Уголовное правосудие в США
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Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S d j U J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J g h j L T G F H N F V T Y N F c C I F s Ltvjrhfnbb EUJKJDYJT GHFDJCELBT CIF D B Ñ K 2 M N J V 0 6 0 Y J V T H 1 U 1 J L F Ddtltybt Eujkjdyjt ghfdjcelbt d CIF J n h t lf r w b b ÄNJN DSGECR äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf gjcdzoty eujkjdyjve ghfdjcelbñ d CIF. Dct cnfnmb nfr bkb byfxt pfnhfubdfñn ntve dyenhtyytuj ghjnbdjhtxbz, ceotcndeñotuj vtéle gjnhtåyjcnmñ d åtpjnkfufntkmyjv b äaatrnbdyjv hfccktljdfybb ghtcnegktybq b cnjkm ét dféyjq gjnhtåyjcnmñ d pfobnt ghfd dctö uhfélfy. D jcyjdt fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz ktébn ghtpevgwbz ytdbyjdyjcnb. Kñåjq gjlcelbvsq cxbnftncz ytdbyjdysv lj ntö gjh, gjrf tuj dbyf yt åeltn ljrfpfyf dyt dczrbö jåjcyjdfyysö cjvytybq. Nfrjd cnfylfhn lkz dctö eujkjdysö ghjwtccjd d CIF. Rfr gjrfpsdftn dj dcnegbntkmyjq cnfnmt ghjatccjh Létqvc Å. Létqrjåc, cj dhtvty jcyjdfybz fvthbrfycrjuj ujcelfhcndf tuj cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdf ghtnthgtkf ceotcndtyyeñ ädjkñwbñ. Létqrjåc, ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbb Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, lbhtrnjh Bccktljdfntkmcrjuj wtynhf ghjåktv ghtcnegyjcnb b ghfdjcelbz ghb änjv eybdthcbntnt, hfpüzcyztn hfpuhfybxtybt gjkyjvjxbq vtéle atlthfkmysvb jhufyfvb b infnfvb, jcjåtyyjcnb eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf b cbcntve 2 dsytctybz b jåéfkjdfybz ghbujdjhjd. Jy nfrét jgbcsdftn, rfr c ujlfvb, jcjåtyyj pf gjcktlytt cnjktnbt, hfcibhbkbcm ghfdf fvthbrfywtd d hfvrfö cbcntvs eujkjdyjq ñcnbwbb. Fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz d njv dblt, d rfrjv jyf ceotcndetn ctqxfc, cxbnftncz åjktt jåütrnbdyjq b cghfdtlkbdjq, xtv d ghjikjv, jcjåtyyj gj jnyjitybñ r vtymibycndfv b étyobyfv. Änj dféyj cfvj gj ctåt. Yj, rfr gjrfpsdftn Njv Nfqkth, ghjatccjh gcböjkjubb Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, njn afrn, xnj fvthbrfyws cxbnfñn äne cbcntve, d jcyjdyjv, cghfdtlkbdjq b åtcghbcnhfcnyjq, f nfrét cjjndtncndeñotq ntv wtyyjcnzv, rjnjhst jyb jncnfbdfñn, cgjcjåcndetn pfrjyjgjckeiyjve gjdtltybñ. Nfqkth hfccvfnhbdftn nfrbt djghjcs, rfr änbxtcrfz vjnbdfwbz r cjåkñltybñ pfrjyf d cjgjcnfdktybb c vtytt äaatrnbdysvb jhelbzvb clthébdfybz. Vyjubt infns, jcjåtyyj d gjcktlybt ltcznbktnbz, ghjdjlzn ärcgthbvtyns c ghfdjdsvb htajhvfvb, ghbpdfyysvb cltkfnm cbcntve eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz åjktt hfwbjyfkmyjq b äaatrnbdyjq. Jlyf bp nfrbö htajhv cdzpfyf c Ajnj FH Xtndthj bp ltdznb gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj dvtcnt c fldjrfnjv Cävñäktv Ktqåjdbwtv, 1937 ujl. Bö ltkj ghbdtkj r ghbyznbñ Dthöjdysv celjv djpybryjdtybtv vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf – hfpkbxysö vtöfybpvjd gjchtlybxtcndf vtéle ghtcnegybrjv b gjnthgtdibv. Ltyybc Vfkjyb, lbhtrnjh cjplfyyjq cbkfvb vtcnysö jhufyjd eghfdktybz jhufybpfwbb ≤Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf≥, rjnjhfz pfybvftncz ghjabkfrnbrjq ghtcnegyjcnb b rjjhlbyfwbtq cjdvtcnysö ecbkbq gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf, fyfkbpbhetn vtcnyst bybwbfnbds d jrheut Ltiñnc infnf Jhtujy. Jy ltvjycnhbhetn ghtbveotcndf yjdjddtltybq, jlyjdhtvtyyj erfpsdfz yf bö ytljcnfnrb. D cdjtq cnfnmt Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdftn jå jlyjv rjyrhtnyjv ltkt – ltkt ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥. Änj åsk pyfvtybnsq celtåysq ghjwtcc, yfxfdibqcz 70 ktn yfpfl, rjnjhsq, åtpeckjdyj, pfybvftn dféyjt vtcnj d bcnjhbb åjhmås pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf. Jlyfrj änj ltkj csuhfkj ceotcndtyyeñ hjkm b d bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjq ñhbcgheltywbb, gjcrjkmre ghbdtkj r ldev pyfvtyfntkmysv htitybzv Dthöjdyjuj CIF ldeö ghbywbgbfkmyj dféysö htitybq, hfcibhbdibö aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf dctö uhfélfy Fvthbrb. celf CIF, rjnjhst erhtgbkb jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf dctö fvthbrfywtd. Ltkj ≤Gfhyb bp Crjnncåjhj ghjnbd infnf Fkfåfvf≥ yfukzlyj cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj ghfdf d rjyntrcnt fvthbrfycrjq cjwbfkmyj-gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs vjuen hfcibhznmcz yt njkmrj d htpekmnfnt bpvtytybq d eujkjdyjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt CIF, yj b dcktlcndbt celtåyjuj gthtcvjnhf b rjycnbnewbjyyjuj yflpjhf. Éehyfk pfdthiftncz gthtxbcktybtv hfpyjjåhfpysö byajhvfwbjyysö bcnjxybrjd – rybu, cnfntq b cfqnjd Bynthytnf c ljgjkybntkmysvb cdtltybzvb jå fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf 3 C j l t h é f y b t djghjcs Ltvjrhfnbb B ñ k m 2 0 0 1 uj l f 6 Ä D JK Ñ W B Z F V T H B R F Y C RJ UJ E U JK J D Y J U J G HF D F Létqvc Å. Létqrjåc, ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbb Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b lbhtrnjh Bccktljdfntkmcnrjuj wtynhf ghjåktv ghtcnegyjcnb b ghfdjcelbz ghb ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt änjuj eybdthcbntnf, fyfkbpbhetn fvthbrfycreñ cbcntve eujkjdyjuj ghfdf. 18 C J Å K Ñ L T Y B T P F RJ Y F D F V T H B R T : D S G JK Y T Y B T C G HF D T L K B D S Ö G HF D J D S Ö G H J W T LE H B X E D C N D J C G HF D T L K B D J C N B Njv Nfqkth, ghjatccjh gcböjkjubb Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, fyfkbpbhetn ghtlcnfdktybz fvthbrfywtd j cdjtq cbcntvt eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz b bö jåott jnyjitybt r ytq; jy nfrét hfccvfnhbdftn djghjc j njv, rfr bö dpukzls dkbzñn yf pfrjyjgjckeiyjt gjdtltybt. 25 DJPYBRYJDTYBT VTCNYSÖ BYBWBFNBD GJ J Å T C G T X T Y B Ñ G HF D J G J H Z L R F Ltyybc Vfkjyb, lbhtrnjh jhufybpfwbb, cjplfyyjq vtcnysvb jhufyfvb eghfdktybz ≤Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf≥, ntcyj cjnhelybxfñotq c ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb d jrheut Ltienc infnf Jhtujy, jgbcsdftn cbcntve vtcnysö bybwbfnbd, d jcyjdt rjnjhjq – gjchtlybxtcndj rfr vtöfybpv ehtuekbhjdfybz jnyjitybq, cjplfdiböcz vtéle ghtcnegybrjv b gjnthgtdibv. 4 33 L T KJ ≤ G F H Y T Q B P C RJ N N C Å J H J ≥ B A E Y L F V T Y NF K M Y S T G HF D F Éehyfkbcn Lädbl Gbnnc ghjcktébdftn bcnjhbñ ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥, pyfvtybnjuj ltkf j uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö, yfxfditujcz 70 ktn yfpfl. Änj ltkj ghbdtkj r ldev pyfvtyfntkmysv htitybzv Dthöjdyjuj celf, rjnjhst erhtgbkb jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf dctö fvthbrfywtd. 41 Å B Å K B J U HF A B Z Cnfnmb b rybub 45 C F Q N S B Y N T H Y T NF Vytybz, dshféftvst yf gthtxbcktyysö pltcm Bynthytn-cfqnfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn njxre phtybz ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ä K T R N H J Y Y S Q É E H Y F K U J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J D J G H J C S E U J K J D Y J T B BPLFNTKM JNDTNCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH Léelbn Cbutk G H F D J C E L B T Ñ K M L T G F H N F V T Y N F C I F L T V J R H F N B B 2 0 0 1 D C I F U J L F HTLFRNJHS Äcntkkm Åäqthl Äynjyb Cfhbnb Vjyf Äcreänbyb Eäqy Öjkk Cnñfhl Ujhby HTLFRNJHS HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ Yfnfkbz Åfhåfi Kblbz Djhjybyf CNFHIBQ HTLFRNJH HTLFRNJH BYNTHYTN-BPLFYBZ Ltåjhf Åhfey Rfhkf Öännjy Léjy Léfpbr Lädbl Gbnnc CGHFDJXYJ-BCCKTLJDFNTKMCRBQ JNLTK Fybnf Uhby HTLFRNJH HECCRJUJ BYNTHYTN-BPLFYBZ HTLRJKKTUBZ Fktrcfylh Cdbyjd Öjdfhl Cbyrjnnf Léelbn Cbutk Ktjyfhlj Ebkmzvc Fylhtz Vfrukbyxb ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH UHFABXTCRJT JAJHVKTYBT Lfqzy Dekdthnjy Cbkmdbz Crjnn Jabc vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghtljcnfdkztn vfnthbfks, hfpüzcyzñobt pfheåtéyjq felbnjhbb gjkbnbre, jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb CIF. Jabc geåkbretn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd, gjcdzotyysö bpextybñ jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj. Änb éehyfks – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ – gjvtofñn yf cdjbö cnhfybwfö ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks, jnyjczobtcz r gjkbnbrt CIF, f nfrét cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbq b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñobv ntvfv. • Dct yjvthf éehyfkjd dsöjlzn yf fyukbqcrjv, bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b ahfywepcrjv, f jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Yjvthf éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gjzdkzñncz c bynthdfkjv ghbåkbpbntkmyj d jlby vtczw. Gthtdjls jåsxyj dsöjlzn xthtp ldt-xtnsht ytltkb gjckt jgeåkbrjdfybz éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt. • Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö cjplfntkb. Cnfnmb bp éehyfkjd, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, rjulf änb cnfnmb cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf yfkbxbt juhfybxtybq d bö bcgjkmpjdfybb, yfkfuftvsö fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. Nt, rnj cjåbhftncz bcgjkmpjdfnm pfobotyyst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv ajnjuhfabb, ljkéys gjkexbnm cjjndtncndeñott hfphtitybt. • Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb yf ljvfiytq cnhfybwt Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt gj flhtce “http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ journals.htm”. Änb yjvthf ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz bö ghjcvjnhf d jykfqyjdjv htébvt, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb b gtxfnb. • Ghjcbv ghbcskfnm rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz jå änbö éehyfkfö d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Issues of Democracy, Democracy and Human Rights – IIP/T/DHR, U.S. Department of State, 301 4th Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20547, United States of America Flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: ejdemos@pd.state.gov 5 E u j k j d y j t g h f d j c el b t d C I F Ädjkñwbz fvthbrfycrjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf L é t q v c Å . L é t q rj å c D ghtlkfuftvjq cnfnmt jå jcyjdfö fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz Létqvc Å. Létqrjåc, ghjatccjh ñhbcgheltywbb Ymñ-Qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b lbhtrnjh Bccktljdfntkmcnrjuj wtynhf ghjåktv ghtcnegyjcnb b ghfdjcelbz ghb ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt änjuj eybdthcbntnf, jåüzcyztn cnhernehe b ukfdyst jcjåtyyjcnb eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf d CIF. Änjn ghjwtcc, gj ckjdfv fdnjhf, pbéltncz yf Rjycnbnewbb CIF b Åbkkt j ghfdfö. Bvtyyj Rjycnbnewbz pflftn bcöjlysq bvgekmc atlthfkmyj-infnyjq cnherneht änjq cbcntvs b ckeébn rjytxyjq bycnfywbtq, jghtltkzñotq ghtltks ljpdjktyyjuj. 6 D JCYJDT fvthbrfycrjuj eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf ktébn Rjycnbnewbz CIF, d njv xbckt gthdst 10 gjghfdjr, jåhfpeñobt Åbkkm j ghfdfö. Rjycnbnewbz ufhfynbhetn dctv kbwfv, ghjébdfñobv d CIF, jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf b cdjåjls. C njxrb phtybz fvthbrfycrjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf, ukfdyjt bp ybö pfrkñxftncz d ghtpevgwbb ytdbyjdyjcnb jådbyztvjuj. Gjlcelbvsq yt ljkéty ljrfpsdfnm cdjñ ytdbyjdyjcnm. Celtåyst jhufys jåzpfys ljrfpfnm tuj dbye dyt dczrbö jåjcyjdfyysö cjvytybq. Gjljåyst ghfdf jghtltkzñn hfvrb atlthfkmyjinfnyjq cbcntvs, ghtlecvjnhtyyjq Rjycnbnewbtq. Jcjåjt pyfxtybt bvtñn Gznfz, Itcnfz b Djcmvfz gjghfdrb. Gznfz gjghfdrf pfoboftn gjlcelbvsö jn jgfcyjcnb ldjqyjuj yfrfpfybz (rjulf pf jlyj b nj ét ghtcnegktybt gjlcelbvsq åjktt jlyjuj hfpf ghtlcnftn gthtl celjv jlyjq b njq ét bycnfywbb) b jn jåzpfyyjcnb cdbltntkmcndjdfnm ghjnbd cfvbö ctåz ghb hfccvjnhtybb eujkjdysö ltk. F ukfdyjt – jyf jöhfyztn ghfdf gjlcelbvsö yf ≤yflktéfoeñ ghfdjdeñ ghjwtlehe≥. Änj dféytqitt gjyznbt, cjlthéfottcz d Létqvc Å. Létqrjåc Åbkkt j ghfdfö, cels, jcjåtyyj d 20-v dtrt, njkrjdfkb rfr ghtljcnfdktybt gjlcelbvsv cfvsö hfpyjjåhfpysö ajhv pfobns b ghfd. Itcnfz gjghfdrf ufhfynbhetn gjlcelbvsv ≤åtpjnkfufntkmyjt b geåkbxyjt ckeifybt ltkf åtcghbcnhfcnysv éñhb bp infnf b jrheuf, d rjnjhsö cjdthityj ghtcnegktybt≥. Rhjvt njuj, jyf lftn gjlcelbvsv rfr ghfdj ghbcencndjdfnm ghb lfxt gjrfpfybq dscnegfñobvb ghjnbd ybö cdbltntkzvb (b dtcnb bö gthtrhtcnysq ljghjc), nfr b gjkmpjdfnmcz ≤gjvjomñ fldjrfnf≥ lkz cdjtq pfobns. C ujlfvb änjn pfobnysq vtöfybpv nfrét hfcibhbkcz, afrnbxtcrb ufhfynbhjdfd dctv gjlcelbvsv ljcnfnjxysq jåütv ñhblbxtcrbö rjycekmnfwbq d öjlt eujkjdysö ghjwtccjd. Djcmvfz gjghfdrf bcrkñxftn ≤xhtpvthysq pfkju≥ pf jcdjåjéltybt bp-gjl cnhféb b pfghtoftn ≤étcnjrbt b ytjåsxyst yfrfpfybz≥. Gjcktlybq pfghtn njkrjdfkcz celfvb rfr juhfybxtybt ajhv ghbvtybvjuj yfrfpfybz. D 1972 ujle yf jcyjdfybb änjq rjycnbnewbjyyjq yjhvs d 38 infnfö åskb jnvtytys pfrjys j cvthnyjq rfpyb. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö åskb gthtgbcfys b ghbdtltys d cjjndtncndbt c Rjycnbnewbtq. D yfcnjzott dhtvz pfrjys j cvthnyjq rfpyb ltqcndeñn d 38 infnfö. Jlyfrj änjn ghbvth ckeébn lkz bkkñcnhfwbb njuj, xnj d fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt dthöjdtycndetn bvtyyj Rjycnbnewbz CIF, f yt eujkjdyjt ghfdj rfr nfrjdjt. Yb Rjyuhtcc, yb infns yt vjuen ghbybvfnm pfrjys, yfheifñobt Rjycnbnewbñ. Rfélsq infn b atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj bvttn cjåcndtyyjt ≤vfnthbfkmyjt eujkjdyjt ghfdj≥ (jghtltkzñott ghtcnegktybz b ajhvs pfobns) b ≤eujkjdyeñ ghjwtlehe≥ (jghtltkzñoeñ cnflbb eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf jn fhtcnf lj jådbytybz, dsytctybz ghbujdjhf, tuj jåéfkjdfybz b jcdjåjéltybz bp nñhmvs). Ktubckfnehf infnf ghbybvftn eujkjdyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj lfyyjuj infnf, bcgjkytybt rjnjhjuj jåtcgtxbdfñn ghjrehjhs infnjd b jrheujd b d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsv ltkf ckeifñncz d vtcnysö celfö b celtåysö bycnfywbzö yf ehjdyt infnf, f yfrfpfybz jnåsdfñncz d nñhmvfö infnjd bkb d vtcnysö nñhmvfö. Rjyuhtcc ghbybvftn atlthfkmyst eujkjdyst pfrjys, gj rjnjhsv ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst vths, celtåyjt ghtcktljdfybt, dsytctybt ghbujdjhf b ghbdtltybt d bcgjkytybt yfrfpfybz jceotcndkzñncz atlthfkmysvb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb jhufyfvb, jådbybntkzvb, celfvb, nñhmvfvb b cbcntvfvb eckjdyjuj yfrfpfybz b ljchjxyjuj jcdjåjéltybz. A t lt h f k m y f z c b c n t v f Ceotcndetn cdsit 20 cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö atlthfkmysö ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd, åjkmibycndj bp rjnjhsö döjlbn d cjcnfd Vbybcnthcnd ñcnbwbb CIF b Vbybcnthcndf abyfycjd CIF. R xbcke cfvsö bpdtcnysö atlthfkmysö ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö jhufyjd jnyjczncz Atlthfkmyjt åñhj hfccktljdfybq b Flvbybcnhfwbz gj rjynhjkñ pf cjåkñltybtv pfrjyjd j yfhrjnbrfö (d cjcnfdt Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb), f nfrét Åñhj gj rjynhjkñ pf ghjlfétq fkrjujkmysö yfgbnrjd, nfåfxysö bpltkbq b jheébz, Ctrhtnyfz ckeéåf b Nfvjétyyfz ckeéåf (d cjcnfdt Vbybcnthcndf abyfycjd). 