Конрад Лоренц. Человек находит друга

DhgjZ^ Ehj_gpQ_eh\_d gZoh^bl ^Sm]Z Fhkd\Z K H > ? J @ : G B ? <\_^_gb_Q_eh\_d b^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_ DZd\_jhylgh\k_ wlh gZqZehkv >\Z bklhqgbdZij_^Zgghklb Kh[Zqvb ebqghklb H[mq_gb_ Kh[Zqvb h[uqZb Ohaybg bkh[ZdZ Kh[Zdb b^_lb DZd \u[jZlvkh[Zdm Ijbau\ dl_fdlh jZa\h^blkh[Zd I_j_fbjb_ AZ[hj Fgh]h rmfZbaaZ fZe_gvdh]h^bg]h DZdZy `Zehklvqlh hgZg_ ]h\hjbl\_^v hgZ ihgbfZ_l dZ`^h_keh\h IjZ\Z ij_^Zgghklb Kh[Zqv_ gZkljh_gb_ H dhrZqvbob]jZo Q_eh\_d bdhrdZ @b\hlgu_dhlhju_ e]ml DhrZqvy gZlmjZ @b\hlgu_gZ^_e_ggu_ kh\_klvx <_jghklv bkf_jlv <<?>?GB?Q?EH<?D B>HF:RGB? @B<HLGU? G_h[oh^bfhklv h[j_dZ_l bo @blv kq_eh\_dhf gZ _]h em]Zo < _]h ^\hj_bev mg_]h \^hfm B qZklh gZf y\ey_l boijbf_j Kdhev ^hjh]mx p_gm hg [_j_l AZ ihdjh\bl_evkl\h Dmi_jIjh]medZ \abfgbc ihe^_gv K_]h^gy yihaZ\ljZdZe ih^`Zj_ggufoe_[hf k dhe[ZkdhcB dhe[Zkhc b`bjhfgZ dhlhjhfih^`Zjb\Zeky oe_[y [ue h[yaZg k\bgv_dhlhjmx agZ\Ze hqZjh\Zl_evguf xjdbf ihjhk_gdhf H^gZdh_^\Z hgZ \ureZ ba wlh]h g_`gh]h \hajZklZy ij_djZlbe k g_c \kydh_ agZdhfkl\h^Z[u ba[Z\blv k\hx kh\_klv hlm]jua_gbcdh]^Z ijb^_lg_ba[_`guc qZkY m\_j_g qlh_keb [ufg_ ijbrehkvkZfhfm m[b\Zlv`b\hlguodhlhjuo y _fgZ fhc klhe gbdh]^Z g_ ihiZ^Zeb [u kms_kl\Zih bgl_ee_dlmZevghfm mjh\gx\ur_ ju[u beb\ djZcg_f kemqZ_ ey]mrdbJZamf__lkykgbfZlv k k_[y lZdbf kihkh[hf hl\_lkl\_gghklv qbkl_cr_c \hû ebp_f_jb_Gh \ ex[hf kemqZ_ hlghr_gb_ q_eh\_dZd `b\hlgufdhlhjuo hg\ujZsb\Ze êy _ûghkbl ijhlb\hj_qb\uc oZjZdl_jM n_jf_jh\ hgh hij_^_ey_lky \_dh\ufb ljZ^bpbyfb b ^Z\gh m`_ \uebehkv\ kljh]h hij_^_e_ggmxihqlb jblmZevgmx nhjfmih\_^_gbyqlh iheghklvx hk\h[h`^Z_l bo hl hsms_gby fhjZevghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb b \bgu>ey q_eh\_dZ `_ijhn_kkbhgZevgh aZgbfZxs_]hky bamq_gb_f mfkl\_gguo kihkh[ghkl_c `b\hlguo wlZ ijh[e_fZijbh[j_lZ_l kh\k_f bgh_hk\_s_gb_K _]h lhqdb aj_gbyg_h[oh^bfhklv m[b\Zlv^hfZrgbo `b\hlguodm^Z [he__ ly]hklgZq_f hlklj_e ^bqbHohlgbd g_agZdhf kh k\h_c ^h[uq_c ebqgh\h \kydhf kemqZ_hg kZf__ g_ \ujZsb\Ze: ]eZ\gh_^bdb_ a\_jbagZxlqlh bfihklhyggh ]jhabl ]b[_ev < fhjZevghf Zki_dl_ k\_jgmlv ]heh\m ^hfZrg_fm ]mkx ^h\_jqb\h lygms_fmky d \Zf aZ dhjfhfdm^Z ljm^g__q_f aZljZlb\ g_fZeh l_ji_gby b nbabq_kdbomkbebcih^klj_eblv _]h ^bdh]hkh[jZlZdhlhjuc g_lhevdh agZ_lh ih^kl_j_]Zxs_c _]h hiZkghklbgh b bf__l\hafh`ghklv ba[_`Zlv__H^gZdh ihabpby q_eh\_dZ ih hlghr_gbx d l_f ^hfZrgbf `b\hlguf dhlhjuo hgg_ _klZ bkihevam_l êy^jm]bo p_e_cih`Zemc _s_ [he__khfgbl_evgZq_f _]hihabpby ihhlghr_gbx d l_f dhlhjuo hg ihlj_[ey_l \ ibsm b dhlhju_ ^hk\h_c h[uqgh [ukljhc b [_a[he_ag_gghckf_jlb \_^mle_]dmx b[_aaZ[hlgmx `bagvKm^v[Z ehrZ^bqv_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ih f_j_ijb[eb`_gby klZjhklb klZgh\blky \k_ [he__ ly`dbfkebrdhf ljZ]bqgZ qlh[u gZ g_cohl_ehkv hklZgZ\eb\ZlvkyD gZbf_g__ijbylguf q_jlZf \aZbfhhlghr_gbc q_eh\_dZ b ^hfZrgbo `b\hlguo hlghkblky oeZ^ghdjh\b_k dhlhjuf hgaZ[b\Z_l l_eylb ^Z`_ kZfbo dhjh\dh]^Z\u^h_ggu_ ^hkmoZhgb i_j_klZxl hijZ\û\Zlv k_[y Lhevdh k kZfhc rbjhdhc [bheh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby jZkkfZljb\Zy g_ bg^b\b^mZevgu_ hkh[bZ \b^ \p_ehffu fh`_f kqblZlv k\yav f_`^m q_eh\_dhfb ^hfZrgbfb`b\hlgufb \aZbfh\u]h^guf kbf[bhahf<_^v dZd behrZ^vb dhjh\Zb h\pZb ijhqb_ ^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_ ihemqbeb hl k\h_]h h^hfZrgb\Zgby [_kkihjgmx\u]h^mihkdhevdm bo^bdb_ ij_^db g_ kihkh[gu_ kms_kl\h\Zlv \ pb\bebah\ZgguokljZgZo^Z\gh m`_ \uf_jeb D lhfm`_ q_eh\_dgbdh]^Z g_ [jZegZ k_[y ihhlghr_gbx d gbfgbdZdbo fhjZevguoh[yaZl_evkl\bkh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy hg h[jZsZ_lky k gbfb lZddZd \ ^j_\ghklb ^Z`_ \ukhdhpb\bebah\Zggu_ gZjhû h[jZsZebkv k ie_ggbdZfb aZo\Zq_ggufb gZ \hcg_: \ i_j\h[ulgu_ \j_f_gZ lZdbo ie_ggbdh\ g_j_^dh ijhklh _ebB ih[_^bl_eb ijb wlhf bkiulu\Zeb dm^Zf_gvr_ gjZ\kl\_gguokhfg_gbcq_f bkiulu\Ze bo k_]h^gymljhf yaZ\ljZdZy dhe[Zkhc Lhevdh ^\Z \b^Z`b\hlguo klZebqe_gZfb ^hfZrg_]hdjm]Z q_eh\_dZ g_ dZd ie_ggbdb b [ueb ijbjmq_gu g_k ihfhsvx ijbgm`^_gbyY bf_x\ \b^mkh[Zdm bdhrdmBo h[t_^bgyxl ^\Z fhf_glZ h[Z hgb obsgbdbb mh[hbo q_eh\_dbkihevam_l bo hohlgbqvb kihkh[ghklb: \h\k_f hklZevghfb ]eZ\gh_ih oZjZdl_jm k\hbo hlghr_gbc k q_eh\_dhfhgb jZagylkyf_`^m kh[hcdZd ^_gv bghqvG_l ^jm]h]h`b\hlgh]hdhlhjh_ lZd dZj^bgZevgh baf_gbeh [u\_kv h[jZa`bagb\kx kn_jm k\hbo bgl_j_kh\klZeh [u^h lZdhckl_i_gb ^hfZrgbodZd kh[ZdZb g_l ^jm]h]h`b\hlgh]hdhlhjh_ aZ^he]b_ \_dZk\h_c k\yabk q_eh\_dhf baf_gbehkv [u lZd fZehdZd dhrdZMl\_j`^_gb_ qlh dhrdb_keb bkdexqblv g_kdhevdh ^_dhjZlb\guo ihjh^ \jh^_ Zg]hjkdhcbeb kbZfkdhc\ kmsghklb\h\k_ g_ ^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_Z ihêbggh ^bdb_ kms_kl\Z\h fgh]hf kijZ\_êb\hDhrdZkhojZgyy ihegmx g_aZ\bkbfhklv ij_îhqblZ_l k_eblvky \ ^hfZo b ohayckl\_gguoihkljhcdZo q_eh\_dZ ih lhcijhklhc ijbqbg_qlh gb]^_[hevr_ furbg_ \h^ylky \lZdhf dhebq_kl\_KbeZ h[Zygbykh[Zdb aZdexq_gZ \ ]em[bg_ ^jm`[ub dj_ihklb ^moh\guomadhlhju_ k\yau\Zxl __ k q_eh\_dhfZ hqZjh\Zgb_ dhrdb h[tykgy_lkydZd jZal_f qlh hgZg_ \klmibeZk gbf\ l_kgucdhglZdlqlh hgZ hohlblky \ _]hdhgxrgyo bZf[ZjZo k lZbgkl\_gghcb g_^hklmighc ^Z`_ lh]^Zdh]^Z g_`ghlj_lky hgh]b ohaycdbbeb m[eZ]hl\hj_gh fmjeuq_l m h]gy>ey f_gy fmjeudZxsZydhrdZ wlh kbf\he ^hfZrg_]h hqZ]Zmxlgh]h ihdhyFg_ [ueh [ulZd `_ljm^gh h[hclbkv [_a dhrdb\ fh_f^hf_dZd b [_akh[ZdbdhlhjZy ljmkbl kh fghc ih mebp_ beb ih em]mK kZfh]hjZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z y \k_]^Z[ue hdjm`_gkh[ZdZfb bdhrdZfbb \wlhc dgb]_ y jZkkdZ`m h gbo>_eh\blu_ ^jmavykh\_lh\Zeb fg_ gZibkZlv hl^_evgmx dgb]m ijh kh[Zd bhl^_evgmx dgb]mijh dhr_dihlhfm qlh ex^bex[ysb_ dhr_dqZklh g_\ughkyl kh[ZdGZ fhc\a]ey^bklbggZy ex[h\vd `b\hlgufb ihgbfZgb_ bo ^hdZau\Z_lky dZd jZa l_fqlh h^bg blhl `_q_eh\_d bkiulu\Z_l kbfiZlbx b d kh[ZdZf b ddhrdZfmf_y p_gblv hkh[u_ dZq_kl\Z dZd l_olZd b ^jm]bo: ihlhfm wlm fZe_gvdmx dgb]my ihk\ysZx\k_f l_fdlh ex[blb ihgbfZ_l b kh[Zdb dhr_d D:D<?JHYLGH<K? WLH G:QBG:EHKV >ZgZ bf fm^jhklv lhgdZyqmlvy B ih ebpmih \b^m q_eh\_dZ P_ev lZcgmx _]hijhq_klv mf_xl G_ jZa kiZk_gv_ h[j_lZeb fu < lhf k\hckl\_qlh g_^hklmigh kZfbfgZf Dmi_j Kd\hav ]mklu_ aZjhkeb\ukhdbo kl_iguoljZ\ ijh[bjZ_lky dmqdZ gZ]bo ex^_ci_j\h[ulgZy hj^Z>Zwlhg_khfg_ggh ex^b lZdb_ `_dZd fu k \Zfbbo keh`_gb_ gbq_f g_ hlebqZ_lky hl keh`_gby kh\j_f_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ< jmdZohgb ^_j`Zl dhivy k dhklygufb gZdhg_qgbdZfbZ g_dhlhju_^Z`_ \hhjm`_gu mdZfb b klj_eZfbh^gZdh \ bo ih\_^_gbb_klv qlhlhq_]h \ gZr_ \j_fy g_evay gZclb ^Z`_ mie_f_g klhysbo gZ kZfhf gbadhf mjh\g_ jZa\blbyqlhlhqlh fu ijb\udeb aZf_qZlvlhevdh m `b\hlguoWlb ex^b_s_ ^Ze_dhg_ \eZûdb A_feb[_kkljZrgh \abjZxsb_ gZ \k_qlh bo hdjm`Z_lG_lgb lhb ^_ehbkim]Zggh h]eyû\Zxlkyq_j_a ie_qhb bol_fgu_ ]eZaZ\k_ \j_fy[_kihdhcgh [_]ZxlHgb \_^ml k_[ydZd he_gbdZd ]hgbfu_`b\hlgu_dhlhju_ ^he`gu [ulv \k_ \j_fygZklhjh`_Hgb klZjZxlky ih^Zevr_h[oh^blv dmklu b dmiu ^_j_\v_\]^_\hafh`ghijyq_lky obsgbdZ dh]^Z gZ\klj_qm bfaZrmjrZ\ \_ldZfb\g_aZigh \ukdZdb\Z_l djmigZy ZglbehiZg_j\gh \a^jZ]b\Zxl b ih^gbfZxl dhivy ]hlh\ykv h[hjhgylvkyGh lml hgb magZxl [_ah[b^gh_ ljZ\hy^gh_b kljZo kf_gy_lky h[e_]q_gb_fhgb gZqbgZxl \ha[m`^_gh i_j_]h\Zjb\ZlvkyZ ihlhf jZa^jZ`Zxlky jZ^hklguf kf_ohf H^gZdh \_k_ev_[ukljh m]ZkZ_lhj^Z ho\Zq_gZ mgugb_fb qlh \iheg_ ihgylghG_^Z\gh ^jm]h_[he__ kbevgh_ b fgh]hqbke_ggh ie_fy \ul_kgbeh bo ba ijb\uqguohohlgbqvbo m]h^bcb \hl hgb\ugm`^_gu moh^blv \k_^Zevr_ gZ aZiZ^Z wlb f_klZ bf kh\k_f g_agZdhfub d lhfm `_ a^_kv \klj_qZ_lky [hevr_ hiZkguo obsgbdh\q_f lZf]^_ hgb h[blZeb jZgvr_Bo ij_`gbc ij_^\h^bl_evhiulguc klZjuc hohlgbdih]b[ g_kdhevdh g_^_ev gZaZ^ _]h jZkl_jaZe kZ[e_am[uc lb]jdhlhjuc ghqvx ih^djZeky d klhc[bsm b ko\Zlbe ^_\hqdm<k_ fm`qbgu dbgmebkvgZ lb]jZk dhivyfb Ij_^\h^bl_ev [ue \i_j_^bb m^Zj h]jhfghceZiu h[jmrbeky bf_ggh gZg_]h>_\hqdZ [ueZm`_ f_jl\ZZ klZjuc hohlgbd mf_j hl jZg gZ ^jm]hc ^_gvIjZ\^Zb lb]jihjZ`_gguc dhiv_f \ [jxohg_^_ex kimkly k^hogh wlhgbkdhevdh g_ h[e_]qZeh iheh`_gb_ hjûL_i_jv \ g_c hklZehkv lhevdh iylv fm`qbgZ iyl_juf fm`qbgZfg_ ih^kbem aZsblblv`_gsbg b ^_l_chl djmigh]h obsgbdZ>Z bgh\uc ij_^\h^bl_ev^Ze_dh g_ lZdhiul_g bkbe_gdZd ih]b[rbcAZlh eh[m g_]h\ur_ b \uimde__Z ]eZaZ [he__ `b\u_ b kf_leb\u_;hevr_ \k_]h hj^Z kljZ^Z_l hl g_^hkuiZgby< k\hbojh^guo f_klZoex^b kiZeb \hdjm] [hevrh]h dhkljZZ djhf_ lh]hm gbo[ueZ kljZ`Zohly hkhagZeb hgb wlh lhevdhl_i_jvIh ghqZfbo klhygdm l_kguf dhevphf hdjm`Zeb rZdZeudhlhju_ ke_^h\Zeb aZ hj^hcih^[bjZy h[t_^dbEx^_c bbo gZahceb\uo kimlgbdh\ g_ k\yau\ZeZ gbdZdZy ^jm`[Z< rZdZeZiulZ\r_]hky ih^h[jZlvky ih[eb`_ d dhkljme_l_eb dZfgbZ bgh]^Zb klj_eZohly hohlgbdb ij_îhqblZebg_ jZkoh^h\Zlv klj_eugZ lZdbo fZehkt_^h[guoa\_j_c <_^v ^Z`_ b \ gZrb ^gb m fgh]bo gZjh^h\ kh[ZdZ kqblZ_lky g_qbkluf `b\hlguf baaZ k\hbo ij_^dh\ fmkhjsbdh\L_f g_ f_g__rZdZeu ijbghkbeb i_j\h[ulgufex^yf g_khfg_ggmx ihevamke_^my aZ gbfbhgb \dZdhclh f_j_ ba[Z\eyeb bo hl g_h[oh^bfhklb \uklZ\eylvqZkh\uolZd dZd gZqbgZeb ly\dZlv b aZ\u\Zlv_^\Z g_ih^Ze_dm ihy\eyeky hiZkguc obsgbdEx^b_s_ g_mf_\rb_ fukeblvZ[kljZdlgh b `b\msb_ lhevdh gZklhys_cfbgmlhcg_ aZf_qZeb ihfhsbk\h_c q_l\_jhgh]hc k\bluGh k_cqZk hgbebrbebkv wlhcihfhsbb ih ghqZf \hdjm] bo klhygdb \hpZjyeZkv lZdZy `mldZy b aeh\_sZy lbrbgZqlh ^Z`_ l_dlh g_^he`_g [ueklhjh`blv khg hklZevguog_ j_rZebkv khfdgmlv ]eZa<hl ihq_fm\k_ hgb [ueb bklhfe_gub hkh[_ggh iyl_jh fm`qbgdhlhjuf l_i_jvdh]^Z bo hklZehkv lZdfZehihklhyggh ijboh^behkv i_j_gZijy]Zlv \gbfZgb_LZd qe_gu wlhc fZe_gvdhc hjû mklZeu_bafmq_ggu_ bl_ehf b^mohfijh^he`Zeb ie_klbkv ih kl_ib\a^jZ]b\Zy ijbdZ`^hf g_h`b^Zgghfrhjho_ bo\ZlZykv aZ dhivy b emdbgh l_i_jv hgb \k_j_`_ jZajZ`Zebkv ohohlhfdh]^Z lj_\h]Z hdZau\ZeZkv eh`ghcGZqbgZeh kf_jdZlvkyb \ gbo ijh[m`^Zeky m`Zk i_j_^ gZklmiZxs_c ghqvxbfb \eZ^_elhl kljZoi_j_^ g_\_^hfufdhlhjuc ^Z\gh ijhr_^rb_ wihob lZd kbevgh aZi_qZle_eky\ fha]mq_eh\_dZ qlh ^Z`_ \gZrb ^gbghqgZy l_fghlZim]Z_l j_[_gdZZ êy \ajhkeuo kem`bl kbf\hehf aeZWlh ^j_\gb_\hkihfbgZgby h l_o \j_f_gZodh]^Z kbeu fjZdZ\hiehs_ggu_ \ obsgbdZoex^h_^Zodb^Zebkv ba g_ijhgbpZ_fhc lvfugZ k\hx ^\mgh]mx ^h[uqm>ey gZrbo i_j\h[ulguo ij_^dh\ ghqv g_khfg_gghlZbeZ \k_[_ g_bkqbkebfu_m`Zku Ex^b k[b\Zxlky \ l_kgmx dmqmgZqbgZxl h]eyû\Zlvky\ ihbkdZo m^h[gh]h f_klZ êy ghqe_]Z ih^Zevr_ hl ]mklh]h dmklZjgbdZ]jhays_]h \g_aZiguf gZiZ^_gb_fDh]^Z lZdh_ f_klh [m^_l gZc^_ghhgb ihke_ êbl_evghc b keh`ghc ijhp_^mju ^h[u\Zgby h]gyjZah`]ml gZdhg_pdhkl_jih^`Zjyl b jZa^_eyl kdm^gmx _^mK_]h^gy bfm^Zehkv jZa^h[ulvm`_ kbevgh ljhgmlu_hklZgdb \_ijyg_ ^h_^_ggu_kZ[e_am[uf lb]jhfhl dhlhjuofm`qbgu g_[_a ljm^Zhlh]gZeb ]b_gh\uo kh[ZdGZf wlb dhklb k ehofhlvyfb ]gbxs_]hfykZ \jyêb ihdZaZebkv [uZii_lblgufbgh qe_guhjû ih]eyû\ZxlgZ gbo k ]heh^ghc `Z^ghklvxG_k_l ^h[uqmkZf ij_^\h^bl_evqlh[u g_ ih^\_j]Zlv kh[eZagm [he__ [_ahl\_lkl\_gguo k\hbo kh[jZlv_\<g_aZigh ]jmiiZ hklZgZ\eb\Z_lkylhqgh ih dhfZg^_<k_ ]heh\u ih\hjZqb\Zxlkybih^h[gh \klj_\h`_gguf he_gyfex^b khkj_^hlhqb\Zxl aj_gb_kemo b h[hgygb_ gZh^ghf gZ lhfqlh gZklb]Z_lbo kaZ^bhllm^Z hldm^Z hgb ijbrebHgb mkeurZeb a\mdkb]gZeih^Zgguc `b\hlgufbGh hg\ hlebqb_hl [hevrbgkl\Zih^h[guo a\mdh\ dZd gb kljZgghg_ hagZqZ_l hiZkghklbohly ih^ZxllZdb_ kb]gZeu lhevdhij_ke_^h\Zl_ebZ `_jl\u^Z\gh m`_gZmqbebkv ojZgblv ihegh_[_afhe\b_B wlhla\md gZihfbgZ_lkdblZevpZf h[ bo jh^guof_klZoh ^gyodh]^Z bo ih^kl_j_]Zehf_gvr_ hiZkghkl_cdh]^Z hgb[ueb kqZkleb\u=^_lh ^Ze_dhihaZ^b aZ\ue rZdZeB hj^Z k ^_lkdhcihqlb h[_avygv_c bfimevkb\ghklvx m`_ ]hlh\Zdbgmlvky h[jZlghlm^Zhldm^Z ^hghkblky \hcB lml fheh^hc ij_^\h^bl_evk \ukhdbfe[hf kh\_jrZ_l aZf_qZl_evgucohly b g_ihgylguc êyhklZevguo ihklmihdhg [jhkZ_lhklZgdb \_ijygZ a_fexb ijbgbfZ_lky hl^bjZlv [hevrhcehkdml dh`b k[Zojhfdhc fykZ>_lbj_rb\ qlh k_cqZk [m^ml jZkij_^_eylv m`bgihôh^yl d g_fm ih[eb`_gh hg hl]hgy_l bo k_j^bluf [mjqZgb_fdeZ^_l hlhj\Zgguc dmkhd gZ a_fex\a\Zeb\Z_l \_ijy gZ ie_qbb ^_eZ_l agZd hj^_ ijh^he`Zlv imlv?^\Z hgb ijhoh^yl g_kdhevdh rZ]h\dZd fm`qbgZklhysbc gZ ke_^mxs_c b_jZjobq_kdhc klmi_gb hg ^Z`_ kbevg__ij_^\h^bl_eygh ^Ze_dh g_lZd khh[jZabl_e_gh[hjZqb\Z_lky bk \uau\Zxsbf \b^hf mdZau\Z_l ]eZaZfbb ^\b`_gb_f]heh\u g_ jmdZfbdZd k^_eZeb [u wlhfugZ [jhr_gguc ehkdmldh`bIj_^\h^bl_ev ofmjblky b b^_l ^Zevr_<kdhj_ \lhjhc fm`qbgZ ih\hjZqb\Z_lky d hklZ\e_gghfm fykmIj_^\h^bl_ev deZ^_l k\hx ghrm[_`bl aZgbf b \lm k_dmg^mdh]^Z lhlih^ghkbl lmoeh_ eZdhfkl\hdh jlmlhedZ_l _]hie_qhf lZdqlh hg qmlv g_ iZ^Z_lHgb klhyl^jm] ijhlb\ ^jm]Zk m]jh`Zxsbf \b^hf gZfhjsb\ e[u b hkdZeb\ am[ugh ihlhf \lhjhc fm`qbgZ himkdZ_l ]eZaZbqlhlh [hjfhqZ^h]hgy_l hj^m B gbdlh ba gbo g_ khagZ_lqlh hgblhevdh qlh[ueb k\b^_l_eyfb kh[ulbydeZ^ms_]h gZqZeh gh\hc wiho_ k\b^_l_eyfb ]_gbZevgh]h ijhaj_gbybklhjbq_kdZy jhev dhlhjh]h g_baf_jbfh ij_\hkoh^bl jZajmr_gb_ Ljhb beb bah[j_l_gb_ ihjhoZWlh g_ ihgbfZ_l ^Z`_kZf \ukhdheh[uc ij_^\h^bl_evHg ihklmibelZd bfimevkb\ghg_ hl^Z\Zyk_[_ hlq_lZ \ lhfqlh bfjmdh\h^bl `_eZgb_ih^fZgblv rZdZeh\ aZklZ\blv boij_ke_^h\Zlv aZ hj^hcHg bgklbgdlb\ghb \_jgh jZkkqblZeqlh \_l_jdhlhjuc ^m_l bfgZ\klj_qm^hg_k_l aZiZo fykZ^h gha^j_c \hxsborZdZeh\Hj^Z ijh^he`Z_l b^lb gh ihij_`g_fm gb]^_ g_ \b^gh ^hklZlhqghhldjulh]h f_klZ êy [_ahiZkgh]h ghqe_]Zb g_kdhevdh fbgml kimkly ij_^\h^bl_ev ih\lhjy_l k\hckljZgguc ihklmihdZ hklZevgu_ fm`qbgu k_j^blh \hjqZlijhl_klmyDh]^Z `_ hghlju\Z_l lj_lbc ehkdml dh`bhgb ihqlb \uoh^yl baih\bgh\_gbyb ij_^\h^bl_ex m^Z_lkygZklhylv gZk\h_f lhevdhihke_ [_r_gghc \kiurdb i_j\h[ulghc yjhklbGh \kdhj_ aZjhkeb j_^_xl b gZqbgZ_lky hldjulZy kl_ivIj_^\h^bl_ev k[jZku\Z_lhklZgdb \_ijy gZ a_fexd gbf ihôh^yl hklZevgu_ fm`qbgu b gZqbgZxl\hjqZ b m]jh`Zy ^jm] ^jm]m^_eblv ZjhfZlguc ^_ebdZl_k gZdmqdbZ `_gsbgub ^_lbl_f \j_f_g_f kh[bjZxl lhieb\h êydhkljZdhlhjuc ^he`_g]hj_lv \kxghqv <_l_j klboZ_lb \ gZklmib\r_f [_afhe\bbqmldbo kemo i_j\h[ulguo ex^_c meZ\eb\Z_lhq_gv ^Ze_db_a\mdb<g_aZigh ij_^\h^bl_ev ih^Z_l g_]jhfdbc kb]gZe \k_ aZfhedZxl gZklhjZ`b\Zxlky b aZklu\Zxl \ g_ih^\b`ghklb>h gbo\gh\v ^hghkblky \hcgh [he__ ]jhfdbcq_f jZgvr_rZdZeu gZreb i_j\uc ehkdmldh`bbkm^y ih juqZgbxb \ba]mf_`^m gbfb aZ\yau\Z_lky ^jZdZIj_^\h^bl_ev meu[Z_lky b ^_eZ_lagZd hklZevguf ijh^he`ZlvjZ[hlmG_dhlhjh_ \j_fykimkly juqZgb_ b s_edZgv_ am[h\ jZa^Zxlky _s_ [eb`_B \gh\v ex^b \gbfZl_evgh ijbkemrb\Zxlky<g_aZigh fm`qbgZdhlhjuc i_j\uf ohl_e\_jgmlvky dhklZ\e_gghfm fykmh[hjZqb\Z_lky b gZijy`_ggh \]eyû\Z_lky \ ebph ij_^\h^bl_eyLhl k m^h\e_l\hj_gghc mofuedhc kemrZ_ljuqZgb_ ^_jmsbokyrZdZeh\ L_i_jvgZdhg_p\lhjhc fm`qbgZ ihgbfZ_l _]h gZf_j_gb_ Ko\Zlb\ iZjm ihqlb^hqbklZ h[]eh^Zgguoj_[_jhg kmeu[dhc ihôh^bl d\h`ZdmlhedZ_l _]hehdl_fba^Z_l eZxsb_ a\mdb ih^jZ`Zy rZdZeZfZ aZl_f b^_lk dhklyfb\ lhfgZijZ\e_gbb hldm^Z hgb lhevdhqlh ijbreb< rZ]Zoljb^pZlb hlklhygdb hg gZ]b[Z_lkydeZ^_l dhklb gZa_fexihlhf \uijyfey_lkyb \hijhkbl_evgh kfhljbl gZij_^\h^bl_eydhlhjuc k bgl_j_khf ke_^bl aZ _]h ^_ckl\byfbHgb mofueyxlky ^jm] ^jm]m b g_h`b^Zggh jZajZ`Zxlky ]jhfdbf [_aaZ[hlguf ohohlhflhqgh ^\h_ kh\j_f_gguofZevqbr_d ihke_m^Zqghc rZehklb M`_ gZklmibeZ l_fghlZgZ klhygd_ iueZ_l dhkl_j Ij_^\h^bl_ev kgh\Z ^_eZ_l hklZevguf agZd aZfheqZlvBa fjZdZ ^hghkblky ojmkl jZa]juaZ_fuo dhkl_cb \g_aZigh hl[e_kd dhkljZ hk\_sZ_l rZdZeZmih_ggh ih`bjZxs_]hk\hx ^hex m`bgZRZdZe ih^gbfZ_l ]heh\mb hiZkeb\hih]eyû\Z_l gZ gbogh \k_ kb^yl g_ih^\b`ghb hg\gh\v ijbgbfZ_lky ]jualvZ hgb ijh^he`Zxl lbohgvdh gZ[ex^Zlv aZ gbf Ihbklbg_ wihoZevgh_ kh[ulb_ \i_j\u_ q_eh\_d ihdhjfbe ihe_agh_ `b\hlgh_B dh]^Z ex^bmdeZû\Zxlky kiZlvbo \k_o ho\Zlu\Z_l lZdh_ hsms_gb_ [_ahiZkghklbdZdh]h hgb^Z\gh m`_ g_bkiulu\Zeb Ijhoh^yl \_dZKf_gy_lky fgh]h ihdhe_gbcRZdZeu klZgh\ylky \k_ [he__ jmqgufb b kf_eufbHgb kh[bjZxlky \hdjm] klhc[bs [hevrbfb klZyfbEx^b l_f \j_f_g_f gZmqbebkv hohlblvky gZ ^bdbo ehrZ^_c b he_g_cZ rZdZeu baf_gbeb g_dhlhju_ k\hb ijb\uqdb?keb ij_`^_ hgb ^g_f ijylZebkv blhevdh k l_fghlhcjbkdh\Zeb \uoh^blvba ]mklh]h dmklZjgbdZlh l_i_jv kZfu_ mfgu_ b kf_eu_ ba gbo ij_\jZsZxlky \ ^g_\guo`b\hlguo bke_^mxl aZex^vfbdh]^Z l_ hlijZ\eyxlky gZhohlmB \iheg_ \hafh`ghqlh h^gZ`û dh]^Z hohlgbdb ]gZebkv aZ `_j_[hc dh[uehcdhlhjmx hgb jZgbeb dhiv_fijhbahreh qlhgb[m^v \jh^_gb`_ke_^mxs_]h Ex^b jZ^hklgh \ha[m`^_gulZd dZd m`_ ^h\hevgh ^he]h ]heh^Zebb rZdZeudhlhjuf \k_wlh \j_fyhl gbogbq_]h beb ihqlbgbq_]h g_ i_j_iZ^Zehkhijh\h`^Zxl bok hkh[uf mk_j^b_fHkeZ[_\rZy hl ihl_jb djh\b dh[ueZ ijb[_]Z_ld h[uqghc obljhklb aZljZ\e_gghc ^bqb b kdjZû\Z_lke_^lh _klv \ha\jZsZ_lky gZ dZdh_lh jZkklhygb_ gZaZ^Z aZl_f kdju\Z_lky \ dmklZjgbd_jZkiheh`_gghf \ klhjhg_ hl __ ij_`g_]h ke_^ZWlhl ijb_f qZklh kiZkZeihqlb h[j_q_ggmx `_jl\m^Z b l_i_jv hohlgbdb\ g_^hmf_gb_hklZgZ\eb\Zxlky lZf]^_ ke_û\g_aZigh h[ju\Zxlky RZdZeu khijh\h`^Zxl ex^_c gZ ihqlbl_evghfjZkklhygbb \k_ _s_ hiZkZykvijb[ebablvky drmfguf hohlgbdZfB^ml hgb ih ke_^m ex^_cZ g_ dh[ueuihkdhevdm bfg_l gbdZdh]h kfukeu ]gZlvky aZ lZdhc djmighc ^bqvx \_^v hgbkZfb kijZ\blky k g_c g_ fh]mlH^gZdh mwlbo rZdZeh\g_j_^dh ihemqZ\rbo hlex^_c dmkhqdb^h[uqb\ujZ[Zlu\Zehkv daZiZom fykZ hkh[h_ hlghr_gb_b \lh `_\j_fy lZdhc\hl djh\Z\uc ke_^ ihkl_i_ggh klZe k\yau\Zlvky \ bo fha]m k [ebadhc dhjf_`dhcK_]h^gy h]heh^Z\rb_ rZdZeuhkh[_ggh \ha[m`^_gu aZiZohf djh\bb \hl ijhbkoh^bl g_qlhdeZ^ms__ gZqZeh gh\uf hlghr_gbyf f_`^m q_eh\_dhf b _]h rZdZev_ck\blhc \_^msZy klZx klZjZykZfdZ kihk_^_ehc fhj^hcaZf_qZ_l lh q_]h g_ aZf_lbeb ex^bjZa\_l\e_gb_ djh\Z\h]h ke_^Z RZdZeu k\hjZqb\Zxlb b^mlih ke_^m kZfhklhyl_evghhohlgbdb khh[jZab\ gZdhg_pqlh ijhbahrehlZd `_ \ha\jZsZxlky gZaZ^M lh]hf_klZ]^_ ke_^jZa^\Zb\Z_lkyhgb keurZl\ klhjhg_ aZ\u\Zgb_ rZdZeh\ki_rZl gZa\md b\b^yl djh\Z\u_ iylgZ lZf]^_ rZdZevy klZymlhilZeZ ljZ\mB lml\i_j\u_ kdeZû\Z_lky [m^ms_c ihjy^hd ij_ke_^h\Zgby ^bqb\i_j_^b kh[ZdaZ g_c q_eh\_dRZdZeu [uklj__ ex^_c gZklb]Zxl `_jl\m b\ugm`^Zxl __hklZgh\blky Dh]^Z kh[Zdb aZ]hgyxl djmigmx ^bqv\ ^_eh\klmiZ_l hkh[uc ikboheh]bq_kdbc f_oZgbafaZljZ\e_gguc he_gv f_^\_^v beb dZ[Zg[_]msbc hlq_eh\_dZgh ]hlh\uc^jZlvky k kh[ZdZfbijboh^bl \ yjhklvbaaZ gZahceb\hklbwlbo [he__ keZ[uo ij_ke_^h\Zl_e_c b aZ[u\Z_l ijh ]eZ\gh]h \jZ]Z MklZeZy dh[ueZdhlhjZy \b^bl \ rZdZeZo lhevdh klZx ly\dZxsbo ljmkh\ijbgbfZ_l h[hjhgbl_evgmx ihamb yjhklgh [v_l i_j_^gbf dhiulhf lh]h ba gbodlh jbkdgmeih^hclb kebrdhf [ebadhLy`_eh ûrZdh[ueZ hibku\Z_l djm]\f_klh lh]h qlh[u [_`Zlv^Zevr_L_f \j_f_g_f hohlgbdbdhlhju_ keurZlqlh rZdZeu l_i_jv khkj_^hlhqbebkv \h^ghf f_kl_ \kdhj_ ^h[bjZxlky lm^Z b [_krmfghhdjm`Zxl ^h[uqmRZdZeu [ukljh hl[_]Zxlgh lZd dZd bf gbdlh g_ m]jh`Z_lhgb hklZxlkyBo ij_^\h^bl_evgbpZm`_ gbq_]h g_ [hykv db^Z_lky gZ dh[uem k yjhklguf eZ_fZ dh]^Z lZiZ^Z_l ihjZ`_ggZy dhiv_fk\bj_ih \p_iey_lky _c \ ]hjeh b hl[_]Z_llhevdh dh]^Z d lmr_ ihôh^bl \h`^vhohlgbdh\ Wlhl q_eh\_d\hafh`ghijZijZ\gmd lh]hdlh i_j\uf [jhkbe rZdZeZf dmkhd fykZjZkiZju\Z_l [jxoh dh[ueub \uju\Z_l dbrdbG_ ]ey^y gZ rZdZeh\ wlh ih^kdZau\Z_l _fm bglmblb\guc lZdlhg [jhkZ_l dbrdbg_ ijyfhbfZ qmlv\ klhjhgmK_^Zy kZfdZ bkim]ZggZ iylblkyghaZf_lb\qlh q_eh\_d g_ ^_eZ_l gbdZdbo m]jh`Zxsbo `_klh\Z lhevdh ba^Z_l ^jm`_ex[gu_ a\mdb\jh^_ l_odhlhju_ qZklh ^hghkbebkv ^h bo mr_c hl dhkljZ\p_iey_lky \ l_ieu_ \gmlj_gghklbAZ`Z\ bo \ am[Zo b lhjhieb\h ijh]eZlu\Zy dmkhqdbhgZ gZklhjh`_ggh h]eyû\Z_lky gZ q_eh\_dZZ __ o\hkl \^jm] gZqbgZ_l ^\b]Zlvky ba klhjhgu \ klhjhgm <i_j\u_ rZdZe aZ\beye o\hklhf ijb \b^_ q_eh\_dZ_s_ gZ h^bg rZ] ijb[ebab\aZdexq_gb_ \_qghc^jm`[u f_`^mex^vfb b kh[ZdZfb>Z`_ lZdb_ mfgu_`b\hlgu_dZd obsgbdb k_f_ckl\Z kh[Zqvbog_ kjZamh[j_lZxl Z[khexlghgh\uc lbiih\_^_gby dZdbf [u [eZ]hl\hjguf gb [ue i_j\uc hiul>ey wlh]h lj_[m_lkyqlh[u \ ikbobd_ `b\hlgh]h h[jZah\Zebkv hij_^_e_ggu_ k\yab \ j_amevlZl_ fgh]hdjZlgh]h ih\lhj_gby h^ghc b lhc `_ kblmZpbb<hafh`ghijhreh g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ij_`^_ q_fwlZ klZjZykZfdZ kgh\Zih[_`ZeZ \i_j_^b hohlgbdZ aZ `b\hlgufijheh`b\rbf eh`gucke_^B ih`Zemc lhevdh __ hl^Ze_gguc ihlhfhd gZmqbeky ihklhyggh b p_e_mklj_fe_ggh \_klb aZ kh[hc hohlgbdh\ d aZljZ\e_gghc ^h[uq_ < jZgg_f g_hebl_ q_eh\_dih\b^bfhfmi_j_oh^bl d hk_êhfm h[jZam `bagbI_j\u_ ba\_klgu_ gZf `bebsZ \ha^\b]Zebkv gZ k\Zyo hgb ijbgZê_`Zeb ex^yfdhlhju_ jZ^b [_ahiZkghklb kljhbeb bo gZ hlf_eyoha_jj_d b^Z`_ ;Zelbckdh]h fhjyFu agZ_fqlh d wlhfm\j_f_gb kh[ZdZ m`_ ij_\jZlbeZkv \^hfZrg__ `b\hlgh_Q_j_iZ g_[hevrhcihoh`_c gZ ribpZ lhjnyghc kh[Zdb\i_j\u_ h[gZjm`_ggu_ ijb jZkdhidZo k\Zcguoihk_e_gbc m[Zelbckdh]h ih[_j_`vyohly b g_hijh\_j`bfh k\b^_l_evkl\mxlh __ijhbkoh`^_gbb hl rZdZeZ l_f g_f_g__ ihdZau\ZxlijbagZdb h^hfZrgb\Zgby H^gZdh \Z`gh \hl qlhohly \ lm wihom rZdZeu[ueb jZkijhkljZg_gu ]hjZa^h [he__ rbjhdhq_f \ gZrb^gbih [_j_]Zf ;Zelbckdh]h fhjy hgb lh]^Z g_ \h^bebkv Ke_^h\Zl_evghfh`gh ij_îheh`blvqlh q_eh\_dijh^\b]Zykv gZ k_\_j b aZiZîjb\_e k kh[hc b kh[Zdbeb ihemijbjmq_gguo rZdZeh\dhlhju_ ke_^h\Zeb aZ gbf \_]h kljZgkl\byoDh]^Z `_ hggZqZe kljhblv `bebsZgZ k\Zyo gZ^ \h^hc b bah[j_e ibjh]m ^\Z gh\h\\_^_gbyg_khfg_ggh agZf_gh\Z\rb_ agZqbl_evguc dmevlmjguc ijh]j_kk_]h \aZbfhhlghr_gby k q_l\_jhgh]bfbkimlgbdZfb g_fbgm_fh^he`gu [ueb ij_l_ji_lv dZj^bgZevgu_ baf_g_gby<h^Z m`_ g_ iha\heyeZ rZdZeZf `blv\hdjm] _]hklhc[bsZdZd ij_`^_G_ fh]eb hgb bhojZgylv `bebsZk\hbo ohay_\hl ^jm]boex^_c gZiZ^Z\rbo k \hûIj_^klZ\ey_lky eh]bqgufqlh q_eh\_d dh]^Z hg \i_j\u_ kf_gbe ij_`g__ klhc[bs_ gZ k\Zcguc ihk_ehdaZo\Zlbe k kh[hc b g_kdhevdh gZb[he__ jmqguo rZdZeh\ l_ogZijbf_jdhlhju_ hkh[_ggh hlebqZebkvgZ hohl_ b [ueb ihdeZ^bkl__ [hevrbgkl\Z k\hbo ihem^bdbo kh[jZlv_\b lZdbf h[jZahfkha^Ze bagbo ^hfZrgbokh[Zd \ [md\Zevghfkfuke_ keh\Z >Z`_ \gZrb ^gb jZagu_gZjhû kh^_j`Zlkh[Zd ihjZaghfm \iehlv ^hkZfh]h ijbfblb\gh]hkihkh[Zdh]^Z kh[Zdb `b\ml klZyfb \hdjm] k_e_gby b bo k\yav k ex^vfbghkbl \_kvfZ g_ijhqguc oZjZdl_j>jm]hc lbi kh^_j`Zgbykh[Zd fugZoh^bf \ ex[hc _\jhi_ckdhc^_j_\g_]^_ g_kdhevdh kh[Zdk\yaZgu k h^gbf ^hfhc b ijbgZê_`Zl h^ghfm dhgdj_lghfm ohaybgm <iheg_ \_jhylghqlh lZdhc lbi\aZbfhhlghr_gbc \ujZ[hlZeky \ ijhp_kk_ jZa\blby k\Zcguo ihk_e_gbcFgh]h kh[Zd lZf ^_j`Zlv [ueh g_evayb wlh_kl_kl\_ggh^he`gh [ueh ijb\_klb d bg[jb^bg]m kdj_sb\Zgb_ f_`^m kh[hc ^\mo [ebadhjh^kl\_gguo hj]Zgbafh\Ihklhyggh ijbf_gy_lky k_e_dpbhg_jZfbijZdlbdZfb êy memqr_gby ebgbc k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo `b\hlguo b jZkl_gbcqlh\ k\hx hq_j_^vkihkh[kl\h\Zeh i_j_^Zq_ ih gZke_^kl\m q_jl ihêbggh]h h^hfZrgb\Zgby>\Z nZdlZ k\b^_l_evkl\mxl \ ihevam wlh]h ij_îheh`_gby\hi_j\uolhjnygZy kh[ZdZ h[eZ^Z\rZy [he__ dhjhldhcfhj^hc b[he__ \uimdeufq_j_ihf g_khfg_gghij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h^hfZrg_ggmx jZagh\b^ghklv rZdZeZZ \h\lhjuodhklb wlbo `b\hlguo m^Z\Zehkv hlukdZlv ihqlb bkdexqbl_evgh kj_^b hklZldh\ k\Zcguo ihk_e_gbc Wlb kh[Zdb^he`gh [ulvm`_ [ueb gZklhevdhijbjmq_gu qlh \oh^beb\ ibjh]mb kihdhcgh kb^_eb\ g_cihdZ hohlgbd ]j_[ d[_j_]mZ ih\ha\jZs_gbb ^hfhc\a[bjZebkv gZihfhkl Ihemijbjmq_ggZy kh[ZdZiZjby gbaZ qlhg_ k^_eZ_lwlh]hb ^Z`_ \ujhkrb_m f_gy\ ^hf_ s_gdbkh]eZrZxlky \ i_j\ucjZa kimklblvky \ fhx eh^dm beb \hclb\ `_e_agh^hjh`guc\Z]hg lhevdh ihke_fhbo ^he]bob l_ji_eb\uom\_s_\Zgbc <hafh`ghijbjmq_gb_ kh[Zdb m`_ aZ\_jrbehkv d lhfm fhf_glmdh]^Z ex^b gZqZeb\ha\h^blv k\Zcgu_ ihkljhcdbbeb `_ hgh ijhbkoh^beh iZjZee_evgh k wlbf ijhp_kkhf<iheg_ \_jhylghqlh dZdZylh `_gsbgZZ lh bfZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ b]jZy \ ^hqdbfZl_jbih^h[jZeZ hkbjhl_\r_]h s_gdZ b \ujZklbeZ _]h\ k\h_f^hf_;ulv fh`_ljh^bl_e_cZ lZd`_ [jZlv_\ b k_kl_j wlh]h s_gdZ kh`jZekZ[e_am[uc lb]jlZd qlh \ `b\uo hklZeky hg h^bg;_^gy`dZgZ\_jghkdmebe b ieZdZegh gbdlh g_ h[jZsZe gZ g_]h\gbfZgby \ l_^gb qm\kl\bl_evghklv [ueZex^yf g_k\hckl\_ggZ g Gh \hl fm`qbgu mieueb gZ hohlmZ `_gsbguaZgyebkv ju[ghc eh\e_cb ihq_fm [u gZf g_ \hh[jZablvqlh fZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ h[blZl_e_c ha_jghc ob`bgu hlijZ\beZkv lm^Zhldm^Z ^hghkbehkv `Zeh[gh_ ih\ba]b\Zgb_b \dhgp_ dhgph\ h[gZjm`beZ \ a_feyghc i_s_jd_ djhohlgh]h s_gdZ dhlhjuc [_kkljZrgh aZdh\ueye d g_c gZ\klj_qm bijbgyeky ebaZlv __ ijhlygmlu_ jmdbFy]dh_djm]eh_imrbklh_ kms_kl\h[_a khfg_gbyijh[m^beh \wlhc fZe_gvdhc^_\hqd_ dZf_ggh]h \_dZ lZdh_`_ klj_fe_gb_ lZkdZlv_]h gZ jmdZob gygqblvdZdh_ fu gZ[ex^Z_f m fZe_gvdbo ^_\hq_d gZr_c kh[kl\_gghc wihobb[h ihjh`^Zxsbc_]h bgklbgdl fZl_jbgkl\Z g_ f_g__^j_\_gq_f kZfq_eh\_dB \hl^_\qmrdZ dZf_ggh]h \_dZih^jZ`Zy \ajhkeuf `_gsbgZf^ZeZ s_gdm ih_klv b ke_^y aZl_fk dZdhc`Z^ghklvx hggZ[jhkbeky gZ m]hs_gb_ bkiulZeZ g_ f_gvrmx jZ^hklvq_f bkiulu\Z_loe_[hkhevgZy ohaycdZ gZrbo ^g_cdh]^Z ]hklv hl^Z_l ^he`gh_ dZdhfmgb[m^v bkdmkgh ijb]hlh\e_gghfm [ex^m<_jgm\rbkv ^hfhcjh^bl_eb ^_\hqdbk m^b\e_gb_b [_ahkh[h]h \hklhj]Z h[gZjm`b\Zxl lZf khggh]h h[t_\r_]hky rZdZe_gdZHl_p dhg_qghgZf_j_\Z_lky lml `_ _]h mlhiblvgh ^_\hqdZkh ke_aZfb \p_iey_lky\ dhe_gbhlpZlZd qlhhg kihludZ_lky b jhgy_l s_gdZ: dh]^Z hg \uijyfey_lky bohq_l hiylv_]h ko\Zlblvlh h[gZjm`b\Z_lqlh ^hqdZ aZ[beZkv \ kZfuc ^Zevgbc m]hebh[eb\Zykv ke_aZfbijb`bfZ_l s_gdZd ]jm^b Jh^bl_evkdh_ k_j^p_ ^Z`_\ dZf_gghf\_d_ \k_lZdb g_fh]eh [ulv gZklhevdh m` dZf_ggufb s_gdmjZaj_rZxl hklZlvky\ ^hf_;eZ]h^Zjy kulghfmb h[bevghfmdhjfm hg[ukljh jZkl_l klZgh\ykv [hevrbf b kbevgufLml _]h iuedZy ex[h\v d ^_\hqd_ gZqbgZ_lij_l_ji_\Zlv baf_g_gbyb ohly hl_p]eZ\Z k_f_ckl\Zg_ h[jZsZ_l gZ kh[Zdm\gbfZgbyhgZ ihkl_i_ggh hl^Z_l k\hx ijb\yaZgghklv m`_ g_ j_[_gdmZ \ajhkehfm >jm]bfb keh\ZfbgZklmiZ_l fhf_gldh]^Z s_ghd[m^v hggZ \he_mr_e [uhl fZl_jb >h kbo ihj \ `bagb gZr_]h s_gdZ^_\hqdZ b]jZeZjhev fZl_jbgh l_i_jvhl_p aZgbfZ_lêy g_]hf_klh \h`ZdZklZb dhlhjhfm jy^h\hc qe_g klZb h[yaZg g_ihdhe_[bfh kem`blv <gZqZe_ fm`qbg_ wlZijb\yaZgghklv lhevdh^hkZ`^Z_lh^gZdh \kdhj_ hg hkhagZ_lqlh gZhohl_ lZdZyijbjmq_ggZy kh[ZdZ [m^_l ]hjZa^h ihe_ag__ ihem^bdbo rZdZeh\dhlhju_ ^_j`Zlvky gZ [_j_]m \hae_ ihk_edZghihij_`g_fm [hykv q_eh\_dZg_j_^dh m[_]Zxl bf_ggh \ lhl fhf_gldh]^Z bf ke_^h\Zeh [u aZ^_j`Zlv aZljZ\e_ggmx ^bqv>Z b d ^bqb ijbjmq_ggZy kh[ZdZhlghkblky dm^Z[_kkljZrg__q_f __^bdb_ kh[jZlvylZd dZd __ xghklv ijhreZ \ [_ahiZkghklb q_eh\_q_kdh]h `bevy b_c g_ijbrehkv gZhiul_ ihagZdhfblky k deudZfbb dh]lyfb djmiguoobsgbdh\<hl lZd kh[ZdZ\kdhj_ klZgh\blky ihklhygguf kimlgbdhf fm`qbgud g_fZehfm h]hjq_gbx ^_\hqdbdhlhjZy \b^bl l_i_jv k\h_]h [u\r_]h iblhfpZlhevdh dh]^Z __ hl_p \ha\jZsZ_lky ^hfhcZ \ dZf_gghf \_d_hlpu hlemqZebkvba ^hfmhq_gv gZ^he]h H^gZdh \_kghc\ lm ihjmdh]^Z rZdZeus_gylkyhl_p dZdlh \_q_jhf \oh^bl \ ^hflZsZ gZ ie_q_ f_rhd ba g_\u^_eZgghc rdmju\ dhlhjhf dlhdlh dhihrblky b ih\ba]b\Z_lHg jZkdju\Z_l f_rhdb ^_\hqdZihîju]b\Z_l hl jZ^hklbihlhfm qlh gZihe \udZlu\Zxlkyq_luj_ f_oh\uo rZjbdZLhevdh fZlv g_^h\hevgh fhjsblkykqblZyqlh o\Zlbeh [ub ^\mo >_ckl\bl_evgh eb wlhkemqbehkv bf_gghlZd"GmgZk lZf g_ [uehh^gZdh_keb bkoh^blvba \k_]hqlh gZf ba\_klgh fu fh`_fkihdhcgh ijbgylvb ih^h[gmx \_jkbx< lh `_\j_fy g_evay aZdju\Zlv ]eZaZ gZ lhl nZdlqlh fu g_ agZ_f ^_ckl\bl_evgh eb lhevdh h[udgh\_gguc rZdZe &DQLVDXUHXV k\yaZe ih^h[guf h[jZahf k\hx km^v[m kq_eh\_dhf<_kvfZ \_jhylghqlh \ jZaebqguo h[eZklyo a_fgh]h rZjZ ijbjmqZebkvZ \ihke_^kl\bb kdj_sb\Zebkv jZaebqgu_ \bû rZdZeZ [he__ djmigu_ b [he__ koh^gu_ k \hedhf<_^v fgh]b_ ^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_ bf_xl g_ h^gh]hZ g_kdhevdbo ^bdbo ij_^dh\< ihevamwlh]h ij_îheh`_gby k\b^_l_evkl\m_l lh h[klhyl_evkl\Zqlh kh[ZdbiZjbb gb]^_ b gbdh]^Z g_ h[sZxlky k rZdZeZfb b g_ kdj_sb\Zxlky k gbfb=hkih^bg R_[[_j ex[_agh h[jZlbe fh_ \gbfZgb_ gZ lhlnZdlqlh gZ ;eb`g_f <hklhd_ fgh]b_ f_klghklb bah[bemxl dZdh^bqZeufb kh[ZdZfblZd b rZdZeZfbh^gZdh kf_r_gby f_`^mgbfb g_ gZ[ex^Z_lky gbdZdh]hGh\h \kydhf kemqZ_fu l\_j^h agZ_fqlh lmg^jh\uc \hed \h\k_ g_ y\ey_lky ij_^dhf [hevrbgkl\Z gZrbo ^hfZrgbo