö
aeyrwbq, ukfdysv jåhfpjv pf cxtn ajhvbhjdfybz b erhtgktybz jåotq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rekmnehs d gjkbwtqcrbö eghfdktybzö.
Änf fyjvfkbz jåüzcyzncz ldevz
ukfdysvb ghbxbyfvb. Dj-gthdsö, gjkbnbrb, cjplfñobt pfrjys, yfctktybt, jnlfñ-
ott pf ybö cdjq ujkjc, exbntkz gjkbwtqcrbö b yjdjåhfyws – dct jyb eét pyfñn,
xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns – ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt jåotcndj, b gjänjve ytn ytjåöjlbvjcnb jåceélfnm äne ntve d rfxtcndt jåobö
hfvjr. Dj-dnjhsö, lkz fvthbrfycrbö gjkbwtqcrbö jåextybt ltvjrhfnbb ghtlcnfdkztncz ≤gjkbnbxtcrjq≥ aeyrwbtq. Wtkm b
ujhljcnm gjkbwtqcrbö – änj bö ghjatccbjyfkbpv. F jy cjcnjbn d njv, xnj gjkbwbz cjåkñlftn gjkbnbxtcrbq ytqnhfkbntn
d cdjtq hfåjnt. Gjkbwtqcrb ghjatccbjyfkmyj jcjpyfñn ctåz d lbcreccbzö, rjltrcfö b ghbywbgfö rfr ytqnhfkmyeñ cbke d gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb cnhfys (ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, xnj jyb vjuen levfnm rfr
jnltkmyst kñlb bkb rfr xktys jhufybpfwbb), dsgjkyzñobt pflfxb gj jåtcgtxtybñ pfrjyf b åtpjgfcyjcnb. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb jyb nfr bkb byfxt gjkbnbpbhjdfys b exfcndeñn d gjkbnbrt. Jlyfrj,
jyb yt öjnzn åsnm djdktxtyysvb ytgjchtlcndtyyj d gjkbnbxtcrbt rjyakbrns,
nfr rfr änj vjétn gjkyjcnmñ gjljhdfnm
crkflsdfdibtcz ujlfvb bö bvblé b ghtlyfpyfxtybt.
B öjnz gjkbwtqcrjq jöhfyt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf yt jåexfñn ybult
rfr nfrjdjq, änb yfdsrb ghbjåhtnfñncz
åkfujlfhz cktleñobv xtnshtv fcgtrnfv
jåextybz: cjåkñltybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj
änbxtcrjuj rjltrcf, pyfybt pfrjyf, cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb b cjdctv ytlfdyj cajhvbhjdfdittcz yfghfdktybt – ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv.
Rjltrc änbxtcrbö yjhv
Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz yfxfkmybrjd
gjkbwbb (änj ghtbveotcndtyyj fvthbrfycrfz jhufybpfwbz) ghbyzkf d 1957 u. Rjltrc änbxtcrbö yjhv hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, rjnjhsq åsk pfvtyty d 1989 u. Rjltrcjv gjdtltybz gjkbwtqcrjuj. Yjdsq rjltrc åjktt rjyrhtnty,
b ltkftn frwtyn yf nfrbö yjhvfö, rfr
åtcghbcnhfcnyjt dsgjkytybt jåzpfyyjcntq, jåjcyjdfyyjcnm ghb egjnhtåktybb
dkfcnb, juhfybxtyyjt ghbvtytybt cbks,
rjyabltywbfkmyjcnm pyfybq, ghbjåhtnty-
17
ysö d ghjwtcct hfåjns, ytgjlregyjcnm
gthtl kbwjv rjhhegwbb b pkjegjnhtåktybtv dkfcnmñ, dpfbvjltqcndbt c lheubvb
dtljvcndfvb eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf,
kbxyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cdjt gjdtltybt
b edfétybt r cdjtq ghjatccbb d kbxyjq
ébpyb. Änb yjhvs cjlthéfncz d njq rkzndt, rjnjhst yjdjåhfyws ghbybvfñn ghb
dcnegktybb d ljkéyjcnm.
Änjn rjltrc ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq nfrét jcyjde ceotcndeñobö cnfylfhnjd gjdtltybz. Gjkbwtqcrbt pyfñn, xnj jy ceotcndetn, b pyfñn, xnj änb yjhvs, lfñobt bv gjkyjvjxbz, jlyjdhtvtyyj ckeéfn
b jcyjdfybtv lkz yfrfpfybz d ckexft pkjegjnhtåktybt bvb.
Pyfybt pfrjyf
Pyfybt pfrjyf – änj jcyjdyjq rjvgjytyn
jåextybz d frfltvbb b åtp jnhsdf jn
ckeéås. Rhjvt pyfybq gjkjétybq cdjljd
vtcnysö pfrjyjd b rjycnbnewbjyfkmysö
ghjwtccefkmysö yjhv, cñlf drkñxftncz
ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj pfrjy bvttn
jcjåjt pyfxtybt d hfåjnt gjkbwtqcrbö.
Gjkbwtqcrbt gjybvfñn, xnj gjytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm, tckb åelen ltqcndjdfnm dyt
hfvjr pfrjyf. Gjkbwtqcrbt gjcnjzyyj éfkeñncz yf cnhjujcnm pfrjyjd, yj jyb b
edféfñn bö, gjcrjkmre pyfñn, xnj d jncencndbt pfrjyf jyb ghtdhfnzncz d jåsxysö
uhfélfy b ghb änjv åeltn jncencndjdfnm
rfrfz-kbåj pfrjyyjcnm d bö ltqcndbzö b
gjkyjvjxbzö. Bö ghfdj yf ghbvtytybt
cbks lkz rjynhjkz pf gjdtltybtv kñltq
jrfétncz ytghbtvktvsv, tckb jåotcndj
åeltn cxbnfnm, xnj jyb ltqcndeñn dyt pfrjyf. Jlyfrj, tckb dct bltn ghfdbkmyj,
nj bö hfåjnf jnhféftn dkfcnm pfrjyf d
ltqcndbb.
Cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb
Lfyyfz jåkfcnm jåextybz cgjcjåcndetn
jåtcgtxtybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd
d hfåjnt gjkbwbb. Byfxt ujdjhz, tckb gjkbwtqcrbt jåkflfñn ghjatccbjyfkbpvjv d
jgthfnbdyj-hjpscryjq ltzntkmyjcnb, dtltybb ljghjcjd b d catht rjynhjkz, nj
jngflftn gjnhtåyjcnm ghbvtytybz cbks,
euhjp b bpkbiytuj lfdktybz c wtkmñ lj-
åbnmcz bcnbys, jcåtyyj d ntö ckexfzö,
rjulf kñlb yföjlzncz d cjcnjzybb jnxfzybz. Tckb gjkbwtqcrbt pyfñn, rfr ghfdbkmyj dszdbnm b hfccktljdfnm ghtcnegktybt, bv yt yeéyj jrfpsdfnm lfdktybt yf
gjljphtdftvjuj, ljåbdfzcm e ytuj ghbpyfybz. Tckb gjkbwtqcrbt ghfdbkmyj jåhfofñncz c kñlmvb, jyb vjuen bpåtéfnm cbnefwbb, dtleotq r yfcbkbñ, yt yfyjcz
edtxbq ctåt bkb lheubv kñlzv. Cktljdfntkmyj, cgtwbfkmyst yfdsrb ghböjlzn yf
cvtye yfcbkmcndtyysö, ytpfrjyysö b cfvjdjkmysö ltqcndbq.
N t c y j t c jn h e l y b x t cn d j
g j k b w b b c v t cn y s v
yfctktybtv
Ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv – jlyj bp yjditcnd d
hfåjnt gjkbwtqcrbö d Fvthbrt. Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm änjq hfåjns, f bvtyyj:
ghtljndhfotybt ghtcnegktybq, htitybt
ntreobö ghjåktv, gfhnythcndj c ébntkzvb njuj bkb byjuj hfqjyf, eukeåktybt b
hfcibhtybt jöhfyysö aeyrwbq – ltvjrhfnbxyf d ghzvjv cksckt änjuj ckjdf. Änj
yfcnjzofz pfåjnf j yfctktybb.
Jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö
h f å j n t d l t v j r h fn b x t c r j v
j å o t cn d t
Jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö ltvjrhfnbb vjétn
åsnm cjchtljnjxtyj kbåj yf jåobö b fåcnhfrnysö ghbywbgfö ltvjrhfnbb, ktéfobö d jcyjdt hfåjns gjkbwbb, kbåj yf
ghfrnbxtcrbö djghjcfö b vtnjlfö dsgjkytybz hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbvb. Fdnjh cxbnftn, xnj njkmrj nfrfz gjlujnjdrf, rjulf
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt wtyyjcnb jåceélfñncz d
rjyntrcnt ltzntkmyjcnb gjkbwtqcrbö, vjétn yfexbnm gjkbwtqcrbö ljkéysv jåhfpjv dsgjkyznm cdjb aeyrwbb d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt. Njkmrj d ghjwtcct
ghfrnbxtcrjuj jåextybz njve, xnj, rjulf b
rfr ltkfnm, ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs djgkjofñncz d äaatrnbdyeñ rjyrhtnyeñ hfåjne gjkbwtqcrbö. D kñåjv ckexft ghb
ghbyznbb htitybq yf ekbwfö ujhjljd gjkbwtqcrbt åelen bcgjkmpjdfnm nj, xtve bö
exbkb d frfltvbb bkb dj dhtvz hfåjns.
18
Ntv yt vtytt, jåextybt gjkbwtqcrbö ltvjrhfnbb cnfkrbdftncz c jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Jåextybt yt
ghjöjlbn d bpjkzwbb. Yjdjåhfyws ghböjlzn yf ckeéåe rfr eét cajhvbhjdfdibtcz
kbxyjcnb, f gj jrjyxfybb frfltvbb jyb
ljkéys hfåjnfnm cj cdjbvb rjkktufvb,
e rjnjhsö yf jcyjdt cjåcndtyyjuj jgsnf
ckjébkjcm ghtlcnfdktybt j ctåt, cdjtq
ghjatccbb b jåotcndt.
Gthbjl jåextybz – änj kbim ytåjkmijq jnhtpjr ébpyb gjkbwtqcrjuj, rjnjhsq ytbpåtéyj cnfkrbdftncz c vjoysv
djpltqcndbtv ytajhvfkmysö jnyjitybq
d gjkbwbb, nj tcnm c ceotcndeñobvb nhflbwbzvb. Xfcnj hfccrfpsdfñn, xnj gthdjt,
xnj cksibn yjdsq gjkbwtqcrbq d gthdsq
ltym cdjtq ckeéås: ≤F ntgthm pfåelm dct,
xtve ntåz exbkb. Yfxbyftncz htfkmyfz
ébpym≥.
D rjytxyjv cxtnt gjkbwbz ujdjhbn,
xnj jyf ckeébn jåotcnde, f yt ctåt bkb
infne. Yj änj b tcnm nj, xnj nhtåetn jn
ytt jåotcndj. B änj ghjcnjt, yj njxyjt
jghtltktybt wtkb gjkbwtqcrjq aeyrwbb
d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt.
19
D pfobne ntcyjuj
cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb
c vtcnysv yfctktybtv
Létr H. Uhby
Jåüzcyzz ghbywbgs, ktéfobt d
jcyjdt ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, l-h
Létr H. Uhby, ghjatccjh eujkjdyjuj ghfdf b lbhtrnjh Wtynhf jåotcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb ghb Eybdthcbntnt Ntvgk d Abkfltkmabb, hfccvfnhbdftn änj yfghfdktybt rfr
jlby bp cgjcjåjd htitybz lbktvvs j hjkb gjkbwbb, rjnjhfz d ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jåotcndt ljkéyf,
c jlyjq cnjhjys, jöhfyznm jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr, f c lheujq –
ghblthébdfnmcz åerds pfrjyf.
D
pfgflysö cnhfyfö ltzntkmyjcnm gjkbwbb ckeébn ghtlvtnjv gjcnjzyysö cgjhjd b htajhv. D jcyjdt änbö cgjhjd ktébn dpfbvjjnyjitybt vtéle uhfélfyfvb
cnhfys b bö ghfdbntkmcndjv.
Ghjåktvf jndtncndtyyjcnb b gjljnxtnyjcnb vtcnysö gjkbwtqcrbö jhufyjd
d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö cthmtpyj dcnfkf
eét lfdyj. D yfxfkt 1900-ö ujljd ghjuhtccbdyst htajhvfnjhs jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzkb gjxnb bcrkñxbntkmyj djghjcfv rjhhegwbb b åtppfrjybz chtlb gjkbwtqcrbö. Jyb cxbnfkb, xnj ukfdysv cgjcjåjv gjdsitybz jndtncndtyyjcnb gjkbwbb åsk dsdjl tt bp-gjl rjynhjkz gjkbnbxtcrjuj fggfhfnf b gthtlfxf rjynhjkz
pf ltqcndbzvb gjkbwtqcrbö herjdjlcnde
gjkbwbb.
Cjwbfkmyst ghtjåhfpjdfybz d 60-t
ujls dyjdm gjcnfdbkb djghjc jå jndtncndtyyjcnb gjkbwbb. Jndtncndtyyjcnm jpyfxfkf ajhvfkmysq rjynhjkm cj cnjhjys
uhfélfycrbö jhufyjd. Cnjhjyybrb änjuj
gjlöjlf yfcnfbdfkb yf cjplfybb uhfélfycrbö yfåkñlfntkmysö cjdtnjd b yf ytgjchtlcndtyyjv rjynhjkt pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ
gjkbwbb cj cnjhjys pfrjyjlfntkmysö b
bcgjkybntkmysö jhufyjd dkfcnb, nfrbö,
20
rfr vähjd bkb ujhjlcrbö eghfdkzñobö.
Öjnz xbckj cfvsö hfpyjjåhfpysö cgjcjåjd
rjynhjkz pf ltqcndbzvb gjkbwbb dtkbrj,
vyjubt jåjphtdfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj lkz ljcnbétybz htfkmyjq gjljnxtnyjcnb pf
ltqcndbzvb gjkbwbb pf ytq ljkéys cktlbnm dytiybt jhufybpfwbb.
D gjcktlybt ujls cnjhjyybrb ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c vtcnyjq
jåotcndtyyjcnmñ ghtlkjébkb fkmnthyfnbdysq dfhbfyn. Kjubrf änjuj ghtlkjétybz
bcöjlbn bp njuj, xnj jndtncndtyyjcnm gjkbwbb gjdscbncz d njq vtht, d rfrjq jyf
åeltn cxbnfnm ctåz gfhnythjv vtcnyjuj
yfctktybz; nfrjt gfhnythcndj ljkéyj
cnhjbnmcz yf jcyjdt dpfbvyjuj ljdthbz,
jnrhsnjcnb b jåobö wtyyjcntq b erhtgkznmcz d öjlt gjcnjzyyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz, rhbnbxtcrbö jåceéltybq b ltåfnjd.
Yjdjt jghtltktybt
cjlthéfybz hfåjns
Ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv jghtltkztncz rfr ghjwtcc, jåtcgtxbdfñobq åjktt ibhjrbq jåvty byajhvfwbtq b wtyyjcnzvb vtéle
gjkbwtqcrbvb b yfctktybtv b rfr vtnjl
bpvtytybz hjkb gjkbwbb b tt ckeéås yf
åkfuj jåotcndf. Nfrjt jghtltktybt cjcnfdkztn cjlthéfybt hfåjns, wtkm rjnjhjq
cjcnjbn d bpvtytybb nhflbwbjyyjq hjkb
gjkbwbb – hfcibhtybt tt hjkb pf ghtltks åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, rjulf gjkbwbz dscnegftn pfobnybrjv xktyjd jåotcndf b gjvjoybrjv d htitybb tuj ghjåktv. Nfrbt bpvtytybz d hjkb gjkbwbb
ghtlgjkfufñn ajhvbhjdfybt åjktt ntcysö
rjynfrnjd c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb yfctktybz d
hfqjyt, d rjnjhjv jyf hfåjnftn. Gjljåyjt
cåkbétybt gjkbwtqcrjuj c vtcnysv yfctktybtv dtltn r eghjxtybñ cdzptq vtéle
gjkbwbtq b jåotcndjv b eukeåktybñ
dpfbvyjuj gjybvfybz, xnj, d cdjñ jxthtlm, jåtcgtxbn åjktt ytgjchtlcndtyyeñ
b rjyrhtnyj ytjåöjlbveñ htfrwbñ gjkbwbb yf yeéls jåotcndf. Dpfbvjgjybvfybt vtéle gjkbwbtq b jåotcndjv gjpdjkbn bpvtybnm ghtlsleoeñ ghfrnbre, rjulf
gjkbwtqcrbt ≤jåhfofkbcm r≥, f yt ≤hfpujdfhbdfkb c≥ ghtlcnfdbntkzvb yfctkt-
ybz, rjnjhsv jyb ghbpdfys ckeébnm, ltkfz ntv cfvsv cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö åjktt
pfrjyjgjckeiysvb. Uhfélfyt b gjkbwtqcrbt vjuen cjdvtcnyj dshfåjnfnm dpfbvjghbtvktvst htitybz jnyjcbntkmyj njuj,
rfrbt eckeub ytjåöjlbvj ghtljcnfdkznm b,
d cdjñ jxthtlm, jwtybdfnm rfxtcndj b äaatrnbdyjcnm ghtljcnfdkztvsö eckeu.
Rjynhjkm pf gjkbwbtq cj cnjhjys
jåotcndf vjéyj tot åjktt ecbkbnm pf
cxtn ghbdktxtybz åjkmituj xbckf uhfélfycrbö kbw lkz hfåjns d gjkbwtqcrbö
eghfdktybzö. Pltcm dsldbufñncz ldf fhuevtynf: dj-gthdsö, uhfélfycrbt kbwf nhtåeñn vtymibö pfnhfn, b bv vjéyj gjhexfnm cfvst hfpyjjåhfpyst pflfybz, ult yt
nhtåetncz gjkbwtqcrbq; dj-dnjhsö, ddtltybt uhfélfycrbö kbw d gjkbwtqcrbt
cnhernehs gjpdjkbn cltkfnm cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö åjktt ≤uhfélfycrbvb≥ pf cxtn
cåkbétybz bö bynthtcjd c bynthtcfvb
jåotcndf.
D wtkjv nhb afrnjhf ytjåöjlbvs
lkz njuj, xnjås ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c vtcnyjq jåotcndtyyjcnmñ cnfkj
htfkmyjcnmñ. Dj-gthdsö, gjkbwbñ cktletn
hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr jhufybpfwbñ, hfåjnf
rjnjhjq ghjbcöjlbn d heckt jåobö rjycnbnewbjyysö ghjwtccjd: jyf ljkéyf cxbnfnmcz cbkjq, ≤gjlxbyzñotqcz pfrjye≥.
Dj-dnjhsö, gjkbwbz ljkéyf gj rhfqytq
vtht bcöjlbnm bp njuj, xnj jyf yt pfdbcbn
jn vtcnyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq åjhmås. D-nhtnmbö, ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj gjkbwbb c
yfctktybtv ljkéyj hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr
jlby bp jcyjdysö cgjcjåjd jåtcgtxtybz
gjhzlrf d jåotcndt.
B p v t y t y b z cn h e r n e h s
bpyenhb
Ckbirjv xfcnj bpvtytybt cnhernehs gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd, d jcjåtyyjcnb,
åjktt rhegysö, ghjbpdjlbncz gjänfgyj. F
bvtyyj, exbnsdfz ckjéyjcnm jåobö bpvtytybq, rjnjhst jåsxyj ytjåöjlbvs ghb
gthtjhbtynfwbb hfåjns yf ntcyjt cjnhelybxtcndj c vtcnysv yfctktybtv, vyjubt
dtljvcndf ghtlgjxbnfñn jceotcndkznm änb
ghjuhfvvs kbåj d rfxtcndt ärcgthbvtynfkmysö, kbåj d dblt rfrbö-nj gjänfgysö
21
vthjghbznbq, rjnjhst ghbdjlzn r ytpyfxbntkmysv jåobv bpvtytybzv, bkb ghjcnj
r cdthnsdfybñ änjq ghjuhfvvs.
Lkz njuj, xnjås äaatrnbdyj ghtndjhbnm d ébpym ghjuhfvve ntcyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf gjkbwbb c yfctktybtv, gjkbwtqcrbt dtljvcndf ljkéys jceotcndbnm
itcnm dféysö vthjghbznbq, rféljt bp
rjnjhsö jrfpsdftn ytgjchtlcndtyyjt djpltqcndbt yf cgjcjåyjcnm gjkbwtqcrjuj eghfdktybz bpvtybnm cdjñ hjkm, aeyrwbb
b cnhernehe. Jyb pfrkñxfñncz d cktleñotv:
• Ltwtynhfkbpfwbz dkfcnb b gjdsitybt jndtncndtyyjcnb, c ntv xnjås jn
ghtljcnfdkztvsö jåotcnde eckeu åskf
gjkmpf rfr gjkbwbb, nfr b uhfélfyfv.