7 Änb dtljvcndf hfcgjkfufñncz d u. Dfibyunjyt, bvtz vtcnyst ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf gj dctv Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv, f d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö b pf uhfybwtq. Atlthfkmyst jådbybntkb, yfpsdftvst ≤ghjrehjhfvb CIF≥, yfpyfxfñncz Ghtpbltynjv gj rféljve bp 94 celtåysö jrheujd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Jyb jceotcndkzñn aeyrwbb jådbytybz njkmrj gj atlthfkmysv ghtcnegktybzv d atlthfkmysö celfö. Åelexb ljkéyjcnysvb kbwfvb, yfpyfxftvsvb Ghtpbltynjv, ghjrehjhs CIF gjkmpeñncz pyfxbntkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ, yj jyb gjlxbyzñncz utythfkmyjve ghjrehjhe CIF, rjnjhsq djpukfdkztn Vbybcnthcndj ñcnbwbb b döjlbn d cjcnfd ghtpbltyncrjuj rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd. Eujkjdysq jnltk Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb d u. Dfibyunjyt ghtljcnfdkztn ghjrehjhfv CIF gjvjom, rjycekmnfwbb, jghtltktyyjt herjdjlcndj b yflpjh. D infå-rdfhnbht Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb yföjlzncz nfrét cgtwbfkmyst ghjrehjhcrbt gjlhfpltktybz c jåotyfwbjyfkmysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb gj nfrbv yfghfdktybzv, rfr jhufybpjdfyyfz ghtcnegyjcnm, djtyyst ghtcnegktybz, fynbvjyjgjkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b vtéleyfhjlyfz njhujdkz yfhrjnbrfvb. Jåsxyj änb gjlhfpltktybz hfåjnfñn d cjnhelybxtcndt c ghjrehjhfvb CIF. Atlthfkmyst ghfdjyfheibntkb, ghbujdjhtyyst r nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ, gjvtofñncz d bcghfdbntkmyst pfdtltybz, eghfdktybt rjnjhsvb jceotcndkztn Atlthfkmyjt åñhj nñhtv – dtljvcndj d cjcnfdt Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb. Änb nñhmvs hfcgjkjétys gj dctq nthhbnjhbb CIF. Gjlcelbvsq, jceéltyysq d atlthfkmyjv celt, vjétn åsnm gjvtoty d kñåeñ atlthfkmyeñ nñhmve. Jlyfrj d atlthfkmysö nñhmvfö cjlthébncz vtytt 10 ghjwtynjd dctö fvthbrfycrbö pfrkñxtyysö. 8 E u jkj d y f z ñ c n b w b z y f ehjdyt infnjd b yf vtcnfö Åjkmifz xfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz jceotcndkztncz gjl äubljq jhufyjd ghfdktybz infnjd b vtcnysö dkfcntq. Yf ehjdyt infnjd ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys, d jcyjdyjv, ltwtynhfkbpjdfys c gthtlfxtq bö aeyrwbq d jrheuf, ujhjlf b gjctkrb. Gjkbwbz infnf jceotcndkztn rjynhjkm yfl jcyjdysvb ijcctqysvb ljhjufvb infnf b yt döjlzobvb d cjcnfd jrheujd ctkmcrbvb hfqjyfvb. Ythtlrj gjkbwtqcrbt dsgjkyzñn b lheubt juhfybxtyyst aeyrwbb, drkñxfz dtltybt eujkjdysö ghjnjrjkjd. Utythfkmyst ghjrehjhs infnjd, d jnkbxbt jn utythfkmyjuj ghjrehjhf CIF, jåsxyj bvtñn vfkj ghjrehjhcrbö gjkyjvjxbq bkb yt bvtñn bö djdct, öjnz vjuen pfybvfnmcz fggtkzwbzvb gj eujkjdysv ltkfv b pfobnjq gj öjlfnfqcndfv, gjlfdftvsv gjckt dsytctybz ghbujdjhjd. Jådbytybt jceotcndkztncz yf ehjdyt jrheujd. Åjkmibycndj jådbybntktq, bvtyetvsö jrheéysvb ghjrehjhfvb, bpåbhftncz. D rféljv jrheut tcnm nñhmvf, ult cjlthéfncz jndtnxbrb, jéblfñobt celf, f nfrét jndtnxbrb, jceéltyyst pf vtkrbt ghtcnegktybz – nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤vbclbvbyjh≥ (ghtcnegktybz, yfrfpetvst nñhtvysv pfrkñxtybtv yf chjr yt åjktt jlyjuj ujlf). Yf ehjdyt jrheujd jåsxyj nfrét jhufybpeñncz jnltks eckjdyjuj yfrfpfybz. Gjl herjdjlcndjv vtcnysö dkfcntq hfåjnftn åjktt 20 000 ytpfdbcbvsö gjkbwtqcrbö ltgfhnfvtynjd. Åjkmibycndj bp ybö jåckeébdftn vfkst ujhjlf b bvttn vtytt 20 cjnhelybrjd. Jlyfrj, d åjkmibö ujhjlfö gjkbwtqcrbt ltgfhnfvtyns juhjvys. R ghbvthe, rhegytqibq d cnhfyt Gjkbwtqcrbq ltgfhnfvtyn ujhjlf Ymñ-Qjhrf bvttn jrjkj 38 000 cjnhelybrjd. Gjlcelbvst, rjnjhsö cels infnjd ghbpyfñn dbyjdysvb d eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö b ghbujdfhbdfñn r nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ, jnåsdfñn yfrfpfybt d herjdjlbvjq inf- njv nñhtvyjq cbcntvt, jåsxyj yfpsdftvjq ≤ltgfhnfvtynjv bcghfdbntkmysö exhtéltybq≥. V f n t h b f k m y j t e u jkj d y j t ghfdj infnjd Eöjlz cdjbvb rjhyzvb d fyukbqcrjt jåott ghfdj, fvthbrfycrjt vfnthbfkmyjt eujkjdyjt ghfdj, ntv yt vtytt, bvttn pfrjyjlfntkmyeñ ghbhjle. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yt ceotcndetn ghtcnegktybq gj jåotve ghfde. Bysvb ckjdfvb, eujkjdyst pfrjys ghbybvfñncz ktubckfnehfvb infnjd (lkz rféljuj infnf) b Rjyuhtccjv (lkz atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf). Åjkmibycndj infnjd, yj yt atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj, bvttn dctjåütvkñobt ≤rjltrcs≥ vfnthbfkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf, cjcnjzobt bp jåobö ghbywbgjd eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb, pfrjyjd, jghtltkzñobö rjyrhtnyst eujkjdyst ghtcnegktybz, b pfrjyjd, jghtltkzñobö jghfdlfybz b jåjcyjdfybz. Ldt nhtnb infnjd ghbyzkb d wtkjv bkb xfcnbxyj Nbgjdjq eujkjdysq rjltrc (NER), gjlujnjdktyysq d 1950-t b 1960-t ujls Fvthbrfycrbv bycnbnenjv ghfdf – jhufybpfwbtq, csuhfditq pfvtnyeñ hjkm d ghfdjdjq htajhvt. NER – cfvfz dkbzntkmyfz hfåjnf d fvthbrfycrjv vfnthbfkmyjv eujkjdyjv ghfdt. Jlby bp yfbåjktt ukeåjrj erjhtybdiböcz ghbywbgjd fvthbrfycrjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj yt vjétn åsnm eujkjdyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb åtp dbyjdyjcnb bkb afrnf eghtxyjuj gjdtltybz. Cjukfcyj NER, dbyjdyjcnm – byjulf yfpsdftvfz mens rea, dbyjdyjq djktq – njkretncz rfr gjlndthéltybt yfkbxbz yfvthtybz, pyfybz, åtpjndtncndtyyjuj bkb ytjcnjhjéyjuj gjdtltybz, ghbxtv dct änb gjyznbz nofntkmyj jghtltkzñncz rjltrcjv. Pf bcrkñxtybtv vtkrbö ghfdjyfheitybq b ytrjnjhsö ghtcnegktybq, cdzpfyysö c yfheitybtv ghfdbk bkb ecnfdjd. NER nhtåetn yfkbxbz rjyrhtnbpbhjdfyyjq dbyjdyjcnb gj rféljve äktvtyne ghfdjyf- heitybz (ltqcndbz, cjgencndeñobt jåcnjzntkmcndf, htpekmnfn). Eujkjdyst rjltrcs bpkfufñn pfghtns, cjcnfdkzñobt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j ghtcnegktybzö – gjczufntkmcndfö yf kbxyjcnm (yfghbvth, eåbqcndfö b bpyfcbkjdfybzö), gjczufntkmcndfö yf cjåcndtyyjcnm (yfghbvth, rhféfö b gjléjufö), gjczufntkmcndfö yf jåotcndtyysq gjhzljr (yfghbvth, yfheitybzö jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf b vzntéfö), gjczufntkmcndfö yf ctvmñ (yfghbvth, ldjtétycndj b rhjdjcvtitybt) b gjczufntkmcndfö yf ujcelfhcndtyyjt eghfdktybt (yfghbvth, dpznrb b kétcdbltntkmcndj). A t lt h f k m y j t vfnthbfkmyjt e u jkj d y j t g h f d j Rfrbt ghtcnegktybz cxbnfñncz atlthfkmysvb, f rfrbt – ghtcnegktybzvb yf ehjdyt infnf? Yf änjn djghjc ytn jlyjpyfxyjuj jndtnf. Ltqcndbntkmyj, ghtcnegyst ltqcndbz ytkmpz hfccjhnbhjdfnm gj änbv ldev rfntujhbzv. Rjulf tlbybxysq frn bkb jåhfp ltqcndbq yfheiftn b atlthfkmyjt, b infnyjt eujkjdyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, djpvjéyj lfét celtåyjt ghtcktljdfybt cj cnjhjys jåjbö jhufyjd dkfcnb. Ltkj d njv, xnj cjukfcyj ljrnhbyt ≤ldjqyjuj cedthtybntnf≥, pfghtotybt ldjqyjuj ghtcktljdfybz (d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsv kbwj yt vjétn ghtlcnfnm gthtl celjv ldféls pf jlyj b nj ét ghfdjyfheitybt) yt hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf celtåyst ghtcktljdfybz, jceotcndkztvst hfpysvb cedthtyfvb. Ntjhtnbxtcrb gjkyjvjxbz Rjyuhtccf juhfybxbdfñncz gjkyjvjxbzvb, ghzvj gthtxbcktyysvb d Cnfnmt 1 Rjycnbnewbb. Nfrbt ghtcnegktybz, rfr afkmcbabrfwbz fvthbrfycrjq dfkñns, ytpfrjyysq dütpl d CIF, ujcelfhcndtyyfz bpvtyf b yfheitybt rjycnbnewbjyysö b ghtlecvjnhtyysö atlthfkmysvb pfrjyfvb ghfd zdyj yföjlzncz d ghtltkfö åfpjdjq ñhbc- 9 lbrwbb atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf. Jlyfrj, bcgjkmpez cdjb jåibhyst gjkyjvjxbz gj geyrne j rjvvthwbb b lheubt ljcnfnjxyj äkfcnbxyst yjhvs, Rjyuhtcc ghbyzk atlthfkmyst eujkjdyst pfrjys, jnyjczobtcz r njhujdkt yfhrjnbrfvb, cnhtkrjdjve jheébñ, gjöbotybñ kñltq, härtne, eujye fdnjvjåbktq, vjityybxtcnde b lheubv ghtcnegktybzv. Dthöjdysq cel htlrj ghböjlbn r dsdjle j njv, xnj e Rjyuhtccf yt åskj gjkyjvjxbq lkz ghbyznbz atlthfkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj pfrjyf. Jnxfcnb gj änjq ghbxbyt cathf ltqcndbz atlthfkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf yf ghjnzétybb 20-uj dtrf yterkjyyj hfcibhzkfcm. Ctujlyz atlthfkmyjt eujkjdyjt ghfdj vjétn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz celtåyjuj ghtcktljdfybz pf vyjubt ghtcnegktybz, rjnjhst nhflbwbjyyj cxbnfkbcm döjlzobvb d rjvgtntywbñ infnjd. Jlyfrj yf ghfrnbrt vjoysv afrnjhjv, juhfybxbdfñobv cathe ltqcndbz atlthfkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj ghfdf, dscnegftn ytljcnfnjr htcehcjd. AÅH b lheubt atlthfkmyst ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys, f nfrét atlthfkmyst jådbybntkb vjuen hfccktljdfnm b ghtcktljdfnm gj cele kbim ytåjkmieñ xfcnm dctö ghtcnegktybq, gjntywbfkmyj döjlzobö d bö rjvgtntywbñ. Gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys ghfrnbxtcrb dct änb ghfdf drkñxtys d xbckj ghfdjjöhfybntkmysö yjhv infnjd, yf jcyjdfybb geyrnf j yflktéfotq ghjwtleht hfccvjnhtybz ltk, cjlthéfotujcz d Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrt. Rjycnbnewbz CIF ecnfyfdkbdftn ybéybq, f yt dthöybq ghtltk ghfd uhfélfy gj jnyjitybñ r gjkbwbb, jådbybntkzv, celfv b hfåjnybrfv nñhtv. Infns vjuen ghtljcnfdkznm gjlcelbvsv gj eujkjdysv ltkfv ljgjkybntkmyst ghfdf. Yfghbvth, nfrbt infns, rfr Ymñ-Qjhr, d ceotcndtyyj åjkmitv jåütvt pfobofñn ghfdf gjljphtdftvsö b gjlcelbvsö gj eujkjdysv ltkfv, ytétkb Dthöjdysq cel CIF. D fvthbrfycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq nthvbyjkjubb gjyznbt ≤eujkjdyfz ghjwtlehf≥ jnyjcbncz r rjycnbnewbjyysv, pfrjyjlfntkmysv b flvbybcnhfnbdysv juhfybxtybzv yf ghjdjlbvst gjkbwbtq cktlcndtyyst ltqcndbz – jåscrb kbw, vtcn b jåütrnjd, bpüznbz b ljghjcs, f nfrét r jabwbfkmysv änfgfv eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf. B Xtndthnfz, b Gznfz gjghfdrb pfobofñn uhfélfy, f yt njkmrj ghtcnegybrjd b kbw, gjljphtdftvsö d ghtcnegktybzö, jn xhtpvthyj frnbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb gjkbwbb. Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf E u jkj d y f z g h j w t le h f Rfélsq infn b atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj bvtñn cdjb cjåcndtyyst eujkjdyj-ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs. Atlthfkmyst ghfdbkf eujkjdyjq ghjwtlehs cjcnfdkzñncz celtåysvb rjycekmnfnbdysvb rjvbntnfvb b jåyfhjleñncz Dthöjdysv celjv, f Rjyuhtcc vjétn dyjcbnm d ybö gjghfdrb. Eujkjdyj-ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs infnjd jåsxyj jghtltkzñncz ktubckfnehfvb infnjd. Bp 23 jnltkmysö ghfd, egjvzyensö d gthdsö djcmvb gjghfdrfö r Rjycnbnewbb, 12 rfcfñncz eujkjdyjq ghjwtlehs. Lj Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys cxbnfkjcm, xnj änb ghfdf pfobofñn kbxyjcnm njkmrj jn atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf. 10 Ghfdj yf fldjrfnf yfxbyftn ltqcndjdfnm d vjvtyn, rjulf gjljphtdftvsq cnfyjdbncz jådbyztvsv, nj tcnm d yfxfkt celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Tckb jådbyztvsq yt bvttn chtlcnd, celmz yfpyfxftn tve fldjrfnf, rjulf jy dgthdst ghtlcnftn gthtl celjv. Htitybt Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF gj ltke ≤Ubltjy ghjnbd Eäqyhfqnf≥ (1963 ujl) ukfcbkj, xnj ghfdbntkmcndj jåzpfyj yfpyfxfnm fldjrfnjd ytbveobv kbwfv, jådbyztvsv d eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö. Dgjcktlcndbb änj gjcnfyjdktybt åskj hfcghjcnhfytyj yf dct ltkf, gj rjnjhsv gjlcelbvjve vjétn uhjpbnm nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt. P f kj u b c jlt h é f y b t g jl c n h f é t q lj c elf Tckb jådbyztvsq yt ghbpyftn ctåz dbyjdysv, celmz ljkéty ghbyznm htitybt gj djghjce j tuj jcdjåjéltybb bp-gjl cnhféb lj celf b, d ckexft nfrjuj jcdjåjéltybz, j njv, ljkéty kb ghbvtyznmcz pfkju bkb byst eckjdbz. Nhflbwbjyyj cels cxbnfñn, xnj gjlcelbvsq ljkéty jcdjåjélfnmcz ghb jncencndbb jgfcyjcnb tuj gjåtuf. Rfr ghfdbkj, ytcvjnhz yf ghtlgjkfuftveñ cdzpm vtéle pfkjujv b ufhfynbtq gjzdktybz d celt, celmb ecnfyfdkbdfñn åjkmieñ cevve pfkjuf lkz kbw, fhtcnjdfyysö pf cthmtpyst ghtcnegktybz, gjcrjkmre celtq pfåjnbn jåotcndtyyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm, n. t. yt cjdthibn kb gjlcelbvsq lheubt ghtcnegktybz d ckexft tuj jcdjåjéltybz. Atlthfkmyjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj hfphtiftn cjlthéfybt gjl cnhfétq lj celf åtp pfkjuf d jghtltktyysö cbnefwbzö, rjulf cel cxbnftn, xnj gjlcelbvsq cjplftn cthmtpyeñ euhjpe lkz jåotcndf b xnj ybrfrjt cjxtnfybt eckjdbq tuj jcdjåjéltybz yt vjétn d ljcnfnjxyjq cntgtyb ufhfynbhjdfnm jåotcndtyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm. Jabwbfkmyjt jådbytybt b å jk m i j t é ñ h b Fvthbrfycrbt ghjrehjhs bvtñn ibhjrbt ghfdf gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ htifnm, ghtlüzdkznm kb fhtcnjdfyyjve jådbytybz, rfrbt bvtyyj b gj crjkmrbv geyrnfv. Jlyfrj åjkmibycndj ghjrehjhjd cybvftn jådbytybz d jnyjitybb pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb fhtcnjdfyysö yf hfyytq cnflbb ghjwtccf gj cktleñobv ghbxbyfv: ❍ d ltqcndbzö fhtcnjdfyyjuj jncencndetn cjcnfd ghtcnegktybz; ❍ öjnz ghtcnegktybt åskj cjdthityj, jyj ckbirjv ytpyfxbntkmyj lkz celtåyjuj ghtcktljdfybz; ❍ öjnz ghtcnegktybt åskj cjdthityj, d lfyysq vjvtyn jyj ytljrfpetvj d jnyjitybb lfyyjuj kbwf; ❍ öjnz ghtcnegktybt åskj cjdthityj, ghjrehjh cxbnftn yfbåjktt wtktcjjåhfpysv dfhbfynjv ljceltåyjt jåhfotybt r ktxtåyjq bkb byjq ghjuhfvvt. Lj yfxfkf ghjwtccf ghjrehjh vjétn ljåhjdjkmyj cyznm jådbytybz d jnyjitybb jådbyztvjuj, cjöhfyzz pf cjåjq ghfdj ghtlüzdbnm nt ét cfvst jådbytybz d åjktt gjplybq chjr. Itcnfz gjghfdrf ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj eujkjdyjt ghtcktljdfybt djpvjéyj njkmrj gj jådbytybñ, ghtlüzdktyyjve åjkmibv éñhb. Åjkmijt éñhb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cktlcndtyysq jhufy, jghtltkzñobq, bvtñncz kb ljcnfnjxyst ljrfpfntkmcndf lkz ghtlüzdktybz jådbytybz. Dghjxtv, Dthöjdysq cel gjcnfyjdbk, xnj änj jlyj bp ytvyjubö ghfd, drkñxtyysö d Åbkkm j ghfdfö, rjnjhjt yt bvttn jåzpfntkmyjq cbks lkz infnjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, rfélsq infn vjétn cfvjcnjzntkmyj htifnm, bcgjkmpjdfnm kb åjkmijt éñhb lkz djpåeéltybz jabwbfkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf. Jådbyztvsq ljkéty åsnm ghbdktxty r cele b gjkexbnm jabwbfkmyjt jådbytybt d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj chjrf. Ghtlüzdkzz jådbytybt, celmz pfxbnsdftn ajhvfkmyst geyrns jådbytybz b gj rféljve geyrne cghfibdftn gjlcelbvjuj, ghbpyftn kb jy ctåz dbyjdysv, ytdbyjdysv bkb ytdbyjdysv dcktlcndbt ytdvtyztvjcnb. Åjkmibycndj infnjd ljgecrftn nfrét pfzdktybt jå jnrfpt jcgfhbdfnm ghtlüzdktyyjt jådbytybt (nolo contendere), xnj ghfrnbxtcrb hfdyjwtyyj ghbpyfybñ ctåz dbyjdysv. Jnrfp ghbpyfnm ctåz dbyjdysv vjétn åsnm dgjcktlcndbb bpvtyty yf ghbpyfybt cdjtq dbys. Ghbpyfybt dbys vjétn åsnm jnjpdfyj kbim d juhfybxtyyjv xbckt ckexftd. L j c elt å y s t ö jlf n f q c n d f Eujkjdyj-ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs ghtlecvfnhbdfñn, xnj gjlcelbvjve b tuj fldjrfne ghtljcnfdkztncz jghtltktyyjt xbckj lytq lkz dyt- 11 ctybz ljceltåysö öjlfnfqcnd, jcgfhbdfñobö ñhblbxtcreñ jåjcyjdfyyjcnm jådbybntkmyjuj frnf bkb byajhvfwbb, kbåj jghjdthufñobö ljrfpfntkmcndf. Rhjvt njuj, gjlcelbvsq vjétn öjlfnfqcndjdfnm jå juhfybxtyyjv ghtlüzdktybb ytrjnjhsö ljrfpfntkmcnd, dsldbuftvsö ghjrehjhjv. Gj yjhvfv, ltqcndeñobv d åjkmibycndt infnjd, pfobnf, jåhfnbdibcm c cjjndtncndeñotq ghjcmåjq, bvttn ghfdj yf gjkextybt rjgbb kñåsö pfzdktybq, cltkfyysö jådbyztvsv, rjgbb yfexysö ntcnjd b cgbcrf cdbltntktq jådbytybz. D ytrjnjhsö ñhbclbrwbzö gjlcelbvsq ljkéty pfåkfujdhtvtyyj bpdtcnbnm jådbytybt j cdjtv yfvthtybb gjkfufnmcz yf jghtltktyyst ajhvs pfobns, d njv xbckt fkbåb bkb ytdvtyztvjcnm. Gthtujdjhs j ghbpyfybb dbys Fvthbrfycrfz ghfrnbrf ≤gthtujdjhjd j ghbpyfybb dbys≥ bkb ≤pfrkñxtybb cltkrb ghb ghbpyfybb dbys≥ xfcnj gjybvftncz ytghfdbkmyj. Djpvjéyj, njxytt åeltn jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm äne ghfrnbre rfr cbcntve ≤crbljr≥ ghb ghbpyfybb dbys. Åjktt 90 ghjwtynjd ghbujdjhjd dsyjcbncz d htpekmnfnt ghbpyfybz dbys. E åjkmibycndf gjlcelbvsö, ghbpyfñobö ctåz dbyjdysvb, ybrfrbö ≤gthtujdjhjd≥ yt åskj. Gjlcelbvsq ghjcnj ghbybvfk ghtlkjétybt ghjrehjhf cyznm ytrjnjhst geyrns jådbytybz d jåvty yf ghbpyfybt gjlcelbvsv cdjtq dbys gj jlyjve bkb ytcrjkmrbv jcnfkmysv geyrnfv. Yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt ceotcndetn nhflbwbz ≤gthtujdjhjd gj geyrnfv jådbytybz≥, nj tcnm lj yfxfkf celtåyjuj ghjwtccf ghjrehjh cybvftn yfbåjktt cthmtpysq geyrn jådbytybz, f gjlcelbvsq ghbpyftn ctåz dbyjdysv gj vtytt cthmtpyjve geyrne. D ytrjnjhsö jrheufö b ujhjlfö celmb ghzvj ghtlkfufñn cvzuxtybt ghbujdjhjd. Yfghbvth, gjlcelbvjve jåtofñn chjr nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz jn 3 lj 5 ktn, tc- 12 kb jy ghbpyftn cdjñ dbye lj celtåyjuj ghjwtccf. Tckb ét tuj ghbpyfñn dbyjdysv yf celt, tve åeltn uhjpbnm chjr nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz vbybvev 5–10 b vfrcbvev 15 ktn. G h f d j y f c el Gjlcelbvsq bvttn ghfdj yf geåkbxysq cel. Gjänjve fvthbrfycrbt cels jnrhsns lkz geåkbrb, drkñxfz éehyfkbcnjd. Dthöjdysq cel gjcnfyjdbk lfét, xnj gjlcelbvsq yt