kh[ZddZd kqblZehkv ij_`^_ Ebrv g_kdhevdh kh[Zqvbo ihjh^ \_^mlk\h_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_hl \hedh\ b lh \ g_ qbklhf \b^_b bohkh[_gghklb kem`Zl ebrgbf ^hdZaZl_evkl\hf lh]hqlh hgb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc bkdexq_gb_ ba h[s_]h ijZ\beZWlb ihjhûh[eZ^Zxsb_ g_ lhevdh \g_rgbf koh^kl\hf k \hedhfwkdbfhkkdZy kh[ZdZ _a^h\u_ eZcdbqZmqZm b _s_ g_dhlhju_ keh`bebkv gZ DjZcg_f K_\_j_Qbklhc \heqv_cdjh\vx g_ fh`_liho\ZklZlvky gb h^gZ ba gbo<iheg_ ijZ\^hih^h[guf y\ey_lky ij_îheh`_gb_qlh q_eh\_dijh^\b]Zykv \k_^Zevr_ b^Zevr_ gZ k_\_j\_e k kh[hc m`_ h^hfZrg_gguokh[Zd krZdZev_c djh\vxdhlhju_ ihke_ g_h^ghdjZlguo kdj_sb\Zgbck \hedZfb b ihlhfdZfb \hedh\ \ dhgp_ dhgph\ klZeb ij_^dZfb \ur_i_j_qbke_gguo ihjh^H[ hkh[_gghklyo ikbobq_kdh]h kdeZ^Z kh[Zdk \heqv_cdjh\vx y_s_ [m^m]h\hjblv < hlebqb_hl kh[Zdb dhrdZkh\k_f g_^Z\ghklZeZ ^hfZrgbf `b\hlguf^Z b lh ebrv gZklhevdhgZkdhevdh hgZ\hh[s_ kihkh[gZ d h^hfZrgb\ZgbxG_^Z\ghdhg_qghebrv ih kjZ\g_gbx k kh[Zdhcbklhjby dhlhjhcih fg_gbxagZxsbo ex^_cgZkqblu\Z_l khjhdr_klv^_kyl lukyqe_lY ^mfZxqlh q_eh\_d \i_j\u_ ihdhjfbe rZdZeZ ijbf_jgh iylv^_kyllukyq e_l gZaZ^Z \i_j\u_ ihk_ebe_]h mk_[y \ha_jghf `bebs_ ijb[ebabl_evgh aZ^\Z^pZlv lukyqe_l ^h gZqZeZbklhjbq_kdhc wjuJy^hf k lZdbfb pbnjZfb khxadhrdb kq_eh\_dhf fh`gh kqblZlv kh[ulb_f \q_jZrg_]h^gyL_ `_ kZfu_ex^bdhlhju_ \ ke_^mxs_f lukyq_e_lbb ihkljhbeb ibjZfb^m O_hikZm`_ kha^Zeb [he__ \ukhdmxnhjfm dmevlmjudhjh\uh\puehrZ^b [ueb m gbo lZdbfb `_ ^hfZrgbfb `b\hlgufbdZdbfb fubo agZ_f k_cqZkq_eh\_d `be \ dZf_gguo^hfZo bh[jZ[Zlu\Ze k\hb iheyaZijy]Ze \iem] \heh\bgZq_ ]h\hjyjZaebqby f_`^m l_f \j_f_g_f b gZrbf g_ lZd m` \_ebdb<_kvfZ \_jhylghqlh bf_ggh \ ?]bil_i_j\hc \bklhjbb Z]jZjghc kljZg_dhrdb bijbkh_^bgbeZkv dq_eh\_dm \_^v h]jhfgu_ oe_[gu_ `blgbpu?]bilZ mihfbgZxlky _s_\ ;b[ebb: ]^__klv [hevrb_ a_jghojZgbebsZlZd \k_]^Z aZ\h^blky fgh`_kl\h fur_c b djukb _keb \ <_lohf aZ\_l_ kj_^b dZag_c _]bi_lkdbofurb g_ mihfygmlulhgZ\_jgh_ebrv ihlhfm qlh bo b lZd m`_ [ueh qj_a\uqZcghfgh]h bm\_ebq_gb_ bo qbkeZ g_fh]eh ijhba\_klbaZf_lgh]h \i_qZle_gby >j_\gb_ _]bilyg_ mf_eb \gbfZl_evgh gZ[ex^Zlv blhgdh qm\kl\h\Zlv ijbjh^mh q_f k\b^_l_evkl\mxl ohly [u m^b\bl_evgu_ jbkmgdb `b\hlguokhojZgb\rb_ky gZ kl_gZo ]jh[gbp b ojZfh\bdhg_qghhgb kh\_jr_gghlhqgh agZeb dZdb_ ba f_klguof_edbo obsgbdh\hiZkgu êyfur_c bdjuk =_jh^hl khh[sZ_lqlh bog_\fhgdhlhjh]h gZau\Zeb lZd`_ nZjZhgh\hc furvx[ue k\ys_gguf `b\hlgufZ \]jh[gbpZo Kj_^g_]h pZjkl\Z h[gZjm`_gh fgh]h lsZl_evghba]hlh\e_gguo fmfbc kl_ighc dhrdb )HOLVRFUHDWDmjh`_gdb :njbdb b Kbjbb^bdh]h ij_^dZ gZr_c ^hfZrg_c dhrdbH^gZdh bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZebqlh dhrdZ ihqblZeZkv g_ kZfZ ih k_[_gh dZd kbf\heev\bpu`b\hlgh]h wlhc[h]bgbqlh êy k\hbo [h]hkem`_gbc hgb ba[jZeb `b\hlgh_ ihf_gvr_ b ihihdeZ^bkl_c ev\bpuohly [u ^Z`_ b kh\k_f jmqghc <hafh`ghdZdZygb[m^v ev\bpZ hkjZfbeZkv kZfufg_ijbylguf h[jZahfkdmrZ\ \h \j_fy [h]hkem`_gby hkh[_ggh^hjh^gh]h `j_pZ [h]bgb ;ZklGh_keb ]h\hjblvk_jv_aghfg_ hq_gv ijbylgh ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h dhrd_ dZd h kbf\he_ev\ZdZd h fbgbZlxjghc dhibb pZjya\_j_cDhrdZ gjZ\blky fg_ bf_ggh ihlhfmqlh hgZijbghkbl \fhc ^hfg_mdjhs_ggmx ^bdhklvb ]b[dh_ bays_kl\hdhlhju_ jh^gyl __k iZgl_jhcy]mZjhf b lb]jhf b dhlhjufb hgZ gZ^_e_gZ \ jZ\ghckl_i_gb kgbfb <kydbcdhfm ^h\_ehkv ih[eb`_ magZlv kl_iguo dhr_d[_a khfg_gbykh]eZkblkyqlh hgb hq_gv e_]dhijbjmqZxlky< dZdhclh f_j_ wlh ijbjh`^_ggu_ ^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_?keb ^bdb_ _\jhi_ckdb_ dhrdb )HOLVVLOYHVWULVijbjmq_gbx g_ ih^^Zxlkyohly [u hgbb ihiZeb \g_\hex kh\k_f fZe_gvdbfb dhlylZfblh ^Z`_ \ajhkeZy kl_igZydhrdZ gZklhevdh[ukljh klZgh\blky jmqghc [_a \kydbo d lhfm klZjZgbckh klhjhgu ijbkfZljb\Zxsbo aZ g_c ex^_cqlh \kdhj_kh^_j`Zgb_ __\ de_ld_ ij_\jZsZ_lky \ [_kkfuke_ggmx `_klhdhklv<h fgh]bo ahhiZjdZo dhrdbijb[u\ lm^Z ie_ggbpZfbiha`_ klZgh\bebkv ex[bfpZfb k\hbo klhjh`_cb gZgbo \haeZ]Zebkvh[yaZgghklb ^hfZrg_c dhrdbKj_^b fhbo fgh]hqbke_gguo q_l\_jhgh]bo agZdhfp_\ y g_fh]m gZa\Zlvgb _^bghcihgZklhys_fm ^bdhc beb im]eb\hc kl_ighc dhrdb b g_ _^bghc ^_ckl\bl_evgh ijbjmqb\r_cky _\jhi_ckdhc^bdhc dhrdb Dh]^Z ^j_\gb_ _]bilyg_khagZ\ZygZkdhevdh ihe_agu bf wlb `b\hlgu_[eZ]hjZamfgh ihf_klbeb dhr_d ih^ aZsblm aZdhgZ aZ m[bckl\hdhrdb iheZ]ZeZkvkf_jlgZy dZagvwlh bklhjbq_kdbc nZdlk\ys_ggu_ dhrdb q_j_a g_kdhevdh ihdhe_gbc_kl_kl\_gghmljZlbeb \kydbc kljZo i_j_^ q_eh\_dhf b klZeb klhev `_ gZahceb\h jmqgufbdZd kh\j_f_ggu_ k\ys_ggu_ dhjh\u \ Bg^bb: m` _keb wlhl ]hj[Zluc kdhllZd m\_j_g \k\h_c [_ahiZkghklbqlh kihdhcgh aZoh^bl \ h\hsgu_ eZ\hqdb bd m`Zkmlhj]h\p_\ih`bjZ_l kZfu_ khqgu_njmdlu b h\hsblh gZkdhevdhemqr_ ^he`gu[ueb hkhagZlv ij_bfms_kl\Z k\h_]h iheh`_gby b \hkihevah\Zlvky bfb g_kjZ\g_ggh [he__ mfgu_ k\ys_ggu_ dhrdb;m^_f gZ^_ylvkyqlh hgb ijb wlhf g_ aZ[u\Zebh k\h_f^he]_ b ijh^he`Zeb mk_j^gheh\blv fur_c G_ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_k dZdhc ij_ajbl_evghc g_[j_`ghklvx lh]^Zrgb_ dhrdb hlghkbebkv dk\hbf ohay_\Zf jZa m`^Z`_ gZrb kZfu_h[udgh\_ggu_ dhrdbj_^dh m^_eyxlgZf \gbfZgb_ijZ\h `_qm\kl\m_rv k_[y ihevs_ggufdh]^Z fZe_gvdbc lb]j baj_^dZ ih[Zem_l l_[y dZdbfgb[m^v baty\e_gb_f \_èb\hklb beb ijb\yaZgghklbKms_kl\m_l g_khfg_ggZy k\yav f_`^m g_aZ\bkbfuf gjZ\hf dhr_d b f_ê_gghklvx ihy\e_gby m gbo nbabq_kdbo ijbagZdh\ h^hfZrgb\ZgbyOhly dhrdZ [ueZh[ty\e_gZ k\ys_gguf ojZfh\uf `b\hlguf \h \j_f_gy iylhc beb r_klhc ^bgZklbbe_]db_ ijbagZdb fmlZpbb\ klhjhgmh^hfZrgb\Zgb_ m^Z_lky h[gZjm`blv m dhrZqvbo fmfbclhevdh ^\_gZ^pZlhcb ljbgZ^pZlhc^bgZklbc gZijbf_jaZf_lgu_ baf_g_gby \kljh_gbb moZb \ZjbZpbyo hdjZkdbdhlhjZy d lhfm \j_f_gb klZgh\blky ^h\hevgh jZaghh[jZaghcohly q_jgu_[_eu b djZiqZlu_ rdmjdb hklZxlky _s_ ^_ehf[m^ms_]hLh]^Z `_ q_j_idhrdb gZqbgZ_l h[gZjm`b\Zlv g_dhlhjmx \uimdehklv \bkhqguo dhkl_c b mdhjZqb\Zgb_ fhjûlh _klv l_ q_jludhlhju_ m`_ oZjZdl_jbah\Zeb lhjnygmx kh[Zdm dZd ^hfZrg__ `b\hlgh_aZ g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\lukyq_e_lbc ^hwlh]h>Z`_ \gZrb ^gb m dhr_ddhlhjuo g_ \u\h^beb ki_pbZevgh kaZjZg__ aZ^Zgghc p_evxnbabq_kdb_ b ikbobq_kdb_ baf_g_gbyk\yaZggu_ k h^hfZrgb\Zgb_faZf_lgu hq_gv fZehb omû_êbgghgh]b_ dhjhldhr_jklgu_ dhrdb k lb]jh\hc hdjZkdhcdZdbo g_fZeh\ P_gljZevghc ?\jhi_khojZgyxl m^b\bl_evgh_ koh^kl\h k ^j_\gbfb dhrdZfb Ohly dhrdZ dZd ^hfZrg__ `b\hlgh_ [ueZ k ^Z\gboihj rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_ggZ ih \k_fm ?]bilmihlj_[h\Zehkv g_\_jhylgh ^he]h_ \j_fyqlh[u hgZ ijhgbdeZ \ ^jm]b_ kljZgu:glbqgu_ ibkZl_ebih\b^bfhfmg_ bf_eb hg_c ijZdlbq_kdb gbdZdh]h ij_^klZ\e_gbyb i_j\uf hihy\e_gbb dhr_d \ ?\jhi_ jZkkdZau\Z_l gZf IemlZjo ebrv \ i_j\hf klhe_lbb gZr_c wjuEx[hiulghqlh h^gh\j_f_ggh hg mihfbgZ_l h eZkd_dZd hihe_aghf `b\hlghfdhlhjh_ ^_j`Zl \ ^hf_ lhevdh jZ^b mgbqlh`_gby fur_cIh\b^bfhfmeZkdZ lh]^Z _s_ g_ [ueZ \ul_kg_gZ ^hfZrg_c dhrdhc\h \k_o hlghr_gbyo [he__ m^h[ghcêy kh^_j`Zgby\ ^hf_>Zevg_cr__ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ^hfZrg_c dhrdb ih ?\jhi_ ijhbkoh^beh gZ m^b\e_gb_ f_ê_ggh \ MwevkdboaZdhgZo GhmweeZ>vx lhqgh mdZau\Z_lkydZdmx p_gmfh`gh aZijhkblvaZ dhrdmb dZdbo__ dZq_kl\ bf__l ijZ\h lj_[h\Zlv ihdmiZl_ev< wlm wihom ijbf_jgh \lukyqghf ]h^m gZr_cwjuq_eh\_dm[b\rbc dhrdm h[yaZg [ue ieZlblv rljZn h\pmy]g_gdZ beb lZdh_ dhebq_kl\h ir_gbpudZdh]h o\Zlbeh [u êy lh]hqlh[u iheghklvx aZkuiZlv m[blmxdhrdmih^\_r_ggmx gZ^ a_fe_caZ o\hklIhkdhevdm \ lZdhf iheh`_gbb l_eh kbevgh \uly]b\Z_lkya_jgZ ijboh^behkvhl^Z\Zlv g_fZeh < 9,,,\_d_ \=_jfZgbb dhr_dih\b^bfhfmg_ [ueh\h \kydhf kemqZ_\ KZebq_kdbo ijZ\beZohgb g_mihfbgZxlky < wlhc kljZg_ _s_ \ ;,9\_d_ dhrdb p_gbebkvgZklhevdh \ukhdhqlh \ g_dhlhjuo dmiqbo hgb mdZau\Zebkv\ kibkd_ ^\b`bfhklbdhlhjmx ijh^Zxsbc mklmiZe \f_kl_ kn_jfhcY ijb\_e a^_kv \k_ wlb k\_^_gbydhlhju_jZamf__lky ihq_jigme ba ;j_fZg_ [_a aZ^g_c fukeb\bû ^hfZrgbo `b\hlguoki_pbZevgh \u\h^bfu_ q_eh\_dhfjZkijhkljZgyebkv ]hjZa^h [uklj__q_f wlh ijhbahrehk dhrdZfb>Z`_ bl_i_jv g_ lZdlh ijhklh ijh^Zlv dhrdm gZklhjhgmhkh[_ggh _keb hgZ h[eZ^Z_l l_f g_aZ\bkbfuf hohlgbqvbf ^mohfdhlhju_ ih\urZ_l __ p_gghklv dZd djukheh\ZJmdh\h^kl\mykv k\hbf bamfbl_evgh ohjhrh khojZgb\rbfky qm\kl\hf gZijZ\e_gby dhrdb mijyfh \ha\jZsZxlky \ ij_`gb_ `bebsZihdju\Zy g_fukebfu_ jZkklhygb_B gZclb ^hjh]m^hfhcwlh \h\k_ g_ hagZqZ_lqlh hgZ ijb`b\_lky lZflZdZy dhrdZ\iheg_ kihkh[gZ ijhy\blvihegmx g_aZ\bkbfhklvb \_jgmlvky d^bdhfm h[jZam `bagbIhwlhfm kgZqZeZ dhrdZ\_jhylgh jZkijhkljZgyeZkv \h\k_ g_ ihlhfmqlh ihdhjgh iha\heyeZ ex^yf ijh^Z\Zlvk_[yg_lhgZ i_j_[bjZeZkvba ^hfZ\ ^hf b ba ^_j_\gb\ ^_j_\gxihdZ g_aZ\eZ^_eZ ihkl_i_ggh\k_f dhglbg_glhf ><: BKLHQGBD:IJ?>:GGHKLB <k_dhfm ijboh^behkv bf_lv[hevr_ h^ghc kh[ZdbagZxl gZkdhevdh jZaebqgufb [u\Zxl kh[Zqvb bg^b\b^mZevghklbG_l ^\mo Z[khexlghihoh`bo ^jm]gZ ^jm]Z kh[ZddZd g_l b^\mo Z[khexlgh h^bgZdh\uo ex^_c ^Z`_ kj_^b [ebag_ph\Gh \uy\eyy dhgdj_lgu_ q_jlu dZ`^h]h ^Zggh]h q_eh\_q_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ b h[t_^bgyy bo \ dZl_]hjbbfh`gh ^hba\_klghc kl_i_gb h[tykgblv jZaebqgu_ l_fi_jZf_gluohly ih^h[guc ZgZeba baaZ [_kdhg_qgh]hjZaghh[jZaby bamqZ_fh]hfZl_jbZeZ gbdh]^Z g_ ^hklb]g_l klZlmkZ lhqghc gZmdbKh[Zqvy bg^b\b^mZevghklv fgh]h ijhs_Z ihlhfm gZf]hjZa^h e_]q_ h[tykgblv hkh[_gghklb jZaebqguo oZjZdl_jhfjZkkfZljb\Zy jZa\blb_ hij_^_e_gguo oZjZdl_jheh]bq_kdboq_jl b bo khq_lZgby m^Zggh]h bg^b\b^Z Dhg_qghy g_kh[bjZxkv ijh\h^blv\ wlhcdgb]_ gZmqgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ oZjZdl_jheh]bq_kdbo q_jl ^hfZrg_c kh[Zdbgh l_f g_ f_g__ ihijh[mx ihdZaZlvdZd \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ g_dhlhjuo \jh`^_gguo hkh[_gghkl_cih\_^_gbyb \ qZklghklb ^\mo ba gbokha^Z_l qj_a\uqZcgh rbjhdmx ]Zffmkh[Zqvbo oZjZdl_jh\gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ dZj^bgZevgh jZaebqZxsboky f_`^m kh[hcBf_ggh wlb ^\Z \u^_e_gguo fghxk\hckl\Z \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v hij_^_eyxlhlghr_gb_ kh[Zdbd __ohaybgmZ ihlhfm hgb ij_^klZ\eyxl [hevrhc bgl_j_k êy ex[bl_e_c kh[ZdIj_^Zgghklv kh[Zdb ohaybgm \hagbdZ_l ba ^\mo kh\_jr_ggh jZaguo bklhqgbdh\<h fgh]hf hgZ h[tykgy_lky l_fb maZfbdhlhju_ k\yau\Zxl ^bdmxkh[Zdm kfZl_jvx lhevdh \ ^_lkdhf\hajZkl_Z m^hfZrg_c kh[ZdbkhojZgy_lky gZ \kx `bagv b \f_kl_k jy^hf^jm]bo fhf_glh\kihkh[kl\m_l lhfm qlh g_dhlhju_ ^_lkdb_q_jlu oZjZdl_jZg_ bkq_aZ_lb dh]^Z `b\hlgh_ klZgh\blky \ajhkeuf>jm]hc dhj_gv ij_^Zgghklb aZeh`_g \ lhc\_jghklbdhlhjZy k\yau\Z_l jy^h\mxkh[Zdm k \h`Zdhf klZb beb `_ \hagbdZ_l baijb\yaZgghklbiblZ_fhc hl^_evgufb qe_gZfb k_fvb ^jm] d ^jm]mM kh[Zdk \heqv_c djh\vx wlhl dhj_gv moh^bl ]hjZa^h ]em[`_q_f mihlhfdh\ rZdZeZb ih hq_\b^ghc ijbqbg_khojZg_gb_ klZb b]jZ_l ]hjZa^h [hevrmxjhev \`bagb \hedZq_f \`bagb rZdZeZ ?keb \aylv \ ^hf s_gdZ g_h^hfZrg_ggh]hij_^klZ\bl_ey k_f_ckl\Z kh[Zqvbo b jZklblv _]h dZdkh[Zdme_]dh fh`gh \hh[jZablv[m^lh ihlj_[ghklv ^bdh]h ^_l_gurZ \aZ[hl_ b moh^_ jZ\ghagZqgZlhc ih`bag_gghck\yabdhlhjZy kms_kl\m_l f_`^m [hevrbgkl\hf gZrbo ^hfZrgbo kh[Zd b boohay_\Zfb Ie_gguc \heqhghd h[uqgh[u\Z_l jh[dbfij_îhqblZ_l l_fgu_ m]eu b y\gh[hblky i_j_k_dZlvhldjulu_ ijhkljZgkl\ZHg \ \ukr_c kl_i_gb g_^h\_jqb\d g_agZdhfufex^yf b_keb lZdhc q_eh\_d ihijh[m_l _]h ih]eZ^blvfh`_l yjhklgh b [_a ij_^mij_`^_gby \p_iblvky \ eZkdZxsmx jmdmHg m`_ k jh`^_gby \_kvfZ kdehg_g dmkZlvky hl kljZoZ ihg_f_pdb lZdbo `b\hlguo gZau\Zxl Zg]kl[Zck_jgh d ohaybgm \heqhghd ijb\yau\Z_lky biheZ]Z_lky gZg_]h lhqghlZd `_ dZd s_ghd?keb j_qvb^_l hkZfd_dhlhjZy ijbghjfZevghf oh^_ kh[ulbc\ujZklZygZqbgZ_l \hkijbgbfZlvkZfpZ\h`ZdZ dZd ohaybgZhiulguf ^j_kkbjh\sbdZfbgh]^Z m^Z_lky aZgylv f_klh lZdh]h \h`ZdZ \ lhl i_jbh^dh]^Z ^_lkdZy aZ\bkbfhklv kZfdb koh^bl gZ g_lb lZdbf h[jZahf h[_ki_qblv k_[_ __ ijb\yaZgghklv b \ ^Zevg_cr_fH^bg \_gkdbc ihebp_ckdbc kmf_e ^h[blvky lZdhc ij_^Zgghklb hl k\h_c agZf_gblhc \heqbpu Ihev^bGh lh]hdlh \hkiblu\Z_l \hedZkZfpZ`^_l g_fbgm_fh_ jZahqZjh\Zgb_ dZd lhevdh \hed klZgh\blky\ajhkeufhg \g_aZighi_j_klZ_l ih^qbgylvky ohaybgm b^_j`blky Z[khexlgh g_aZ\bkbfh< _]hih\_^_gbb ih hlghr_gbx d [u\r_fm ohaybgm g_ ijhy\ey_lky gbaeh[ugb k\bj_ihklb hg ihij_`g_fm h[oh^blkyk gbfdZd k^jm]hf gh _fm [hevr_ b \ ]heh\m g_ ijb^_l ke_ihih\bgh\Zlvky ohaybgmb\hafh`ghhg ^Z`_ihiulZ_lky ih^qbgblv_]h k_[_ b klZlv\h`ZdhfMqblu\Zy kbem\heqvbo am[h\g_ ijboh^blky m^b\eylvkyqlh wlZ ijhp_^mjZ bgh]^Zijbh[j_lZ_l ^h\hevgh djh\Z\uc oZjZdl_j Lh `_ijhbahreh k^bg]hdhlhjh]h y\aye gZ iyluc^_gv _]h `bagbihêh`be d dhjfys_c kh[Zd_ b \hkiblu\Zeg_ `Ze_y \j_f_gbb kbeWlZ ^bdZykh[ZdZ g_ iulZeZkvih^qbgblv f_gy k_[_ bebbkdmkZlvghklZ\ \ajhkehchgZ ihkl_i_ggh mljZlbeZ ij_`gxxihkemrghklvijbq_f ijhbkoh^behwlh \_kvfZ ex[hiulguf h[jZahfIhdZ fhc^bg]h [ues_gdhf_]h ih\_^_gb_ gbq_f g_hlebqZehkv hlih\_^_gby h[udgh\_gghc kh[ZdbDh]^Z y gZdZau\Ze_]h aZdZdmxgb[m^v ijh\bgghklvhg \ujZ`Ze k\h_ jZkdZygb_ gZ h[uqguc kh[Zqbc fZg_jlh _klv iulZeky mfbjhl\hjblv jZa]g_\Zggh]h ohaybgZ\ujZ`_gbyfb ihdhjghklbb fhev[uijbq_f mkihdZb\Zekylhevdh dh]^Z^h[b\Zeky eZkdb hagZqZxs_c ijhs_gb_H^gZdhdh]^Z _fmbkihegbehkv ihelhjZ ]h^Z_]h ih\_^_gb_dhj_gguf h[jZahfbaf_gbehkv hg \k_ _s_ [_a khijhlb\e_gby ijbgbfZe gZdZaZgb_^Z`_ ih[hbgh _^\Z \k_ dhgqZehkvdZd hg \kljyob\Zeky^jm`_kdb \beye fg_ o\hklhf b m[_]Zeijb]eZrZy f_gyih]hgylvky aZgbfBgufb keh\ZfbgZdZaZgb_ gbdZdg_ \ebyehgZ _]hgZkljh_gb_ bg_ ijhba\h^beh gZ g_]hgb fZe_cr_]h^_ckl\by\iehlv ^hlh]h qlh hgfh] lml `_ih\lhjblv ij_klmie_gb_aZ dhlhjh_lhevdh qlh ihg_k kijZ\_êb\mxdZjmgZijbf_j\gh\v ihdmkblvkygZ `bagv h^ghcba kZfuop_gguo fhbomlhd< lhf`_ \hajZkl_hg mljZlbe \kydh_ `_eZgb_khijh\h`^Zlv f_gy\h \j_fyijh]mehd b ijhklh m[_]Zedm^Z ohl_eg_ h[jZsZygbdZdh]h \gbfZgby gZ fhb dhfZgûL_f g_ f_g__ y ^he`_gih^q_jdgmlvqlh ihevah\Zeky kZfuf l_ieu__]h jZkiheh`_gb_fbdh]^Z [ufu gb \klj_qZebkvhg ijb\_lkl\h\Zef_gy k kh[ex^_gb_fihegh]h kh[Zqv_]h p_j_fhgbZeZG_ ke_^m_l`^Zlvqlh ^bdh_`b\hlgh_ [m^_l h[oh^blvky k q_eh\_dhf bgZq_q_f khkh[yfb k\h_]h \b^ZFu _s_ \_jg_fky d wlhfm \hijhkmdh]^Z [m^_f jZkkfZljb\Zlv hlghr_gby f_`^mex^vfb bdhrdZfbFhc ^bg]h kh\_jr_ggh g_khfg_gghiblZe dh fg_kZfu_ ]hjyqb_qm\kl\Z gh ihdhjghklvb ihkemrZgb_lml ijhklhgb ijbq_f H^hfZrg_ggu_ kh[Zdb\ dhlhjuo ij_h[eZ^Z_l rZdZevy djh\v\kx `bagv hklZxlky \ lhc`_ aZ\bkbfhklbhl k\h_]h ohaybgZ\ dZdhc gZoh^ylky fhehû_ ^bdb_ kh[Zdb hl \ajhkeuoB wlh g__^bgkl\_ggZy ^_lkdZyq_jlZdhlhjmx \ hlebqb_ hl ^bdhc kh[Zdb hgb khojZgyxl ^h dhgpZ `bagb DhjhldZ r_jklvo\hkl dhevphf b\bkyqb_ mrbk\hckl\_ggu_ fgh]bf ihjh^ZfZ ]eZ\gh_mdhjhq_ggZy fhj^Zb \uimdehklv q_j_iZdhlhju_ fu m`_ \b^_eb m lhjnyghc kh[Zdb&DQLV IDPLOLDULVSDOXVWULVwlb q_jlu oZjZdl_jbam_lm ^bdbo nhjf lhevdh fhehûo `b\hlguogh m ^hfZrg_c kh[Zdb khojZgyxlky gZijhly`_gbb \k_c__ `bagb DZd b [hevrbgkl\h oZjZdl_jheh]bq_kdbo q_jl bgnZglbevghklv fh`_l [ulv b ^hklhbgkl\hf bg_^hklZldhf \k_ aZ\bkblhl kl_i_gbKh[Zdbiheghklvx __ebr_ggu_ohly b bgl_j_kguk\h_c g_aZ\bkbfhklvxohaybgm hkh[hc jZ^hklbg_ ^hklZ\eyxllZd dZdhgb g_bkijZ\bfu_[jh^y]b bebrv \j_fy hl \j_f_gb kgbkoh^yl ^h ihk_s_gby ^hfZ k\h_]h\eZ^_evpZ keh\h ohaybglml y\gh g_ ihôh^blK \hajZklhflZdb_ kh[Zdb qZklh klZgh\ylky hiZkgufblZd dZdebr_ggu_ lbibqghc kh[Zqv_cihdhjghklbhgb fh]mlbkdmkZlv beb k[blv k gh] q_eh\_dZkeh\gh ^jm]mxkh[ZdmH^gZdhhkm`^Zy ^mo [jh^y`gbq_kl\Z b khimlkl\mxs__ _fm hlkmlkl\b_ \_jghklb ohaybgm bebf_klmy ^he`_g^h[Z\blvqlh ba[ulhd xghr_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb fh`_ldZd gbkljZgghijb\_klb ihqlbd l_f `_ j_amevlZlZfd dZdbfijb\h^bl ihegh___ hlkmlkl\b_ Ohly m [hevrbgkl\Z gZrbo ^hfZrgbo kh[Zd bklhdb bo ij_^Zgghklb e_`Zl bf_ggh \ wlhc^h ba\_klghc kl_i_gb khojZgyxs_cky bgnZglbevghklbba[ulhd __ ^Z_l ijhlb\hiheh`gmx dZjlbgmLZdb_ kh[Zdb qj_a\uqZcgheZkdh\u kh k\hbfbohay_\Zfb Z aZh^ghb kh\k_fb ^jm]bfb ex^vfb< Dhevp_ pZjy KhehfhgZy m`_kjZ\gb\Ze wlhllbi kh[Zd k ba[Zeh\Zggufb ^_lvfbdhlhju_ dZ`^h]h fm`qbgm gZau\Zxl ^y^_cb ex[hfm g_agZdhfhfm q_eh\_dm gZ\yau\Zxl k\hx g_ijhr_gmx ^jm`[mB ^_eh g_\ lhf[m^lh lZdZykh[ZdZ g_ agZ_l k\h_]h ohaybgZgZh[hjhlhgZ jZ^m_lky_]h ijboh^m b ijb\_lkl\m_l _]h [he__ \hklhj`_gghq_f ^jm]boihke_ q_]h hohlgh m[_]Z_l k i_j\uf \klj_qgufIh^h[gZy g_jZa[hjqb\Zy ^jm`_ex[ghklv dh \k_fm jh^m q_eh\_q_kdhfm g_khfg_gghihjh`^Z_lky kbevg_cr_c bgnZglbevghklvx wlh ^hdZau\Z_lky \k_f kljh_f ih\_^_gby ih^h[guo kh[ZdHgb \k_]^Z baebrg_kdehggu d b]j_b fgh]h\j_f_gb kimklyihke_ lh]hdZd bfbkihegblky ]h^b \k_bo ghjfZevgu_jh\_kgbdb mki_xl ^Z\gh hkl_i_gblvkyhgb \k_ _s_ ]juamlohayckdb_ re_iZgpu bgZghkyl kf_jl_evgu_ jZguaZgZ\_kdZfZ ]eZ\gh_ khojZgyxl jZ[kdmx ihdhjghklvdhlhjZy m ^jm]bokh[Zd ijb \ajhke_gbb [ukljh kf_gy_lky a^hjh\hc m\_j_gghklvx\ k_[_ IheZy\ ba qm\kl\Z ^he]h gZ g_agZdhfh]h q_eh\_dZlZdZy kh[ZdZ m]hêb\h \Zeblky i_j_^ gbf gZ kibgmklhbl _fm kljh]h aZ]h\hjblvk g_cB lhldlh ^_j`bl__ ih\h^hdêy g__ m`_]jhaguc b\k_fh]msbc ohaybg KqZkleb\Zy k_j_^bgZ f_`^m kebrdhf aZ\bkbfhcb kebrdhf g_aZ\bkbfhc kh[Zdhc wlh b _klvb^_Ze bklbgghij_^Zgghc kh[ZdbWlhl b^_Ze\klj_qZ_lky ^Ze_dh g_lZd qZklhb m`\h \kydhf kemqZ_]hjZa^h j_`_q_f dZ`_lky kj_^g_fm\eZ^_evpm kh[Zdb Hij_^_e_ggZy kl_i_gv g_ij_oh^ys_c bgnZglbevghklb g_h[oh^bfZqlh[u kh[ZdZiblZeZ dk\h_fm ohaybgmex[h\v b ij_^Zgghklvgh __ba[ulhd aZklZ\ey_lkh[Zdm lZd`_ ihdhjgh h[h`Zlv \k_o ex^_c [_a jZa[hjZIhwlhfm ebrvhlghkbl_evgh g_fgh]b_ kh[Zdb[m^ml ^_ckl\bl_evghaZsbsZlv k\h_]h ohaybgZ hl omeb]ZgZohly hgb\h\k_ g_hklZxlky jZ\gh^mrgufbd lhfm qlh gZ ohaybgZdlhlh gZiZeh^gZdh q_eh\_d\hh[s_ \gmrZ_l bf [eZ]h\_cgh_ ihql_gb_b hgb g_\ khklhygbbijbqbgblv _fm \j_^ Ij_^Zgghklv kh[ZdijbgZê_`Zsbo dl_f ihjh^Zf\ `beZo dhlhjuo l_q_l dZdZylh êy \heqv_c djh\bijbgpbibZevgh hlebqgZ hl ij_^Zgghklb gZrbop_gljZevgh_\jhi_ckdbo ihjh^ \_^msboih\b^bfhfmk\h_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ g_ihkj_^kl\_gghhl rZdZeh\<jy^ eb kms_kl\mxl ihjhû\hkoh^ysb_ ijyfh d \hedZf_klv \k_ hkgh\Zgby kqblZlvqlh q_eh\_dZ \ lh \j_fydh]^Z hggZqZe k_eblvky\ Zjdlbq_kdboh[eZklyo]^_ \hr_e \ khijbdhkgh\_gb_ k lmg^jh\uf \hedhfm`_ khijh\h`^Zeb kh[Zdb rZdZev_c djh\bKdj_sb\Zgb_ \hedh\k ^hfZrgbfb kh[ZdZfb k_\_jguo gZjh^h\ ijhbahrehhq_\b^gh kjZ\gbl_evgh iha^gh b m`\h \kydhf kemqZ_]hjZa^h iha^g__q_f i_j\h_ ijbjmq_gb_ rZdZeZIhkdhevdm \hed kbevg__ b \ughkeb\__fh]eZ \hagbdgmlv ihlj_[ghklv \ ihjh^Zo kh agZqbl_evguf ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f \heqv_c djh\bZ k\bj_ihklv bg_mdjhlbfhklv\_jhylghg_ kebrdhf [_kihdhbeb h[blZl_e_c DjZcg_]h K_\_jZ ijbjh`^_gguo ^j_kkbjh\sbdh\ mf_xsbo kijZ\eylvky k kZfufb g_aZ\bkbfufb ikZfb G_ihkj_^kl\_gguf j_amevlZlhf wlh]h [hevrh]hb kjZ\gbl_evgh g_^Z\g_]h ijbeb\Z \heqv_c djh\b y\behkv agZqbl_evgh hkeZ[e_gb_ \ \heqvboihjh^Zo q_jl h^hfZrg_gghklbb \ qZklghklbg_ij_oh^ys_c bgnZglbevghklbHgZ aZf_gy_lky aZ\bkbfhklvx kh\k_f bgh]h lbiZdhlhjZy h[yaZgZ k\hbf ijhbkoh`^_gb_f ki_pbnbq_kdb \heqvbf hkh[_gghklyf?keb rZdZe \ hkgh\ghf_kl iZ^Zevlh \hedgZklhysbc obsgbdb abfhc gm`^Z_lky \ ihfhsb k\hbo kh[jZlv_\hohlykv gZ djmiguo ljZ\hy^guo_]h _^bgkl\_ggucdhjf \wlm ihjm]h^Z Qlh[u h[_ki_qblv k_[y ^hklZlhqguf dhebq_kl\hf ibsb \heqvy klZy \ugm`^_gZ ihdju\Zlv [hevrb_ jZkklhygbyZ j_amevlZlu hohluaZ\bkyl hl \aZbfghcih^^_j`db \l_ fbgmlu dh]^Z __qe_gZf m^Z_lkyaZljZ\blv ^bqvKljh]Zy hj]ZgbaZpby klZb[_aaZ\_lgZy ij_^Zgghklv \h`Zdm b [_ah]h\hjhqgZy \aZbfgZy \ujmqdZ \hl g_h[oh^bfu_ mkeh\by mki_rgh]h \u`b\Zgby wlh]h \b^Z \ ly`_ehc [hjv[_ aZkms_kl\h\Zgb_ LZdb_ \heqvb k\hckl\Ziheghklvx h[tykgyxlkmsghklv \_kvfZ aZf_lguo jZaebqbc \oZjZdl_j_ rZdZevbob \heqvbokh[Zd jZaebqbchq_\b^guo êy \k_odlh ihgZklhys_fm ihgbfZ_l kh[ZdI_j\u_ hlghkylky d k\hbf ohay_\Zf dZd d kh[ZdZfjh^bl_eyf\lhju_ \b^yl\ gbokdhj__ \h`Zdh\klZb b \_^ml k_[yk gbfbkhhl\_lkl\_ggh Ihdhjghklb bgnZglbevghc rZdZev_c kh[Zdb m \heqv_c kh[Zdb khhl\_lkl\m_l]hj^Zy fm`kdZyehyevghklv\ dhlhjhc ih^qbg_gb_ b]jZ_l \_kvfZ fZemx jhevZ jZ[kdZyihdhjghklv gbdZdhc<heqvy kh[ZdZ \ hlebqb_ hlrZdZev_c \h\k_g_ \b^bl \ ohaybg_q_]hlh \jh^_ihf_kb hlpZb [h]Zêy g__ hg kdhj__ lh\Zjbsohly __ ijb\yaZgghklv dg_fm ]hjZa^h ijhqg__ b g_ i_j_ghkblvky k e_]dhklvx gZ dh]hgb[m^v ^jm]h]hWlh h^ghex[b_jZa\b\Z_lky \ fhehûo \heqvbo kh[ZdZo \_kvfZ k\h_h[jZagh\ hij_^_e_gguc fhf_gl^_lkdZy aZ\bkbfhklv hl jh^bl_e_c q_ldh kf_gy_lky \ajhkehc ij_^Zgghklvx \h`ZdmklZbijbq_f wlhijhbkoh^bl^Z`_ dh]^Z s_ghd jZkl_l \ baheypbb hl k_[_ ih^h[guoZ kh[ZdZjh^bl_evb \h`Zd klZb\hiehs_gu \h^ghf q_eh\_d_ KH;:QVB EBQGHKLB < wlhc ]eZ\_ y ihiulZxkv gZ dhgdj_lguo ijbf_jZo ijhbeexkljbjh\ZlvdZdbf h[jZahf mihfbgZ\rb_ky \ur_ oZjZdl_jheh]bq_kdb_ q_jlu ijhy\eyxlky \ bg^b\b^mZevguo hkh[_gghklyo hl^_evguo kh[ZdIjb wlhfy [m^mbkoh^blv ba h[s_]h ^_e_gby kh[Zd gZ ^\_ ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ ]jmiiu ih ijbagZdm eb[h ihegh]hkhojZg_gby ^_lkdhcaZ\bkbfhklbeb[h klhev `_ ihegh]h __ hlkmlkl\by \ khq_lZgbb k khhl\_lkl\mxs_c kl_i_gvx ij_^Zgghklb \h`Zdm kh \k_fb \ul_dZxsbfb hlkx^Zihke_^kl\byfb Y gZqgm k jZkkdZaZ h kh[Zd_qvy gZ i_j\uc\a]ey^ ljh]Zl_evgZy ^_lkdZy ijb\yaZgghklv d ohaybgm ijbgbfZeZ gZklhevdh ij_m\_ebq_ggu_ nhjfuqlh wlh[ue m`_g_ i_kZ dZdZylh iZjh^byJ_qv ihc^_l h lZdk_ ih debqd_Djhdb dhlhjmx ih^Zjbe fg_ ^h[juc ^y^xrdZiehoh jZa[bjZ\rbcky\ `b\hlguoY [ue lh]^Z _s_ kh\k_ffZe_gvdbf fZevqbdhfgh m`_ aZyêuf gZlmjZebklhfDebqdm Djhdb i_kbd ihemqbe ihlhfmqlh fhc ^h[juc jh^kl\_ggbd kgZqZeZ h[eZ]h^_l_evkl\h\Ze f_gy djhdh^bevqbdhfgh lhl gZhlj_a hldZau\Zeky _klv fg_ g_ m^Z\ZehkvgZ]j_\Zlv fhcl_jjZjbmf ^h gm`ghc l_fi_jZlmjub fuh[f_gyeb _]h\ ahheh]bq_kdhf fZ]Zabg_ gZ `b\hlgh_gZb[he__ gZihfbgZ\r___]h \g_rg_ gZ ZjbklhdjZlbq_kdmx lZdkm k hq_gv êbgguf lmeh\bs_f b hq_gv dhjhldbfb eZiZfbWlhl dh[_e_d ^_ckl\bl_evgh [ue ihoh` gZ djhdh^beZ_]h hl\bkeu_ mrb ih^f_lZeb ihe \ [md\Zevghf kfuke_keh\Z ?]h hlebqZeh eZkdh\h_ ^jm`_ex[b_b ijb i_j\hc `_ \klj_q_ hg ijb\_lkl\h\Ze f_gy dZd ^Z\gh ihl_jyggh]h ohaybgZDhg_qghwlh fg_ hq_gvevklbehihdZ y g_aZf_lbe qlh Djhdblhqgh lZd`_ \klj_qZ_l\k_o bdZ`^h]h?]h lhfbeZ [mjgZy ex[h\v dh \k_fm jh^m q_eh\_q_kdhfm [_a \kydbo bkdexq_gbcHg gbdh]^Z gb gZ dh]h g_ eZye bohly \hafh`ghy b fhb [ebadb_ gjZ\bebkv_fm [hevr_hklZevguo ex^_c[_a dhe_[Zgbc ke_^h\Ze aZ i_j\uf iha\Z\rbf _]h q_eh\_dhf_keb gZkg_ hdZau\Zehkvih[ebahklbK \hajZklhf Djhdb g_ ba[Z\beky hl k\h_c kljZklbb gZf ihklhyggh ijboh^behkv m\h^blv _]h ba khk_^gbo bg_ khk_^gbo^hfh\ dm^Z hg hlijZ\eyeky ih]hklblv< dhgp_ dhgph\ fhy ^\hxjh^gZy k_kljZiblZ\rZy keZ[hklvd wlhc djZkb\hclZdk_ \ayeZ __ d k_[_b Djhdb h[hkgh\Zeky dg__ \=jbgpbg]_ ijb]hjh^_ <_gu]^_ ijh^he`Ze \_klb lhl `_jZkk_ygguc h[jZa `bagbHg gZkZfu_ jZagu_kjhdb ihk_eyekylh m h^gbo lh m^jm]bo agZdhfuob g_kdhevdhjZa _]hdjZeb b ijh^Z\Zeb ijhklh^mrguf ex^yfdhlhjuo ie_gyeZ _]h ij_^Zgghklv <hafh`ghdjZe Djhdb h^bg b lhl `_ \hjdhlhjuc hagZdhfb\rbkv k _]h ijb\uqdZfbk^_eZe ba g_]h klZlvx ihklhyggh]h b^h\hevgh ijbebqgh]h^hoh^Z >bZf_ljZevghc ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvxwlhc lZdl_y gZa\Ze [u <hedZh^gm ba ^\mo kh[Zddhlhju_ `b\ml mgZk k_cqZk <ijhq_f\jy^ ebfh`gh kdZaZlvqlh hg`b\_l mgZkWlh lbibqgZy g_aZ\bkbfZy \heqvy kh[ZdZ\ oZjZdl_j_ dhlhjhc g_l gb dZieb bgnZglbevghklbb hgZ gbdhfmg_ ih^qbg_gZ kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy<hed y\gh kqblZ_l k_[y \h`ZdhfgZr_c klZbH[tykg_gb_ _]h oZjZdl_jZ djh_lky \ bklhjbb _]h `bagb I_jbh^dh]^Z \heqvy kh[ZdZ gZ\_db hl^Z_l k\hx ijb\yaZgghklv h^ghfm dZdhfmlh q_eh\_dm i_jbh^ aZi_qZle_gbygZklmiZ_l m g__ kjZ\gbl_evgh jZgh ijbf_jgh gZiylhf f_kyp_ `bagbFg_ dZdlh ijbrehkv^hjh]h aZieZlblv aZ k\hxg_hk\_^hfe_gghklv \wlhf \hijhk_I_j\mx gZrm kmdmqZmqZm ydmibe \ih^Zjhd `_g_dh ^gx jh`^_gbyb `_eZy k^_eZlv _c kxjijbaihijhkbe fhx^\hxjh^gmx k_kljm ih^_j`Zlv s_gdZ dhlhjhfm [ueh hdheh r_klb f_kyp_\ hklZ\rmxky g_^_ex m k_[yOhlbl_ \_jvl_ohlbl_ g_lgh wlbo k_fb ^g_c hdZaZehkv ^hklZlhqghqlh[u fZe_gvdZy qZmqZm jZab gZ\k_]^Zhl^ZeZ k\hx ex[h\vfh_c dmabg_qlh g_kdhevdh kgbabeh __ ih^Zjhqgmx p_gghklvOhly dmabgZ [u\ZeZ m gZk j_^dhmijyfZy qZmqZm y\gh kqblZeZk\h_c aZdhgghc \eZ^_ebp_c __Z g_ fhx `_gmIjZ\^ZhgZ ihkl_i_ggh ijb\yaZeZkv d `_g_ghg_khfg_gghwlZ ijb\yaZgghklv [ueZ[u dm^Z[he__ ]hjyq_c_keb [uy ijbg_k __ ba iblhfgbdZ ijyfh ^hfhc>Z`_ fgh]h e_lkimkly hgZ hohlgh mreZ[u hlgZk dk\h_c i_j\hcohaycd_ I_jbh^\h \j_fy dhlhjh]h lZdZy kh[ZdZ\u[bjZ_l k_[_ ohaybgZfh`_l fbgh\Zlv[_kieh^gh_keb hgZ[m^_l hklZ\Zlvky \ iblhfgbd_ kebrdhf^he]h eb[hih dZdhclh ^jm]hc ijbqbg_ êy g__g_ gZc^_lkyihôh^ys_]h ohaybgZB \lhf b \^jm]hf kemqZ_ kdeZû\Z_lky k\h_h[jZagucZ[khexlgh g_aZ\bkbfuc kh[Zqbc oZjZdl_jhebp_l\hj_gguc\ qZklghklb\ <hed_Hg jh^beky \kdhj_ ihke_hdhgqZgby \lhjhcfbjh\hc \hcgudh]^Z hkljh hsmsZeZkv g_o\ZldZ ijh^h\hevkl\bygh fhy `_gZ khojZgbeZ _]hqlh[u k^_eZlv fg_ih^ZjhdlZd dZd ^mfZeZ qlh y\hl\hl \_jgmkv ^hfhcD g_kqZklvx\_jgmeky y^Ze_dh g_ lZdkdhjhb <hedm\ i_jbhâZi_qZle_gby g_ ddhfm [ueh ijb\yaZlvky?]h fZe_gvdZyk_kljZ `beZb ^hkbo ihj`b\_l \ khk_^g_c ^_j_\g_ m ljZdlbjsbdZkljZklgh]h ex[bl_ey kh[Zdhkh[_ggh qZmqZm<hed ^h\hevghkdhjh hlukdZek\hx k_kljm \ jhkdhrghf gh\hf ^hf_ b \\hajZkl_ k_fbf_kyp_\ i_j_k_ebeky lm^ZH^gh\j_f_gghbkihevamy k\hckl\_ggh__fm gZ^f_ggh_ h[Zygb_hg \l_jky fbgbfmf\ ^\Z^jm]bo ^hfZb [ueh \j_fydh]^Z q_luj_ k_fvb gZb\gh kqblZeb k_[y _^bgkl\_ggufb ohay_\Zfb wlh]h \_ebdhe_igh]h ikZDh]^Z y gZdhg_p \_jgmeky^hfhc<hedm bkihegbehkvm`_ ihelhjZ]h^Z >_j`Zkv kgbf lZdlbqgh bg_gZ\yaqb\hy kmf_e aZ\h_\Zlv_]h ^h\_jb_ gZklhevdhqlh hg ih^h[jhc \he_khijh\h`^Ze f_gy\ ^Ze_dbo ijh]medZoohly y[_amkeh\ghg_ fh] ]ZjZglbjh\Zlvqlh _fm \^jm] g_ \a[j_^_l \ ]heh\m jZkklZlvky kh fghc b hlijZ\blvky ihdZdbflh ^jm]bfk\hb ^_eZfHg ihkemrgh[_`Ze aZfhbf \_ehkbi_^hflhevdh _keb fg_ m^Z\Zehkv aZfZgblv _]h ih^Zevr_< g_bkke_^h\Zgguo f_klZodm^Z kh[ZdZ g_ aZ[j_^Z_l \h \j_fy k\hbo kZfhklhyl_evguo wdkdmjkbc b ]^_ hgZ qm\kl\m_l k_[y m\_j_gghc lhevdh jy^hf kh agZdhfuf q_eh\_dhfhlghr_gby kh[Zdb d ohaybgm mih^h[ey_lky hlghr_gbx \hedZ d \h`Zdm klZb\_^ms_fm __ q_j_a qm`mx l_jjblhjbx< j_amevlZl_ q_eh\_d h[j_lZ_l \]eZaZo kh[ZdbklZlmk \hedZ\h`ZdZb y g_ agZx emqr_]h kihkh[Z aZklZ\blv kh[Zdm ijbagZlv\ \Zk ohaybgZQ_f f_g__ ijb\uqgZ hdjm`ZxsZy h[klZgh\dZl_f [he__ l_kguf klZgh\blky dhglZdl f_`^m kh[Zdhc b\ZfbZ ihlhfm gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\gu kblmZpbb\ dhlhjuo kh[ZdZ hsmsZ_l ihegmx jZkk_ygghklv<havfbl_ \ujhkrmx\ ^_j_\g_ kh[Zdm \ ]hjh^]^_ __m\_j_gghklv \k_[_ [m^_lih^hj\ZgZ \ha^_ckl\b_f fgh`_kl\Z g_agZdhfuo jZa^jZ`bl_e_c ljZf\ZyfbZ\lhfh[beyfbg_\_^hfufb aZiZoZfbqm`bfb ex^vfbb kZfZy g_ihdhjgZy kh[ZdZ ba kljZoZebrblvky _^bgkl\_ggh]h ^jm]Z ihc^_ljy^hf k\Zfb dZd\ufmrljh\Zgguc ihebp_ckdbc i_kDhg_qghg_ ke_^m_l ijb\h^blv kh[Zdm lm^Z]^_ hgZ [m^_l bkiulu\Zlv iZgbq_kdbcm`ZklZd dZd ohly \i_j\uc jZahgZ b ijhy\bl[_amij_qgh_ ihkemrZgb_\h \lhjhc jZa \u__ lm^Zm`_ g_aZfZgbl_Z ihiuldZgZkbevgh lZsblv gZ ih\h^d_ kh[Zdm k kbevgufoZjZdl_jhf ijb\_^_ld j_amevlZlZf ijhlb\hiheh`guf lhfmdhlhjh]h \u^h[b\Z_l_kv Fg_ m^Zehkv gZklhevdh aZkem`blv m\Z`_gb_ <hedZqlh hg i_j_[jZeky ba ljZdlbjZd gZfb ijbagZef_gy ohaybghf\ lhf kfuke_qlh khijh\h`^Ze f_gyih\kx^m^Z`_ \ f_klZ_fm g_ijbylgu_Gh wlbf \k_ b bkq_jiu\ZehkvIhkemrZgb_ [ueh _fm Z[khexlgh qm`^hb hg ihij_`g_fm qZklhijhiZ^Ze ba ^hfm>h kZfh]h ihke_^g_]h \j_f_gb hg j_]meyjgh hlkmlkl\h\Ze ih km[[hlZf b \hkdj_k_gvyfY aZf_lbe wlh ihlhfmqlh _]hgbdh]^Z g_hdZau\Zehkv ih^jmdhcdh]^Z fg_ ohl_ehkv ihdZaZlv _]h^jmavyfijb_a`Z\rbf ih]hklblv dgZf gZ wlb ^gbLZcgZ jZkdjueZkv[ukljh \_q_j km[[hlub \k_ \hkdj_k_gv_ <hed ijh\h^be\ ljZdlbj_Ih\b^bfhfmhg h[gZjm`beqlh bf_ggh \ wlh \j_fy fh`_ljZkkqblu\Zlv gZ gZb[he__ eZdhfh_ m]hs_gb_^Z bijbkmlkl\b_ ^\modjZkZ\bp qZmqZm lh`_\_jhylghjZkiheZ]Zeh _]h qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[y lZf dZd^hfZ >h\hevgh ih\_joghklgZy ^jm`[Zk\yau\ZxsZy f_gy k <hedhfkem`bl fg_ g_bklhsbfufbklhqgbdhf ihe_aguo k\_^_gbc b jZa\e_q_gbyBkke_^h\Zl_ex ikboheh]bb `b\hlguo djZcg_ bgl_j_kgh bamqZlv kh[Zdmg_ qm\kl\mxsmx k_[y h[yaZgghc \_jghklvx gbh^ghfm q_eh\_dmZ <hed i_j\Zy kh[ZdZ wlh]h lbiZk dhlhjhcfg_ ^h\_ehkv[ebadh ihagZdhfblkyB hq_gv kf_rghdZd \k_ \dexqZy bf_gy kZfh]hdlh agZdhf kwlbf ]hjûf\eZklguf ikhfqm\kl\mxl k_[yihevs_ggufb_keb hg \_ebq_kl\_ggh ihqlblbo agZdhfk\h_]h jZkiheh`_gby HibkZ\ lZdkm Djhdb b qZmqZm <hedZdhlhju_ ih ^bZf_ljZevgh ijhlb\hiheh`guf ijbqbgZf g_h[j_eb gZklhys_]h dhglZdlZ k ohaybghfy i_j_c^md lj_lv_ckh[Zqv_c ebqghklb b jZkkdZ`mh oZjZdl_j_fh_c h\qZjdbKlZkb< __hlghr_gbb d ohaybgm kqZkleb\h khq_lZebkv kbevgZy ^_lkdZyaZ\bkbfhklv ihemq_ggZy hl [Z[mrdb Lblub bkdexqbl_evgZyij_^Zgghklv \h`ZdmmgZke_^h\ZggZy hlij_^dh\ k\heqv_c djh\vx KlZkb jh^beZkvm gZk\ ^hf_ jZgg_c\_kghc ]h^Zb _c [ueh k_fv f_kyp_\dh]^Z y h[ty\be __ k\h_cebqghc kh[Zdhc b aZgyeky__ \hkiblZgb_f< __\g_rghklbdZd b\ __ l_fi_jZf_gl_g_h[udgh\_ggh m^Zqgh khq_lZebkv hkh[_gghklb g_f_pdbo h\qZjhd b qZmqZmHkljZy \heqvy fhj^Zrbjhdb_ kdmeujZkdhku_ ]eZaZdhjhldb_ imrbklu_ mrbdhjhldbc fhogZluo o\hklZ ]eZ\gh_ m^b\bl_evgh ieZklbqgu_ b baysgu_ ^\b`_gby ^_eZeb __ ihoh`_c gZ fbgbZlxjgmx \heqbpmLhevdh h]g_ggZyahehlbklhju`Zy r_jklv \u^Z\ZeZ \ g_c djh\v rZdZeh\Gh ihgZklhys_fm ahehluf m g__ [ue oZjZdl_jHgZ km^b\bl_evghc [ukljhlhc ihklb]eZ Zau kh[Zqv_]h\hkiblZgby ihkemrgh oh^beZjy^hf dZd k ih\h^dhflZd b[_a g_]hkZ^beZkv beh`beZkvHgZ kZfZ gZmqbeZkv kh[ex^Zlv qbklhlm \ ^hf_ b g_ ljh]Zlv ^hfZrgxx ilbpmlZd qlhwlbo ijZ\be_c \gmrZlvg_ ijbrehkv Ihke_ ^\mo djZldbo f_kyp_\ km^v[Z jZaemqbeZ gZk k_gly[jy ]h^Z y m_oZe qblZlv dmjk ikboheh]bb \ D_gb]k[_j]kdhf mgb\_jkbl_l_jZkklZ\rbkv k k_fv_c^hfhf b kh[ZdZfbDh]^Z y \_jgmeky gZ jh`^_kl\_gkdb_ dZgbdmeu KlZkb h[_amf_eZ hl jZ^hklb^hdZau\Zyqlh __ \_ebdZy ex[h\v dh fg_ g_ baf_gbeZkvHgZ ihij_`g_fm q_ldh \uihegyeZ dhfZgûdhlhjuf y __ gZmqbeb \h \k_o hlghr_gbyo [ueZlhc `_ kZfhckh[Zdhck dhlhjhc yjZkklZeky q_luj_ f_kypZgZaZ^Gh dh]^Zy gZqZekh[bjZlvky \ ^hjh]m jZau]jZehkv g_kdhevdh ljZ]bq_kdbo kp_gFgh]bf ex[bl_eyf kh[Zdg_khfg_gghkZfbf ijboh^behkv i_j_`b\Zlv g_qlh ih^h[gh_?s_ ^hlh]hdZd y ijbgyekymiZdh\u\Zlv q_fh^Zgu \b^bfuc agZd hlt_a^ZKlZkb aZf_lgh ijbmgueZ b hldZau\ZeZkv hlhclbhl f_gyohly [ugZ rZ]Dh]^Z y \uoh^be ba dhfgZluhgZ k g_j\ghcihki_rghklvx \kdZdb\ZeZb [_`ZeZ aZ fghckhijh\h`^Zy f_gy ^Z`_ \ \ZggmxdhfgZlmDh]^Z \_sb [uebmeh`_gu b fhchlt_a^ klZeg_fbgm_fhc j_Zevghklvx lhkdZ [_^gy`db KlZkb kf_gbeZkv hlqZygb_fihqlb g_\jhahf HgZ hldZau\ZeZkv _klv__ ûoZgb_ klZeh g_ghjfZevguf hq_gv g_]em[hdbfi_j_f_`Zxsbfky km^hjh`gufb \a^hoZfbFu j_rbeb aZi_j_lv__ i_j_^ fhbmoh^hfqlh[u hgZ g_[jhkbeZkv aZ fghcGhdZd gbkljZgghKlZkbdhlhjZy ihke_^gb_^gb g_ hklZ\eyeZ f_gygb gZfbgmlmlml \^jm] m[_`ZeZ\ kZ^b g_ \uoh^beZ gZ fhc ah\Ihkemrg_crZy bakh[Zd \g_aZigh klZeZ k\h_\hevghcZ ihcfZlv __ fu g_ kmf_ebDh]^Z gZdhg_p \ khijh\h`^_gbb h[uqghc k\blu ^_l_c b jmqghc l_e_`db k [Z]Z`hf y hlijZ\beky gZ \hdaZerZ]Zo \ iylb^_kylb aZ gZfb ke_^h\ZeZ kh[ZdZ kZfh]h^bdh]h \b^Z o\hkl m g__ [ue hims_gr_jklv gZaZ]jb\d_ klhyeZû[hf ]eZa k\_jdZeb [_amfb_fY k^_eZe_s_ h^gmihiuldm ihcfZlv KlZkbgh mf_gy gbq_]h g_ihemqbehkv>Z`_ dh]^Zy \hr_e\ \Z]hghgZ ijh^he`ZeZ khojZgylv \uau\Zxsmx iham \a[mglh\Z\r_cky kh[Zdbbijb`Z\ mrbih^hajbl_evgh ke_^beZ aZ fghck [_ahiZkgh]hjZkklhygbyIh_a^ ljhgmekyZ KlZkb \k_ _s_ klhyeZ g_ih^\b`ghH^gZdhdh]^Z ih_a^ gZ[jZe kdhjhklvhgZ \g_aZigh f_lgmeZkv\i_j_^klj_ehc ijhfqZeZkv \^hev khklZ\Zb \kdhqbeZ\ g_]hgZ ljb\Z]hgZ \i_j_^b lh]h gZ iehsZ^d_dhlhjh]h y ijh^he`Zeklhylvqlh[u kh]gZlv __\ kemqZ_ g_h[oh^bfhklb< :g]ebb \Z]hgu ih_a^h\ f_klgh]h ke_^h\Zgby kgZ[`_gu k h[hbo dhgph\ hq_gv rbjhdbfb iehsZ^dZfbY dbgmekyih \Z]hgZf\i_j_^ bko\Zlb\ __aZ aZ]jb\hd b hkgh\Zgb_ o\hklZk[jhkbe kih_a^Zdhlhjuc d wlhfm \j_f_gb r_e m`_ hq_gv [ukljhKlZkb eh\dh ijba_febeZkv gZ \k_q_luj_ eZiuGZklhjh`b\ mrbb gZdehgb\ ]heh\m\ iha_\ dhlhjhcm`_ g_[ueh gbq_]h\uau\Zxs_]h hgZ kfhlj_eZ\ke_^ ih_a^mihdZ hgg_ kdjuekyba \b^m <kdhj_ ihke_ fh_]h\ha\jZs_gby \mgb\_jkbl_l yihemqbe lj_\h`gu_ ba\_klbyh KlZkbhgZ i_j_^mrbeZ fgh]bokhk_^kdbo dmjaZ\_eZ ijb\uqdm [_kp_evgh [jh^blv ih hdj_klghklyf jZamqbeZkv \_klb k_[y \ ^hf_ b g_ `_eZeZ gbdhfm ih^qbgylvkyHgZ khojZgyeZ p_gghklvlhevdh dZdklhjh`_\Zy kh[ZdZihlhfm qlh kh ^gy gZ ^_gvklZgh\beZkv \k_[he__ k\bj_ihcIhke_ lh]h dZd KlZkb kh\_jrbeZ p_euc jy^ ij_klmie_gbc\dexqZy g_kdhevdh fZkkh\uo bklj_[e_gbcdmj djh\hijheblguc gZe_lgZ djhevqZlgbdbgZdhg_pij_\jZs_gb_ \ ehofhlvy[jxd ihqlZevhgZhgZ [ueZgba\_^_gZ ^h iheh`_gby ^\hjh\hc kh[Zdbb \mguehf h^bghq_kl\_ kb^_eZgZ \_jZg^_ m aZiZ^ghc kl_gu ^hfZLh _klv h^bghdhc hgZ[ueZ lhevdh\ kfuke_ q_eh\_q_kdh]h h[s_kl\ZlZd dZd ^_eZeb [hevrmxb m^h[gmx dhgmjm k djZkZ\p_f ^bg]hh dhlhjhf y m`_ jZkkdZau\Ze \h \lhjhc ]eZ\_LZdbf h[jZahfk yg\Zjyih bxgv hgZ ijhkb^_eZ\aZi_jlblhqgh ie_gguc ^bdbca\_jvb \f_kl_ k^bdbf a\_j_f <_jgm\rbkv \ :evl_g[_j]\ dhgp_bxgyy kjZam ihr_e\ kZ^ ih\b^Zlvky kh KlZkb?^\Z y gZqZe ih^gbfZlvky gZ \_jZg^mdZd KlZkb b ^bg]h [jhkbebkvfg_ gZ\klj_qmk lhc k\bj_ihklvxgZ dhlhjmx kihkh[gu lhevdh kh[Zdbebr_ggu_ k\h[hûY hklZgh\beky gZ \_jog_c klmi_gvd_Z hgb ijb[eb`Zebkv k juqZgb_fb eZ_flZd dZd\_l_j hlghkbefhc aZiZo \klhjhgmY j_rbeijh\_jblvdh]^Z hgbmagZxl f_gy ajbl_evghgh ^hwlh]h ^_ehg_ ^hreh<g_aZigh KlZkbmqmyeZ f_gyb ^Zevg_cr_]h y gbdh]^Z g_ aZ[m^mhgZ j_adh hklZgh\beZkv b aZf_jeZdZd klZlmyR_jklv m g__ gZ aZ]jb\d_ _s_ klhyeZ û[hfmrb _s_[ueb ijb`ZluZ o\hkl hims_ggh __ gha^jb m`_ rbjhdhjZa^m\Zebkveh\y \_klv dhlhjmx g_k _c \_l_jAZl_f r_jklv e_]eZih l_em ijh[_`ZeZ ^jh`vb hgZihklZ\beZ mrb lhjqdhfY ^mfZeqlh hgZ dbg_lky dh fg_ \g_ k_[y hl \hklhj]Zgh wlh]hg_ ijhbahreh>mr_\gu_ kljZ^Zgbydhlhju_ [ueb gZklhevdh bgl_gkb\guqlh baf_gbeb\kx __ebqghklv baZklZ\beb lZdh_ \hkijbbfqb\h_ kms_kl\h gZfgh]h f_kyp_\aZ[ulv \k_ijZ\beZ ih\_^_gbyg_ fh]eb bkq_agmlv [_a ke_^Z \h^gm k_dmg^m AZ^gb_ gh]b KlZkb ih^h]gmebkvfhj^Z aZ^jZeZkv]hjeh aZ^_j]Zehkvb fgh]hf_kyqgu_fmdb gZrebmoh^ \`mldbo bl_f g_ f_g__ ij_djZkguoa\mdZo \heqv_]h\hyHgZ \ueZ ^he]h g_ f_gvr_ ihefbgmluZ ihlhf fhegb_cdbgmeZkv gZf_gyY hdZaZeky \p_glj_ lZcnmgZ kh[Zqv_cjZ^hklbHgZ iju]ZeZ fg_ gZ ie_qbqmlv g_ khj\ZeZ k f_gy ib^`Zd hgZKlZkb k^_j`ZggZydhjj_dlgZyh[uqgh h]jZgbqb\ZxsZyky k\h_ ijb\_lkl\b_ e_]dbf ihfZob\Zgb_f o\hklZZ êy \ujZ`_gby ex[\b deZ\rZy ]heh\m fg_ gZ dhe_gbg_ [hevr_hgZ fheqZeb\Zy KlZkbl_i_jv k\bkl_eZdZd iZjh\hab \ba`ZeZ ^Z`_ _s_ [he__ijhgabl_evghq_f fbgmlm gZaZ^\ueZIhlhf hgZ hliju]gmeZ \klhjhgmih^[_`ZeZ d dZebld_b h]eygmeZkv gZ f_gy q_j_aie_qhmfheyyqlh[u y__ \uimklbe>ey g__ kZfh kh[hc jZamf_ehkvqlh k fhbf ijb_a^hf __ Zj_kl dhgqbeky b hgZ hiylv fh`_l \_klb ij_`gxx `bagvDZd g_ ihaZ\b^h\Zlv dj_ihklb wlhc g_j\ghc kbkl_fu>mr_\gZy ljZ\fZ_^\Z __ ijbqbgZ bkq_aeZg_ hklZ\beZ gbdZdbo ke_^h\djhf_ l_oêy mgbqlh`_gbydhlhjuo ^hklZlhqgh[ueh ih\ulv ihefbgmlu b ihelhju fbgmlu bkihegylv ieykdm \hklhj]Zihke_ q_]h kh[ZdZ m`_ ]hlh\Z [ueZ\_jgmlvky d ghjfZevghfm kms_kl\h\Zgbx Dh]^Z y gZijZ\beky \ ^hf`_gZm\b^_\qlh jy^hfkh fghc [_`bl KlZkb\kdjbdgmeZ;h`_ fhcDmjuGh KlZkb ^Z`_ g_ \a]eygmeZ gZ dmj<_q_jhfdh]^Z y \aye __\ dhfgZlu`_gZ ij_^mij_^beZ f_gyqlh KlZkb l_i_jv g_ ke_^bl aZ qbklhlhcH^gZdh fZg_ju KlZkb \gh\v klZeb [_amij_qgufbHgZ ihij_`g_fm ihfgbeZ b bkihegyeZ \k_ q_fm y__ h[mqbelh _klv [ueZlhqgh lhc `_kh[ZdhcdZdhc __ k^_eZeb g_iheguo^\Z f_kypZaZgylbc khfghc< l_q_gb_ ^_\ylb f_kyp_\ ]em[hqZcr_c kh[Zqv_c lhkdb hgZ ij_^Zggh khojZgyeZ \k_qlh ihemqbeZ hl f_gyB l_i_jvêy KlZkb gZqZebkv g_^_eb gbq_f g_ hfjZq_ggh]h[eZ`_gkl\Z<h \j_fy e_lgbo dZgbdme hgZ [ueZ fh_c g_jZaemqghckimlgbp_cb fu ihqlb _`_^g_\ghkh\_jrZeb êbggu_ijh]medb ih [_j_]m>mgZy b bgh]^Z b dmiZebkvGh \k_fm gZklmiZ_ldhg_pbdh]^Z ijbreZ ihjZ miZdh\u\Zlv q_fh^Zgu\hagbdeZ hiZkghklvqlh m`_ hibkZggZy ljZ]_^by ih\lhjblky \gh\vKlZkb ijblboeZb mgueh oh^beZ aZfghc ihiylZfGZ k_c jZalhl [_kkihjguc nZdlqlh kh[ZdZ g_ ihgbfZ_l kfukeZ q_eh\_q_kdbo keh\ klhbe [_^gy`d_ KlZkb g_fZeh fmq_gbcY j_rbe\aylv __k kh[hcgh g_ fh]h[tykgblv _c wlh]hKdhevdh gb ih\lhjyey _cqlh g_ [jhrm __hgZ \k_ \j_fyhklZ\ZeZkv \djZcg_ g_j\ghf gZijy`_gbbb g_hloh^beZ hl f_gygb gZ rZ]H^gZdh ih^ dhg_pfg_ \k_`_ m^Zehkv\u\_klb __ba wlh]h khklhygby G_aZ^he]h ^h hlt_a^Z KlZkb kgh\Z m_^bgbeZkv \ kZ^m ih\b^bfhfmk l_fb `_gZf_j_gbyfbqlh b\ ijhreuc jZaY hklZ\be __ \ ihdh_ ^h kZfhc ihke_^g_c fbgmluZ aZl_f iha\Ze lZdbf ]hehkhfdZdbf h[uqgh a\ZegZ ijh]medmLml hgZ \k_ihgyeZ b\ \hklhj]_aZiju]ZeZ \hdjm]f_gy H^gZdh ih[ulv k ohaybghf KlZkb [ueh km`^_gh ebrv g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ihlhfm qlh \ hdly[j_f_gy ijba\ZebgZ \h_ggmx kem`[mIjb jZkklZ\Zgbb ih\lhjbeZkv[ueZy ljZ]_^by k lhclhevdh jZagbp_cqlh KlZkb k[_`ZeZb ^\Z f_kypZ\_eZ ^bdmx `bagv \ ij_^f_klvyokh\_jrZy h^ghij_klmie_gb_ aZ ^jm]bfY l\_j^hm\_j_gqlh bf_ggh hgZ[ueZ lZbgkl\_gghc ebkbp_chimklhrb\r_c djhevqZlgbd gZ aZ]hjh^ghc \bee_ h^gh]h fmgbpbiZevgh]h kh\_lgbdZ< dhgp_ ^_dZ[jy KlZkb om^Zy dZd kd_e_lkh ke_aysbfbky ]eZaZfb b \hkiZe_gguf ghkhf\_jgmeZkv ^hfhcb fhy`_gZ hdjm`beZ__ aZ[hleb\uf moh^hfH^gZdh ^_j`Zlv KlZkb\ ^hf_ihke_ lh]hdZd hgZ ihijZ\beZkvhdZaZehkv g_\hafh`gufb __ hlhkeZeb \ ahhiZjd]^_ hgZ^_ebeZ de_ldmk h]jhfguflZ_`guf \hedhf dhlhjuc klZe __ kmijm]hfD kh`Ze_gbxwlhl [jZqguckhxa hdZaZeky [_kieh^gufIha`_dh]^Z yjZ[hlZe g_\jhiZlheh]hf \ lueh\hf ]hkiblZe_fg_ m^Zehkv \aylv __d k_[_Ihlhf f_gy hlijZ\beb gZ njhglZ KlZkb b __r_kl_juo s_gyly hlhkeZe \ <_gm\ R_g[jmggkdbcahhiZjd]^_ \ kZfhfdhgp_ \hcgu hgZ ih]b[eZ \h \j_fy \ha^mrgh]hgZe_lZGh h^bgba gZrbo Zevl_g[_j]kdbo khk_^_c dmibe __ kugZb \k_gZrb gug_rgb_ kh[Zdbwlh _]hihlhfkl\hOhly KlZkbijh\_eb kh k\hbf ohaybghff_gvr_ iheh\bguk\h_c r_klbe_lg_c `bagbhgZ [ueZ kZfhc \_jghc kh[Zdhc ba \k_ok dhlhjufb fg_ ijboh^behkv bf_lv ^_ehZ fg_ijboh^behkv bf_lv^_eh k hq_gv [hevrbfqbkehf kh[Zd H;MQ?GB? Kms_kl\m_l fgh`_kl\hdgb] h[h[mq_gbb kh[ZdgZibkZgguo ex^vfb ]hjZa^h [he__ dhfi_l_glgufbq_f yb mf_gy g_l gZf_j_gby ij_\jZsZlv wlm ]eZ\m \ ljZdlZl h kh[Zqv_f \hkiblZgbbY ohqm lhevdh ih]h\hjblv h g_kdhevdboe_]dh ijb\b\Z_fuo gZ\udZodhlhju_ h[e_]qZxl \aZbfhhlghr_gby ex[h]h \eZ^_evpZ k _]h ih^hi_qghcH[uqghfm kh\j_f_gghfm \eZ^_evpm kh[Zdb \jyêb hdZ`_lkyihe_aguf i_kijbmq_gguc ih dhfZg^_ [jZlv \hjZbeb ijbghkblvly`_eu_ ij_^f_lu beb jZaukdb\Zlvihl_jyggu_ \_sbfg_ ohl_ehkv[u kijhkblv m kqZkleb\h]h ohaybgZ lZdhc mfghc kh[Zdbkdhevdh jZa\ ]h^m _]h \_jghfm kimlgbdm ijboh^blky bkihevah\Zlv k\h_ mf_gb_ gZ ijZdlbd_KZfh]h f_gykh[Zdb gbdh]^Zg_ kiZkZeb hl ]jZ[bl_e_cb _^bgkl\_gghc fh_ckh[ZdhcdhlhjZy ih^ZeZ fg_ ij_^f_lh[jhg_gguc gZ mebp_[ueZ fheh^_gvdZykmdZ \h\k_ g_ h[mq_ggZy ijbghkblv ij_^f_luWlh [ue bgl_j_kg_crbc kemqZcIb]b ,,^hqv KlZkbljmkb\rZy ihaZ^b f_gy ih ]hjh^kdhc mebp_\g_aZigh ldgmeZkv ghkhf fg_\ gh]mZ dh]^Zy ih]ey^_egZ g__hgZ ihlygmeZkvfhj^hc d fh_c jmd_k`bfZy \ am[Zo dh`Zgmx i_jqZldmdhlhjmx y h[jhgbeG_ agZxqlh hgZ ^mfZeZ \ lm fbgmlm b ^_ckl\bl_evgh eb khh[jZabeZqlh ij_^f_lmiZ\rbc ihaZ^b f_gy b ijhiblZgguc fhbf aZiZohfijbgZê_`bl fg_ JZamf__lkyihke_ wlh]hy gZqZeqZklh l_jylvi_jqZldbgh Ib]b gb jZam ^Z`_ g_ \a]eygmeZ gZ gboB\h \kydhf kemqZ_fg_ [ueh [u bgl_j_kgh magZlvkdhevdh kh[Zd h[mq_gguo bkdZlv ihl_jyggh_ohly [ujZa ijbg_kebohaybgm \_svihl_jyggmx ihgZklhys_fm < Dhevp_ pZjy KhehfhgZy m`_bkq_jiu\Zxsbf h[jZahf baeh`be k\hc \a]ey^ gZ ex^_chl^Zxsbo kh[ZdgZ h[mq_gb_ ijhn_kkbhgZevghfm ^j_kkbjh\sbdmLjb mjhdZh dhlhjuo j_qv ihc^_l gb`_qj_a\uqZcgh ijhklub fh`gh lhevdhm^b\eylvky lhfmdZd j_^dh \eZ^_evpukh[Zd [_jml gZk_[y ljm^ h[mqblv k\hbo ikh\wlbf dhfZg^ZfE_`ZlvF_klhb Jy^hf Gh ij_`^_ yohl_e [uk^_eZlv g_kdhevdhh[sbo aZf_qZgbc h[ h[mq_gbb kh[Zd b gZqgm k \hijhkZ h ihhsj_gbb b gZdZaZgbbKqblZlvqlh ihke_^g__ ^_ckl\_gg__i_j\h]h wlh ]em[hdh_ aZ[em`^_gb_Fgh]b_ we_f_glu kh[Zqv_]h \hkiblZgby\ qZklghklb mf_gb_ kh[ex^Zlv qbklhlm\ ^hf_ ]hjZa^h emqr_ ihklb]Zxlky [_a ihfhsb gZdZaZgbc>ey lh]h qlh[u ijbmqblv lhevdh qlh ijbh[j_l_ggh]h lj_of_kyqgh]h s_gdZ d kh[ex^_gbxqbklhluke_^m_l \ l_q_gb_i_j\uo qZkh\ _]h ij_[u\Zgby \\Zr_f ^hf_ihklhyggh ke_^blvaZ gbfb \ lhl fhf_gldh]^Z hgih\b^bfhfm[m^_l ]hlh\aZiylgZlv ihelhlqZk \ughkblv_]h gZjm`m bklZ\blv gZa_fex \k_]^Z \ h^ghf b lhf `_ f_kl_Dh]^Z hg k^_eZ_llhqlh hlg_]h lj_[m_lkyiho\Zebl_ _]h b ih]eZ^vl_keh\gh hgkh\_jrbe ]_jhbq_kdbc ihklmihdS_ghdk dhlhjufh[oh^ylky ih^h[guf h[jZahf\kdhj_ khh[jZ`Z_lqlh d q_fmb_keb _]h j_]meyjgh \u\h^blvm[bjZlv aZgbf [hevr_g_ ihlj_[m_lky Hq_gv \Z`ghqlh[u gZdZaZgb_ ke_^h\Zeh aZijhklmidhf g_f_ê_gghG_l gbdZdh]h kfukeZ [blv kh[Zdm ^Z`_ q_j_a g_kdhevdh fbgmlihke_ lh]hdZd hgZ k^_eZ_lqlhlh g_ lZd ihkdhevdm hgZ g_ \ khklhygbb ihgylv k\yav kh[ulbc Hlkjhq_ggh_ gZdZaZgb_ fh`_l [ulv ihe_aguf lhevdh êy kh[ZdbdhlhjZy ihklhyggh kh\_jrZ_l qlhlh g_^ha\he_gghb agZ_l wlhDhg_qghba wlh]h ijZ\beZ _klvbkdexq_gby dZdlhdh]^Z h^gZba fhbokh[Zd ihqbklhfm g_\_^_gbxm[beZ gh\h_ `b\hlgh_ \fh_c dhee_dpbby kimklyg_dhlhjh_ \j_fy ^Ze _c ihgylvgZkdhevdh qm^h\bsgh_ ij_klmie_gb_ hgZ kh\_jrbeZjZaZ ^\Z kbevgh m^Zjb\ __ ljmihfaehihemqghc `_jl\uGh y hlgx^v g_ klZ\be k_[_p_evx \gmrblvkh[Zd_ ihgylb_ h ij_klmighklb^Zggh]h ^_ygbyb jZkkqblu\Zelhevdh \ha[m^blv m g__hl\jZs_gb_ dhij_^_e_gghfm h[t_dlmGb`_ y jZkkdZ`mdZd fg_ bghc jZa ijboh^behkv ijb[_]Zlv d ijhnbeZdlbq_kdhfmgZdZaZgbxqlh[u ijb\blv kh[ZdZf m\Z`_gb_ d g_ijbdhkgh\_gghklb gh\uo qe_gh\ fh_c `b\hc dhee_dpbb Ijbmqblv kh[Zdmd ihkemrZgbxk ihfhsvx gZdZaZgbcg_evay b klhev`_ [_kkfuke_ggh [blv___kebkh[eZag_ggZy aZiZohf ^bqbhgZ \h\j_fy ijh]medb m[_`blhl \ZkIh[hb g_ hlmqZ_l __ m[_]Zlvwlh ijhbkr_kl\b_m`_ ^Ze_dhhlh^\bgmehkv \ __ iZfylbZ kdhj__ hlmqZl \ha\jZsZlvkylZd dZd \ __ ij_^klZ\e_gbb hgb [m^ml k\yaZgu bf_ggh k \ha\jZs_gb_f ?^bgkl\_gguc kihkh[hlmqblv __hl wlhc fZg_juklj_eylv \ g__ ba jh]Zldbdh]^Z hgZaZ^mfZ_l m^jZlv<uklj_e ^he`_g [ulv ijhba\_^_gg_h`b^Zggh êy g__b [m^_lemqr__keb hgZ g_ aZf_lblqlh dZf_r_dk\Zeb\rbcky gZ g__ g_\_^hfh hldm^Z[ue ihkeZg jmdhc ohaybgZIhegZy [_aaZsblghklv i_j_^ wlhc [hevx ihfh`_l kh[Zd_ ohjhrh__ aZihfgblvb d lhfm `_wlhl kihkh[g_ \gmrbl_c kljZoZd jmdZf GZdZau\Zlv kh[ZddZd b ^_l_cfh`gh lhevdhex[ylZd qlh[u gZdZau\Zxsbc kZf kljZ^Ze hl wlh]hgbqmlv g_f_gvr_ \bgh\gh]hêy hij_^_e_gby `_ kl_i_gb gZdZaZgby gm`gh ohjhrh agZlv bihgbfZlv kh[ZdmJZagu_ kh[Zdb\hkijbgbfZxl gZdZaZgb_ ihjZaghfmb êy g_j\gh]h\i_qZlebl_evgh]h ikZ e_]dbc re_ihd fh`_l agZqblv ]hjZa^h[hevr_q_f gZklhysZy ihjdZ êy _]h[he__ mjZ\gh\_r_ggh]hb ne_]fZlbqgh]h[jZlZ A^hjh\Zy kh[ZdZ gZ j_^dhklv g_qm\kl\bl_evgZd nbabq_kdhfm \ha^_ckl\bxb jmdhc _c ihqlb g_\hafh`gh ijbqbgblv gZklhysmx [hev_keb lhevdhg_ [blv__ ihghkmFhy h\qZjdZ LblZ hlebqZeZkv [hevrhckbehcb ihke_ \hagbk g_cydZd ijZ\beh[u\Ze \_kv \kbgydZo<h \j_fyb]ju y fh]m^Zjblv __ dmeZdhfigmlvj_adh kljyogmlv gZ a_fexdh]^Z hgZ ih\bkZeZ m f_gy gZ jmdZ\_gh hgZ kqblZeZ \k_ wlh m\e_dZl_evghc aZ[Z\hc^Z\Z\r_c _c ijZ\h hlieZqb\Zlvfg_ klhjbp_cH^gZdh_keb y m^Zjye__ g_\ rmldmZ \k_jv_a imklv kh\k_f e_]hgvdhhgZ \a\ba]b\ZeZ b lhkdeb\h aZfudZeZkv \k_[_ Dh]^Z \ h^ghckh[Zd_ kh_^bgyxlkynbabq_kdZy b^mr_\gZy qm\kl\bl_evghklvdZdgZijbf_jm kiZgb_e_ck_ll_jh\ b koh^guo k gbfbihjh^l_e_kgu_ gZdZaZgby gZ^hijbf_gylv k \_ebqZcr_c hkfhljbl_evghklvxbgZq_ kh[Zdm e_]dh kh\k_f aZim]ZlvlZd qlh hgZ klZg_l jh[dhcg_m\_j_gghc \k_[_ kdmqghc b \ dhgp_ dhgph\ gZ\k_]^Z ijhgbdg_lkykljZohf d jmdZf<h \j_fyfhbo wdki_jbf_glh\ih kdj_sb\Zgbxg_f_pdbo h\qZjhd kqZmqZm \uykgbehkvqlh hkh[_ggh \gZqZe_dh]^Z djh\v h\qZjdb _s_ ij_h[eZ^Z_ldjZcghklb oZjZdl_jZhl fy]dh]hb \i_qZlebl_evgh]h^h kh\_jr_ggh[_kqm\kl\_ggh]h qZklh jZkij_^_eyxlkykj_^b ihlhfkl\Z[_a \kydhckbkl_fu KlZkb [ueZ g_h[uqZcgh^mr_\gh dj_idhckh[Zdhcgh __ ^hqv Ib]b hdZaZeZkviheghc __ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvxB \ l_o kemqZyodh]^Z hgb h[_ koh^beb kmadhc ljhiu^h[jh^_l_eb gZijbf_jqmlv g_ jZahj\ZebihiheZf fZevlbckdh]h l_jv_jZ ijhoh`b_ g_]h^h\Zeb gZ fhx y\gmx ijbkljZklghklv b g_kijZ\_êb\hklvlZd dZd y kmjh\h oe_klZe fZlvZ ^hqv hlimkdZeh]jZgbqb\rbkv re_idhf bkljh]bf \u]h\hjhfL_f g_ f_g__ h[_kh[Zdb ihemqZebjZ\gh_ gZdZaZgb_ Ex[h_ gZdZaZgb_ kh[Zdb^_ckl\_ggh g_klhevdh [eZ]h^Zjy k\yaZgghc kgbf [hebkdhevdh ihlhfmqlh hgh ^_fhgkljbjm_l \eZklv b kbem gZdZau\Zxs_]hB êy lh]hqlh[u gZdZaZgb_ ijbg_keh ihevamkh[ZdZ ^he`gZ \hkijbgylv _]hbf_ggh dZd ijhy\e_gb_ \eZklbIhkdhevdm kh[ZdbdZd bh[_avyguijb mklZgh\e_gbb b_jZjobq_kdh]h ihjy^dZg_ [vxlZ dmkZxl^jm] ^jm]Z[blv_\ kmsghklbhdZau\Z_lky g_ kebrdhf wnn_dlb\ghc bg_ kebrdhfihgylhc dZjhc H^bg bafhbo klZjuo agZdhfuoh[gZjm`beqlh e_]dbc mdmk \ ij_îe_qv_^Z`_ g_ hklZ\eyxsbc jZgijhba\h^bl gZ h[_avygm dm^Z[hevr__ \i_qZle_gb_q_f kZfu_`_klhdb_ ih[hb >jm]h_ ^_ehdhg_qghqlh g_ \kydhfm ihgjZ\blvkydmkZlv h[_avygmH^gZdh \ hlghr_gbb kh[Zd dZjZl_evgu_ f_lhû \h`ZdZ ^hklmigu dZ`^hfmq_eh\_dm b\ hlebqb_hl ih[h_\g_ lj_[mxl gZkbebygZ^ kh[hckh[Zdm gZ^hih^gylv aZ rb\hjhlb ohjhr_gvdh \kljyogmlv;he__ kmjh\h]h gZdZaZgbyêy kh[Zdb y g_agZxb hghg_baf_ggh ijhba\h^blgZ gZjmrbl_ey aZdhgZ b ihjy^dZ kZfh_ kbevgh_ \i_qZle_gb_< j_Zevghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \h`Zdkihkh[guc ih^gylv b \kljyogmlv kh[Zdm jhklhf k h\qZjdm^he`_g [ulv \_ebdZghf k\_jo\h`Zdhfb bf_ggh lZd \hkijbgbfZ_l kh[ZdZ k\h_]h ohaybgZ \ fhf_glgZdZaZgbyOhlygZ gZr\a]eyîh^h[gZy dZjZ dZ`_lky f_g__ kljh]hcq_f ih[hbgZghkbfu_ oeuklhf beb ljhklvx__ ^Z`_ kh\ajhkeufb kh[ZdZfbke_^m_l imkdZlv \ oh^ hq_gvhklhjh`gh_keb fu g_ohlbf kh\k_fkehfblv bo ^mo AZgbfZykv ex[uf \b^hf h[mq_gbylj_[mxsbf hl kh[Zdb Zdlb\gh]h mqZklbydZdgZijbf_jiju`dbih^ZqZ ij_^f_lZb lhfm ih^h[gh_gZ^h ihfgblvqlh b kZfZyemqrZy kh[ZdZ g_ h[eZ^Z_l q_eh\_q_kdbf khagZgb_f ^he]ZZ ihlhfm\ hlebqb_ ^Z`_ hl fZe_gvdbo^_l_c [m^_lkhljm^gbqZlv k\Zfb ebrv^h l_o ihjihdZ jZ[hlZ_c gjZ\blkyIhwlhfm gZdZaZgb_lml g_ lhevdh g_e_ihgh ^Z`_ \j_^ghlZd dZdhgh fh`_l\gmrblv kh[Zd_ g_ij_oh^ys__ hl\jZs_gb_ bf_ggh d wlhfm \b^m ^_yl_evghklbLhevdh ijb\uqdZ aZklZ\ey_l ohjhrhh[mq_ggmx kh[Zdm ijbghkblv aZcpZb^lb ih mdZaZgghfm ke_^m beb iju]Zlv q_j_a ij_iylkl\b_dh]^Z hgZ g_ \gZkljh_gbb IhwlhfmihdZ kh[ZdZ _s_ g_ ijbh[j_eZijb\uqdb \uihegylv hij_^_e_ggmx dhfZg^mg_h[oh^bfhhkh[_ggh \ gZqZe_ h[mq_gbyh]jZgbqb\Zlv mjhd g_kdhevdbfb fbgmlZfb b g_f_ê_ggh ij_djZsZlv _]h_keb bgl_j_k kh[Zdb gZqbgZ_l m]ZkZlvH[mqZ_fhfm `b\hlghfm g_h[oh^bfh ex[hc p_ghc \gmrblvqlh _]hg_ lhevdhg_ aZklZ\eyxlqlheb[h ^_eZlv ZgZh[hjhliha\heyxl _fm\uihegblv ^Zggh_mijZ`g_gb_ <djZlp_ h[km^b\ h[sb_ ijbgpbiu h[mq_gby\_jg_fky d lj_f dhgdj_lguf gZ\udZfdhlhju_ g_h[oh^bfhijb\blv ex[hc kh[Zd_=eZ\guc ba gbogZ fhc \a]ey^[_kij_dhkeh\gh_ \uiheg_gb_ dhfZgû E_`Zlv[eZ]h^Zjy wlhfmgZ\udm ex[Zy kh[ZdZ klZgh\blky ijbylg__ b ihe_ag__Kh[ZdZ ^he`gZ gZmqblvky eh`blvky ihdhfZg^_ bg_ \klZ\Zlv[_a jZaj_r_gby lZdh_ mf_gb_h[_ki_qb\Z_l _cfgh]h ij_bfms_kl\\eZ^_e_p fh`_l kihdhcgh ihdbgmlv__ \ex[hf f_kl_gZijbf_ji_j_^ ^\_jvx fZ]ZabgZ beb mqj_`^_gbylZd qlh hgZ ihemqZ_l \hafh`ghklv khijh\h`^Zlv _]h ihqlb ih\kx^mb __ ebrv baj_^dZ ijboh^blky hklZ\eylv ^hfZqlh êy bklbggh ij_^Zgghc kh[Zdb y\ey_lky om^rbf bag_kqZklbc?s_ \Z`g__ \hkiblZl_evgZy p_gghklvwlhc dhfZgûlZd dZd __\uiheg_gby hagZqZ_l kms_kl\_ggh_ jZa\blb_ ijb\uqdb dihkemrZgbx>ey kh[Zdb g_lZd ijhklh ih^Z\blv`_eZgb_ ke_^h\ZlvaZ ohaybghf b hklZlvky h^ghc \ dZdhfgb[m^v g_ijb\uqghf f_kl_ \uiheg_gb_ wlhc dhfZgû jZ\ghkbevgh\uiheg_gbx g_ijbylgh]h ^he]ZIhwlhfm dhfZgû <klZlvb Dh fg_\hkijbgbfZxlky dZd kqZkleb\h_ ba[Z\e_gb_b \j_amevlZl_ ijboh^ gZ ah\ ij_\jZsZxlky ba jZ[hlu \ m^h\hevkl\b_Hq_gv qZklh aZklZ\blv iehoh ih^^Zxsmxky kh[Zdm b^lb gZ ah\ m^Z_lky lhevdh q_j_a ijhf_`mlhqgmx klZ^bx h[mq_gby e_`ZlvW]hg ;hcg_[mj]h^bg ba emqrbo ^j_kkbjh\sbdh\ kh[ZddZdbo y lhevdh agZxijb h[mq_gbb hohlgbqvbokh[Zd khkj_^hlhqb\Ze mkbeby bf_ggh gZdhfZg^_ E_`ZlvZ g_gZ Dh fg_Hg jZajZ[hlZe f_lh^ hklZgh\d_\ jZa]ZjljZ\eb êyl_o kh[Zd dhlhju_ \ h[uqguo mkeh\byo [ueb ihkemrgugh hdZau\Zebkv klhev ZaZjlgufb hohlgbdZfbqlh]hgyykv aZ ^h[uq_c ih\bgh\Zebkv k\h_ckljZklbZ g_k\bkldm ohaybgZ>h[b\Zeky hg wlh]hijbmqZy kh[Zd ih dhfZg^_ E_`Zlvij_ju\Zlv ex[mx ^_yl_evghklv b ^Z`_ ]hghgb eh`bebkv b `^Zeb jZkihjy`_gby Dh fg_Dh]^Z kh[ZdZ[jhkZeZkv ij_ke_^h\Zlv ^bqv;hcg_[mj] g_ ijh[h\Ze __ hlha\ZlvZ ijhklhdjbqZe ]jhfdhE_`Zlv<af_lu\Zehkv h[eZdhiuebih^gylhc j_adh aZlhjfhab\rbfb eZiZfbZ dh]^Z hgh jZkk_b\Zehkvajbl_eb \b^_eb ihkemrghme_]rmxky kh[Zdm H[mq_gb_ dhfZg^_ E_`ZlvgZklhevdh ijhklhqlh ^hklmigh ^Z`_ ex^yf\hh[s_ ebr_gguf kihkh[ghklb ^j_kkbjh\sbdZGZqbgZlv _]h ke_^m_l f_`^m k_^vfuf b h^bggZ^pZluf f_kypZfb `bagb kh[Zdb\ aZ\bkbfhklb hl__ ihjhûKebrdhf jZgg__ gZqZeh gb d q_fm ohjhr_fm g_ ijb\_^_llZd dZd g_evay lj_[h\Zlvhl ih^\b`gh]h\_k_eh]h s_gdZqlh[u hg ih dhfZg^_ eh`bekyb khojZgyeZ[khexlgmx g_ih^\b`ghklvDh]^Z `_ hg ih^jZklZ_l b hkl_i_gy_lky h[mqZxsbc klZedb\Z_lky k ]hjZa^h f_gvrbf khijhlb\e_gb_f Mjhdb ke_^m_l gZqbgZlvgZ fy]dhckmohc a_fe_gZijbf_j aZ r_x b dj_kl_p b e_]hgvdh ijb`bfZlv d a_fe_ih\lhjyy E_`ZlvE_`Zlvbeb dZdh_gb[m^v ^jm]h_ ihôh^ys__ keh\h< i_j\ucjZa\hafh`ghijb^_lky ijbf_gblvb kbem H^gb kh[Zdb hq_gv [ukljh ihgbfZxlqlh hlgbo lj_[m_lky ^jm]b_ g_ kjZamlj_lvb `_ [m^ml klhylv hdhkl_g_\b gZqgml jZa[bjZlvky\ kblmZpbblhevdh dh]^Zbf kbehc kh]gml aZ^gb_Z ihlhfi_j_^gb_ gh]b WlZ ij_^\Zjbl_evgZy ih^]hlh\dZ fh`_l ihdZaZlvky ihklhjhgg_fm gZ[ex^Zl_ex g_kdhevdh dhfbqghcgh ihjZabl_evghdZd fZeh ih\lhj_gbclj_[m_lky êy lh]hqlh[u kh[ZdZ ihgyeZq_]h hl g__ ohlylb gZqZeZeh`blvky ih dhfZg^_ kZfZB kjZam `_ ke_^m_l ij_iylkl\h\Zlv kh[Zd_ \klZ\Zlv_keb _c \a^mfZ_lky k^_eZlv wlh ^h ih^Zqb khhl\_lkl\mxs_c dhfZgûJZa^_eylv wlb ^\Z fhf_glZf_`^m jZagufb mjhdZfbg_ijZ\bevghGm`gh klhylv\iehlgmx dkh[Zd_ b qmlvqmlv ihdZqb\Zlv iZevp_fi_j_^ __ ghkhfqlh[u m g__ g_ [ueh \hafh`ghklb \kdhqblv gZ gh]bAZl_f \u\g_aZigh ah\_l_Dh fg_hl[_]Z_l_ gZg_kdhevdh rZ]h\b eZkdZ_l_ kh[Zdm beb b]jZ_l_ k g_c \ gZ]jZ^m aZ lhevdh qlh i_j_g_k_ggh_ bkiulZgb_?keb kh[ZdZ ijhy\bl ijbagZdb mklZehklb b gZqg_l klhjhgblvky ohaybgZklZjZykv ba[_`Zlv ih\lhj_gbc mijZ`g_gbcmjhd ke_^m_l ij_j\Zlvb hleh`blv^h ke_^mxs_]h ^gy<j_fy ij_[u\Zgby \ e_`Zq_c iha_ke_^m_l m\_ebqb\Zlv hq_gv ihkl_i_gghb h[mqZxs_fm lj_[m_lky g_fZeuc lZdlqlh[u gZclb kqZkleb\mx k_j_^bgm f_`^m baebrg_c kljh]hklvxb qj_af_jghceZkdh\hklvx Mjhd gbdh]^Zg_ ke_^m_l ij_\jZsZlv\ b]jmb]jZ ^he`gZ hklZ\Zlvky gZ]jZ^hc aZmki_ob gb\ dh_fkemqZ_ g_evay iha\heylv s_gdm \ hl\_l gZ dhfZg^mrZeh\eb\h \ZeblvkygZ kibgmK ^jm]hc klhjhgugm`gh \gbfZl_evghke_^blvqlh[u kh[ZdZ g_ ijhgbdeZkv hl\jZs_gb_f dh\k_c ijhp_^mj_Dh]^Z kh[ZdZ gZmqblky ihkemrgh e_`Zlv g_kdhevdhfbgmlgZ^h jZa hl jZamihkl_i_ggh hloh^blvhl g__\gZqZe_ lZdqlh[u hgZ ijh^he`ZeZ \Zk\b^_lvZ dh]^ZhgZ hk\hblkyk wlbffZg_\jhf gZklhevdhqlh [m^_lkhojZgylv k\hxiham bg_kdhevdh fbgml kimkly ihke_lh]hdh]^Z ohaybghlhc^_lfh`gh mclb kh\k_f Wlh bkiulZgb_ _c [m^_l e_]q_ i_j_g_klb_keb \uhklZ\bl_ \hae_ g__ dZdmxgb[m^v k\hx \_svb ^Z`_ g_ h^gmQ_f [hevr_ bo [m^_l b q_f hgb [m^ml djmig__l_f kihdhcg__ kh[ZdZ [m^_l k_[y qm\kl\h\Zlv?keb \aylv kh[Zdm \ lmjbklkdbc ihoh^ bhklZ\blv __\hae_ iZeZldbkh kiZevgufb f_rdZfbhgZ ^Z`_\ kZfhfgZqZe_ h[mq_gbyhklZg_lky \hae_ gbo gZ dZdh_ m]h^gh \j_fyl_ji_eb\h h`b^Zy\ha\jZs_gby ohaybgZIjb ihiuld_ qm`h]h q_eh\_dZ ihky]gmlv gZ dZdmxgb[m^v \_svkh[ZdZ ijb^_l \yjhklvgh g_ ihlhfmqlh qm\kl\m_l k_[y h[yaZgghc aZsbsZlv ohayckdh_ bfms_kl\hZ ihlhfm qlh wlb \_sbijhiblZggu_ aZiZohf ohaybgZ kbf\hebabjmxl êy g__ ^hf b ]ZjZglbjmxl \ha\jZs_gb_ ohaybgZ<hl ihq_fm hgZk_j^blky_keb dlhlh ihiulZ_lky bo mg_klbG_j_^dh fh`gh m\b^_lv kh[ZdmdZd [m^lh hojZgyxsmx ihjln_ev k\h_]h ohaybgZh^gZdh ikboheh]bq_kdh_ h[tykg_gb_ wlhc kblmZpbb kh\k_f g_ lZdh\hdZd fh`_l ihdZaZlvky gZ i_j\uc \a]eyÎhjln_ev \ khagZgbbkh[Zdb y\ey_lky dZd [u kbf\hehf ^hfZZ ohaybghklZ\be a^_kvg_ kh[Zdm klhjh`blv ihjln_evZ gZh[hjhl ihjln_evqlh[u ihf_rZlv kh[Zd_mclb Ijb lZdhf h[mq_gbbhkh[_ggh _keb hgh ijhoh^bl \ f_klghklbdhlhjZy kh[Zd_ g_agZdhfZhq_gv \Z`gh ohjhr_gvdh h[^mfZlv]^_ bf_ggh ijbdZaZlv kh[Zd_ e_qvB ij_`^_q_f hl^Zlv dhfZg^mke_^m_l ijbdbgmlvdZdh_ f_klhba[jZeZ [u kZfZ kh[ZdZ_keb [uhgZ ohl_eZ ijbe_qvhl^hogmlv;ueh [u `_klhdh mdeZû\Zlv kh[ZdmgZ kh\_jr_gghhldjulhc ljhi_ih dhlhjhc qZklh ijhoh^yl ex^b\ __ ]eZaZo [he__ g_ihôh^ys_]h f_klZ êy hlûoZ gZclb g_\hafh`ghb hgZ [m^_l bkiulu\ZlvlZdb_ ^mr_\gu_fmq_gbygh \lh `_\j_fy k m^h\hevkl\b_f ey`_l \ dZdhfgb[m^v lbohf m]hed_ ij_îhqlbl_evgh ohjhrh mdjulhfgZijbf_j ih^ kZ^h\hc kdZf_cdhcWlh ijZ\beh lj_[m_lkljh]h]h kh[ex^_gbylZd dZd e_`ZlvaZ^ZqZ hq_gv g_e_]dZyb êy __ \uiheg_gby kh[Zd_ lj_[m_lky k^_eZlv gZ^ kh[hc [hevrh_ mkbeb_ JZamf__lkymf_eh_ b \f_jm kljh]h_ h[mq_gb_lZdh]h jh^Z hlgx^v g_ `_klhdhklvih hlghr_gbxd kh[Zd_gZh[hjhlhgh ijb\h^bl d h[h]Zs_gbx __ `bagblZd dZdohjhrh h[mq_ggZy kh[ZdZ ihemqZ_l \hafh`ghklv khijh\h`^Zlv k\h_]h ohaybgZ ihqlb \kx^m?keb kh[ZdZ bkdexqbl_evgh mfgZkljh]b_ ijZ\beZ h[mq_gby fh`gh kh \j_f_g_f g_kdhevdh kfy]qblv KlZkbij_\hkoh^gh \eZ^_\rZybkdmkkl\hf e_`Zlvij_djZkgh agZeZqlh y \h\k_ g_ ohqmqlh[u hgZklhjh`Z fhc \_ehkbi_^b \ kZfhf^_e_ khojZgyeZ dZf_ggmxg_ih^\b`ghklv dZd lh]h lj_[m_l [md\Z aZdhgZIh dhfZg^_hgZ eh`beZkvb g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy hklZ\ZeZkv \ wlhciha_h^gZdhg_aZf_lgh ih]eyû\Zy aZg_c \hdghy \b^_eqlh ihlhfhgZ \klZ\ZeZb gZqbgZeZ ijhoZ`b\ZlvkyijZ\^Z g_ hl^Zeyykvhl \_ehkbi_^Z [hevr_ q_f gZf_lj^\Z?keb `_ fureb kg_c \]hklb by ijbdZau\Ze _ce_qv \ m]emdhfgZluhgZ gbdh]^Z g_\klZ\ZeZ >jm]bfb keh\ZfbhgZ ij_djZkgh ihgbfZeZk dZdhcdhgdj_lgh p_evx hl^Z\ZeZkv_c wlZdhfZg^Z b \lhf b \^jm]hf kemqZ_ < dhgp_ dhgph\ fu kh\k_f g_ijhba\hevgh \ujZ[hlZeb ke_^mxsbc dhfijhfbkkihemqb\ ijbdZae_`Zlvdh]^Z jy^hfg_ [ueh fh_]h \_ehkbi_^Zbeb ihjln_eyKlZkb `^ZeZf_gy hdheh ^_kylb fbgmlZ ihlhf_keb y g_ ihy\eyeky\klZ\ZeZ b hlijZ\eyeZkv ^hfhc kZfhklhyl_evghgh jy^hfk fhbfb\_sZfb hgZ_keb [uihgZ^h[behkvijh^h`^ZeZ [u f_gy^h kdhgqZgby \_dZ KlZkb ^hklb]eZ lZdh]hkh\_jr_gkl\Z \bkdmkkl\_ e_`Zlv b hojZgylvqlhdZd wlhgb g_\_jhylghkZfZ j_rZeZdh]^Z _c ke_^m_l aZgylv klhjh`_\hc ihkl< ^gb fh_cjZ[hlu \ ]hkiblZe_ hgZ ijbg_keZ s_gylhlphf dhlhjuo [ue ^bg]h ihke_ lh]h dZd __ khxa k lZ_`guf \hedhf hdZaZeky [_kieh^guf_c ij_êh`beb \ kmijm]b ^bg]hFhc agZdhfuc ^hdlhj h^he`be fg_Z \_jg__ _cdhgmjm k\h_ch\qZjdb dhlhjmxd g_kqZklvxmdjZebLjb ^gy KlZkb ijh\_eZ \ dhgmj_ kh s_gylZfbGZ q_l\_jluc^_gv\uc^y ba]hkiblZey y h[gZjm`beqlh hgZ e_`bl \hae_ fh_]h \_ehkbi_^Z<k_ ihiuldb hlijZ\blv__ gZaZ^d ^_lyf l_ji_ebg_m^ZqmhgZ \h qlh [u lh gb klZeh `_eZeZ \_jgmlvky gZ ^_ckl\bl_evgmx kem`[m>\Z`û \ ^_gv hgZ m[_]ZeZ ihdhjfblv s_gylgh q_j_a iheqZkZ \gh\v aZgbfZeZ k\hc ihkl jy^hf k fhbf \_ehkbi_^hf <lhjZy dhfZg^ZF_klhkhhl\_lkl\m_l ihk\h_c kmlb dhfZg^_ E_`Zlvgh ijbf_gy_lky ^hfZZ g_ gZmebp_ G_j_^dh kemqZ_lkyqlh h[s_kl\h kh[Zdb \Zf f_rZ_l b\u ohlbl_ gZ \j_fyba[Z\blvky hlg__IjbdZa IhreZ \hgg_ kihkh[gZ ihgylv gbh^gZ ^Z`_kZfZy mfgZykh[ZdZihkdhevdm \hgihgylb_ Z[kljZdlgh_ bêy g__g_ihklb`bfh_Kh[Zd_ g_h[oh^bfh dhgdj_lgh h[tykgblvdm^Z bf_ggh \u __ hlkueZ_l_B f_klhwlh q_ldhhij_^_e_ggh_ f_klhdm^Z kh[ZdZ ^he`gZ moh^blv ih dhfZg^_ b ]^_ hgZ ^he`gZ hklZ\Zlvky ^h l_o ihjihdZ _cg_ jZaj_rZl_]h ihdbgmlv Emqr_ hklZgh\blv k\hc\u[hj gZlhf m]hed_dhlhjuc kh[ZdZ ij_îhqblZ_llm^Z hgZ \k_]^Z ihc^_l hohlg__>_lb b kh[Zdbbf_xsb_ ijb\uqdm \f_rb\Zlvky \jZa]h\hju \ajhkeuo ex^_cfZeh dhfm gjZ\ylkyb kh[ZdZmf_xsZy hklZ\eylv ex^_c \ ihdh_g_khfg_ggh [m^_l ihevah\Zlvky h[sbfb kbfiZlbyfbLh `_hlghkblky bd ^_lyf Lj_lbc gZ\udkihkh[kl\mxsbc ij_\jZs_gbx kh[Zdb \ ijbylgh]h kimlgbdZg_ ijbqbgyxs_]h hkh[uo oehihlwlh mf_gb_ b^lb jy^hfD g_kqZklvxwlh mf_gb_^_eZxs__ baebrgbf ih\h^hd êy ohjhrh \hkiblZgghc kh[Zdb ijbh[j_lZ_lky k aZf_lgh [hevrbf ljm^hfq_f ^\ZgZ\udZ hibkZgguo \ur_b ijb hlkmlkl\bbqZkluo ih\lhj_gbc\kdhj_ fh`_l [ulvaZ[ulhH[mq_gb_ kh[Zdbb^lb jy^hfk\h^blky d lhfmqlh[u