• Ecjdthitycndjdfybt gjkbwtqcrjuj
fggfhfnf pf cxtn gthtöjlf jn cnfnbcnbxtcrjuj extnf ghjbcitcndbq r dszdktybñ
ghjåktv b fyfkbpe cbnefwbb.
• Gthtcnhjqrf rekmnehs jhufybpfwbb gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå pf cxtn pfvtys
cbvdjkbrb, zpsrf b gjlöjljd, öfhfrnthysö lkz cfvbö gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcnd.
• Jåtcgtxtybt ljcnegf ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb r dshfåjnrt yfghfdktybq hfåjns, f nfrét ghjwtcce ghbyznbz
b hfccvjnhtybz htitybq, ghbybvftvsö
gjkbwtqcrbvb dtljvcndfvb.
• Djdktxtybt gjkbwtqcrbö d ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb b bö frnbdyjt exfcnbt d ghbyznbb htitybq, rfcfñoböcz hfåjns gjkbwbb d jghtltktyyjv hfqjyt.
• Gjlxthrbdfybt pyfxtybz b jåtcgtxtybz rfxtcndf hfåjns, ytjåöjlbvjcnb
bcrkñxbntkmyjq xtcnyjcnb d hfåjnt jhufybpfwbb b dscjrjuj vjhfkmyjuj jåkbrf
cjnhelybrjd, f nfrét cghfdtlkbdjuj jåhfotybz c uhfélfyfvb.
Htfkbpfwbz gthtxbcktyysö dsit
vthjghbznbq d gjkbwtqcrbö dtljvcndfö
gjnhtåetn byntkktrnefkmysö ecbkbq, hfphfåjnrb yjdsö ghjuhfvv b cjjndtncndeñotuj jåextybz. Jlyfrj, nfrjt ntcyjt b
ghjxyjt dpfbvjltqcndbt gjckeébn ghtgzncndbtv r pkjegjnhtåktybñ jåotcndtyysv
ljdthbtv cj cnjhjys gjkbwbb.
22
Yjdsq Jhktfy
Djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl
Lädbl Gbnnc
V
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ehjdtym
ghtcnegyjcnb cybéftncz. Yj, gjéfkeq, ybult pf gjcktlybq ujl jy
nfr yt cybpbkcz nfr htprj, rfr d
Yjdjv Jhktfyt, infn Kebpbfyf.
Lädbl Gbnnc gbitn j njv, rfr ujhjl cevtk ljåbnmcz nfrbö elbdbntkmysö htpekmnfnjd.
äh Yjdjuj Jhktfyf Vfhr Vjhbfk
kñåbn yfpsdfnm cdjq ujhjl djphjélfñobvcz. Änj ujhjl, d rjnjhjv htprj cybéftncz ghtcnegyjcnm b yfåkñlftncz åev d
ärjyjvbrt. Vtéle ntv, yf ghjnzétybb
gjxnb dctuj gthbjlf 1980-ö ujljd, b jcjåtyyj d yfxfkt ysytiytuj ltcznbktnbz,
Yjdsq Jhktfy ghtåsdfk d cjcnjzybb rhbpbcf. Xbckj eåbqcnd, cjdthifdiböcz d
Yjdjv Jhktfyt, åskj cfvsv dscjrbv d
cnhfyt b ghjljkéfkj hfcnb. Rjkbxtcndj
nzérbö ghtcnegktybq d wtkjv ljcnbukj
ytåsdfkjuj ehjdyz. Ltgfhnfvtyn gjkbwbb
Yjdjuj Jhktfyf åsk pyfvtybn yf dcñ
cnhfye cdjtq rjhhevgbhjdfyyjcnmñ b ytäaatrnbdyjcnmñ.
Gjkjétybt åskj yfcnjkmrj elhexfñobv, xnj atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj hfccvfnhbdfkj djghjc jå ecnfyjdktybb cdjtuj
rjynhjkz yfl gjkbwtqcrbv ltgfhnfvtynjv
änjuj ujhjlf. Änj cnfkj ås åtcghtwtltynysv ifujv d cnhfyt, rjnjhfz ujhlbncz
ntv, xnj veybwbgfkmyfz gjkbwbz yföjlbncz gjl rjynhjktv vtcnysö dkfcntq.
≤D bcnjhbb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd ujhjlf yfcnegbk cfvsq nzétksq vj-
23
Hbxfhl Gtyybyunjy
ehjdytv ghtcnegyjcnb pf dtcm ghjiksq
ujl. Tot åjktt htprj cybpbkjcm xbckj
nzérbö ghtcnegktybq. Xbckj eåbqcnd cjrhfnbkjcm yf 18 ghjwtynjd, f djjheétyysö juhfåktybq yf 32 ghjwtynf, ghb änjv
xbckj ghjbpdtltyysö fhtcnjd dshjckj yf
26 ghjwtynjd. Rhjvt njuj, yf 25 ghjwtynjd edtkbxbkfcm hfcrhsdftvjcnm ghtcnegktybq.
D hfpysö hfqjyfö ujhjlf ehjdtym
ghtcnegyjcnb cybpbkcz yf 9–38 ghjwtynjd. Gj chfdytybñ c åjkmibycndjv lheubö ujhjljd CIF, ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb
d Yjdjv Jhktfyt tot ljcnfnjxyj dscjr.
Jlyfrj, yfåkñlfntkb cxbnfñn, xnj ghjbpjitlitt d ntreotv ujle htprjt cybétybt änjuj gjrfpfntkz vjétn cnfnm gjdjhjnysv geyrnjv d lkbntkmyjq åjhmåt ujhjlf
c ghfdjyfheibntkzvb.
G j k b n b x t c r j t v e é t cn d j
vtyn. Ghtcnegyjcnm d ujhjlt yfxfkf dsöjlbnm bp-gjl rjynhjkz≥, – dcgjvbyftn Nthhb Äååthn, bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh Gjkbwtqcrjuj ajylf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf –
jåütlbytybz herjdjlbntktq vtcnysö rjvgfybq b jåotcndtyysö uhegg, rjnjhjt cjnhelybxftn c gjkbwbtq d hfphfåjnrt äaatrnbdyjuj gjlöjlf r åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ.
Gj ckjdfv Vjhbfkf, änjn ajyl ghtljcnfdkztn abyfycjdst chtlcndf, ytjåöjlbvst lkz jceotcndktybz ghjuhfvvs hflbrfkmysö htajhv gjkbwbb ujhjlf, rjnjheñ gj gjkbnbxtcrbv cjjåhfétybzv ytdjpvjéyj åskj ås ghjabyfycbhjdfnm
njkmrj bp yfkjujdsö gjcnegktybq d ujhjlcrjq åñlétn. Cnjhjyybrb nfrbö htajhv
ujdjhzn, xnj jå bö ecgtöt cdbltntkmcndetn
cybétybt ehjdyz dctö dbljd ghtcnegktybq d ujhjlt.
Gjckt gthbjlf hfpuekf ujhjlcrjq
ghtcnegyjcnb cbnefwbz yfxfkf vtyznmcz d
1995 u. Ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybéfkcz
ljdjkmyj vtlktyyj d 1995 b 1996 uu., jlyfrj d 1997 u. rhbdfz ghtcnegktybq htprj
gjikf dybp. Gj lfyysv ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb, d gthbjl c zydfhz gj ctynzåhm änjuj
ujlf ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb d ujhjlt cybpbkcz yf 13 ghjwtynjd, gj chfdytybñ c
Gj ckjdfv Äååthnf, cktletn jnlfnm ljkéyjt ldev kñlzv, rjnjhst åskb gjkys
htibvjcnb gjåtlbnm ghtcnegyjcnm, ghtdhfnbd gjkbwbñ Yjdjuj Jhktfyf bp åtcgjktpyjq åñhjrhfnbxtcrjq cnhernehs d
äaatrnbdyeñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmyeñ vfibye. Htxm bltn j Vjhbfkt b yfxfkmybrt
ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb Hbxfhlt Gtyybyunjyt,
rjnjhsq d cdjt dhtvz hfåjnfk pfvtcnbntktv yfxfkmybrf ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb Dfibyunjyf, jrheu Rjkevåbz, b rjnjhjve
Vjhbfk, ghjbcrfd rfylblfnehe yf äne ljkéyjcnm gj dctq cnhfyt, gjhexbk herjdjlbnm gjkbwbtq Yjdjuj Jhktfyf.
≤Z levfñ, xnj hjljyfxfkmybrjv
dctuj änjuj ghjwtccf åsk Vjhbfk, – ujdjhbn Äååthn. – Tve gjyfljåbkjcm juhjvyjt
gjkbnbxtcrjt veétcndj lkz njuj, xnjås
ghjnbdjcnjznm gjkbwtqcrjve yfxfkmcnde,
yfpyfxbnm yf herjdjlzoeñ ljkéyjcnm
Gtyybyunjyf – xtkjdtrf cj cnjhjys – b
ghtljcnfdbnm tve ytjåöjlbveñ cdjåjle
ltqcndbq≥.
Jntw vähf, gjkexbdibq ghjpdbot
≤Ujkkfyltw Vjhbfk≥, d 1977 u. gjåtlbk
yf veybwbgfkmysö dsåjhfö b cnfk gthdsv xthyjrjébv vähjv ujhjlf; yföjlzcm
yf änjv gjcne, jy gsnfkcz, ghfdlf, åtp
jcjåjuj ecgtöf, htajhvbhjdfnm gjkbwbñ.
24
Gjänjve Vjhbfk-vkflibq eét pyfk, rfrjt
cjghjnbdktybt vjéyj jéblfnm jn ujhjlcrjq åñhjrhfnbb b, d xfcnyjcnb, jn gjkbwtqcrbö xbyjdybrjd. Gj lfyysv jcdtljvktyysö bcnjxybrjd d cfvjq gjkbwbb, jy
öjntk yfpyfxbnm tt herjdjlbntktv xtkjdtrf cj cnjhjys.
≤Z levfñ, xnj gthtvtys lfdyj yfphtkb, – ujdjhbn Åtdthkb Lébfyyf, herjdjlbntkm ujhjlcrjuj Åñhj gj ghjdtltybñ
rjyathtywbq b nehbpve. – Htajhvs cnfkb rfnfkbpfnjhjv jåotcndtyyjq frnbdyjcnb b lfkb kñlzv yfltéle yf nj, xnj yfv
d rjywt rjywjd elfcncz cghfdbnmcz c ghjåktvjq ghtcnegyjcnb≥.
J n d t n cn d t y y j cn m g t h t l
j å o t cn d j v
Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy cxbnfkb, xnj rkñxtdsv äktvtynjv htajhvs ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb ljkéyj åsnm yt hfcibhtybt tt
gjkyjvjxbq b yt ghtljcnfdktybt gjkbwtqcrbv åjkmitq cdjåjls ltqcndbq, f
rfr hfp yfjåjhjn – edtkbxtybt cntgtyb
bö gjljnxtnyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnb
gthtl jåotcndjv.