vjétn jnrfpfnmcz jn ghfdf yf geåkbxysq cel, gjcrjkmre uhfélfyt njét hfpltkzñn änj ghfdj. Celmz nfrét yt vjétn pfghtnbnm ghtcct jcdtofnm eujkjdyst ghjwtccs. Jlyfrj änj yt jpyfxftn, xnj d pfk celf ljkéys ljgecrfnmcz rfvths (abrcbhjdfyyst, vjåbkmyst bkb ntktdbpbjyyst). Ytrjnjhst infns, gjljåyj Rfkbajhybb, hfphtifñn ghzveñ ntktdbpbjyyeñ nhfyckzwbñ c eujkjdysö ghjwtccjd. Cnjhjyybrb nfrjuj gjlöjlf endthélfñn, xnj ntktdbpbjyyfz nhfyckzwbz jåtcgtxbdftn ñhblbxtcrjt ghjcdtotybt ibhjrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb, rjnjhfz d ghjnbdyjv ckexft ybrjulf ås yt edbltkf eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf. Rhbnbrb pfzdkzñn, xnj ntktrfvths d pfkt celf dkbzñn yf gjdtltybt fldjrfnjd, celmb b ghbczéysö b vtyzñn fnvjcathe d pfkt celf. D atlthfkmysö celfö rfvth yt åsdftn. Cjukfcyj Itcnjq gjghfdrt, gjlcelbvsq gj eujkjdyjve ltke bvttn rjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdj yf åtpjnkfufntkmyjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj. Hfphsd dj dhtvtyb vtéle cjdthitybtv ghtcnegktybz b ghtlüzdktybtv jådbytybz jghtltkzñn pfrjys jå bcrjdjq lfdyjcnb, f yt ghfdj yf åtpjnkfufntkmyjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj. Rjycnbnewbz ghtlgbcsdftn, xnj yt ljkéyj åsnm ytghfdjvthyjq jnchjxrb vtéle jådbytybtv b celjv. Jlyfrj Dthöjdysq cel ybrjulf yt erfpsdfk njxyjuj chjrf, ghtdsitybt rjnjhjuj yfheiftn änj ghfdj. Rféljt ltkj ljkéyj jwtybdfnmcz bylbdblefkmyj. Rfé- lsq infn bvttn pfrjy j åtpjnkfufntkmyjv celtåyjv hfpåbhfntkmcndt, ecnfyfdkbdfñobq juhfybxtybz gj chjrfv, d rjnjhst jådbytybz b cels ljkéys yfxbyfnm ghjwtccs ghjnbd gjlcelbvsö. Rhjvt njuj, Itcnfz gjghfdrf ufhfynbhetn gjlcelbvsv gj eujkjdysv ltkfv ghfdj yf cel ghbczéysö. Jlyfrj, rfr b jn åjkmibycndf ghfd, jn ghfdf yf cel ghbczéysö vjéyj jnrfpfnmcz. Gjlcelbvsq vjétn dsåhfnm cel åtp exfcnbz ghbczéysö gthtl jlybv celmtq bkb ghbpyfnm ctåz dbyjdysv. Jåsxyj e gjlcelbvsö åjkmit ifycjd yf jghfdlfybt ghbczéysvb. Jn xtndthnb lj nhtnb celjd c exfcnbtv ghbczéysö pfrfyxbdfñncz jghfdlfntkmysvb ghbujdjhfvb. Yj ytrjnjhst gjlcelbvst ghtlgjxbnfñn ghbczéysv celmñ, gjcrjkmre jyb cxbnfñn, xnj celmz crjhtt edblbn ghjåtks d ljdjlfö jådbytybz, celmz dsytctn åjktt vzurbq ghbujdjh gjckt celf åtp exfcnbz ghbczéysö bkb xnj öfhfrnth cjdthityyjuj ghtcnegktybz yfcnhjbn ghbczéysö ghjnbd gjlcelbvjuj. Öjnz Rjycnbnewbz änjuj yt nhtåetn, d atlthfkmyjq cbcntvt b ghfrnbxtcrb d rféljv infnt ghbczéyst ljkéys dsytcnb tlbyjleiysq dthlbrn. Åsdfñn ckexfb, rjulf rjkktubz ghbczéysö yt vjétn ghbqnb r tlbyjleiyjve htitybñ. D nfrjv ckexft jåüzdkztncz nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤vbcnhfqk≥, b jådbytybt ljkéyj htibnm, celbnm kb jådbyztvjuj gjdnjhyj. Xbckj gjdnjhysö celtåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd yt juhfybxbdftncz, yj jxtym ytvyjubt gjlcelbvst ghtlcnfñn gthtl celjv åjktt nhtö hfp. C elt å y s q g h j w t c c Yt åjktt 10 ghjwtynjd fvthbrfycrbö eujkjdysö ltk hfphtiftncz c gjvjomñ celtåysö ghjwtccjd. Eujkjdysq ghjwtcc jcyjdfy yf cjcnzpfntkmyjq cbcntvt. Fldjrfn frnbdyj ghtlcnfdkztn bynthtcs cdjtuj rkbtynf ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, cxbnftn kb jy tuj dbyjdysv. Jådbyb- ntkm ghtlcnfdkztn infn b yfhjl, yj jlyjdhtvtyyj ytctn vjhfkmyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm ltqcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt ckeub ghfdjcelbz. Rjycnbnewbz nhtåetn, xnj lkz ghbpyfybz gjlcelbvjuj dbyjdysv bycnfywbz, ecnfyfdkbdfñofz afrns, åelm nj ghbczéyst bkb celmz, ljkéyf jghtltkbnm, xnj jådbytybt ljrfpfkj rfélsq äktvtyn ghtcnegktybz dyt dczrbö jåjcyjdfyysö cjvytybq. Nfrjd cvsck xfcnj wbnbhetvjq vfrcbvs, xnj ≤gjlcelbvsq cxbnftncz ytdbyjdysv≥. Jåt cnjhjys bvtñn ghfdj dspsdfnm cjåcndtyysö cdbltntktq b ljcnfdkznm d cel cdbltntktq, rjnjhst yt ghböjlzn ljåhjdjkmyj. Fldjrfns gjldthufñn cdjbö cdbltntktq ghzvjve ljghjce, f cdbltntktq lheujq cnjhjys – gthtrhtcnyjve ljghjce. Celmz, yj yt ghbczéyst, vjétn pflfdfnm cdbltntkzv djghjcs, jlyfrj d hfvrfö fvthbrfycrjq cjcnzpfntkmyjq cbcntvs ghfrnbxtcrb dct djghjcs pflfñn fldjrfns, f celmz dsgjkyztn aeyrwbb åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj gjchtlybrf. Yf jcyjdfybb Gznjq gjghfdrb cdbltntkm vjétn jnrfpfnmcz lfdfnm gjrfpfybz, tckb jy jåjcyjdfyyj gjkfuftn, xnj änb gjrfpfybz vjuen yfdktxm dbye yf ytuj. Jådbytybt vjétn ghtljcnfdbnm cdbltntkñ bvveybntn, f pfntv pfcnfdbnm cdbltntkz jndtxfnm yf rfélsq djghjc. (Pfobnf yt bvttn nfrbö gjkyjvjxbq.) Bvveybntn hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf kñåjt ghtcnegktybt, d rjnjhjv ghbpyftncz cdbltntkm, f nfrét yf kñåjt ghtcnegktybt, rjnjhjt cktljdfntkb hfcrhjñn d htpekmnfnt cdbltntkmcrbö gjrfpfybq yf eckjdbzö bvveybntnf. Dsytctybt ghbujdjhjd Ktubckfnehs, cels, ltgfhnfvtyns eckjdysö yfrfpfybq, cjdtns gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ, f d ytrjnjhsö ñhbclbrwbzö b rjvbccbb gj ghbujdjhfv – dct änb cnhernehs buhfñn jghtltktyyeñ hjkm ghb dsytctybb ghbujdjhjd. D gthdjv ckexft eujkjdyst ghbujdjhs bkb, gj 13 rhfqytq vtht, vfrcbvfkmyj ljgecnbvst ghbujdjhs gj rféljve nbge ghtcnegktybq jghtltkzñncz ktubckfnehfvb. Pfrjys infnjd j dsytctybb ghbujdjhjd ceotcndtyyj hfpkbxfñncz, b gjhjq d jlyjv b njv ét infnt ltqcndeñn hfpkbxyst nbgs pfrjyjd j ghbujdjhfö pf hfpkbxyst ghtcnegktybz. Ghbujdjh dsyjcbncz celmtq gjckt ckeifybq gj dsytctybñ ghbujdjhf, ult ghjrehjh b fldjrfn ghbdjlzn ljdjls d gjkmpe ghbujdjhf, rjnjhsq rfélfz cnjhjyf cxbnftn wtktcjjåhfpysv. Gjlcelbvjve jåsxyj ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm jåhfnbnmcz r cele gthtl dsytctybtv ghbujdjhf. D ytrjnjhsö ñhbclbrwbzö r cele vjuen jåhfofnmcz nfrét gjnthgtdibt bkb bö ghtlcnfdbntkb. Rfr ghfdbkj, fldjrfn ltkftn egjh yf hfcrfzybt gjlcelbvjuj, tuj jåzpfyyjcnb gthtl ctvmtq, öjhjibt gthcgtrnbds yf hfåjnt b wtktcjjåhfpyjcnm fvåekfnjhyjuj ktxtybz (tckb jyj ytjåöjlbvj) gj vtcne ébntkmcndf. Ghjrehjh jåsxyj gjlxthrbdftn eujkjdyjt ghjikjt gjlcelbvjuj, yfytctyysq gjnthgtditve b tuj ctvmt eothå b ytjåöjlbvjcnm ecnhfitybz lheubö gjntywbfkmysö ghfdjyfheibntktq. Celmz rjycekmnbhetncz c ltgfhnfvtynjv eckjdysö yfrfpfybq, rjnjhsq ghjdjlbn ytpfdbcbvjt hfccktljdfybt ghjikjuj gjlcelbvjuj, d njv xbckt eujkjdyjuj, jåcnjzntkmcnd cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybz b lheubö afrnjhjd. Celmz yt jåzpfy ghjdjlbnm jabwbfkmyjt dszcytybt afrnjd b gbcmvtyyj bpkfufnm cdjt vytybt, gjzcyzñott bkb jåjcyjdsdfñott ghbujdjh. Rjkm crjhj ghbujdjh yföjlbncz d ghtltkfö ecnfyjdktyyjuj pfrjyjv lbfgfpjyf, jy yt vjétn åsnm jåéfkjdfy. Cfyrwbb Eckjdyjt yfrfpfybt – yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyysq ghbujdjh, dsyjcbvsq fvthbrfycrbvb celmzvb gj eujkjdysv ltkfv. Afrnbxtcrb gjlcelbvsq bpåtuftn nñhmvs, rjkm crjhj jy yt 14 cjplftn ghjåktv b cjåkñlftn ecnfyjdktyyst ltgfhnfvtynjv eckjdysö yfrfpfybq ghfdbkf, yjhvs b nhtåjdfybz gjljnxtnyjcnb. Celmz jghtltkztn chjr eckjdyjuj yfrfpfybz – jåsxyj änj ytcrjkmrj ktn. Celmz vjétn nfrét ddtcnb jcjåst eckjdbz nbgf exfcnbz d ghjuhfvvt ktxtybz yfhrjvfybb, cjöhfytybz nheljecnhjqcndf bkb ghjljkétybz extås d irjkt, tckb ghtcnegybr ytcjdthityyjktnybq. Nñhtvyjt pfrkñxtybt – jxtym ibhjrj ghbvtyztvjt yfrfpfybt. D 2001 ujle d kñåjq lfyysq ltym d fvthbrfycrbö nñhmvfö yföjlbkjcm ghbåkbpbntkmyj 2 vky. kbw. Rfélsq infn b atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj bvtñn cjåcndtyyeñ nñhtvyeñ cbcntve. Ltgfhnfvtyn nñhtv rkfccbabwbhetn (gj hbcre jgfcyjcnb, hbcre gjåtuf, djphfcne b n. l.) ghtcnegybrjd b ghbgbcsdftn bö r cjjndtncndeñotve bcghfdbntkmyjve exhtéltybñ c vfrcbvfkmysv, chtlybv bkb vbybvfkmysv ehjdytv cnhjujcnb htébvf cjlthéfybz. Rjyabcrfwbz bveotcndf d gjcktlybt ujls cnfkf ujhfplj xfot bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d rfxtcndt yfrfpfybz pf eujkjdyjt ghtcnegktybt, jcjåtyyj gj ltkfv, cdzpfyysv c yfhrjnbrfvb b jhufybpjdfyyjq ghtcnegyjcnmñ. Rfr ghfdbkj, pfrjys j rjyabcrfwbb ghtlecvfnhbdfñn, xnj d hfvrfö ghbujdjhf gj eujkjdyjve ltke celmz vjétn ghbrfpfnm gjlcelbvjve clfnm kñåjt bveotcndj, bcgjkmpjdfyyjt ghb cjdthitybb ghtcnegktybz (d njv xbckt fdnjvjåbkm, celyj, cfvjktn b lfét ljv) b/bkb ljöjls jn tuj ghtcnegyjq ltzntkmyjcnb (ghtlghbznbt, åfyrjdcrbt cxtnf, wtyyst åevfub b n. l.). Inhfas yfkfufñncz fvthbrfycrbvb celfvb htét. Jåsxyj änj ltkftncz d ljgjkytybt r lheubv cfyrwbzv. D ghjikjv hfpvth inhfajd åsk ybprbv – yf cfvjv ltkt ujhfplj ybét, xtv ujyjhfh xfcnyjuj fldjrfnf gj eujkjdysv ltkfv. Jlyfrj d gjcktlytt dhtvz vfrcbvfkmyst inhfas htprj edtkbxbkbcm. Dthöjdysq cel gjcnfyjdbk, xnj ghb yfkjétybb inhfaf gjlcelb- vsq yt vjétn åsnm pfrkñxty d nñhmve pf ytdjpvjéyjcnm egkfnbnm inhfa, tckb njkmrj jy yt erkjyztncz jn egkfns evsiktyyj. J å é f kj d f y b t g h b u j d j h j d b c h t lc n d f p f o b n s g j c kt j c e é lt y b z Rjycnbnewbz yt ufhfynbhetn jceéltyyjve ghtcnegybre ghfdj yf jåéfkjdfybt ghbujdjhf, yj rfélfz ñhbclbrwbz ghtljcnfdkztn ghfdj, gj vtymitq vtht, yf jlyj jåéfkjdfybt, f vyjubt infns bvtñn ldf ehjdyz fgtkkzwbjyysö celjd b ldf ehjdyz jåéfkjdfybq. Gj ytrjnjhsv jåéfkjdfybzv dnjhjuj ehjdyz cel dghfdt pfckeibdfnm njkmrj nt ltkf, rjnjhst jy ghbybvftn r ckeifybñ gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ. Ddble ufhfynbb ghtljndhfotybz ldjqyjuj yfrfpfybz jådbytybt yt vjétn jåéfkjdfnm dthlbrn j ghbpyfybb gjlcelbvjuj ytdbyjdysv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jghfdlfntkmysq ghbujdjh jcnftncz d cbkt, lfét tckb jy åsk jcyjdfy yf djgbñotq jibårt celmb ghb njkrjdfybb pfrjyf bkb yf ytgjkyjv ecnfyjdktybb afrnjd celmtq bkb ghbczéysvb. Gjckt njuj rfr djpvjéyjcnm jåéfkjdfybq d celt infnf, d rjnjhjv ghjébdftn ghtcnegybr, bcxthgfyf, jy vjétn gjlfnm öjlfnfqcndj j ghtlgbcfybb ljcnfdbnm fhtcnjdfyyjuj d atlthfkmysq jrheéyjq cel (ghjdjlzobq celtåyst hfpåbhfntkmcndf) c endthéltybtv, xnj jy cjlthébncz d nñhmvt infnf d yfheitybt tuj ghfd, ufhfynbhjdfyysö atlthfkmysvb pfrjyfvb bkb Rjycnbnewbtq. (Pfrkñxtyyst atlthfkmyjq cbcntvs vjuen nfrét jåhfofnmcz d atlthfkmyst cels c öjlfnfqcndfvb j cvzuxtybb yfrfpfybz gjckt jceéltybz, yfghbvth, d ckexft tckb yjdst ljrfpfntkmcndf, rjnjhst yt vjukb åsnm hfcrhsns lj celf, cdbltntkmcndeñn jå bö ytdbyjdyjcnb.) Ghfdj yf ghbrfp j ljcnfdrt d cel ufhfynbhetncz Rjycnbnewbtq b htfkbpetncz atlthfkmysv pfrjyjv. D ytrjnj- hsö juhfybxtyysö ckexfzö ghfdjyfheibntkm, yt ljåbdibqcz ecgtöf d gthdjv ghjwtcct gj ghbrfpe j ljcnfdrt d cel, vjétn jåhfofnmcz c ljgjkybntkmysvb öjlfnfqcndfvb j nfrjv ghbrfpt, ccskfzcm yf yfkbxbt lheubö yfheitybq Rjycnbnewbb. Ljchjxyjt j c d j å j é lt y b t , j n v t y f b cvzuxtybt ghbujdjhf Nhflbwbjyyj cjdtns gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ buhfñn dféyeñ hjkm d jcdjåjéltybb ghtcnegybrjd bp nñhtv. Rfélsq infn bvttn cjåcndtyysq cjdtn gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ, xktys rjnjhjuj yfpyfxfñncz ueåthyfnjhjv. Cjdtn gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ jåsxyj döjlbn d cjcnfd rhegyjuj dtljvcndf gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ, jceotcndkzñotuj yflpjh pf ghtcnegybrfvb gjckt bö jcdjåjéltybz bp nñhtv. Vjvtyn, d rjnjhsq pfrkñxtyysq gjkexftn ghfdj yf ljchjxyjt jcdjåjéltybt, jghtltkztncz pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv infnf, nfr xnj vtéle infnfvb d änjv jnyjitybb tcnm ceotcndtyyst hfpkbxbz. Ghb cbcntvt dsytctybz ghbujdjhjd, d hfvrfö rjnjhjq celmz kbim jghtltkztn vfrcbvfkmyjt yfrfpfybt, pfrkñxtyysq vjétn, yfghbvth, gjkexbnm ghfdj yf ljchjxyjt jcdjåjéltybt, jnåsd jlye nhtnm chjrf pfrkñxtybz. Rfr ghfdbkj, xktys cjdtnf gj ljchjxyjve jcdjåjéltybñ ghjdjlzn rhfnrbt cjåtctljdfybz c rfylblfnfvb yf ljchjxyjt jcdjåjéltybt d nñhmvfö. Cjdtn d wtkjv pfbynthtcjdfy d bcghfdktybb pfrkñxtyyjuj d nñhmvt, yj jy ytghtvtyyj exbnsdftn jåcnjzntkmcndf cjdthityyjuj ghtcnegktybz b eujkjdyjt ghjikjt pfrkñxtyyjuj. Yfrjytw, ueåthyfnjh rféljuj infnf bvttn ghfdj gjvbkjdfnm ghtcnegybrjd bkb cvzuxfnm dsytctyyst bv d lfyyjv infnt ghbujdjhs. Ghtpbltyn CIF jåkflftn nfrbvb ét gjkyjvj- 15 xbzvb d jnyjitybb atlthfkmysö ghtcnegybrjd. Pfxfcneñ pfrjy ghtlecvfnhbdftn yfpyfxtybt rjvbccbb gj gjvbkjdfybñ, rjnjhfz hfpåbhftn öjlfnfqcndf, ghjdjlbn hfccktljdfybz b dyjcbn gjkjébntkmyst htrjvtylfwbb ukfdt bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb. R ueåthyfnjhfv, jcjåtyyj d infnfö, ult yfbåjktt xfcnj dsyjczncz cvthnyst ghbujdjhs, xfcnj jåhfofñncz c ghjcmåfvb j cvzuxtybb gjljåysö ghbujdjhjd. D jnkbxbt jn vyjubö cnhfy, jåobt fvybcnbb yt ghtlecvjnhtys fvthbrfycrbvb pfrjyfvb b nhflbwbzvb. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf 16 G h f d j c e l b t g j l t k f v y t c j d t h i t y y j kt n y b ö d C I F Ghfdjcelbt gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö cjcnjbn bp cjdthityyj jnltkmyjuj eujkjdyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b jcjåjq ghjwtlehs hfccvjnhtybz ltk. D njv, rfr jyf pflevfyf, änf cbcntvf ghfdf b bycnbnenjd, bpjåhtntyyfz ghjuhtccbdysvb htajhvfnjhfvb d yfxfkt 20-uj dtrf, ltqcndetn d bynthtcfö vfkjktnybö ghtcnegybrjd. Ghfdjcelbt gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö jceotcndkztncz yt d eujkjdysö celfö, f d cgtwbfkmysö celfö gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö bkb ctvtqysö celfö. Tuj wtkm – yt yfrfpfybt bkb ecnhfitybt, f gthtdjcgbnfybt. Ltkf, hfccvfnhbdftvst celfvb gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö, rfcfñncz ltntq, rjnjhst gjldthufkbcm étcnjrjve jåhfotybñ b rjnjhsö hjlbntkb bkb irjkmyjt herjdjlcndj cxbnfñn ytbcghfdbvsvb. Vfrcbvfkmysq djphfcn, ghb rjnjhjv ghfdjyfheibntkm cxbnftncz ytcjdthityyjktnybv, rjktåktncz jn 16 lj 21 ujlf, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ñhbclbrwbb, f d ghtltkfö jlyjq ñhbclbrwbb – jn nbgf ghtcnegktybz, d rjnjhjv jådbyztncz ghfdjyfheibntkm. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, tcnm pfrjys, hfphtifñobt (f d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jåzpsdfñobt) jåhfofnmcz c vfkjktnybv rfr cj dphjcksv, tckb jy cjdthibk eåbqcndj bkb byjt cthmtpyjt ghtcnegktybt c ghbvtytybtv yfcbkbz. Rfr ghfdbkj, d cbcntvt ghfdjcelbz lkz vfkjktnybö r jådbyztvsv jnyjczncz åjktt cybcöjlbntkmyj, xtv dj ≤dphjckjq≥ cbcntvt, öjnz gthdfz ghtljcnfdkztn vtymit ghjwtlehysö ghfd. Hfccvfnhbdfz ltkf j ghfdjyfheitybzö, ljcnbufñobt cnflbb jabwbfkmyjuj celtåyjuj htitybz, celmz jåzpfy ecnfyfdkbdfnm afrns gj cnfylfhnfv, dtcmvf yfgjvbyfñobv cnfylfhns, ghbvtyztvst d eujkjdysö ghjwtccfö. Fhtcnjdfy- ysq gjlhjcnjr ljcnfdkztncz d nñhmve lkz vfkjktnybö, jnltkmyeñ jn nñhmvs lkz dphjcksö b jåsxyj yföjlzoeñcz d dtltybb cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj exhtéltybz vtcnyjuj jhufyf dkfcnb bkb jhufyf eghfdktybz infnf. Vfkjktnybq ghfdjyfheibntkm yt bvttn ghfdf yf jcdjåjéltybt gjl pfkju. Tuj ljceltåysq cnfnec pfdbcbn bcrkñxbntkmyj jn htitybz celmb j njv, ljkéty kb jy jcnfdfnmcz gjl cnhfétq d jéblfybb celf dj bpåtéfybt gjåtuf bkb d wtkzö pfobns jåotcndf jn jgfcyjcnb cjdthitybz vfkjktnybv ghfdjyfheibntktv yjdjuj ghtcnegktybz. Vfkjktnybq gjlcelbvsq jådbyztncz yt d ghtlecvjnhtyyjv pfrjyjv ghtcnegktybb, f d ghfdjyfheitybb. Jlyfrj jy bvttn ghfdj yf fldjrfnf b gjkmpetncz ghtpevgwbtq ytdbyjdyjcnb. Vfkjktnybt yt bvtñn ghfdf yf cel ghbczéysö, yj ghbåkbpbntkmyj xtndthnm infnjd ddtkb d ltqcndbt pfrjys, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt djpvjéyjcnm hfccvjnhtybz ltk vfkjktnybö ghfdjyfheibntktq ghbczéysvb. Ghbczéyst bkb celmz ljkéys ecnfyjdbnm dbyjdyjcnm vfkjktnytuj gjlcelbvjuj dyt dczrbö jåjcyjdfyysö cjvytybq. D åjkmibycndt infnjd jceéltyysq vfkjktnybq ghfdjyfheibntkm ljkéty jcdjåjélfnmcz bp bcghfdbntkmyjuj pfdtltybz gj ljcnbétybb djphfcnf 21 ujlf. Yf ghjnzétybb åjkmitq xfcnb 20-uj dtrf eujkjdyst vfnthbfks yf vfkjktnybö yjcbkb pfrhsnsq öfhfrnth. Ntgthm jyb jåsxyj ljcnegys gjkbwbb, ghjrehjhfv b celmzv d celt lkz dphjcksö. D yfib lyb ghjdjlbncz vyjuj ghfdjdsö htajhv d cbcntvt ghfdjcelbz lkz vfkjktnybö, ukfdysv jåhfpjv d yfghfdktybb åjktt cnhjujuj jåhfotybz c vfkjktnybvb ghfdjyfheibntkzvb b tuj ghbåkbétybz r jåhfotybñ cj dphjcksvb ghtcnegybrfvb. 