оценка площадей повреждений наземных экосистем северной

ɈɐȿɇɄȺ ɉɅɈɓȺȾȿɃ ɉɈȼɊȿɀȾȿɇɂɃ ɇȺɁȿɆɇɕɏ ɗɄɈɋɂɋɌȿɆ
ɋȿȼȿɊɇɈɃ ȿȼɊȺɁɂɂ ɉɈɀȺɊȺɆɂ ȼ 2000–2003 ȽɈȾȺɏ
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SPOT-VEGETATION
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ, ȼ.Ⱥ. ȿɝɨɪɨɜ, ȿ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɩɹɧ, ɂ.Ⱥ. ɍɜɚɪɨɜ
1
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ,
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɉɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɚɹ 84/32
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ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ Vegetation ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ SPOT-4/-5 ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ, ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ MODIS ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ Terra ɢ Aqua. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɬɭɧɞɪɵ, ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɨɣ
ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ LandsatETM+, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ,
ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɢɨɝɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɠɚɪɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ. Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ
ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ CO2, CO ɢ CH4 [1, 2]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɲɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ [3].
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ [4], ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ [5, 6]. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ
ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɛɢɨɦɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ, ɬɚɟɠɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɫɬɟɩɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɷɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
[3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ [11], ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ [12, 13], ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɨɜ [14, 15] ɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ [16, 17].
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ ɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɷɬɚ ɧɟɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ
354
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2/3 ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ [18]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɬɭɧɞɪɚ, ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ
ɞɪ.) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. ɉɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Vegetation ɧɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɯ SPOT-4/5 ɢ MODIS ɧɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɯ Terra ɢ Aqua, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ [15, 16, 17, 19]. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ [13], ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɨɯɜɚɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1995-1998 ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (1995-2002 ɝɨɞɵ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɯɜɚɬɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ 3.106 ɝɚ [10] ɢ ɜ 3,6.106 ɝɚ [20], ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ 1,5.106 – 21.106. Ɋɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɬ 0,5.106 ɝɚ ɞɨ 5,2.106 ɝɚ [5].
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ (ɂɄɂ ɊȺɇ) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɊȺɇ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɇɚɭɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɂɄɂ ɊȺɇ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ BIS (Burnt area Inventory from Satellite).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ [21], ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
[22], ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ [23], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ
[24]. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ:
x Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɦɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ:
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ;
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
355
x
ɋɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɧɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ;
x ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
x ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ.
Ɉɯɜɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫ ɸɝɚ 42 0 ɫ. ɲ. ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
ɜ ɫɟɛɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ, Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɸ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ, Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɸ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ Ʉɢɬɚɹ. ȼ ɛɢɨɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɹ ɢ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ, ɬɚɟɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɛɨɥɨɬɚ, ɫɬɟɩɢ ɢ
ɩɭɫɬɵɧɢ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ NEESPI [25].
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ [18, 24, 26, 27] ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɜ «Ⱥɜɢɚɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɚ» Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɊɎ.
ȼɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɝɚɪɟɣ, ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ [23].
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢ, ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɟɫɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɜ «Ⱥɜɢɚɥɟɫɨɨɯɪɚɧɚ» ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1965 ɝɨɞɚ [11]. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɨɯɜɚɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɦ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɉɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ [7, 13, 28], ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ,
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɜ 70-ɯ ɢ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ [29, 30]. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ NOAA, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪ AVHRR,
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 6 ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ [13, 31, 32, 33],
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ NDVI [34, 35]. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ
ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ [36], ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ
356
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ NOAA-AVHRR ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ [7, 13, 19]. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ NOAA-AVHRR ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 13,3 .10 6 ɝɚ [7]. ɉɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ 11,0.10 6 ɝɚ ɢ 5,14 .10 6 ɝɚ [19], ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ 11,49.10 6 ɝɚ ɢ 5,43 .10 6 ɝɚ [13] ɞɥɹ 1998 ɢ 1999 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ȼɥɢɡɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ. ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1996-2002 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ NOAA-AVHRR, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 7,7.10 6 ɝɚ [13]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɨɬ 1,54.10 6
ɝɚ (1997 ɝɨɞ) ɞɨ 12,14.10 6 ɝɚ (2002 ɝɨɞ).