≤Ukfdyfz ghjåktvf cjcnjzkf d njv,
xnj ujhjlcrfz gjkbwbz htfubhjdfkf kbim
yf eét cjdthityyst ghtcnegktybz, – ujdjhbn Äååthn. – Ybrnj b yt levfk pfybvfnmcz ghjabkfrnbrjq ghtcnegyjcnb bkb
åhfnm gjl jcjåsq rjynhjkm nt hfqjys ujhjlf, ult ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb åsk jcjåtyyj dscjrbv. Rhjvt njuj, d gjkbwtqcrjq chtlt ghjwdtnfkf rjhhegwbz≥. Gtyybyunjy gjybvfk, ≤xnj tve ghbltncz dpznm
yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ vyjubö kñltq cj
cnjhjys – kñltq, rjnjhsö jy pyfk b rjnjhsv ljdthzk – lkz njuj, xnjås xnj-nj
bpvtybnm, b jy ghbdtk d gjkbwbñ nfrbö
yjdsö kñltq≥, ujdjhbn Lébfyyf.
D hfvrfö rhegytqitq htjhufybpfwbb d bcnjhbb gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf
Gtyybyunjy htfkbpjdfk ibhjrbq gkfy ltwtynhfkbpfwbb, ghtlecvfnhbdfdibq
hfcghtltktybt aeyrwbq gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ chtlb djcmvb yfxfkmybrjd hfqjyysö jnltktybq gjkbwbb. Cvsck änjq
frwbb cjcnjzk d njv, xnjås gjdscbnm ghjatccbjyfkbpv, äaatrnbdyjcnm b ubårjcnm.
D njv xbckt åskb ghjbpdtltys cktleñobt bpvtytybz:
• Åskf htprj edtkbxtyf pfhfåjnyfz
gkfnf gjkbwtqcrbö d rfxtcndt jlyjq bp
vth åjhmås c rjhhegwbtq. Lj änjuj gjkbwtqcrbq ltgfhnfvtyn d Yjdjv Jhktfyt
åsk jlybv bp cfvsö ybprjjgkfxbdftvsö
d cnhfyt – yfxfkmysq ehjdtym pfhfåjnyjq
gkfns tuj cjnhelybrjd cjcnfdkzk kbim 16
nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl. Lfét pfvtcnbntkm
yfxfkmybrf ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb pfhfåfnsdfk dctuj 42 nsczxb ljkkfhjd d ujl. Jlyfrj, yfxbyfz c 1995 u., pfhgkfnf cjnhelybrjd ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb yfxfkf pfvtnyj
gjdsifnmcz. Pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf jabwthcrjuj cjcnfdf gjdsifkfcm xtnsht hfpf, b d
rjytxyjv bnjut dshjckf yf 36–70 ghjwtynjd. Hzljdst gjkbwtqcrbt ctujlyz pfhfåfnsdfñn 30 nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl.
• D ujhjlcreñ gjkbwbñ, yfcxbnsdfñoeñ d yfcnjzott dhtvz 1300 xtkjdtr,
åeltn ghbyznj ljgjkybntkmyj 400 cjnhelybrjd, ghb änjv 200 bp ybö ghbcnegzn r
cdjbv jåzpfyyjcnzv tot lj rjywf ysytiytuj ujlf. Ukfdyfz ujhjlcrfz ufptnf Yjdjuj Jhktfyf yfpdfkf änj cjåsnbt ≤cfvjq
rhegyjq frwbtq gj yfqve cjnhelybrjd pf
dcñ bcnjhbñ ujhjlf≥. D cktleñotv ujle
Vjhbfk yfvthty ghjljkéfnm yftv ljgjkybntkmysö cjnhelybrjd d cjcnfd gjkbwtqcrbö cbk ujhjlf. D ghtlcnfdktyyjv bv d
rjywt jrnzåhz åñlétnyjv ghtlkjétybb
yf 1998 u. edtkbxtybt infnjd pfvjhjétyj
lkz dctö ujhjlcrbö cnherneh, rhjvt gjkbwbb.
• D ghjuhfvve gjlujnjdrb jabwthjd
gjkbwbb åsk ddtlty nfrjq ghtlvtn, rfr
änbrf, ghbxtv jcyjdyjt dybvfybt åskj
jåhfotyj yf cjåkñltybt rjycnbnewbjyysö
ghfd uhfélfy. Åskf nfrét egjhzljxtyf
ghjwtlehf ghbtvf yf hfåjne yjdsö cjnhelybrjd gjkbwbb b ddtltyj gcböjkjubxtcrjt ntcnbhjdfybt yjdbxrjd c ntv, xnjås bpåtéfnm gjgflfybz d gjkbwbñ kñltq,
crkjyysö r yfcbkbñ b rjhhegwbb. Lj yfpyfxtybz Gtyybyunjyf yf hfåjne d gjkbwbñ vju gjcnegbnm kñåjq xtkjdtr, byjulf
lfét bvtñobq rhbvbyfkmyjt ghjikjt.
• Åskj htajhvbhjdfyj eghfdktybt
dyenhbdtljvcndtyyjuj rjynhjkz, pfybvfñ-
25
ottcz hfccktljdfybtv ckexftd rjhhegwbb
b pkjegjnhtåktybz ckeétåysv gjkjétybtv d gjkbwtqcrjq chtlt. Jyj gjkexbkj
yjdjt yfpdfybt ≤Jnltk åjhmås pf xbcnjne
hzljd≥ b gthtdtltyj bp ukfdyjuj plfybz
gjkbwtqcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf d lheujt vtcnj
lkz njuj, xnjås bcrkñxbnm rfrjt-kbåj
lfdktybt yf kñltq, gjlfñobö éfkjås yf
gjkbwtqcrbö. ≤Vs gsnftvcz cltkfnm nfr,
xnjås änjn jnltk pfybvfk frnbdyeñ gjpbwbñ, f yt ghjcnj htfubhjdfk yf gjcnegfñobt éfkjås, – ujdjhbn Gtyybyunjy. –
Jnltk åjhmås pf xbcnjne hzljd cnfyjdbncz ghbvthjv lkz dctö jcnfkmysö ujhjlcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd gjkbwbb d cnhfyt≥.
• Åskb dytlhtys vtnjls exfcnrjdjq hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbö. Cnfwbjyfhyst
gjkbwtqcrbt gjcns åskb hfpvtotys d
hfqjyfö cjchtljnjxtybz ujcelfhcndtyysö
ébksö ljvjd, ult rdfhnbhs ghtljcnfdkzñncz vfkjjåtcgtxtyysv ctvmzv, b ult
cjdthiftncz åjkmibycndj ghtcnegktybq.
≤C ntö gjh, rfr vs dytlhbkb vtnjls
exfcnrjdjq hfåjns gjkbwtqcrbö, xbckj
eåbqcnd d änbö hfqjyfö cybpbkjcm yf 75
ghjwtynjd≥, – ujdjhbn Vjhbfk; jy cxbnftn, xnj jcjåeñ hjkm d htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs csuhfkb wtktdst abyfycjdst
chtlcndf, åtpdjpvtplyj ghtljcnfdktyyst
atlthfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv.
• Ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm c Atlthfkmysv åñhj hfccktljdfybq (AÅH) j
hfccktljdfybb jådbytybq d rjhhegwbb b
étcnjrjcnb, dsldbuftvsö ghjnbd cjnhelybrjd ltgfhnfvtynf gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf. D htpekmnfnt änjuj ltcznrb cjnhelybrjd ujhjlcrjq gjkbwbb eikb d jncnfdre
bkb gjkexbkb dpscrfybz. C vjvtynf ghböjlf Gtyybyunjyf yf gjcn yfxfkmybrf ltgfhnfvtynf jy edjkbk, jncnhfybk jn hfåjns bkb hfpéfkjdfk åjktt 200 jabwthjd,
xnj cjcnfdkztn cdsit jlyjq itcnjq xfcnb
kbxyjuj cjcnfdf ltgfhnfvtynf. Vtéle
ntv, jy cxbnftn, xnj hfåjnf gj dszdktybñ
cjnhelybrjd gjkbwbb, yt jndtxfñobö ghjatccbjyfkmysv nhtåjdfybzv, lfktrj yt
pfrjyxtyf.
• Dytlhtyf ghjuhfvvf ytghbvbhbvjq åjhmås c vtkrbvb ghtcnegktybzvb,
rjnjhst, gj cjdhtvtyysv ghtlcnfdktybzv,
cjplfñn gbnfntkmyeñ chtle lkz åjktt cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybq. Änf ghjuhfvvf
åskf dytlhtyf gjckt gjkextybz lfyysö
j njv, xnj fyfkjubxyfz ghjuhfvvf d YmñQjhrt csuhfkf rkñxtdeñ hjkm d cybétybb ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb d änjv ujhjlt.
• D gjkbwbb Yjdjuj Jhktfyf dytlhtys åjktt cjdhtvtyyst vtnjls åjhmås
c ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Gjcnhjtyf yjdfz, cjdhtvtyyfz rhbvbyfkbcnbxtcrfz kfåjhfnjhbz,
dytlhtyf vjlthybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf
ärcnhtyyjq hflbjcdzpb, f nfrét cbcntvf
RJVCNFN – cbcntvf eghfdktybz lfyysvb
j cjdthityysö ghtcnegktybzö, cktlzofz
pf rhbvbyjutyyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ dj dctö
hfqjyfö ujhjlf.
R j v c n fn
Cbcntvf RJVCNFN, ghbpdfyyfz gjdscbnm
jgthfnbdyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö cbk d åjhmåt
c ghtcnegyjcnmñ yf nthhbnjhbb ujhjlf, –
ltnbot Létrf Vtqgkf, ktutylfhyjuj ymñqjhrcrjuj gjkbwtqcrjuj, rjnjhsq d cdjt
dhtvz ghjbpdtk yfcnjzoeñ htdjkñwbñ,
cjplfd yjdeñ cbcntve jnxtnyjcnb d gjkbwtqcrjv ltgfhnfvtynt u. Ymñ-Qjhrf. Cjplfyyfz bv cbcntvf gjpdjkbkf, yfxbyfz c
1993 u., jåtcgtxbnm 50-ghjwtynyjt cybétybt xbckf eåbqcnd, cjdthiftvsö d ujhjlt.