17 E u j k j d y j t g h f d j c el b t d C I F Cjåkñltybt pfrjyjd d Fvthbrt: dsgjkytybt cghfdtlkbdsö ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh b xedcndj cghfdtlkbdjcnb Nj v N f q kt h Rfrbv jåhfpjv nj bkb byjt jåotcndj cnbvekbhetn pfrjyjgjckeiyjt gjdtltybt cdjbö uhfélfy? Gjkfuftncz kb jyj ghb änjv kbim yf euhjpe yfrfpfybz? Bkb ét ghbceott kñlzv xedcndj cghfdtlkbdjcnb b åtcghbcnhfcnyjcnb erfpsdftn yf ltqcndbt lheubö, åjktt äaatrnbdysö cnhfntubq? D ghjwtcct bpextybz lfyyjq ntvs ghjatccjh gcböjkjubb Ymñ-qjhrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Njv Nfqkth b lheubt extyst jåyfheébkb, xnj fvthbrfyws – b yt njkmrj jyb, yj b djjåot dct kñlb – gjlxbyzñncz pfrjye d jcyjdyjv gjnjve, xnj cxbnfñn ghfdjdjq ghjwtcc cghfdtlkbdsv, ytghtldpznsv b cjjndtncndeñobv ntv wtyyjcnzv, rjnjhsvb jyb herjdjlcndeñncz d ébpyb. 18 D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ kñlb xfcnj djcghbybvfñn gjkbwtqcrbö b celtq rfr pfrjyysö ghtlcnfdbntktq dkfcnb, jåkflfñobö pyfxbntkmysvb gjkyjvjxbzvb, rjnjhsvb jyb vjuen gjkmpjdfnmcz d wtkzö jåtcgtxtybz dsgjkytybz pfrjyf. Gjkbwtqcrbt b celmb cxbnfñncz ghtlcnfdbntkzvb dkfcnb, htitybz rjnjhsö gjlrhtgkzñncz gjntywbfkmysv ghbvtytybtv chtlcnd clthébdfybz, n.t. yfrfpfybz, b rjnjhsv dtplt gjlxbyzñncz. Jlyfrj htfkmyjcnm jnyjitybz r pfrjye b dkfcnzv d Fvthbrt cbkmyj hfcöjlbncz c gjljåysv ghtlcnfdktybtv. B pltcm yfåkñlfñncz ldf jnkbxbz. Dj-gthdsö, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj, d jåotv b wtkjv, fvthbrfyws ltqcndbntkmyj pfrjyjgjckeiys b xfcnj ghjzdkzñn ujnjdyjcnm cxbnfnmcz c htitybzvb gjkbwtqcrbö b celtq, cjåkñltybt pfrjyf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ytkmpz hfccvfnhbdfnm rfr ytxnj cfvj cjåjq hfpevtñottcz. Fvthbrfycrbt cnhféb pfrjyf dctulf åjhjkbcm pf jåtcgtxtybt cjåkñltybz pfrjyf d jåotcndt. Ctqxfc vyjujt eåtélftn d njv, xnj änf åjhmåf cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt ckjéyjq. Jcyjdsdfzcm yf cdjtv jgsnt jnyjitybq c Njv Nfqkth jghtltktyysvb uhfélfyfvb, gjkbwtqcrbt CIF endthélfñn, xnj bv dct nhelytt cnfyjdbncz jåtcgtxbdfnm cjåkñltybt pfrjyf. D nj ét dhtvz celmb cxbnfñn, xnj dct nzétktt ghjdjlbnm d ébpym celtåyst htitybz, b dct nhelytt ghbdjlbnm gjdtltybt uhfélfy d cjjndtncndbt c hfcgjhzétybzvb celjd. Tckb ujdjhbnm jå jåotv dkbzybb pfrjyf yf gjdctlytdyeñ ébpym kñltq, nj ceotcndeñn ljrfpfntkmcndf njuj, xnj d ibhjrjv lbfgfpjyt xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjdtltybz – jn egkfns yfkjujd lj jcnfyjdrb yf rhfcysq cdtn cdtnjajhf – fvthbrfyws dct vtymit cxbnfñncz c pfrjyjv. Tcntcndtyyj, yt cktletn ghtedtkbxbdfnm vfcinfås ghjåktv, cdzpfyysö c cjåkñltybtv pfrjyf. Jlyfrj dybvfybt cnhfétq pfrjyf b cgtwbfkbcnjd-ghfdjdtljd dct åjkmit cjchtljnjxbdftncz yf ytjåöjlbvjcnb åjktt ukeåjdjuj gjybvfybz njuj, gjxtve kñlb gjlxbyzñncz pfrjye. H jk m v j h f k m y j - ä n b x t c r b ö a f r n j h j d d c j å k ñ lt y b b p f rj y f Bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj, rfr änj yb cnhfyyj, vjnbdfwbz, ktéfofz d jcyjdt rféljlytdyjuj cjåkñltybz pfrjyjd, yt drkñxftn d ct- åz åjzpyb yfrfpfybz pf ghtytåhtétybt pfrjyjv bkb tuj yfheitybt – ukfdyjuj äktvtynf dctö vjltktq gjdtltybz kñltq, rjulf bö xnjnj clthébdftn jn cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybq b lheubö ghfdjyfheitybq. Yf cfvjv ltkt jcyjdysvb afrnjhfvb, gjåeélfñobvb uhfélfy cjåkñlfnm pfrjy, jrfpsdfñncz cjjåhfétybz vjhfkmyj-änbxtcrjuj öfhfrnthf. Ldt ajhvs änbxtcrjq vjnbdfwbb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq rkñxtdst ghtlgjcskrb cjåkñltybz pfrjyf – ktubnbvyjcnm b yhfdcndtyyjcnm. Ktubnbvyjcnm pbéltncz yf ukeåjrjv eåtéltybb: e dkfcnb tcnm ghfdj yf nj, xnjås tq gjlxbyzkbcm. Fvthbrfyws, rfr ghfdbkj, ghjzdkzñn dscjreñ cjpyfntkmyjcnm ghb cjåkñltybb jåzpfntkmcnd gjlxbyznmcz gjkbwbb b celfv. Yfghbvth, gjxnb dct fvthbrfyws cjukfcys c ntv, xnj bv cktletn ≤gjlxbyznmcz pfrjye, lfét tckb jyb cxbnfñn tuj ytghfdbkmysv≥. Rjulf kñlb hfccvfnhbdfñn cnhfétq pfrjyf d rfxtcndt tuj ghfdjvthysö ghtlcnfdbntktq, nj jyb ljåhjdjkmyj dsgjkyzñn erfpfybz dkfcntq, lfét tckb jyb djjåot yt levfñn j njv, xnj gjgflencz b åelen yfrfpfys pf ghtytåhtétybt bvb. D cdjtq rybut ≤Ghfdjcelbt, jndtncndtyyjcnm b dbyf: dpukzls jåotcndf b eujkjdyjt ghfdj≥ Gjk Hjåbycjy b Léjy Lfhkb gjzcyzñn, xnj kbxyfz yhfdcndtyyjcnm cdzpfyf c ntv, d rfrjq cntgtyb kñlb ghbpyfñn cjjndtncndbt pfrjyf bö cjåcndtyysv ghtlcnfdktybzv j ljåht b pkt. D jlybö ckexfzö jåotcndtyyfz yhfdcndtyyjcnm jåyfheébdftn dscjreñ cntgtym cjjndtncndbz pfrjye. Nfr, eåbqcndj yjcbn ghjnbdjpfrjyysq öfhfrnth, b åjkmifz xfcnm jåotcndtyyjcnb nfrét dthbn d nj, xnj jyj fvjhfkmyj. Jlyfrj d lheubö ckexfzö gjljåyjt cjjndtncndbt vjétn jncencndjdfnm. Rjulf ltkj rfcftncz gmzycndf, egjnhtåktybz yfhrjnbrjd, bpujnjdktybz ytpfrjyysö rjgbq ghjuhfvvyjuj jåtcgtxtybz b lfét cjåkñltybz pfrjyjd j cnjzyrt fdnjvjåbktq, jghtltktyyst ckjb fvthbrfycrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb yt cxbnfñn cdjt gjdtltybt 19 åtpyhfdcndtyysv, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj jyj ghjnbdjhtxbn pfrjye. D ghjdtltyyjv d 1990 ujle bccktljdfybb, gjcdzotyyjv dszcytybñ djghjcf j njv, gjxtve kñlb gjlxbyzñncz pfrjye, z ghjdtk ghzvjt cjgjcnfdktybt cjjåhfétybq jnyjcbntkmyj jgfcyjcnb åsnm gjqvfyysv, ghtlcnfdktybq j ktubnbvyjcnb cnhfétq pfrjyf b ljdjljd j njv, xnj yhfdcndtyyfz ghbhjlf pfrjyf dkbztn yf cjåkñltybt tuj kñlmvb d gjdctlytdyjq ébpyb. Z jåyfheébk, xnj rfr ktubnbvyjcnm, nfr b yhfdcndtyyjcnm jrfpsdfkb djpltqcndbt yf cjåkñltybt pfrjyf, ytpfdbcbvj jn ceéltybq jå jgfcyjcnb åsnm gjqvfyysv b gjldthuyenmcz yfrfpfybñ pf ghfdjyfheitybt. Jlyfrj cfvjt åjkmijt dkbzybt yf cjåkñltybt pfrjyf jrfpsdfkf yhfdcndtyyjcnm, f dnjhsv gj pyfxtybñ afrnjhjv dscnegfkf ktubnbvyjcnm. Jwtyrf djpvjéysö gjcktlcndbq yfheitybz pfrjyf nfrét buhfkf cdjñ hjkm d tuj cjåkñltybb, yj pyfxtybt änjuj afrnjhf åskj yfbvtymibv bp nhtö, gthtxbcktyysö dsit. Bysvb ckjdfvb, vjhfkmyj-änbxtcrbt cjjåhfétybz jrfpsdfkb cfvjt åjkmijt dkbzybt yf cjåkñltybt pfrjyf, d nj dhtvz rfr åjzpym hfpjåkfxtybz b gjcktleñotuj yfrfpfybz bvtkb cfvjt ytpyfxbntkmyjt djpltqcndbt d rfxtcndt cnbvekf r njve, xnjås jcnfdfnmcz pfrjyjgjckeiysvb uhfélfyfvb. G h j å kt v s elt h é f y b z j n c j d t h i t y b z g h t c n e g kt y b q b l he u b ö g h f d j y f he i t y b q c gjvjomñ ecnhfifñobö c h t lc n d Lheubt bccktljdfybz lfñn jcyjdfybz ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj euhjpf ghbvtytybz bkb cfvj ghbvtytybt cfyrwbq, yf jcyjdt rjnjhsö cnhjbncz jwtyrf hbcrf, nfrét jrfpsdfñn jghtltktyyjt dkbzybt yf gjdtltybt kñltq d jnyjitybb pfrjyf. Jlyfrj d cdjtv bccktljdfybb z ghbitk r pfrkñxtybñ, xnj vfcinfås gjljåyjuj dkbz- 20 ybz jåsxyj jrfpsdfñncz ytpyfxbntkmysvb. B d cnfnmt jå egjnhtåktybb yfhrjnbrjd d Fvthbrt, jgeåkbrjdfyyjq d éehyfkt ≤Cfqrjkjlébrk åñkktnby≥, Hjåthn Vfrrjey jnvtxftn, xnj ghbåkbpbntkmyj 5 ghjwtynjd lbcgthcbb lfyysö jå egjnhtåktybb uhfélfyfvb yfhrjnbrjd vjéyj jåüzcybnm bö cjjåhfétybzvb j djpvjéyjcnb åsnm gjqvfyysvb b gjldthuyenmcz yfrfpfybñ cj cnjhjys gjkbwbb b celjd. Gjljåysq dsdjl jrfpsdftncz nbgbxysv htpekmnfnjv bccktljdfybq, gjcdzotyysö cjåkñltybñ pfrjyf: elthéfybt jn cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybq b lheubö ghfdjyfheitybq c gjvjomñ ecnhfifñobö chtlcnd d kexitv ckexft jrfpsdftn kbim ytåjkmijt djpltqcndbt yf gjdtltybt kñltq. Ghfrnbxtcrbt gjcktlcndbz gjljåyjuj dsdjlf cjcnjzn d njv, xnj gjkbwbz b cels cnfkrbdfñncz c nhelyjcnzvb d ltkt äaatrnbdyjuj jåtcgtxtybz cjåkñltybz pfrjyf, tckb gjkfufñncz njkmrj yf cdjb gjkyjvjxbz gjldthufnm kñltq yfrfpfybñ. Åtp yfkbxbz ghtlcnfdktybz j ktubnbvyjcnb dkfcnb chtlb ibhjrbö ckjtd yfctktybz b/bkb d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf gjkbwbz b cels ghbåtufñn r ghbyelbntkmyjve ghbvtytybñ pfrjyjd, yt cjjndtncndeñobö jåotcndtyyjq yhfdcndtyyjcnb, cnhféfv pfrjyf yt elftncz ecgtiyj dsgjkyznm cdjñ hfåjne. Änj endthéltybt cghfdtlkbdj rfr d jnyjitybb fvthbrfycrjuj eujkjdyjuj, nfr b fvthbrfycrjuj uhfélfycrjuj ghfdf. Byfxt ujdjhz, lfyysq dsdjl ghbvtybv r ecbkbzv cnhfétq pfrjyf rfr gj gjllthéfybñ jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf, nfr b gj htitybñ cgjhjd vtéle jnltkmysvb uhfélfyfvb. Gjcktlcndbz ybprjuj ehjdyz ktubnbvyjcnb cnfyjdzncz jxtdblysvb ghb bpextybb htpekmnfnjd jncencndbz ljdthbz r gjkbwbb b celfv, rjnjhjt yfåkñlftncz chtlb uhfélfy, ghbyflktéfobö r hfpkbxysv vtymibycndfv. Ybprbq ehjdtym ktubnbvyjcnb dtltn yt njkmrj r gjdtltybñ, cdzpfyyjve c yfheitybtv pfrjyf cj cnjhjys vtymibycnd, yj b r jåotve ytétkfybñ vtymibycnd cjnhelybxfnm c gjkbwbtq d htitybb cdzpfyysö c ghtcnegyjcnmñ ghjåktv. R xbcke ibhjrj bpdtcnysö ghbvthjd bp fvthbrfycrjq bcnjhbb, rjulf pfrjy jnöjlbn jn jåotcndtyyjq vjhfkb b dcktlcndbt änjuj djpybrfñn ghjåktvs tuj cjåkñltybz, jnyjczncz ecbkbz gjcnfdbnm dyt pfrjyf egjnhtåktybt fkrjujkz b gjgsnrb jåtcgtxbnm cjåkñltybt pfrjyjd gj åjhmåt c ghjcnbnewbtq b fpfhnysvb buhfvb. Rfélsq hfp, rjulf gjkbwbz cnhtvbncz jåtcgtxbnm dsgjkytybt pfrjyjd, yfghfdktyysö ghjnbd gjdtltybz, rjnjhjt jghtltktyyst ckjb jåotcndf yt cxbnfñn åtpyhfdcndtyysv, jyf yfxbyftn cnfkrbdfnmcz c cthmtpysvb nhelyjcnzvb d hfåjnt. Rfr vjéyj hfphtibnm äne ghjåktve? Jlybv bp djpvjéysö gjlöjljd vjukj ås cnfnm htprjt edtkbxtybt xbcktyyjuj cjcnfdf gjkbwbb b ghtljcnfdktybt tq åjkmibö gjkyjvjxbq gj dvtifntkmcnde d gjdctlytdyeñ ébpym uhfélfy, gjdsifz nfrbv jåhfpjv dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj yfheibntkb åelen gjqvfys b yfrfpfys pf cjdthityyst bvb ghtcnegktybz. Änj, d cdjñ jxthtlm, gjdscbn cntgtym hbcrf b ntv cfvsv jnjåmtn e kñltq jöjne ghbåtufnm r ghtcnegyjve gjdtltybñ. Nfr, yfghbvth, dtlz åjhmåe ghjnbd djéltybz fdnjvjåbkz d ytnhtpdjv cjcnjzybb, ytrjnjhst cnhfys hfphtifñn gjkbwbb cnfdbnm d ghjbpdjkmyj dsåhfyysö vtcnfö åkjrgjcns b ghjdthznm cblzobö pf hektv uhfélfy yf ghtlvtn egjnhtåktybz fkrjujkz, d nj dhtvz rfr lheubt cnhfys gjpdjkzñn gjkbwbb jcnfyfdkbdfnm b ljghfibdfnm kñåjuj uhfélfybyf yf ekbwt bkb d vfibyt b lfét lthéfnm kñltq d nñhmvt åtp ghtlüzdktybz bv jådbytybz. Jcnftncz ytzcysv, yfcrjkmrj äaatrnbdysv jrfétncz ghtljcnfdktybt cnhféfv pfrjyf cnjkm ibhjrbö gjkyjvjxbq b rfr jyj crfétncz yf jåotcndtyyjv gjdtltybb. Yj djpvjéys b lheubt cnhfntubb, rjnjhst vjéyj åskj ås ghbvtybnm lkz åjktt äaatrnbdyjuj elthéfybz kñltq jn cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybq b lheubö ghfdjyfheitybq c gjvjomñ ecnhfifñobö chtlcnd. Ceotcndetn wtksq hzl nhelyjcntq, cdzpfyysö c gjgsnrfvb erhtgbnm dthöjdtycndj pfrjyf gentv åjktt étcnrbö chtlcnd elthéfybz kñltq jn cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybq b lheubö ghfdjyfheitybq. Jlyf bp ghjåktv cjcnjbn d njv, xnj erhtgktybt jhufyjd eghfdktybz d Fvthbrt dcnegftn d rjyakbrn c nhflbwbjyyjq pfobnjq kbxyjq cdjåjls b kbxysö ghfd, rjnjhfz ukeåjrj erjhtytyf d Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb CIF, Rjycnbnewbb b fvthbrfycrjv Åbkkt j ghfdfö. Änf ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz nhflbwbz cjxtnftncz c jåotq ujnjdyjcnmñ fvthbrfywtd cxbnfnmcz c dkfcnzvb b pfrjyjv, yj gjljåyjt gjxnbntkmyjt jnyjitybt r ybv yt yjcbn fdnjvfnbxtcrjuj öfhfrnthf. Gjljphtybt r jhufyfv eghfdktybz, ghjzdkzñobv bpkbiytt dvtifntkmcndj d ébpym uhfélfy, b ghtytåhtétybt r pfrjyfv, cxbnfñobvcz ytjghfdlfyyj yfdzpfyysvb, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq lheujq, bvtñobq ljkueñ bcnjhbñ rjvgjytyn fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbxtcrjq b ghfdjdjq rekmnehs. Gjänjve hfcibhtybt gjkyjvjxbq jhufyjd dkfcnb vjétn ghbdtcnb r gjlhsde ktubnbvyjcnb b gjybétybñ ehjdyz cjåkñltybz pfrjyf. Tot jlyf ghjåktvf cdzpfyf c ntv, yfcrjkmrj htfkbcnbxys ghtlgjkjétybz, xnj ghbvtytybt cnhfntubq, yfghfdktyysö yf gjdsitybt jwtyrb cntgtyb hbcrf åsnm gjqvfyysv b gjldthuyenmcz yfrfpfybñ, ltqcndbntkmyj cvjétn bpvtybnm jåotcndtyyjt gjdtltybt d kexieñ cnjhjye. Rfr eét jnvtxfkjcm, bpvtytybz d jwtyrt jgfcyjcnb åsnm gjqvfyysv b gjldthuyenmcz yfrfpfybñ d kexitv ckexft jrfpsdfñn kbim ytpyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf gjdtltybt kñltq. H jk m g h t lc n f d kt y b q j cghfdtl kbdjcnb ñ h b l b x t c r b ö g h j w t le h d c j å k ñ lt y b b p f rj y f Ceotcndetn kb rfrjq-kbåj fkmnthyfnbdysq gjlöjl r cjplfybñ b gjllthéfybñ ébpytcgj- 21 cjåyjq ghfdjdjq cbcntvs? Gjcktlybt bccktljdfybz jcyjdfybq, yf rjnjhsö kñlb cnhjzn cdjt jnyjitybt r fvthbrfycrbv pfrjyfv b htitybzv cnhfétq pfrjyf, erfpsdfñn yf djpvjéyjcnm jlyjuj dféyjuj gjlöjlf. Gjcrjkmre gjkbwbz b cels jceotcndkzñn cjwbfkmyjt htuekbhjdfybt, jyb xfcnj dsyeéltys ghbybvfnm htitybz, rjnjhst kñlb cxbnfñn ytétkfntkmysvb bkb lfét ytcghfdtlkbdsvb. Nfr, yfghbvth, gjkbwbz ujdjhbn kñlzv, xnj bv yt cktletn ltkfnm njuj, xnj jyb öjnzn, b ghjdjlbn d ébpym cdjb hfcgjhzétybz gentv euhjp, fhtcnjd b lfét ghbvtytybz abpbxtcrjq cbks. Celmzv xfcnj ghböjlbncz jåtcgtxbdfnm cjåkñltybt pfrjyjd gjchtlcndjv yfkjétybz inhfajd yf kñltq bkb dsytctybz bv ghbujdjhjd j pfrkñxtybb d nñhmve yf jghtltktyysq chjr. Xfcnj cxbnftncz, xnj gjljåyst ytétkfntkmyst gjcktlcndbz åelen ghbyzns kñlmvb njkmrj d njv ckexft, tckb cnhféb pfrjyf jgbhfñncz yf euhjpe cbks bkb tt ghbvtytybt. Bccktljdfybz, gjcdzotyyst bpextybñ htfrwbb kñltq yf kbxysq jgsn jåotybz c gjkbwbtq b celfvb, gjpdjkzñn ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj htfkmyfz rfhnbyf jnyjitybz uhfélfy r htitybzv cnhfétq pfrjyf ujhfplkj åjktt gjpbnbdyf. Änb bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj kñlb ghbvtyzñn vjhfkmyj-änbxtcrbt rhbnthbb d jwtyrt cdjtuj kbxyjuj jgsnf. D xfcnyjcnb, jyb jwtybdfñn cdjq kbxysq jgsn jåotybz cj cnhféfvb pfrjyf, jwtybdfz cghfdtlkbdjcnm ñhblbxtcrbö ghjwtleh. Yfexyst bccktljdfybz ytbpvtyyj ghböjlzn r dsdjle, xnj jcyjdysv rhbnthbtv ghbyznbz bkb ytghbyznbz kñlmvb htitybq gjkbwbb b celtq dscnegftn bö jwtyrf njuj, yfcrjkmrj cghfdtlkbds, c bö njxrb phtybz, ghjwtlehs, ghbvtyztvst dkfcnzvb ghb ghbyznbb änbö htitybq. Ghbdtle rjyrhtnysq ghbvth. Jlyféls z jghfibdfk kñltq, ghtlcnfdibö gthtl celmzvb d celt gj ltkfv j yfheitybb ghfdbk ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz d u. Xbrfuj, infn Bkkbyjqc. D nj 22 dhtvz åskj jåsxyjq ghfrnbrjq ghtrhfofnm ltkj, tckb yfheibntkb kbxyj ghböjlbkb d cel. Ghb änjv celmb bcöjlbkb bp njuj, xnj cfvj gjzdktybt d celt eét åskj ljcnfnjxysv yfrfpfybtv pf cjdthitybt vtkrbö yfheitybq. D htpekmnfnt yb yf jlye cnjhjye yt yfkfufkjcm inhfaf, f celbvjcnm yt htubcnhbhjdfkfcm djjåot. Rfpfkjcm ås, kñlb, jnltkfdibtcz cnjkm kturj, ljkéys åskb bcgsnsdfnm eljdktndjhtybt jn gjljåyjuj bcöjlf ltkf. Jlyfrj z ytbpvtyyj pfvtxfk, xnj jyb bcgsnsdfkb ytljdjkmcndj gj gjdjle nfrjq ghjwtlehs hfpåbhfntkmcndf. Gjxtve? Gjnjve xnj kñlb yt cxbnfkb gjljåysq vtnjl htitybz ltk d celt cghfdtlkbdsv. Jyb öjntkb ghjdtltybz yfcnjzotuj celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf, d öjlt rjnjhjuj bv åskf ås ghtljcnfdktyf djpvjéyjcnm bpkjébnm cdjñ njxre phtybz b gjkexbnm htitybt celf jå jåjcyjdfyyjcnb bö dspjdf d cel pf yfheitybt ghfdbk ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. Dsytctybt gjkjébntkmyjuj htitybz gj bö ltke bvtkj lkz ybö vtymitt pyfxtybt, xtv djpvjéyjcnm dscnegbnm d celt b ghbdtcnb cdjb ljdjls d ghjwtcct celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf. D hfåjnt ≤Cjwbfkmyfz gcböjkjubz ghjwtccefkmyjuj ghfdf≥ vs c T. Fkkäyjv Kbyljv ghbdjlbv lfyyst ghjdtltyyjuj yfvb jghjcf kñltq, kbxyj bvtdibö ltkj c gjkbwtqcrbvb b celmzvb. D öjlt änjuj jghjcf vs ytjlyjrhfnyj eåtélfkbcm d njv, xnj lkz kñltq bvttn jxtym åjkmijt pyfxtybt bö jwtyrf jnyjitybz cj cnjhjys cnhfétq pfrjyf, nj tcnm yfcrjkmrj cghfdtlkbdsv bkb ghtldpznsv jyj åskj. Kñlb, cxbnfñobt, xnj r ybv jnytckbcm cghfdtlkbdj, ujhfplj jöjnytt ghbybvfñn dsytctyyst htitybz, lfét tckb änb htitybz jrfpsdfñncz yt d bö gjkmpe, – b dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, cxbnfñn kb jyb, xnj bö vjuen gjqvfnm b yfrfpfnm d ckexft ytghbznbz bvb egjvzyensö htitybq, bkb ytn. Gjxtve änj ghjbcöjlbn? Tckb kñlb bcgsnfkb yf ctåt ltqcndbt cghfdtlkbdsö ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh, jyb xedcndeñn ctåz jåzpfyys- vb gjlxbyznmcz pfrjyfv. Dsgjkytybt cghfdtlkbdsö ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh nfrét ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj uhfélfyt yfxbyfñn jnyjcbnmcz r ghbyznsv htitybzv rfr r htitybzv, cjjndtncndeñobv bö vjhfkmysv wtyyjcnzv. Gj änbv ghbxbyfv kñlb åjktt jöjnyj ghbtvkñn gjljåyst htitybz. Lfyysq dsdjl bvttn åjkmijt pyfxtybt, gjcrjkmre lftn jcyjdfybt ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj ghb jwtyrt cdjtuj jgsnf jåotybz c gjkbwbtq b celfvb kñlb jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzñn vjhfkmyj-änbxtcrbv ghjåktvfv, f yt kbxysv dsujlfv bkb gjnthzv. Egjvzyenst htpekmnfns jghjcf lfñn jcyjdfybt ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cnhféb pfrjyf vjuen ljåbnmcz ghbpyfybz kñlmvb dsytctyysö bvb htitybq, tckb åelen jåhfofnm dybvfybt yf nj, rfrbv jåhfpjv ghbybvfñncz gjljåyst htitybz. D bccktljdfybb, ghjdtltyyjv d 1997 ujle Gfnthyjcnthjv b lh., åskj ecnfyjdktyj, xnj xfot yfåkñlftncz dsgjkytybt nfrbö htitybq d ntxtybt lkbntkmyjuj chjrf, gjcrjkmre kñlb cxbnfñn ctåz kbxyj jåzpfyysvb dsgjkyznm bö b gjlxbyznmcz fyfkjubxysv pfrjyfv d åeleotv. Cjukfcyj lfyysv änjuj bccktljdfybz 1997 ujlf, kñlb, cxbnfdibt, xnj gjkbwbz jåjikfcm c ybvb cghfdtlkbdj, c åjkmitq dthjznyjcnmñ cjåkñlfkb pfrjy d ntxtybt itcnb vtczwtd gjckt bywbltynf. Gjcrjkmre gjkbwbz yt ghbcencndjdfkf yf ghjnzétybb åjkmitq xfcnb bkb dctuj änjuj gjcktleñotuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb, kñlb åhfkb yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cjåkñltybt pfrjyf. Jgsn kñltq, r rjnjhsv, gj bö vytybñ, jnytckbcm cghfdtlkbdj, gjåeélfk bö r cjukfcbñ c cjwbfkmysv htuekbhjdfybtv, b jyb ghjzdkzkb kbxyeñ ghbdthétyyjcnm cjåkñltybñ pfrjyf. Rfrbt ghjwtlehyst äktvtyns ajhvbheñn ceéltybz kñltq jnyjcbntkmyj cghfdtlkbdjcnb jnyjitybz r ybv? Bccktljdfybz lfñn jcyjdfybz ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj e kñltq ckjéyst ghtlcnfdktybz j cghfdtlkbdjcnb ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh, Xfcnj jnvtxfñncz djctvm bkb åjktt hfpkbxysö äktvtynjd ghfdjcelbz ghb dsytctybb htitybz j cntgtyb cghfdtlkbdjcnb njq bkb byjq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehs. Jåsxyj dszdkztncz xtnsht jcyjdysö fcgtrnf. ❍ Dj-gthdsö, kñlb wtyzn djpvjéyjcnm exfcnbz b dytctybz cdjtuj drkflf d ghjwtcc ghbyznbz htitybq. ❍ Dj-dnjhsö, jyb öjnzn, xnjås ghjwtlehs yjcbkb ytqnhfkmysq öfhfrnth – åskb kbitys ghtldpznjcnb, jcyjdsdfkbcm yf afrnfö b ghbvtyzkbcm d eckjdbzö yterjcybntkmyjuj cjåkñltybz ghfdbk. ❍ D nhtnmbö, kñlb öjnzn, xnjås r ybv jnyjcbkbcm c edfétybtv bö ljcnjbycndf b ghbpyfybtv bö ghfd. ❍ D xtndthnsö, jyb öjnzn xedcndjdfnm, xnj dkfcnb c gjybvfybtv jnyjczncz r bö yeélfv b pfåjnfv b ghjzdkzñn xtcnyjcnm d jåotybb c ybvb. D ghjwtcct jåceéltybz djghjcf j njv, ghbybvfnm bkb yt ghbybvfnm nj bkb byjt erfpfybt rjuj-kbåj bp cnhfétq pfrjyf, rféljt bp änbö cjjåhfétybq jåsxyj buhftn d ghbybvftvsö htitybzö åjkmitt pyfxtybt, xtv jwtyrb cghfdtlkbdjcnb bkb åkfujghbznyjcnb cfvjuj htitybz. H jk m c g h f d t l k b d j c n b g h f d j d s ö g h j w t le h d e n d t h é lt y b b f d n j h b n t n f g h f d j j ö h f y b n tk m y s ö jhufyjd b jhufyjd g h f d j c el b z Kñlb ghblfñn hfpyjt pyfxtybt hfpkbxysv äktvtynfv cbcntvs jöhfys gjhzlrf, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn öfhfrnthf jåceélftvjuj djghjcf bkb ghjåktvs. Nfr, yfghbvth, ghtljcnfdktybt djpvjéyjcnb dytcnb cdjq drkfl bvtñn jcjåtyyj åjkmijt pyfxtybt, rjulf dkfcnb gsnfñncz htibnm cgjh vtéle ytcrjkmrbvb kñlmvb. C lheujq cnjhjys, änybxtcrfz ghbyflktéyjcnm, gjk b cjwbfkmysq cnfnec yt dkbzñn yf dpukzls kñ- 23 ltq jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, xnj jåtcgtxbdftn cghfdtlkbdjcnm ghjwtlehs. Änj gjpdjkztn ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj cghfdtlkbdjcnm ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh vjétn åsnm wtyysv vtöfybpvjv ghb htitybb cgjhjd, dsöjlzobö pf hfvrb jnltkmysö uhegg. Bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj kñlb, ghbyflktéfobt r hfpysv ärjyjvbxtcrbv, cjwbfkmysv b bltjkjubxtcrbv uheggfv, xfcnj ghblthébdfñncz cjdthityyj hfpysö dpukzljd j njv, rfrbv ljkéyj åsnm cghfdtlkbdjt htitybt, b bvtñn ghjnbdjgjkjéyst njxrb phtybz yf öfhfrnth htitybz, åkfujghbznyjuj lkz ybö b/bkb bö uheggs. Jlyfrj nt ét cfvst kñlb bvtñn ujhfplj åjkmit njxtr cjghbrjcyjdtybz d djghjct j ytjåöjlbvsö öfhfrnthbcnbrfö cghfdtlkbdjq ghjwtlehs ghbyznbz htitybq. Gjcrjkmre eét jnvtxfkjcm, xnj cghfdtlkbdst ghfdjdst ghjwtlehs vjuen cgjcjåcndjdfnm ghbpyfybñ htitybq, kñlb, crjhtq dctuj, dj vyjujv cöjlzncz dj vytybb jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, xnj ltkftn ne bkb byeñ ghjwtlehe cghfdtlkbdjq. Änj pdexbn jåyfltébdfñot. Fyfkjubxyst dsdjls gj gjdjle cghfdtlkbdjcnb ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh dsntrfñn bp fyfkbpf cktljdfybz kñltq pfrjye d gjdctlytdyjq ébpyb. Kñlb åjktt crkjyys gjlxbyznmcz pfrjye, tckb jyb dthzn d cghfdtlkbdjcnm ghjwtleh, ghbvtyztvsö cnhféfvb pfrjyf b ghfdjdsvb bycnbnenfvb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghbvtyzz cghfdtlkbdst ghjwtlehs d ghjwtcct ghbyznbz htitybq, cnhféb pfrjyf cjplfñn ghfdjdeñ rekmnehe, d hfvrfö rjnjhjq kñlb xedcndeñn kbxyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf cjåkñltybt pfrjyf. Gjljåyjt cfvjhtuekbheñottcz jåotcndj jcyjdsdftncz yf xedcndt jndtncndtyyjcnb b jåzpfyyjcnb cjåkñlfnm pfrjy, f nfrét yf ujnjdyjcnb kñltq jncnfbdfnm cdjb yhfdcndtyyst wtyyjcnb. Rkñxjv r cjplfybñ b gjllthéfybñ nfrjuj jåotcndf ckeébn ghbvtytybt cnhféfvb pfrjyf cghfdtlkbdsö ghfdjdsö ghjwtleh. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf 24 E u j k j d y j t g h f d j c el b t d C I F Djpybryjdtybt vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf L t y y b c V f kj y b F xnj tckb dvtcnj ghjdthtyyjuj cgjcjåf åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ – hfccktljdfybz eujkjdyjuj ltkf b yfrfpfybz ghtcnegybrf – tcnm åjktt äaatrnbdysq cgjcjå, jgbhfñobqcz yf jåotcndtyyjcnm? Dvtcnj njuj, xnjås ghjöjlbnm xthtp pfnzéyjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj, d öjlt rjnjhjuj ghtcnegybr vjétn åsnm ghbpyfy bkb yt ghbpyfy dbyjdysv, jåotcndtyyjcnm vjétn ltqcndjdfnm xthtp cgtwbfkmyst jhufybpfwbb, bcgjkyzñobt aeyrwbb gjchtlybrf vtéle ghtcnegybrjv b éthndjq. Ltyybc Vfkjyb, lbhtrnjh jhufybpfwbb ≤Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf≥, cjplfyyjq jhufyfvb eghfdktybz d jrheut Ltienc, infn Jhtujy, ntcyj cjnhelybxfñotq c YGJ d jåkfcnb ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegktybq, pyfrjvbn xbnfntkz c hzljv vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf. DJPMVBNT nfrjq ckexfq. Ghjhfåjnfd ljgjplyf, ds ecgtdftnt ctcnm yf gjcktlybq fdnjåec. Ds dsöjlbnt bp fdnjåecf yf cdjtq jcnfyjdrt b gtirjv yfghfdkztntcm r ljve. Ghbåkbéfzcm r ljve, ds dbltnt nfreñ nhtdjéyeñ rfhnbye – ltnb gkfxen, crkjybdibcm yfl étyobyjq, ktéfotq yf nhjnefht. Åhjcfzcm r vtcne ghjbcitcndbz, ds pfvtxftnt, xnj rfrfz-nj veécrfz abuehf bcxtpftn d ntyb ytåjkmibö lthtdmtd dljkm nhjnefhf. Xnj ds ltkftnt lfkmit? Z pflfdfk änjn djghjc nsczxfv uhfélfy d ltcznrfö fvthbrfycrbö infnjd. B gjkexfk jlby b njn ét jndtn. Ghtélt dctuj ds pfqvtntcm étyobyjq, ghjdthbnt ghbpyfrb ébpyb b jghtltkbnt öfhfrnth yfytctyyjuj tq edtxmz. Lfktt ds ghjdthbnt ltntq b eåtlbntcm, xnj jyb yt gjcnhflfkb jn yfgfltybz. D-nhtnmbö, ds gjghjcbnt cjctlf dspdfnm gj ntktajye crjheñ gjvjom b gjkbwbñ lkz gjbcrf b fhtcnf ghtcnegybrf. Nfrfz gjcktljdfntkmyjcnm, f bvtyyj – gjpfåjnbnmcz j éthndt ghtcnegktybz, ghjdthbnm jrheéfñobö, f pfntv pfyznmcz ghtcnegybrjv, – ghtlcnfdkztncz nbgbxyjq htfrwbtq fvthbrfywtd d jndtn yf cjdthityyjt ghtcnegktybt. 25 Dennis Maloney Y t lj c n f n r b c b c n t v s Tckb gjcktljdfntkmyjcnm ltqcndbq, ghtlghbybvftvsö gjckt cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybz, bvtyyj nfrfz, f yt lheufz, nj gjxtve ét fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz afrnbxtcrb cktletn gjkyjcnmñ ghjnbdjgjkjéyjq ghjwtleht? D CIF ujcelfhcndj jåtcgtxbdftn b abyfycbhetn ghfdjdeñ pfobne lkz ghtcnegybrf, tve ghtljcnfdkzñncz rjycekmnfnbdyst b nthfgtdnbxtcrbt eckeub, f gjckt njuj, rfr jy jrfpfkcz pf htitnrjq, gthtl ybv åjufnst djpvjéyjcnb ghjljkéfnm ghjatccbjyfkmyj-ntöybxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt. F éthnds ghtcnegktybz cnhflfñn b bpktxbdfñn yfytctyyeñ bv nhfdve pf cdjq cjåcndtyysq cxtn. Dcktlcndbt änjuj fvthbrfycrfz jåotcndtyyjcnm ghbikf r dsdjle, xnj ysytiyzz cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz yfcnjkmrj gjcktljdfntkmyj yfghfdktyf yf eljdktndjhtybt bynthtcjd ghtcnegybrf, xnj afrnbxtcrb vs ghtdhfnbkbcm d pfobnybrjd ghfd yfheibntktq pfrjyf. F vyjubt lfét cxbnfñn, xnj vs ltqcndetv rfr fldjrfns ghtcnegybrjd pf cxtn éthnds b d eothå bynthtcfv jåotcndf. Nfrjuj hjlf gfhfljrc ybrjulf yt åeltn b yt ljkéty cxbnfnmcz ghbtvktvsv. 26 Fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf jgbhftncz yf pfrkñxtybt ghtcnegybrf d nñhmve rfr yf ghtlgjxnbntkmyjt b dj vyjubö ckexfzö tlbycndtyyjt chtlcndj pfcnfdbnm ghtcnegybrf jndtxfnm pf cdjt gjdtltybt. Yj dct åjkmit cdbltntkmcnd njuj, xnj vs vjétv d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht gjåelbnm ghtcnegybrf r åjktt ≤kbxyjve≥ jcjpyfybñ nzétcnb cdjtuj ghtcnegyjuj gjdtltybz gentv drkñxtybz d änjn ghjwtcc cfvjq éthnds. Änj d cdjñ jxthtlm vjétn cgjcjåcndjdfnm åjktt ukeåjrjve gjybvfybñ ghtcnegybrjv cdjtq jndtncndtyyjcnb. Ghtélt dctuj, jnvtnbv, xnj nñhmvs åtpeckjdyj ytjåöjlbvs lkz cjlthéfybz jgfcysö ghfdjyfheibntktq dj dhtvz ljceltåyjuj hfccktljdfybz b d gthbjl jnåsdfybz yfrfpfybz pf ghjzdktyyeñ bvb étcnjrjcnm. Nfrbö ghtcnegybrjd ytjåöjlbvj cjlthéfnm d yfltéysö nñhmvfö d ntxtybt lkbntkmysö chjrjd. Jlyfrj cktletn dcgjvybnm, xnj pyfxbntkmyjt xbckj ghfdjyfheitybq – änj ghtcnegktybz ghjnbd cjåcndtyyjcnb, rjulf ghtcnegybr yt ghjzdkztn ntyltywbb r yfcbkbñ. R xbcke nfrbö ghtcnegktybq jnyjczncz rhféb cj dpkjvjv, dfylfkbpv b bcgjkmpjdfybt gjlltkmysö abyfycjdsö ljrevtynjd. Änb ghtcnegyst ltzybz cjcnfdkzñn lj 90 ghjwtynjd dctö ghtcnegktybq, cjdthiftvsö d CIF. D nfrbö ckexfzö åskj ås ujhfplj åjktt cghfdtlkbdsv b yfdthyzrf vtytt ljhjujcnjzobv pfcnfdbnm ghtcnegybrf ytgjchtlcndtyyj jndtxfnm pf cdjb ltqcndbz gthtl éthndjq b jåotcndtyyjcnmñ yf vtcnfö. Änjuj vjéyj jceotcndbnm, tckb ghtljcnfdbnm djpvjéyjcnm cfvjq éthndt jghtltkznm yflktéfobq jåütv rjvgtycfwbb, hfpevyj ecnfyfdkbdfnm chjr dhtvtyb, rjnjhsq ghtcnegybr ljkéty jnhfåjnfnm yf jåotcndtyysö hfåjnfö, b c gjvjomñ cgtwbfkmyj gjlujnjdktyyjuj gjchtlybrf ltkfnm nfr, xnjås éthndf vjukf ghb kbxyjq dcnhtxt ljytcnb lj ghtcnegybrf dcñ nzétcnm nhfdvs, yfytctyyjq tq d htpekmnfnt ghtcnegktybz. Ltqcndbntkmyj, tckb ås cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz bcgjkmpjdfkf nñhmvs njkmrj lkz jgfcysö ghtcnegybrjd, cjdthifñobö ghtcnegktybz ghjnbd kbxyjcnb, f nfrét lkz htwblbdbcnjd, dyjdm b dyjdm gjczufñobö yf cjåcndtyyjcnm, vs vjukb ås bcgjkmpjdfnm dscdjåjélfñobtcz jåotcndtyyst chtlcndf yf dctcnjhjyybt b dtcmvf ytjåöjlbvst eckeub lkz éthnd ghtcnegktybz. Vs nfrét vjukb ås abyfycbhjdfnm äaatrnbdyst vths gj ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegyjcnb, f änj – kexibq cgjcjå pfobns gjntywbfkmysö éthnd. Änj gjldjlbn yfc r nhtnmtve äktvtyne fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz: ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegktybq. E yfc tcnm cbcntvf, cjlthéfofz cfveñ jåibhyeñ byajhvfwbñ j vtcnfö, dhtvtyb, htuekzhyjcnb b öfhfrntht ghjzdktybq eujkjdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Yj tckb gjcvjnhtnm yf nt chtlcndf, rjnjhst dsltkzñncz yf ghjabkfrnbre ghtcnegktybq, vs edblbv, xnj bö cjdthityyj ytljcnfnjxyj. Cbcntvf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz, eltkzz ytljcnfnjxyjt dybvfybt éthndfv ghtcnegktybq, cnjkm ét vfkj dybvfybz eltkztn b djghjce j ltqcndtyyjq ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegyjcnb. Egjh d gthdeñ jxthtlm ltkftncz yf bpjkbhjdfybt ghtcnegybrf jn jåotcndf, rjnjhjt xfcnj ljhjuj jåöjlbncz. Nfrjq gjlöjl, gj vytybñ vyjubö, cnhflftn åkbpjherjcnmñ. Vtcnyst bybwbfnbds gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf D jrheut Ltienc, infn Jhtujy, b d hzlt lheubö flvbybcnhfnbdysö jåhfpjdfybq d CIF hfåjnybrb jhufyjd ghfdjcelbz b jhufyjd vtcnyjq bcgjkybntkmyjq b pfrjyjlfntkmyjq dkfcnb dvtcnt c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb jåotcndtyyjcnb ghbpyfkb ytljcnfnrb ceotcndeñotq cbcntvs. B xnj tot åjktt dféyj, jyb cnhtvzncz cjplfnm åjktt cjdthityyeñ cbcntve eujkjdyjuj ghfdj- celbz, – cbcntve, rjnjhfz jcyjdfyf yf njv, xnj vs cnfkb yfpsdfnm ≤vtcnysvb bybwbfnbdfvb gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf≥. D hfvrfö cbcntvs vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf éthndf cxbnftncz ukfdysv ≤rkbtynjv≥ cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz, ghtcnegybrb jndtxfñn pf cjltzyyjt rjycnhernbdyj b jcvscktyyj, f ghjabkfrnbrf ghtcnegktybq cxbnftncz gthdjcntgtyyjq pflfxtq. Exfcnbt uhfélfy d eljdktndjhtybb gjnhtåyjcntq éthnds, jghtltktybb ghbjhbntnjd, gjchtlybxtcndt d jåkfcnb rjvgtycfwbb b jceotcndktybb rjynhjkz yfl ntv, xnjås ghtcnegybr jnhfåjnfk yf jåotcndtyysö hfåjnfö, pfybvftn wtynhfkmyjt vtcnj d cbcntvt vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf. Ghtlcnfdbntkb änjq cbcntvs jåtcgtxtybz ghfdjgjhzlrf dctulf gjlxthrbdfñn, xnj gthtöjl yf ytt vjétn åsnm jceotcndkty ghb yterjcybntkmyjv cjåkñltybb ghfdf yf yflktéfoeñ ghfdjdeñ ghjwtlehe. Jrheu Ltienc ghtlghbyzk ytcrjkmrj ifujd lkz njuj, xnjås ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, yfcrjkmrj cthmtpyj tuj yfctktybt jnyjcbncz r yjdjq rjywtgwbb jåtcgtxtybz ghfdjgjhzlrf. Gjckt wtkjuj hzlf dcnhtx, cjpdfyysö ghtlctlfntktv jrheéyjuj celf celmtq Cnbdtyjv Nbrnbyjv lkz jåceéltybz ytjåöjlbvjcnb hfcibhtybz eckeu lkz éthnds b ekexitybz ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb cj cnjhjys vtcnyjq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz, jrheu ghbyzk jabwbfkmyeñ htpjkñwbñ gj lfyyjve djghjce. D cdjñ jxthtlm, änf htpjkñwbz gjlnjkryekf jabwbfkmysö kbw r ghbyznbñ hzlf vth, d htpekmnfnt xtuj cbcntvf åscnhj cnfkf ltqcndjdfnm gj ghtlkfuftvjq vjltkb ≤vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf≥. Djn ytrjnjhst ghbvths ntö bltq, rjnjhst åskb djgkjotys d ébpym gjckt ghbyznbz htpjkñwbb: 27 E ke x i t y b t e c ke u l k z é t h n d g h t c n e g kt y b q Rfywtkzhbz ghjrehjhf jrheuf Ltienc hfphfåjnfkf wtksq hzl eckeu lkz éthnd. Änjn jnltk jghtltkztn gjnhtåyjcnb éthnd c vjvtynf cjdthitybz ghtcnegktybz lj vjvtynf dsgkfns gjcktlytq rjvgtycfwbb. Nfrfz ghjuhfvvf gjvjob éthndt cnhjbncz gj ghbywbge ≤rjlbhjdfybz≥ d fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt jrfpfybz chjxyjq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob. Ghtcnegktybz ghjnbd kbxyjcnb rjlbheñncz cbybv wdtnjv, b cjukfcyj ghjuhfvvt xthtp ytcrjkmrj vbyen gjckt ntktajyyjuj pdjyrf e éthnds gjzdkztncz ljåhjdjkmysq gjvjoybr, rjnjhsq ghbåsdftn yf vtcnj ghtcnegktybz. Gjvjom d ckexft vtytt pyfxbntkmysö ghtcnegktybq jrfpsdftncz d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö xfcjd, f c éthndfvb vtkrbö ghtcnegktybq rjynfrn ecnfyfdkbdftncz xthtp ytcrjkmrj lytq gjckt pdjyrf. Éthndfv jrfpsdfñncz b lheubt eckeub, yfghbvth, gjcnnhfdvfnbxtcrbt rjycekmnfwbb, ghtljcnfdktybt dhtvtyyjuj ébkbof d ckexft yfljåyjcnb, ghfdjdfz byajhvfwbz b gjvjom d jghtltktybb gjytctyyjuj eothåf. Éthndt ghtcnegktybz zcyj lfñn gjyznm: ≤Ds – xkty yfituj jåotcndf. Dfv ghbxbybkb pkj, b vs jåzpfys cltkfnm dct, xnjås djccnfyjdbnm dfc d ghtéytv gjkjétybb d vfrcbvfkmyj djpvjéyjq cntgtyb. Vs åeltv hzljv c dfvb lj ntö gjh, gjrf r dfv yt dthytncz joeotybt åtpjgfcyjcnb≥. Jrheéyjq cel jrheuf Ltienc hfphfåjnfk wtksq hzl djpvjéyjcntq lkz exfcnbz éthnds ghtcnegktybz d ghjwtcct ghfdjcelbz. Cel cltkfk jcjåsq egjh yf gjchtlybxtcrbt eckeub d jnyjitybzö vtéle éthndjq b ghfdjyfheibntktv. D hfvrfö änjuj gjlöjlf éthndf htiftn cfvf, dcnhtnbnmcz tq bkb ytn kbwjv r kbwe c ghtcnegybrjv b jåüzcybnm tve xtkjdtxtcrbt gjcktlcndbz gjytctyyjuj eothåf, hfccrfpfnm j ytjåöjlbvjcnb rjvgtycfwbb abyfycjdsö gjnthm b jghtltkbnm yflktéfott dhtvz, ytjåöjlbvjt jnhfåjnfnm yf jåotcndtyysö hfåjnfö. Yf 28 dcnhtxt éthnds c ghtcnegybrjv ghbcencndetn dscjrjrdfkbabwbhjdfyysq ljåhjdjkmysq gjvjoybr. Ytlfdyj cjplfyysq Jnltk vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf rjjhlbybhetn ghjuhfvve lkz celf. Gthdst htpekmnfns änjuj gjlöjlf åskb dtcmvf jåyfltébdfñobvb. Éthnds jnvtxfñn, xnj jyb bcgsnsdfñn åjkmieñ eljdktndjhtyyjcnm jn nfrjuj gjchtlybxtcndf, xtv jn nhflbwbjyyjuj celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf. Cjukfitybz, rjnjhst ljcnbufkbcm ghb nfrjv gjlöjlt, åskb åjktt ghjxysvb, xtv nhflbwbjyyst htitybz celf j dslfxt ghtcnegybrf yf gjherb. Lj 90 ghjwtynjd ghtcnegybrjd dsgkfxbdfñn rjvgtycfwbb, xnj yfvyjuj ghtdsiftn chtlybq gj cnhfyt ehjdtym ghbvthyj d 33 ghjwtynf. Jnltk vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf gjcntgtyyj vtyztn ceotcndeñott gjkjétybt, gthtyjcz egjh c rjycekmnfwbq lkz ghfdjyfheibntkz r gjllthért b rjycekmnfwbzv lkz éthnd. Gj cnfhjq cbcntvt ghfdjjöhfybntkmyst jhufys ljkéys åskb dct dhtvz jndtxfnm yf djghjcs: ≤Rfrjd cnfnec ghfdjyfheibntkz? Rfrjds tuj/tt gjnhtåyjcnb? Rfrbt nhtåeñncz eckeub, xnjås bpvtybnm tuj/tt gjdtltybt≥. Gj yjdjq ét cbcntvt egjh ltkftncz yf cktleñobt djghjcs: ≤Rfrjdj gjkjétybt éthnds? Rfrjd yfytctyysq tve/tq eothå? Xnj ljkéty cltkfnm ghfdjyfheibntkm lkz njuj, xnjås rjvgtycbhjdfnm éthndt yfytctyysq eothå?