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ NOAA-AVHRR ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ [37]. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɤ ɡɚɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɤɦ2 ), ɜ ɬɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɝ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ [37, 38].
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ GBA2000 [39] ɩɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ Vegetation ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ SPOT-4. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ
ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ [40]
ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ, ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɠɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ 1,15
ɤɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ GBA2000 ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɧɚ
ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 12,12.106 ɝɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ SPOT-Vegetation ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ S10 ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ Ɉɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɞɠɚ, ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ [15]. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ SPOT-Vegetation ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ Landsat-ETM+ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ Vegetation ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 5,14.106 ɝɚ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ 3,85.106 ɝɚ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ GLOBSCAR [41] ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ATSR-2 ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ERS-2
ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ 2000 ɝɨɞ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ ɜ
ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 20,0.106 ɝɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ 4,01.106 ɝɚ
ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ
ɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2002 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ 2000-2002 ɝɨɞɚɯ (106 ɝɚ)
Ƚɨɞ
2000
2001
2002
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ:
Sukhinin et
al., 2003 [13]
Soja et al.,
2003 [19]
a
a
9,71
7,56
12,14
7,05
-
GBA2000
Grégoire et
al., 2003 [39]
b
12,12
-
GLOBSCAR
Simon, 2002 [41]
a
Zhang et al.,
2003 [15]
a
20,00
-
5,15
-
b
3,85
-
Davidenko
and Eritsov,
2003 [42]
c
1,64
1,23
1,83
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ:
a – ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
b – ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
c – ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ [42], ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ [13, 19, 41] ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ 38% ɞɨ
184%. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ [13, 15]
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 47%.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ:
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ;
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɛɨɪɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ;
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɤ
ɬɢɩɚɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ;
x ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [21] ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɨɝɧɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɨɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ NOAA-AVHRR, SPOT-Vegetation, Terra/Aqua-MODIS, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
358
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ SPOT-Vegetation ɢ Terra/Aqua-MODIS.
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ SPOT-Vegetation ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ (VEGETATION portal: http://www.spot-vegetation.com) ɢ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ NOAA-AVHRR ɢ ERS-ATSR. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ SPOT-Vegetation ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ 1.15 ɤɦ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɢɪ) ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ:
0.43 – 0.47 ɦɤɦ; 0.61 – 0.68 ɦɤɦ; 0.78 – 0.89 ɦɤɦ; 1.58 –1.75 ɦɤɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ S10 ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1999-2003 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ 50 ɜ.ɞ.–1800 ɜ.ɞ. ɢ 42 0 ɫ.ɲ.–750 ɫ.ɲ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ Terra/AquaMODIS, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ MOD14 (ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ 4.0) [43]. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɩɨɞɟɤɚɞɧɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ S10 SPOT-Vegetation.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɫɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ GLC 2000, ɤɚɪɬɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ [44]. Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
SPOT-Vegetation ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 2000 ɝɨɞ. Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ
ɤɚɪɬɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ 27 ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɬɭɧɞɪɵ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɚɪɬɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2). ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ,
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɟ, ɥɟɝɟɧɞɨɣ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɫɚ, ɬɭɧɞɪɭ, ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɢ
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ
ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɢɥɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɜ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɂɄ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ SWVI (Short Wave Vegetation Index), ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ SPOT-Vegetation [14].
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɵ ɝɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ SPOT-Vegetation ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɪɬ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ SPOTVegetation ɛɵɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ SWVI ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɤɚɞ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [21] ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ.