Vtqgkf gthtvfybkb d Yjdsq Jhktfy d yfltélt yf nj, xnj jy gjdnjhbn
pltcm cdjq ymñ-qjhrcrbq ecgtö b cjplfcn
vtcnyeñ dthcbñ RJVCNFN. Änf cbcntvf
gjpdjkztn ghjuyjpbhjdfnm ntyltywbb b
ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb d hfqjyyjv vfcinfåt, f pfntv cjplfdfnm åjkmibt rjvgmñnthyst rfhns ujhjlcrbö hfqjyjd, yf rjnjhsö
jnvtxfñncz cfvst ytåkfujgjkexyst njxrb.
Yf htuekzhyj ghjdjlbvsö cjdtofybzö herjdjlbntkb hfqjyysö jnltktybq gjkbwbb
gjkexfñn dsujdjhs pf ghjbcitcndbz dj
ddthtyysö bv hfqjyfö b ghbpsdfñncz r
ghbyznbñ ytvtlktyysö rjynhvth. D yfbåjktt ytåkfujgjkexyst hfqjys yfghfdkzñncz ljgjkybntkmyst cbks gjkbwbb.
≤RJVCNFN ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rfr
hfp njn bycnhevtyn, rjnjhsq ytjåöjlbv d
Yjdjv Jhktfyt, gjcrjkmre cnfnbcnbrf b
jnxtnyjcnm yföjlzncz pltcm yf jxtym ybp-
26
rjv ehjdyt, – ujdjhbn Léjy Kbylth, gfhnyth Vtqgkf, rjnjhsq åsk yfyzn d bñkt
ghjikjuj ujlf d rfxtcndt rjycekmnfynf b
rjnjhsq ghjikjq jctymñ eujdjhbk Vtqgkf ghbtöfnm d Yjdsq Jhktfy lkz cjplfybz pltcm vtcnyjq dthcbb cbcntvs RJVCNFN. – Létr jåckeébdftn cbcntve RJVCNFN, f z bpexfñ jåoeñ rfhnbye, jåhfofz dybvfybt yf nfrbt vjvtyns, rfr cbcntvf gjjohtybq, lbcwbgkbyf, cnhernehf
gjlhfpltktybq b vtnjls gjlujnjdrb d Gjkbwtqcrjv ltgfhnfvtynt Yjujdj Jhktfyf≥.
≤Cjplfdfz RJVCNFN, Létr cdtk djtlbyj rjvgmñnthyst ntöyjkjubb b ghbdsxyst lkz yfc rfhns, d rjnjhst dnsrfñncz wdtnyst akférb, – ujdjhbn Kbylth.
– D htpekmnfnt vs gjkexftv cnfnbcnbre
gj jxfufv ghtcnegyjcnb d htébvt htfkmyjuj dhtvtyb. Änj lftn djpvjéyjcnm jgthfnbdyjuj yfghfdktybz cbk b htcehcjd yf
gjufitybt änbö jxfujd≥.
≤Htajhvs bvtñn ghzveñ cdzpm
cj cybétybtv ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb d
1997 u.≥, – ujdjhbn Äååthn, cxbnfñobq
RJVCNFN ≤ldbéeotq cbkjq≥ htdjkñwbb
d cbcntvt gjkbwtqcrjq jnxtnyjcnb. ≤Yfxfkmybrb dctö hfqjyysö jnltktybq rféleñ gznybwe jnxbnsdfñncz pf nj, xnj ghjbpjikj yf ddthtyysö bv nthhbnjhbzö≥.
Djpukfdkztvsq Äååthnjv ajyl dsltkbk
gjkvbkkbjyf ljkkfhjd, rjnjhst åskb ytjåöjlbvs lkz gthtdjlf Kbylthf b Vtqgkf yf hfåjne d Yjdsq Jhktfy.
D cdjtv tétujlyjv ljrkflt ujhjlcrjq rjvbccbb gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, ghtlcnfdktyyjv bv d rjywt jrnzåhz,
Gtyybyunjy nfrét gjlxthryek gjkmpe,
ghbyjcbveñ cbcntvjq RJVCNFN. ≤Jyf
hjélftn leö cjhtdyjdfybz vtéle ujhjlcrbvb hfqjyfvb, gjåeélfñobq jabwthjd
b herjdjlbntktq gjkbwtqcrbö gjlhfpltktybq åjhjnmcz pf kexibt tétytltkmyst
gjrfpfntkb cybétybz ghtcnegyjcnb≥, –
ujdjhbn jy.
Ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv
Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy ghbpyfñn, xnj cthmtpyfz htajhvf gjkbwtqcrbö cbk – yt
tlbycndtyysq afrnjh cybétybz xbckf
nzérbö ghtcnegktybq, bvtdituj vtcnj yf
dctq nthhbnjhbb cnhfys d bcntritv ujle.
Gjljåyj vyjubv lheubv ujhjlfv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, Yjdsq Jhktfy gthtébdftn ctujlyz ärjyjvbxtcrbq gjlütv, f änj
nfrét cgjcjåcndetn cybétybñ xbckf ghfdjyfheitybq.
Ujhjéfyt eét yfxbyfñn pfåsdfnm j
njv, xnj ghjbcöjlbkj d 80-ö ujlfö, rjulf
ckjébkjcm nhelyjt gjkjétybt d ytanzyjq
jnhfckb b cnfkb bcxtpfnm nhflbwbjyyst
ghjvsiktyyst ghjatccbb, f rhbdfz yfhrjvfybb gjgjkpkf ddthö – jcjåtyyjt hfcghjcnhfytybt njulf gjkexbk rhär. Ghfdlf,
ébntkb åtlysö hfqjyjd ujdjhzn, xnj ghjåktvf yfhrjnbrjd b ctujlyz yjcbn cthmtpysq öfhfrnth.
Djpybryjdtybt yjdsö hfåjxbö vtcn
d catht jåckeébdfybz b, d xfcnyjcnb, d
nehbpvt lftn ébntkzv ujhjlf yjdst djpvjéyjcnb c njxrb phtybz pfyznjcnb. D
1996 u. nehbpv dshjc yf 6 ghjwtynjd, f
xbckj cütpljd b rjyathtywbq, ghjdjlbvsö d ujhjlt, edtkbxbkjcm yf 9 ghjwtynjd. B öjnz gj fvthbrfycrbv vthrfv vyjubt yjdst hfåjxbt vtcnf jnyjczncz r rfntujhbb ybprjjgkfxbdftvsö, yfåkñlfntkb
ujdjhzn, xnj ekexitybt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj
gjkjétybz jghtltktyyj jåeckjdkbdftn
cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb.
R xbcke ceotcndtyysö vth, ddtltyysö d gjcktlytt dhtvz, vjéyj jnytcnb
ecnfyjdktybt rjvtylfyncrjuj xfcf lkz
ytcjdthityyjktnybö – jlyjuj bp cfvsö
cnhjubö d cnhfyt. Ltnb b gjlhjcnrb d
djphfcnt lj 17 ktn ljkéys yföjlbnmcz
ljvf gjckt ltdznb xfcjd dtxthf. Ltkj d
njv, xnj d gjcktlybt ujls d Yjdjv Jhktfyt xhtpvthyj djphjckj xbckj ghtcnegktybq, cjdthiftvsö gjlhjcnrfvb, dghjxtv, rfr b d lheubö ujhjlfö CIF.
Rjvtylfyncrbq xfc lkz ytcjdthityyjktnybö ≤bvttn ghzvjt jnyjitybt r
cybétybñ ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb, – ujdjhbn
Äååthn, – jcjåtyyj d ntö hfqjyfö, ult pf
tuj cjåkñltybtv frnbdyj cktlzn≥. Änj
cnfkj ≤jlybv bp ukfdysö afrnjhjd, – ujdjhbn Lébfyyf. – Pf gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj ktn ehjdtym vjkjltéyjq ghtcnegyjcnb
cybpbkcz yf 20–30 ghjwtynjd≥.
27
L h e u b t b y b w b fn b d s
Tot jlyjq dféyjq bybwbfnbdjq cnfkj cjplfybt cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj åjhmåt c
åsnjdsv yfcbkbtv, d cjcnfd rjnjhjq döjlzn yt njkmrj ghtlcnfdbntkb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd b cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj
ghfdjcelbz, yj b ghtlcnfdbntkb ytrjvvthxtcrbö b lheubö jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst
cjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvb gsnfñncz ghtljndhfnbnm ghtdhfotybt ctvtqysö ccjh d
gjxde lkz cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybq.
Ghjuhfvvf gj djphjéltybñ Yjdjuj
Jhktfyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gfhnythcndj
vtéle Ltgfhnfvtynjv gjkbwbb b Cjdtnjv
vjkjltéysö kblthjd. D hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs jhufybpjdfy jnlsö b dytirjkmyjt
djcgbnfybt lkz ltntq bp ytåkfujgjkexysö
hfqjyjd ujhjlf. Gj vytybñ Vjhbfkf, änf
ghjuhfvvf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jåhfptw njuj, xnj vjéyj cltkfnm yf ljåhjdjkmyjq
jcyjdt d catht ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb.
Vtéle ntv, ghbåsdibt bp YmñQjhrf rjycekmnfyns Kbylth b Vtqgk
cxbnfñn, xnj ukfdyeñ hjkm d ntö bpvtytybzö, rjnjhst ghjbcöjlzn d Yjdjv Jhktfyt dct-nfrb csuhfkf htajhvf gjkbwbb.
≤Cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb ghjbcöjlbn pltcm d ldf hfpf åscnhtt, xtv d cdjt
dhtvz d Ymñ-Qjhrt≥, – ujdjhbn Kbylth.
≤Ghb änjv vs bcgjkmpetv d ldf hfpf
vtymieñ xbcktyyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö cbk yf
leie yfctktybz, – gjlxthrbdftn Vjhbfk.
– Yfv tot vyjujt ghtlcnjbn cltkfnm, jlyfrj, yfib gjkbwtqcrbt cbks eét ghtdhfnbkbcm bp rjvfyls ghjbuhfdibö d rjvfyle gjåtlbntktq, b vs edthtyyj bltv
r gjåtlt d änjv xtvgbjyfnt≥.
D j p h j é l f ñ o b q c z uj h j l
Cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb jcjåtyyj
pfvtnyj d gjctoftvjv nehbcnfvb Ahfywepcrjv rdfhnfkt ujhjlf, ult xbckj pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö ghfdjyfheitybq njkmrj d
änjv ujle cybpbkjcm yf 25 ghjwtynjd, jnxfcnb bp-pf edtkbxtybz xbcktyyjcnb gtibö b dtkjcbgtlysö gjkbwtqcrbö gfnhektq – jlyjuj bp vtnjljd exfcnrjdjuj gfnhekbhjdfybz, rjnjhsq jrfpfkcz jcjåtyyj
äaatrnbdysv. Gj ckjdfv vtcnysö ghtl-
ghbybvfntktq, ghjbcöjlbn pfvtnyjt ekexitybt cbnefwbb, ytcvjnhz yf ytcrjkmrj
gjkexbdibö ibhjreñ jukfcre bywbltynjd,
bvtdibö vtcnj d änjv ujle.