aZklZ\blv__ b^lb\hae_ ijZ\hcbeb e_\hcgh]b ohaybgZ gh]Z ^he`gZ[ulv \k_]^Z h^ghcb lhc`_ijb wlhf __ fhj^Z g_^he`gZ \u^\b]Zlvky\i_j_^Z kdhjhklv^\b`_gby \k_ \j_fy ^he`gZ khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby ohaybgZ<uihegyy wlh mijZ`g_gb_kh[Zdb j_^dhiulZxlky hklZ\blvbgZh[hjhl[hevrbgkl\h ba gbodZd ijZ\beh \uju\Zxlky \i_j_^ hrb[dZdhlhjmx gZ^h bkijZ\eylv g_f_ê_gghkbevgh ^_jgm\ ih\h^hd beb oehigm\ kh[Zdmih ghkmDZ`ûc jZadh]^Z ohaybgih\hjZqb\Z_lkh[ZdZ ^he`gZ lZd`_ ih\_jgmlvemqr_ \k_]h wlh ^hklb]Z_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahfgZ^h ke_]dZ gZdehgblvkyb ih\_jgmlv]heh\m kh[Zdb \ gm`gmxklhjhgm jmdhck\h[h^ghc hlih\h^dZ JZ[hlZ lj_[m_ll_ji_gvy G_ lhevdhagZgvy bmf_gvy Ij_`^_ q_f kh[ZdZgZmqblky b^lbjy^hf__ ijboh^blky hq_gv ^he]h lj_gbjh\ZlvgZ ih\h^d_Lml ke_^m_lhljZ[hlZlv ^\_ dhfZgû ijbdZaZgb_ b^lbjy^hfb jZaj_r_gb_hlhclb bgZ fhc \a]ey^\lhjh_ agZqbl_evghljm^g__DhgljijbdZa e_`Zs_c kh[Zd_ Dh fg__c ohjhrhihgyl_gb hgZ\kdhj_ \umqb\Z_lky g_ ^\b]ZlvkyihdZ _]hg_ mkeurblGh dhfZg^Z <i_j_^jZaj_rZxsZy kh[Zd_ hlhclb hl ohaybgZ _kl_kl\_gghg_ lZdihgylgZ< gZqZe_ h[mq_gbyemqr_ \k_]h hklZgh\blvkykdZaZlv <i_j_^b ih^h`^ZlvihdZ kh[ZdZg_ ^\bg_lky \i_j_^Kh[Zd_ gb\ dh_fkemqZ_ g_evay jZaj_rZlv hloh^blv \ klhjhgm ih kh[kl\_gghc bgbpbZlb\_bgZq_ hgZ j_rblqlh _c wlh ^ha\he_ghb l_fkZfuf \agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb [m^mlk\_^_gu gZg_l m`_^hklb]gmlu_ j_amevlZlu ?s_ h^gZ ljm^ghklvaZdexqZ_lky \lhfqlh mfgZykh[ZdZ hq_gv kdhjh gZqbgZ_ljZa[bjZlvkygZ^_l gZ g__ih\h^hd beb g_lb qZklh b]ghjbjm_l dhfZgûdh]^Z _]hk g__\i_j\u_ kgbfZxlIhwlhfm k kZfh]hgZqZeZ kh[Zdmke_^m_l ijbmqblv d madhfm e_]dhfm ih\h^dmdhlhjuc hgZijZdlbq_kdb hsmsZ_l lhevdh \ lhl fhf_glZdh]^Z _]h j_adh ^_j]ZxlKh[ZdZ ih\b^bfhfmg_ \khklhygbb ihgylvlml ijbqbggmxk\yav \h \kydhf kemqZ_\ gZqZe_ h[mq_gby KlZkb\uihegyeZ dhfZg^m Jy^hf\k_]^Zdh]^Z gZ g_c [ueih\h^hdg_aZ\bkbfh hl lh]h^_j`Ze y _]h beb g_l b dZdh_ jZkklhygb_ gZk jZa^_eyeh;_a ih\h^dZ hgZqm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[yk\h[h^ghcb g_ \uihegyeZdhfZgû>Z`_ ohjhrhh[mq_ggmx kh[Zdm ke_^m_l \j_fy hl \j_f_gb\h^blv gZih\h^d_ êy hk\_`_gbyiZfylb < p_ehfh^gZdhdZd k dhfZg^hc E_`Zlvg_ ke_^m_l\ dZ`^hf kemqZ_ lj_[h\Zlv h[yaZl_evgh]h \uiheg_gby [md\u aZdhgZ ijbmkeh\bbqlh kh[ZdZ\h \k_fohjhrh jZah[jZeZkvb \uihegy_l dhfZg^m [_amij_qghKlZkb _s_ s_gdhf qZklh aZ[u\ZeZ kfuke dhfZgûJy^hfgh \ wlhfg_ [uehgbq_]h kljZrgh]hlZd dZd g_h[oh^bfhklv \ dhfZg^_\kdhj_ \hh[s_ hliZeZ\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo kblmZpbyo KlZkb reZ jy^hf kh[ex^Zy \k_ ijZ\beZg_ f_g__kljh]hq_f ijbah\hc i_kgZ bkiulZgbbDh]^ZgZijbf_j^\b`_gb_ ih mebp_mkbeb\Zehkv hgZ ihkh[kl\_gghfm ihqbgmijbkljZb\ZeZkv d fh_cgh]_b y g_ hiZkZeky ihl_jylv __ ^Z`_ \ ]mkluolheiZog_baf_ggh aZihegy\rbo \hdaZeu \ ]hû \hcguHgZ lhqghke_^h\ZeZ aZ dZ`ûf fhbf rZ]hflZd qlh__ r_y\k_ \j_fy[ueZ mfh_]h e_\h]h dhe_gZ K [hevrhc ljh]Zl_evghklvx hgZ ijb[_]ZeZ d lZdhfm ^h[jh\hevghfm kZfhh]jZgbq_gbx b lh]^Zdh]^Z hgZ [ueZ \ugm`^_gZ [hjhlvky k bkdmr_gb_f gZijbf_jdh]^Z fureb q_j_a kdhlguc ^\hj]^_ bkim]Zggu_ihy\e_gb_ ju`_]h\hedZ dmju gZqbgZeb dm^ZolZlv b f_lZlvkyg_fZeh mkbebcqlh[u h[ma^Zlv _kl_kl\_ggh_ `_eZgb_ jZkijZ\blvky kgbfb< wlbo kemqZyo KlZkbqlh[u mklhylvi_j_^ kh[eZaghfijb`bfZeZkv d fh_fm e_\hfm dhe_gmHgZ ^jh`ZeZhl \ha[m`^_gbygha^jb __ jZa^m\Zebkvmrb klhyeblhjqdhfb y [md\Zevgh\b^_edZd gZly]b\Z_l g_\b^bfuc ih\h^hddhlhjuc hgZgZ k_[ygZ^_eZ Dhg_qghKlZkb gbdh]^Z g_ bkihevah\ZeZ [u k\h_]hmf_gby oh^blv jy^hf_keb [u\ xghklb g_hljZ[hlZeb \k_ ]eZ\gu_ _]h ijZ\beZb \k_lZdb fg_ ijbylgh ^mfZlvqlh kh[ZdZ \umqb\ wlhlmjhdg_ ijhklhjZ[kdb _]hih\lhjy_lgh fh`_l ijbf_gylv _]hk \u[hjhfqlh[u g_kdZaZlv l\hjq_kdb KH;:QVB H;UQ:B B ghkhf^jm`_kdbf B gxoZeb lhedZe ;_jbk>\_ kh[Zdb Kihkh[u h[f_gZ bgnhjfZpb_cf_`^m `b\hlgufb`b\msbfb \ khh[s_kl\Zob f_oZgbafuh[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ [_ki_j_[hcgmx kh\f_klgmx ^_yl_evghklv bg^b\b^h\ \ klZ^_ beb klZ_g_ bf_xl gbq_]h h[s_]h k j_qvxgZ dhlhjhc kljhblky hkms_kl\e_gb_ wlbo \Z`g_crbonmgdpbc mq_eh\_dZ< Dhevp_ pZjy KhehfhgZy ih^jh[gh jZkkfhlj_e wlhl\hijhk \]eZ\_ Yaud `b\hlguoKfuke dhgdj_lguo kb]gZeh\ b jZaebqguo \ujZabl_evguo ^\b`_gbc ba\mdh\ m`b\hlguo g_mkeh\_gdZd kfuke keh\ \ q_eh\_q_kdhf yaud_gh hij_^_ey_lky \jh`^_ggufb bgklbgdlb\gufb^_ckl\byfb bhl\_lgufb j_Zdpbyfb LZdbf h[jZahfyauddZ`^h]h ^Zggh]h\b^Z `b\hlguo]hjZa^h [he__ dhgk_j\Zlb\_gZ bo h[uqZb bijb\uqdbg_kjZ\g_ggh [he__ mklhcqb\u b h[yaZl_evguq_f m q_eh\_dZFh`gh gZibkZlv p_emxdgb]m hg_jmrbfuo aZdhgZodhlhju_ mijZ\eyxl p_j_fhgbZehfhij_^_eyxsbf ih\_^_gb_[he__ kbevguob [he__ keZ[uodh[_e_c b kmdJZkkfZljb\Z_fh_ \ p_ehf^_ckl\b_ wlbo aZdhgh\hibjZxsboky m kh[Zd gZ gZke_^kl\_ggu_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ kl_j_hlbiugZihfbgZ_l ijhy\e_gb_ gZrbo kh[kl\_gguo q_eh\_q_kdbo h[uqZ_\Wlh hlghkblky b d \ha^_ckl\bx mihfygmluo aZdhgh\ gZ `bagv khh[s_kl\Zb bf_ggh \ lZdhf kfuke_ ke_^m_l ihgbfZlv gZa\Zgb_ ^Zgghc ]eZ\u G_l gbq_]hkdmqg__ kmoh]hbaeh`_gby aZdhgh\imklv ^Z`_ b g_h[udgh\_ggh bgl_j_kguob y ihijh[mx h[hclbkv [_a hl\e_q_gguo jZkkm`^_gbc ijhklh ihklZjZxkvk ihfhsvxjy^Z [m^gbqguo ijbf_jh\ gZjbkh\Zlv ^hklZlhqgh `b\mx dZjlbgm h[s_gby kh[Zd f_`^mkh[hcqlh[u qblZl_ev kZffh] \u\_klb l_hjbxh[tykgyxsmx wlb aZdhguY gZqgm k ih\_^_gby k\yaZggh]h k b_jZjobq_kdbf ihjy^dhf^j_\gb_ h[uqZb dhlhjh]h g_ lhevdh \ujZ`Zxlgh b\ agZqbl_evghckl_i_gb hij_^_eyxl iheh`_gb_ kh[Zdb\ wlhckbkl_f_ ^hfbgbjh\Zgbyb ih^qbg_gbyJZkkfhljbf g_kdhevdh \klj_q g_khfg_ggh qblZl_ev kZfg_ jZa[u\Ze k\b^_l_e_fq_]heb[h ih^h[gh]h Fu k <hedhf b^_l ih ijhmedmh]b[Z_f \h^hjZa[hjgmx dhehgdm b\uc^y gZ ]eZ\gmx mebpm ^_j_\gb\b^bfqlh f_ljZo \ ^\moklZo \i_j_^b klhbl JhevnklZjuc \jZ] b khi_jgbd <hedZGZf gm`gh ijhclb fbfh g_]hb ke_^h\Zl_evgh\klj_qZ g_ba[_`gZWlb ^\_ kh[ZdbkZfu_ kbevgu_ \^_j_\g_ b\gmrZxsb_ gZb[hevrbckljZo hklZevguflh _klv aZgbfZxsb_ \_jogxx klmi_gv b_jZjobq_kdhc e_klgbpu l_ji_lv ^jm] ^jm]Z g_ fh]mlgh \lh `_\j_fy bkiheg_gu lZdh]h \aZbfgh]hm\Z`_gbyqlh _s_gb jZamg_ ih^jZebkv B <hedb Jhevn h[Zih\b^bfhfmh^bgZdh\h g_ jZûwlhc \klj_q_DZ`ûc bagbo khlgbjZa yjhklghh[eZb\Z_l ^jm]h]h ba k\h_]h kZ^Z \ l\_j^hc m\_j_gghklbqlh lhevdhaZ[hj f_rZ_l _fm \p_iblvky \ g_gZ\bklgmx ]ehldmGh l_i_jvhgb bkiulu\Zxl bo lZddZ`ûc i_k qm\kl\m_lqlh h[yaZg ih^^_j`Zlv k\hcij_klbìjb\_^y \bkiheg_gb_ [ueu_m]jhau b hiZkZ_lky \ ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ mljZlblv ebphHgb jZamf__lkykjZam `_ aZf_lbeb ^jm] ^jm]Z b ijbgyeb ^_fhgkljZlb\gu_ ihaulh _klv gZijy]ebkvb aZ^jZebo\hklu \_jlbdZevghL_i_jvk[eb`Zykvhgb ihkl_i_ggh aZf_êyxl rZ]Dh]^Z f_`^mgbfb hklZ_lkyg_ [he__iylgZ^pZlb f_ljh\ Jhevn \g_aZigh ijbiZ^Z_l d a_fe_lhqgh ]hlh\ucd iju`dm lb]jFhjû h[hbog_ \ujZ`Zxlgb dhe_[Zgbcgb m]jhauE[u b ghku g_gZfhjs_gumrb klhyllhjqdhf]eZaZ rbjhdh jZkdjulu <hed gbdZd g_j_Z]bjm_l gZiham JhevnZohly q_eh\_q_kdhfm ]eZam hgZ ij_^klZ\ey_lky \_kvfZ aeh\_s_cZ ijh^he`Z_l jh\guf rZ]hfijb[eb`Zlvky d khi_jgbdmb aZfbjZ_l\hae_ g_]h \ g_ih^\b`ghklbJhevn f]gh\_ggh \kdZdb\Z_lb l_i_jvh[Z ikZ klhyl[hd h[hd]heh\Z do\hklmb h[gxob\Zxl\aZbfgh ih^klZ\e_ggu_ aZ^gb_ qZklb lmeh\bsZWlh ^h[jh\hevgh_ ij_^ty\e_gb_ ZgZevghc h[eZklb _klv \ujZ`_gb_ iheghc m\_j_gghklb \ k_[_b _keb kh[ZdZ __ \^jm]mljZqb\Z_l o\hkl g_f_ê_ggh himkdZ_lkyO\hkl \lZdbo kemqZyokem`bl lhqguf bg^bdZlhjhfojZ[jhklb G_dhlhjh_ \j_fy iku ijh^he`Zxl khojZgylv wlm gZijy`_ggmx ihamZ aZl_f ihkl_i_ggh fhjû bo gZqbgZxl fhjsblkye[u ijhj_aZxlky ]hjbahglZevgufb b\_jlbdZevgufb [hjha^Zfbdh`Z gZ ghkm kh[bjZ_lky ]Zjfhrdhcdeudb hkdZeb\ZxlkyLZdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ fhjû fh`gh bklhedh\Zlv lhevdh dZd m]jh`Zxs__gh hgh [u\Z_l b m i_j_im]Zgguo kh[Zddhlhju_ m]jh`ZxljZ^b kZfhaZsbludh]^Z boaZ]hgyxl \ m]he>mr_\gh_ khklhygb_ kh[Zd b bo dhgljhev gZ^ kblmZpb_c hljZ`Zxlky ebrv \ ^\mo f_klZomrZo bm]hedZo jlZ?keb mrb gZdehg_gu \i_j_^Z m]hedb jlZkh\k_f g_ hllygmluagZqblkh[ZdZ g_ bkiulu\Z_l kljZoZ b fh`_l gZiZklv \ ex[hc fhf_gl<hajZklZgb_ [hyagb gZoh^bl \ujZ`_gb_ \ khhl\_lkl\mxs_f^\b`_gbb mr_cb m]hedh\jlZ keh\gh g_\b^bfu_ kbeu lygml kh[Zdm gZaZîh[m`^Zy __d [_]kl\mM]jh`ZxsZy ihaZ khijh\h`^Z_lky juqZgb_fb q_f [he__ hgh [Zkbkl__l_f [he__ m\_j_gZ \ k_[_ kh[ZdZ jZamf__lkyk ihijZ\dhc gZ _kl_kl\_gguc lhg __ ]hehkZ kZfhm\_j_gguc nhdkl_jv_jdhg_qgh[m^_l juqZlv gZ[he__ \ukhdhc ghl_q_f kljmkb\rbck_g[_jgZj <k_ _s_^_j`Zkv [hdh [hdJhevn b<hed gZqbgZxl l_i_jv h[oh^blv h^bg^jm]h]h ih ^m]_Y `^mqlh \hl\hl aZ\y`_lky ^jZdZh^gZdh ihegh_ jZ\gh\_kb_kbe ij_iylkl\m_l h[ty\e_gbx \hcguJuqZgb_ klZgh\blky\k_ [he__aeh\_sbfghgbq_]h g_ ijhbkoh^blM f_gy \hagbdZ_l kfmlgh_ ih^haj_gb_ ih^dj_iey_fh_ dhkufb \a]ey^Zfbdhlhju_ [jhkZ_l gZ f_gy <hedZ ihlhf Jhevnqlh hgb g_ ijhklh `^ml fh_]h \f_rZl_evkl\Zgh bhq_gv ohlylqlh[u yjZagye bob l_f kZfuf hk\h[h^be hlfhjZevghc h[yaZgghklb\klmiblv \^jZdm Klj_fe_gb_ khojZgblvk\hc ij_klb`b ^hklhbgkl\h k\hckl\_ggh g_ lhevdh q_eh\_dmhgh aZeh`_gh]em[hdh \bklbgguo kehyo ikbobdbdhlhju_ m \ukrbo `b\hlguo [ebadb d gZrbf kh[kl\_gguf Y g_ \f_rb\Zxkvij_^hklZ\eyy kh[ZdZf kZfbfgZclb g_ mgbabl_evguc \uoh^ ba iheh`_gbyHgb hq_gv f_ê_ggh jZkoh^ylky brZ] aZ rZ]hfgZqbgZxl m^Zeylvky^jm] hl^jm]Z < aZdexq_gb_\k_ _s_ dhkykv gZ khi_jgbdZhgb h^gh\j_f_gghkeh\gh ih dhfZg^_aZ^bjZxl aZ^gxx gh]m <hed m l_e_]jZngh]hklhe[ZJhevn m aZ[hjZAZl_fijbgy\ ^_fhgkljZlb\gmx ihamdZ`ûc b^_l k\h_c ^hjh]hc]hj^ykv h^_j`Zgghc fhjZevghcih[_^hc bihkjZfe_gb_f ijhlb\gbdZ Kmdbijbkmlkl\mxsb_ ijb \klj_q_ dh[_e_cjZ\guo ih kbe_ b jZg]m\_^ml k_[y hkh[ufh[jZahf< lZdbokemqZyo Kxabkmijm]Z <hedZkh\_jr_ggh y\ghohq_lqlh[u gZqZeZkv ^jZdZZdlb\gh hgZ kmijm]m g_ ihfh]Z_lgh _cgjZ\blky kfhlj_lvdZd hg [_j_l \_jo gZ^ ^jm]bf ikhfY ^\Z`û gZ[ex^ZedZd hgZ ijb[_]ZeZ d dh\Zjghc obljhklbqlh[u ^hklbqv k\h_c p_eb<hed klhye ]heh\hcd o\hklmjy^hf k ^jm]bf ikhf h[Z jZaZwlh [ueqm`Zde_lgbc ]hklvZ Kxab hklhjh`ghgh k [hevrbfex[hiulkl\hf djmlbeZkv\hae_ gbohgb `_g_ h[jZsZebgZ g__gbdZdh]h \gbfZgbyihkdhevdm hgZ [ueZ kmdhc<^jm] hgZ [_afhe\ghgh wg_j]bqghdmkZeZ kmijm]Z aZ aZ^gxx qZklvih^klZ\e_ggmx ijhlb\gbdm<hed kqblZyqlh lhl \ gZjmr_gb_ \k_o ^j_\gbo kh[Zqvbo h[uqZ_\ gZ]eh mdmkbe _]h aZ aZ^ \h \j_fy h[gxob\Zgby lhlqZk gZ[jZku\ZekygZ k\ylhlZlpZ<lhjhc i_k_kl_kl\_ggh jZkp_gb\Ze wlh gZiZ^_gb_ dZd klhev `_ g_ijhklbl_evgh_ gZjmr_gb_ jblmZeZb aZ\yau\ZeZkv gZ j_^dhklv k\bj_iZy ^jZdZ <hed \klj_qZ_l klZjmx ^\hjgy]m`b\rmx \ ^hf_ m ^Zevg_]h dhgpZgZr_c ^_j_\gb< ^gb k\h_cxghklb hg kbevgh ih[Zb\Zeky klZjbdZL_ \j_f_gZ ^Z\gh fbgh\Zebgh hg g_gZ\b^bl ^jyoeh]h ikZ [hevr_ \k_o ^jm]bo kh[Zd b g_ mimkdZ_l kemqZy ihdZaZlv _fm wlhDh]^Z <hedb ^\hjgy]Z aZf_qZxl ^jm] ^jm]ZklZjbd g_f_ê_ggh ijbgbfZ_l gZijy`_ggmx ihamgh <hed [jhkZ_lkygZ g_]hkbevgh m^Zjy_l _]h ie_qhfbah]gm\rbkvlhedZ_l aZ^hfb \klZ_ljy^hf k gbf KlZjbd ihiulZeky [ueh \klj_lblv \jZ]Zk\bj_iuf mdmkhfgh baaZ lheqdZ_]h am[u khfdgmebkv\ \ha^mo_L_i_jv hgklhbl g_ih^\b`gh\uijyfb\rbkv \h\_kv jhklgh o\hklhims_glZd dZd m g_]h g_ o\ZlZ_l m\_j_gghklb ih^klZ\blv êy h[gxob\Zgby k\hc aZ^?]h ghk b eh[m]jh`Zxs_ kfhjs_gu ]heh\Z hims_gZ b \uklZ\e_gZ \i_j_^WlZ ihaZ khijh\h`^Z_fZy k_j^bluf juqZgb_fijhba\h^bl kZfh_aeh\_s__ \i_qZle_gb_b dh]^Z <hed kgh\Z ^_eZ_l ^\b`_gb_\i_j_^ klZjbd hlqZyggheya]Z_l am[Zfbb <hed qmlvqmlv hlklmiZ_l G_ k]b[Zy gh]ij_m\_ebq_ggh gZ^f_gghc ihoh^dhc <hed h[oh^bl k\h_]h \jZ]ZaZl_f aZ^bjZ_l gh]m b [eb`Zcr_]h ihôh^ys_]h ij_^f_lZ bm^Zey_lkyQm\kl\Z klZjhc ^\hjgy]b _keb h[e_qvbo \keh\Zk\h^ylky ijbf_jghd ke_^mxs_fmY l_[_ g_khi_jgbd bg_ ij_l_g^mxgb gZjZ\_gkl\h k lh[hcgb gZ ij_\hkoh^kl\hy g_ihky]gm gZ l\hxl_jjblhjbxB ijhrm l_[y lhevdh h[h^ghf qlh[u luhklZ\be f_gy\ ihdh_Gh _keb lu wlh]h g_ k^_eZ_rvy [m^m^jZlvkydZd fh]mg_ [j_a]my bg_q_klgufb ijb_fZfbGh qlhqm\kl\m_l <hed" M \h^hjZa[hjghc dhehgdb <hed \klj_qZ_l fZe_gvdmx k\_lehju`mx ^\hjgy`dmdhlhjZy \kf_jl_evghf m`Zk_ ijh[m_l mkdhevagmlv hlg_]h \ hldjulmx^\_jv [ZdZe_cghceZ\db<hed klj_fbl_evgh [jhkZ_lky gZi_j_j_aaZ]hjZ`b\Z_l ^\_jvb l_f `_ [hdh\uf ^\b`_gb_fh dhlhjhfy m`_]h\hjbehl[jZku\Z_l kh[Zqhgdm gZfhklh\mxlml `_gZklb]Z_l __b kgh\ZlhedZ_l Ijb dZ`^hf m^Zj_ kh[ZqhgdZ \a\ba]b\Z_ldZd hl kbevghc [hebb \dhgp_ dhgph\ \hlqZygbb dmkZ_lk\h_]h \jZ]Z<hed g_ juqblg_ fhjsbl m]jh`Zxs_]h ghkZZg_ h[jZsZy \gbfZgby gZ mdmkuijh^he`Z_l __ lhedZlvHg gZklhevdh ij_abjZ_l k\h_]h ijhlb\gbdZqlh g_ kqblZ_l ^Z`_gm`guf ijbhldjulv iZklvGh \f_kl_ k l_f hg g_gZ\b^bl ju`_]h ihemdjh\dmdhlhjuc lh b^_eh aZe_aZe dgZf \ kZ^dh]^Z m Kxab [ueZ l_qdZb l_i_jvk\h^bl kgbf kq_luklhev ihreuf h[jZahfLbi kljZoZdhlhjuc gZoh^bl \ujZ`_gb_ \ \hie_ [hebba^Z\Z_fhf _s_ ^h lh]hdZd kh[ZdZmki__l hsmlblv j_Zevgmx [hevoZjZdl_jbam_lky hkh[uf iheh`_gb_f m]hedh\ jlZ hgb gZklhevdh hlly]b\Zxlky gZaZ^qlh klZgh\blky \b^bfhc kebabklZy h[hehqdZh[jZfeyxsZy ]m[u l_fghc dZ_fhqdhc>Z`_ gZ q_eh\_q_kdbc \a]ey^ kh[Zqvyfhj^Z ijb wlhf ijbh[j_lZ_l hkh[h_ kdmeys__ \ujZ`_gb_\iheg_ khhl\_lkl\mxs__ a\mdZfdhlhjufb hghkhijh\h`^Z_lky <hed ,gZ\_sZ_l k\hxih^jm]m K_glm b\ajhkeuo ^_l_c gZ i_j_^g_c \_jZg^_ gZr_]h^hfZHg a^hjh\Z_lky kK_glhch[Z \beyxl o\hklZfbZ hgZ g_`gh h[ebau\Z_lm]hedb _]hjlZ b eZkdh\h ljh]Z_l _]h ghkhfAZl_f <hed,ih\hjZqb\Z_lky d h^ghfm ba k\hbo kugh\_cb lhljZ^hklgh ihôh^bld hlpm lhedZ_l _]h ghkhfgh g_ ^Z_lh[gxoZlv k\hcaZ^himkdZy g_ij_ju\gh \beyxsbc o\hkl f_`^m aZ^gbfb gh]ZfbKibgZ fheh^h]h ikZ \u]gmlZih\_^_gb_ _]hih^h[hkljZklghh^gZdh hg g_ ijhy\ey_lgbdZdh]h kljZoZi_j_^ hlphfZgZh[hjhl lh b^_eh luq_lky\ g_]hghkhf biulZ_lky ebaZlv m]hedb_]h jlZ<hed ijbwlhf ^_j`blkyk lZdbfqhihjguf ^hklhbgkl\hf qlh dZ`_lky ihqlb kfms_ggufhg hl\hjZqb\Z_l]heh\m hl eb`ms_]hky s_gdZ b\ukhdh aZ^bjZ_lghkDh]^Z fheh^hci_k h[h^j_gguc wlbf hlklmie_gb_fklZgh\blky [he__gZahceb\uf gZ fhj^_ hlpZ ihy\ey_lky g_h[h^jbl_evgZy kdeZ^dZEh[ `_ s_gdZ g_ ijhklh ]eZ^hddh`Z gZg_f gZklhevdhjZklygmlZ qlh \g_rgb_ m]hedb]eZa dZ`mlkyijbsmj_ggufbFZg_jZ K_glu a^hjh\Zlvky k <hedhf ,b ^\b`_gby s_gdZ\ujZ`Zxsb_ _]h qm\kl\Zlhqgh kh\iZ^Zxl k ^\b`_gbyfbdhlhjufb hq_gv ihkemrgZy kh[ZdZ a^hjh\Z_lky kh k\hbf ohaybghf Hq_eh\_qb\Zy kblmZpbxfh`gh kdZaZlvqlh fheh^hc i_kgZr_e kqZkleb\uc dhfijhfbkk f_`^mhij_^_e_gghc kl_i_gvxkljZoZ b ex[h\vxdhlhjZy aZklZ\ey_l_]h ih^hclbd lhfmdlh klhbl gZfgh]h \ur__]h gZb_jZjobq_kdhc e_klgbp_ < ^_j_\g_ Kxab\klj_qZ_l djmigh]hikZihf_kv dheeb b g_f_pdhc h\qZjdbkugZ m`_ mihfbgZ\r_]hky JhevnZGZ f]gh\_gb_ijbgy\ __ aZ <hedZdhlhjh]h hg kf_jl_evgh [hblkyi_k im]Z_lky Aj_gb_ m kh[Zd iehoh_b gZjZkklhygbb hgbjZaebqZxl lhevdh h[sb_ hq_jlZgby ij_^f_lh\Z lZd dZd <hed _^bgkl\_gguc qZmqZmdhlhjh]h f_klgu_ kh[Zdbijb\udeb lml \klj_qZlvKxab g_j_^dh imlZxlk __ \gmrbl_evgufkhjh^bq_f GZoZevkl\hhq_gv jZgh jZa\b\Zxs__ky mfheh^_gvdhc kmqdb g_khfg_gghh[tykgy_lky h[sbf ihql_gb_fdhlhjh_ hgZ \klj_qZ_l m \k_o baaZ wlhc hrb[db bdhg_qgh `_ ijbibku\Z_lky kh[kl\_gghc k\bj_ihklb<_kvfZ ex[hiulgh gZ[ex^Zlv lZdh_^hdZaZl_evkl\h kd\_jgh]hp\_lh\h]h aj_gby m kh[Zd<hedZ bKxab bokhjh^bqb qZklhimlZxlg_kfhljy gZ lhqlh m<hedZ r_jklvju`ZyZ mKxab ]hem[h\Zlhk_jZy Gh \_jg_fky d hibku\Z_fhfm kemqZxFheh^hc i_k h[jZsZ_lky \ [_]kl\hh^gZdh Kxab [ukljh_]h gZklb]Z_lb hklZgZ\eb\Z_lHg kfbj_gghklhbl i_j_^ g_chimklb\ mrb b jZklygm\ dh`m gZe[mZ wlZ \hkvfbf_kyqgZykmqdZ gZqbgZ_l ij_ajbl_evgh ihfZob\Zlv o\hklhfHgZ iulZ_lkyh[gxoZlv _]h aZ^gh hg kfms_ggh himkdZ_l o\hkl f_`^m gh] b[ukljh ih\hjZqb\Z_lkyih^klZ\eyy _c ]jm^v b ]heh\mB lhevdh l_i_jv hgih\b^bfhfmaZf_qZ_lqlh i_j_^ gbfg_ ]jhaguc kZf_pZ fbe_gvdZy kZfhqdZI_k \uly]b\Z_l r_x \\_jo \a^_j]b\Z_l o\hkl b b^_l gZ g__ijblZgph\u\Zy i_j_^gbfb eZiZfbG_kfhljy gZ wlbagZdb kZfhml\_j`^_gby_]h fhj^Zb mrb \k_ _s_ \ujZ`Zxl b_jZjobq_kdh_ ihql_gb_gh hgh ihkl_i_ggh kf_gy_lky \ujZ`_gb_fdhlhjh_ y gZah\m ]ZeZglghc fbghcb dhlhjh_ hlebqZ_lky hl ihqlbl_evghc fbgulhevdh iheh`_gb_f mr_c b m]hedh\ jlZmrb _s_ ijb`Zlu d ]heh\_gh k\_^_gu lZdqlh bo dhgqbdb khijbdZkZxlkyZ m]hedb jlZ hllygmludZd b ijb ihqlbl_evghc fbg_gh g_ hims_gu `Zeh[ghZgZh[hjhl \a^_jgmlu \\_jokeh\gh hl kf_oZDh]^Z wlh \ujZ`_gb_ klZgh\blky q_ldbfaZ gbfh[yaZl_evgh ke_^m_l ijb]eZr_gb_d b]j_Ijb wlhf iZklv ijbhldjulZ lZdqlh \b^_gyaudb \a^_jgmlu_ m]hedb jlZjZklygmlh]h ^hmr_cijb^Zxl kh[Zd_ _s_ [he__ kf_xsbcky \b^LZdhc kf_oqZs_ \k_]h gZ[ex^Z_lky m kh[Zd \h \j_fy b]ju kh[h`Z_fuf ohaybghf dh]^Z hgZ ijboh^yl \ lZdh_ \ha[m`^_gb_qlh gZqbgZxl iuol_lv<hafh`ghwlb ^\b`_gby furp fhjû y\eyxlky ij_^\_klgbdhf iuol_gbydhlhjh_ gZqbgZ_lkydh]^Z `_eZgb_ b]jZlv [_j_l \_jo gZ^ \k_f hklZevgufLZdh_ ij_êh`_gb_ ih^dj_iey_lky l_f nZdlhfqlh \k_dkmZevgh hdjZr_gghcb]j_ kh[Zdb qZklh kf_xlkyb gZqbgZxl iuol_lv ^Z`_ ihke_ g_agZqbl_evguo mkbebcI_kdhlhjuc k_cqZk klhbl i_j_^ Kxabkf__lky \k_ [hevr_ b \k_ wg_j]bqg__ i_j_klmiZ_l i_j_^gbfb eZiZfb<g_aZigh hg iju]Z_l gZ xgmxqZmqZm b lhedZ_l __ i_j_^gbfb eZiZfb \ ]jm^vAZl_f klj_fbl_evgh ih\hjZqb\Z_lky b db^Z_lky ijhqv^_j`Z l_eh ihhkh[hfm kibgZ \k_ _s_ ihqlbl_evgh \u]gmlZaZ^ ih^`ZlZ o\hkl ijhims_g f_`^maZ^gbfb eZiZfbGh ohly\_kv _]h \b^]h\hjbl h kfbj_gbbhg ijh^_eu\Z_l kZfu_ ^jm`_ex[gu_ iju`dbZ o\hkl \bey_l gZklhevdh kbevghgZkdhevdh iha\heyxlaZ^gb_ gh]bQ_j_a g_kdhevdh f_ljh\ hg hklZgZ\eb\Z_lkykgh\Z fhegb_ghkgh ih\hjZqb\Z_lky b ih^[_]Z_l d Kxab krbjhdhc mofuedhc gZ fhj^_Hg ijbih^gbfZ_lo\hkl lZdqlh[u ]he_gb g_ f_rZeb _fm \beylvijbq_f l_i_jv hg\bey_l g_lhevdh o\hklhfgh b\k_c aZ^g_cqZklvx lmeh\bsZHg kgh\Ziju]Z_l gZ Kxabb _]h aZb]ju\Zgbyijbh[j_lZxl ke_]dZk_dkmZevguc oZjZdl_jgh ebrvkbf\hebq_kdbihkdhevdm i_jbh^ l_qdbêy Kxab _s_g_ gZklmibe < aZfd_:evl_g[_j]]^_ h[blZ_lh]jhfguc m]hevghq_jguc gvxnZmgê_g^ ih debqd_Ehj^fZe_gvdZy ^hqv ohaybgZ\ ^_gv jh`^_gby ihemqbeZ \ ih^Zjhd hqZjh\Zl_evgh]h dZjebdh\h]h ibgq_jZdhlhjhfm lhevdhlhevdh bkihegbehkv ^\Zf_kypZY [ue k\b^_l_e_f i_j\hc \klj_qb wlbo kh[ZdOhly D\bd ibgq_j[ue xguf aZagZcdhchg ^h kf_jlb i_j_im]Zeky m\b^_\qlh gZ g_]h gZ^\b]Z_lky ]hjZ q_jgh]h f_oZb ih^h[gh \k_f s_gdZf ijb klhev `mldbo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo i_j_\_jgmeky gZ kibgmZ dh]^Z [hevrhc i_k h[gxoZe_]h [jxrdhimklbe \\_jodjhohlguc `_elucnhglZgqbdIhgxoZ\ b wlh wfhpbhgZevgh_ baebygb_Ehj^ g_lhjhieb\h b \_ebq_kl\_ggh hl\_jgmeky hl ihljyk_ggh]h s_gdZH^gZdh \ ke_^mxsmx fbgmlm D\bd \kdhqbe b gZqZedZd aZ\_^_gguc hibku\Zlv klj_fbl_evgu_ \hkvf_jdb f_`^mgh] gvxnZmgê_g^Z AZl_f hg ^jm`_kdbiju]gme gZg_]hijb]eZrZy Ehj^Z [_`Zlv aZ gbfJu^ZxsZy fZe_gvdZy ohaycdZ ibgq_jZdhlhjZy g_ \f_rb\ZeZkv lhevdh ihlhfmqlh __ m^_j`b\Zeb `_kldhk_j^_qgu_ klZjrb_ [jZlvy\a^hogmeZ k h[e_]q_gb_f lZd dZd agZdhfkl\h aZ\_jrbehkv bklbggh ljh]Zl_evguf aj_ebs_fhq_gv [hevrZy kh[ZdZ ^h[jh^mrgh b]jZeZk hq_gv fZe_gvdhc Wlb r_klv kh[Zqvbo\klj_q y\u[jZe \dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jh\ ihlhfmqlh booZjZdl_j [ue\ujZ`_g hq_gvhlq_leb\hGh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb_kl_kl\_gghkms_kl\mxl [_kqbke_ggu_ i_j_oh^gu_ b mkeh`g_ggu_nhjfu wfhpbcb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_bf \ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby m\_j_gghklb \ k_[_ b kljZoZ \uah\Z b kfbj_gbygZiZ^_gby b aZsbluWlh djZcg_ aZljm^gy_l ZgZebanhjf ih\_^_gbyb gZ^hhq_gv ohjhrh agZlv lbiu \ujZ`_gbcdhlhju_ y hibkZeb fgh]b_ bgu_qlh[u meh\blv bo gZ kh[Zqv_c fhj^_]^_ hgb bgh]^Z kbevgh kfZaZguZ bgh]^Zkh\f_sZxlky k^jm]bfb Kms_kl\m_l h^gZ qj_a\uqZcgh fbeZy q_jlZ \ ih\_^_gbb kh[ZddhlhjZy y\gh jZgh aZnbdkbjh\ZeZkv\ bop_gljZevghc g_j\ghc kbkl_f_dZd k\hckl\hi_j_^Zxs__ky ih gZke_^kl\mY bf_x \ \b^mjupZjkl\_ggh_ h[oh`^_gb_k kZfdZfbb s_gylZfb Gb h^bg ghjfZevguc kZf_p gb ijbdZdbo h[klhyl_evkl\Zog_ mdmkbl kZfdmkmdm hojZgy_l Z[khexlgh_ lZ[mb hgZfh`_l \_klb k_[yk dh[_e_fdZd ih`_eZ_l bihdmku\Zlv _]hijbq_f ^Z`_ \k_jv_a< jZkihjy`_gbb dh[_ey g_l gbdZdbokj_^kl\ aZsbludjhf_ ihqlbl_evguo ^\b`_gbc b]ZeZglghc fbguk ihfhsvx dhlhjuo hg fh`_l ihiulZlvky ij_\jZlblv gZkdhdb jZatyj_gghc kmdb \b]jmFm`kdZy ]hj^hklv g_iha\hey_l _fm ijb[_]gmlv d ^jm]hfm kihkh[m d ^jZd_lZd dZddh[_eb \k_]^Z ijbeZ]Zxl fZdkbfmfmkbebcqlh[u \ ijbkmlkl\bbkmdb khojZgblv ebphM \hedh\b ]j_geZg^kdbo_a^h\uo kh[Zd k ij_h[eZ^Zxs_c \heqv_c djh\vx wlhl jupZjkl\_gguc kZfhdhgljhev jZkijhkljZgy_lky gZ kZfhd lhevdhkh[kl\_gghc klZbgh m kh[Zd k ij_h[eZ^Zxs_c rZdZev_c djh\vx hg ^_ckl\m_l \ ijbkmlkl\bb ex[hc kZfdb^Z`_ kh\_jr_ggh g_agZdhfhcDh[_ev qZmqZm aZgbfZ_l ijhf_`mlhqgh_ iheh`_gb__keb hg \k_]^Z gZoh^blky \ h[s_kl\_ k\hbo jh^kl\_ggbpk kmdhc rZdZev_c djh\b hg fh`_l h[hclbkv ^h\hevgh ]jm[hohly y g_agZx kemqZyqlh[u hgmdmkbe __ ihgZklhys_fm ?keb [u fg_ gm`gh [ueh _s_ h^gh ^hdZaZl_evkl\h dhj_ggh]h ahheh]bq_kdh]h jZaebqbyf_`^m kh[ZdZfbk kbevghc ijbf_kvx \heqv_c djh\bb h[uqgufb_\jhi_ckdbfb ihjh^Zfby mdZaZe [u gZ \jZ`^mijhy\e_gby dhlhjhc ihklhyggh gZ[ex^Zxlky f_`^m wlbfb ^\mfy lbiZfb\_^msbfb k\h_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ hl jZaguo ^bdbo ij_^dh\KihglZggZy g_gZ\bklvdhlhjmx bkiulu\Zxl dqZmqZm ^_j_\_gkdb_ kh[Zdb gbdh]^Z ij_`^_ bog_ \b^Z\rb_bgZh[hjhl]hlh\ghklvk dZdhc ex[Zy^\hjgy`dZ ijbgbfZ_l rZdZeZbeb ^bg]h\ dZq_kl\_ k\h_]hij_^klZ\eyxlky fg_ dm^Z [he__ m[_^bl_evguf ^hdZaZl_evkl\Zfb \ ihevam lZdh]h jZaebqbyq_f \k_ baf_j_gby b jZkq_lu ijhihjpbc q_j_iZ b kd_e_lZ b bo klZlbklbq_kdZy h[jZ[hldZiheh`_ggu_ \ hkgh\m h[jZlgh]h fg_gbyFh_ m[_`^_gb_ ih^dj_iey_lkyb g_dhlhjufb ZghfZebyfb \ ]jmiih\hfih\_^_gbb ij_^klZ\bl_eb ijhlb\hiheh`guo lbih\ qZklh gZklhevdh g_ khagZxl k_[y qe_gZfbh^gh]h \b^Zqlh dh[_eb g_ m\Z`ZxlkZfuo we_f_glZjguokh[Zqvbo ijZ\kmd b s_gylBkke_^h\Zl_ev ih\_^_gbyahheh]lhgdh hsmsZxsbc ]_g_Zeh]bq_kdb_ bkbkl_fZlbq_kdb_ khhl\_lkl\byg_ fh`_l g_ aZf_lblvqlh \heqvykh[ZdZ ijbgZê_`bld bghc\_l\bq_f rZdZevy: ihkdhevdmkZfb kh[ZdbgZ dhlhjuogZmqgu_ kihju jZamf__lkygbdZd g_\ebyxlg_khfg_gghlZd`_ wlh\b^yly ^h\_jyx bf[hevr_q_f ex[ufklZlbklbq_kdbf ^Zgguf M ij_^klZ\bl_e_c k_f_ckl\Z kh[ZqvboijbgZê_`Zsbo d h^ghfm \b^m b d h^ghfm khh[s_kl\ms_ghd fheh`_ r_klb f_kyp_\ ihevam_lky Z[khexlghc g_ijbdhkgh\_gghklvx >_ckl\by\ujZ`Zxsb_ kfbj_gb_ i_j_\_jlu\Zgb_ gZkibgm b fhq_bkimkdZgb_g_h[oh^bfu lhevdh \ i_j\mx fbgmlm ih\b^bfhfmhgb ^he`gubgnhjfbjh\Zlv \ajhkemxkh[Zdmqlh hgZ bf__l^_eh khs_gdhfY g_\_e ki_pbZevguogZ[ex^_gbc b g_ klZ\bewdki_jbf_glh\Z ihlhfmg_ [_jmkvml\_j`^Zlvwlb eb ^_ckl\by ihdZau\Zxl \ajhkehc kh[Zd_qlh i_j_^ g_c [_kihfhsguc xg_pbeb aZiZo s_gdZ lZd`_ ihfh]Zxl _c jZkihagZlv _]h g_`guc \hajZkl;_amkeh\ghjZaebqby \ \_ebqbg_ f_`^m fheh^hc b \ajhkehc hkh[vxg_ b]jZx\ wlhf magZ\Zgbb gbdZdhc jhebK_j^bluc nhdkl_jv_j h[oh^blky k fhehûf k_g[_jgZjhf dZdk [_kihfhsguffeZ^_gp_f^Z`_ _keb lhl \^\h_ [hevr_ _]hBgZh[hjhldh[_eb djmiguoihjh^ ij_kihdhcgh aZl_\Zxl ^jZdb kh \ajhkeufb dh[_eyfb f_edbo ihjhôhly k q_eh\_q_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby wlh b ij_^klZ\ey_lky fZeh[eZ]hjh^gufY g_jbkdmx iheghklvx \aylv ih^ khfg_gb_ jupZjkl\_ggh_ ih\_^_gb_ ih hlghr_gbx d fZe_gvdbf kh[ZdZfdhlhjh_ lZd qZklh ijbibku\Zxl k_g[_jgZjZfgvxnZmgê_g^Zf b ^h]Zfgh kZf y \\_kvfZ rbjhdhf djm]m fhbo kh[Zqvbo agZdhfkl\ _s_ gb jZam g_ \klj_lbe lZdh]h\_ebdh^mrgh]h \_ebdZgZ Dh]^Z \ukhdhf_jghfm dh[_exk\ylh [ex^ms_fm k\h_ ^hklhbgkl\h[_kk_j^_qgh ij_êZ]Zxl ihb]jZlvk xgufb s_gylZfbwlh \k_]^Z h[_sZ_l fgh]h aZ[Z\guoZ g_j_^dhb ljh]Zl_evguo kp_gY ki_pbZevgh ijh^_eu\Ze lZdb_ wdki_jbf_glu k gZrbf klZjbdhf <hedhfHg [ueqj_a\uqZcgh k_jv_a_g b \h\k_ g_ ex[be b]jZlvZ ihlhfm bkiulu\Ze g_\_jhylgh_ kfms_gb_ b g_eh\dhklvdh]^Z \ugm`^_g [ue gZ\_sZlv gZ \_jZg^_ k\hbo ^\mof_kyqguo ^_l_cb ^bg]hbo k\h[h^gh]h [jZlpZS_gylZ \ iylv f_kyp_\ b klZjr_ m`_ iblZxl hij_^_e_ggh_ m\Z`_gb_ d ijhn_kkhjkdhc \Z`ghklb klZjuo dh[_e_cgh s_gdb ihfheh`_ gbq_]h ih^h[gh]h g_ bkiulu\ZxlHgb gZdbû\Zxlky gZhlpZpZiZxl _]h aZgh]b [_kihsZ^gufbhkljufbdZd b]euam[ZfbZ hglhevdh ih hq_j_^b \a^_j]b\Z_l eZiukeh\gh h[`b]Zykv;_^ghfm fmq_gbdm g_ iheh`_gh ^Z`_ juqZlvb m` l_f[he__ hgg_ kf__l aZ^Zlv lj_idm k\hbf gZahceb\uf hlijukdZfG_fgh]h ih]h^y gZr\hjqeb\uc <hediha\heye \h\e_qv k_[y\ \hagx kh s_gylZfbgh l_f g_ f_g__ihdZ hgb[ueb fZe_gvdbfbhg gbdh]^Z ^h[jh\hevghgZ \_jZg^mg_ aZoh^be Dh[_ev hdZau\Z_lky \koh^ghc kblmZpbbb dh]^ZgZ g_]h gZiZ^Z_l kmdZHg g_ fh`_l gb dmkZlvkygb ^Z`_juqZlv h^gZdh ijb[ebablvky d Z]j_kkb\ghc kZfd_ _]h lhedZ_l g_kjZ\g_ggh [he__kbevguc bfimevkb dhgnebdl f_`^mfm`kdbf ^hklhbgkl\hfkljZohf i_j_^ hkljufb am[Zfb ijhlb\gbpu b kbehc _]h k_dkmZevguo ih[m`^_gbc ihjh`^Z_l ih\_^_gb_ dhlhjh_ bgh]^Z ij_\jZsZ_lky \ gZklhysmx iZjh^bx gZ q_eh\_q_kdmxKf_rguf klZjh]h ikZ ^_eZ_l ]eZ\gufh[jZahf b]jb\hklv]ZeZglghklvdhlhjmx y hibku\Ze \ur_Dh]^Z lZdhc kmjh\uc a\_jv^Z\gh m`_ \ur_^rbc ba s_gyqv_]h \hajZklZgZqbgZ_l batykgylvky\ ex[\bjblfbqgh i_j_[bjZy i_j_^gbfb eZiZfb b iju]Zy \aZ^ b \i_j_^^Z`_ gZbf_g__ kdehgguc d Zgljhihfhjnbafm gZ[ex^Zl_ev g_\hevgh gZqbgZ_l ijh\h^blv hij_^_e_ggu_ kjZ\g_gbyq_fm kihkh[kl\m_l b ih\_^_gb_ kmdbdhlhjZyagZyqlh __ moZ`_j\k_ kl_jibl \_^_l k_[y\_kvfZ \ukhdhf_jgh H^gZ`û fg_ ^h\_ehkv gZ[ex^Zlv hq_gv q_ldbc ijbf_j lZdh]h ih\_^_gbyWlh ijhbahrehdh]^Z y\f_kl_ khKlZkb ihk_lbe \hedZ \ _]h de_ld_;he__ ih^jh[gh y hibrmbo \klj_qm iha`_>h\hevgh kdhjh \hed ijb]eZkbe f_gy ihb]jZlvb y\_kvfZ ihevs_gguckh]eZkbekyH^gZdh KlZkb h[b^_eZkvqlh y m^_eyx \hedm [hevr_\gbfZgbyq_f _cb \g_aZigh gZ[jhkbeZkv gZ fh_]h gh\h]h ijbyl_eyGZ^h kdZaZlvqlh kmdbqZmqZmklZ\y gZ f_klhg_ m]h^b\rbobf kZfph\imkdZxl \oh^ m^b\bl_evghijhlb\guc k\Zjeb\uceZc b hkh[mx fZg_jm dmkZlvky g_ k\bj_ih\ ihegmxkbemdZd ^_jmsb_ky ikuZ g_]em[hdhaZo\Zlu\Zy dZd [m^lhlhevdh dh`mh^gZdh bo ijhlb\gbd ijb wlhf \ba`blhl [heb<hed lh`_ aZ\ba`Zeh^gh\j_f_ggh iulZykv h[_ahjm`blv KlZkb ihqlbl_evgufb ihaZfb b ]ZeZglgufh[oh`^_gb_f?kl_kl\_ggh fg_ g_ ohl_ehkv ih^\_j]Zlv _]h jupZjkl\_gghklv kebrdhf ly`_ehfm bkiulZgbxihkdhevdm y hiZkZekydZd [uwlh g_ h[hrehkv ^hjh]h fg_ kZfhfmb y kljh]h ijbdZaZe jZkk_j`_gghc KlZkb aZfheqZlvlh _klvfg_ ijbrehkvk^_eZlv _c \u]h\hjqlh[u hgZ g_h[b`ZeZ ihdeZ^bklh]h\hedZZ \_^v \k_]h ebrv^_kylv fbgmlgZaZ^ y ihklZ\bei_j_^ de_ldhc ^\Z \_^jZ k \h^hcb `_e_agucehfqlh[u [ueh q_fkiZkZlv fhx [_kp_ggmx KlZkb_keb e_kghc obsgbdgZdbg_lky gZg__6LF WUDQVLFJORULDOXjLLZd ijhoh^blkeZ\Z\hedZ eZl OHAYBG BKH;:D: Ex^b aZ\h^yl kh[Zdb dhr_dba kZfuojZaguo ih[m`^_gbc ijbq_f ^Ze_dhg_ \k_]^Zba ^h[juoKj_^b kljZklguo ex[bl_e_c `b\hlguob \ qZklghklb kj_^bex[bl_e_c kh[Zdkms_kl\m_l hkh[Zy dZl_]hjby g_kqZklguoex^_cdhlhju_ h lhcbeb bghc ]hjvdhc ijbqbg_ mljZlbeb \_jm \ k_[_ ih^h[guo b bsml wfhpbhgZevghc ihfhsb m `b\hlguoBa\_klgh_ ijbkeh\v_ `b\hlgu_ gZklhevdh emqr_ ex^_c\k_]^Z gZ\h^blf_gy gZ ]jmklgu_ jZafure_gby<_^v wlh g_ lZd;_kkihjgh\ hlghr_gbyo f_`^m ex^vfb g_ kms_kl\m_l lhqgh ih^h[by ij_^ZgghklbgZ dhlhjmxkihkh[gZ kh[ZdZGh \_^vkh[ZdZ g_ iemlZ_l ih eZ[bjbglm fhjZevguo h[yaZl_evkl\qZklh ijhlb\hj_qZsbo ^jm] ^jm]m?c ba\_kl_g lhevdhijhkl_crbc dhgnebdl f_`^m`_eZgbyfb bh[yaZgghklyfb ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb gZ^ g_cg_ ly]hl__l\k_ lhqlh gZk[_^guo ex^_cbghc jZa k\h^bl k imlb bklbggh]hK lhqdb aj_gby q_eh\_q_kdhc hl\_lkl\_gghklb ^Z`_ kZfZy \_jgZy kh[ZdZ \u]ey^bl \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb ZfhjZevghcBamq_gb_ ih\_^_gby\ukrbo `b\hlguo\hij_db fg_gbx g_dhlhjuo\h\k_ g_ ijb\h^bld lhfmqlh lugZqbgZ_rv g_^hhp_gb\ZlvjZaebqby f_`^mgbfb b q_eh\_dhfGZh[hjhly ml\_j`^Zxqlh lhevdh l_dlh ihgZklhys_fm jZa[bjZ_lky \ih\_^_gbb `b\hlguokihkh[gu \ iheghc f_j_ hp_gblvlh hkh[h_\ha\ur_ggh_ f_klhdhlhjh_ \ fbj_ `b\uokms_kl\ aZgbfZ_lq_eh\_d KjZ\g_gb_ q_eh\_dZ b `b\hlguodhlhjh_ b]jZ_l lZdmx agZqbl_evgmx jhev\ gZrbobkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo f_lh^Zomgb`Z_l _]h g_[he__q_f ijbgylb_l_hjbb ijhbkoh`^_gby\b^h\Kmlv w\hexpbb hj]Zgbq_kdh]h fbjZ \ lhf baZdexqZ_lkyqlh hgZ kha^Z_l Z[khexlghgh\u_ b[he__ \ukhdb_ijbagZdbdhlhju_ gZ ij_û^ms_c klZ^bbg_ kms_kl\h\Zeb^Z`_ \aZqZld_Dhg_qgh b \gZrb ^gb \q_eh\_d_ _klv_s_ qlhlh hl`b\hlgh]hgh \ `b\hlghf hl q_eh\_dZ gbq_]h=_g_Zeh]bq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ih g_h[oh^bfhklb \_^msb_ky hl gbar_]hhl `b\hlguo iha\heyxl gZf hkh[_gghykgh m\b^_lvq_eh\_q_kdmx kmsghklv \_ebdb_ ^hklb`_gbyq_eh\_q_kdh]h jZamfZb wlbdbdhlhjuo fbj `b\hlguo \hh[s_ g_agZ_lHgb y\kl\_ggh \uklmiZxlgZ nhg_ l_o [he__ ^j_\gbo k\hckl\ bkihkh[ghkl_cdhlhju_ q_eh\_d _s_ b l_i_jv ^_ebl k \ukrbfb `b\hlgufbMl\_j`^Zlvqlh `b\hlgu_ emqr_ q_eh\_dZagZqbl dhsmgkl\h\Zlvêy djblbq_kdb fukeys_]h [bheh]Z\ ih^h[ghfaZy\e_gbb ijyq_lky k\ylhlZlkl\_ggh_ hljbpZgb_ ihêbggh]h jZa\blby \ fbj_ `b\h]h D g_kqZklvxkebrdhf fgh]b_ex[bl_eb `b\hlguohkh[_ggh qe_gu h[s_kl\Z aZsblu ihke_^gbomihjgh hlklZb\Zxl \ur_mdZaZggmx wlbq_kdb \j_^gmx lhqdm aj_gbyIj_djZkgZ b ihmqbl_evgZ lhevdh lZ ex[h\v d `b\hlgufdhlhjZy ihjh`^Z_lky ex[h\vx dh \kydhc `bagb b \ hkgh\_dhlhjhc ^he`gZ e_`Zlv ex[h\v d ex^yfLhevdh l_dlh kihkh[_g qm\kl\h\Zlv bf_ggh lZdfh]ml ^Zjblv k\hx ijb\yaZgghklv `b\hlguf [_a gjZ\kl\_ggh]hms_j[Z êyk_[yJZahqZjh\Zgguc b h`_klhq_ggucq_eh\_ddhlhjuc baaZ ij_]j_r_gbc hl^_evguo bg^b\b^h\ \hkklZ_l ijhlb\\k_]h q_eh\_q_kl\Zb hl^Z_lk\hx ex[h\v lhevdh kh[ZdZf b dhrdZfkh\_jrZ_l jhdh\mx b hl\jZlbl_evgmx hrb[dmG_gZ\bklv dex^yf bex[h\v d `b\hlguf aeh\_sZy b hiZkgZy dhf[bgZpbyJZamf__lkywlh g_ hlghkblky d l_fdlh ih lhc bebbghc ijbqbg_h[j_q_g gZ h^bghq_kl\h bh[aZ\h^blky kh[Zdhcqlh[u m^h\e_l\hjblv k\hx ihlj_[ghklv ex[blv b [ulv ex[bfufb@_eZgb_ wlh \iheg_ aZdhggh b [_ah[b^ghZ h^bghq_kl\m[_kkihjghg_l f_klZ _keb gZk\_l_ _klvohly [u h^ghkms_kl\hdhlhjh_ jZ^m_lky \Zr_fm \ha\jZs_gbx^hfhc Bamq_gb_ ]Zjfhgbq_kdh]h kh]eZkbypZjys_]h f_`^m ohaybghf b kh[Zdhc^Z_l qj_a\uqZcgh fgh]hêy ihgbfZgby ikboheh]bb dZd ex^_clZd b `b\hlguoZ bgh]^Z[u\Z_l b hq_gv m\e_dZl_evguf<u[hj kh[Zdb m`_]h\hjbl hfgh]hfZ _s_ [hevr_ fh`ghmagZlv bahlghr_gbckdeZû\Zxsboky aZl_f f_`^m wlbfq_eh\_dhf b_]h ih^hi_qguf DZd b m ex^_cihegZy ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv oZjZdl_jh\ kmijm]h\dZd b ihegh_ bo koh^kl\hqZklh ]ZjZglbjm_l [_ah[eZqgh_ kqZklv_ h[_bo klhjhgFm` b `_gZ^he]h khklhysb_ \ [jZd_g_j_^dh klZgh\ylky ihoh`bfb ^jm] gZ ^jm]ZdZd [jZlb k_kljZb lhqghlZd `_m ohaybgZb kh[Zdb \ujZ[Zlu\Z_lky h[sghklv fZg_j b ijb\uq_dijhba\h^ysZy ih^qZk dhfbq_kdh_b \ lh`_ \j_fyljh]Zl_evgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ M hiulguo \eZ^_evp_\ lZdh_ koh^kl\hmkbeb\Z_lky [eZ]h^Zjy \u[hjm hij_^_e_gghc ihjhû beb dhgdj_lghckh[ZdblZd dZd wlhl \u[hj h[uqgh ih^kdZau\Z_l kbfiZlb_c b jh^kl\_ggufb q_jlZfb oZjZdl_jZKmdb qZmqZmdhlhjuo ihhq_j_^gh \u[bjZeZ k_[_ fhy `_gZfh]ml kem`blv lbibqgufijbf_jhf lZdbo kbfiZlbqguob ]Zjfhgbjmxsbokh[ZdLh `_ hlghkblky dhfg_ kZfhfmb gZrb ^jmavyohjhrh agZxsb_ gZk b gZrbo kh[Zdg_j_^dh jZa\e_dZxlky l_fqlh \ubkdb\Zxl q_jlu koh^kl\Z f_`^mgZfb bgbfbKh[Zdb fh_c `_gu\k_]^Z hkh[_ggh qbklhiehlgu b\ ba\_klghcf_j_ ex[ylihjy^hdHgb gbdh]^Z g_ ih[_]ml gZijyfbd q_j_a em`mZ ijhoh^yf_`^m demf[Zfb beb ]jy^dZfbg_ gZklmiylgZ \ajuoe_ggmxa_fex b g_ aZ^_gmlgb _^bgh]h jZkl_gbyohly boki_pbZevgh wlhfmg_ h[mqZebFhb `_kh[Zdbm\u]hlh\u \Zeylvky\ ex[hffmkhj_ b gZlZkdb\Zxl \ ^hf qm^h\bsgh_ dhebq_kl\h ]jyabDhjhq_ ]h\hjyjZaebqby f_`^m gZrbfbkh[ZdZfb ZgZeh]bqgu jZaebqbyf fh_]h oZjZdl_jZ b oZjZdl_jZ fh_c `_guHlqZklb wlh h[tykgy_lky l_fqlh `_gZ \k_]^Z\u[bjZ_l bagh\h]h ihf_lZ l_o s_gdh\\ dhlhjuo ij_h[eZ^Z_l gZke_^kl\_gghklv[he__ [eZ]hjh^guok^_j`Zgguoihqlb dZd dhrdbqbklhiehlguo qZmqZmlh]^Z dZd y ij_îhqblZx ihlhfkl\h l_o\ dhf ijhy\ey_lky [he__ `b\Zyb [hcdZyohly b[_amkeh\gh [he__ ie_[_ckdZygZlmjZ bo ijZjh^bl_evgbpufh_c h\qZjdbLblu ?s_ h^gZ ZgZeh]by h[gZjm`b\Z_lky \ lhfqlh kh[Zdbfh_c `_gu _^yl mf_j_ggh b baysghZ bodjh\gu_ jh^kl\_ggbdb ijbgZê_`Zsb_ fg_ij_^Zxlky ]gmkghfm h[`hjkl\mGh ihq_fm lZd ihemqZ_lkyijZ\hkdZaZlv g_fh]m GZ fhc \a]eyîZjZee_evgZybeb ]ZjfhgbjmxsZy kh[ZdZ ijbghkbl q_eh\_dm hsms_gb_ ^mr_\gh]h jZ\gh\_kbyb ^Z`_ m^h\e_l\hj_gby kh[hcGh \k_kdeZû\Z_lky ihbghfm k lbihf kh[Zdh[jZlguf ]Zjfhgbjmxs_fm lbimKh\k_f g_^Z\gh fg_ ^h\_ehkvgZ[ex^Zlv gZmebp_ beexkljZpbx \ur_kdZaZggh]h ;e_^guc madh]jmûcq_eh\_d kofmjuf lj_\h`guf ebphfh^_luc [_^ghgh j_ki_dlZ[_evghdZd h^_\Zxlkyf_edb_ qbgh\gbdbb ^Z`_ \ i_gkg_r_e \khijh\h`^_gbb lhs_ch\qZjdbdhlhjZy mgueh [j_eZjy^hf kgbf< jmd_m g_]h[ue ly`_eucoeuklb dh]^Z hg \g_aZigh hklZgh\beky b kh[ZdZ gZ g_kdhevdh kZglbf_ljh\ i_j_klmibeZ aZij_lgmx q_jlmjmdhyldZ wlh]h oeuklZ kkbehc himklbeZkvgZ __ghkZ gZebp_ g_ba\_klgh]h hljZabeZkv lZdZyq_jgZy g_gZ\bklvb g_j\gh_jZa^jZ`_gb_qlh y k ljm^hf m^_j`Zekyqlh[u g_ \f_rZlvkyb g_mkljhblv im[ebqguc kdZg^Ze>_j`m iZjbgZ qlhm]h^ghqlh aehihemqgZy kh[ZdZ b]jZeZ\ `bagb k\h_]h_s_ [he__aehihemqgh]h ohaybgZ lm `_ jhevdZdmx hgkZf b]jZe\ `bagbk\h_]h\_jhylgh klhev `_`Zedh]h gZqZevgbdZ KH;:DB B>?LB >jm]bo gbkdhevdhg_ fZgbeh Ihf_jblvky klh[hx kbehc Bgh_ ^_ehqlhex[y Lj_iZe f_gyluy l_[y ME_g^hj Fg_ g_ hq_gvih\_aeh \lhf kfuke_qlh yijh\_e k\h_ jZgg__ ^_lkl\h [_a kh[ZdbFhy fZlv ijbgZê_`ZeZ d ihdhe_gbxdhlhjh_ lhevdh qlh hldjueh êyk_[y fbdjh[h\ Lh]^Z \aZ`blhqguo k_fvyo[hevrbgkl\h ^_l_c [he_ehjZoblhf ihlhfm qlh fhehdh kl_jbebah\Zehkv ^h l_o ihjihdZ \k_ \blZfbgu g_ jZajmrZebkv iheghklvxLhevdh dh]^Zy ^hklb] fukeys_]h \hajZklZ b k f_gy fh`gh [ueh\aylv ^hklZlhqgh gZ^_`gh_ q_klgh_ keh\hqlh y g_ ^Zf kh[Zd_h[ebau\Zlv k_[yfg_ gZdhg_p[ueh ^ha\he_ghh[aZ\_klbkv i_j\hc\ fh_c `bagb kh[ZdhcD g_kqZklvxwlhl i_kbdhdZaZeky gZklhysbf ^mjZdhf bgZ^he]h hl[be mf_gy \kydh_`_eZgb_ bf_lvkh[Zdm Y m`_jZkkdZau\Ze \Zfh[ wlhf [_koj_[_lghfkms_kl\ lZdk_ Djhdb Fhb `_ ^_lbjhkeb \l_kg_cr_f h[s_gbbk kh[ZdZfb\ ]hû ba jZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z m gZk [uehiylv kh[ZdY keh\gh k_cqZk \b`mdZd wlb djhrdbd g_hibkm_fhfm m`Zkmfh_c [_^ghc fZfuijhiheaZeb gZ q_l\_j_gvdZo ih^ `b\hlhf h]jhfghc h\qZjdbDh]^Z fhc kug mqbeky oh^blvhg bf_e h[udgh\_gb_ \p_ieylvky \êbgguc o\hklLbluqlh[u ijbgylv \_jlbdZevgmx ihabpbxg_h[oh^bfmx êy oh`^_gbygZ ^\moZ g_ gZ q_luj_odhg_qghklyoLblZ i_j_ghkbeZ wlmhi_jZpbx k Zg]_evkdbf l_ji_gb_fgh _^\Z fZeur\uijyfeyeky bhlimkdZe __ bkl_jaZgguc o\hkldZd hgZ ijbgbfZeZkv \beylv wlbf o\hklhf k lZdbf h[e_]q_gb_fqlhdZd ijZ\behaZ^_\ZeZ k\h_]h fZe_gvdh]hfmqbl_eyb hgkgh\Z \ZebekygZ ihe Qmldb_ kh[Zdb hkh[_ggh eZkdh\u k ^_lvfb ex[bfh]h ohaybgZkeh\gh hgbihgbfZxldZd ^hjh]b_fm wlbkms_kl\ZB [hylvkyqlh kh[ZdZ ijbqbgbl \j_^ j_[_gdmg_e_ih gZh[hjhlkms_kl\m_l hiZkghklvqlh kh[ZdZkimkdZy ^_lyf kebrdhf fgh]h_fh`_l ijbmqblv bo d ]jm[hklbb g_mf_gbx aZf_qZlv qm`mx [hevWlh]h ke_^m_lhkl_j_]Zlvkyhkh[_ggh dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h djmiguo b ^h[jh^mrguo ikZo \jh^_ k_g[_jgZjh\ b gvxnZmgê_g^h\Gh h[uqgh kh[Zdbij_djZkgh mf_xl mdehgylvkyhl kebrdhf m`gZahceb\h]h \gbfZgby^_l_c nZdlh[eZ^Zxsbc agZqbl_evghc \hkiblZl_evghc p_gghklvx ihkdhevdm ghjfZevgu_ ^_lbihemqZxl [hevrh_m^h\hevkl\b_ hl h[s_kl\Z kh[Zd bh]hjqZxlkydh]^Z l_ hlgbo m[_]Zxlhgb \kdhj_ gZqbgZxl khh[jZ`ZlvdZd ke_^m_lk_[y \_klbqlh[u kh[Zdb \b^_eb \gbo ohjhrbolh\Zjbs_c< j_amevlZl_ ^_lb ohly [u g_fgh]h lZdlbqgu_ hl ijbjhû_s_ \hq_gv jZgg_f \hajZkl_ ijb\udZxlkqblZlvky k^jm]bfb Dh]^Zijb^y \]hklby aZf_qZxqlh kh[ZdZ g_ba[_]Z_l iylbr_klbe_lg_]h j_[_gdZZ kihdhcgh dg_fm ihôh^blfh_ m\Z`_gb_ bd j_[_gdm bdh \k_ck_fv_ g_f_ê_ggh\hajZklZ_l D g_kqZklvx^_lb gZrbo khk_^_c ebr_gu lhc fy]dhklb dhlhjZy g_h[oh^bfZ êy h[s_gby k kh[Zdhc< hdj_klghklyo gZr_c ^_j_\gb \u g_ \klj_lbl_ ]jmiiu fZevqbr_ddhlhjuo khijh\h`^Ze [u kh[ZdZ b l_f [he__ g_kdhevdh kh[Zd Dhg_qghy agZx g_fZeh j_[ylbr_ddhlhju_ m k_[y ^hfZ eZkdh\u k kh[ZdZfbgh klhbl bf kh[jZlvky [hevrhc dhfiZgb_cdZd \ g_c g_ij_f_ggh hlus_lky ohly [u h^bg ex[bl_ev fmqblv`b\hlguob hgih^qbgbl k\h_fm\ebygbx \k_o hklZevguoDZd [ulh gb[uehgh kj_^gyy gb`g_Z\kljbckdZy kh[ZdZaZ\b^_\ kj_^g_]h gb`g_Z\kljbckdh]h fZevqbdZ imkdZ_lky gZml_dH^gZdh lZdh_ iheh`_gb_\_s_c hlgx^v g_ h[yaZl_evghb kms_kl\m_lhgh ^Ze_dhg_ \_a^_GZijbf_j\ ;_ehjmkkbb ihqlb \ex[hc ^_j_\g_\u h[yaZl_evghm\b^bl_ gZ mebp_ kf_rZggmx dhfiZgbx fZevqbr_db kh[Zd[_eh]heh\uo dZjZimah\ iylbk_fb e_l b jZaghh[jZaguo^\hjgy`_dKh[Zdb gbkdhevdh g_ [hylkyfZevqm]Zgh\ZgZh[hjhliblZxl dgbf ]em[hqZcr__ ^h\_jb_qlh iha\hey_lfgh]h_ magZlvh oZjZdl_j_ b gZdehgghklyowlbo fZeur_c KZfuc m^b\bl_evguc ba ba\_klguo fg_ ijbf_jh\ ^jm`[u f_`^m kh[Zdhc b j_[_gdhf hlghkblky d ^gyf fh_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h ^_lkl\ZJ_[_gdhf [ue fhc [m^msbc rmjbg I_l_j IneZmfkug \eZ^_evpZ aZfdZ:evl_g[_j]Z kh[Zdhc h]jhfguc m]hevghq_jguc gvxnZmgê_gÊhj^dZd a\Zeb gvxnZmgê_g^Zh[eZ^Ze ihbklbg_ b^_Zevguf oZjZdl_jhfhg [ue ojZ[j ^h [_ajZkkm^kl\Zij_^Zgmf_g b [eZ]hjh^_g I_l_j `_dZd hg ex[beiho\ZklZlv bl_i_jvaZkem`_ggh keue hli_luf rZemghf b ijhdZagbdhfB \hl wlh]h h^bggZ^pZlbe_lg_]h fZevqbdZ h]jhfguc gvxnZmgê_g^ \u[jZe k\hbf ohaybghfdh]^Z _]h m`_\ajhkeufihemlhjZ]h^h\Zeuf ikhf ijb\_aeb\ :evl_g[_j]Fg_ ^hkbo ihj g_ihgylghq_f h[tykgyeky _]h \u[hjihkdhevdm Ehj^ ijbgZê_`Ze dlhfm lbim kh[Zddhlhju_ h[uqgh ly]hl_xld \ajhkeuffm`qbgZf qZs_ \k_]h d]eZ\_ k_f_ckl\Z<hafh`ghlml dZdmxlh jhev ku]jZeb jupZjkl\_ggu_ ih[m`^_gbylZd dZdI_l_j [uekZfuf fZe_gvdbf b keZ[ufg_ lhevdhih kjZ\g_gbxkh k\hbfblj_fy [jZlvyfbgh b kh \k_c [mcghc dhfiZgb_c ba fgh`_kl\Z fZevqbr_d b ^\molj_o ^_\hq_d ]jhahc Zevl_g[_j]kdh]h e_kZ]^_ gb b]jZeb \ bg^_cp_\b mkljZb\Zeb\aju\u hq_gv j_Zebklbq_kdb_Z aZqZklmxb \iheg_j_Zevgu_Gh ohl_e [uy ihkfhlj_lvdZdhc fZevqbrdZ jbkdg_l m^Zjblv ^jm]h]h fZevqbrdm_keb kh[ZdZfh]mqZydZd e_\b q_jgZydZd ghqvlml `_iheh`bl _fm gZie_qb ^\_ly`_eu_ eZiuh[gZ`bl m kZfh]h _]h ghkZ h]jhfgu_ [_ehkg_`gu_ am[ub m]jh`Zxs_ aZ\hjqbl \ lhg_kZfhc gbadhchj]Zgghc ljm[uI_l_j ieZlbe aZ wlm ij_^Zgghklv ]hjyq_c ex[h\vxb hgbk Ehj^hf[ueb g_jZaemqgu< j_amevlZl_ _]hh[jZah\Zgb_ g_kdhevdh kljZ^Ze lZd dZd ^Z`_ kZf ]hkih^bg Gb^_jf_c_jkljh]bc ]m\_jg_j fZevqbdZjZgh ebrb\r_]hky hlpZg_ hkf_eb\Zeky ih^gylv ]hehk gZ I_l_jZ \ ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ ba m]eZ dhfgZlu ^hg_kehkv [u aeh\_s__ jhdhqms__ juqZgb_ b d gbf \_ebq_kl\_ggh ijb[ebabeky [u q_jguc e_\ihke_ q_]h ]hkih^bgm Gb^_jf_c_jm hklZehkv[u lhevdh[_kihfhsgh ih`Zlv ie_qZfb bhl\_jgmlvky Fhy fZlv jZkkdZau\ZeZfg_ hlZdhf `_kemqZ_ \^hf_ __ jh^bl_e_c]^_ fh]mqbc e_hg[_j]_j wlZ ihjh^Z lZd`_ ijbgZê_`bl d djmig_crbfba[jZe k\h_cohaycdhc feZ^rmxba k_kl_jdhlhjmxdZd bI_l_jZ[_a`Zehklgh lbjZgbebklZjrb_ ^_lb Y iblZx ij_^m[_`^_gb_ ijhlb\ ex^_c b ^Z`_ hq_gv fZe_gvdbo ^_l_cdhlhju_ [hylkykh[ZdIj_^m[_`^_gb_ wlh Z[khexlgh g_hijZ\^Zggh \iheg_ _kl_kl\_gghqlh fZe_gvdh_ kms_kl\h ijb i_j\hfagZdhfkl\_ im]Z_lky[hevrbo g_agZdhfuo kh[Zd bmf_xl h[oh^blvkyk gbfb\iheg_ hijZ\^ZghlZd dZd gZ wlhkihkh[gu ebrvl_dlh qm\kl\m_lijbjh^m b `b\hlguo Fhb kh[kl\_ggu_^_lb klZgh\bebkvaZyêufb kh[ZqZlgbdZfb _s_ aZ^he]h ^hlh]hdZd bf bkihegyeky]h^b hgb^Z`_ ih^mfZlv g_ fh]ebqlh kh[ZdZ kihkh[gZ ijbqbgblv bfaehIh wlhc ijbqbg_ fhy ^hqv :]g_kkZdh]^Z _c[ueh hdhehr_klb e_l gZim]ZeZ f_gy ^h ihemkf_jlbKemqbehkv wlhijb ke_^mxsbo h[klhyl_evkl\ZoH^gZ`û :]g_kkZ b __ [jZl \_jgmebkv k ijh]medb \ khijh\h`^_gbb[hevrhc djZkb\hch\qZjdbdhlhjZy ijbklZeZ dgbf ih^hjh]_Y j_rbeqlh kh[Zd_e_l r_klvk_fv \ ^Zevg_cr_fhdZaZehkvqlh y g_hrb[kyH\qZjdZ reZaZ ^_lvfb ^h kZfh]h ^hfZ^_j`ZeZkv jy^hfHgZ dZaZeZkv ijbrb[e_gghc b ^ZeZfg_ ih]eZ^blvk_[y k[hevrhc g_hohlhc gZfhjsb\ ]m[uGh d^_lyf hgZevgmeZ kg_ihgylguf mihjkl\hf Y gbq_]h g_ fh] ihgylvKh[ZdZ dZaZeZkv ^mr_\gh g_mjZ\gh\_r_gghcZ ]eZ\gh_k dZdhc klZlb hgZ\g_aZigh ijhgbdeZkv ex[h\vxd fhbf^_lyf"Iha`_ \k_h[tykgbehkv kZfuf _kl_kl\_gguf h[jZahfH\qZjdZ [ueZ hq_gvg_j\ghc b[hyeZkv jm`_cguo \uklj_eh\HgZ `beZ \^_j_\g_dbehf_ljZo \ ^_\ylb \ur_ ihj_d_b \h \j_fyf_klgh]h ijZa^gbdZklj_ev[Z \ lbj_ ijb\_eZ __\ lZdhcm`Zkqlh hgZm[_`ZeZ dm^Z]eZaZ ]ey^yl b g_ kmf_eZ hlukdZlv^hjh]m ^hfhcM __\eZ^_evpZ [ueh^\h_ ^_l_cdhlhjuo h\qZjdZ h[h`ZeZ b dhlhju_ [ueb ijbf_jgh jh\_kgbdZfb fhbf<hl ihq_fmhgZ b ijbklZeZd :]g_kk_ b__ [jZlmdh]^Z ih\klj_qZeZboGh lh]^Zy gbq_]hwlh]h g_ agZe b g_ kebrdhf hohlgh mklmibe fhev[Zf ^_l_cdhlhju_ mijZrb\Zeb hklZ\blv h\qZjdm m gZk_keb __ ohaybg g_ hlus_lkyDhg_qghbf hq_gv gjZ\behkvqlh lZdZy[hevrZy b djZkb\Zy kh[ZdZk lZdbfmihjkl\hf bs_lbo h[s_kl\Z KblmZpbyihfbfh \k_]hijhq_]hhkeh`gyeZkv _s_ bl_f qlh gZr kh[kl\_gguc i_k <hed ,lZd`_ [ue qj_a\uqZcgh ijb\yaZg d ^_lyf gZ hkh[ucg_aZ\bkbfuc bk^_j`Zgguc eZ^ \heqv_c kh[ZdbkZfpZG_ljm^gh ihgylvqlh ihy\e_gb_ wlh]h m]hêb\h]h jZ[Zwlh]h gZ]heh kZfha\ZgpZdhlhjuc mamjibjh\Ze _]h f_klh \ k_j^p_ ^_l_ckf_jl_evgh mya\beh ]hj^hklv <hedZKgZqZeZ fhbo fgh]hqbke_gguo m]jha h[jZs_gguo dh[hbf ikZfb jh[dh]h\b^Z ijbr_evpZ hdZaZehkv ^hklZlhqghqlh[u ij_^hl\jZlblv^jZdm Gh \aju\ [ueg_ba[_`_gFg_ ijbrehkv m^Zeblvky\ g_dh_ g_[hevrh_ ihf_s_gb_ aZ \Zgghc gZ \_jg_fwlZ`_dZd \^jm] fhb fbjgu_ jZafure_gby [ueb ij_j\Zgu rmfhf h`_klhq_gghc kh[Zqv_c ^jZdbd dhlhjhfm h m`Zklml `_ijbf_rZebkv \hieb fh_c fZe_gvdhc:]g_kkua\Z\r_c gZ ihfhsvY dbgmeky \gba ih e_klgbp_h^ghc jmdhc ijb^_j`b\Zy[jxdbb \b^_e i_j_^ djuehf m`ZkZxs__ aj_ebs_ ^\mo kh[Zdkp_ib\rboky \ [_kihsZ^ghc ko\Zld_b lhjqZsb_ baih^ gbogh`db fh_c ^hq_jbH[_amf_\y dbgmeky d gbfko\Zlbe kh[Zd aZ aZ]jb\dbk g_q_eh\_q_kdhc kbehc jZagye bob m\b^_eqlh :]g_kkZ e_`bl gZ kibg_ b lh`_ dj_idh ^_j`bl <hedZ b g_agZdhfpZ aZ r_bklZjZykv bo jZklZsblvIhlhf hgZ h[tykgbeZ fg_qlh ijhbahrehmk_\rbkv gZa_fex f_`^m ^\mfy ikZfbhgZ ijbgyeZkv ]eZ^blv h[hboqlh[u ihfbjblv Dhg_qghwlh kj_^kl\h\hauf_eh ijhlb\hiheh`gh_^_ckl\b_b iku [jhkbebkv^jm] gZ^jm]Z:]g_kkZ ohl_eZbo jZagylvb g_ \uimklbeZ^Z`_ dh]^Z hgb hijhdbgmeb __ gZ kibgm b ijh^he`Zeb ^jZlvkygZ^ g_cB \k_lZdb hgZgb gZk_dmg^m g_ ih^mfZeZqlh lhlbeb ^jm]hcfh`_l mdmkblvb __ D:D <U;J:LVKH;:DM DZd ymagZx\_j_g ebfhc \u[hj" <R_dkibj<_g_pbZgkdbc dmi_p <u[hj \k_]^Z ^_eh aZljm^gbl_evgh_b hkh[_gghdh]^Z j_qv b^_l h \u[hj_ kh[Zdihkdhevdm kms_kl\m_lfgh`_kl\h kZfuo jZaghh[jZaguo ihjhâgZlhd `_fh`_l ^ZlvijZ\bevguc kh\_llhevdh _keb hg agZdhf k [m^msbf \eZ^_evp_f b ihgbfZ_lq_]h lhl ohq_l hl k\h_c kh[ZdbGZijbf_j k_glbf_glZevgZy b h^bghdZy klZjZy ^_\ZbsmsZy ihôh^ysbc ij_^f_l êy ex[\bb aZ[hlg_ h[j_l_lbkdhfh]h ml_r_gby\ k^_j`Zgghc b \ukhdhf_jghcqZmqZmdhlhjZy ij_abjZ_l eZkdb b \klj_qZ_l \_jgm\rmxkyohaycdm lhevdhe_]dbf ihfZob\Zgb_f o\hklZ\f_klh lh]hqlh[u aZiju]Zlvhl jZ^hklbdZd ^jm]b_ kh[ZdbL_fdhfm gm`gZ g_`gZy b ijb\yaqb\Zy kh[ZdZ dhlhjZy iheh`bl]heh\m gZdhe_gh ohaybgZih^gbf_l yglZjgu_ ]eZaZ b [m^_lqZkZfb \abjZlvgZ g_]hk g_fufh[h`Zgb_fy ihj_dhf_g^mx bjeZg^kdh]h k_ll_jZ beb ij_^klZ\bl_ey dZdhcgb[m^v koh^ghcêbgghmohc bêbgghr_jklghc ihjhûGZ fhc `_ \dmkwlb kh[Zdb kebrdhf k_glbf_glZevgu< gZrb [_kihdhcgu_ b lj_\h`gu_\j_f_gZ o\ZlZ_lijbqbg êy]jmklb bih`Zemcêy [hevrbgkl\Z ba gZk g_ lZd m` ihe_agh ihklhyggh_ khijbdhkgh\_gb_ k kms_kl\hfdhlhjh_ \j_fyhl \j_f_gb gZihfbgZ_l h k\h_f ijbkmlkl\bb imklvdjhldbfgh ]em[hdbf \a^hohf<_k_eh_ b i_qZevgh_ gZkljh_gb_ jZ\gh aZjZabl_evgub q_eh\_d k `b\uf b kheg_qgufoZjZdl_jghf ih\kx^m g_k_lk kh[hc[h^jhklv bjZ^hklvLh `_hlghkblky b d \_k_ehc kh[Zd_b fg_ dZ`_lkyqlh ihimeyjghklvfgh]bo kf_rguo ihjh^ h[tykgy_lky bf_ggh gZr_c ihlj_[ghklvx \ \_k_ev_RZeh\eb\hklv k_evyfl_jv_jZ b _]h ij_^Zgghklv ohaybgm fh]ml ihkem`blv g_iehohc fhjZevghc ih^^_j`dhc q_eh\_dm f_eZgohebq_kdh]h kdeZ^ZDlh g_meu[g_lkydh]^Z aZ[Z\gh_ fZe_gvdh_ kms_kl\hij_bkiheg_ggh_ jZ^hklb`bagb ih^[_`blihîju]b\Zy gZ k\hbodhjhl_gvdbo eZidZo h^bg fhc agZdhfuc hdj_klbe bo oh^bevgufb khkhqdZfbgZdehgbl ]heh\m b k g_\bgguf emdZ\kl\hf ih]ey^bl gZ ohaybgZ ijb]eZrZy _]hihb]jZlv" Lhfmdlh bs_l g_ ijhklh ^jm]Zgh b g_bkdZ`_gguc oZjZdl_jy ihkh\_lmx h[aZ\_klbkv kh[Zdhc kh\k_f bgh]h lbiZKZf y ij_îhqblZx kh[Zdhlghkbl_evgh g_^Ze_dh mr_^rbo hl ^bdbo nhjfFhb ]b[jbû qZmqZm b g_f_pdbo h\qZjhd b \g_rg_ b \gmlj_gg_ hq_gv [ebadbd k\hbf^bdbf ij_^dZfQ_f f_gvr_ h^hfZrgb\Zgb_ baf_gbeh ihjh^mq_f [hevr_ k\hckl\\hevgh]h obsgbdZkhojZgy_l kh[ZdZl_f \ur_ y p_gx __^jm`[mIh lhc`_ ijbqbg_fg_ g_ gjZ\blkybaebrg__ bkdZ`_gb_ bklbghcijbjhû kh[Zdbd dhlhjhfm fh`_lijb\_klb h[mq_gb_b y g_ohqm ^Z`_qlh[u fhbkh[Zdb mljZlbebk\hc i_j\h[ulguc hohlgbqbcbgklbgdldhlhjuc ijbqbgy_lfg_ g_fZeh oehihl b h[oh^blky ^h\hevgh ^hjh]h;m^v hgb djhldbfb y]gylZfbg_ kihkh[gufbh[b^_lv b fmobfg_ g_dZaZehkv [u lZdbf qm^hfqlh y kihdhcgh fh]m\\_jblv bffhbo ^jma_c <i_j\u_ yihgye wlh ihke_h^gh]h ^h\hevghkljZrgh]h kemqZy DZdlh \`_klhdb_ abfgb_ fhjhau\ gZraZg_k_gguc kg_]hfkZ^ aZ[_`Ze he_gvb ljb fhb kh[Zdb_]h jZkl_jaZebY klhye ihjZ`_gguc m`Zkhf\hae_ hdjh\Z\e_ggh]h ljmiZ b \^jm] hkhagZedZdh_ [_amkeh\gh_ ^h\_jb_ \gmrZ_l fg_ kbkl_fZ aZij_lh\mijZ\eyxsbo ^_ckl\byfbwlbo k\bj_iuoobsgbdh\ \_^v \lh \j_fyfhb ^_lb [ueb]hjZa^h f_gvr_ b[_aaZsblg__ he_gyqvb bkl_jaZggu_hklZgdb e_`Zebi_j_^h fghcY ^Z`_ m^b\beky Z[khexlghfm[_kkljZrbxk dZdbfy _`_^g_\gh hl^Z\Ze ojmidb_ l_evpZ fhbo ^_l_c \h \eZklvwlbo q_exkl_cklhev ihoh`bo gZ\heqvb >_ckl\bl_evghêy kh[Zdb gZiZklv gZ ^_l_cohaybgZ \_sv g_keuoZggZyb y m[_`^_gqlh ikbobq_kdb a^hjh\Zy kh[ZdZ \hh[s_ gZ wlh g_ kihkh[gZH^gZdh g_j\gmx \ukhdhihjh^bklmx kh[ZdmZ bgh]^Z ^Z`_ b ihemdjh\dm j_\ghklvd dhlhjhc\k_ kh[Zdbhq_gv kdehggufh`_l ^h\_klb ^h m`Zkguo ihklmidh\G_^Z\gh y magZe h ^_ckl\bl_evgh `mldhf ijhbkr_kl\bbdh]^Z g_qbklhihjh^guc l_jv_jij_`^_ [Zeh\_gv k_fvb[ue ihke_ jh`^_gbyj_[_gdZ ihkZ`_ggZ p_iv b ijb i_j\hf m^h[ghf kemqZ_ iju]gme \ dheykdmb aZ]jua fZeurZD kqZklvxwlh j_^qZcrbc kemqZcb j_\ghklvdZd ijZ\behg_ ^hklb]Z_l klhev hiZkgh]h gZdZeZijbq_f gZkdhevdh fh`gh km^blv\ lZdhc kl_i_gb ih^^Zlvky _c kihkh[gu lhevdh kh[Zdb gZb[he__ bgnZglbevgh]h lbiZFhb \heqvb kh[Zdb gbdh]^Z g_ j_\gh\Zeb dfZe_gvdbf ^_lyfZ gZh[hjhlkZfb hlghkbebkv d gbf [he__ beb f_g__ ihjh^bl_evkdbB\hafh`ghlml djh_lky h^gZba ijbqbg ihq_fm ylZd ex[exwlhl lbikh[Zd <ijhq_fa^_kv fu i_j_oh^bf \ h[eZklv \dmkZb y ij_djZkgh ihgbfZxqlh fhy ^bdZyobsgZy kh[ZdZ^Ze_dh g_ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`gZ\gmrZlv kbfiZlbb \k_fb dZ`^hfm<heqvb kh[ZdZ baaZ qm\kl\bl_evghklbk^_j`Zgghklb bg_aZ\bkbfhklb oZjZdl_jZ ^h\hevgh lm]hih^^Zxlky h[mq_gbxb bkihevah\Zlv ijbkmsb_ bfihbklbg_ g_\_jhylgu_ikbobq_kdb_ j_kmjku m^Z_lky lhevdh lhfmdlh agZ_l bo b ihgbfZ_l ihgZklhys_fmb lhevdh êy lZdh]h q_eh\_dZ hgb fh]ml klZlv bklhqgbdhf jZ^hklb b m^h\e_l\hj_gby>jm]b_ h[j_lml lh`_ \q_klghf ^h[jhf [hdk_j_beb wj^_evl_jv_j_\_^v gZqbgZxsbcnhlh]jZn ^h[b\Z_lky agZqbl_evgh [hevrbo mki_oh\dh]^Z jZ[hlZ_lk ijhklhc a_jdZedhcZ g_ khkeh`ghckgZ[`_gghc fgh`_kl\hf ijbkihkh[e_gbc dZf_jhc Wlh \h\k_ g_ agZqblqlh y ohqm hihjhqblv kh[Zdk g_keh`ghc bijyfhebg_cghc ikbobdhcGZh[hjhly hq_gvex[ex [hdk_jh\ b[hevrbo l_jv_jh\qvx fm`_kl\_ggmx bijb\yaqb\mx gZlmjm g_ m^Z_lky bkihjlblv ^Z`_ hq_gv g_mf_euf \hkiblZl_eyfD lhfm `_ y ohl_e [uih^q_jdgmlvqlh fhb \ukdZau\Zgby h dZq_kl\Zo hl^_evguo kh[Zqvbo ihjh^Zo _kl_kl\_gghghkyl hq_gv h[h[s_gguc oZjZdl_jlZd dZd kms_kl\m_l [_a]jZgbqgh_ fgh`_kl\h bg^b\b^mZevguo bkdexq_gbc< kmsghklblZdh_ h[h[s_gb_ g_f_g__ mya\bfh q_f ihiuldZ ih^\_klb ih^ h^gh bkq_jiu\Zxs__ hij_^_e_gb_ \k_o Zg]ebqZgnjZgpmah\ beb g_fp_\Y agZxqj_a\uqZcgh qm\kl\bl_evguo [hdk_jh\ b [_koZjZdl_jguo qZmqZmy ^Z`_ [ue agZdhf k \_kvfZ j_rbl_evguf bg_aZ\bkbfuf kiZgb_e_f Fhy k_j_[jbklhk_jZy KxabgZ q_c oZjZdl_j[_kkihjgh agZqbl_evgh_ \ebygb_ hdZaZeZ djh\v __ ij_^dh\h\qZjhd [u\Z_l h[Zyl_evgh^jm`_ex[ghc k gZrbfb ]hklyfb b ihqlb kh\k_f ebr_gZ]hj^hklb \ukhdhf_jby^jm]bo qZmqZm Ih`Zemc\f_klh lh]h qlh[u ^Z\Zlv dhgdj_lgu_kh\_lu ihe_ag_c [m^_l ij_^hkl_j_qv gZqbgZxsbodZdbo kh[Zd ijbh[j_lZlv g_ ke_^m_l b dZdbo gZdehgghkl_c \gbo gm`gh ba[_]ZlvGh ij_`^_q_f ijh^he`Zlvy ohl_e[u mdZaZlvqlh ij_^hkl_j_]Zy\h\k_ g_ klZ\ex k_[_ p_evx hl]h\hjblv dh]hgb[m^v hlijbh[j_l_gby kh[ZdbEx[Zy kh[ZdZ emqr_q_f gbq_]hb ^Z`__keb gZqbgZxsbc\eZ^_e_p kh[Zdbij_g_[j_`_l fhbfb baeh`_ggufb a^_kv ijZ\beZfbhg \k_lZdb ihemqblhl k\h_c kh[Zdb fgh]h m^h\hevkl\byH^gZdh m^h\hevkl\b_wlh [m^_l _s_ [hevrbf_keb hg mql_l fhb aZ\_lui_j\uc ba dhlhjuo ]eZkblihdmiZcl_ kh[Zdma^hjh\mx bl_ehf b ^mohf ?keb m \Zkg_l dZdboeb[h \_kdbo ijbqbgêy bgh]h\u[hjZ [_jbl_ kZfh]h kbevgh]hlheklh]h b[hcdh]h s_gdZ\ ihf_l_ wlb ljb k\hckl\Z khimlkl\mxl ^jm] ^jm]m km^b\bl_evguf ihklhygkl\hfG_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlvqlh kmqdb\k_]^Z [u\Zxl f_evq_ dh[_e_c?keb m jh^bl_e_c beb s_gyl ijhy\eyxlky dZdb_eb[h ijbagZdb \ujh`^_gbyemqr_ \h\k_hldZaZlvky hl s_gdZHkh[_ggh hklhjh`guf ke_^m_l [ulvbf_y ^_eh k bghkljZggufb ihjh^ZfblZd dZd lml baaZ fZeh]h qbkeZ ohjhrbo wda_fieyjh\\hafh`_g l_kgucbg[jb^bg]Emqr_ kh[ZdZ k jh^hkeh\ghc ih[_^g__ ebklhnbpbZevgh __aZ\_jyxsbc dZd ijZ\beh\kdhj_ bkq_aZ_lih]j_[_gguc ih^ ^jm]bfb [mfZ]Zfb \ dZdhfgb[m^v ysbd_ ibkvf_ggh]hklheZgh aZlh [he__ `bag_kihkh[gZf_g__ g_j\gZyDZd klZg_lykgh ba ]eZ\u Ijbau\ d l_fdlh jZa\h^blkh[Zdy ijb^_j`b\Zxkv\_kvfZ gbadh]h fg_gby h kh\j_f_gguo ijbgpbiZo jZa\_^_gbykh[Zd ijbgpbiZodhlhju_ kebrdhf [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ ijb^Zxl djZkhl_kh[Zdij_g_[j_]Zy bomfkl\_ggufb kihkh[ghklyfb Z ihlhfm bkdj_gg_kh\_lmx gZqbgZxsbfg_ ijbh[j_lZlvkh[Zdm kh kebrdhf mòhjhr_cjh^hkeh\ghcIjbh[j_lZy ihf_kv\u bf__l_ ]hjZa^hf_gvr_ rZgkh\hdZaZlvky \eZ^_evp_f g_j\gh]h mfkl\_ggh ms_j[gh]h `b\hlgh]hq_f dmib\kh[Zdm k\hk_fvx q_fibhgZfb \ jh^hkeh\ghcG_f_pdmx h\qZjdm\k_]^Z ke_^m_l [jZlv hl jh^bl_e_cijbgZê_`Zsbo d kem`_[ghcebgbbb \ wlhf kemqZ_ m^hklh\_j_gb_ __ ijhbkoh`^_gby hl q_fibhgh\ bf__l \iheg_j_Zevgmx ijZdlbq_kdmxp_gghklv Ij_`^_ q_f h[aZ\_klbkv kh[Zdhcke_^m_l \a\_kblvg_ hdZ`_lky eb wlhêy \Zkkebrdhf [hevrhcg_j\ghc gZ]jmadhc Hq_gv ih^\b`gu_ kh[Zdb\jh^_ nhdkl_jv_jh\e_]dh fh]ml \u\_klb bak_[y g_mjZ\gh\_r_ggh]hq_eh\_dZhkh[_ggh _keb bo g_ihk_êb\hklv ihjh`^Z_lky g_ klhev `bag_jZ^hklghklvx kdhevdh qj_af_jgh \ha[m^bfhc g_j\ghc kbkl_fhcIjbdbû\Zy jZaf_ju kh[Zdb k mq_lhf jZaf_jh\ \Zr_]h `bebsZke_^m_l ijbgbfZlv \h \gbfZgb_ b __ l_fi_jZf_glK_glbf_glZevguc k_ll_jêy dhlhjh]h ]eZ\gh_m^h\hevkl\b_ mfbevgh \abjZlv gZ ohaybgZ[m^_l f_gvr_ kljZ^Zlv hl l_kghlu ]hjh^kdhc d\Zjlbjuq_f rZeh\eb\uc fZe_gvdbo l_jv_j<ijhq_fb \ kZfhc fZe_gvdhcd\Zjlbj_ lj_[m_lkyg_ [hevr_q_f êy \Zr_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h a^hjh\vy\iheg_ ^hklZlhqgh^\mo ihemqZkh\uo ijh]mehd ihk\_`_fm \ha^mom Fgh]b_ g_hiulgu_ ex[bl_eb kh[Zd qZklh ^_eZxlhrb[dm \u[bjZy lh]h s_gdZdhlhjuc \i_j\u_ `_fbgmlu agZdhfkl\Z gZqbgZ_l ^_eZlvbf ^jm`_kdb_ Z\ZgkuKe_^m_l ihfgblvqlh \ wlhf kemqZ_ \ug_khfg_ggh\u[bjZ_l_ gZb[hevr_]h ihôZebfZb \jy^ eb \ ^Zevg_cr_f \Zf [m^_l ijbylgh gZ[ex^ZlvdZd \ZrZkh[ZdZ lhqghlZd `_ijb\_lkl\m_l \k_o qm`bo ih^jy^<u[jZ\ ba^_\ylb ly\dZxsbof_oh\uo dem[hqdh\ bf_ggh Kxaby ij_îhq_e __hklZevguf hlqZklbihlhfmqlh bf_ggh hgZ ijhy\beZ gZb[hevr__ g_]h^h\Zgb_dh]^Z __ dhkgmebkv fhbjmdblh _klvjmdb ihklhjhgg_]h Ij_kfudZl_evkl\h wlh h^bgba om^rbo kh[Zqvboihjhdh\ bdZd y m`_ mihfbgZehgh jZa\b\Z_lky \ j_amevlZl_ khojZg_gby g_jZa[hjqb\h]h^jm`_ex[bydhlhjh_ fhehû_ s_gylZ ijhy\eyxlky ih hlghr_gbx dh \k_f ex^yf b dh \ajhkeuf kh[ZdZfIhjhdhf wlhklZgh\blky lhevdhm \ajhkeuokh[Zdêy fhehûo `_ lZdh_ ih\_^_gb_ \iheg_ ghjfZevghb gbq_]h ^mjgh]h \ g_f g_lD g_kqZklvxg_\hafh`gh ij_^kdZaZlv \ujZkl_l ebba eZkdh\h]hs_gdZ ihôZebf bebk \hajZklhf hg ijbh[j_l_l g_h[oh^bfmx k^_j`Zgghklv ih hlghr_gbxd qm`bf Ihwlhfmbf_y ^_ehk ihjh^Zfbm dhlhjuowlZ k^_j`Zgghklv jZa\b\Z_lky iha^g__emqr_ ih^h`^Zlvk ihdmidhc s_gdZihdZ _fm gZbkihegblky iylvr_klv f_kyp_\<ur_kdZaZggh_ hkh[_ggh hlghkblky d kiZgb_eyf b ^jm]bf êbgghmobf hohlgbqvbf kh[ZdZfm qZmqZm wlZ q_jlZjZa\b\Z_lky jZgvr_b ^Z`_\ ^\Z ^\Z kiheh\bghc f_kypZm gbom`_ fh`gh aZf_lblvq_jlu bg^b\b^mZevgh]h oZjZdl_jZ?keb hiZkghklv aZihemqblv ihôZebfZ hlkmlkl\m_llh _klv ^_eh dZkZ_lky ihjh^êy dhlhjuo lZdZy kdehgghklv qm`^Zbeb _kebihdmiZl_ev agZ_l h[hbo jh^bl_e_c k\h_c[m^ms_c kh[Zdby ihkh\_lh\Ze[u _fm aZ[jZlv s_gdZ dZdfh`gh jZgvr__^\Z _]hfh`gh [m^_l [_a \j_^Z êyg_]h jZaemqblvk fZl_jvxJZamf__lkylZdh]h s_gdZ gm`gh [m^_l hq_gv ohjhrh dhjfblvij_bfms_kl\_ggh fykhfb fhehdhfq_j_a ^h\hevgh dhjhldb ijhf_`mldbg_ aZ[u\Zy ^h[Z\eylv d _]h jZpbhgm kj_^kl\Z ijhlb\jZoblZgZijbf_j ju[bc `bj Q_f [he__fheh^hc \aylZkh[ZdZl_fdZd ijZ\behdj_iq_ klZgh\blky __ ijb\yaZgghklv d ohaybgm \ihke_^kl\bbb l_f [hevr_ m^h\hevkl\by[m^_l hgZ_fm ^hklZ\eylvhkh[_ggh dh]^Z hg [m^_l \kihfbgZlvq_]h wlh _fm klhbeJZ^b lZdbo \hkihfbgZgbc fh`gh kfbjblky k ba]jua_ggufb lmneyfb b [hlbgdZfb bebk ^\mfylj_fy iylgZfbgZ dh\j_ B ihke_^gbc kh\_lHg ijh^bdlh\Zg fhbfb ebqgufb ijbkljZklbyfbZ ihlhfmqblZl_ev fh`_lkjZam `_ijhimklblv _]h fbfh mr_c_keb \hafh`gh\u[bjZcl_ kmdmg_kfhljy gZ lhqlh ^\_ __ l_qdm \ ]h^m b ijbqbgyl \Zfg_dhlhju_ g_m^h[kl\Z>mfZx\k_ hiulgu_\eZ^_evpu kh[Zdkh]eZkylky kh fghcqlh k lhqdb aj_gby oZjZdl_jZ kmdZ \k_]^Z ij_îhqlbl_evg__q_f dh[_evH^gh \j_fy m gZk \ :evl_g[_j]_ `bebq_luj_ kmdbfhy g_f_pdZyh\qZjdZ LblZ Ib]b qZmqZm fh_c`_guDZlb lZdkZ fh_]h[jZlZ b [mev^h] fh_c k\hyq_gbpuLhevdh kh[ZdZ fh_]hhlpZ [ueZdh[_e_fb _fm [ueh g_e_]dh hl]hgylv hl gZr_]h ^hfZ g_ijhr_guo moZ`_jh\DZdlh l_qdZm Ib]bb DZlbgZqZeZkv h^gh\j_f_ggh gh fuijh^he`Zeb [jZlvbo kkh[hc gZ>mgZcihkdhevdm fh]eb hiZkZlvky f_aZevygkZ Ib]b ojZgbeZ Z[khexlgmx \_jghklv gZr_fm ikm ;m[bZ êy fbgbZlxjghc lZdku\ hdj_klghklyo ijhklh g_ gZrehkv[u ihôh^ys_]hiZjlg_jZY ^Z\ghijb\ud qlh gZkkhijh\h`^Zxl bqm`b_ kh[Zdbgh ihke_lh]hdZd fu \ureb ba ^_j_\gb gZ wlhl jZajZaf_ju gZr_ck\blu f_gy ihjZabebb ygZqZe kq_lhdZaZehkvqlhdjhf_ gZrbo iylb aZ gZfb [_`Zeh _s_ r_klgZ^pZlv ikh\Ke_^h\Zl_evghgZr wkdhjl khklhye ba^\Z^pZlv h^ghckh[ZdbB l_f g_f_g__ y ih\lhjyx k\hc kh\_lkmdZ [he__ij_^ZggZyq_f dh[_ev__ ikbobdZ lhgvr_[h]Zq_ b keh`g__q_f m dh[_eybdZd ijZ\behhgZ mfg__q_f dh[_evFg_ ^h\_ehkv[ebadh magZlv hq_gv fgh]bo `b\hlguob y ml\_j`^Zxqlh ba \k_o q_l\_jhgh]bo kha^Zgbc [eb`_ \k_]h d q_eh\_dmih lhgdhklb \hkijbylby b ihkihkh[ghklb dbklbgghc ^jm`[_klhbl bf_ggh kmdZB kljZgghqlh __ gZa\Zgb_ ij_\jZlbehkv \ jm]Zl_evkl\h IJBAU< DL?FDLH J:A<H>BLKH;:D M pbjdh\uo kh[Zdbkihegyxsbo keh`gu_ ljxdbdhlhju_ lj_[mxl [hevrhc khh[jZabl_evghklbj_^dh bf_xlky jh^hkeh\gu_B ^_eh g_\ lhfqlh [_^guf^j_kkbjh\sbdZf g_ ih dZjfZgm ihjh^bklu_kh[Zdb lZeZgleb\u_ pbjdh\u_kh[Zdb klhyl [_r_gguo ^_g_]Z \ lhfqlh `b\hlgufZjlbklZf lj_[mxlky g_ nbabq_kdb_Z ikbobq_kdb_ dZq_kl\ZIhf_kb ihôh^yl êy wlhcjZ[hlu g_lhevdh ihlhfmqlh hgbmfg__ gh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf ihlhfmqlh hgb dm^Zf_g__ g_j\gu ihkdhevdm bo[he__ dj_idbchj]Zgbaf iha\hey_lbf \u^_j`b\Zlv agZqbl_evgh_ g_j\gh_ gZijy`_gb_Ba \k_ofhbo kh[Zdlhevdh h^gZ [ueZ qbklhihjh^ghcb fh]eZ[u mqZkl\h\Zlv\ \uklZ\dZo g_f_pdZy h\qZjdZ ;bg]hWlh [uehq_gv [eZ]hjh^guci_k jupZjv [_a kljZoZ b mij_dZgh ihlhgdhklb \hkijbylbyb keh`ghklb ikbobdb hgg_ r_egb \dZdh_ kjZ\g_gb_k Lblhc \_kvfZ ie_[_ckdhch\qZjdhc\hh[s_ g_bf_\r_c jh^hkeh\ghcM fh_]h njZgpmakdh]h [mev^h]Z jh^hkeh\gZyijZ\^Z[ueZgh hg g_ ihr_e \ k\hbo ZjbklhdjZlbq_kdbo ij_^dh\b g_klZe \hiehs_gb_f ihjh^bklhklb wlhfm ij_iylkl\h\Zeh djmigh_ keh`_gb_kebrdhf \ulygmlZy]heh\Zkebrdhf êbggu_gh]b b kebrdhf ijyfZy kibgZDhjhq_ ]h\hjyêy njZgpmakdh]h [mev^h]Z hg kebrdhf m` ihoh^be gZ ghjfZevgmxkh[ZdmGh h^gh y agZe l\_j^hgb h^bg q_fibhg _]h ihjhû ih mfkl\_gguf dZq_kl\Zfg_ ]h^bekyfh_fm ;meebb \ih^f_ldb DZd gb ]jmklghgh klj_fe_gb_ ih^^_j`b\Zlv \ihjh^_ kljh`Zcrb_ klZg^Zjlu hij_^_e_gguo nbabq_kdbo ^Zgguo g_kh\f_klbfh k jZa\blb_f mfkl\_gguo dZq_kl\Bg^b\bû hl\_qZxsb_ bl_f b ^jm]bflj_[h\ZgbyfgZklhevdh j_^dbqlh g_ \ khklhygbb ihkem`blv hkgh\hcêy ^Zevg_cr_]hjZa\blby k\h_c ihjhûIjb \k_f`_eZgbb yg_ fh]m\kihfgblv gb h^gh]h \_ebdh]h fukebl_eydhlhjuc nbabq_kdb [ue [u kjZ\gbf k :iheehghfb gb h^ghc gZklhys_c djZkZ\bpu ohly [u kh kj_^gbfb mfkl\_ggufb kihkh[ghklyfbb lhqghlZd `_fg_ g_ ba\_kl_g gb h^bg kh[Zqbc q_fibhgdhlhjh]h y ohl_e [u ihemqblv \ k\hxkh[kl\_gghklvG_evay kdZaZlvqlh wlb^\Z jZaghgZijZ\e_gguo b^_ZeZ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`gubkdexqZlv ^jm] ^jm]Zb ljm^gh ihgylvihq_fm kh[ZdZ k [_amij_qguf nbabq_kdbf keh`_gb_f g_ fh`_l [ulv b mfkl\_gghklhev `_ h^Zj_gghch^gZdh b ih hl^_evghklb wlb b^_ZeugZklhevdh j_^dbqlh boh[t_^bg_gb_ \h^ghc hkh[bdjZcg_ fZeh\_jhylgh ?keb ^Z`_ dlhgb[m^v ihklZ\bl k_[_ p_evx \u\_klb lZdh_ kh\_jr_gkl\hhg m[_^blkyqlh ^hklb]gmlv _]h [_a dZdh]heb[h dhfijhfbkkZ g_\hafh`gh>ey kh[ZddZd bêy ]hem[_c\uoh^ bo wlhc ^be_ffu [ue gZc^_g\ hj]ZgbaZpbb ^\mo \uklZ\hd jZagh]hlbiZgZ dhlhjuo `b\hlguokm^yl eb[h ih wdkl_jv_jmeb[h ih mf_gbx jZ[hlZlvM ]hem[_c^_eh aZreh m`_ lZd^Ze_dhqlh nmgdpbb ^_dhjZlb\guob ihqlh\uo ihjh^ jZa]jZgbq_gu iheghklvxL_g^_gpby d ih^h[ghfm jZa^_e_gbxgZ fhc \a]ey^gZf_qZ_lky b \ hlghr_gbb g_f_pdbo h\qZjhdG_khfg_gghg_dhlhju_ g_j\gu_b aeh[gu_ h[eZ^Zl_eb f_^Ze_c aZ wdkl_jv_j hlebqZxlky oZjZdl_jhf gZklhevdh ^Ze_dbf hl b^_ZeZqlh bo ke_^m_l hlg_klb d kh\k_f bghcdZl_]hjbbq_f gZklhysbojZ[hqboh\qZjhdqvb bkdexqbl_evgu_ dZq_kl\Z iha\heyxl q_eh\_dmbkihevah\Zlv bo êy kZfuo jZaebqguop_e_c< ijhrehfdh]^Z kh[Zdb [hevr_ bkihevah\Zebkv êy ^_eZZ g_ êy aZ[Z\uijb \u[hj_ ijhba\h^bl_ey \jy^ eb ij_g_[j_]Zeb _]h ikbobq_kdbfb kihkh[ghklyfbK ^jm]hc klhjhgu^_n_dlu oZjZdl_jZ ijhy\eyxlky bm hl^_evguolbih\ kh[Zddhlhju_ bkihevamxlky lhevdh êy jZ[hqbo p_e_cIh fg_gbx \_kvfZ \b^gh]h Z\lhjbl_lZ \ wlhf \hijhk_hlkmlkl\b_ ij_^Zgghklbh^ghfm ohaybgm m g_dhlhjuo hohlgbqvbo kh[Zdh[tykgylky bf_gghbo ki_pbZebaZpb_cIjb \u\_^_gbbwlbo ihjh^hkgh\gh_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZsZehkv gZ hkljhlm qmlvyb \iheg_ \hafh`ghqlh ij_îhql_gb_ hl^Z\Zehkv `b\hlgufdhlhju_ g_ hlebqZebkv ij_^Zgghklv h^ghfm ohaybgmihkdhevdm [h]Zlu_ hohlgbdbex[bl_eb g_j_^dh ihjmqZxl ihbkdb jZg_gghc ^bqb gZ_fguf kem`bl_eyfb ohjhrZyhohlgbqvy kh[ZdZ ^he`gZmf_lv jZ[hlZlv kgbfb g_om`_q_f khk\hbf \eZ^_evp_f Gh ijh[e_fZklZgh\blky hq_gvk_jv_aghcdh]^Z fh^ZwlZ ]emi_crZy ba ]emi_crbo hkh[ `_gkdh]h iheZgZqbgZ_l ^bdlh\Zlv [_^ghc kh[Zd_dZdhc ^he`gZ[ulv __\g_rghklvb ba \k_o \hr_^rbo\ fh^mihjh^ g_gZc^_lky gb_^bghcqvb i_j\hgZqZevgh ij_djZkgu_ikbobq_kdb_ kihkh[ghklbg_ [ueb [u \ j_amevlZl_ ih]m[e_guLhevdh lZf]^_ wlm ihjh^m ijh^he`Zeb dmevlb\bjh\Zlv jZ^b ^_eZ[_a j_\_jZgkh\ \ klhjhgm fhûhgZ khojZgyeZ k\hbi_j\ha^Zggu_ ^hklhbgkl\Z GZ jh^bg_ rhleZg^kdhc h\qZjdb \k_ _s_ bf_xlky ebgbb\ dhlhjuo mp_e_eb bagZqZevgu_ kihkh[ghklbgh ihjh^bklu_ wda_fieyju[u\rb_ \i_j\u_ ]hû\_dZ ihke_^gbf djbdhfih \k_c ?