≥. Rjytxyj, jnltk ghjljkéftn pfybvfnmcz yfåkñltybtv pf gjdtltybtv ghfdjyfheibntkz. Yj jåobq rjyntrcn änjuj yfåkñltybz drkñxftn jndtncndtyyjcnm ghfdjyfheibntkz pf djccnfyjdktybt éthnds d ghtéytv cjcnjzybb b dsgkfne rjvgtycfwbb. Yfbåjktt ghbjhbntnyjq pflfxtq d jnyjitybb ghfdjyfheibntkz cnfkf tuj jndtncndtyyjcnm, f yt rjycekmnfwbb lkz ytuj. N d j h x t c r b q g jl ö jl r kbwfv, cjdthibdibv g h t c n e g kt y b z g h j n b d cjåcndtyyjcnb Ghtlcnfdbntkb ltkjdsö rheujd jrheuf Ltienc jåütlbybkb ecbkbz c Jnltkjv vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf b cjplfkb nfr yfpsdftvsq Cjdtn rjvvthcfynjd gj jåtcgtxtybñ jndtncndtyyjcnb pf ghfdjyfheitybz. Cjdtn åsk cjplfy gj wtkjve hzle ghbxby: ❍ Rhféb d vfufpbyfö, rhféb e hjpybxysö njhujdwtd b bcgjkmpjdfybt gjlltkmysö abyfycjdsö ljrevtynjd yfcnjkmrj gjlhsdfkb ltzntkmyjcnm njhujdwtd, xnj d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö cjplfdfkb euhjpe cfvjve ceotcndjdfybñ vtkrbö ghtlghbznbq. ❍ Jnltk hfqjyyjuj ghjrehjhf ghfrnbxtcrb yt bvtk ljcnfnjxyjuj jåütvf htcehcjd lkz hfccvjnhtybz wtkjq kfdbys ltk, rféljt bp rjnjhsö nhtåjdfkj hfcöjljd d 600 – 900 ljkkfhjd bp åñlétnf jnltkf yf ujyjhfhs ñhbcnjd b lheubö cjnhelybrjd. Ghbxtv, änb hfcöjls yt pfdbctkb jn vfcinfåf rhféb. ❍ Öjnz njhujdws gjllthébdfkb ghjuhfvve gjchtlybxtcndf d jnyjitybzö vtéle éthndjq b ghfdjyfheibntktv, jyb yt vjukb nhfnbnm vyjuj dhtvtyb yf nfrjt gjchtlybxtcndj d rféljv jnltkmyjv ckexft. D htpekmnfnt nfrjuj gjkjétybz rjvvthcfyns hfphfåjnfkb ghjuhfvve, gj rjnjhjq jlby rjvvthcfyn dscnegftn d rfxtcndt ytrjq ≤rjkktrnbdyjq≥ éthnds d ltcznrt bkb åjktt ckexftd lkz jghtltktybz cjjndtncndeñotuj ehjdyz rjvgtycfwbb. D nfrjv ckexft ltkj htiftncz åtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb d ljhjujcnjzotv ghjwtcct ghtlüzdktybz jådbytybz. Njhujdtw gjkexftn djpvjéyjcnm ljdtcnb lj cjpyfybz gjregfntktqdjhbitr (d vfufpbyfö cfvjjåckeébdfybz) b vtkrbö djhjd cthmtpyst gjcktlcndbz bö ltzybq lkz ctvmb vtkrjuj ghtlghbybvfntkz, b dct gjcnhflfdibt njhujdws gjkexfñn rjvgtycfwbñ åjktt jgthfnbdyj b d åjkmitv ghjwty- nt ckexftd, ytétkb ghb nhflbwbjyyjv celtåyjv hfpåbhfntkmcndt. E r h t g kt y b t j å o t c n d t y y s ö cdzptq Jlyj bp pfvtnysö bpvtytybq, ghjbcitlibö d gjcktlytt dhtvz d cdzpb c ltzntkmyjcnmñ jnltkf d hfvrfö vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf – änj erhtgktybt vtcnysö jåotcndtyysö cdzptq. D ghjikjv hfåjnf yf jåotcndtyysö yfxfkfö jåsxyj hfccvfnhbdfkfcm ghtélt dctuj rfr yfrfpfybt lkz ghfdjyfheibntktq. Yj ctqxfc d jrheut Ltiñnc d hfvrfö bltb vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf nfrfz hfåjnf hfccvfhbdftncz rfr cgjcjå jrfpfybz gjvjob éthndfv ghtcnegktybq b erhtktybz cjwbfkmysö cdzptq d wtkjv. D änjv rjyntrcnt jnltk hfåjnftn d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c vtcnysvb ytrjvvthxtcrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb gj wtkjve hzle yjdfnjhcrbö ghjtrnjd, nfrbö rfr: ❍ gfhnythcndj c vtcnysv Hjnfhb rkeåjv (cnfhtqitq fvthbrfycrjq jhufybpfwbtq, jåütlbyzñotq ghtlcnfdbntktq ltkjdsö rheujd b cnfdzotq cdjtq wtkmñ ghjgfufyle dscjrbö vjhfkmyj-änbxtcrbö yjhv d ghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb) d wtkzö cjplfybz wtynhf htfåbkbnfwbb ltntq, gjldthuiböcz yfcbkbñ; ❍ jåütlbytybt ecbkbq c vtcnysv futyncndjv gj åjhmåt c åtlyjcnmñ lkz cåjhf ltytu yf cjplfybt dhtvtyyjuj ghbñnf yf 70 vtcn; ❍ cjnhelybxtcndj d wtkzö cjplfybz gfhrf d gfvznm jå jlyjv bp vtcnysö ltzntktq jåhfpjdfybz; ❍ ecnfyjdktybt jabwbfkmysö jnyjitybq c jhufybpfwbtq ≤Öfåbnfn ajh ömñvfybnb≥, gjl herjdjlcndjv rjnjhjq ghfdjyfheibntkb cnhjzn ébkst ljvf. Nfrbv jåhfpjv vtcnyjt yfctktybt gjkexftn dblbvst htpekmnfns hfåjns Jnltkf, f ghfdjyfheibntkb yfxbyfñn ecnfyfdkbdfnm jght- 29 ltktyyeñ cdzpm cj cdjbv jrheétybtv, xnj cjrhfoftn dthjznyjcnm frnjd dfylfkbpvf c bö cnjhjys d åeleotv. Vtcnyfz jåotcndtyyjcnm dctvthyj gjllthébdftn nfrjq gjlöjl. Ghjabkfrnbxtcrbt cnhfntubb Dgjkyt vjéyj endthélfnm, xnj änb bybwbfnbds dspdfkb r ébpyb dtcm ndjhxtcrbq gjntywbfk jrheuf. Fyfkbpbhez aeyrwbjybhjdfybt bcghfdbntkmyjq cbcntvs lkz gjlhjcnrjd d infnt, dkfcnb jrheuf ghbikb r dsdjle, xnj infn Jhtujy cjplfk cnbveks lkz njuj, xnjås döjlzobt d ytuj jrheuf gjkmpjdfkbcm bcghfdbntkmysvb exhtéltybzvb infnf. Ltkj d njv, xnj d infnt Jhtujy jrheuf yt gkfnzn pf gjkmpjdfybt bcghfdbntkmysvb exhtéltybzvb infnf, bvtz nfrbv jåhfpjv djpvjéyjcnm gjvtotybz d änb exhtéltybz ≤nhelysö≥, yj yt jåzpfntkmyj jgfcysö gjlhjcnrjd – ytcjdthityyjktnybö ghfdjyfheibntktq. Gjänjve ytelbdbntkmyj, xnj ceotcndetn b åeltn ceotcndjdfnm lfdktybt, yfghfdktyyjt yf hfcibhtybt infnyjq cbcntvs bcghfdbntkmysö exhtéltybq lkz ytcjdthityyjktnybö lkz hfpvtotybz d ybö ghfdjyfheibntktq bp hfpkbxysö jrheujd. Öjnz dytiyt änj ghtlcnfdkztncz dsujlysv lkz jrheéysö dkfcntq, c abyfycjdjq njxrb phtybz, änj kbim dtltn r edtkbxtybñ xbcktyyjcnb pfrkñxtyysö b r åjkmibv pfnhfnfv, xnj euhjéftn lheubv dféysv aeyrwbzv dkfcntq infnf, nfrbv rfr jåhfpjdfybt. Jrheu Ltienc b dtljvcndj gj ltkfv vjkjltéb infnf Jhtujy cjdvtcnyj dshfåjnfkb cgjcjå hflbrfkmyjuj bpvtytybz änjq ntyltywbb. Jrheu ghtlkjébk gthtqnb yf vtnjl abyfycbhjdfybz c gjvjomñ abrcbhjdfyysö uhfynjd, rjulf jrheu cfv eghfdkztn vtcnysvb exhtéltybzvb lkz ytjgfcysö ytcjdthityyjktnybö ghfdjyfheibntktq, rjnjhst d ghjnbdyjv ckexft åskb ås gjvtotys d bycnbnens infnf. 30 Vtcnyst ghjuhfvvs jgkfxbdfñncz bp chtlcnd abrcbhjdfyysö uhfynjd ghb njv eckjdbb, xnj kñåst cåthtétybz vjuen htbydtcnbhjdfnmcz d hfåjne gj ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegyjcnb. F nfrbt cåthtétybz vjuen åsnm dtcmvf pyfxbntkmysvb b ljcnbufnm gjhzlrf ytcrjkmrbö cjnty nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl. Ltymufvb hfcgjhzéftncz jåotcndtyyfz Rjvbccbz gj ltkfv ltntq b ctvtq. Xktys rjvbccbb jgbhfñncz yf ltkjdjq gjlöjl b xtnrj hfpuhfybxbdfñn hfcöjls b bydtcnbwbb. Cnjkm yjdfnjhcrbq gjlöjl gjkexbk gjllthére jn pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj cjåhfybz infnf b ueåthyfnjhf Léjyf F. Rbncöfåthf. Tckb änf ghjuhfvvf ljrfétn cdjñ äaatrnbdyjcnm b hfcghjcnhfybncz yf lheubt jrheuf, Jhtujy jrfétncz d dsbuhsit dldjqyt. Xbckj pfrkñxtyysö d nñhmvfö gj rhfqytq vtht cvjétn åsnm juhfybxtyj, f ltymub, hfymit yfghfdkzdibtcz yf ljhjujcnjzott cjlthéfybt nñhtv, cvjuen åsnm dkjétys d ghjabkfrnbre ghtcnegyjcnb yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt. Änj kbim ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd njq hfåjns, rjnjhfz ghtlghbybvftncz d hfvrfö vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf. Ghb dct åjktt frnbdyjv exfcnbb b uhfélfy, b éthnd ghtcnegyjcnb juhjvyfz ndjhxtcrfz äythubz yfghfdkztncz yf ghtjåhfpjdfybt cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz d cbcntve vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf. Rjywtgwbz vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf jcyjdfyf yf pfåjnt j éthndt b pfobnt bynthtcjd éthnd. Jyf ghtlkfuftn ndjhxtcrbt htitybz d jnyjitybb cgjcjåjd yfrfpfybz ghtcnegybrjd, cjdthibdibö ghtcnegktybz åtp ghbvtytybz yfcbkbz, b ltkftn ghjabkfrnbre ghtcnegyjcnb dféysv fcgtrnjv gjdctlytdyjq hfåjns cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz. Wtynhfkmysv äktvtynjv lfyyjuj gjlöjlf zdkztncz frnbdyjt exfcnbt uhfélfy dj dctö fcgtrnfö cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz. Exfcnbt uhfélfy cgjcjåcndetn åjktt ibhjrjve hfcghjcnhfytybñ xedcndf jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjplf- ybt åtpjgfcyjq chtls jåbnfybz lfktrj pf hfvrb cjnhelybrjd cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz. Herjdjlcndezcm änbv yjdsv xedcndjv cjghbxfcnyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnb, uhfélfyt c ujnjdyjcnmñ jnlfñn yf ckeéåe vtcnyjve cjjåotcnde cdjñ äythubñ b chtlcndf, xtuj yt ghjbcöjlbkj d ghjikjv, rjulf egjh ltkfkcz yf bcgjkmpjdfybt åñlétnysö chtlcnd. Åeleott ghtlcnfdkztncz åjktt cdtnksv b åtpjgfcysv nfv, ult yfctktybt cnhtvbncz r htfkbpfwbb vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf yf jcyjdfybb yjdjuj gjlöjlf, frnbdyjuj exfcnbz jåotcndtyyjcnb b ghbdktxtybz jåotcndtyysö htcehcjd. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf 31 Htpjkñwbz gj vtcnysv bybwbfnbdfv gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf H t p j k ñ w b z y j v t h 9 6 – 12 2 GJCRJKMRE ébntkb jrheuf Ltienc bvtñn ghfdj yf cfvsq dscjrbq ehjdtym jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, GJCRJKMRE exfcnbdibtcz ckexfb ghtcnegyjcnb chtlb ytcjdthityyjktnybö b dphjcksö cjplfñn euhjpe åtpjgfcyjcnb yfibö uhfélfy, GJCRJKMRE rjvgktrcyfz cnhfntubz åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ nhtåetn cåfkfycbhjdfyyjuj gjlöjlf r ghjabkfrnbrt ghtcnegyjcnb, pfåkfujdhtvtyyjve dvtifntkmcnde b hfyytve ghtleghtéltybñ b äaatrnbdysv ecbkbzv d jåkfcnb bcghfdbntkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, GJCRJKMRE rjywtgwbz vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf jkbwtndjhztn cjåjq gjlöjl, ghbdktrfñobq jåotcndtyyjcnm r exfcnbñ d hfåjnt gj ghjabkfrnbrt b cjrhfotybñ ghtcnegyjcnb, Cjdtn egjkyjvjxtyysö jrheuf Ltienc ghbybvftn rjywtgwbñ vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf b yf tt jcyjdt åeltn htifnm pflfxb b jceotcndkznm wtkb bcghfdbntkmyjq hfåjns. Rhjvt njuj, jrheu yfcnjzobv ljrevtynjv cjplftn Jnltk vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf, rjnjhsq pfvtybn cjåjq vtcnysq Jnltk bcghfdktybz ghfdjyfheibntktq. 32 GJCNFYJDKZTNCZ, xnj Jnltk vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf åeltn hfåjnfnm d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c ébntkzvb jrheuf d wtkzö äaatrnbdyjq ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb, rjynhjkz pf ghtcnegyjcnmñ b cjrhfotybz tt vfcinfåjd. LFKTT GJCNFYJDKZTNCZ, xnj jrheu cjplfcn Wtynh vtcnysö bybwbfnbd gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghfdjgjhzlrf, rjnjhsq åeltn ghtljcnfdkznm gjvtotybt lkz ghjuhfvv htfåbkbnfwbb éthnd ghtcnegktybq, cnhtvzcm r njve, xnjås ghtcnegybrb jndtxfkb pf cjltzyyjt b cnfyjdbkbcm jndtncndtyysvb b gjktpysvb xktyfvb jåotcndf, b xnjås vtcnyfz jåotcndtyyjcnm gjkexbkf djpvjéyjcnm lkz ghjdtltybz ibhjrjuj lbfgfpjyf vthjghbznbq gj åjhmåt c ghtcnegyjcnmñ. GHBYZNF 25 ctynzåhz 1996 ujlf Cjdtnjv egjkyjvjxtyysö jrheuf Ltiñnc. E u j k j d y j t g h f d j c el b t d C I F Ltkj ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥ b aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf Lädbl Gbnnc 70 ktn yfpfl yfxfkcz celtåysq ghjwtcc, pf hfpdbnbtv rjnjhjuj cktlbkf dcz cnhfyf gjxnb ldf ltcznbktnbz. Ltkj ≤Gfhyb bp Crjnncåjhj ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ cnfkj gjdjhjnysv vjvtynjv, ghtlntxtq ldbétybz pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf d CIF b ghbdtkj r ghbyznbñ Dthöjdysv celjv CIF ldeö ägjöfkmysö htitybq, rjnjhst hfcibhbkb aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf dctö fvthbrfywtd. Änj ltkj nfrét zdbkjcm jnhtpdkzñobv yfgjvbyfybtv j njv, xnj ghfdf, pfgbcfyyst d rjycnbnewbzö, htlrj fdnjvfnbxtcrb djgkjofñncz d htfkmyjcnb, yj nhfycajhvbheñncz c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb d cdtnt celtåysö bynthghtnfwbq b gthtcvjnhjd. D cdjtq cnfnmt Lädbl Gbnnc jåceélftn pyfxtybt gjcnfyjdktybq Dthöjdyjuj celf. Jy nfrét gjåsdfk d Crjnncåjhj, ult gjåtctljdfk c vähjv ujhjlf jå bpvtytybzö, ghjbpjitlibö nfv gjckt ghjdtltybz gthdsö celtåysö ghjwtccjd d 1931 ujle. D VFHNT 1931 UJLF ltdznm vjkjlsö ytuhjd d djphfcnt jn 13 ktn lj 21 ujlf, rjnjhst töfkb d jnrhsnjv njdfhyjv dfujyt gj ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb d infnt Fkfåfvf, åskb dpzns gjl cnhfée b ghbdktxtys r cele gj jådbytybñ d bpyfcbkjdfybb ldeö åtksö ltdeitr – Heåby Åtqnc b Dbrnjhbb Ghfqc, – rjnjhst töfkb ntv ét gjtpljv. Ltkj ghjbcöjlbkj d Crjnncåjhj – vfktymrjv ghjdbywbfkmyjv ujhjlrt, rjnjhjve åskj ceéltyj lfnm yfpdfybt jlyjve bp yfbåjktt uhjvrbö ltk j uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö d fvthbrfycrjq bcnjhbb. Änf bcnjhbz j hfcbpvt, cnthtjnbgfö b ctrcefkmysö nfåe pfnhjyekf cthlwf ébntktq Ñuf, ult d nj dhtvz wfhbkf étcnrfz ctuhtufwbz. Djctvm bp ltdznb vjkjlsö gfhytq åskb åscnhj ghbpyfys dbyjdysvb b ghbujdjhtys r cvthnyjq rfpyb. Hjñ Hfqne, rjnjhjve njulf åskj kbim 13 ktn, elfkjcm bpåtéfnm dscitq vths yfrfpfybz. Plfybt celf, ult ghjöjlbkb gthdst celtåyst pfctlfybz, lj cbö gjh cnjbn d wtynht ujhjlf, öjnz vtcnysq ébntkm nen ét yfgjvybk ghbtpétve j njv, xnj gjcktleñobt ghjwtccs åskb gthtytctys d lheujt vtcnj yf nthhbnj- 33 Ajnjuhfabz, kñåtpyj ghtljcnfdktyyfz fdnjhjv Plfybt celf d Crjnncåjhj ctujlyz. hbb infnf Fkfåfvf. Åjkmibycndj jghjityysö bvtñn dtcmvf nevfyyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj ghjbcöjlbkj pltcm ctvmltczn ktn yfpfl. Jlby gjébkjq veéxbyf crfpfk: ≤Z åsk vfkmxbrjv, rjulf yfxfkcz cel. Z cvenyj gjvyñ, rfr vjb hjlbntkb egjvbyfkb jå änjv. Kbim gjplytt z jcjpyfk, xnj ghzvj pltcm, e yfc d ujhjlt, ghjbpjikj dféyjt cjåsnbt. Yj änj gjybvfybt ghbikj rj vyt kbim gjckt njuj, rfr j uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö pfujdjhbkb dct≥. P y f x t y b t lf y y j u j ltk f Ltkj ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥ bvttn åjkmijt pyfxtybt yt njkmrj lkz bcnjhbb åjhmås pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf, yj b lkz bcnjhbb hfpdbnbz rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, gjcrjkmre jyj ghbdtkj r hfcibhtyyjq bynthghtnfwbb ghtljcnfd- 34 ktyyjq Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrjq ufhfynbb ≤hfdyjq pfobns gj pfrjye≥ b ≤yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehs≥. Jyj nfrét hfcibhbkj cathe ltqcndbz Itcnjq gjghfdrb, ufhfynbheñotq jndtnxbre ghfdj gjkmpjdfnmcz gjvjomñ fldjrfnf. D xfcnyjcnb, änj ltkj d rjytxyjv cxtnt ghbdtkj r njve, xnj dctv fvthbrfywfv åskj ghtljcnfdktyj ghfdj yf fldjrfnf ljcnfnjxyjq rdfkbabrfwbb ghb ghjdtltybb dctö eujkjdysö ghjwtccjd rfr yf ehjdyt infnf, nfr b yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt. Rhjvt njuj, åskj ddtltyj nhtåjdfybt, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ghtlcnfdbntkb yb jlyjq bp hfc bkb yfwbjyfkmyjcntq yt vjuen åsnm kbitys ghfdf djqnb d cjcnfd ghbczéysö. Itcnfz gjghfdrf r Rjycnbnewbb CIF ghtlecvfnhbdftn hfpkbxyst ghfdf, ghbpdfyyst ufhfynbhjdfnm jndtnxbrfv gj eujkjdysv ltkfv cghfdtlkbdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj. Jlybv bp rkñxtdsö gjkjétybq ckeébn ghfdj åsnm ghtlcnfdktyysv fldjrfnjv. Yj yf ghjnzétybb åjkmitq xfcnb bcnjhbb fvthbrfycrjuj ujcelfhcndf ghfdjv yf fldjrfnf vjukb gjkmpjdfnmcz kbim nt, rnj vju pfgkfnbnm pf tuj eckeub. Rhjvt njuj, änj ghfdj hfcghjcnhfyzkjcm njkmrj yf ghtcnegktybz, gjlgflfñobt gjl atlthfkmyeñ ñhbclbrwbñ. Dct bpvtybkjcm gjckt ghjwtccf yfl ≤gfhyzvb bp Crjnncåjhj≥, rjnjhsö jådbybkb d yfheitybb yt atlthfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, f pfrjyjlfntkmcndf infnf b rjnjhst åskb yfcnjkmrj åtlys, xnj yt vjukb cjlthéfnm lfét ctåz, yt ujdjhz eét j njv, xnjås jgkfxbdfnm eckeub ghtlcnfdkzñotuj bö fldjrfnf. D rjywt rjywjd gjlcelbvsv åskj ghtljcnfdktyj ldf fldjrfnf, yj yb jlyjuj bp ybö lfét c åjkmijq yfnzérjq ytkmpz åskj ghbpyfnm fldjrfnjv ljcnfnjxyjq rdfkbabrfwbb. Jlby bp ybö åsk fldjrfnjv gj ltkfv j ytldbébvjcnb bp infnf Ntyytcb b d ntxtybt dctuj ghjwtccf åsk gmzy. Lheujq åsk vtcnysv fldjrfnjv, rjnjhsq lkbntkmyjt dhtvz djjåot yt ghbybvfk exfcnbz d celtåysö ghjwtccfö. Gthdjt ägjöfkmyjt g j c n f y j d kt y b t D t h ö j d y j u j c elf D