B öjnz ehjdtym ghtcnegyjcnb cybpbkcz b d åtlysö hfqjyfö ujhjlf, lfkmytqitt ceotcndtyyjt cybétybt änjuj gjrfpfntkz åeltn d rjytxyjv bnjut pfdbctnm
jn ekexitybz eckjdbq ébpyb d änbö hfqjyfö. Ujhjl pfybvftn nhtnmt vtcnj d cnhfyt gj rjkbxtcnde vfkjbveobö uhfélfy, b
änjn vjvtyn gjlxthrbdfñn cjwbjkjub, rjnjhst dblzn ghzveñ cdzpm vtéle ybprbv
ehjdytv ébpyb b ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Ghbvthyj nhtnm eåbqcnd, cjdthiftvsö d ujhjlt,
ghjbcöjlbn d åtlysö hfqjyfö.
Ébntkb åtlysö hfqjyjd ujdjhzn,
xnj cj dhtvtyb ghböjlf Vjhbfkf b Gtyybyunjyf yf herjdjlzobt gjcns ghjbpjikj cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb, b ctujlyz jyb eét yt nfr wbybxyj jnyjczncz
r ltzntkmyjcnb ujhjlcrjuj ltgfhnfvtynf
gjkbwbb, rfr d ghtlsleobt ujls. Yj b
jyb endthélfñn, xnj tot vyjujt ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm. Vytybt Dbkkb Lbrcjyf,
åsdituj htvjynybrf fdnjåecyjq rjvgfybb
≤Nhtqkeäqp åfc rjvgfyb≥, rjnjhsq ctujlyz ghjlftn ufptns yf jlyjq bp ekbw ltkjdjuj hfqjyf d wtynht ujhjlf, nbgbxyj lkz
ébntktq ytåjufnsö hfqjyjd ujhjlf.
Lbrcjy ébdtn d hfqjyt veybwbgfkmyjq pfcnhjqrb, yfpsdfñotvcz ≤Vtxnf≥, b
cxbnftn, xnj ≤gjckt njuj, rfr edtkbxbkfcm
xbcktyyjcnm gjkbwtqcrbö, jåcnfyjdrf
pltcm cnfkf kexit. Yj lfkmytqituj cthmtpyjuj ekexitybz ytkmpz jéblfnm, gjrf
yt åelen djccnfyjdktys öjhjij jgkfxbdftvst hfåjxbt vtcnf≥.
≤Ghtélt, xtv änj cltkfnm, – ujdjhbn Kbylth, – ytjåöjlbvj jåtcgtxbnm jåotcndtyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm; ytjåöjlbvj
dytlhbnm d cjpyfybt kñltq gjyznbt, rjnjhjt z yfpsdfñ ≤gjybvfybtv gjcktlcndbq
cjltzyyjuj≥ – nj tcnm, xtkjdtr ljkéty
gjybvfnm, xnj tckb jy cjdthiftn ghtcnegktybt, dtkbrb ifycs, xnj tuj gjqvfñn b
ghbdktren r jndtncndtyyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj,
ytjåöjlbvj gjdsifnm ehjdtym irjkmyjuj
jåextybz b ghbdktrfnm d ujhjl ghtlghbybvfntktq≥. Kbylth nfrét gjlxthrbdftn,
28
xnj åjkmibycndj ghtcnegktybq cjdthiftncz d åtlysö hfqjyfö, b xnj åjkmibycndj
éthnd änbö ghtcnegktybq – xthyjrjébt,
gjänjve åjhmåf c ghtcnegyjcnmñ gjvjuftn
ekexibnm ébpym vfkjbveobö ujhjéfy b,
d xfcnyjcnb, kñltq c xthysv wdtnjv rjéb.
Vjhbfk b Gtyybyunjy – jåf fahjfvthbrfyws – cjukfcys c ntv, xnj cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlyj bp eckjdbq gjdsitybz ehjdyz
ébpyb fahj-fvthbrfywtd b lheubö ébntktq ujhjlf. Jyb gjybvfñn – lkz njuj,
xnjås Yjdsq Jhktfy gjkexbk ibhjreñ
bpdtcnyjcnm rfr djphjélfñobqcz ujhjl
(f bvtyyj änjuj bv öjntkjcm ås), ytjåöjlbvj ljåbnmcz tot åjktt ceotcndtyyjuj
cjrhfotybz xbckf nzérbö ghtcnegktybq,
cjdthiftvsö d ytv.
Gtyybyunjy edthty d njv, xnj nfr
b åeltn. ≤Vs dsåhfkb ghfdbkmysq genm,
rjnjhsq ghbdtltn yfc r gjåtlt yfl ghtcnegyjcnmñ≥, ujdjhbn jy. C ybv cjukfiftncz Äååthn: ≤Tckb vs dsdtltv yf ekbws
ujhjlf 1700 gjkbwtqcrbö, nj z edthty d
njv, xnj d Yjdjv Jhktfyt ghjbpjqltn cfvjt htprjt cybétybt ehjdyz ghtcnegyjcnb
chtlb dctö ujhjljd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd≥. ≤Yfv tot yt elfkjcm cltkfnm lkz
ujhjlf dct, xnj vs öjnbv. Vtéle ntv, vs
ldbétvcz d ghfdbkmyjv yfghfdktybb. Z
levfñ, xnj Yjdsq Jhktfy cnfytn jåhfpwjv yjdjuj gjlöjlf r ghjåktvt åjhmås
c ghtcnegyjcnmñ≥, – ujdjhbn Lébfyyf.
29
Jåpjh fvthbrfycrjq
ñhblbxtcrjq cbcntvs
Cnñfhn Ujhby
Xtkjdtr, ghbdktrftvsq r cele d
CIF, cxbnftncz ytdbyjdysv lj ntö
gjh, gjrf jy bkb jyf yt åelen ghbpyfys dbyjdysvb d htpekmnfnt celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf éñhb
ghbczéysö bp xbckf hzljdsö
uhfélfy. D ghbdjlbvjv ybét hfpüzcytybb njuj, rfr hfåjnftn celtåyfz cbcntvf CIF, Cnñfhn Ujhby gjlxthrbdftn, xnj ghtpevgwbz
ytdbyjdyjcnb b cghfdtlkbdjt b
jgthfnbdyjt hfccvjnhtybt celtåyjuj ltkf ghbczéysvb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq rkñxtdst äktvtyns
ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf.
C
eltåyfz dtndm ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb, cjplfyyfz fdnjhfvb fvthbrfycrjq
Rjycnbnewbb d 1787 u. d hfvrfö ghbywbgf hfpltktybz gjkyjvjxbq, drkñxftn d
ctåz jhufys ghfdjcelbz dctö ehjdytq –
jn Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF lj vtcnysö vbhjdsö celtq b vfubcnhfnjd.
Rhjvt njuj, d ghbyznjq d 1868 u.
14-q Gjghfdrt r Rjycnbnewbb CIF ecnfyjdktyj, xnj ≤yb jlby bp infnjd yt ljkéty bplfdfnm bkb ghbvtyznm pfrjys, rjnjhst juhfybxbdfñn ghbdbktubb b kmujns
uhfélfy Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd; b yt vjétn yb jlby infn kbifnm rfrjt-kbåj kbwj ébpyb, cdjåjls bkb cjåcndtyyjcnb åtp
yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehs, yt vjétn jnrfpfnm rfrjve-kbåj kbwe d ghtltkfö
cdjtq ñhbclbrwbb d hfdyjq pfobnt yf
jcyjdt pfrjyjd≥.
Wtynhfkmyst abuehs dj dctö celtåysö ghjwtccfö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö –
jådbybntkb, rjnjhst jndtxfñn pf djpåeéltybt eujkjdyjuj ltkf b jceotcndktybt
cdzpfyysö c tuj dtltybtv ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh, yfghfdktyysö ghjnbd ghtcnegyjq
ltzntkmyjcnb. Jådbybntkb hfccvfnhbdfñn
dct djghjcs, cdzpfyyst c fhtcnfvb, f
nfrét gjcnegfñobt éfkjås; jyb exfcndeñn d ghbyznbb htitybz jå jcdjåjéltybb gjljphtdftvsö gjl pfkju, pfrkñxfñn
cjukfitybz c pfobnjq j ghbpyfybb dbys
jådbyztvsvb, f nfrét lfñn htrjvtylfwbb
30
d jnyjitybt ghbujdjhf kbwfv, ghbpyfyysv dbyjdysv.
D hfvrfö atlthfkmyjq cbcntvs Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd infns b vtcnyst jhufys dkfcnb nhflbwbjyyj ytcen jcyjdyeñ
jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ghtljndhfotybt b ghtctxtybt ghtcnegktybq b gjllthéfybt jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf. Yf ghjnzétybb pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb fvthbrfycrjq bcnjhbb
≤gjkbwtqcrbt gjkyjvjxbz≥ d ibhjrjv
cvsckt änjuj ckjdf ghbyflktéfkb infnfv
d cjjndtncndbb c 10-q Gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb. Vyjubt gj-ghtéytve ghblthébdfñncz änjq gjpbwbb, yj ytrjnjhst dblzn
d wtkjv hzlt ghbyznsö d gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz celtåysö htitybq jcyjde lkz åjktt frnbdyjq hjkb atlthfkmysö dkfcntq.
Djpvjéyj, cfvsq pyfxbntkmysq afrnjh, jåüzcyzñobq hfcibhtybt gjkbwtqcrbö gjkyjvjxbq atlthfkmysö dkfcntq,
cdzpfy c åjktt ibhjrjq bynthghtnfwbtq
≤geyrnf j htuekbhjdfybb njhujdkb≥ Rjycnbnewbb (Cnfnmz È, Hfpltk 8, Geyrn 2),
d rjnjhjv zcyj jghtltktyj, xnj Rjyuhtcc
bvttn ghfdj htuekbhjdfnm njhujdkñ vtéle
jnltkmysvb infnfvb b njhujdkñ c byjcnhfyysvb ujcelfhcndfvb. Hzl celtåysö
htitybq, ghbyznsö d ysytiytv cnjktnbb,
ghbdtk r njve, xnj dkbzybt njhujdkb
dyenhb infnjd yf njhujdkñ vtéle ybvb,
djpvjéyj, jghfdlsdftn åjktt ibhjrbq
gjlöjl. Yfhzle c änbv, b Rjyuhtcc, b
Dthöjdysq Cel ltvjycnhbheñn zdyjt
cnhtvktybt hfccvfnhbdfnm jghtltktyyst
dbls ghtcnegktybq bkb åtcgjhzlrjd d rfxtcndt ytgjchtlcndtyyjq euhjps lkz cfvjq njhujdkb.