\jhi_ih^\_j]ebkv ihqlb g_\_jhylghfm ijhp_kkm mfkl\_gghc ^_]jZ^ZpbbLhqgh lZd `_ ihdZ _s_kms_kl\mxl gZklhysb_ k_g[_jgZju \ fhgZkluj_ K\ylh]h ;_jgZjZ b gZ Lb[_l_gh \ P_gljZevghc ?\jhi_ fg_ ijboh^behkv \b^_lv lhevdh mfkl\_gguo g_^hghkdh\Dh]^Z ijZdlbq_kdZy ihevaZ i_j_klZ_l [ulvp_evx fh^_jgbaZpbbdZdhcgb[m^v ihjhû__ fh`gh kqblZlvh[j_q_gghc>Z`_ s_i_lbevghq_klgu_ \eZ^_evpu iblhfgbdh\dhlhju_ kdhj__ mfjmlq_f bkihevamxl kh[Zdmg_ hl\_qZxsmx \k_f g_h[oh^bfuf lj_[h\ZgbyfkqblZxl \iheg_ wlbqguf ihemqZlv ihlhfkl\h hl nbabq_kdb djZkb\uogh mfkl\_ggh hlklZeuo kh[ZdZ aZl_fb ijh^Z\Zlvwlbo s_gyl Ex[ysbc `b\hlguoqblZl_evêy dhlhjh]hy bibrm wlmdgb]m ih\_jv fg_lu ^h\hevghkdhjh i_j_klZg_rv]hj^blvky l_fqlh l\hy kh[ZdZ ihqlb lhqgh khhl\_lkl\m_l b^_Zevghfm nbabq_kdhfm klZg^Zjlm k\h_cihjhûZ lZdb_ __ikbobq_kdb_ g_^hklZldbdZd g_j\ghklvaeh[ghklv bebljmkhklv[m^ml jZa^jZ`Zlv l_[y \k_kbevg__ bkbevg__LZd qlh \dhg_qghf kq_l_ lug_khfg_gghba\e_d [u[hevr_ jZ^hklbba h[s_kl\Z mfghc\_jghc b ojZ[jhc kh[Zdbg_ [e_sms_cjh^hkeh\ghc q_f ba h[s_kl\_ k\h_]h q_fibhgZdhlhjuc\hafh`gh h[hr_eky l_[_\ p_eh_khklhygb_ DZd ym`_ mihfygmeijb hl[hj_nbabq_kdbo b ikbobq_kdbo q_jl \hafh`guhij_^_e_ggu_ dhfijhfbkkuwlh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky l_f nZdlhjhfqlh jZaebqgu_ qbklu_ ihjhû kh[Zd ^he]h_ \j_fy khojZgyeb emqrb_ q_jlu oZjZdl_jZihdZ g_ klZeb `_jl\hc fhûB \k_lZdb kh[Zqvb\uklZ\db hiZkgum`_ kZfb ih k_[_lZd dZd kjZ\g_gb_ qbklhihjh^guo kh[Zd ih wdkl_jv_jm g_fbgm_fh ijb\h^bl d dmevlb\bjh\Zgbx b ]bi_j[hebaZpbb l_o q_jldhlhju_kh[kl\_gghb hij_^_eyxl dZ`^mx ^Zggmx ihjh^m?keb ijhkfhlj_lv klZjbggu_jbkmgdb dhlhju_ \ :g]ebbgZijbf_j\hkoh^yl d kj_^gbf\_dZfb kjZ\gblv wlbbah[jZ`_gby kkh\j_f_ggufb ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb l_o `_ ihjhîhke_^gb_ gZqbgZxldZaZlvky aeufb dZjbdZlmjZfbgZ k\hbo hl^Ze_gguo ij_^dh\Hkh[_ggh wlhaZf_lgh gZqZmqZm \hr_^rbo \fh^m lhevdh \ihke_^gb_ ^_kylbe_lby< ^\Z^pZluo ]h^Zo qZmqZm \k__s_ hklZ\ZeZkvkh[Zdhcl_kgh k\yaZgghc k ^bdbfb nhjfZfb__ aZhklj_ggZy fhj^ZjZkdhku_ ]eZaZ b hklju_ mrb ijb^Z\Zeb _c lh qm^_kgh_ \ujZ`_gb_dhlhjh_ hlebqZ_l ]j_geZg^kdbo _a^h\uokh[Zd b^jm]bo eZ_ddhjhq_ ]h\hjy\k_o kh[Zd k kbevghc ijbf_kvx \heqv_c djh\b Kh\j_f_ggh_ jZa\_^_gb_ qZmqZm ijb\_eh dih^q_jdb\Zgbx l_o q_jldhlhju_ ijb^Zxlbf koh^kl\hk lhekluff_^\_^_ffhj^Z klZeZ dhjhldhc b rbjhdhcihqlb dZd m fZklbnZ]eZaZ mljZlbeb jZkdhkhklvZ mrb ihqlbbkq_aeb \]mklhc bêbgghc r_jklb RhleZg^kdb_ l_jv_ju \hl _s_ h^gZihjh^Zdhlhjmx y hq_gv ex[beb ikbobq_kdmx^_]jZ^Zpbx dhlhjhc hieZdb\ZxE_l ljb^pZlv iylv gZaZ^dh]^Z fhc rhleZg^kdbc l_jv_jkmdZ WebHgZ ke_^h\ZeZ aZ fghc ih iylZfkh[Zdb wlhcihjhû \k_ [_a bkdexq_gby h[eZ^Zeb h[jZaph\uf fm`_kl\hf b ij_^ZgghklvxGbdZdZy ^jm]Zy kh[ZdZg_ aZsbsZeZf_gy lZd ^h[e_klghdZd Webgb h^gmba gbofg_ g_ijboh^behkv lZd qZklh \ujmqZlv ba ko\Zlhd k gZfgh]h [he__ kbevgufb ijhlb\gbdZfbgb hlh^ghc yg_ ^he`_g[ue kiZkZlvklhevdh dhr_db gbh^gZ bagbodjhf_ Webg_ aZe_aZeZaZ dhrdhc gZ ^_j_\hDZdlh hgZaZ]gZeZ dhrdmgZ gb`gxxjZa\bedm keb\u dhlhjZy jhkeZ qmlv gZdehgghJZa\bedZ wlZgZoh^beZkv gZ \ukhl_ ie_q \ajhkeh]h q_eh\_dZgh Web h^gbf iju`dhf \ae_l_eZ gZ ^_j_\hAZl_f Web\kdhqbeZ gZ^h\hevgh lheklmx \_ldmgZ dhlhjhc[ueh jZkiheh`beZkvdhrdZ baZ]gZeZ ___s_ \ur_gh kZfZ g_ m^_j`ZeZkv b k\ZebeZkv gZgb`gbc kmd aZp_ib\rbkv __ aZ^gxx eZim b ihf_rZ\rbc miZklvijyfh gZ a_fexK_dmg^m Webijh\bk_eZ \gba]heh\hcihlhf k[hevrbf ljm^hf dh_dZd hiylv \ah[jZeZkv gZ jZa\bedm bijbgyeZkv yjhklgh eZylvgZ dhrdmdhlhjZy ijbfklbeZkvgZ ]b[dhc \_ld_ \k_]h \ f_j_ gZ^ g_cB \hllml ijhbahrehg_\_jhylgh_ Web hlqZyggh gZijy]eZ \k_ furpu b \af_lgmeZkv \\_jo Lhgdb_ \_ldbdhg_qghg_ fh]eb\u^_j`Zlv __\_kZgh aZlh hgZ mki_eZ mo\Zlblv dhrdmdhlhjZy _s_ g_kdhevdhk_dmg^ \bk_eZ gZ ^_j_\_bah \k_o kbe p_ieyykv aZk\hc kmqhd AZl_f hgb\f_kl_ ijhe_l_eb ^h[juoljb f_ljZb re_igmebkvgZ ljZ\mZ y [jhkbeky gZ ihfhsv dhrdmdhlhjmx Web g_ \uimklbeZohly iZ^_gb_ b h]emrbeh __DhrdZ hklZeZkv p_eZ b g_\j_^bfZgh Web g_kdhevdh g_^_evojhfZeZ baaZ jZaju\Z furpu ie_qZdhlhjuf hgZ klmdgmeZkvh[ a_fex< hlebqb_ hl dhr_dkh[Zdb hlgx^vg_ \k_]^ZiZ^Zxl gZq_luj_ eZiu LZdbfb [uebrhleZg^kdb_ l_jv_juljb^pZlv iylv e_lgZaZ^ \_^v Web \h\k_ g_ \u^_eyeZkv kj_^bijhqbo: l_i_jvy bkiulu\Zx ]g_lmsmx i_qZevdh]^Z gZ[ex^Zx ih\_^_gb_ gug_rgbo baysguokeh\gh \uj_aZgguo ba q_jgh]h ^_j_\Z ij_^klZ\bl_e_c wlhc ihjhû gZ mebpZo gZr_c<_guba^Z\gZ ex[b\r_c kh[ZdY agZxqlh fhydhkfZlZy Webk djb\uf mohf dhlhjh_ i_j_k_dZerjZfg_ fh]eZ[u khi_jgbqZlvgZ \uklZ\d_ k wlbfbohe_gufb djZkZ\bpZfb Gh aZlh hgblj_i_sml i_j_^kh[ZdZfbdhlhju_ k \ba]hf imklbebkv [ugZml_dih\klj_qZc hgbWeb ?s_ g_iha^gh?s_ gZc^mlkyrhleZg^kdb_ l_jv_judhlhju_ g_ hlklmiyl i_j_^ k_g[_jgZjhf b \p_iylky \ gh]mex[h]h q_eh\_dZihkf_\r_]h ohly[u ih\ukblv]hehk gZbo ohaybgZ Gh bo hklZehkv hq_gv fZehb kj_^b f_^Zebklh\kh[Zqvbo \uklZ\hd \u bo g_ gZc^_l_: ihlhfm y ohl_e[u aZ^Zlv ke_^mxsbc \hijhk l_fdlh aZgbfZ_lky jZa\_^_gb_fkh[Zd b bkdj_gg_ bgl_j_km_lkybo [m^msbfjZa\_ g_klhbeh [u \\b^_ bkdexq_gby ihemqblvihlhfkl\h hllZdhc \_jghcb fm`_kl\_gghc kh[Zdb^Z`_ _keb [u __ wdkl_jv_j aZf_lgh mklmiZe ]Zjfhgbqgh keh`_gguf r_^_\jZf kh\j_f_ggh]hiZjbdfZo_jkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z" I?J?FBJB? Kh[Zdb^Z`_ aZyêu_ hohlgbdbm^b\bl_evgh e_]dh mk\Zb\Zxlqlh hgb g_ ^he`gu ljh]Zlv ^jm]bo `b\hlguo h[blZxsbo \ lhf `_ ^hf_KZfu_ hli_lu_dhr_g_gZ\bklgbdb dhlhju_g_kfhljy gb gZ dZdb_ gZdZaZgbyijh^he`Zxl ]hgylky aZ dhrdZfb \ kZ^mg_ ]h\hjy m`_h[ mebp_[_a ljm^Z \umqb\Zxlky g_ihdmrZlvky \^hf_ gbgZ dhr_dgb gZ ^jm]bo `b\hlguoIhwlhfm y\k_]^Z agZdhfexkh[Zd k lhevdh qlh dmie_ggufb`b\hlgufb m k_[y\ dZ[bg_l_Ihq_fm kh[ZdZ\ kl_gZo ^hfZ klZgh\blky f_g__ djh\h`Z^ghcy g_agZxgh h^gh g_khfg_ggh\gmljb ^hfZ m]ZkZ_llhevdh __kljZklv d hohl_gh g_ d ^jZdZf<k_ fhb kh[Zdb \_ebk_[y hq_gv Z]j_kkb\gh k ex[hc qm`hc kh[ZdhcdhlhjZy hkf_eb\ZeZkv \hclb \ gZrbdhfgZluM f_gy g_[ueh kemqZyijh\_jblv wlb gZ[ex^_gby gZ ^jm]bo kh[ZdZolZd dZdy ijbgpbibZevghg_ [_jm k\hboikh\ kkh[hcdh]^Z b^mld ^jmavyfm dhlhjuo\ ^hf_ _klvkh[ZdZFghc jmdh\h^blijhklZy ^_ebdZlghklvb g_ lhevdh ihlhfmqlh kh[Zqvb^jZdb g_j\bjmxl[hevrbgkl\h ex^_c kZf y hlghrmkv d gbf kihdhcghlZd dZdfhb ikuh[uqgh [_jml \_jogh bihlhfmqlh mkj_^g_]h dh[_eyihy\e_gb_ \ _]h \eZ^_gbyo qm`h]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey _]h \b^Z \uau\Z_l j_ZdpbxfZehijbylgmx êy ohaycdb ^hfZM kh[ZdaZ^bjZgb_ gh]b bf__l kh\_jr_gghq_ldbc kfukedZd gbiZjZ^hdkZevgh lhqgh lhl `_qlh b kheh\vbgZy i_kgyWlh kihkh[ h[hagZq_gby ]jZgbp k\h_]h mqZkldZij_^mij_`^_gb_ \k_ qm`ZdZfqlh hgb \lhj]Zxlky gZ l_jjblhjbxdhlhjZy m`_ dhfmlh ijbgZê_`blIhqlb \k_fe_dhiblZxsb_ klZ\ylgZ k\hbo mqZkldZo iZomqb_ f_ldblZd dZd \ha^mo lZf b[_a lh]h ijhiblZg b__ kh[kl\_gguf aZiZohfb aZiZohf__ \eZ^_evp_\ Gh _keb qm`hc i_k beb qlh _s_om`_ ^Z\gh ba\_klguc aZdeyluc \jZ]ohly [u gZg_kdhevdh k_dmgî_j_klmibl ihjh] lhjfhays__ \ebygb_ \k_o wlbo fhf_glh\ lhlqZkbkq_aZ_l< wlhf kemqZ_ ex[Zy g_ kh\k_f [_koZjZdl_jgZykh[ZdZ khql_l k\hbf k\yluf ^he]hf mgbqlh`blv aZiZo \jZ]ZhklZ\b\ k\hc [he__ iZomqbcagZdD g_]h^h\Zgbxk\h_]h ohaybgZb hkh[_ggh ohaycdbwlhl qbklhiehlgucdhfgZlguc i_khlijZ\blky \ h[oh^ ^hfZ[_kklu^gh aZ^bjZy gh]m m dZ`^h]h lheZklmeZ beb rdZnZIh^mfZcl_ h[ wlhfij_`^_ q_f\u j_rbl_gZ\_klblv \eZ^_evpZ kh[Zdb\ khijh\h`^_gbbk\h_]h ikZ LZdbf h[jZahffbjhex[b_ kh[Zdb \__ kh[kl\_gghf^hf_ h[_ki_qb\Z_l [_ahiZkghklvlhevdh ihl_gpbZevghc^h[uq_gh g_ ^jm]bf kh[ZdZf<hafh`ghlml fuklZedb\Z_lky kba\_qghc b rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gghc \ fbj_ `b\hlguo hkh[_gghklvx ih\_^_gbyZ lhqg__kdZaZlvaZij_lhfBa\_klghqlh yklj_[u b ^jm]b_ obsgu_ilbpu g_hohlylky \hae_k\h_]h ]g_a^Z< g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc [ebahklb hl bo ]g_a^g_ jZah[gZjm`b\Zeb ]g_a^Z \yobj_ck iheghklvxhi_jb\rbfbky il_gpZfbkms_kl\mxl ih^l\_j`^_ggu_ k\_^_gbyqlh i_]Zgdb \u\h^beb mlyl \ h[blZ_fuo ebkvbo ghjZoH \hedZo khh[sZehkvqlh hgbg_ ljh]Zxl eZg_c\ujZsb\Zxsbo k\h_ ihlhfkl\h \ g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc [ebahklb hlbo eh]h\ZFg_ ij_^klZ\ey_lky \iheg_ \hafh`gufqlh bf_gghwlhl \_dh\hc aZdhgi_j_fbjby b h[tykgy_lihq_fm gZrZ^hfZrgyy kh[ZdZ mk_[y ^hfZ \_^_l k_[y lZdk^_j`Zggh kkZfufb jZagufb`b\hlgufb H^gZdh aZij_l wlhlg_ y\ey_lkyZ[khexlgufb lj_[mxlky kbevgu_ f_ju \ha^_ckl\byqlh[u fheh^Zykh[ZdZihegZy kbe b d lhfm `_ ZaZjlguc hohlgbdihgyeZqlh dhrdZ[Zjkmd ^bdb_ djhebdbfurb b ^jm]b_ `b\hlgu_k dhlhjufb hgZ hlgug_ ^he`gZ ^_eblv\gbfZgb_ k\h_]hohaybgZg_ lhevdhg_ ij_^gZagZqZxlky êy_ûgh g_ijbdZkZ_fuk\ys_ggu b\hh[s_ lZ[m< fhx iZfylvgZ\k_]^Z \j_aZehkvdZd fgh]he_l gZaZ^ y ijbg_k ^hfhcgZr_]h i_j\h]hdhl_gdZ wlh [ue LhfZk,b ihiulZeky \gmrblv fh_fm ikm ;meebaZyêhfm hohlgbdmgZ dhr_dqlh hg^he`_g hklZ\blv fZeurZ\ ihdh_Dh]^Z y \ugme dhl_gdZ ba dhjabgdb;meeb [jhkbeky dh fg_bkiheg_gguc jZ^hklgh]h ij_^\dmr_gbyhg ihhkh[hfm [Zkbklhk ih^\u\Zgb_f ih\ba]b\Zeqlh ^_eZe ebrv\ j_^dbokemqZyoZ klj_fbl_evgh \beyxsbc h[jm[hd_]h o\hklZihqlb ij_\jZlbeky \ kfmlgmx ihehkdmDhg_qgh;meeb g_ khfg_\Zekyqlh dhl_gdZ y ijbg_kki_pbZevgh êyg_]hqlh[u hgjZkijZ\beky k gbfihk\hckdb?]h m\_j_gghklvbf_eZ ih^kh[hc g_dhlhju_ hkgh\ZgbylZd dZd\ ijhrehfy g_jZa ij_a_glh\Ze_fm êy jZkijZ\u klZjuoiexr_\uo fbr_dbeb ljyibqguokh[Zq_dihlhfm qlh hg hq_gv kf_rgh l_jaZe k\hx ^h[uqmGh l_i_jvd [hevrhfm jZahqZjh\Zgbx ;meeby kh\_jr_ggh ykgh ^Ze_fm ihgylvqlh dhl_gdZ hgljh]Zlv gb \dh_f kemqZ_ g_^he`_g ;meeb [ue gZ j_^dhklv ^h[juf b ihkemrguf ikhfb yg_ hiZkZekyqlh hg ij_g_[j_`_l fhbf ijbdZahf b \k_lZdb gZ[jhkblky gZ dhl_gdZIhwlhfm y g_ \f_rZekydh]^Z hg ih^hr_e dfZeurm blsZl_evgh _]hh[gxoZeohly i_k [md\Zevgh ^jh`Ze hl \ha[m`^_gbyZ ]eZ^dZy ]eygp_\b^gZy r_jklvgZ ie_qZo b r__lZf]^_ ^he`gZ[ueZ [uû[blvky ]jb\Z aeh\_s_ ihl_fg_eZb ihlmkdg_eZ ;meeb g_ ljhgmedhl_gdZgh ijh^he`Ze \j_fyhl \j_f_gb h]eyû\Zlvky gZf_gy k[Zkbkluf \ba]hfdjmlblv o\hklhfdZd ehiZklvx we_dljbq_kdh]h \_glbeylhjZb ijblZgph\u\Zlv gZ \k_o q_luj_o eZiZoLZdbf kihkh[hf hg mijZrb\Ze f_gy ihkdhj__ iha\heblv_fm gZqZlv `_eZggmxb]jm ih]hgylvky aZ wlhc qm^_kghcb]jmrdhcko\Zlblv __b \kljyogmlvlZdqlh[u hgZ m`_ [hevr_ g_ r_\_ebeZkvGh y ijh^he`Ze\k_ [he__ dZl_]hjbq_kdb hl\_qZlv G_l]jhay mdZaZl_evgufiZevp_f b \ dhgp_ dhgph\ hg ihkfhlj_e gZ f_gy lZdkeh\gh khfg_\Zeky \a^jZ\hklb fh_]hjZkkm^dZhimklbe mrbbkimklbe kZfuc ]em[hdbc \a^hogZ dZdhclhevdh kihkh[_gnjZgpmakdbc [mev^h]\kiju]gme gZ^b\Zg bk\_jgmeky dZeZqbdhfK wlhc fbgmlu hgijhklh i_j_klZeaZf_qZlv dhl_gdZb \lhl `_ ^_gv y hklZ\be bo gZ_^bg_ hq_gv gZ^he]hagZyqlh fh]m iheh`blvky gZ k\hxkh[ZdmH^gZdhwlh \h\k_g_ hagZqZeh qlh `_eZgb_ jZkijZ\blvky k dhl_gdhf m ;meeb iheghklvx m]ZkehGZh[hjhldZ`ûc jZadh]^Z yaZgbfZeky dhl_gdhfb hkh[_ggh dh]^Z [jZe _]h gZ jmdb[_ajZaebqb_ ;meblhlqZk bkq_aZeh bhg db^Zekydh fg_hlqZyggh \_jlyo\hklhf blZd klmqZ eZiZfbqlh ihe kh^jh]ZekyIjb wlhfhg kfhlj_egZ f_gy kl_f `_\ujZ`_gb_f gZijy`_ggh[eZ`_ggh]h ij_^\dmr_gby dhlhjh_ haZjyeh_]h fhj^mdh]^Z hg bagu\Zehl ]heh^Zb y \ghkbe \dhfgZlm fbkdmk _s_g_ hklu\r_c_^hc < lh\j_fy y [ue_s_ hq_gvfheh^gh l_fg_ f_g__ f_gy ihjZabeh ijhklh^mrgh\_k_eh_ \ujZ`_gb_fhjû kh[ZdbdhlhjZy \k_f k\hbfkms_kl\hf `Z`^ZeZjZahj\Zlv b\ dehqvydjhohlgh]h dhl_gdZY m`_ ohjhrhagZe ijb\uqdb kh[Zqv_caehklbb fg_ [ueb hlebqgh agZdhfu l_ \ujZabl_evguc ^\b`_gbydZdbfb kh[ZdZ ^_fhgkljbjm_lg_gZ\bklvh^gZdh lmly \i_j\u_ihklb] bklbgmdhlhjZy bh]hjqbeZ bml_rbeZ f_gyZ bf_gghobsgbd m[b\Z_l [_a \kydhcg_gZ\bklbKh\_jr_ggh ykgh ohly \wlhc _klv dZdhclh iZjZ^hdkqlh obsgbdbkiulu\Z_l d`b\hlghfm dhlhjh_ hg gZf_j_gm[blvijbf_jgh l_ `_qm\kl\ZdZdb_ m f_gy \uau\Z_l ij_^gZagZq_ggZy gZ m`bg \_lqbgZdh]^Z y \ûoZx __ ^hghkysbckyba dmogbie_gbl_evguc ZjhfZlaZeh] ijbylgh]h \_q_jZ<_^v êyobsgbdh\ _]h`_jl\u aZeh] \h\k_ g_ [eb`gb_Mfm^jbkv \u \lhedh\Zlvev\mqlh ZglbehiZgZ dhlhjmx hohlblky_]h k_kljZZ ebk_qlh djhebd__ [jZl hgb[_a khfg_gbym^b\bebkv [ug_ f_gvr_q_f fu_keb [u gZf aZy\bebqlh gZr kZfuc aZdeyluc \jZ]wlh q_eh\_d Lhevdh l_ kms_kl\Zdhlhju_ g_ khagZxlqlh bo ^h[uqZ ih^h[gZ bfkZfbffh]ml m[b\Zlvg_ \uau\Zyhkm`^_gbyb \hl wlhclh [_a]j_rghklbls_lgh bs_lq_eh\_ddh]^Z hgiulZ_lky aZ[ulvqlh _]h `_jl\ZlZdh_ `_`b\h_ kms_kl\hdZd bhg kZfbeb \gmrZ_lk_[_qlh _]h \jZ]gZklhysbc ^vy\he b aZkem`b\Z_l khkljZ^Zgby^Z`_ f_gvr_q_f [_r_ggZykh[ZdZ < h^ghcba k\hbo k_\_jguoih\_kl_c >`_dEhg^hg k`mldhc j_Zebklbqghklvx hibku\Z_l ijhklh^mrgmx djh\h`Z^ghklv obsgbdh\;hevrZy klZy \hedh\ hdjm`beZ klhygdm iml_r_kl\_ggbdZm dhlhjh]h g_hklZehkv [hevr_ iZljhgh\Ih f_j_ lh]h dZdkbeu q_eh\_dZbkkydZxl\hedb klZgh\ylky\k_ [he__ ^_jadbfb b k\bj_iufb< dhgp_ dhgph\g_ \u^_j`Z\ mklZehklb b ^he]hc [_kkhggbpuhg g_gZ^he]h aZkuiZ_l m k\h_]h ^h]hjZxs_]h dhkljZD kqZklvxhg mki_\Z_l\h\j_fy ijhkgmlvky b \b^blqlh dhevph\hedh\ ijb^\bgmehkv[eb`_ L_i_jv _fmohjhrh \b^gubo fhjûb hg\^jm] aZf_qZ_lqlh bo ij_`g__ aeh[gh_m]jh`Zxs__ \ujZ`_gb_bkq_aeh ghku g_ gZfhjs_gu]eZaZ g_ ijbsmj_gu `_klhdhdeudb g_h[gZ`_gu mrb g_ ijb`Zlu d ]heh\_JuqZgb_ kfhedeh\hpZjbeZkv lbrbgZb ih\kx^m\hdjm] k_[yhg \b^bl^jm`_ex[gu_ kh[Zqvb fhjû k lhjqZsbfb mrZfb b rbjhdh jZkdjulufb ]eZaZfbB lhevdh dh]^Z h^bgba \hedh\g_l_ji_eb\h i_j_klmiZ_lk gh]b gZ gh]m b h[ebau\Z_lkyiml_r_kl\_ggbd \ m`Zk_hkhagZ_l `mldh_ agZq_gb_ wlhc ^jm`_kl\_gghc mkihdh_gghklb\hedb gZklhevdh mljZlbebkljZo i_j_^gbfqlh \b^yl\ g_f m`_g_ hiZkgh]h \jZ]ZZ eZdhfuc h[_^Y g_ khfg_\Zxkvqlh knhlh]jZnbjmc f_gy dlhgb[m^v k lhqdb aj_gby \ur_mihfygmlhc \_lqbgufh_ ebph gZkgbfd_ lh`_bklhqZeh [u h^gh [eZ]h^mrb_ >Z`_ fgh]h g_^_ev kimkly kZfh]h e_]dh]hagZdZ kfh_c klhjhgu [ueh [u ^hklZlhqghqlh[u ;meebm[be xgmxdhrdm H^gZdhg_ ihemqZylZdh]h jZaj_r_gbyhg g_lhevdh gZg__ g_ gZiZ^ZeghgZh[hjhlfm`_kl\_ggh aZsbsZe __hl ^jm]bo kh[ZdH[tykgyehkv wlh hlgx^vg_ l_fqlh hgiblZe dg_c kbfiZlbxZ\_jhylg__ \k_]hke_^mxsbf \a]ey^hf gZ kblmZpbxM` _keb fg_ g_ iha\heyxl jZa^_eZlvky kwlhc f_jadhc dhrdhc\ fh_fkh[kl\_gghf ^hf_lZd imklv`_ hgZb ^jm]hc kh[Zd_g_ ^hklZg_lky K kZfh]h gZqZeZ dhl_ghd g_ ijhy\eye \ ijbkmlkl\bb ;meeb gb fZe_crbo ijbagZdh\ kljZoZ\_jgh_ k\b^_l_evkl\h lh]hqlh m dhr_d g_l bgklbgdlZdhlhjuc ihfh]Ze[u bf ihgylv \ujZ`_gb_kh[Zqv_c fhjûY [ub \kydbcdlh \gbo jZa[bjZ_lkygZkf_jlv i_j_im]Zeky wlbo \a]ey^h\ bkiheg_gguo iehoh k^_j`b\Z_fh]hg_l_ji_gbyGh dhl_ghd b\ mk g_ ^meG_ ih^haj_\ZydZd hgjbkdm_lfZeur ihklhyggh iulZeky aZl_ylvb]jmlh \u^Z\Zy[mev^h]m ^jm`_kdb_Z\Zgku lh qlh [ueh ]hjZa^h hiZkg__ijb]eZrZy _]hih[_]Zlv aZ kh[hcHg ijb[eb`Zeky d ikm k \djZ^qb\hcfbghc blml `_ imkdZeky gZml_d \gZ^_`^_qlh lhl [jhkblky_]h ^h]hgylv < ih^h[gu_ fbgmlu fh_fm [jZ\hfm fZe_gvdhfm ;meeb lj_[h\Zehkv \k_ _]h kZfhh[eZ^Zgb_b ih_]h gZijy`_gghfm l_em ijh[_]ZeZ ^jh`v ih^Z\e_gghc kljZklbY Z[khexlgh m[_`^_gqlh dhrdb_keb lhevdhm gbog_l ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h bg^b\b^mZevgh]h hiulZg_ ihgbfZxl ^\b`_gbcdhlhjufb kh[Zdb \ujZ`Zxl k\hb qm\kl\Zohly wlb ^\b`_gby hq_gv koh^gu k bo kh[kl\_ggufbDhrdbgZoh^ysb_ky \^jm`_kdbo hlghr_gbyo k kh[ZdZfbqlh fh`_l ijb\_klb Z qZklhb ijb\h^bl d bo ]b[_ebY fgh]hjZa gZ[ex^ZedZd lZdZy dhrdZ k [_kkljZrguf ijhklh^mrb_f kfhljbl ijyfh \ ]eZaZ g_agZdhfhc kh[Zd_ohly lZ y\gh \hl\hl gZg__ [jhkblky Klhev `_j_^dh bkh[ZdZdhlhjZy ^jm`blk dhrdhcihgbfZ_l kfuke ihauijbgylhc jZkk_j`_gghc dhrdhcjZa\_ qlhhgZ agZ_l _]h ih ij_`g_fm ]hjvdhfm hiulmM^b\bl_evgh<_^v dZaZehkv [ukh[ZdZ fh`_l ihgylv \hjqZgb_ dhrdblZd ihoh`__ gZ__ kh[kl\_ggh_ DZdlh fuk Kxab_c lh]^Z [uehk_fv f_kyp_\ijbreb \ ]hklb d \eZ^_evpZf [hevrhc Zg]hjkdhc dhrdbdhlhjZy \klj_qZeZ fhx xgmx qZmqZm \u]gmlhc kibghc b aeh\_sbf mjqZgb_fKxab bmohf g_ih\_eZZ gZijZ\beZkvijyfh d dhrd_ bih\beb\Zy o\hklhf b k ex[hiulkl\hf ih^gy\ mrb ihlygmeZkv d g_c ghkhflhqgh d ^jm`_kdb gZkljh_gghc kh[Zd_>Z`_ ihemqb\ i_j\uc m^Zj dh]lbklhc eZihchgZ ih\b^bfhfmkhqeZqlh ijhbahreZ hrb[dZb g_hklZ\beZ ihiuldb aZ\yaZlv agZdhfkl\hKe_^mxsbc ^h\hevgh kbevguc m^Zjdhlhjuc h[jmrbekygZ __k_j_[jbklhk_juc ghklh`_ g_ h[b^_e __ ihgZklhys_fm hgZ lhevdh qbogmeZihl_jeZ ghk fhogZlhc s_gyqv_c eZihc b ij_ajbl_evgh hl\_jgmeZkv hl g_]hkl_ijbbfghc dbkdb Q_j_a g_kdhevdh g_^_ev hlghr_gb_ ;meeb d dhl_gdm baf_gbehkvY g_ agZxijhbahreh eb wlh \g_aZigh beb ^jm`[Z f_`^m gbfb dj_ieZ ihkl_i_ggh \ fh_ hlkmlkl\b_ DZdlh y m\b^_eqlh LhfZk hiylv b]jb\h ih^h[jZeky d [mev^h]m b lhlqZkm^Zjbeky \[_]kl\hD fh_fm m^b\e_gbxb m`Zkm;meeb \kdhqbe b dbgmeky aZ dhl_gdhfdhlhjuc kdjueky ih^ ^b\Zghf<lbkgm\ k\hx [hevrmx ]heh\m ih^ ^b\Zg;meeb ijh^he`Ze e_`Zlv \ wlhc iha_ bgZ \k_fhb jZkl_jyggu_ m]h\hju lhevdh [mjgh \beye dhjhldbfh[jm[dhf o\hklZWlh hlgx^v g_ hagZqZeh ^jm`_kdh]hjZkiheh`_gby d dhrd_lZd dZd;meeb \beye[u kg_ f_gvrbfiuehf_keb [u am[ZfbZ o\hklhf \ujZ`Ze [u kZfu_emqrb_ qm\kl\ZDZdhc wlh ihjZabl_evgh keh`guc f_oZgbaf fha]<ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby h[jm[dZ;meeb ke_^h\Zeh[u bklhedh\Zlv lZdFbeuc ohaybgih`ZemcklZg_ k_j^bkvghd fh_fm [hevrhfm kh`Ze_gbx\ ^Zggmx fbgmlm y kh\_jr_ggh g_ kihkh[_g hlimklblv wlm f_jadmx l\Zjv^Z`_ _keblu khql_rvgm`guf aZ^Zlv fg_lj_idm beb[h`_ miZkbhdZlblv f_gy oheh^ghc \h^hcGh l_i_jv ;meeb \beye g_ kh\k_f lZd: k_dmg^m kimklydh]^Zih^qbgyykv fh_c dhfZg^_hg \k_lZdb \u[jZeky baih^ ^b\ZgZLhfZk lh`_ \ue_l_e hllm^ZdZd imr_qgh_ y^jhiju]gme gZ [mev^h]Z\p_ibeky h^ghceZihc _fm \ r_x^jm]mx aZimklbe \ r_jklv gZ^ ]eZahf b g_fukebfuf h[jZahf \u\_jgm\ ]heh\_gdmihiulZeky mdmkblv _]h aZ]hjehGZ f]gh\_gb_i_j_^h fghc aZklueZm^b\bl_evgh ieZklbqgZy ]jmiiZlhqgh \hkijhba\h^b\rZy ba\_klgmxdZjlbgm agZf_gblh]h om^h`gbdZZgbfZebklZ <bev]_evfZ Dmg_jlZgZ dhlhjhc e_\ m[b\Z_l [mc\heZ wlbf `_ kZfuf Zjlbklbqguf ^\b`_gb_f ;meeb g_f_ê_ggh ihû]jZe LhfZkm\_kvfZ m[_^bl_evgh bah[jZab\ ^\b`_gby kjZ`_ggh]h [mc\heZHg ly`_ehmiZe gZ ]jm^vih^qbgyykv ju\dm djhohlguo eZihdb i_j_dZlbekygZ kibgm k lZdbf m[_^bl_evguf ij_^kf_jlguf ojbihfdZdhc kihkh[_g bkimklblvlhevdh kqZkleb\uc[mev^h] beb baûoZxsbc [mc\heDh]^Z ;meeb gZ^h_eh [ulv `_jl\hchg i_j_o\Zlbe bgbpbZlb\m\kdhqbe bkljyogme kk_[y dhl_gdZLhl imklbeky gZml_dgh ihqlb kjZam `_ iha\hebe k_[y ^h]gZlv i_j_dm\ujdgm\rbkv \\ha^mo_ hkh[ufkihkh[hfdhlhjuc y hibrm iha`_B y\i_j\u_ \`bagb klZek\b^_l_e_f h^ghcba gZb[he__ hqZjh\Zl_evguo b]jdZdb_ lhevdh [u\Zxl \fbj_ `b\hlguo DhgljZkl nhjf b ^\b`_gbc lheklh]h]eygp_\hq_jgh]h fmkdmebklh]h l_eZ kh[Zdb b ]b[dhc k_jhcdhrZqv_c nb]mju ihehkdZfb bklj_fbl_evghklvx lhqghih^h[ghc lb]jmkha^Z\Ze bamfbl_evgh_ aj_ebs_LZdb_ b]ju dhr_dk `b\hlgufbdjmig__ bo êy gZmdb bgl_j_kgu l_fqlh wlZ kbkl_fZ ^\b`_gbc imkdZ_lky \oh^ êymf_js\e_gby ^h[uqbb gbdh]^Z\ ^jZdZo Fg_ ijboh^behkv \b^_lv b ijbl\hjgu_b gZklhysb_dhrZqvb ^jZdbbgZkdhevdh y fh]m km^blv^_jmsZyky dhrdZlZdbo ^\b`_gbc g_ ^_eZ_l>h[uqZ\ r_x dhlhjhc gZiZ^Zxsbc \hgaZ_l dh]lbklZjZykv i_j_]jualv _c]hjeh kgbam^he`gZ [ulv djmig__obsgbdZgh gbgZrZ ^hfZrgyydhrdZgb __ ^bdbc ij_^hd aZih^h[ghc ^h[uq_cg_ hohlbebkvKe_^h\Zl_evghwlhl hq_gv bgl_j_kguc b[_amkeh\gh\h\k_ g_j_^dbc n_ghf_g \_jhylghh[tykgy_lky l_fqlh kbkl_fZ^\b`_gbc\hagbdrZy \ g_aZiZfylgu_ \j_f_gZb rbjhdhjZkijhkljZg_ggZy m jh^kl\_gguo ]jmii `b\hlguoêy ^Zgghc ]jmiiu mljZlbeZ k\hx i_j\hgZqZevgmx nmgdpbx ih^^_j`Zgby `bagb \b^ZH^gZdh hgZ khojZgbeZ gZke_^kl\_gguc oZjZdl_johly bkihevam_lkyl_i_jv lhevdh \b]j_ Ihke_ kf_jlbLhfZkZ ,ijhreh fgh]h e_lij_`^_ q_f fg_ \gh\v ^h\_ehkv m\b^_lvdZd b]jZxsZy dhrdZ ijh^_eu\Z_l ^\b`_gby m[bckl\Z [mc\heZGZ wlhl jZa ev\hf[ue k_j_[jbkluc ihehkZluc dhlaZ^mr_\guc ^jm] fh_c ihemlhjZ]h^h\Zehc ^hqdb >Z]fZjuDhl\kiuevqb\uc bf_g__ \k_]h ^h[jh^mrguckimkdZe ^_\hqd_hq_gv fgh]h_b ihdhjgh _c ih^qbgyekydh]^Z hgZ ijbgbfZeZkv lZkdZlv_]h ihdhfgZl_ ohly hg [ue h^gh]h k g_c jhklZb _]h ij_djZkguc\ k_j_[jbklhq_jguo dhevpZo o\hkl \k_]^Z \hehqbekyih ihem lZd qlh jZgh beb iha^gh >Z]fZjZ gZ g_]h gZklmiZeZ kihludZeZkv biZ^ZeZ gZk\hx dhrdmDhlmg_khfg_ggh^_eZ_l [hevrmx q_klv lhl nZdlqlh ^Z`_ \wlhf iheh`_gbbhg g_ dmkZeky b g_ pZjZiZekyH^gZdh hg hlu]jZekygZ\yau\Zy >Z]fZj_ jhev[mc\heZ;ueh gZj_^dhklv bgl_j_kghgZ[ex^Zlv dZd hg ih^kl_j_]Ze ^_\hqdmZ ihlhf iju]Zedj_idh h[o\Zlu\Ze __eZiZfb b\ib\Zeky am[Zfb \lm beb bgmxqZklv __ l_eZGhjZamf__lkyg_ \k_jv_aHgZ ijbgbfZeZkv \hiblvb lh`_[hevr_ \ rmldmFhy l_hjbyqlh wlb ^\b`_gby ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc j_ebdl [ueuo hohlgbqvbo ijb\uq_d ih^l\_j`^Z_lky l_fqlh \ b]j_ bf ij_^r_kl\m_l \_kvfZ j_Zebklbq_kdh_ h`b^Zgb_\ aZkZ^_b ih^djZû\Zgb_ >jm`[Z f_`^m ;meebb LhfZkh\\uoh^beZ ^Ze_dhaZ jZfdb \aZbfghc l_jibfhklbdhlhjZy ih\k_f_klghgZ[ex^Z_lky m kh[Zd b dhr_d`b\msbo \ h^ghf^hf_b ijhqghklv boijb\yaZgghklb ^hdZau\ZeZkv bo \klj_qZfb \g_ ^hfZ< wlbo kemqZyohgb h[f_gb\Zebkv ijb\_lkl\byfb dhl ke_]dZmjqZeZ i_k\beye o\hklhfWlh \h\k_g_ hagZqZ_lqlh kh[Zdbdhlhju_ klhev `_ l_jibfu k dhrdZfb ih^jm`_kdbh[yaZl_evgh [m^mlklhev `_ l_jibfu kgbfb bgZ mebp_M f_gy\ dZ[bg_l_gZrb gug_rgb_ kh[Zdb \iheg_fbjylky kijbkmlkl\b_f gZr_c ^h\hevghe_gb\hc dhrdhcZ Kxab ^Z`_ g_j_^dh b]jZ_l k g_cijbq_f dhrdZ kh\k_f g_[hblky kh[ZddjZ^_l mgbo _^mb eh\bl dhgqbdbbo o\hklh\ hgZ kebrdhf ZiZlbqgZqlh[u b]jZlv \ev\Z b [mc\heZH^gZdh \ ^jm]bo dhfgZlZo dhrdZ ^_j`blky[he__ gZklhjh`_ggh b lsZl_evgh ba[_]Z_l kh[Zd\ emqr_fkemqZ_ ^jZagy bo ba [_ahiZkgh]h f_klZ ih^ gbadbf ^b\Zghf beb hldm^Zgb[m^v khrdZnZIjh\hpbjh\Zlv `_ih]hgx aZkh[hc hgZ \kyq_kdb hkl_j_]Z_lky<h ^\hj___ ih\_^_gb_ kgh\Zf_gy_lky hgZ ijhy\ey_l y\guc kljZo i_j_^kh[ZdZfbijbq_f mg__ _klv êy wlh]h\k_ hkgh\ZgbylZd dZd<heqbdg_khfg_ggh bagu\Z_l hl`_eZgby aZljZ\blvdZdmxgb[m^v dhrdm?s_ [he__ gZlygmlu_ hlghr_gby kms_kl\h\Zeb f_`^mkmjh\uf k_j_[jbkluf ijbyl_e_f >Z]fZju bfh_c KlZkb< ^hf_KlZkb b]ghjbjh\ZeZ dhlZgh gZ ^\hj_ gZqbgZeZ hohlblvky aZ gbf k lZdbf mihjkl\hfqlhijbagZxkvdh]^Z hg h^gZ`û ijhiZe \bgh\gbp_c wlh]hlZbgkl\_ggh]h bkq_agh\_gbyy kq_eKlZkb ?keb ih^ h^ghc djh\e_c k kh[Zdhc `b\ml b ^jm]b_ q_l\_jhgh]b_ beb i_jgZlu_lhgZkdhevdh ljm^ghbeb e_]dh [m^_l _c kijZ\eylvky kh k\hbf hohlgbqvbf bgklbgdlhf aZ\bkbl hl lh]hdlh hgb lZdb_>Z`_ kZfh]h ZaZjlgh]h hohlgbdZ fh`gh [ukljhijbmqblv dlhfmqlh[u hg g_ljh]Ze jmqguo ilbpdZd ke_^m_l ba hl\_lZ ikZ DjZkZ\qbdZ _]h ohaybgm Dmi_jm Dh]^Z l\hcqb` miZe[_a kbe Ba de_ldbdZdlh me_l_e ?]h y^_jadh g_ko\Zlbe >Z[u g_ijh[m^blv l\hc]g_\ K\ys_gguf [uehg êyf_gy GbdZd g_eZdhfuf dmkdhf B lhevdhi_jvy g_`gh y ?fm ijb]eZ^beyaudhf Gh \gmrblv _fm lZdh_ `_ m\Z`_gb_ djZaebqguf f_edbf a\_jvdZf aZ^ZqZ qj_a\uqZcgh keh`gZyGZb[he__ kh[eZagbl_evgufb kh[Zd_ih\b^bfhfmij_^klZ\eyxlky djhebdbb lml g_ ke_^m_l iheZ]Zlvky ^Z`_gZ l_okh[Zd dhlhju_ gbdh]^Z g_ ljh]Zeb dhr_dWlh hlghkblkyb dfhbf kh[ZdZf KxabgZijbf_jg_ihgylgh ihq_fm g_ijhy\ey_l gb fZe_cr_]h bgl_j_kZ d ahehlbkluf ohfyqdZfgh ^Z`_ g_ ljm^blky kdju\ZlvdZd _c ohl_ehkv [u ijbdhgqblv hqZjh\Zl_evgh]h lmrdZgqbdZdhlhjuc kdZq_l gZ k\h[h^_ih fh_fm dZ[bg_lm b dhlhjh]h _c kljh]hgZkljh]h aZij_s_gh ljh]ZlvFgh]h e_l gZaZ^ y [ueg_kdZaZggh m^b\e_gdh]^Z ijbg_k ^hfhc fheh^h]h jmqgh]h [ZjkmdZ bihagZdhfbe _]hk lh]^Zrgbfb fhbfb kh[ZdZfbk\bj_iufb g_f_pdbfb h\qZjdZfb Y iheZ]Zeqlh wlhl g_agZdhfuc^bdbc a\_jvijh[m^bl \gbo om^rb_ hohlgbqvb bgklbgdlugh kemqbehkvh[jZlgh_[Zjkmd dhlhjuc ij_`^_ `be m e_kgbdZ bg_khfg_gghijb\ud d kh[ZdZf[_kkljZrgh ihr_egZ h\qZjhdb l_ohly h[gxob\Zeb _]h kg_ijb\uqghc hklhjh`ghklvxk kZfh]hgZqZeZ ijbagZeb \ g_f g_ ^h[uqmZ g_kdhevdh kljZggh]h qe_gZ kh[Zqv_]h ie_f_gbM`_ q_j_a^\Zljb qZkZhgb m\e_q_gghb]jZeb kgbf b ex[hiulghqlh ijb_fufhogZlh]h gh\bqdZ hdZaZebkvkebrdhf ]jm[ufb êy _]h lhgdhdh`bo lh\Zjbs_cdhlhju_ lhb ^_eh \a\ba]b\Zeb hl[hebB \k_lZdb b]jZ gbjZam g_ i_j_reZ\ ^jZdmKh[Zdb kjZam `_ iheh`bebkv gZ hk\_^hfe_gghklv [ZjkmdZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo aZij_lZo biha\heyeb _fm\Zeblv k_[y gZkibgmo\ZlZlv aZ ]hjehb ^mrblv\ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\beZfb b]judZd iha\hebeb[u wlhijbyl_eyfkh[ZdZf Ih\_^_gb_ \k_o fhbokh[Zd ihhlghr_gbx dijbfZlZf [ueh \_kvfZ k\h_h[jZagufFg_ ijbrehkvdZd ke_^m_l bo\urdheblv qlh[u k[_j_qv e_fmjh\b hkh[_gghhqZjh\Zl_evgmx kZfhqdm FZdkbaZ dhlhjhc kh[ZdbaZklZ\ __ \ kZ^mijh^he`Zeb hohlblvky ^Z`_ ihke_ \k_o ij_ih^Zgguomjhdh\<ijhq_f__ wlh lhevdh aZ[Z\eyeh^Z b hgb [uebg_ lZdm` \bgh\Zlu ihlhfm qlhFZdkb h[h`ZeZih^djZû\Zlvky dgbfsbiZlv aZ aZ^ beb ^_j]Zlv aZ o\hklqlh[u ihlhf m^bjZlv gZ ^_j_\h bjZkiheh`b\rbkv gZ [_ahiZkghc \ukhl_ijh\hdZpbhggh [helZlv o\hklhf gZ^ ]heh\Zfb jZatyj_gguo ikh\?s_ [he__ ^\mkfuke_ggufb [uebhlghr_gby FZdkbk dhrdZfbb \ qZklghklb k Imkkbohly y^\Z`û gZoh^be _c`_gboh\aZfm` hgZlZd b g_ \ureZ?