cdjtv ägjöfkmyjv gjcnfyjdktybb gj crjnncåjhcrjve ltke ≤Gfeäkk ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ (1932 ujl), yfpdfyyjve nfr gj bvtyb jlyjuj bp ltdznb jndtnxbrjd, Dthöjdysq cel CIF gjcnfyjdbk, xnj ytbveobv jndtnxbrfv, rjnjhsv uhjpbn cvthnyfz rfpym, ljkéty åsnm ghtljcnfdkty fldjrfn ljcnfnjxyjq rdfkbabrfwbb. Cdjt htitybt cel jåjcyjdfk d jcyjdyjv gjkjétybtv j yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtleht, cjlthéfobvcz d Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrt r Rjycnbnewbb CIF. Jnvtybd cvthnyst ghbujdjhs, Dthöjdysq cel åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjd jghtltkbk, xnj pfobnf gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj åskf, vzurj ujdjhz, ytfltrdfnyjq. D gjcnfyjdktybb celf åskj crfpfyj, xnj ghb hfccvjnhtybb cnjkm cthmtpysö ltk, rfr änj, d celt rfr ehjdyz infnf, nfr b atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz, fldjrfn bvttn ≤aeylfvtynfkmyj dféyjt pyfxtybt≥ lkz jåtcgtxtybz yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehs. ≤Jnvtybd jådbybntkmyst ghbujdjhs, – gbitn Ljyfkml Kfqdkb d cdjtq rybut ≤Ägjöfkmyst htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf≥, – Dthöjdysq cel jghtltkbk, xnj ckjéyjcnb eujkjdyjuj ghjwtccf nhtåeñn ghtljcnfdktybz jådbyztvjve ghfdf gjkmpjdfnmcz gjvjomñ fldjrfnf≥. Öjnz htitybt gj ltke ≤Gfeäkk ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ yjcbkj juhfybxtyysq öfhfrnth d njv cvsckt, xnj jyj hfcghjcnhfyzkjcm njkmrj yf ltkf j ghtcnegktybzö, pf rjnjhst xtkjdtr vjétn åsnm jceélty yf cvthnm, ärcgthns d jåkfcnb rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf endthélfñn, xnj jyj jrfpfkj cthmtpyjt dkbzybt yf fvthbrfycreñ ñhbcgheltywbñ, gjcrjkmre dgthdst ghfdj yf fldjrfnf åskj hfcghjcnhfytyj yt njkmrj yf ltkf, ckeifñobtcz d atlthfkmysö celfö, yj b yf ltkf, hfccvfnhbdfñobtcz d celfö yf ehjdyt infnf. Rhjvt njuj, rfr hfpüzcyztncz d ≤Ckjdfht rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf CIF≥, änj htitybt ≤cdzpfkj ltqcndbt gjkjétybz Itcnjq gjghfdrb j ghfdt yf fldjrfnf cj infnfvb c gjvjomñ gjkjétybz j yflktéfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtleht Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrb, öjnz njulf änj rfcfkjcm njkmrj yföjlzoböcz d cnflbb ckeifybz ltk j ghtcnegktybzö, pf rjnjhst gj pfrjye vjétn åsnm jghtltktyf cvthnyfz rfpym≥. Pyfxtybt gjcnfyjdktybz nfrét gjlxthrbdfkb Vjhby Öfhhbcjy b Cnbd Ubkmåthn d cdjtq rybut ≤Ägjöfkmyst htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF≥. ≤C cfvjuj yfxfkf, – gbien jyb, – rjycnbnewbb b pfrjys infnjd b atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf ltkfkb egjh yf ghjwtlehysö b vfnthbfkmyj-ghfdjdsö ufhfynbzö, ghbpdfyysö jåtcgtxbnm 35 Ajnj FH. Xtndthj bp ltdznb gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj dvtcnt c Cävñäktv Ktqåjdbwtv, jlybv bp fldjrfnjd gj änjve ltke. Cktdf yfghfdj -- Ebkkb Hjåthncjy, cghfdtlkbdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj d åtcghbcnhfcnysö celfö, ghb rjnjhjv dct jndtnxbrb hfdys gthtl pfrjyjv≥. Dnjhjt ägjöfkmyjt g j c n f y j d kt y b t D t h ö j d y j u j c elf Jlyfrj dkfcnb infnf Fkfåfvf yt clfkbcm b dyjdm djpåelbkb eujkjdyjt ltkj, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj dhfxb, rjnjhst jåcktljdfkb étyoby, pfcdbltntkmcndjdfkb, xnj ybrfrjuj bpyfcbkjdfybz yt åskj, f Heåby Åäqnc jnhtrkfcm jn cdjbö gjrfpfybq pf vtczw lj yfxfkf yjdjuj ghjwtccf. Ldjbv jndtnxbrfv – Ötqdele Gfnnthcjye b Rkfhtyce Yjhhbce – dyjdm åskb dsytctys cvthnyst ghbujdjhs. Dnjhjt ägjöfkmyjt htitybt Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF gj ltke ≤Yjhhbc ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ dyjdm jnvtybkj cvthnyst ghbujdjhs – yf ctq hfp gjnjve, xnj dkfcnb infnf Fkfåfvf yt hfphtifkb drkñxfnm d cjcnfd ghbczéysö ytuhjd. D tlb- 36 Ñléby Ebkmzvc, Ktqåjdbw, Hjq Hfqn b Jkty Vjynujvthb. yjukfcyj ghbyznjv htitybb ghfrnbrf ytljgeotybz ytuhjd d cjcnfd ghbczéysö öfhfrnthbpjdfkfcm rfr ≤cbcntvfnbxtcrfz b juekmyfz≥, f bltz j njv, xnj ytuhs yt ujlzncz lkz hjkb ghbczéysö, – rfr ≤ytdthyfz ghtlgjcskrf≥. Rjvvtynbhez pyfxtybt gjcnfyjdktybz gj ltke Yjhhbcf, ≤Jrcajhlcrbq cghfdjxybr gj htitybzv Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF≥ gjzcyztn, xnj Dthöjdysq cel jghtltkbk, xnj ≤cbcntvfnbxtcrjt kbitybt ytuhjd ghfdf exfcndjdfnm d hfåjnt åjkmijuj éñhb b éñhb ghbczéysö kbifkj jndtnxbrjd-ytuhjd d celfö infnf Fkfåfvf hfdyjq pfobns cj cnjhjys pfrjyf, ufhfynbhetvjq Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrjq≥. Afrnbxtcrb jyb åskb kbitys ghfdf yf cghfdtlkbdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj, ghjdjlbvjt åtcghbcnhfcnysv éñhb, gbitn Létqvc Uelvfy d cdjtq gjkexbditq ibhjreñ bpdtcnyjcnm rybut ≤Crjnncåjhcrbt bcnjhbb≥. ≤Dthöjdysq cel CIF tlbyjleiyj cjukfcbkcz c ljdjlfvb pfobns j njv, xnj d yfheitybt gjkjétybz Xtnshyflwfnjq gjghfdrb j ghfdt yf hfdyeñ pfobne, ytuhjd infnf Fkfåfvf ghjbpdjkmyj b cbcntvfnbxtcrb kbifkb ghfdf djqnb d cjcnfd éñhb≥. Ytcvjnhz yf ldf gjcnfyjdktybz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, yfghfdktyyst ghjnbd änjuj celtåyjuj ghtcktljdfybz, dkfcnb infnf Fkfåfvf dyjdm ghjzdbkb egjhcndj b yfxfkb yjdst celtåyst ghjwtccs. D rjywt rjywjd gznthj gfhytq åskb jceéltys b jnåskb lkbntkmyst chjrb nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz, gjcktlybq bp ybö åsk dsgeoty yf cdjåjle d 1950 ujle. Jcnfkmyst xtnsht jndtnxbrf åskb jcdjåjéltys. Öjnz Dthöjdysq cel CIF yt cgfc gznthsö crjnncåjhcrbö gfhytq jn nñhmvs, jy dct ét cgfc bö jn cvthnb. C njxrb phtybz rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, pyfxtybt änjuj ltkf cjcnjbn d njv, xnj Dthöjdysq cel CIF dcnfk yf pfobne ghfdf jådbyztvjuj yf fldjrfnf ljcnfnjxyjq rdfkbabrfwbb – gj rhfqytq vtht d ckexft ltk j ghtcnegktybzö, pf rjnjhst gj pfrjye vjétn åsnm jghtltktyf cvthnyfz rfpym. Jy nfrét dscnegbk c ghtleghtéltybtv j njv, xnj kbitybt uhfélfy ghfdf åsnm ghbczéysv yf jcyjdfybb bö hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb ytljgecnbvj. Dsytctyyjt d 1935 ujle htitybt gj ltke ≤Yjhhbc ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ d rjytxyjv cxtnt – yj yt chfpe – ghbdtkj r bcrjhtytybñ gj dctve Ñue ghfrnbrb yfåbhfnm d xbckj ghbczéysö njkmrj åtksö. G j c kt le ñ o b t h t i t y b z D t h ö j d y j u j c elf D cdzpb c htitybtv gj ltke ≤Gfeäkk ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ gjcktleñobt gjcnfyjdktybz Dthöjdyjuj celf erhtgbkb ghfdj jådbyztvjuj gjkmpjdfnmcz gjvjomñ fldjrfnf. D htitybb gj ltke ≤Léjycjy ghjnbd Pthåcnf≥ (1936 ujl) Dthöjdysq cel gjcnfyjdbk, xnj dctv jndtnxbrfv, rjnjhsv d celt atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz ghtlüzdkzñncz jådbytybz d cjdthitybb nzérjuj eujkjdyjuj ghtcnegktybz, ljkéys åsnm ghtljcnfdktys fldjrfns. Ghtélt (c 1790 ujlf) ltqcndjdfkj ghfdbkj, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve fldjrfn ghtljcnfdkztncz njkmrj kbwfv, jådbyztvsv d celt atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz d cjdthitybb ghtcnegktybq, pf rjnjhst gj pfrjye vjétn åsnm jghtltktyf cvthnyfz rfpym. D cjhjrjdsö ujlfö 20-uj dtrf Dthöjdysq cel hfcghjcnhfybk änj ghfdj yf jndtnxbrjd gj ltkfv j nzérbö eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö, rjnjhsv d celfö infnjd ghtlüzdkzñncz vtytt cthmtpyst jådbytybz, xtv nt, rjnjhst åskb ghtlüzdktys gfhyzv bp Crjnncåjhj. Vyjubt dthöjdyst cels infnjd nfrét gjnhtåjdfkb ghtljcnfdktybz jådbyztvsv fldjrfnjd – d xfcnyjcnb, ghb ckeifybb ltk j nzérbö eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö. Jlyfrj dgkjnm lj 1963 ujlf d cnhfyt yfcxbnsdfkjcm ctvm infnjd, rjnjhst yt ddtkb nhtåjdfybz jå jåzpfntkmyjv ghtljcnfdktybb fldjrfnjd dctv jndtnxbrfv gj ltkfv j nzérbö eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö. Tlbyjjåhfpbt gj dctq cnhfyt åskj jåtcgtxtyj htitybtv Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF gj ltke ≤Ubltjy ghjnbd Eäqyhfqnf≥ (1963 ujl), rjnjhjt hfcghjcnhfybkj ghtlecvjnhtyyjt Itcnjq gjghfdrjq ghfdj yf fldjrfnf yt njkmrj yf atlthfkmyst cels, yj b yf dct cels ehjdyz infnf ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk j nzérbö eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybzö. ≤D ytrjnjhsö cnhfyfö ghfdj jådbyztvjuj d cjdthitybb njuj bkb byjuj ghtcnegktybz yf fldjrfnf vjétn yt cxbnfnmcz aeylfvtynfkmysv b jåzpfntkmysv lkz cghfdtlkbdjuj celtåyjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf, yj njkmrj yt d yfitq cnhfyt≥, – jnvtnbk celmz Ömñuj Åkär. Änj htitybt cnfkj dféyjq rekmvbyfwbtq jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt lhfvfnbxtcrbö ltk d bcnjhbb rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf CIF, gjlhjåyfz öhjybrf rjnjhjuj ghbdjlbncz d dsitlitq d 1964 ujle rybut ≤Hegjh Ubltjyf≥. ≤Htitybt 37 gj ltke Ubltjyf bvttn bcrkñxbntkmyeñ dféyjcnm≥, – endthélfñn Kb Ägcnfqy b Njvfc Ejrth d cdjtq gjgekzhyjq rybut ≤Rjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdj d eckjdbzö bpvtyzñotqcz Fvthbrb≥. Jyj hfcghjcnhfybkj ltqcndbt ≤gjkjétybz j ñhblbxtcrjv ghtlcnfdbntkmcndt yf ne uhegge jndtnxbrjd, rjnjhst ghtélt åskb kbitys djpvjéyjcnb gjkmpjdfnmcz eckeufvb fldjrfnf≥. Gjcktleñobt gjcnfyjdktybz Dthöjdyjuj celf, ghbyznst bv d rjywt itcnbltcznsö ujljd b jcjåtyyj d yfxfkt ctvbltcznsö ujljd 20-uj dtrf, hfcibhzkb cathe ltqcndbz ddtltyyjuj d 1963 ujle dctjåotuj ghfdf yf fldjrfnf. D 1972 ujle Dthöjdysq cel gjcnfyjdbk, xnj ghfdj yf fldjrfnf hfcghjcnhfyztncz yt njkmrj yf jndtnxbrjd d celfö infnjd b atlthfkmysö celfö, jådbyztvsö d cjdthitybb nzérbö eujkjdysö ghtcnegktybq, yj b yf dctö kbw, rjnjhst d ckexft ghbpyfybz bö dbyjdysvb d öjlt kñåsö celtåysö ghjwtccjd vjuen åsnm ghbujdjhtys r nñhtvyjve pfrkñxtybñ. Cnhfyf ghjltkfkf lkbyysq genm, yfxbyfz c dtcys 1931 ujlf, rjulf d éfhrjv b gskmyjv pfkt celf d Fkfåfvt itk ghjwtcc yfl ltdznmñ bcgeufyysvb ytuhfvb, yf rjnjhjv htifkcz djghjc jå bö ébpyb b cvthnb. Dthöjdysq cel CIF dvtifkcz d ltkj ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥, gjkjébd yfxfkj wtkjve hzle dféysö gjcnfyjdktybq, rjnjhst erhtgbkb aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf dctö fvthbrfywtd b åkfujlfhz rjnjhsv änf lhfvf, hfpsuhfdifzcz yf gjxdt hfcjdjq ytyfdbcnb, cnfkf ktutyljq yt njkmrj d bcnjhbb uhfélfycrbö ghfd, yj b d ljkujq bcnjhbb hfpdbnbz fvthbrfycrjq ñhbcgheltywbb. Äöj änjuj ltkf, rjnjhjt d nhblwfnsö ujlfö 20-uj dtrf ghjbpdtkj åjkmijq iev b dspdfkj vyjuj cgjhjd, pdexbn b ctqxfc, gjlndthélfz njhétcndj ghbywbgf hfdyjq pfobns yf jcyjdfybb pfrjyf. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf 38 A f r n s g j l t k e b c t u j l y z i y b q C rj n n c å j h j 31 vfhnf 1931 ujlf d Crjnncåjhj, infn Fkfåfvf, ltdznm vjkjlsö ytuhjd åskb ghbpyfys dbyjdysvb d bpyfcbkjdfybb ldeö åtksö ltdeitr d étktpyjljhjéyjv njdfhyjv dfujyt. Dhfxb, rjnjhst jåcktljdfkb ltdeitr gjckt zrjås cjdthityyjuj ghtcnegktybz, ecnfyjdbkb, xnj ybrfrjuj bpyfcbkjdfybz yt åskj. Ytcvjnhz yf bö gjrfpfybz, djcmvthsv bp änbö ltdznb gfhytq cel infnf dsytc cvthnysq ghbujdjh. Ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltk ≤Gfeäkk ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ (1932 ujl) b ≤Yjhhbc ghjnbd dkfcntq infnf Fkfåfvf≥ (1935 ujl) Dthöjdysq cel CIF jnvtybk dsytctyyst vtcnysvb celfvb jådbybntkmyst pfrkñxtybz b cvthnyst ghbujdjhs – d gthdjv ckexft yf jcyjdfybb njuj, xnj jndtnxbrfv yt åsk ghtljcnfdkty fldjrfn ljcnfnjxyjq rdfkbabrfwbb, f dj dnjhjv ckexft – gjnjve xnj ytuhfv åskj jnrfpfyj d ghfdt djqnb d cjcnfd ghbczéysö. Ntv yt vtytt d gthbjl c 1935 ujlf gj 1937 ujl d infnt Fkfåfvf ghjljkéfkbcm celtåyst hfpåbhfntkmcndf gj lfyyjve ltke. Xtndthj jndtnxbrjd dyjdm åskb ghbpyfys dbyjdysvb b åskb ghbujdjhtys r lkbntkmysv chjrfv nñhtvyjuj pfrkñxtybz. Jådbytybz, dsldbyenst ghjnbd jcnfkmysö gznb jndtnxbrjd, åskb cyzns. Gjcktlybv bp nñhmvs dsitk Äylb Hfqn d 1950 ujle – d jåotq ckjéyjcnb jy ghjdtk d pfrkñxtybb 19 ktn, ldf vtczwf b 15 lytq. Ghtlgjkfuftvsq kblth uheggs Ötqdel Gfnnthcjy d 1948 ujle cjdthibk gjåtu bp nñhmvs b jåjcyjdfkcz d infnt Vbxbufy, ult hfcjdfz ctuhtufwbz yt åskf pfrhtgktyf pfrjyjlfntkmyj. Ueåthyfnjh Vbxbufyf jnrfpfkcz dslfnm tuj dkfcnzv Fkfåfvs. Gjrf Gfnnthcjy yföjlbkcz d åtufö, dsikf tuj rybuf ≤Vfkmxbr bp Crjnncåjhj≥. Jy evth jn hfrf d 1952 ujle d djphfcnt 39 ktn. Jppb Gfeäkk b Rkfhtyc Yjhhbc, xmb bvtyf abuehbhjdfkb d ldeö ägjöfkmysö htitybzö Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, åskb eckjdyj-ljchjxyj jcdjåjéltys bp nñhmvs d 1946 ujle. Cgecnz nhblwfnm ktn Yjhhbc gjlfk öjlfnfqcndj b gjkexbk åtpeckjdyjt gjvbkjdfybt jn njulfiytuj ueåthyfnjhf Fkfåfvs Léjhléf R. Ejkktcf. Ghtélt Ejkktc dscnegfk d gjllthére pfrjyjd j ctuhtufwbb d cdjtv infnt, yj r ctvbltcznsv ujlfv 20-uj dtrf pfrjyjlfntkmyj pfrhtgktyyfz ctuhtufwbz d Fkfåfvt åskf jnvtytyf, b ueåthyfnjh yfxfk ghbkfufnm ecbkbz gj rjvgtycfwbb dhtlf, ghbxbytyyjuj ytcghfdtlkbdj jceéltyysv. D 1979 ujle Yjhhbc jgeåkbrjdfk rybue j cdjtv ltkt gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Gjcktlybq bp gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥. Jy evth d 1989 ujle, ghjébd ljkmit dctö jcnfkmysö ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥. Yf pfobne gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj d nhblwfnsö ujlfö ghjikjuj dtrf dcnfkb cfvst hfpkbxyst uheggs, drkñxfz Rjvveybcnbxtcreñ gfhnbñ CIF b Yfwbjyfkmyeñ fccjwbfwbñ cjltqcndbz ghj- 39 uhtcce wdtnyjuj yfctktybz (YFCGWY) – cnfhtqieñ d cnhfyt jhufybpfwbñ gj pfobnt uhfélfycrbö ghfd. Yj cdjbv jcdjåjéltybtv åjkmibycndj jndtnxbrjd d rjytxyjv cxtnt åskb jåzpfys htpekmnfnfv ltzntkmyjcnb nfr yfpsdftvjuj ≤Rjvbntnf pfobns Crjnncåjhj≥, d rjnjhsq döjlbkb kñlb dctö wdtnjd rjéb. Gj vytybñ bcnjhbrjd, ltvjycnhfwbb b vbnbyub d gjllthére ≤gfhytq bp Crjnncåjhj≥ zdbkbcm ghtlntxtq cjdhtvtyyjuj ldbétybz pf uhfélfycrbt ghfdf d CIF, rjnjhjt hfpdthyekjcm d yfxfkt gznbltcznsö ujljd 20-uj dtrf. Htitybz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, rjnjhst åskb ghbyzns gj lfyyjve ltke, cxbnfñncz ägjöfkmysvb, gjnjve xnj jyb pyfxbntkmyj hfcibhbkb aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf yt njkmrj ytuhjd, yj b afrnbxtcrb dctö fvthbrfywtd. Tckb ds ghbtltnt d Crjnncåjhj ctujlyz, cgecnz ctvmltczn ktn, ds yt edblbnt b yfvtrf yf étcnreñ ctuhtufwbñ, rjnjhfz d yfxfkt nhblwfnsö ujljd rfpfkfcm ytpsåktvjq. Väh ujhjlf Hjy Åtqkb öjxtn, xnjås ghbtpébt pyfkb, xnj ctujlyziybq Crjnncåjhj, d rjnjhjv ghjébdftn dctuj jrjkj 15 nsc. xtkjdtr, cjdthityyj yt gjöjé yf njulfiybq Crjnncåjhj. ≤Ctujlyz d yfitv ujhjlt ceotcndetn gjkyfz hfcjdfz byntuhfwbz. Rjulf pltcm ghjöjlbkb gthdst ghjwtccs, åjkmibycndj ébntktq yfituj ujhjlf tot b yt hjlbkbcm≥, – ujdjhbn jy. ≤J cjåsnbzö 1931 ujlf yeéyj celbnm c extnjv ujcgjlcndjdfdibö yhfdjd njuj dhtvtyb, – ljåfdkztn jy. – D 1931 ujle d yfitv ujhjlt tot ébkb kñlb, rjnjhst gjvybkb Uhfélfycreñ djqye. Djccnfyjdktybt infnf Fkfåfvf d ärjyjvbxtcrjv b lheubö fcgtrnfö ikj ujhfplj vtlktyytt, xtv lheubö htubjyjd Ñuf≥. ≤Dféyj gjvybnm, xnj ghjbpjikj d änjv ujhjlt d 1931 ujle, yj d nj dhtvz änj vjukj ghjbpjqnb dj vyjubö vtcnfö, – pfvtxftn Åtqkb. – C ntö gjh Crjnncåjhj bpvtybkcz, rfr b dtcm Ñu. Ctujlyziybq Crjnncåjhj – ghjuhtccbdysq ujhjl d hfcjdjv gkfyt. E yfc, yfdthyj, yfbåjkmibq d Fkfåfvt ghjwtyn vtéhfcjdsö åhfrjd, b yt vtymit veéxby b étyoby, rjnjhst, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ghbyflktéfn r hfpysv hfcfv, dcnhtxfñncz. Ctujlyz yfi ujhjl åjkmit yt dsukzlbn 40 ≤xthyj-åtksv≥, jy cnfk vyjujhfcjdsv. Nfr, e yfc hfcntn xbckj ébntktq fpbfncrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz b kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd. Rfhnbyf vtéhfcjdsö jnyjitybq d Crjnncåjhj ntgthm dj vyjujv yfgjvbyftn rfhnbye vtéhfcjdsö jnyjitybq d lheubö eujkrfö Fvthbrb. Lf, e yfc yt dct bltfkmyj, yj vs ghjikb ljkubq genm≥. Åbåkbjuhfabz Barnes, Patricia G. CQ’S Desk Reference on American Criminal Justice: Over 500 Answers to Frequently Asked Questions from Law Enforcement to Corrections. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2001. ljghjbpdjlcndt, b fyyjnbhjdfyyfz fkafdbnyfz gjlåjhrf dféytqibö ltk Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF bp jåkfcnb eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf. CIF. Cghfdjxyst vfnthbfks drkñxfñn d ct- Cowan, Catherine “States Revisit the Death Penalty,” State Government News, vol. 44, no.5, May 2001, pp. 12–17. åz dféytqibt pfrjys b celtåyst htitybz, Pfrjyjlfntkb ghtlkjébkb ghbjcnfyjdbnm bkb ghfdbkf ghjxntybz wbnfn bp celtåysö gjcnf- jnvtybnm cvthnyeñ rfpym d åjktt xtv 20 inf- yjdktybq b ukjccfhbq ibhjrj hfcghjcnhf- nfö. Fdnjh gjlhjåyj jgbcsdftn hzl ltk, d rj- ytyysö ñhblbxtcrbö nthvbyjd. njhsö ceotcndeñofz cbcntvf celjghjbpdjl- Ghbdjlzncz jndtns yf 500 yfbåjktt xfcnj pflfdftvsö djghjcjd j ghfdjdjq cbcntvt cndf gjnthgtkf ytelfxe, b jnvtxftn, xnj öjnz, Boyer, Peter J. “Annals of Justice: DNA on Trial,” New Yorker, January 17, 2000, pp. 42–53. cjukfcyj jghjcfv jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, Fdnjh endthélftn, xnj yt dct kfåjhfnjhbb b vytybb j njv, yfcrjkmrj cghfdtlkbdj jyf cgtwbfkbcns gj fyfkbpe LYR jåkflfñn jlb- ghbvtyztncz. åjkmibycndj fvthbrfywtd gjllthébdfñn dscieñ vthe yfrfpfybz, jyb hfcöjlzncz dj yfrjdj dscjrjq rdfkbabrfwbtq, b gjlxthrbdftn jxtym dféyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt buhfñn ébdst kñlb – fldjrfns, lfét tckb d ltkt abuehbheñn htpekmnfns yfexysö bccktljdfybq. Crump, David and George Jacobs A Capital Case in America: How Today’s Justice System Handles Death Penalty Cases, from Crime Scene to Ultimate Execution of Sentence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000. Champion, Dean J. Dictionary of American Criminal Justice: Key Terms and Major Supreme Court Cases. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. D rybut jgbcsdftncz gjhzljr hfccktljdfybz D äne rybue, rjnjhfz cyfåétyf ghtlvtnysv cnegktybz b fhtcnf≥ b pfrfyxbdfz ≤gjcktlcn- erfpfntktv ltk, drkñxtys cjdhtvtyysq ckj- dbzvb≥, fyfkbpbhez änjn ghjwtcc c yfxfkf lj dfhm nthvbyjd, bcgjkmpetvsö d eujkjdyjv ce- rjywf, hfpåbhz rjyrhtnyst ghbvths. b hfccvjnhtybz ltkf j ghtcnegktybb, pf rjnjhjt gj pfrjye vjétn åsnm jghtltktyf cvthnyfz rfpym, yfxbyfz c ≤cjdthitybz ght- 41 “DNA Testing and Capital Punishment: Technology from the Crime Scene to the Courtroom.” Congressional Digest, November 2001, pp. 257–265. Franklin, Carl J. Constitutional Law for the Criminal Justice Professional. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999. Änjn yjvth gjcdzoty dct åjktt ibhjrjve ntkmysv b cghfdjxysv bycnhevtynjv lkz cgt- ghbvtytybñ fyfkbpf LYR b tuj gjcktlcndbq wbfkbcnjd dctö ehjdytq, änf rybuf ghtlcnfd- lkz pfrkñxtyysö, ghbujdjhtyysö r cvthnyjq kztn cjåjq bccktljdfybt yfbåjktt lhfvfnb- rfpyb. Jnltkmyst cnfnmb gjcdzotys ntöyjkj- xtcrbö b dféysö jåkfcntq rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ubzv, pfrkñxtyysv fvthbrfycrbö nñhtv, ghb- ghfdf CIF. Hfccvfnhbdftncz ibhjrbq rheu vtytybñ dscitq vths yfrfpfybz yf ehjdyt ntv, yfxbyfz jn jåscrf b bpüznbz bveotcndf, infnjd b yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, f nfrét dj- fhtcnf b uhfélfycrbö ghfd b pfrfyxbdfz ghjcfv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf. Gthdjq gjghfdrjq r Rjycnbnewbb CIF, yflkt- Ghbpdfyyfz ckeébnm jlyjdhtvtyyj jåhfpjdf- éfotq ghfdjdjq ghjwtlehjq b celtåyjq DeVore, Donald and Kevin Gentilcore “Balanced and Restorative Justice and Educational Programming for Youth At-Risk,” The Clearing House, vol. 73, no. 2, November 1999, p. 96. cbcntvjq. Fdnjhs jåceélfñn vjltkm jåhfpjdfybz lkz Friedman, Lawrence Crime & Punishment in American History. New York: Basic Books, 1993. vjkjltéb bp uheggs hbcrf d jrheut Vjynujvt- Yfgbcfyyfz bpdtcnysv ghjatccjhjv Ñhblb- hb, infn Gtycbkmdfybz. Änf vjltkm pfvtyztn xtcrjuj afrekmntnf Cnäyajhlcrjuj eybdthcb- cjåjq åjktt nhflbwbjyyst vtnjls yfrfpf- ntnf, änf bcnjhbz fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs euj- ybz bkb gthtdjcgbnfybz, rjywtynhbhez dybvf- kjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf eltkztn jcyjdyjt ybt yf nhtö jcyjdysö wtkzö: jåotcndtyyfz dybvfybt ghjåktvt ghtcnegktybz b yfrfpf- åtpjgfcyjcnm, gjljnxtnyjcnm b gjdsitybt ybz d Fvthbrt, yfxbyfz c ghjwtccjd yfl ≤cf- rjvgtntywbb. ktvcrbvb dtlmvfvb≥ d 17-v dtrt b pfrfyxbdfz jghfdlfybtv xtnshtö kjc-fylétktccrbö gj- Edwards, Todd “Sentencing Reform in Southern States: A Review of Truth-in-Sentencing and Three-Strike Measures.” Spectrum: The Journal of State Government, September 22, 1999, vol. 72, no.4, page 8. kbwtqcrbö d gthdjv ltkt jå bpåbtybb Hjlyb Fdnjh jåceélftn gjcktlcndbz htajhvs cbc- Jåibhyfz gjlåjhrf byajhvfwbb j dscitq ntvs yfrfpfybz, ghjdjlbvjq d infnfö CIF d vtht yfrfpfybz; vyjubt uhjvrbt ltkf hfc- hfvrfö Ñéyjq pfrjyjlfntkmyjq rjyathty- cvfnhbdfñncz c hfpysö njxtr phtybz. Rbyuf d yfxfkt ltdzyjcnsö ujljd 20-uj dtrf. Henderson, Harry Capital Punishment. New York: Facts on File, 2000. wbb, gjlrhtgkzz cdjb hfcceéltybz cnfnbcnbxtcrbvb lfyysvb. Fagan, Jeffrey & Franklin E. Zimring, eds. The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice: Transfer of Adolescents to the Criminal Court. University of Chicago Press, 2000. Jlyf bp yfbåjktt pyfxbntkmysö cjdhtvtyysö äywbrkjgtlbq eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf cjlthébn cnfnmb c cjghjdjlbntkmysvb åbå- Rybuf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cåjhybr äcct, gj- kbjuhfabzvb, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkzñn byajh- cdzotyysö ghjåktvt ghbdktxtybz r celtåyjq vfwbñ j rjywtgwbzö, ntjhbzö, ghbywbgfö b jndtncndtyyjcnb b yfrfpfybz fvthbrfycrbö bccktljdfybzö, cdzpfyysö c ñhblbxtcrbvb gjlhjcnrjd rfr dphjcksö, uhfybws gjkyjvjxbq djghjcfvb rhbvbyfkmyjuj gjdtltybz b euj- celf gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö, f nfrét kjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf. djcgbnfntkmyst b gcböjkjubxtcrbt fcgtrns ceotcndeñotq d yfcnjzott dhtvz ghfrnbrt. 42 Kadish, Sanford H., ed. Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. New York: Free Press, 1983. Kurki, Leena “Restorative and Community Justice in the United States,” Crime & Justice, vol. 27, Spring 2000, pp. 235–304. Palmer, Louis J., Jr. Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001. Fdnjh hfpuhfybxbdftn ldbétybt pf nfr yfps- djdjq, cjwbfkmyjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq bcnjhbb b dftvjt ≤djccnfyjdbntkmyjt ghfdjcelbt≥, rj- ysytiytv cnfnect dscitq vths yfrfpfybz d njhjt ghjgfufylbhetn djccnfyjdktybt jnyj- CIF. Dctjåütvkñobq bcnjxybr byajhvfwbb j ghf- itybq vtéle éthndfvb, ghtcnegybrfvb b oeñ dvtifntkmcndf jhufyjd eujkjdyjuj ce- Paternoster, Raymond, Robert Brame, Ronet Bachman and Lawrence W. Sherman “Do Fair Procedures Matter?” Law and Society Review, vol. 31, 1997, pp.163–204. ljghjbpdjlcndf. Gj rféljve ldbétybñ ghb- Htpekmnfns ghjdtltyyjuj d u. Vbkejrb, infn djlbncz bcnjhbxtcrfz cghfdrf, f nfrét jwt- Dbcrjycby, ärcgthbvtynf d jåkfcnb ght- ybdfñncz ecgtöb cjjndtncndeñobö ghjtrnjd. ljndhfotybz åsnjdjuj yfcbkbz gjrfpsdfñn, vtcnysv yfctktybtv, b ldbétybt pf ≤jåotcndtyyjt ghfdjcelbt≥, rjnjhjt nhfrnetn ghtcnegyjcnm rfr cjwbfkmyeñ ghjåktve, nhtåeñ- xnj, rjulf gjkbwbz cjåkñlftn dct ghjwtleh- Leighton, Paul Criminal Justice Ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. yst yjhvs ghb fhtcnt gjljphtdftvsö d yf- Cåjhybr äcct, bccktleñobö, rfr kbxyst b pyfxbntkmyj cybéftncz. cbkbb, ghjwtyn gjcktleñobö ghfdjyfheitybq, cdzpfyysö c yfcbkbtv yf åsnjdjq gjxdt, vjhfkmyst eåtéltybz xtkjdtrf dkbzñn yf ñncz cktleñobt ntvs: ≤xnj cktletn cxbnfnm Ryan, George and Frank Keating “Is the Death Penalty Fair?” State Government News, vol. 44, no. 5, May 2001, pp. 10–11. ghtcnegktybtv?≥, fldjrfncrfz änbrf, jnyjit- Ueåthyfnjh in. Bkkbyjqc hfccrfpsdftn j ybt r pfrkñxtyysv, cvthnyfz rfpym b vjhfkm- njv, rfr ytjåjcyjdfyyj dsytctyyst jådbyb- yjt jåjcyjdfybt dbyjdyjcnb d cjdthitybb ntkmyst ghbujdjhs pfcnfdbkb tuj gthtcvjn- ghtcnegktybz. htnm cdjt jnyjitybt r cvthnyjq rfpyb, njulf cdzpm vtéle eujkjdysv celjghjbpdjlcndjv b cjwbfkmyjq cghfdtlkbdjcnmñ. Hfccvfnhbdf- rfr ueåthyfnjh infnf Jrkföjvf endthélftn, Lewis, Anthony Gideon’s Trumpet. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. xnj dscifz vthf yfrfpfybz vjétn ghbvtyznmcz gj cghfdtlkbdjcnb. Bcnjhbz ägjöfkmyjuj ltkf, rjnjhjt åskj drkñxtys pfgbcrb b nfåkbwf ltk, rjnjhst gj- Schmalleger, Frank Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 6th ed. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. ckeébkb jcyjdfybtv lkz dsytctybz jrjyxf- Änb ldf extåybrf gjcdzotys cbcntvt eujkjd- ntkmyjuj dthlbrnf, b ghtlvtynysq erfpfntkm. yjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf d CIF b ghtlcnfdkzñn hfccvjnhtyj Dthöjdysv celjv CIF d 1963 ujle (≤Ubltjy ghjnbd Eäqyhfqnf≥), jgbcsdftn åjhmåe Létqvcf Ähkf Ubltjyf pf ghfdj gjkmpjdfnmcz eckeufvb fldjrfnf d celtåyjv hfpåbhfntkmcndt gj eujkjdyjve ltke. D rybue cjåjq jåpjhs b fyfkbp ghtcnegyjcnb, eujkjd- Manfredi, Christopher P. The Supreme Court and Juvenile Justice. University Press of Kansas, 1998. yjuj ghfdf, jöhfys jåotcndtyyjuj gjhzlrf, Fyfkbp hjkb Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF d bcnjhbb ytcjdthityyjktnybö, yfhrjnbrfö b åeleotv hfpdbnbz fvthbrfycrbö celjd gj ltkfv ytcj- eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf d CIF. jceéltybz b bcghfdbntkmysö vth, f nfrét frwtynbheñn dybvfybt yf ghfdjcelbb gj ltkfv dthityyjktnybö. 43 Sherwin, Richard K. When Law Goes Pop: The Vanishing Line between Law and Popular Culture. University of Chicago Press, 2000. Umbreit, Mark S. “Restorative Justice Through Victim-Offender Mediation: A Multi-Site Assessment.” Western Criminology Review vol.1, no.1. 1998 Vytybt ntjhtnbrf d jåkfcnb ghfdf b åsdituj Ljrkfl jå bccktljdfybzö d jåkfcnb nfr yfps- ghjrehjhf j dkbzybb gjg-rekmnehs yf cbcntve dftvjuj ≤djccnfyjdbntkmyjuj≥ ghfdjcelbz, eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf d CIF. rjnjhsq frwtynbhetn dybvfybt yf ghjwtccfö b htpekmnfnfö gjchtlybxtcndf vtéle éthndjq Sudo, Phil “Five ‘little’ people who changed U.S. history; Supreme Court cases: Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857; Brown v. Board of Education, 1954; Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963; Miranda v. Arizona, 1966; Roe v. Wade, 1973.” Scholastic Update, vol. 122, no. 10, January 26, 1990, p. 8. Rybuf hfccrfpsdftn j gznb ltkfö Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, d rjnjhsö jåsxyst kñlb jrfpfkb ukeåjrjt dkbzybt yf hfpdbnbt dctq cbcntvs celjghjbpdjlcndf d CIF. Tyler, Tom R., et fl. Social Justice in a Diverse Society. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. Fyfkbp gjyznbq cghfdtlkbdjcnb, gthtöjlzobö rekmnehyst uhfybws, lfñobq jgnbvbcnbxtcreñ rfhnbye djpvjéyjcnb ljcnbétybz cghfdtlkbdjcnb d jåotcndt c rekmnehysv vyjujjåhfpbtv. Tyler, Tom R. “Social Justice: Outcome and Procedure,” International Journal of Psychology, vol. 35, 2000, pp. 117–125. Yjdjt gcböjkjubxtcrjt bccktljdfybt yf ntve cjwbfkmyjq cghfdtlkbdjcnb cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj kñlb c åjkmitq ujnjdyjcnmñ ghbybvfñn ghjwtlehyst celtåyst htitybz, tckb edthtys, xnj änb htitybz ghbyzns d cjjndtncndbb c ghjwtlehfvb ghbyznbz htitybq, rjnjhst jyb cxbnfñn cghfdtlkbdsvb. ≤Cghfdtlkbdjcnm≥ jwtybdftncz gj nfrbvb rhbnthbzv, rfr ytqnhfkbntn b ljdthbt r dkfcnzv, f nfrét gj njve, yfcrjkmrj edfébntkmyj dkfcnb jnyjczncz r gjlcelbvsv dj dhtvz ghjwtccf. 44 b ghtcnegybrjv. Nfrét ljcnegty d Bynthytnt gj flhtce: http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v1n1/umbreit.html Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf Cfqns d Bynthytnt Ccskrb yf htcehcs, gjcdzotyyst eujkjdyjve celjghjbpdjlcnde http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/cj.html Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/index.html Dctjåütvkñofz gjlåjhrf ccskjr yf htceh- Änjn éehyfk bplftncz Afrekmntnjv eujkjdyjuj cs, drkñxfz jhufybpfwbb, ltkf, ljrkfls b celjghjbpdjlcndf Eybdthcbntnf u. Jkåfyb, vyjujt lheujt. infn Ymñ-Qjhr, b ghtljcnfdkztn ljcneg r cnfnmzv, äcct b jåpjhfv, ghbdjlbvsv åtp cj- Eujkjdyjt celjghjbpdjlcndj dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb http://www.albany.edu/scj/links.html rhfotybz. Cfqn Afrekmntnf eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz Eyb- Atlthfkmyjt åñhj hfccktljdfybq (AÅH) http://www.fbi.gov/ dthcbntnf u. Jkåfyb, infn Ymñ-Qjhr, cjlth- Cfqn ghtljcnfdkztn ljcneg r jnxtnfv AÅH j ébn ccskrb yf vyjétcndj wtyysö bcnjxybrjd ghtcnegyjcnb d CIF, gjrfpfybzv yf ckeifyb- byajhvfwbb, gjcdzotyysö atlthfkmysv b zö d Rjyuhtcct, gkfrfnfv c bpjåhfétybtv infnysv pfrjyfv, yjdsv bybwbfnbdfv d jå- jcjåj jgfcysö ghtcnegybrjd d hjpscrt b kfcnb ≤djccnfyjdbntkmyjuj≥ ghfdjcelbz, gjkb- jgjdtotybtv j ghtcnegktybzö, f nfrét r hfp- wbb b bcghfdbntkmysv exhtéltybzv. ltke ≤AÅH – ltnzv≥. Criminal Justice, 2000 Volumes 1–4 http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/ cj2000.htm Yfwbjyfkmyfz cghfdjxyfz ckeéåf eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf http://www.ncjrs.org/ Yfwbjyfkmysq bycnbnen ñcnbwbb gjhexbk Ckeéåf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq abyfycbhetvsq åjktt 60 cgtwbfkbcnfv d jåkfcnb eujkjdyjuj ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF byajhvfwbjyysq wtynh, celjghjbpdjlcndf ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm ljcnb- ljcnegysq kñlzv dj dctv vbht, pfybvfñ- étybz d jåkfcnb bccktljdfybq eujkjdyjuj obvcz bccktljdfybzvb, gjkbnbrjq b ghfrnb- ghfdjcelbz b yjdst ntyltywbb d jåkfcnb rjq d jåkfcnb eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz b ghfdj- ghtcnegyjcnb b eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf celbz gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö b åjhm- d CIF. Dtå-cfqn cjlthébn gjkyst ntrcns ås c yfhrjnbrfvb. cnfntq. 45 Yfwbjyfkmysq bycnbnen ñcnbwbb (YBÑ): gjbcrjdfz cbcntvf http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/search.htm ≤Äktrnhjyysq cnfnbcnbxtcrbq cghfdjxybr gj eujkjdyjve ghfdjcelbñ jykfqy≥ http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/ YBÑ – jhufy Vbybcnthcndf ñcnbwbb CIF gj Gjcnjzyyj jåyjdkztvfz gjlåjhrf lfyysö j bccktljdfybzv b hfphfåjnrfv b tlbycndty- cbcntvt eujkjdyjuj ghfdjcelbz d CIF, jghj- yjt atlthfkmyjt dtljvcndj, pfybvfñottcz cfö jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, ghtcnegybrfö b bcrkñxbntkmyj bccktljdfybtv djghjcjd eujkjdysö ltkfö. åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ b ghfdjcelbz. YBÑ dytgfhnbqyst, yfexyj jåjcyjdfyyst pyfybz b Dthöjdysq cel CIF http://www.supremecourtus.gov/ bycnhevtyns lkz htitybz ghjåktv ghtcneg- Gjctnbntkb cfqnf gjpyfrjvzncz c Dthöjdysv yjcnb b ghfdjcelbz, jcjåtyyj yf ehjdyt inf- celjv CIF b epyfñn, rfr ébden ysytiybt b njd b vtcnyjv ehjdyt. åsdibt celmb, f nfrét ghjxnen bö vytybz b ghtljcnfdkztn jåütrnbdyst, ytpfdbcbvst, ljdjls gj ltkfv, dsyjcbdibvcz yf hfccvjn- Åñhj ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ghfdjcelbz (ÅGJG) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ C 1984 ujlf Åñhj ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ghfdjcelbz CIF dscnegftn dtleobv atlthfkmysv dtljvcndjv gj hfpdbnbñ gjntywbfkf cnhfys d jåkfcnb ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegktybq b åjhmås c ghtcnegyjcnmñ, cjdthitycndjdfybz cbcntv eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf b ghfdjcelbz gj ltkfv ytcjdthityyjktnybö, hfcibhtybz b eukeåktybz pyfybq j ghtcnegyjcnb b cvtéysö djghjcfö, f nfrét gjvjob éthndfv ghtcnegyjcnb. ≤Frnefkmyst djghjcs jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb jy-kfqy≥ (Public Agenda Online) http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/major_ proposals_detail.cam?issue_type=crime&list=1 Jcyjdfyyfz d 1975 ujle ghjcdtnbntkmcrfz jhufybpfwbz, rjnjhfz eukeåktyyj bpexftn b fyfkbpbhetn jnyjitybt fvthbrfywtd r ghtcnegyjcnb, yfrfpfybñ, cvthnyjq rfpyb b lheubv frnefkmysv djghjcfv jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb, f nfrét pfybvftncz dytgfhnbqysvb b ytrjvvthxtcrbvb bccktljdfybzvb jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz. 46 htybt Dthöjdyjuj celf. Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 6, § 1, bñkm 2001 ujlf Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S d j U J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J g h j L T G F H N F V T Y N F c C I F s Ltvjrhfnbb EUJKJDYJT GHFDJCELBT CIF D B Ñ K 2 M N J V 0 6 0 Y 1 J V T H U 1 J L F