359
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ
Ʌɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɏɜɨɣɧɨ-ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ
Ʌɟɫɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɜɟɱɧɨɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
Ʌɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
ɍɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ
Ȼɨɥɨɬɚ
Ƚɪɹɞɨɜɨ-ɦɨɱɚɠɢɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ
Ȼɨɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ
ɉɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ʌɭɝɚ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɬɟɩɢ
Ɍɭɧɞɪɚ
ɉɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ
Ɍɭɧɞɪɚ
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ
Ʉɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɭɧɞɪɚ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɥɟɫɚɦɢ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɥɭɝɚɦɢ
ɇɟɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɢ
Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɝɚɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ*
ɉɭɫɬɵɧɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɶɰɵ
ȼɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢ ɥɶɞɵ
ɇɟɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
Ɋɟɤɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ
ɡɟɦɥɢ
ɍɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɋɨɥɨɧɱɚɤɢ
(*) ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2: Ʉɥɚɫɫ «ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɝɚɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ» ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɟɠɢɦɢ (3-5 ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɜ 1999-2000 ɝɨɞɚɯ) ɝɚɪɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ
ɋɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,15 ɤɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ S10 SPOT-Vegetation. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1 ɤɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ
(ERDAS Imagine, ESRI GRID ɢ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ) ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ Internet ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ web-ɫɚɣɬ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ http://tem.iki.rssi.ru ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧ-
360
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [22], ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3. ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ:
x ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ (8808,0.103 ɝɚ) ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
(41657,1.103 ɝɚ) ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ 2000 ɢ 2003 ɝɨɞɚɯ. Cɟɡɨɧ 2003
ɝɨɞɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ 2001 ɢ
2002 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ 4.6 ɢ 3.3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 8.4 ɢ 3.7 ɪɚɡɚ;
x ȼ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢɯ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 88-91% ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɞɚ ɤ ɝɨɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 60%, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 31%;
x ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɚɯ (ɤɥɚɫɫ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ), ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ
65% ɞɨ 78% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ;
x ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 60-83%, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɷɬɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ 91-97%;
x ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2-3%, ɚ ɛɨɥɨɬ (ɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ) –
3-4% ɨɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2 ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɬɭɧɞɪ, ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ
ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ. ɂɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɜ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ.
ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ
ɫɟɡɨɧɨɜ 2000-2002 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɵɯ, ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɭ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 65% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 45% ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɨɝɧɹ ɛɨɥɨɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɧɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 958,4.103 ɝɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ
ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɟɡɨɧɟ 2003 ɝɨɞɚ, ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɝɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 63% ɨɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ, ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ.
Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɝɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ.
361
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɪɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ SPOT-Vegetation ɢ Terra/Aqua-MODIS ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ
ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɜɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɟɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ, ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɤ ɪɚɦɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ.
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ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɫɨɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ). ɐɟɧɬɪ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1995, 156 ɫ.
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21. ȿɝɨɪɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ SPOT-Vegetation ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ», ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 16-18 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2004ɝ. (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ)
22. Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ȼɭɪɰɟɜ Ɇ.Ⱥ., Ʌɭɩɹɧ ȿ.Ⱥ., ɉɪɨɲɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., ɍɜɚɪɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ», ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 16-18 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2004ɝ. (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ)
23. Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ȼɟɥɹɟɜ Ⱥ.ɂ., ȿɝɨɪɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., ȿɪɲɨɜ Ⱦ.ȼ., Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ Ƚ.ɇ., Ʉɨɪɲɭɧɨɜ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ Ɋ.ȼ., Ʌɭɩɹɧ ȿ.Ⱥ.
ȼɚɥɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ Vegetation // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ», ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
16-18 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2004ɝ. (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ)
24. Ȼɟɥɹɟɜ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ Ƚ.ɇ., Ʌɭɩɹɧ ȿ.Ⱥ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ», ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1618 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2004 ɝ. (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ)
25. ɂɫɚɟɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ƚɪɨɣɫɦɚɧ ɉ.ə., Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɚɞɢ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ⱦɢɪɢɧɝ Ⱦ., ɒɭɝɚɪɬ ɏ.ɏ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɤ ɨ Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ NEESPI // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ
ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ», ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 16-18 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2004 ɝ. (ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ)
26. Ⱥɛɭɲɟɧɤɨ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ȼɚɪɬɚɥɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ȼɟɥɹɟɜ Ⱥ.ɂ., ȿɪɲɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ Ƚ.ɇ., Ʉɨɲɟɥɟɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ʌɭɩɹɧ E.A., Ʉɪɚɲɟɧɢɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ
ɘ.ɋ. Ɇɚɡɭɪɨɜ A.A., Ɇɢɧɶɤɨ ɇ.ɉ., ɇɚɡɢɪɨɜ Ɋ.Ɋ., ɉɪɨɲɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ɏɥɢɬɦɚɧ ȿ.ȼ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɥɟɫɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɇɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2000. ɬ. 1., ʋ2, 4-18 ɫ.
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365
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2000-2003 ɝɨɞɚɯ
366
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
2000-2003 ɝɝ.