_ i_j\uc ihdehggbd hke_iihqlb kjZam`_ ihke_ lh]hdZd y_]h dmibe`bagv `_\lhjh]h [_a\j_f_gghh[hj\Ze g_kqZklguc kemqZc: ihlhfm FZdkbhklZ\ZeZkv [_a^_lghcb dZd qZklh [u\Z_l \ ih^h[guo kblmZpbyoaZ\b^h\ZeZ kqZkleb\uf fZl_jyfh[j_f_gguf ihlhfkl\hfImkkb `_ h[aZ\h^beZkv ihlhfkl\hf ^\Z`û \ ]h^FZdkb ijhgbdeZkvd dhlylZf lZdhc`_ g_`ghc ex[h\vxdZdmx iblZ_ld gZrbf^_lyf fhy g_aZfm`gyy l_lmrdZgh_keb `_gZ[u\ZeZ lhevdhjZ^Z ihjmqZlv fZeur_c aZ[hlZf l_lb =_^\b]bImkkb kfhlj_eZgZ lZdb_ \_sb bgZq_HgZ bkiulu\ZeZ d FZdkb ]em[hqZcr__ g_^h\_jb_b lZdh]^Z __ ho\Zlu\Zeh ^_eZgb_ eZkdZlvb [Zeh\Zlv dhl_gdZ^he`gZ [ueZ ijb[_]Zlvd hkh[hclZdlbd_ h[uqgh ijbghkb\r_c_c ih[_^mDZd [ulsZl_evgh gb ijylZeZ Imkkb k\hbo^_l_cdZd [u[^bl_evgh gbklhjh`beZ boFZdkb \k_lZdb bo jZaukdb\ZeZ b[_krmfgh ih^djZ\rbkv kaZ^b ihobsZeZ dhl_gdZ?c [ueh kh\_jr_ggh ^hklZlhqghh^gh]h ^\mo hgZ gbdh]^Z g_ [jZeZFZeurZ hgZ^_j`ZeZ lZddZd ^_j`Zl fZe_gvdboe_fmjh\ bo fZl_jbijb`bfZeZ _]h d`b\hlm aZ^g_c eZihcLj_o k\h[h^guo eZi _c \iheg_ o\ZlZehêy lh]hqlh[u m[_`Zlv hldhrdb b jZgvr_g__ \kdZjZ[dZlvky gZ ^_j_\h^Z`_ _keb lZ kjZam `_ aZf_qZeZihoblbl_evgbpm b [jhkZeZkv \ ih]hgx g_f_ê_gghH[uqgh ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ aZ\_jrZehkv l_fqlh FZdkb kdhl_gdhf mkljZb\ZeZkvgZ kZfuo \_jogbo \_ldZodm^Z dhrdZ g_ fh]eZ aZg_c ke_^h\Zlvb ijbgbfZeZkv mih_ggh _]h gygqblvGZb[he__ \Z`gmx qZklv p_j_fhgbb khklZ\eyeb \jh`^_ggu_ bgklbgdlb\gu_ ^\b`_gby dhlhjufb hgZ ijb\h^beZ \ ihjy^hd r_jkldm fZeurZFZdkb kZfhaZ[\_ggh \uebau\ZeZ dhl_gdZ _fm wlZijhp_^mjZ hq_gv gjZ\beZkv b ]eZ\gh_ \gbfZgb_h[jZsZeZ gZl_ qZklbl_eZ dhlhju_ m \k_o feZ^_gp_\ lj_[mxlhkh[h lsZl_evgh]hmoh^Z Dhg_qghfu klZjZebkv dZd fh`gh kdhj__ hlh[jZlv m g__ dhl_gdZhiZkZykvdZd [u hgZg_ mjhgbeZ_]h gZa_fexgh wlh]hih ijZ\^_]h\hjygb jZamg_ ijhbahreh <hagbdZ_l ex[hiulguc \hijhkhl\_lZ gZdhlhjuc ylZd b g_ gZr_edZdbf h[jZahf FZdkb magZ\ZeZ \ dhl_gd_ feZ^_gpZ">_eh [uehg_ \\_ebqbg_d klhev`_ fZe_gvdbf gh \ajhkeuf a\_jvdZf hgZ hlghkbeZkv k iheg_crbf jZ\gh^mrb_fZ dh]^Z iha`_ LblZ ijbg_keZ s_gyl ex[\_h[bevgZy l_lmrdZijhgbdeZkv d gbf lZdhc `_ g_`ghklvxdZdhc hgZ ij_`^_iueZeZ d dhlylZfb __ qm\kl\Z gbkdhevdh g_ hkluebb ihke_lh]hdZd [ukljhjZa\b\Zxsb_ky h\qZjdb i_j_jhkeb__ \^\h_Ih fh_fm gZklhygbxLblZ ohly beb k[hevrhc g_hohlhciha\heyeZ FZdkbbaeb\Zlv gZ s_gyl __ g_m^h\e_l\hj_ggmx ihlj_[ghklv \ fZl_jbgkl\_DZdb_ jZau]ju\Zebkv aZ[Z\gu_ kp_gu b dZdb_ \hkoblbl_evgu_b]ju aZ\yau\Zebkv f_`^me_fmjhf bfhehûfb kh[ZdZfb Dh]^Z jh^beky fhc klZjrbc kugLhfZkFZdkb \hkijbgyeZ _]h dZdgZb[he__ ihôh^ysbc h[t_dlêy k\hboaZ[hl bqZkZfb ijhkb`b\ZeZ gZ djZx dheykdbEx^bg_ ijb\udrb_ d\b^m e_fmjh\\_jhylghbkiulu\Zeb `mldh\Zlh_ qm\kl\h\_^v g_ \kydbc kmf__l hl]Z^Zlv ih ^Ze_dh g_h[uqghfm h[ebdmwlbo kljZgguo kms_kl\dZd hgb gZ kZfhf ^_e_ fbeu b ijb\e_dZl_evguG_ihk\ys_ggu_ mkfZljb\Zxlqlhlh ijbajZqgh_ \ wlbo q_jguo ebqbdZo k q_eh\_q_kdbfb mrZfbmadbf ghkhfke_]dZ lhjqZsbfb kh[Zqvbfb am[Zfb b h]jhfgufb yglZjgh`_elufb ]eZaZfbajZqdb dhlhjuodZd m \k_oghqguo `b\hlguo^g_f km`Zxlky \djhohlgmx q_jgbevghq_jgmx lhqdm < ijhrehf ahheh]b h[t_^bgyeb wlm ]jmiim `b\hlguo ih^ gZa\Zgb_ e_fmjuijb\b^_gbyGh y ihjmqbe [u k\h_]h j_[_gdZ aZ[hlZf e_fmjZlZd `_kihdhcghdZd b kh[kl\_gghc l_l_FZdkb [ueZ kihkh[gZ ijbqbgblv _fm\j_^ g_[hevr_ q_f lZH^gZdh bf_ggh ex[h\vFZdkb dj_[_gdm bijb\_eZ d ljZ]bq_kdhfm dhgnebdlmhgZ j_\gh\ZeZ_]h daZdhgguf gygyf b \_eZ k_[y k gbfb gZklhevdh Z]j_kkb\ghqlh ijbrehkv h]jZgbqblv __ k\h[h^m<_^v dh]^ZFZdkb ijbkfZljb\ZeZ aZ j_[_gdhfhgZ g_ihîmkdZeZ dg_fm gbdh]hdjhf_ f_gy Kh\k_f g_ lZddZd k e_fmjhf^_j`Zebkv fhbkh[Zdb b dhrdb k gZklhysbfb h[_avygZfb[ueZ eb lh djhohlgZy fZjfha_ldZ beb kZfdZdZimpbg =ehjbydhlhjZy [ueZ qmlv ih[hevr_ ^hfZrg_cdhrdb Kms_kl\m_l rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_ggh_ aZ[em`^_gb_[m^lh q_eh\_q_kdbc \a]ey^ h[eZ^Z_l kljZgghc kbehcFZm]eb \hedb ba]gZeb bak\h_c klZb bf_gghihlhfmqlh g_ \u^_j`b\Zeb_]h \a]ey^Zb ^Z`_iZgl_jZ_]h emqrbc^jm]g_ fh]eZkfhlj_lv _fm ijyfh\ ]eZaZWlh km_\_jb_dZd bfgh]h_ ^jm]h_ohly b g_\k_kh^_j`bl a_jghbklbgu>ey ilbpb fe_dhiblZxsbo [_amkeh\ghfh`gh kqblZlv oZjZdl_jgufqlh hgbg_ kfhljyl ijyfh ^jm]gZ ^jm]Zbeb gZ q_eh\_dZdhlhjhfm ^h\_jyxllh _klv g_ kfhljyl ijbklZevghEbrv hq_gvg_fgh]b_ `b\hlgu_ h[eZ^Zxl l_fb hkh[_gghklyfb kljh_gby k_lqZldbdhlhju_ iha\heyxl q_eh\_dm \b^_lv ij_^f_lu hlq_leb\hM q_eh\_dZ p_gljZevguc mqZklhd \b^_lv k_lqZldb ^Z_l hlq_leb\h_ bah[jZ`_gb_Z i_jbn_jbq_kdh_ jZafulh_ihlhfm lhgZrb ]eZaZ \k_ \j_fy i_j_oh^yl k h^ghc lhqdb gZ ^jm]mxih hq_j_^b nbdkbjmy gZ dZ`^hc p_gljZevgmx qZklv k_lqZldb p_gljZevgmx yfdmFu \h\k_ g_ \b^bf \kx ho\Zlu\Z_fmx gZrbf \a]ey^hf dZjlbgmh^bgZdh\h q_ldhdZd hgZihemqZ_lky gZ nhlh]jZnbbM ih^Z\eyxs_]h [hevrbgkl\Z`b\hlguo nmgdpbb p_gljZevgh]h b i_jbn_jbq_kdbo mqZkldh\ k_lqZldb jZa^_eyxlky g_ lZdj_adhdZd m q_eh\_dZ>jm]bfb keh\Zfb i_j\u_ ^Zxlf_g__Z \lhju_[he__ q_ldh_bah[jZ`_gb_ Ihwlhfm `b\hlgu_dZd ijZ\behkhkj_^hlhqb\Zxl \a]ey^ gZ h^ghc lhqd_ ]hjZa^h j_`_ b gZ]hjZa^h [he__dhjhldh_ \j_fyq_f q_eh\_dHlijZ\vl_kv \ êbl_evgmxijh]medm kh k\h_c kh[Zdhc bihgZ[ex^Zcl_qZklh eb hgZkfhljbl gZ\Zk ijyfh<u h[gZjm`bl_qlh aZ g_kdhevdh qZkh\ wlh ijhbahc^_l jZaZ ^\Zg_ [hevr_b ih h^ghck \Zfb^hjh]_ hgZ b^_l keh\gh [u kemqZcghGZ kZfhf `_ ^_e_ kh[ZdZ ij_djZkgh \b^blohaybgZ i_jbn_jbq_kdbfaj_gb_f ;hevrZy qZklv `b\hlguokihkh[guo kfhlj_lv h[hbfb ]eZaZfb h^gh\j_f_ggh \h^gm lhqdmju[uij_kfudZxsb_ky ilbpu bfe_dhiblZxsb_ ihevamxlky wlhc kihkh[ghklvxlhevdh \ fhf_glu [hevrh]h gZijy`_gbydh]^Z bo \gbfZgb_ khkj_^hlhq_gh gZ dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_Q_eh\_d ihklhyggh nbdkbjm_l p_gljZevguc mqZklhd k_lqZldb lh gZ lhflh gZ ^jm]hfb fu hlf_qZ_f dZd g_dmx kljZgghklv_keb gZr kh[_k_^gbd \^jm] mklj_fbl \a]ey^ \ ijhkljZgkl\hM [hevrbgkl\Z `_`b\hlguo lZdhc\a]ey^ \ gbdm^Zwlh ghjfZ ?keb `b\hlgh_ gZ^he]hhklZgh\bl k\hc\a]ey^ gZq_flhwlh hagZqZ_l eb[h kljZoeb[h hij_^_e_ggu_ gZf_j_gbydZd ijZ\behg_ kmeysb_ gbq_]h ohjhr_]hh[t_dlm _]h\gbfZgby Nbdkbjh\Zgb_ \a]ey^Z m lZdh]h `b\hlgh]h\ kmsghklb jZ\ghkbevgh \aylbx gZ ijbp_e@_eZy ijb\_klb dhgdj_lgu_ ijbf_ju kemqZ_\dh]^Z fhy kh[ZdZkfhljbl gZf_gy ih^h[guf \a]ey^hfy ihke_^he]bo jZa^mfbcfh]m ijbihfgblvebrv ljb \hi_j\uodh]^Z y \oh`m\ dhfgZlm k__ fbkdhc\h\lhjuo \h \j_fy rmleb\uo ^jZdb\lj_lvbodh]^Z yj_adh __ hdebdZx>jm] gZ ^jm]Z `b\hlgu_kfhljyl ijbklZevghlhevdh i_j_^ l_fdZd ij_îjbgylv j_rbl_evgu_ ^_ckl\bybeb bkiulu\Zy kljZoIhwlhfm ^he]bc \a]ey^ êy gbo g_qlh \jZ`^_[gh_ b m]jh`Zxs__b mq_eh\_dZ hgb_]h jZkp_gb\Zxl dZd ijbagZd kZfuo q_jguo gZf_j_gbc< wlhfb aZdexqZ_lky \_kv k_dj_l kbeu q_eh\_q_kdh]h \a]ey^Z?keb y\g_aZigh hdZ`mkv \ h[s_kl\_ djmigh]h obsgbdZijbq_f gZkg_ [m^_l jZa^_eylv j_r_ldZb _keb_s_ g_ jZah[jZ\rbkv \ _]h hlghr_gbb dh fg_y aZf_qmqlh hg g_ kimkdZ_lk f_gy \a]ey^Z rbjhdh jZkdjuluo ]eZa dZd wlh ^_eZ_l \kydbc ghjfZevguc q_eh\_dh[sZykv k [eb`gbfblh]^Zg_ kdjhx y ki_rm j_lbjh\Zlvky_ebdh \hafh`gh[uklj_c< wlhfkemqZ_ kbeZ ev\bgh]h\a]ey^ZhdZ`_lky \_kvfZagZqbl_evghc < khhl\_lkl\bb k jZaebqbyfb \ kljh_gbb ajbl_evgh]h ZiiZjZlZ ijyfhc \a]ey^ m q_eh\_dZhagZqZ_l h[jZlgh_lhfm qlh hg agZf_gm_l m obsgbdh\ k_f_ckl\Z dhrZqvbo beb kh[ZqvboQ_eh\_ddhlhjuc g_kfhljbl fg_\ ]eZaZb \k_ \j_fy hl\h^bl \a]eyêb[h aZfurey_l \ hlghr_gbb f_gy qlhlh ^mjgh_eb[h [hblky f_gy \_^v kfms_gb_ wlh hij_^_e_ggZy kl_i_gv kljZoZLhqgh lh `_kijZ\_êb\h b êy `b\hlgh]hdhlhjh_ kqblZ_l gm`guf ijbklZevgh f_gy jZkkfZljb\ZlvWlb gZ[ex^_gby ih^kdZau\Zxl gZfdZd fu ^he`gu \_klb k_[ybf_y ^_eh k`b\hlgufbLhldlh ohq_l aZ\h_\Zlv ^h\_jb_ jh[dhc dhrdbg_j\ghc kh[Zdb beb bf ih^h[guo^he`_g \aylvaZ ijZ\behgbdh]^Z g_mklj_feylv gZ gbo ijbklZevgh]h \a]ey^Z ]heh^gh]h ev\ZKfhlj_lv gm`gh fbfhlZdqlh[u \Zrb ]eZaZhklZgZ\eb\Zebkv gZgbo dZd[u kemqZcgh bebrv gZkZfh_ dhjhldh_\j_fy =eZa `_ h[_avygu mkljh_g dZd q_eh\_q_kdbcM h[_avyg ]eZaZ lh`_ ihkZ`_gu \ q_j_i_ lZdqlh hgbkfhljyl ijyfh \i_j_^ b lhqghlZdbf `_h[jZahf nhdmkbjmxlkygZ hl^_evguo ij_^f_lZoIhkdhevdm h[_avygu gZ^_e_gu g_gZkulguf ex[hiulkl\hf b\ lh `_\j_fy gblZdlhfgb ^biehfZlbqghklvx \ h[s_gbb k^jm]bfb kms_kl\Zfbg_ hlebqZxlkyhgb hlqZyggh ^_ckl\mxl gZ g_j\u\k_f hklZevguf\ukrbf fe_dhiblZxsbfb \ hkh[_gghklb kh[ZdZf b dhrdZfLhdZd wlb ihke_^gb_ j_Z]bjmxl gZ h[_avygij_djZkgh ihdZau\Z_lbo hlghr_gb_d q_eh\_dmKh[Zdbdjhldb_ ihkemrgu_k q_eh\_dhfiha\heyxl ^Z`_ djhohlgufh[_avygZf lbjZgblvk_[y gZ \k_eZûFg_ gb jZam g_ijbrehkv aZsbsZlv fhbodZimpbgh\ bhl kZfuokbevguo b k\bj_iuo kh[ZdGZh[hjhly g_j_^dh [u\Ze \ugm`^_g aZklmiZlvky aZ kh[ZdmFZe_gvdbc [_eheh[uc dZimpbgWfbev dhlhjucg_khfg_gghihk\h_fm hq_gv ex[be Wfbev bkihevah\Ze _]h ihi_j_f_gghlh dZd\_joh\mx ehrZ^vlh dZd ]j_edm?keb [mev^h]ijh[h\Ze ohlv\ q_flh \hkijhlb\blvky `_eZgbyf wlh]h gZoZevgh]h djhrdbhg g_f_ê_ggh dZjZeky ihs_qbgZfb beb mdmkZfb?fm g_ jZaj_rZehkv \klZ\Zlv k ^b\ZgZihdZ Wfbev \hae_ g_]h ]j_ekyZ dh]^ZgZklmiZeh \j_fy dhjfblv;meeby \k_]^Zij_`^_ m^ZeyeWfbeybgZq_ hg kh\k_f aZfmqbe [u [_^gmx kh[Zdmohly _fmb \]heh\m g_ ijbreh [u \kZfhf ^_e_kt_klv g_ijbohleb\uckh[Zqbc h[_^ < p_ehf kh[Zdb \_^ml k_[y k h[_avygZfbkeh\gh k ba[Zeh\Zggufb baeufb ^_lvfbdhlhju_dZd ohjhrhba\_klgh fh]ml [_agZdZaZggh ^jZagblv^h[jh^mrguo kh[Zdb ihke_^gb_ g_ lhevdhbo g_mdmkyl q_]h hgb\iheg_ aZkem`b\Zxlgh ^Z`_ g_ aZjuqZlgZ gbo <k_qlh y ]h\hjbe h ih\_^_gbb kh[Zdih hlghr_gbxd ^_lyf\ agZqbl_evghckl_i_gb hlghkblkyb ddhrdZfH^gZdh dhrdb ^Ze_dhg_ lZdl_ji_eb\uohly bkghkyl hl^_l_c fgh]h [hevr_q_f hl \ajhkeuoQlh `_ dZkZ_lkyh[_avyglh LhfZk ,dh]^Z FZdkblZkdZeZ _]h aZo\hkl[_a \kydbodhe_[Zgbc k rbi_gb_f b \hjqZgb_f gZ]jZ`^ZeZ __ hie_mohc^Z b hklZevgu_ fhb dhrdb g_ om`_ g_]hmf_eb ihklZ\blvh[_avyg gZ f_klh<hafh`ghbf [eZ]hijbylkl\h\Ze lhl nZdlqlh h[_avygZfkh]eZkgh fhbf gZ[ex^_gbyfk\hckl\_g g_dhlhjuc ijbjh`^_gguc kljZo i_j_ôbsgbdZfb k_f_ckl\ZdhrZqvbo>\_ fhb fZjfha_ldb [ueb iZjZebah\Zgu m`Zkhf ijb \b^_qmq_eZ lb]jZ \ahheh]bq_kdhf fma__ohly h[_hgb jh^bebkv \g_\he_ b gbdZd g_ fh]eb bf_lv \ ijhrehf g_ijbylguo \klj_q k ih^h[gufb `b\hlgufbB h[_ hgb hq_gvhkl_j_]Zebkv dhr_d Fhc dZimpbg \gZqZe_ lh`_ hlghkbeky d dhrdZf ]hjZa^h ihqlbl_evg__q_f d kh[ZdZfohly dhrdbdhg_qgh[ueb aZf_lgh f_gvr_ihke_^gbo Fg_ g_gjZ\blky k_glbf_glZevgh_hq_eh\_qb\Zgb_ `b\hlguo F_gy \k_]^Z ke_]dZ ihlZrgb\Zehdh]^Z \ `mjgZe_ dZdh]hgb[m^v h[s_kl\Z aZsblu `b\hlguo y \b`m gZîbkv >h[ju_ ^jmavybeb _s_ qlhgb[m^v \ lhf`_ ^mo_Z gZ^ g_c nhlh]jZnbxgZ dhlhjhc dhrdZlZdkZ b aZjygdZ_^yl \ljh_f ba h^ghcfbkdb bebwlh kh\k_f m`g_kl_jibfhgh lZdmx nhlh]jZnbxy \b^_ekh\k_f g_^Z\gh kbZfkdZy dhrdZ b fZe_gvdbc Zeeb]Zlhj \hkk_^Zxl [hd h [hdjZ\gh^mrgh b]ghjbjmy ^jm]^jm]ZBkoh^y bak\h_]h kh[kl\_ggh]hhiulZy kqblZxqlh gZklhysZy ^jm`[Z f_`^m`b\hlgufb jZaguo\b^h\ qj_a\uqZcgh j_^dZIh wlhcijbqbg_ yb gZa\ZegZklhysmx ]eZ\m I_j_fbjb_Z g_>jm`[Z `b\hlguobeb dZdgb[m^v _s_\ lhf `_ jh^_<aZbfgZy l_jibfhklv wlh[_amkeh\ghg_ kbghgbf ^jm`[ub ^Z`_ dh]^Z `b\hlguo h[t_^bgy_l h[sbc bgl_j_k gZijbf_jdh]^Z hgb b]jZxl\f_kl_\k_lZdbdZd ijZ\beh g_evay ]h\hjblv[m^lh f_`^m gbfb kms_kl\m_l bklbggh_ ^h[jh`_eZl_evkl\h bm` l_f[he__ijhqgZy ^jm`[ZFhc \hjhg JhZdhlhjuc ijhe_lZe ih g_kdhevdh dbehf_ljh\qlh[u hlukdZlv f_gy gZ dZdhfgb[m^v ^mgZckdhf iey`_fhy k_jZy ]mkugy FZjlbgZdhlhjZy \klj_qZeZ f_gy k l_f [hevrbf \hklhj]hfq_f ^hevr_ y hlkmlkl\h\Zefhb ^bdb_fhehû_ ]mkZdb I_l_jb <bdlhjdhlhju_ fm`_kl\_gghaZsbsZeb f_gy hl gZkdhdh\ klZjh]h]mkZdZohly kZfbkf_jl_evgh _]h[hyebkv \k_ wlb`b\hlgu_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh [uebfhbfb ^jmavyfblh _klv gZrZ ijb\yaZgghklv[ueZ \aZbfghcHlkmlkl\b_ ih^h[guo qm\kl\ f_`^m `b\hlgufb jZaguo \b^h\ \ hkgh\ghf h[tykgy_lky yaudh\uf [Zjv_jhfY m`_ mihfbgZe h lj_gbyodhlhju_ \hagbdZxl f_`^m kh[ZdZfb b dhrdZfb ihlhfmqlh ebr_gu \jh`^_ggh]h ihgbfZgby kfukeZ ^Z`_ gZb[he__ \Z`guo ba ^_fhgkljZpbhgguo ^\b`_gbc ^jm]h]h \b^Z ^\b`_gbc hkhagZxsbc m]jhambeb ]g_\?s_ f_gvr_kihkh[gu hgb ihgbfZlv ijhy\e_gb_ [he__ lhgdbo hll_gdh\ ^jm`_kdbo wfhpbc>Z`_ hlghr_gby ;meebb LhfZkZ ,dhlhju_ [eZ]h^Zjykbe_ ijb\uqdb b [eZ]hijbh[j_l_gghc kihkh[ghklb d hij_^_e_gghfm \aZbfhihgbfZgbx ^hklb]ebdh_dZdhc ]em[bgu\k_lZdb _^\Z eb aZkem`b\Zxl gZa\Zgby^jm`[udZd bijbyl_evkdb_ b]juLblb b [ZjkmdZB l_f g_ f_g__ hlghr_gbywlbo ^\moiZj gZb[he__ ijb[eb`Zxlky d bklbgghc^jm`[_ f_`^m`b\hlgufb ^\mojZaguo \b^h\ ba \k_]hqlh fg_^h\_ehkv gZ[ex^Zlvm k_[y\ ^hf_ ]^_ gZ ijhly`_gbb^_kyldh\ e_lhq_gv fgh]h`b\hlguo kZfuo jZaguo \b^h\ `beb \ khklhygbb ijhqgh]h i_j_fbjby b \ mkeh\byodhlhju_ dZd [m^lh ^he`gu[ueb [ukihkh[kl\h\Zlv \hagbdgh\_gbx ^jm`[u IjZ\^Zfg_ h^gZ`û ijbrehkv klZlvk\b^_l_e_f kemqZy ihdZau\Zxs_]hqlh iylgbklmx ^\hjgy`dmb lj_op\_lgmx dhrdm dhlhju_ h[blZeb gZ n_jf_ g_ih^Ze_dm hl gZkk\yau\Zeb kh\_jr_ggh hkh[u_mauI_k [ueg_kbe_g bljmkh\Zl \hlebqb_ hl dhrdbdhlhjZy [ueZ gZfgh]hklZjr_ _]hbih\b^bfhfm ijhgbdeZkv m g_fmq_flh \jh^_fZl_jbgkdh]h qm\kl\Zdh]^Z hg [ue _s_ s_gdhfGZ wlhchkgh\_ keh`beZkvkZfZy l_kgZy ^jm`[Z f_`^m kh[Zdhcb dhrdhcdZdZy fg_ba\_klgZHgb g_ lhevdh \f_kl_ b]jZebgh b \hh[s_ ij_îhqblZebh[s_kl\h ^jm] ^jm]Z\k_fm hklZevghfm bwlh]h y[hevr_ gbdh]^Zgb]^_ g_ gZ[ex^ZehlijZ\eyebkv \^\h_f ]meylvih kZ^mb ^Z`_ih ^_j_\_gkdhc mebp_Bo g_h[uqZcguc khxa \u^_j`Ze kZfh_ kmjh\h_ bkiulZgb_dZdhfm fh`_l ih^\_j]gmlvky ^jm`[Z >\hjgy`dZ \oh^beZ \ qbkeh ijbagZgguo \jZ]h\ fh_]h njZgpmakdh]h [mev^h]Z]eZ\guf h[jZahf ihlhfmqlh [ueZ f_gvr_q_f hg\ hlebqb_ hlih^Z\eyxs_]h [hevrbgkl\Z ^jm]bo kh[Zd b ih[Zb\ZeZkv_]hDZdlh jZa ;meebgZklb] iylgbklh]h i_kbdZ gZ mebp_ b kh[jZekyaZ^Zlv _fmohjhrmx lj_idmOhlbl_ \_jvl_ohlbl_ g_lgh lj_op\_lgZydhrdZ ime_c \ue_l_eZ ba^hfZijhg_keZkv q_j_a kZ^\ukdhqbeZ gZ mebpmjbgmeZkv \[hcq_j_a iZjm k_dmg^h[jZlbeZ ;meeb\ [_]kl\h b ijh_oZeZ gZ g_flhqgh \_^vfZ gZ ihf_e_ ^h\hevghlZdb ihjy^hqgh_ jZkklhygb_?keb \hafh`gu lZdb_ ih^\b]blh l_f [he__ g_evay ]h\hjblv h^jm`[_lhevdh ihlhfmqlh jZkdhjfe_ggZy bne_]fZlbqgZy ]hjh^kdZy kh[ZdZb klhev `_ jZkdhjfe_ggZyb ne_]fZlbqgZydhrdZ _^ylba h^ghc fbkdbg_ [jhkZykv^jm] gZ^jm]Z A:;HJ Dhfm g_ ^h\h^behkv b^lb \^hev kZ^h\h]h aZ[hjZaZ dhlhjuf juqbl beZ_l [hevrZykh[ZdZ"HgZ [_kgm_lky]jua_l rlZd_lgbd hkdZe_ggufb deudZfbb dZ`_lkyqlh lhevdhhg f_rZ_l _c\hgablv bo\ \Zr_ ]hjehGh f_gy ih^h[gu_m]jhau g_ im]Zxlb y \k_]^Z hldju\Zxl dZebldm kihdhcghb [_a fZe_crbo dhe_[ZgbcKh[ZdZ l_jy_lkyg_ agZydZd ihklmiblv hgZ ijh^he`Z_l eZylvgh m`_ g_lZd ]jhaghb \_kv __ \b^y\gh ihdZau\Z_lqlh hgZgbdh]^Z g_iha\hebeZ [u k_[_ lZd g_bkl\h\Zlv_keb [u ij_^\b^_eZ lZdh_ g_ihql_gb_ k fh_cklhjhgu dk\ylhklb aZ[hjZ;u\Z_l ^Z`_ qlh ijb \b^_ hldju\Zxs_cky dZeblky hgZ hl[_]Z_l gZ g_kdhevdh rZ]h\ beZ_l m`_k [_ahiZkgh]hjZkklhygby ^jm]bf lhghfB gZh[hjhlhq_gv jh[dZykh[ZdZ beb\heddhlhjuc aZ ijmlvyfb de_ldb g_ijhy\eye gbdZdboijbagZdh\ \jZ`^_[ghklb beb lj_\h]bfh`_l [jhkblky \h\iheg_ j_ZevgmxZlZdm_^\Z dlhgb[m^v ihdZ`_lkygZ ihjh]_ Wlb gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ lbiu ih\_^_gby hibjZxlky gZh^bg b lhl`_ ikboheh]bq_kdbcf_oZgbafDZ`^h_ `b\hlgh_b \ qZklghklb djmigh_ fe_dhiblZxs__[_`bl hl [he__ kbevgh]h khi_jgbdZ_^\Z lhl ijb[ebablky gZ hij_^_e_ggh_ jZkklhygb_>bklZgpby [_]kl\ZdZd gZa\Ze wlh jZkklhygb_ ijhn_kkhj O_^b]_jhldju\rbc wlh y\e_gb_ m\_ebqb\Z_lky ijhihjpbhgZevgh kljZomdhlhjuc \gmrZ_l `b\hlghfm _]h ijhlb\gbdFh`gh kh\_jr_gghlhqgh hij_^_eblv lhqdmijb ^hklb`_gbb dhlhjhc `b\hlgh_ imklblky gZml_d _^\Z \jZ] ihky]g_l gZ ^bklZgpbx [_]kl\ZDjhf_ lh]h kms_kl\m_l klhev `_ hij_^_e_ggZygh agZqbl_evgh [eb`_ jZkiheh`_ggZy lhqdZijb ^hklb`_gbb dhlhjhc `b\hlgh_ \klmiZ_l \^jZdm k \jZ]hf< _kl_kl\_gguomkeh\byo ih^h[gh_ \lhj`_gb_ \ ij_^_eu djblbq_kdhc ^bklZgpbbl_jfbg O_^b]_jZijhbkoh^bl lhevdh \ ^\mo kemqZyo eb[h dh]^Z `b\hlgh_ aZo\Zq_gh \jZkiehoeb[h dh]^Z hgh ihdZdhclh ijbqbg_ g_ fh`_l h[jZlblvky \ [_]kl\h<ZjbZglhf i_j\hc \hafh`ghklb y\ey_lky kemqZcdh]^Z djmigh_`b\hlgh_kZfh kihkh[gh_ gZiZklv\b^bl ijb[eb`Zxs_]hky \jZ]Zgh g_ m[_]Z_lZ ijyq_lkyjZkkqblu\Zy hklZlvkyg_aZf_q_gguf?keb \jZ] _]h\k_lZdb h[gZjm`blhgh ^Z_lhlqZygguc [hcBf_ggh wlhl f_oZgbaf b ^_eZ_l lZdbf jbkdh\Zgguf ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ jZg_gghc djmighc ^bqbGZiZ^_gb_ gZ Z]j_kkhjZdhlhjuc i_j_klmibl ]jZgbpmdjblbq_kdhc ^bklZgpbbih^dj_iey_lky \k_f fm`_kl\hf hlqZygby bihlhfm gZb[he__hiZkghLZdZy j_Zdpby k\hckl\_ggZ hlgx^v g_lhevdh djmigufobsgbdZf hgZ hq_gv jZa\blZ mohfydZZ aZ]gZggZy\ m]hedjukZ aZsbsZ_lky lZd qlh \h fgh]bo yaudZo \hagbdeh \ujZ`_gb_>_j_lkydZd aZ]gZggZy \m]he djukZ Ihgylby ^bklZgpbb [_]kl\Z b djblbq_kdhc ^bklZgpbb ihfh]Zxl h[tykgblv ih\_^_gb_ kh[Zdb aZ aZ[hjhfdh]^Z dZebldZ aZdjulZ b dh]^Z hgZ hldjulZAZ[hj wd\b\Ze_gl_g agZqbl_evghfm jZa^_eyxs_fm jZkklhygbxkh[ZdZ ihaZ^bg_]h qm\kl\m_l k_[y \ [_ahiZkghklb b khhl\_lkl\_gghbkiheg_gZ ojZ[jhklbJZkiZob\ZxsZyky dZebldZ kha^Z_l m g__ hsms_gb_qlh \jZ] \^jm] j_adh ijb[ebabekyWlh fh`_l ijb\_klb d hiZkguf ihke_^kl\byf êy g_hiulguo ex^_c hkh[_ggh dh]^Z^_eh dZkZ_lky`b\hlguo \ ahheh]bq_kdhfkZ^m dhlhju_ ^he]h ijh`beb\ g_\he_b m[_`^_gu\ g_ijbklmighklb k\hbo de_lhdDh]^Z q_eh\_d hl^_e_g hl `b\hlgh]h ij_]jZ^hchgh qm\kl\m_lk_[y \[_ahiZkghklb _]h ^bklZgpby [_]kl\Z khojZgy_lky iheghklvxHgh ^Z`_]hlh\h \klmiblv\ ^jm`_kdbc dhglZdl k q_eh\_dhfklhysbf ih lm klhjhgm ijmlv_\Gh _kebwlhl q_eh\_dh[h^j_gguc l_fqlh `b\hlgh_ lhevdh qlh iha\hebeh ih]eZ^blv k_[y kd\hav ijmlvy g_h`b^Zggh \hc^_l\ de_ldm`b\hlgh_ fh`_l\ m`Zk_ dbgmlvky \ ^Zevgbc m]heZ fh`_lb gZiZklvihlhfm qlhb ^bklZgpby [_]kl\Zb djblbq_kdZy ^bklZgpby k bkq_agh\_gb_f[Zjv_jZ hdZaZebkv gZjmr_ggufbB lZdh_ `b\hlgh_[m^_ljZamf__lky h[\bg_gh \dh\Zjkl\_ Lhl nZdlqlh ijbjmq_gguc \hedgZ f_gyg_ [jhkbekyh q_f jZkkdZau\Z_lkygb`_y h[tykgyxfh_c hk\_^hfe_gghklvx \ wlbo aZdhgZoDZd y m`_ mihfbgZeh^gZ`û yihijh[h\Ze k\_klb fhx qZmqZm KlZkb k lZ_`guf \hedhfohly f_gy hl]h\Zjb\Zeb hlwlh]h gZf_j_gbylZd dZdhg keue \ahhiZjd_ qj_a\uqZcgh k\bj_iufB \k_ `_ y j_rbe jbkdgmlvgh ba ij_^hklhjh`ghklb êy gZqZeZihf_klbe bo\ ^\_khh[sZxsb_ky de_ldbKh_^bgyxsmx bo ^\_jv y kgZqZeZ ijbhldjuejh\gh gZklhevdhqlh[u KlZkbb \hed fh]ebijhkmgmlv \s_ev ghku b h[gxoZlv ^jm] ^jm]ZIhke_ wlhcp_j_fhgbb hgbh[Z aZ\beyeb o\hklZfbb g_kdhevdh fbgml kimkly y rbjhdh jZkiZogme ^\_jv b g_ jZkdZb\ZxkvlZd dZd f_`^mgbfb \k_kjZam ihreh dZdih fZkem Dh]^Z ym\b^_eqlh fhyKlZkb \_k_ehb]jZ_l k ]b]Zglkdbf \hedhf\h fg_ \g_aZighijhkgmehkv `_eZgb_ bkijh[h\Zlvk_[y gZ ihijbs_mdjhlbl_ey ^bdboa\_j_c b lh`_\hclb \ eh]h\h \hedZKd\hav ijmlvy hg a^hjh\Zeky kh fghc \_kvfZ ijb\_leb\hb g_ihk\ys_gghfmfh]eh [uihdZaZlvkyqlh y fh]m \hclb d g_fmgbq_f g_jbkdmyH^gZdh wlh [ueh[u \_kvfZ hiZkguf ij_îjbylb_fg_ agZc y h koh^kl\_jheb ijmlv_\ de_ldb b djblbq_kdhc^bklZgpbbY aZfZgbe KlZkbb \hedZ\ kZfmx ^Zevgxx ba jy^Z de_lhdba dhlhjuo êywlhc p_eb w\Zdmbjh\Ze iZjmkh[ZdrZdZeZ b]b_gmAZl_f yhldjue \k_ kh_^bgbl_evgu_ ^\_jpuf_ê_ggh \hr_e \ i_j\mx de_ldmb hklZgh\beky lZdqlh[u ohjhrh \b^_lv\_kv kd\haghcijhoh^ Gb KlZkbgb \hed kgZqZeZ f_gy g_aZf_lbeblZd dZdhgb klhyeb \ klhjhg_ hl \gmlj_gg_c ^\_jpugh \kdhj_ \hed aZ]eygme \g__ bm\b^_e f_gyB lhl`_ kZfuc\heddhlhjuc ij_djZkgh agZe f_gydhlhjuc kd\havijmlvy ebaZefg_ jmdb gZqbgZe jZ^hklgh iju]Zlvl_i_jv i_j_im]Zeky gZkf_jlv m\b^_\ f_gy \ g_kdhevdbo f_ljZog_ hl^_e_ggh]hhl g_]h ijmlvyfb?]h mrbhimklbebkvr_jklv gZ aZ]jb\d_m]jh`Zxs_ \klZeZ û[hfbhimklb\ o\hklf_`^m gh]Zfbhg k[ukljhlhc fhegbb hlkdhqbe hl ^\_jpuQ_j_a k_dmg^m hg\_jgmeky gZ ij_`g__ f_klh<b^ mg_]h \k__s_ [uebkim]Zggucgh r_jklv m`_ g_s_lbgbeZkvhg ijbgyekyf_gy jZa]eyû\Zlvqmlvqmlv dehgb\ ]heh\m gZ[hdAZl_f _]ho\hkl gZqZedhjhldh \beylv \k_ _s_ hklZ\Zykv f_`^m gh]ZfbY lZdlbqgh kfhlj_e \ klhjhgmlZd dZd ijbklZevguc \a]ey^ im]Z_l `b\hlguo \u\_^_gguo ba ^mr_\gh]h jZ\gh\_kby< wlhl fhf_gl f_gy aZf_lbeZ KlZkbBkdhkZ ih]eyû\Zy gZ ZgnbeZ^mde_lhdy m\b^_edZd hgZ]Zehihf ihfqZeZkvdh fg_Z ke_^hfaZ g_c \hedIjbagZxkvgZ k_dmg^m f_gyho\Zlbe `mldbckljZogh hg lml `_ jZkk_yekydh]^Z y h[gZjm`beqlh \hed ijb[eb`Z_lky dh fg_ g_mdex`_c b]jb\hc jukphcb keh\gh[u ihdZqb\Z_l ]heh\hc wlhdZd ba\_klgh \k_fgZ[ex^Zl_evguf ex[bl_eyf kh[ZdhagZqZ_l ijb]eZr_gb_ ihb]jZlv \f_kl_ Ihwlhfm ygZijy] \k_furpuqlh[u \u^_j`Zlv^jm`_kdbc iju`hd h]jhfgh]h a\_jyb ih\_jgmeky [hdhfjZkkqblu\Zy ba[_`Zlv ba\_klgh]h aeh\_s_]h m^ZjZeZiZfb \`b\hlG_kfhljy gZwlb ij_^hklhjh`ghklby hle_l_e d kl_g_ b [hevghklmdgmeky H^gZdh \hed ^_j`Zeky ^jm`_kdb b ^h\_jqb\hQlh[u ihgylv dZdh\h [ueh b]jZlv k gbfij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ kh[Zdm k ih^\b`ghklvx nhdkl_jv_jZb kbehc^Zlkdh]h ^h]Z\h \j_fy lhc b]ju fg_ klZeh ykghihq_fm \hedg_j_^dh [u\Z_lkihkh[_g kijZ\blky k p_ehc k\hjhc kh[ZddZd gbijbieyku\Ze y ih[hdk_jkdbfg_ lhb ^_ehijboh^behkv e_l_lvgZ ihe <lhjZy bklhjby haZ[hj_ k\yagZk ;meebb _]haZdeyluf \jZ]hf[_euf ribp_f`b\rbf \ ^hf_êbgguc madbckZ^ dhlhjh]h lygmeky \^hev mebpu b [ue h]hjh`_g a_e_guf rlZd_lgbdhf f_ljh\ \ ljb^pZlv êbghc>\Z gZrbo ]_jhy hijhf_lvx ghkbebkv \aZ^ b \i_j_^ ihh[_bf klhjhgZfwlh]h aZ[hjZaZeb\Zykv [_r_gguf eZ_f b hklZgZ\eb\Zykv gZ f]gh\_gb_ m ihke_^g_]h klhe[Zqlh[u i_j_^ l_fdZd ih\_jgmlv h[jZlghh[jmrblv gZ \jZ]Z mjZ]Zgguc \aju\ h[fZgmlhc yjhklbAZl_f \ h^bg ij_djZkguc^_gv \hagbdeZ \_kvfZ ^\mkfuke_ggZy kblmZpby aZ[hj gZqZeb qbgblv b iheh\bgm rlZd_lgbdZjZkiheh`_ggmx [eb`_d >mgZxjZah[jZeb lZd qlh l_i_jvhg f_ljh\q_j_a iylgZ^pZlvh[ju\ZekyFu k ;meeb kimklbebkv kgZr_]h ohefZgZijZ\eyykv dj_d_Ribp dhg_qghgZk aZf_lbe bm`_ ih^`b^Ze ;meebjuqZ b ^jh`Zhl \heg_gby \[eb`Zcr_f d gZfm]em kZ^ZKgZqZeZ ijhlb\gbdbih h[udgh\_gbx h[f_gyebkvm]jhaZfbklhy gZf_kl_Z aZl_f h[_ kh[ZdbdZ`^Zy gZ k\h_c klhjhg_ihfqZebkvdZd iheh`_gh \^hev aZ[hjZB lml ijhbahreZdZlZkljhnZ hgb g_aZf_lbeb qlh ^Zevr_ rlZd_lgbd [ue kgylb h[gZjm`bebk\hx hrb[dm lhevdh dh]^Z ^h[jZebkv^h ^Zevg_]hm]eZ]^_ bfiheZ]Zehkv kgh\Z h[eZylv^jm] ^jm]ZaZklu\ \ g_ih^\b`ghciha_Hgb b \klZeb\aû[b\ r_jklvb hkdZeb\deudbZ aZ[hjZlh f_`^m gbfb g_ hdZaZehkvEZc kjZam h[hj\ZekyB qlh `_hgb k^_eZeb"Lhqgh ihdhfZg^_h[Z ih\_jgmebkvihfqZebkv [hd h [hd d_s_ klhys_fmrlZd_lgbdm blZf \gh\vih^gyeb eZclhqgh gbq_]h g_ijhbahreh FGH=H RMF:BAA: F:E?GVDH=H>BG=H DZdlh \ iZkfmjguc ^_gv ]h^Z fg_ iha\hgbefhc [ebadbc ^jm]ijhn_kkhj :glhgbmk^bj_dlhj R_g[jmggkdh]h ahhiZjdZ <u ]h\hjbebqlh ohl_eb [u ^Zlv \Zr_c kh[Zd_gZ \hkiblZgb_ fZe_gvdh]h^bg]hR_klv ^g_cgZaZ^ h^gZba gZrbo ^bg]h hs_gbeZkvijb_a`Zcl_ g_f_ê_ggh b \u[_jbl_dZdh]h ohlbl_ MkeurZ\ wlm hr_ehfeyxsmxgh\hklvy lhlqZk `_[jhkbeky \ ahhiZjdohly m f_gy[ueh dZdh_lh \Z`gh_ ^_ehY e_]dh aZfZgbf kh\k_f jmqgmx b hq_gv ^h[jh^mrgmx fZlv^bg]h \ kf_`gh_ ihf_s_gb_Z kZf \u[jZe ba dhihrb\rboky\ ysbd_ ju`_\Zlhdhjbqg_\uo f_oh\uo dem[hqdh\ _^bgkl\_ggh]h dh[_evdZgZ dhlhjhf g_ [ueh gbdZdbo f_lhd k\b^_l_evkl\h\Z\rbo h lhfqlh _]h ij_^db [uebdh]^Zlh kimlgbdZfb q_eh\_dZ >bg]h wlh hq_gvbgl_j_kgh_ `b\hlgh_wlh _^bgkl\_ggh_ djmigh_ fe_dhiblZxs__g_ ijbgZê_`Zs__ d ih^deZkkm kmfqZluodhlhjh_ [ueh h[gZjm`_gh gZ :\kljZebckdhf dhglbg_gl_dh]^Z hg [ue hldjulIhfbfh ^bg]h\ukrb_ fe_dhiblZxsb_ [ueb ij_^klZ\e_gu lZf lhevdh g_kdhevdbfb \b^Zfb e_lmqbo fur_cdZdbflh h[jZahf i_j_[jZ\rboky \ :\kljZebxIjhqb_ `_ fe_dhiblZxsb_ h[blZl_eb wlh]h dhglbg_glZk hq_gv ^Z\gbo ihjij_[u\Zeb \]_h]jZnbq_kdhc baheypbbijbgZê_`Zeb bkdexqbl_evghd kmfqZluf\h fgh]hf _s_ hq_gv ijbfblb\gufDjhf_ lh]hlZf `beb_s_ bex^b l_fghdh`b_ Z[hjb]_gugZoh^b\rb_ky gZ i_j\h[ulghfmjh\g_ hgb g_ h[jZ[Zlu\Zeb a_fexg_ bf_eb^hfZrgbo `b\hlguob \b^bfhih dmevlmjghfmb ^moh\ghfmjZa\blbx klhyebaZf_lgh gb`_ k\hbo ij_^dh\dh]^Zlh ihk_eb\rbokylZfWlb ij_^db [ueb lZdbfb `_ohjhrbfb fhj_oh^ZfbdZd gug_rgb_h[blZl_eb Gh\hc =\bg_bLZdhc j_]j_kk Z[hjb]_gh\\hafh`ghk\yaZg k l_fqlh ^h[u\Zgb_ ibsb [ueh êyZ[hjb]_gh\ kjZ\gbl_evgh ijhklhc aZ^Zq_cfgh]b_ kmfqZlu_]emiub hohlZgZ gbog_ lj_[m_l [hevrhcbah[j_lZl_evghklb <hijhky\ey_lky eb ^bg]h gZklhys_c^bdhc kh[Zdhcbeb hg ijhbkoh^bl hl ^hfZrg_c kh[ZdbihiZ\r_c \ :\kljZebx \f_kl_ k i_j\ufb ihk_e_gpZfb\ua\Ze fgh]hkihjh\KZf y l\_j^h m[_`^_g \ ijZ\bevghklb \lhjhc \_jkbb<kydbcdlh ohjhrh agZdhfk nbabq_kdbfbijbagZdZfb h^hfZrgb\Zgbygb gZ f]gh\_gb_ g_ mkhfgblky \ lhfqlh ^bg]h ^hfZrg__ `b\hlgh_h^bqZ\r__ \lhjbqghMl\_j`^_gb_ ;j_fZ[m^lh ijh[_`dZ ^bg]h wlh ijh[_`dZgZklhys_c ^bdhckh[Zdbg_ gZ[ex^ZxsZyky gb m h^ghc ^hfZrg_c kh[Zdb\ dhjg_ g_\_jghwkdbfhkkdb_ kh[Zdb ]hjZa^h [hevr_q_f ^bg]h gZihfbgZxl k\hbfb ^\b`_gbyfb \hedh\ b rZdZeh\D lhfm`_ êy ^bg]h oZjZdl_jgu[_eu_ qmedbbeb a\_a^hqdbZ dhgqbd o\hklZ m gbo ihqlb \k_]^Z [_eucijbq_f mjZaguo hkh[_c wlb f_ldb jZkij_^_eyxlkyihjZaghfm hkh[_gghklvgbdh]^Z g_ gZ[ex^ZxsZyky m ^bdbo `b\hlguogh ihklhyggh \klj_qZxsZyky m\k_o ^hfZrgbo ihjh^Y g_khfg_\Zxkvqlh \ :\kljZebx ^bg]h ijb\_aq_eh\_d bqlh ^bg]hh[hkh[eyeky hl g_]h ihf_j_ lh]hdZd dmevlmjZZ\kljZebcp_\ j_]j_kkbjh\ZeZ Lhl `_ kZfuc nZdlhjdhlhjuc\hafh`gh\ua\Ze wlhl j_]j_kkf_êbl_evghklv [hevrbgkl\Z kmfqZluob e_]dhklv hohlu gZ gbo\_jhylghkihkh[kl\h\Ze biheghfm h^bqZgbx Z\kljZebckdhc kh[Zdb Fg_ ohl_ehkv khklZ\blv kh[kl\_ggh_ fg_gb_ hkmsghklb gZlmju ^bg]h b h _]h ih\_^_gbb k ^hfZrgbfbkh[ZdZfbZ ihlhfm y j_rbe\ujZklblv s_gdZ^bg]h m k_[y^hfZM^h[guc kemqZc ij_^klZ\bekydh]^Z K_glZfZlv KlZkbb kZfdZ^bg]h \ R_g[jmggkdhfahhiZjd_ aZ[_j_f_g_ebh^gh\j_f_ggh Y dZd jZa aZkmgme fh_]h ^bg]h \ ihjln_evdh]^Z :glhgbmk \g_aZigh\a]eygme gZqZku b\hkdebdgme ;h`_ fhcFg_ ihjZY ^he`_g [ulv gZ ihohjhgZo klZjbdZ <_jg_jZ: \ujZa\_ g_b^_l_" Dhg_qghb^mLml y\^jm] khh[jZabeqlh bf_ggh wlh \Z`gh_ ^_eh fZyqbeh \k_ \j_fy ]^_lh m f_gy \iZfylb Ijhn_kkhj Njbp <_jg_j[ue fhbfmqbl_e_fb y iblZed g_fm ]em[hqZcr__ m\Z`_gb_ \ gZrb ^gbljm^gh gZclbq_eh\_dZ dhlhjuc agZe [u `b\hlguo lZddZd hg?]h madhc ki_pbZevghklvx [ueZ ]_ji_lheh]bylh _klv hg aZgbfZeky Zfnb[byfb bj_ilbebyfbgh \lh `_\j_fy hg [ue\u^Zxsbfky ahheh]hf rbjhdh]h ijhnbeyb ijbgZê_`Zed lhfmgug_ ihqlb bkq_agm\r_fm lbimmq_guodhlhju_ kihkh[guk h^gh]h\a]ey^Z magZlv ex[h_ iheaZxs__beb e_lZxs__kms_kl\h?]h wjm^bpby [ueZ h]jhfgZ b ho\Zlu\ZeZ [md\Zevgh \k_deZkku `b\hlgh]h fbjZOh^blv k gbf gZ wdkdmjkbb[ueh klhev`_ bgl_j_kgh kdhev b ihmqbl_evghihlhfm qlh hg ihqlb [_adhe_[Zgbc kjZam `_ gZau\ZeijZdlbq_kdb ex[h_`b\h_ kms_kl\hL_dlh [u\Ze k gbf \ _]h fgh]hqbke_gguo wdki_^bpbyo\ K_\_jghc :njbd_ b gZ ;eb`g_f <hklhd_jZkkdZau\Zeb fg_qlh nZmgm wlbo h[eZkl_c hg agZe g_ om^_q_f nZmgm k\h_cjh^ghc kljZgu<^h[Z\hd ijhn_kkhj <_jg_j k [hevrbf mki_ohf jZa\h^be `b\hlguo \ g_\he_b y ihemqbe hl g_]hfZkkm k\_^_gbc hlhfdZd gm`ghkh^_j`Zlv l_jjZjbmfu B \hl l_i_jv y hdZaZeky \ \_kvfZ aZljm^gbl_evghf iheh`_gbby ohl_e hl^Zlv ihke_^gbc ^h] fh_fm ]em[hdh ihqblZ_fhfm mqbl_exgh \ lh`_ \j_fyfg_ gm`gh[ueh dZd fh`gh kdhj__ ^hklZ\blv ^bg]h d _]h ijb_fghc fZl_jb \ :evl_g[_j]H^gZdh y[ue m\_j_gqlh s_ghd[m^_l kihdhcgh kiZlv \l_iehf ]g_a^_dhlhjh_ y mkljhbeêy g_]h mk_[y \ ihjln_e_Z ihlhfm fu hlijZ\bebkv ba R_g[jmggZijyfh gZ deZ^[bs_Y gZ^_yeky aZl_jylvky ]^_gb[m^v \ dhgp_ ijhp_kkbbgh ijhn_kkhj <_jg_j [ue ohehklydhfb ihqlbg_ bf_e jh^kl\_ggbdh\b fu k :glhgbmkhfdZd mq_gbdb ihdhcgh]hdhlhjuo hg \k_]^Z hlebqZe\ugm`^_gu [uebb^lb aZ ]jh[hf \ i_j\uo jy^ZoB \hldh]^Z fuihegu_ bkdj_gg_]h ]hjyklhyeb i_j_^ hldjulhc fh]behc klZjh]h ahheh]Zba ]em[bgu fh_]h ihjln_ey \g_aZigh jZa^Zeky lhgdbcijhgabl_evguc \hiev \hiev s_gdZijbau\Zxs_]h fZlvY jZkkl_]gme ihjln_ev b kmgme \ g_]hjmdmqlh[u mlbohfbjblv fZe_gvdh]h ^bg]hgh hg lhevdh aZ\ba`Ze_s_ ijhgabl_evg__Fg_ hklZ\Zehkv h^ghihkdhj__ kdjulvkyY hklhjh`gh ijh[jZeky kd\hav ]mklmx lheimZ :glhgbmkdZd gZklhysbc ^jm]ihke_^h\Ze aZ fghcIh^Z\b\ kf_ohg kdZaZe Wlh hkdhj[behqm\kl\Z \k_odlh lZfijbkmlkl\h\Ze djhf_ klZjbdZ <_jg_jZB gZ ]eZaZo mg_]h ihdZaZebkv ke_au B dZd agZlv"<hafh`ghba \k_odlh klhyem fh]beu [eb`_ \k_o klZjhfmijhn_kkhjm [uebfu kfZe_gvdbf ^bg]h\ ihjln_e_ Ijb_oZ\ \ :evl_g[_j] k fhbf ihjln_e_cy kjZam `_ ijhr_e gZ l_jjZkmdhlhjZy gZ \j_fy [ueZ hl^ZgZ \ jZkihjy`_gb_ K_glub ij_ih^g_k _c Z\kljZebckdh]h dmdmrhgdZ>bg]h l_f\j_f_g_f mki_e hlqZygghijh]heh^Zlvky b l_i_jvg_ij_ju\gh kdmebe bih\ba]b\ZeK_glZ mkeurZeZ _]h _s_ ba^Zeb bgZijZ\beZkv fg_gZ\klj_qmlj_\h`gh gZ\hkljb\ mrbKh[Zdb \b^yl ^h\hevgh iehoh^Z K_glZ [ueZ bg_ gZklhevdh mfgZqlh[u khh[jZablvqlh __ fZeurbgZ f_kl_ @Zeh[gu_ \hieb^hghkb\rb_ky ba ihjln_eyjZa[m^beb \g_c fZl_jbgkdb_ bgklbgdlub hgZ m`_kqblZeZ g_\b^bfh]hs_gdZ k\hbf Y ba\e_d ^bg]h gZ k\_l b iheh`be ihkj_^b l_jjZku gZ^_ykvqlh hgZ kZfZ mg_k_l _]h dk_[_ \ysbd?keb \u ohlbl_qlh[u fe_dhiblZxsZy fZlv ijbgyeZ qm`h]h fZeurZ emqr_ \k_]h ihêh`blv _]h _c i_j_^ eh]h\hfb \gZb[he__ [_kihfhsghf \b^_< wlhf kemqZ_ dhihrZs__ky kms_kl\h klbfmebjm_l fZl_jbgkdbc bgklbgdl ]hjZa^h kbevg__b ijb_fgZy fZlv kdhj__\k_]h hklhjh`ghmg_k_l dk_[_ kbjhlm ih^[jhr_ggh]h kgZjm`b_keb `_ hgZ h[gZjm`bl _]h kj_^b k\hbo fZeur_clh \hkijbf_l dZd qm`ZdZ b kt_kl< hij_^_e_gghc f_j_ lZdh_ih\_^_gb_ ihgylghb kq_eh\_q_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby Gh ohly fZeurb mg_k_g\ eh]h\hwlh _s_g_ hagZqZ_l mkugh\e_gbyM gbarbo fe_dhiblZxsbo\jh^_ djukb fur_c qm`hc ^_l_gure_`Zsbc m ]g_a^Zg_j_^dh \uau\Z_lj_Zdpbx i_j_lZkdb\Zgbyih iha`_\ ]g_a^_hg hihagZ_lkydZd qm`Zd b [_a`Zehklgh ih`bjZ_lky?s_ [he__ we_f_glZjgh j_ne_dlhjghc bk lhqdb aj_gby q_eh\_dZ_s_ f_g__ ihke_^h\Zl_evghc ij_^klZ\ey_lky lZ nhjfZ fZl_jbgkdhc j_Zdpbb ijboh^Z gZ ihfhsvdhlhjZy kms_kl\m_l m fgh]bo ilbpIj_îheh`bf êy ijbf_jZqlh i_]ZgdZ\_^msZy \u\h^hdm\b^bl \jmdZo wdki_jbf_glZlhjZgZ^ju\gh ibsZs_]h ml_gdZ djyd\uI_]ZgdZ g_f_ê_ggh km^b\bl_evguf fm`_kl\hf [jhkblky gZ q_eh\_dZ b [md\Zevgh \uj\_l ml_gdZ ba _]h iZevp_\H^gZdh lZdh_ ijhlb\hj_qb\h_ ih\_^_gb_ hq_gv ijhklhijbau\guc djbd ml_gdZdjyd\u ihqlbg_ hlebqZ_lky hl ibkdZfhehûo i_]Zghdb hgqbklh j_ne_dlhjgh \uau\Z_lm fZl_jbi_]Zgdb klj_fe_gb_ ijbclb ml_gdm gZihfhsvH^gZdh imrhd il_gph\djyd\u aZf_lgh hlebqZ_lkyhl imrdZi_]ZghdZ ihlhfm kiZk_gguc [ueh ml_ghd \hkijbgbfZ_lky jy^hf k __ kh[kl\_ggufb mlylZfb dZdqm`Zdb _]h \bîh[m`^Z_l \g_c j_Zdpbx aZsblu \u\h^dZ lZd`_ qbklh j_ne_dlhjgmxB fZe_gvdZy djyd\u bail_gpZdhlhjh]h gZ^h kiZklb\g_aZigh ij_\jZsZ_lky \h\jZ]Zdhlhjh]h g_h[oh^bfhijh]gZlv>Z`_ m klhev \ukhdhjZa\blh]h \ ikbobq_kdhf hlghr_gbb fe_dhiblZxs_]hdZd kh[ZdZe_]dh fh`_l\hagbdgmlv lZdhc`_ \gmlj_ggbc dhgnebdl\ua\Zgguc ijhlb\hiheh`gufb ih[m`^_gbyfb j_ne_dlhjgh]hihjy^dZ FZe_gvdbc ^bg]h ihkdmeb\Zeb K_glZ dbgmeZkvd g_fm y\gh gZf_j_\Zykv mg_klb _]h \ ysbdHgZ ^Z`_ g_ hklZgh\beZkv h[gxoZlv _]hqlh[u m[_^blvkyqlh i_j_^g_c ^_ckl\bl_evgh __ kh[kl\_ggucs_ghd<f_klh wlh]h hgZkjZam `_ gZ]gmeZkv gZîeZqmsbf fZeurhfb rbjhdhhldjueZ iZklv ]hlh\ykv mo\Zlblv _]hêy i_j_ghkZkh[Zdb \wlbo kemqZyo aZ[bjZxl s_gdZ lZd ]em[hdh \ iZklvqlh hghdZau\Z_lky ihaZ^b deudh\dhlhju_ fh]eb [u _]h ihjZgblvB \wlhl fhf_gl \ gha^jb K_glu m^Zjbe qm`hc ^bdbcaZiZodhlhjuc ^bg]h ijb\_a kkh[hc baahhiZjdZHgZ \ m`Zk_hlijygmeZ b ijb wlhf\u^hogmeZ \ha^mo kdZdbflh dhrZqvbfrbi_gb_f gb ^hgb ihke_ fg_ g_ ijboh^behkv keurZlvqlh[u kh[Zdb bkimkdZeb ih^h[guc a\mdH^gZdh aZl_f hgZ kgh\Z gZijZ\beZkv d s_gdmhklhjh`gh ijbgxob\ZykvIjhreh g_ f_gvr_ fbgmluij_`^_ q_f hgZdhkgmeZkv _]hghkhfGh ihke_ wlh]h K_glZ \g_aZigh ijbgyeZkv h`_klhq_ggh\uebau\Zlv _]h rdmjdm fg_ [ueb ohjhrh agZdhfu wlb ijh^he`bl_evgu_ ih^kZku\Zxsb_ ^\b`_gby __ yaudZijb h[uqguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo kh[ZdZ kebau\Z_l lZdbf h[jZahf k gh\hjh`^_ggh]h s_gdZh[hehqdm ieh^gh]himaujy >ey lh]h qlh[u h[tykgblv __ ih\_^_gb_y ^he`_g[m^m g_kdhevdh hl\e_qvky< l_o kemqZyodh]^Z fe_dhiblZxsb_ fZl_jb ih_^Zxl k\hbo gh\hjh`^_gguo ^_l_gur_cwlh y\e_gb_ gZ[ex^Z_lky m ^hfZrgbo `b\hlguogZijbf_j m k\bg_c b djhebdh\Z bgh]^Z b \ iblhfgbdZo]^_ jZa\h^ylimrguo a\_j_cijbqbgZ h[uqghaZdexqZ_lky \dZdhflh ^_n_dl_l_o j_Zdpbcdhlhju_ ijb\h^yl d m^Ze_gbx ieh^ghch[hehqdbZ lZd`_ ieZp_glu b d i_j_]juaZgbx imih\bgu?