C 1960-ö ujljd djghjcs d catht pfrjyyjcnb b ghfdjgjhzlrf, yfbåjktt xfcnj
dspsdfñobt ltåfns gj gjdjle cjjndtncndeñobö ghtltkjd gjkyjvjxbq atlthfkmysö dkfcntq, cdzpfys c abyfycjdjq gjvjomñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv d infnfö b yf vtcnfö, f nfrét c htuekbhjdfybtv ghjlféb yfctktybñ juytcnhtkmyjuj
jheébz. Ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, ecnfyfdkbdfñotuj ghjuhfvve uhfynjd cj cnjhjys Flvbybcnhfwbb gj cjltqcndbñ ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv
(geåkbxysq pfrjy 90–351) b tt ghtlitcn-
dtyybrf – Eghfdktybz gj cjltqcndbñ
ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv (geåkbxysq
pfrjy 89–197), ytrjnjhst xktys Rjyuhtccf b ärcgthns dscrfpsdfkb åtcgjrjqcndj
gj gjdjle njuj, xnj bvtñottcz e atlthfkmysö dkfcntq ≤ghfdj hfcgjhzéfnmcz
rjitkmrjv≥ ghbdtltn r cjplfybñ jåotyfwbjyfkmysö gjkbwtqcrbö cbk.
Jncencndbt htfkmyjuj cjghjnbdktybz
pfrjyjlfntkmcnde jå jrfpfybb gjvjob
vtcnysv ghfdjjöhfybntkmysv jhufyfv,
ghbyznjve d 1986 u., f nfrét ghbyznsv
d 1988 u. vthfv gj åjhmåt c yfhrjnbrfvb,
pfrjye 1990 u. j åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ
b pfrjye 1994 u. j yfcbkmcndtyysö ghtcnegktybzö b ghfdjghbvtytybb, erfpsdftn
yf nj, xnj änj åtcgjrjqcndj bltn yf
eåskm. Nfrjt bpvtytybt jnyjitybz r änjve djghjce vjéyj jåüzcybnm ibhjrbv
jcjpyfybtv njuj, xnj ytpfrjyyfz njhujdkz
jgfcysvb yfhrjnbxtcrbvb dtotcndfvb
cnfkf cthmtpyjq jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq ghjåktvjq.
Jlybv bp ghbpyfrjd åjktt ibhjrjuj
exfcnbz atlthfkmysö dkfcntq d åjhmåt c
ghtcnegyjcnmñ ckeébn ntyltywbz d hfcöjljdfybb chtlcnd d hfvrfö cnfnmb åñlétnf
≤jnghfdktybt ghfdjcelbz≥. C 1965 u. änb
hfcöjls edtkbxbkbcm c 535 vky. ljkkfhjd
lj ghbvthyj 21,3 vkhl. ljkkfhjd d 1996
abyfycjdjv ujle. Rjyuhtcc dsltkbk ghbvthyj 17 vky. ljkkfhjd yf htfkbpfwbñ
ghjuhfvv Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb d 1997
abyfycjdjv ujle.
Yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb CIF djpukfdkztncz vbybcnhjv ñcnbwbb. Jlyfrj hfåjne, cdzpfyyeñ
c ghjdtltybtv celtåysö ghjwtccjd, d 94
celtåysö jrheufö dtlen atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs, rjnjhst yfpyfxfñncz ghtpbltynjv
b endthélfñncz Ctyfnjv CIF. Atlthfkmyst ghjrehjhs dtlen eujkjdyst ltkf
atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz, yj nfrét exfcndeñn
d hfccvjnhtybb uhfélfycrbö ltk, pfobofñn bynthtcs Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d ltkfö, cdzpfyysö c ltkbrnysvb bcrfvb, d
hfphtitybb cgjhjd gj gjdjle dsgjkytybz
ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd, f nfrét dscnegfñn d hjkb bcnwjd d ltkfö jå jnxeéltybb b rjyabcrfwbb ptvtkmysö exfcnrjd,
31
dpscrfybb ljkujd b j vjityybxtcndt, yfrfpetvjv d hfvrfö uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf.
Yf ehjdyt infnf utythfkmysq ghjrehjh ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dscitt ñhblbxtcrjt kbwj, rjnjhjt bvttn ltkj ghtbveotcndtyyj c djghjcfvb uhfélfycrjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf. Eujkjdysvb ltkfvb yf
ehjdyt infnjd pfybvfñncz 2700 ghjrehjhjd, bpåbhftvsö yf vtcnfö, rjnjhst
jåsxyj yfpsdfñncz jrheéysvb ghjrehjhfvb, ghjrehjhfvb infnf bkb ghjrehjhfvb uhfacnd (jrheujd); rfélsq bp ybö jåckeébdftn jghtltktyysq utjuhfabxtcrbq
hfqjy. D åjkmibycndt infnjd ghjrehjhs
bpåbhfñncz jåsxyj yf xtnshtöktnybq
chjr.
J g h t l t k t y b t r fn t uj h b b
ltkf
D fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvt xtkjdtr, jådbyztvsq d cjdthitybb ghtcnegktybz, bvttn ghfdj ghbåtuyenm r eckeufv
fldjrfnf lkz njuj, xnjås pfobnbnm ctåz jn
ghtlüzdkztvsö jådbytybq. Tckb jådbyztvsq yt bvttn chtlcnd lkz njuj, xnjås yfyznm fldjrfnf, nj fldjrfn yfpyfxftncz pf
ujcelfhcndtyysq cxtn. Dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn
nzétcnb jådbytybq, kñåjq jådbyztvsq
dghfdt hfccxbnsdfnm yf uevfyyjt jåhfotybt b yf cjåkñltybt tuj uhfélfycrbö
ghfd.
Gjckt gthtlfxb ltkf d cel celmz yf
gthdjv celtåyjv pfctlfybb cjjåoftn jådbyztvjve j ghtlüzdkztvsö tve jådbytybzö, ghb änjv d pfdbcbvjcnb jn rfntujhbb ghfdjyfheitybz ecnfyfdkbdftncz cevvf pfkjuf. D ckexft vbclbvbyjhf (rfntujhbb yfbvtytt jgfcysö ghtcnegktybq, uhfybxfobö c flvbybcnhfnbdysvb ghfdjyfheitybzvb) e jådbyztvsö tcnm dsåjh vtéle
ghbpyfybtv cdjtq dbys bkb jéblfybtv
hfccvjnhtybz ltkf d celt. Gjlfdkzñott
åjkmibycndj nfrbö ltk htiftncz gentv
gthtujdjhjd b ghbpyfybz jådbyztvsvb
cdjtq dbys – xfcnj d cjdthitybb vtytt
jgfcyjuj ghfdjyfheitybz, xtv ghtlüzdktyyjt gthdjyfxfkmyj jådbytybt.
Ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk j åjktt cthmtpysö ghfdjyfheitybzö kbåj ghjdjlbncz pfrhsnjt pfctlfybt åjkmijuj éñhb d
cjcnfdt 12–23 ghbczéysö, kbåj celmz d
celt åjktt ybprjq bycnfywbb ghjdjlbn
ghtldfhbntkmyjt ckeifybt lkz jghtltktybz yfkbxbz cjcnfdf ghtcnegktybz, ghtélt xtv vjuen åsnm ghtlüzdktys jabwbfkmyst jådbytybz – dghjxtv, lfét ecnfyjdktybt jcyjdfybz jådbytybz yt jpyfxftn dbys jådbyztvjuj.
Yfpyfxtybt ghbczéysö
Celtåysq ghjwtcc c exfcnbtv ghbczéysö
yfxbyftncz c jghjcf dspdfyysö d cel gjntywbfkmysö ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq celmtq, f nfrét pfobnybrfvb b jådbybntkzvb. Uhfélfyt, rjnjhsv ghtlcnjbn dsgjkyznm hjkm ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq, gthbjlbxtcrb dsåbhfñncz vtnjljv ckexfqyjq
dsåjhrb bp xbckf vtcnysö ébntktq, ghtlcnfdktyysö gj dctve cgtrnhe cjwbfkmyjuj
cjcnfdf yfctktybz lfyyjq vtcnyjcnb.
Tckb dj dhtvz nfrjuj jghjcf dszcyztncz, xnj gjntywbfkmysq ghbczéysq pfctlfntkm yt vjétn pfybvfnm åtcghbcnhfcnyeñ gjpbwbñ d jnyjitybb hfccvfnhbdftvjuj ltkf, tve bkb tq vjétn åsnm lfy
jndjl gj rjyrhtnyjve jcyjdfybñ. Gjvbvj
jndjljd nfrjuj hjlf, rfélfz cnjhjyf, nj
tcnm pfobnf b jådbytybt, vjétn lfdfnm
jndjl gjntywbfkmysv ghbczéysv pfctlfntkzv åtp erfpfybz ghbxby. Celtåyjt hfccvjnhtybt ltkf yfxbyftncz gjckt endthéltybz uheggs ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq d
12 xtkjdtr. Dsåbhfñncz nfrét fkmnthyfnbdyst ghbczéyst pfctlfntkb yf ckexfq
åjktpyb pfctlfntktq bp jcyjdyjuj cjcnfdf
bkb ytdjpvjéyjcnb dsgjkytybz bvb cdjbö
aeyrwbq gj rfrbv-nj lheubv ghbxbyfv.
H j k b e x f c n y b r j d c e l t å y j uj
ghjwtccf
Hjkm celmb cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås herjdjlbnm celtåysv ghjwtccjv b jåtcgtxbdfnm
tuj yflktéfott ghjdtltybt b jåütrnbdyjt
jnghfdktybt ghfdjcelbz, djplthébdfzcm
ghb änjv jn rjvvtynfhbtd jnyjcbntkmyj
pyfxbvjcnb cdbltntkmcrbö gjrfpfybq bkb
cntgtyb ljdthbz r njve bkb byjve cdbltntkñ.
B jådbybntkm, b pfobnybr ltkfñn
dcnegbntkmyst pfzdktybz, yt cdzpfyyst
32
ghbczujq. Gjckt änjuj jådbybntkm ljkéty
ghtlcnfdbnm ljrfpfntkmcndf, gjlndthélfñobt jådbytybz b bcrkñxfñobt jåjcyjdfyyst cjvytybz d dbyjdyjcnb gjlcelbvjuj.
Änj jåsxyj ljcnbuftncz c gjvjomñ
gjrfpfybq cdbltntktq, ghbczufñobö ujdjhbnm ghfdle. D ghjwtcct ghzvjuj jghjcf
jådbybntkm pflftn djghjcs cdbltntkzv.
Gjckt änjuj pfobnybr gjldthuftn cdbltntktq gthtrhtcnyjve ljghjce bkb gjdnjhyj
pflftn nt ét djghjcs, xnj b jådbybntkm,
d gjgsnrt jghjdthuyenm hfytt lfyyst
cdbltntkzvb jndtns, rjnjhst vjuen gjdhtlbnm ifycfv jådbyztvjuj yf ghbpyfybt
tuj ytdbyjdysv.
Ghtlcnfdbntkm rfr jådbytybz, nfr b
pfobns, vjétn d kñåjt dhtvz dvtifnmcz
d ljghjc, ghjdjlbvsq lheujq cnjhjyjq, b
dscnegbnm c ghjntcnjv d jnyjitybb rjyrhtnysö cdbltntkmcrbö gjrfpfybq bkb ljrfpfntkmcnd. Celmz d änjv ckexft htiftn
djghjc kbåj d gjkmpe, kbåj ghjnbd ghjntcneñotuj.
Rjulf jådbybntkm pfrfyxbdftn ljghjc cdbltntktq, pfobnybr gsnftncz jghjdthuyenm hfytt ghjpdexfdibt gjrfpfybz,
rjnjhst vjuen gjdhtlbnm bynthtcfv tuj
rkbtynf. Änf ghjwtlehf, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn
ckjéyjcnb ltkf b xbckf dspsdftvsö cdbltntktq, vjétn pfyznm vyjuj lytq, ytltkm
b lfét vtczwtd. D kñåjq vjvtyn d öjlt
änjuj ghjwtccf jådbyztvsq bvttn ghfdj
lfnm kbxyj gjrfpfybz gjl ghbczujq. Tckb
hfccvfnhbdftncz eujkjdyjt ltkj, jådbyztvsq nfrét bvttn ghfdj jnrfpfnmcz jn ljghjcf gjl ghbczujq b yt vjétn åsnm
ghbyeélty r lfxt gjrfpfybq, yfyjczobö
dhtl tuj bynthtcfv. Nfrjq jnrfp jn lfxb
gjrfpfybq yt ljkéty hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr
rfrjt-kbåj cdbltntkmcndj dbys jådbyztvjuj.
D cdjbö pfrkñxbntkmysö dscnegktybzö (rjnjhst nfrét ltkfñncz åtp ghbytctybz ghbczub) jådbybntkm b pfobnybr
dyjdm ghbdktrfñn dybvfybt ghbczéysö r
ntv gjrfpfybzv b afrnfv, rjnjhst ujdjhzn d gjkmpe jncnfbdftvsö bvb gjpbwbq.
Gjckt änjuj celmz bycnhernbhetn ghbczéysö gj gjdjle rjyrhtnyjuj ghbvtybvjuj
pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, b éñhb ghbczéysö gjrblftn pfk celf lkz cjdtofybz.
Cjdtofybt ghbczéysö
Cjdtofybt ghbczéysö vjétn pfyznm ytcrjkmrj xfcjd bkb lfét lytq, ghb änjv
kñåjt htitybt ljkéyj åsnm ghbyznj tlbyjukfcyj, nj tcnm c ybv ljkéys cjukfcbnmcz dct 12 ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq.
Åsdfñn ckexfb, rjulf éñhb ghbczéysö
pfctlfntktq yt vjétn ghbyznm nfrjt htitybt. Rjulf änj ghjbcöjlbn, jåüzdkztncz
j njv, xnj ghbczéyst yt cvjukb ghbyznm
htitybz b celtåysq ghjwtcc yf änjv pfrfyxbdftncz. D änjv ckexft jådbybntkm
ljkéty ghbyznm htitybt j njv, ghtlcnfdkznm kb gjdnjhyj lfyyjt ltkj d cel yf
hfccvjnhtybt cjdthityyj yjdsv cjcnfdjv
ghbczéysö pfctlfntktq.
Dbyjdty bkb yt dbyjdty
D cjjndtncndbb c 5-q Gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb CIF jådbyztvsq, ghbpyfyysq
ytdbyjdysv, yt vjétn pf jlyj b nj ét
ghfdjyfheitybt gjdnjhyj gjldthufnmcz
cele, lfét tckb gjplytt jåyfheébdfñncz
ljgjkybntkmyst afrns, cdbltntkmcndeñobt j dbyjdyjcnb jådbyztvjuj.
Tckb ét jådbyztvsq ghbpyfy dbyjdysv, pfobnybr vjétn gjlfnm fgtkkzwbñ d cel dsitcnjzotq bycnfywbb d gjgsnrt jnvtybnm dsytctyysq ghbujdjh. Tckb lfyyjt ltkj pfckeibdftncz celjv dscitq bycnfywbb b fgtkkzwbz yt ghbybvftncz, yfpyfxftncz tot jlyj celtåyjt
ckeifybt lkz dsytctybz ghbujdjhf. Yj
lfét d änbö jåcnjzntkmcndfö e ghbujdjhtyyjuj jcnftncz djpvjéyjcnm lkz gjlfxb
fgtkkzwbb d jnyjitybb dsytctyyjuj ghbujdjhf c wtkmñ tuj cvzuxtybz.
Ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb jådbyztvjuj lj celf b ghbvtytybt celf ghbczéysö cjcnfdkzñn jcyjdjgjkfufñobt äktvtyns celtåyjq cbcntvs. Gj vytybñ ysyt gjrjqyjuj celmb Dthöjdyjuj Celf
Ebkmzvf Åhtyyfyf, Rjycnbnewbz CIF b,
d xfcnyjcnb, gjkjétybt j yflktéfotq
ghfdjdjq ghjwtleht, cjlthéfottcz d 14-q
Gjghfdrt, ufhfynbhetn ≤pfobne ljcnjbycndf b xtcnb rféljuj xtkjdtrf≥.
33
Byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs
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U.S. Department of Justice
Community Relations Service
Htcehcs
Bynthytnf
Yfxfkmyfz cnhfybwf Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FFÑ), gjcdzotyyfz
eujkjdyjve ghfde
http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/home.html
Yfxfkmyfz cnhfybwf Cjñpf fvthbrfycrbö uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl (CFUC), gjcdzotyyfz eujkjdyjve ghfde
http://www.aclu/org/
issues/criminal/hmcj.html
Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding
Violence between Police and Citizens.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, March 1993. 206 pp.
Åñhj gj jrfpfybñ gjvjob infnfv b
vtcnysv jhufyfv d åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ (ÅGHG)
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/
U.S. President’s Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of
Justice
Rjfkbwbz Fvthbrb gj ghtljndhfotybñ
ghtcnegktybq
http://www.crimepreventcoalition.org/
The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society:
A Report
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. 340 pp.
(Commonly known as The Crime
Commission Report.)
Ward, Janet
“NYPD View: New Procedures Credited
With Crime Drop”
American City and County, vol. 112, no. 2,
February 1997, pp. 28–33.
Wright, Richard A.
“A Socially Sensitive Criminal Justice
System”
in
Open Institution: The Hope for Democracy
edited by John W. Murphy and Dennis
L. Peck, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993,
pp.141–160.
Kfåjhfnjhbz AÅH
http://www.fbi.gov/lab/report/labhome.htm
Cdjlysq ljrkfl AÅH j ghtcnegyjcnb
http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/ucr/ucr.htm
Vtéleyfhjlyfz frfltvbz ghfdjghbvtytybz (VFGG)
http://www.usis.hu/ilea.htm
Ghjtrn ghtljcnfdktybz cghfdjxyjq byajhvfwbb gj celjghjbpdjlcnde b ntöybxtcrbv chtlcndfv gthtlfxb änjq byajhvfwbb (GGCB)
http://jeritt.msu.edu/
Ghjtrn hfphfåjnrb nbgjdsö vjltktq celjghjbpdjlcndf ghbvtybntkmyj r yfheifñobv pfrjy gjlhjcnrfv
http://mailer.fsu.edu/-crimdo/
cr-jjrole-model.html
36
Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh fyfkbpf ghtcnegktybq, cdzpfyysö c yfcbkbtv
http://www.fbi.gov/vicap/vicap.htm
Yfwbjyfkmyfz cghfdjxyfz ckeéåf d jåkfcnb eujkjdyjuj ghfdf (YCCEG)
http://www.ncjrs.org/ncjhome.htm
Ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq xfcnm byajhvfwbjyyjuj wtynhf d jåkfcnb celjghjbpdjlcndf (http://www.ncjrs.org/) YCCEG,
lftn jndtns yf pfghjcs, gjcnegfñobt jn
hfåjnybrjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd
b bcghfdbntkmyj-nheljdsö exhtéltybq,
pfrjyjlfntktq, celtq, lheubö hfåjnybrjd
celtåyjq cbcntvs b yfexysö hfåjnybrjd
dctuj vbhf.
(http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/ondcp
/html/ondcp.htlm) cjåbhftn, fyfkbpbhetn b
hfcghtltkztn geåkbrfwbb j yfhrjnbrfö b
cdzpfyysö c ybvb ghtcnegktybzö.
Ghjuhfvvs ghfdjghbvtytybz yf ehjdyt
infnf, vtcnyjv ehjdyt b vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt.
http://www.ustreas.gov/treasury/bureaus/
fletc/catosli.html
Atlthfkmysq wtynh gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj ghfdjghbvtytybñ (AWGCGG)
http://www.ustreas.gov/treasury/bureaus/
fletc/
Lheubt ubgthntrcnjdst ccskrb yf htcehct dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb:
http://www.ncjrs.org/lewww.htm
Yfwbjyfkmysq bycnbnen celjghjbpdjlcndf (YBC)
http://www.ncjrs.org/nijhome.htm
Zdkzzcm cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ Eghfdktybz
ghjuhfvv celjghjbpdjlcndf
(http://www.org/ojpprogs.htm), YBC ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq futyncndj Vbybcnthcndf
ñcnbwbb CIF, pfybvfñottcz ghjdtltybtv yfexysö bccktljdfybq b hfphfåjnjr.
Eghfdktybt gjkbwtqcrbö ckeéå lkz ghjdtltybz jgthfwbq yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt
(EGCVE)
http://www.usdoj.gov/cops/
Ajhev yfexysö bccktljdfybq, ghjdjlbvsö jhufyfvb gjkbwbb d flvbybcnhfnbdyj-ghfrnbxtcrjq jåkfcnb åjhmås c
ghtcnegyjcnmñ (AYBG)
http://www.PolicerForum.org/
Ghjuhfvvs b eckeub, ghtljcnfdkztvst
gjlhfpltktybtv gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ d Jnltkt ithbaf uhfacndf CfyKebc Jåbcgj (infn Rfkbajhybz)
http://www.fix.net/sloso/prevent.html
37