^\Z ^_l_gur jh^blkydZd fZlv gZqbgZ_l ih^kZku\Zxsbfbeb`msbfb ^\b`_gbyfb ih^p_ieylv kdeZ^dm ieh^ghc h[hehqdb lZdbf h[jZahfqlh[u aZo\Zlblv__ j_apZfbb ZddmjZlghijhdmkblv Ijb wlhfghk __kfhjsb\Z_lkyZ j_apuhkdZeb\Zxlky ijbf_jgh lZd `_dZd ijb \udmku\ZgbbgZk_dhfuodh]^Z kh[ZdZ iulZykv ba[Z\blvky hl iZjZablh\`m_l kh[kl\_ggmxdh`m \ gZ^_`^_ ijbo\Zlblv ijb wlhf h^gh]h ba k\hbofmqbl_e_c Ihke_ lh]h dZdieh^gZy h[hehqdZlZdbf h[jZahf\kdju\Z_lky fZlv \k_]em[`_ b]em[`_ \kZku\Z_l __\ iZklv bihkl_i_ggh aZ]eZlu\Z_l^Zevr_ gZklmiZ_lq_j_a ieZp_glub kh_^bg_gghc k g_c qZklb imih\bguGZ wlhfwlZi_ ihdmku\Zgb_b \kZku\Zgb_ aZf_êyxlky b klZgh\ylky[he__ hklhjh`gufbihdZgZdhg_p k\h[h^guc dhg_pimih\bgu g_hldjmlblkydZd dhgqbdkhkbkdb b g_ [m^_l \ukhkZg ^hkmoZLmldhg_qghhi_jZpby ^he`gZ ij_djZlblkyD g_kqZklvxm ^hfZrgbo`b\hlguo ijhp_kkqZklh gZ wlhf g_ hklZgZ\eb\Z_lky< lZdhf kemqZ_ g_ lhevdh ijh]eZlu\Z_lky imih\bgZgh b jZkiZju\Z_lky [jxrdh gh\hjh`^_ggh]h \h[eZklb imidZ M f_gy [ueZ djhevqboZdhlhjZy ijh^he`ZeZ\uebau\Zgb_ ^h l_oihjihdZ g_kt_^ZeZ i_q_gvk\h_]h ^_l_gurZN_jf_ju b djhebdh\hû agZxlqlh k\bghfZld_beb djhevqbo_dhlhjZy bf__l h[udgh\_gb_ kt_^Zlv k\hc ijbieh^fh`gh \ wlhf \hkij_iylkl\h\Zlv_keb kjZam `_ aZ[jZlv m g__ gh\hjh`^_gguo ^_l_gur_c b ihêh`blv bo _c hqbs_ggufb b kmobfb g_kdhevdh qZkh\ kimklydh]^Z m g__ m]Zkg_l ihlj_[ghklv ih_^Zlv ieh^gmxh[hehqdm bieZp_glmYkghqlh wlb `b\hlgu_g_kfhljy gZ ih^h[gh_ hldehg_gb_h[eZ^Zxl Z[khexlgh ghjfZevgufb fZl_jbgkdbfb bgklbgdlZfb>jm]b_ kZfdb kf \iheg_ ghjfZevguf ih\_^_gb_fijbgZê_`Zsb_ d kZfuf jZaghh[jZaguf \b^Zf fe_dhiblZxsboba[Z\eyxlky hl f_jl\uo beb [hevguo gh\hjh`^_gguoih_^Zy bo>\b`_gby dhlhju_ hgb ijh^_eu\Zxllhqgh kh\iZ^Zxl kl_fbd dZdbf hgb ijb[_]Zxlih_^Zy ieh^gmx h[hehqdm b ieZp_glmb gZqbgZxl hgb_kl_kl\_gghk imidZ Fg_ dZdlh ^h\_ehkvgZ[ex^Zlv qj_a\uqZcghyjdbc ijbf_j lZdh]h ih\_^_gby \ R_g[jmggkdhf ahhiZjd_]^_ `beZq_lZ y]mZjh\ hjZg`_\h`_eluc kZf_p b \_ebdhe_igZy q_jgZy kZfdZdhlhjZy qmlv eb g_ _`_]h^gh ijbghkbeZij_djZkguo a^hjh\uo dhlyllZdbo `_q_jguodZd hgZkZfZ< lhf]h^m h dhlhjhf b^_l j_qvm g__ jh^bekylhevdh h^bgdhl_ghd obeuc aZfhjurL_f g_ f_g__hg ^hlygme^h ^\mo f_kyp_\ DZd jZa \ lh \j_fy y aZ]eygmed ijhn_kkhjm:glhgbmkmb dh]^Z fuijh]meb\Zykv ih ahhiZjdmih^hreb d de_ldZf k djmigufb obsgbdZfbhg kdZaZe fg_qlh y]mZj_ghd \ ihke_^g__ \j_fy gZqZe obj_lv b \jy^ eb \u`b\_l< wlm fbgmlm fZlv dZd jZa mfu\ZeZ_]hlh _klv\uebau\ZeZ k ]heh\u ^h gh]<hae_ de_ldb klhyeZom^h`gbpZihklhyggZy ihk_lbl_evgbpZ ahhiZjdZhq_gv ex[b\rZy `b\hlguoHgZ kdZaZeZqlh __ hq_gv ljh]Z_l aZ[hleb\hklvk dZdhcwlZ [hevrZy dhrdZ moZ`b\Z_l aZ k\hbf [hevguf fZeurhfGh :glhgbmk i_qZevghihdZqZe ]heh\hcb ih\_jgmekydh fg_ <hijhk gZ wdaZf_g_ki_pbZebklm ih ih\_^_gbx`b\hlguo qlh ijhbkoh^blk_cqZk kkZfdhc y]mZjZ" Y kjZam ihgyegZ qlh hg gZf_dZe< \uebau\Zgbb qm\kl\h\ZeZkv g_j\gZy lhjhieb\hklvb \g_f ijhkdZevau\ZeZ l_g^_gpby d ih^kZku\Zgbxdjhf_ lh]hy aZf_lbedZd fZlv ^\Z`û ih^kh\u\ZeZ ghkih^ [jxoh^_l_gurZf_lykv yaudhf\ imihdIhwlhfm yhl\_lbe GZqbgZ_lky dhgnebdlf_`^m j_Zdpb_cmoh^Z aZihf_lhf b klj_fe_gb_f kh`jZlvf_jl\h]h ^_l_gurZ >h[jhk_j^_qgZy om^h`gbdZ hldZaZeZkv wlhfmih\_jblvgh fhc ^jm]kh]eZkgh db\gmebd g_kqZklvxy hdZaZeky ijZ\ gZmljh fZe_gvdbcy]mZj bkq_a[_kke_^ghFZlv kt_eZ_]h <hl h q_f y \kihfgbe]ey^ydZd K_glZ \uebau\Z_l fZe_gvdh]h ^bg]hb g_ hrb[ky \ k\h_faZdexq_gbbQ_j_a fbgmlm^jm]mx hgZ ih^kmgmeZghk ih^s_gdZ bi_j_dZlbeZ _]h gZ kibgmAZl_f hgZ ijbgyeZkv lsZl_evgh \uebau\Zlv _]h imihd b \kdhj_m`_ gZqZeZijbo\Zlu\Zlv am[Zfbdh`m [jxrdZ >bg]h \a\ba]gme b ]jhfdh aZkdmebeKgh\Z K_glZ \m`Zk_ hlijygmeZkeh\gh ih^mfZ\Y k^_eZeZfZeurm [hevgh;ueh ykghqlh j_Zdpby moh^Z aZ ihf_lhf`Zehklv\ua\ZggZy \ba]hf\gh\v \ayeZ \_joK_glZ j_rbl_evgh ihlygmeZkvd ]heh\_ s_gdZkeh\gh gZf_j_\Zykv mg_klb _]h \ ysbdgh dh]^Z hldjueZ iZklvqlh[u \aylv _]hhgZ \gh\vhsmlbeZ kljZggucg_agZdhfuc aZiZob hiylvijbgyeZkv lhjhieb\hkh \k_f [hevrbf `Zjhf \uebau\Zlv ^bg]hihdZ \gh\v g_ msbigmeZ _]h aZ`b\hlHg hiylv \a\ba]gmehl [hebb hgZ hiylv hlkdhqbeZ \ m`Zk_Ihlhf \gh\v ih^hreZd g_fmgh ^\b`_gby __ klZeb _s_ lhjhieb\__yaud jZ[hlZe _s_ hlqZygg__Z ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ih[m`^_gby kf_gyebkv_s_ qZs_ hgZ gbdZdg_ fh]eZj_rblvmg_klb eb_c kbjhlmd k_[_ beb kt_klv _]hdZd g_`_eZggh]h b g_ijZ\bevgh iZogms_]h ih^dbûrZE_]dh [ueh aZf_lblvdZdb_ \gmlj_ggb_fmq_gby bkiulu\Z_l K_glZb \kdhj_ hgZg_ \u^_j`ZeZijbk_\ i_j_^ ^bg]h gZaZ^gb_ eZiuhgZ ih^gyeZ ghkd g_[m bbaebeZ k\h_ kfyl_gb_ \ ^he]hf \heqv_f \h_Lml y aZ[jZe g_lhevdh ^bg]hgh b\k_o s_gylK_gluihkZ^be \ dZjlhggmxdhjh[dm \hae_ dmohgghc ieblu b hklZ\be lZf gZ ghqvqlh[u hgb ohjhr_gvdh ihl_jebkv ^jm] h ^jm]Zi_j_f_rZ\ \k_aZiZob Dh]^Z gZke_^mxs__ mljhy hlg_kK_gl_ s_gylhgZ ijbgyeZ bo k g_dhlhjuf khfg_gb_f b ijbreZ \kbevgh_ \ha[m`^_gb_Gh \kdhj_ hgZ i_j_lZkdZeZbo \dhgmjmaZo\Zlb\ b fZe_gvdh]h ^bg]hijbq_f g_ i_j\uf b g_ ihke_^gbfZ kj_^bijhqbo H^gZdh iha`_hgZ jZkihagZeZ\ g_fqm`ZdZ bohly g_ \u]gZeZ b ^Z`_\kdZjfeb\ZeZ \f_kl_ khk\hbfb ^_lvfbdZdlh mdmkbeZ _]h aZ moh k lZdhc k\bj_ihklvxqlh moh wlh gZ\k_]^Z hklZehkv bkdZe_q_ggufb `Zeh[ghk\bkZeh gZ[hd D:D:Y @:EHKLVQLH HG:G? =H<HJBL <?>V HG:IHGBF:?L D:@>H?KEH<H DZd \i_qZlebl_evgZgZlmjZ dheeb >hklZlhqgh [u\Z_lkeh\Zqlh[u <haebdh\Ze hgbeb ijbmgue MMhlkhg >hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_ hlgx^v g_ f_g__ mfguq_f bo^bdb_ ij_^dbdZd wlh bgh]^ZkqblZxl;_kkihjghm fgh]boba gbo hj]Zgu qm\kl\ \ ba\_klghc kl_i_gb klZebjZ[hlZlv om`_Z g_dhlhju_ bgklbgdlu ijblmibebkvGh \_^vlh `_hlghkblky b d q_eh\_dmZ q_eh\_d \ha\ukbekygZ^ `b\hlgufbg_ \hij_db lZdhc mljZl_Z [eZ]h^Zjy _cKgb`_gb_ jhebbgklbgdlh\ bkq_agh\_gb_ `_kldbo jZfhddhlhjufb hij_^_ey_lkyih\_^_gb_ [hevrbgkl\Z `b\hlguo[ueb g_h[oh^bfhc ij_îhkuedhc êy ihy\e_gby hkh[hcqbklh q_eh\_q_kdhc k\h[hû ^_ckl\bc Ih^h[guf `_ h[jZahf b m ^hfZrgbo `b\hlguo m]ZkZgb_ g_dhlhjuo \jh`^_gguo nhjfih\_^_gby hagZqZ_lg_ mf_gvr_gb_ kihkh[ghklb d jZpbhgZevguf ^_ckl\byfZ gh\mx kl_i_gv k\h[hû?s_ \ ]h^m QHMZclf_g kdZaZeIh^h[gu_ ^_n_dlu bgklbgdlZ kZfbih k_[__s_ g_bgl_ee_dlgh hgb lZ jZkiZogmlZy ^\_jvq_j_a dhlhjmx fh`_l \hclb\_ebdbc mqbl_ev Hiulijbghky kkh[hc \k_qm^_kZ bgl_ee_dlZ <ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby b \uau\Z_fu_ bfbj_Zdpbb lZd`_ ijbgZê_`Zl d bgklbgdlb\gufgZke_^kl\_gguf nhjfZf ih\_^_gbyoZjZdl_jguf êy ^Zggh]h\b^Z<k_qlh `b\hlgu_ \_^msb_ ]jmiih\hc h[jZa `bagb\jh^_ ]Zehdk_juo ]mk_c beb obsgbdh\ k_f_ckl\Z kh[Zqvbobf_xl kdZaZlv ^jm] ^jm]mhlghkblky bkdexqbl_evgh d h[eZklb wlbo \aZbfhk\yaZgguo \b^hki_pbnbq_kdbo nhjf ^_ckl\bcb j_Zdpbc JR_gd_ev bamqbe \ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby m \hedh\ b ijhZgZebabjh\Ze bo agZq_gb_?keb fu kjZ\gbf keh\Zjv kb]gZeh\dhlhjuf jZkiheZ]Z_l \hed êy h[s_gby k k_[_ ih^h[gufbb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ kb]gZeu m gZrbo ^hfZrgbo kh[Zdfu h[gZjm`bf l_ `_ ijbagZdbmijhs_gby bklbjZgby dZdb_ gZoh^bf b \h fgh]bo ^jm]bo \jh`^_gguo \b^hki_pbnbq_kdbo nhjfZo ih\_^_gby<hafh`ghlZdb_ ^\b`_gby f_g__ q_ldh\ujZ`_gu ihj kjZ\g_gbx k\hedhfm`_ m rZdZeh\ wlhl \hijhkihdZ hklZ_lkyhldjulufgh gbq_]h m^b\bl_evgh]h \ wlhf g_ [ueh [uihkdhevdm m \hedh\ kljmdlmjZ khh[s_kl\Zg_khfg_gghhlebqZ_lky ]hjZa^h[he__ \ukhdbf mjh\g_f jZa\blbyq_f m rZdZeh\M kh[Zd\heqv_c djh\blZdbo dZd qZmqZmfh`gh h[gZjm`blv \k_ nhjfu \ujZ`_gby wfhpbck\hckl\_ggu_ \hedZfaZ bkdexq_gb_fl_o kb]gZeh\dhlhju_ \ujZ`Zxlky ^\b`_gbyfb beb iheh`_gb_f o\hklZO\hkl qZmqZm aZ\_jgml [ZjZgdhcb hgbnbabq_kdb g_ \ khklhygbbijh^_eu\Zlv wlb^\b`_gbygh l_fg_ f_g__m gbo ba ihdhe_gby \ ihdhe_gb_ i_j_^Z_lky gZke_^kl\_ggZy l_g^_gpby ihevah\Zlvky ki_pbnbq_kdb \heqvbfb o\hklh\ufb kb]gZeZfb<k_ fhb ihemdjh\dbdhlhju_ mgZke_^h\Zeb hl g_f_pdbo h\qZjhd ghjfZevguc aZ^ ^bdh]h h[jZapZ ijh^_eu\Zxl \k_ lbibqgu_ \heqvb ^\b`_gby o\hklhfdZdb_ gbdh]^Z g_ gZ[ex^Zxlky m qbklhihjh^guog_f_pdbo h\qZjhdb ^jm]bo kh[Zdk [hevr_cbeb f_gvr_c^hahc rZdZev_cdjh\b Ih \jh`^_gguf \ujZabl_evguf ^\b`_gbyfhkZgd_ b ihklZgh\d_ o\hklZ g_dhlhju_ ba fhbo kh[Zd klhyld \hedm ]hjZa^h [eb`_q_f hklZevgu_ _\jhi_ckdb_ ihjhûGh ^Z`_ fhb kh[Zdb \ wlhf hlghr_gbb ^Ze_dh mklmiZxl \hedmbo fbfbdZ f_g__ q_ldh \ujZ`_gZq_f m \hedZohly ^jm]bf kh[ZdZf ^h gbo ^Ze_dhHiulghfm ex[bl_exrZdZevbo kh[Zd wlh ml\_j`^_gb_ fh`_l ihdZaZlvky iZjZ^hdkZevguflZd dZd hg[_a khfg_gbyih^mfZ_l h[h[s_c kihkh[ghklb\ujZ`_gby jZaebqguo wfhpbcgh ylh lml ]h\hjxlhevdh h\jh`^_gguo ^\b`_gbyoMdZaZgguc \ur_ ijbgpbik\h^ysbcky dlhfmqlh hkeZ[e_gb_ \jh`^_gguo kl_j_hlbih\hldju\Z_l gh\u_]hjbahglu êy \hevgh]h bah[j_l_gbynhjf ih\_^_gbyjZkrbjyxsbo \hafh`ghklb ijbkihkh[e_gbygb]^_ g_ ijhy\ey_lkylZd ykgh dZd \ kihkh[ghklb \ujZ`Zlv wfhpbbQZmqZm ihqlblZd `_ dZd \hedh]jZgbq_gu ebrv fbfbdhck ihfhsvxdhlhjhc ^bdb_ `b\hlgu_ ^_fhgkljbjmxl ^jm] ^jm]m qm\kl\Z \jh^_ aeh[u ihdhjghklb beb jZ^hklbZ wlb fur_qgu_ ^\b`_gby hlghkbl_evgh fZehaZf_lgu\_^v hgbijbkihkh[e_gu dhkljhfm j_Z]bjh\Zgbxdhlhjh_ k\hckl\_ggh ^bdbf ij_^klZ\bl_eyf ^Zggh]h \b^ZQ_eh\_d \ agZqbl_evghckl_i_gb mljZlbe wlm kihkh[ghklvlZd dZd jZkiheZ]Z_l ohly bf_g__ lhgdbfgh aZlh gZfgh]h [he__ q_ldbf kj_^kl\hf h[s_gby j_qvx Ihkdhevdm m q_eh\_dZ_klv ^Zjkeh\Z_fm m`_ g_lj_[m_lky qblZlv ih ]eZaZf k\hbo [eb`gbo fZe_crb_ baf_g_gby \bo gZkljh_gbb;hevrbgkl\m ex^_cdZ`_lkyqlh fbfbdZ `b\hlguo djZcg_ kdm^gZh^gZdh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb^_eh h[klhbldZd jZa gZh[hjhlL_dlh ijb\ud d rZdZevbf kh[ZdZfg_ ihgbfZxl qZmqZmlhqgh lZd `_ebpZ `bl_e_c<hklhqghc :abb dZ`mlky _\jhi_cpZf g_ijhgbpZ_fufbH^gZdh gZlj_gbjh\Zgguc ]eZa kihkh[_g ijhqblZlv ih fhj^_ k^_j`Zggh]h \hedZ beb qZmqZm gbqmlvg_ f_gvr_q_f gZ[ex^Zy \ujZabl_evgmxfbfbdm rZdZevbo kh[ZdIjZ\^Zihke_^gb_ klhylgZ [he__ \ukhdhf bgl_ee_dlmZevghf mjh\g_ bo fbfbq_kdb_ ^\b`_gbyf_gvr_ aZ\bkyl hl \jh`^_gguo nZdlhjh\Hgb ih [hevr_c qZklb \umq_guZ bgh]^Z b aZgh\h bah[j_l_gu dZ`^hc ^Zgghc kh[ZdhcKh[ZdZ deZ^_l ]heh\m gZ dhe_gh ohaybgZ êy \ujZ`_gby k\h_c ex[\bg_ ih\_e_gbx `_kldh]hbgklbgdlZZ ihlhfm qlh lZdh_ ^\b`_gb_ ]hjZa^h [eb`_ d q_eh\_q_kdhc j_qbq_f yaudijb ihfhsb dhlhjh]h h[jZsZxlky^jm] k ^jm]hf ^bdb_`b\hlgu_ ?s_ [eb`_d ^Zjm j_qbklhbl bkihevah\Zgb_êy \ujZ`_gby qm\kl\Z dZdh]hlh aZmq_ggh]h ^_ckl\bygZijbf_j ijhly]b\Zgb_ eZiuFgh]b_ kh[Zdbh[mq_ggu_ ^Z\Zlv eZim ijhly]b\Zxl __ ohaybgm \ hij_^_e_gguokblmZpbyo kdZ`_f `_eZy mfbehklb\blv_]h bijhky ijhs_gb_Dlh g_\b^_edZd ijh\bgb\rbcky i_k lbohgvdh ihîheaZ_l d ohaybgmkZ^blky i_j_^ gbfijb`Z\ mrb d aZluedmb kqj_a\uqZcghc fbghc g_mdex`_ iulZ_lky ih^Zlv _fm eZimM f_gy [ueagZdhfuc im^_evdhlhjuc ih^Z\ZeeZim g_lhevdh ex^yfgh b^jm]bf kh[ZdZfijZ\^Zwlh j_^qZcr__ bkdexq_gb_lZd dZd ijb jZa]h\hjZok k_[_ih^h[gufb ^Z`_kh[ZdbjZkiheZ]Zxsb_ \ h[s_gbb k ohaybghf [h]Zluf j_i_jlmZjhf bg^b\b^mZevguo kj_^kl\ \ujZ`_gbyihevamxlky bkdexqbl_evgh \jh`^_gghc fbfbdhc k\hbo^bdbo ij_^dh\< p_ehffh`gh kdZaZlvqlh q_f kbevg__ jZa\blZ m kh[Zdb kihkh[ghklv d g_aZ\bkbfuf [eZ]hijbh[j_l_gguf beb k\h[h^gh bah[j_lZ_fufkj_^kl\Zf \ujZ`_gby wfhpbcl_f \ f_gvr_ckl_i_gb khojZgy_lkym g__ \b^hki_pbnbq_kdZy fbfbdZoZjZdl_jgZy êy ^bdbonhjfLZd gZb[he__ h^hfZrg_ggu_ kh[Zdb\ kj_^g_fgZb[he__ k\h[h^gub ]b[db \ k\h_f ih\_^_gbbohly bg^b\b^mZevgu_kihkh[ghklb b]jZxl lmlagZqbl_evgmx jhev Hq_gv mfgZy kh[ZdZih lbim ijb[eb`ZxsZyky d ^bdhc nhjf_fh`_l ijb hij_^_e_gguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo bah[j_klb [he__ ^hoh^qb\uc b keh`guc kihkh[ \ujZ`_gbylh]hqlh _c gm`gh khh[sblvq_f kh[ZdZf_g__ kdh\ZggZy \ k\h_f ih\_^_gbb bgklbgdlZfbgh aZlh g_lZdZy mfgZyHlkmlkl\b_ bgklbgdlZ wlh ^\_jvjZkiZogmlZy i_j_^bgl_ee_dlhfgh hlgx^v g_kZf bgl_ee_dl <k_qlh lml[ueh kdZaZghh kihkh[ghklbkh[Zdb \ujZ`Zlv k\hb qm\kl\Zih hlghr_gbx dq_eh\_dm\ _s_ [hevr_ckl_i_gb hlghkblky d __ kihkh[ghklb ihgbfZlv q_eh\_q_kdb_`_klu b j_qvFh`gh g_ khfg_\Zlvkyqlh l_ hohlgbdbdhlhju_ i_j\ufb \ bklhjbbq_eh\_q_kl\Z mklZgh\bebdhglZdl k^bdbfb kh[ZdZfbmf_eb ]hjZa^hlhgvr_ jZa[bjZlvky\ \ujZabl_evguo ^\b`_gbyo `b\hlgh]hq_f gug_rgb_ h[blZl_eb ]hjh^h\< dZdhclh f_j_ wlh [ueh boijhn_kkbhgZevguf dZq_kl\hflZd dZd hohlgbd dZf_ggh]h\_dZg_ mf_\rbc jZah[jZlvfbjgh eb gZkljh_g i_s_jguc f_^\_^v beb jZa^jZ`_g_kl_kl\_ggh gbdm^Z g_ ]h^bekyM q_eh\_dZ wlZ kihkh[ghklv g_ [ueZ bgklbgdlb\ghcZ ij_^klZ\eyeZ kh[hc aZf_qZl_evguc ieh^ h[mq_gbyjZa\blb_ wlhc kihkh[ghklb[ueh ihêbgguf ih^\b]hf b g_f_gvr_]h ih^\b]Zfu lj_[m_fhl kh[Zdbh`b^Zyqlh hgZ [m^_l ihgbfZlv q_eh\_q_kdmx fbfbdmb j_qv<jh`^_ggZy kihkh[ghklv `b\hlgh]h ihgbfZlv \ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby b a\mdb jZkijhkljZgy_lky lhevdhgZ [ebadhjh^kl\_ggu_\bûb g_hiulgZy kh[ZdZ g_ ihgbfZ_l ^Z`_ fbfbdZ ij_^klZ\bl_e_c k_f_ckl\Z dhrZqvboG_h[oh^bfh ihfgblv h[ wlhfqlh[u \ ^he`ghc f_j_ hp_gblvgZkdhevdh [ebadZ dihêbgghfm qm^m kihkh[ghklv kh[Zdb jZah[jZlvky \ q_eh\_q_kdhc fZg_j_ \ujZ`_gby wfhpbc DZd gb ex[ex y \heqvbo kh[Zd \hh[s_ b qZmqZm \ qZklghklby m[_`^_gqlh [he__h^hfZrg_ggu_ rZdZeu\ p_ehf ihgbfZxl qm\kl\Z k\hboohay_\ lhgvr_b emqr_Fhy g_f_pdZy h\qZjdZ LblZg_kjZ\g_ggh ij_\hkoh^beZ\ wlhf hlghr_gbb\k_o k\hbo \heqvbo ihlhfdh\lZd dZd hgZ kjZamihgbfZeZdlh fg_ gjZ\blkyZ dlhg_l Kj_^b fhbo kh[Zd kf_rZgghc ihjhû y g_baf_ggh ij_îhqblZe l_odhlhju_ mgZke_^h\Zeb wlmqmldhklvKlZkb gZijbf_jj_Z]bjh\ZeZ gZex[u_ ijbagZdbfh_]h g_a^hjh\vyb lj_\h`beZkvg_ lhevdh dh]^Z m f_gy [he_eZ]heh\Z beby dZreyegh bdh]^Z y ijhklh[u\Ze \^mjghf gZkljh_gbbK\h_ qm\kl\h hgZ\ujZ`ZeZ l_fqlh mf_jyeZh[uqgmx [hcdmx jukpm k ijblborbf\b^hf reZkljh]h m fh_cgh]blh b^_eh gZ f_gy ih]eyû\ZeZ bklhbeh fg_ hklZgh\blkyijb`bfZeZkv ie_qhf d fh_fmdhe_gmBgl_j_kghqlh hgZ \_eZk_[y lhqgh lZd`_ dh]^Z fg_ kemqZehkv oe_[gmlv ebrg_]hb fhy [he_agv \uau\ZeZ m g__ lZdmx lj_\h]mqlh __lhkdeb\h_ \heg_gb_ gZ\_jgh_ihf_rZeh [ufg_ klZlvivygbp_c^Z`_ _keb [u\h fg_ ijh[m^beZkv lZdZy gZdehgghklvOhly fhb kh[Zdb [eZ]h^Zjy ijhbkoh`^_gbx hlg_f_pdhc h\qZjdb\ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ h[eZ^Zxl kihkh[ghklvx ihgbfZlv ex^_c b \ujZ`Zlv kh[kl\_ggu_ wfhpbbg_l gb fZe_cr_]h khfg_gbyqlh wlb kihkh[ghklb g_kjZ\gbfh [hevr_ jZa\blu m g_dhlhjuokbevgh h^hfZrg_gguo rZdZevbokh[ZdBkoh^y bafh_]h ebqgh]hhiulZ iZevfm i_j\_gkl\Z \ wlhf hlghr_gbb y hl^Ze [u im^_ex kijZ\_êb\h keZ\ys_fmky khh[jZabl_evghklvxgZ \lhjh_f_klh y ihklZ\be [u g_f_pdmx h\qZjdmg_dhlhjuo ibgq_jh\ b [hevrh]h rgZmp_jZh^gZdhgZ fhc \dmk\k_ wlbkh[Zdb kebrdhf m` mljZlbeb k\hx i_j\h[ulgmx obsgmxijbjh^mHgb gZklhevdh hq_eh\_q_guqlh bf g_ o\ZlZ_l hqZjh\Zgby _kl_kl\_gghklbdhlhjh_ k\hckl\_gghfhbf ^bdbf\hedZf G_\_jgh ^mfZlv[m^lh kh[Zdb ihgbfZxllhevdh bglhgZpbx b ]emob d a\mdh\hfm khklZ\m keh\ZBa\_klguc agZlhd ikbobdb `b\hlguo KZjjbk g_hkihjbfh ^hdZaZewlh^Z\ k\hbf lj_f g_f_pdbf h\qZjdZf bf_gZ OZjjbk:jbk bIZjbkDh]^Z ohaybg ijbdZau\ZeOZjjbk beb :jbkbeb IZjbkf_klh \klZ\ZeZ b i_qZevgh ie_eZkv d k\h_c ih^klbed_bf_ggh lZ kh[ZdZdhlhjmx hg gZa\ZeK lZdhc `_lhqghklvx dhfZg^Z \uihegyeZkv b lh]^Zdh]^Z hgZ ih^Z\ZeZkv ba khk_^g_c dhfgZluqlh bkdexqZeh dZdhcgb[m^v g_\hevguc ih^kdZau\Zxsbc `_klFg_ bgh]^Z dZ`_lkyqlh mfgZykh[ZdZ ijb\yaZggZy d ohaybgmkihkh[gZ magZ\Zlv g_ lhevdh hl^_evgu_ keh\Zgh b p_eu_ njZauDh]^Z y]h\hjbeFg_ ihjZ b^lbLblZ b KlZkbg_f_ê_ggh \kdZdb\Zeb^Z`_ \l_o kemqZyodh]^Z y klZjZl_evgh khojZgye g_cljZevguc \b^b ijhbaghkbe wlm njZam [_a dZdhceb[h hkh[hc bglhgZpbbK ^jm]hc klhjhgugb h^ghc ba wlbo keh\ijhbag_k_gguo \ ^jm]hf dhgl_dkl_g_ \uau\Zehm gbogb fZe_cr_cj_Zdpbb Ba \k_o ba\_klguofg_ kh[Zdemqr_ \k_]hmf_e ihgbfZlv q_eh\_q_kdb_ keh\Z [hevrhc rgZmp_j :nnjb kmdZ ijbgZê_`ZsZy beexkljbjh\Z\r_ckh fghcwlm dgb]m om^h`gbp_ \ qv_c ijZ\^b\hklb y g_ khfg_\Zxkv:nnjb ihjZaghfm j_Z]bjh\ZeZ gZkeh\Z dZlpmriZlpbGZpbb wcdZlpb hagZqZxsb_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh dhl_ghd\hjh[mr_ddebqdm jmqgh]h _`bdZ \ l_ ^gbiheblbq_kdbc l_jfbggZpb_s_ g_ \hr_e \h[boh^b [_ehqdZ LZdbf h[jZahf\eZ^_ebpZ :nnjbgbq_]h g_ agZy h[ wdki_jbf_gl_ KZjjbkZijh\_eZ ijZdlbq_kdb lZdh_ `_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ b ihemqbeZ ZgZeh]bqguc j_amevlZlIjb keh\_ dZlpbr_jklv gZ aZ]jb\d_ :nnjb \klZ\ZeZ û[hf b hgZ ijbgbfZeZkv \ha[m`^_gghh[gxob\Zlv iheykgh ihdZau\Zyqlh h`b^Z_l \klj_qbk ijhlb\gbdhfdhlhjuc [m^_laZsbsZlvkyAZ \hjh[vyfb hgZ]hgyeZkv lhevdh\ xghklbZ aZl_fihgyeZ \kx [_agZ^_`ghklv wlbo ihiulhd b k l_oihj h]eyû\ZeZbog_ ^\b]Zykv k f_klZb kfhlj_eZbf \ke_^kh kdmqZxsbf\b^hf ?`bdZ GZpb:nnjb g_gZ\b^_eZ ijhklhihlhfmqlh hg [ue_`hf mkeurZ\ _]hdebqdmhgZ klj_f]eZ\[jhkZeZkv dfmkhjghc dmq_ ]^_ h[blZe^jm]hc _`jueZ eZiZfbkmob_ ebklvyb eZyeZk lhc [_kkbevghc aeh[hcdhlhjmx \uau\Zxl \kh[ZdZo wlbdhexqb_ kha^ZgbyIjb keh\_`_ wcodZlpb:nnjb aZ^bjZeZ]heh\m b _keb g_ \b^_eZ [_edbgZqbgZeZ i_j_[_]Zlv hl ^_j_\Z d ^_j_\mih^h[gh fgh]bfkh[ZdZf kiehobf qmlv_fhgZ h[eZ^ZeZ ij_djZkguf aj_gb_fb \b^_eZ ^Zevr_b emqr_[hevrbgkl\Z k_[_ ih^h[guoDjhf_ lh]hhgZ ihgbfZeZ kb]gZeuih^Z\Z_fuc jmdhcgZ qlhkihkh[gu ^Ze_dhg_ \k_kh[ZdbB _s_hgZ agZeZ bf_gZ ih f_gvr_c f_j_ ^_\ylb ex^_c b[_`ZeZ dgbf q_j_a dhfgZlm_keb bogZau\Zeb ih bf_gbIjb wlhfhgZ gbdh]^Z g_ hrb[ZeZkv ?keb wlb wdki_jbf_glu ihdZ`mlky g_\_jhylgufb ahhikboheh]mjZ[hlZxs_fm eZ[hjZlhjbb_fm ke_^m_l \kihfgblvqlh ih^hiulgh_ `b\hlgh_gZoh^ys__ky \k_]^Z\ ihf_s_gb_ihemqZ_l ]hjZa^h f_gvr_ dZq_kl\_ggh jZaebqguo \i_qZle_gbcq_f kh[ZdZih\kx^m khijh\h`^ZxsZy k\h_]h ohaybgZKh[Zd_ ]hjZa^h ljm^g__Zkkhpbbjh\Zlv hij_^_e_ggh_ keh\h k khhl\_lkl\mxsbf^_ckl\b_fdhlhjhfm __ h[mqbebgh dhlhjh_ _c g_ bgl_j_kghq_f k\yaZlv gZa\Zgb_ lZdhc aZfZgqb\hc ^h[uqbdZd dhl_ghd\hjh[_c b l^k kZfhc wlhc ^h[uq_c< eZ[hjZlhjbb hl kh[Zdb j_^dh m^Z_lky ^h[blvky \uiheg_gbyklhev ljm^ghcaZ^ZqbdZd jZkihagZ\Zgb_ dhgdj_lgh]h keh\Zihlhfm qlhm g__ hlkmlkl\m_lg_h[oh^bfuc êy wlh]h bgl_j_klml kebrdhf fZeh\Ze_glghkl_cdZd ]h\hjyl ahhikboheh]bEx[hc \eZ^_e_p kh[Zdb h[yaZl_evgh klZedb\Z_lky k ih\_^_gb_fdhlhjh_ g_\hafh`gh\hkkha^Zlv \ eZ[hjZlhjguo mkeh\byoOhaybg ]h\hjbl jZ\gh^mrghg_ ijhbaghky bfy kh[ZdbG_ agZx\_klb __ bebg_lGh kh[ZdZ m`_ \kdZdb\Z_l\bey_l o\hklhf b iju]Z_l hl \ha[m`^_gbyihlhfm qlh ij_^\dmrZ_l ijh]medm?keb [u ohaybg kdZaZeIjb^_lky __ \u\_klbkh[ZdZ ih^gyeZkv[u ihkemrgh[_a hkh[h]h bgl_j_kZ: kdZ`b ohaybgG_ly jZa^mfZe __ \u\h^blvb gZklhjh`_ggu_ mrb i_qZevgh himklylkyohly ]eZaZ [m^ml ihij_`g_fm k gZ^_`^hc mklj_fe_gu gZ ohaybgZB ijb hdhgqZl_evghf j_r_gbb HklZ\ex __ ^hfZkh[ZdZ mgueh hlhc^_lb kgh\Zey`_l Ihijh[mcl_ ij_^klZ\blv k_[_dZdb_ keh`gu_ wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ijhp_^mju ihlj_[mxlkyqlh[u ^h[blvky ZgZeh]bqguo j_amevlZlh\ \ bkdmkkl\_gguo mkeh\byo eZ[hjZlhjbbb dZdhc mlhfbl_evghc [m^_l ih^h[gZy ^j_kkbjh\dZ D kh`Ze_gbxfg_ gb jZam g_ kemqZehkvih^jm`blvky k dZdhcgb[m^v q_eh\_dhh[jZaghc h[_avyghcgh ]hkih`Z O_ck ^hdZaZeZqlh f_`^m q_eh\_dhf b lZdhch[_avyghc \hafh`_g hq_gv l_kgucdhglZdlkhojZgyxsbcky gZfgh]b_ ]hûIh^h[guc dhglZdlhkh[_ggh f_`^m hiulgufdjblbq_kdb gZkljh_gguf mq_guf b `b\hlgufdhlhjh_ k\yaZgh k gbfdj_idbfb maZfb \aZbfghc ijb\yaZgghklby\ey_lky emqr_c ijh\_jdhc bgl_ee_dlmZevguo kihkh[ghkl_c lZdh]h `b\hlgh]h;_kkihjgh fu ihdZ _s_g_ fh`_fkhihklZ\blv kh[Zdmk q_eh\_dhh[jZaghc h[_avyghcgh ebqgh y m[_`^_gqlh ihgbfZlvq_eh\_q_kdmx j_qv kh[ZdZ[m^_l emqr_ohly [u h[_avygZb ij_\ahreZ __\ ^jm]bo ijhy\e_gbyo bgl_ee_dlZ< hij_^_e_gghf hlghr_gbb kh[ZdZ ]hjZa^hq_eh\_dhih^h[g__kZfhc mfghc h[_avyguDZd b q_eh\_dhgZ h^hfZrg_ggh_ kms_kl\hbdZd bq_eh\_dZ h^hfZrg_gghklv h^ZjbeZ __ ^\mfy k\hckl\Zfb\hi_j\uo hk\h[h^beZ hl `_kldbo jZfhd bgklbgdlb\gh]hih\_^_gbyqlh hldjueh i_j_^g_cdZd bi_j_^ q_eh\_dhfgh\u_ \hafh`ghklb ^_yl_evghklbb\h\lhjuoh[_ki_qbeZ _clm g_ij_oh^ysmx ^_lkdhklvdhlhjZy m kh[Zdb e_`bl \hkgh\_ __ihklhygghc ihlj_[ghklb \ ^jm`_kdhc ijb\yaZgghklbZ q_eh\_d ^Z`_\ klZjhklb khojZgy_l ykghklv b k\_`_klv fukebh dhlhjuo <hj^k\hjl ibkZe LZd [uehdh]^Z y\ `bagv\klmiZe LZd _klvdh]^Z y\ajhkeuf klZe B imklvlZd [m^_ldh]^Z khklZjxkv Bev imklvmfjm IJ:<: IJ?>:GGHKLB Dh]^Zlh m f_gy [ueZ m\e_dZl_evgZy dgb`_qdZ nZglZklbq_kdbo bklhjbcgZau\Z\rZyky JZkkdZau Eu`gh]hWeZ gZ khg]jy^msbcIh^ fZkdhcaZ[Z\ghc q_imob\ gbo ijylZeZkv `]mqZy b ih^qZk `_klhdZy kZlbjZoZjZdl_jgZy êy Zf_jbdZgkdh]h xfhjZ b g_ \k_]^Z ihgylgZy _\jhi_cpZf< h^ghc ba wlbo bklhjbc Eu`guc We kqm\kl\hf ih\_kl\m_lh ih^\b]Zo k\h_]h ^jm]ZIjbf_ju g_\_jhylgh]h fm`_kl\Z hr_ehfeyxs_]h [eZ]hjh^kl\Z b [_kdhjuklgh]h q_eh\_dhex[by ]jhfha^ylky h^bggZ ^jm]hc\_k_ehc iZjh^b_c gZZf_jbdZgkdmx jhfZglbdm >Zevg_]h AZiZ^ZaZ\_jrZeZkv jy^hfljh]Zl_evguo kp_gdh]^Z wlhl]_jhc kiZk_lWeZ hl\hedh\]jbaeb]heh^Z oheh^Z b ijhqbo[_kqbke_gguo hiZkghkl_cJZkkdZa dhgqZ_lky eZdhgbqguf khh[s_gb_fIjh^_eu\Zy \k_ wlhhg hlfhjhabe gh]blZd qlhd kh`Ze_gbxfg_ ijbrehkv_]h ijbklj_eblv ?keb \ fh_fijbkmlkl\bb q_eh\_do\ZklZ_l ^hklhbgkl\Zfb k\h_c kh[Zdby h[yaZl_evgh kijZrb\Zx]^_ hgZ l_i_jv ihij_`g_fm ebk gbfB kebrdhf qZklhihemqZx hl\_l \^mo_ Eu`gh]h WeZG_lfg_ ijbrehkv hl g__hl^_eZlvkyy i_j__oZe \^jm]hc ]hjh^beb kf_gbed\Zjlbjm gZf_gvrmxbeb i_j_r_e gZ ^jm]mx jZ[hlmb fg_ klZeh ljm^gh ^_j`Zlv kh[ZdmBeb _s_qlhgb[m^v \lhf `_jh^_F_gy ihjZ`Z_l dZd ex^b\h \k_o hklZevguo hlghr_gbyo \iheg_ ^h[jhihjy^hqgu_gbkdhevdh g_ kfmsZxlkyijbagZ\Zykv \ ih^h[ghf ihklmid_Hgb g_khagZxlqlh f_`^mbo ih\_^_gb_f b ih\_^_gb_f w]hbklZ\ukf_yggh]h \ wlhc bklhjbbg_l ijbgpbibZevghc jZagbpuKh[ZdZ ebr_gZ dZdbo[u lhgb [ueh ijZ\ g_ lhevdh kh]eZkgh aZdhgZfgh b baaZ [_kqm\kl\_gghklb fgh]boex^_c Ij_^Zgghklv kh[Zdbwlh ^jZ]hp_gguc^ZjgZdeZû\Zxsbc gZ lh]hdlh _]h ijbgbfZ_lg_ f_gvrb_h[yaZl_evkl\Zq_f q_eh\_q_kdZy ^jm`[ZB wlh ke_^m_lbf_lv \\b^m \k_fdlh gZf_j_\Z_lky h[aZ\_klbkv q_l\_jhgh]bf ^jm]hfKemqZ_lky dhg_qghqlh kh[ZdZkZfZ gZ\yau\Z_l\Zf k\hxex[h\vdhlhjuc \u g_ bkdZebdZd kemqbehkvkh fghcdh]^Z ydZlZykv gZ eu`Zo \h \j_fyhlimkdZihagZdhfbeky k ObjrfZgm[ueh hdheh ]h^Zb hg m`_ klZe lbibqghc kh[ZdhclZd bg_ h[j_lr_c ohaybgZklZjrbc e_kgbqbcdhlhjhfm hg ijbgZê_`Zeex[be lhevdh klZjmx `_kldhr_jklgmx e_]Z\mx b g_ h[jZsZe gb fZe_cr_]h \gbfZgby gZ g_kmjZagh]h s_gdZg_ h[_sZ\r_]h klZlv ohjhr_c hohlgbqv_c kh[ZdhcObjrfZg [ue eZkdh\uf qm\kl\bl_evguf ikhf b ih[Zb\Zeky ohaybgZqlh g_kebrdhf j_dhf_g^m_l e_kgbq_]h dZd ohjhr_]h ^j_kkbjh\sbdZGh yg_ khklZ\be hkh[_ggh\ukhdh]h fg_gbyb hObjrfZg_dh]^Z m`_ gZ \lhjhc ^_gvhg hlijZ\bekyk gZfbY ijbgye_]h aZ ihôZebfZ b hrb[kylZd dZd ihlhf\uykgbehkvqlh hgke_^h\Ze g_aZ gZfbZ lhevdh aZ fghc h^gbfDh]^Z h^gZ`û mljhf y h[gZjm`beqlh hgkibl ih^^\_jvx fh_cdhfgZluy mkhfgbeky \ k\h_fi_j\hgZqZevghf aZdexq_gbb bih^mfZeg_ hagZqZ_l eb wlh aZjh`^_gby \_ebdhckh[Zqv_c ex[\bY hiha^Zekh k\h_c ^h]Z^dhc deyl\Z \_jghklb m`_ [ueZ ijbg_k_gZb \^_gv fh_]h hlt_a^Z kh[ZdZ g_ aZohl_eZ hl g__ hlj_qvkyY ihiulZeky ihcfZlv ObjrfZgZ b aZi_j_lv _]hqlh[u hgg_ ih[_`Ze aZ gZfbgh hg klZjZl_evgh^_j`Zeky \klhjhg_ hl f_gy>jh`Z hl lhkdbhimklb\ o\hklhg k [_ahiZkgh]h jZkklhygby kfhlj_e gZ f_gykeh\gh ]h\hjyY k^_eZxêy l_[y \k_qlh lu aZohq_rvaZ bkdexq_gb_fh^gh]h y l_[y g_ ihdbgmB y k^ZekyKdhevdh \u \havf_l_ aZ k\hx kh[Zdm"kijhkbe y m e_kgbq_]hK _]h lhqdbaj_gby ih\_^_gb_ ObjrfZgZ[ueh qbkl_cr_c\hû ij_^Zl_evkl\hfb hg hl\_lbe j_adh>_kylv rbeebg]h\Wlh ijha\mqZeh dZd jm]Zl_evkl\hGhij_`^_ q_f hg gZr_e [he__ \_khfu_ keh\Z^_kylv rbeebg]h\[ueb \eh`_gu _fm\ jmdmZ ^\_ iZju eu` b^\_ iZjukh[Zqvbo eZi m`_g_kebkv ih^ mdehgY agZe qlh ObjrfZg ihke_^m_laZ gZfbgh hrb[hqghiheZ]Ze[m^lh fmqbfuc m]jua_gbyfbkh\_klbhg [m^_l[_`Zlv ^Ze_dhihaZ^b qm\kl\myqlh gZjmrbe aZij_lH^gZdh ijhbahreh g_qlh kh\_jr_ggh g_h`b^Zggh_fh]mq__ kh[Zqv_l_eh m^Zjbeh f_gy\ [hddZd imr_qgh_ y^jhb y re_igmeky gZ h[e_^_g_emx ^hjh]m>Ze_dh g_\kydbc eu`gbdkmf__l m^_j`Zlv jZ\gh\_kb_ _keb gZ g_]h\g_aZigh gZe_lblh]jhfguc i_kh[_amf_\rbc hl \hklhj]ZY g_^hhp_gbe khh[jZabl_evghklb ObjrfZgZb hg bkihegbe lZg_pjZ^hklb gZ^fhb jZkijhkl_jlufl_ehf Fu hp_gb\Z_f [eZ]hjh^kl\h^\mo dlh ba gbo kihkh[_g gZ [hevrmx ^jm]h]h ^jma_cbkoh^y balh]h [_kdhjuklgmx`_jl\m jZ^b < ;,;\_d_ h^bg nbehkhn kdZaZeImklv \Zr_cp_evx [m^_l \k_]^Z ex[blv [hevr_q_f ex[yl \Zkg_ [m^vl_\ ex[\b \lhjufDh]^Z ^_eh dZkZ_lky ex^_cfg_ bgh]^Z m^Z_lky \uihegblv wlm aZih\_^vgh \ fhbo hlghr_gbyok ij_^Zgghc kh[Zdhc y \k_]^Z hdZau\Zxkv \lhjufDZdb_ wlh g_h[uqgu_ b _^bgkl\_ggu_\ k\h_fjh^_ mau<u dh]^Zgb[m^v aZ^mfu\Zebkv gZ^ bo g_h[uqghklvx"Q_eh\_d kms_kl\h gZ^_e_ggh_ jZamfhf b \ukhdhjZa\bluf qm\kl\hf fhjZevghc hl\_lkl\_gghklbkms_kl\hêy dhlhjh]h \ukr_c b [eZ]hjh^g_cr_c \_jhc kZeZ\_jZ \[jZlkdmx ex[h\vbf_ggh lml \^jm] hdZau\Z_lky f_g__ [eZ]hjh^gufq_f q_l\_jhgh]bc obsgbd=h\hjy lZdy \h\k_ g_ iha\heyx k_[_ \iZklv\ k_glbf_glZevguc Zgljhihfhjnbaf>Z`_ kZfZy \ukhdZy q_eh\_q_kdZy ex[h\v ihjh`^Z_lky g_ jZkkm^dhfg_ ki_pbnbq_kdb q_eh\_q_kdbf gjZ\kl\_gguf qm\kl\hfZ [_j_l gZqZeh \ ]hjZa^h [he__ ]em[hdbo b ^j_\gbo qbklh wfhpbhgZevguoZ agZqblbgklbgdlb\guo kehyoKZfh_ [_amij_qgh_ b gjZ\kl\_ggh_ ih\_^_gb_ mljZqb\Z_l p_gm \ gZrbo ]eZaZo_keb hgh^bdlm_lky lhevdh jZkkm^dhfWebaZ[_l ;jhmgbg] ibkZeZ Ex[b f_gyex[b ebrvjZ^b Ex[\b kZfhc >Z`_ \ gZrb ^gb q_eh\_q_kdh_ k_j^p_\k_ _s_hklZ_lky lZdbf `_dZd m \ukrbo `b\hlguo\_^msbc ]jmiih\hch[jZa `bagbdZd [u [_a\j_f_ggh gb ij_\hkoh^be bo q_eh\_d [eZ]h^Zjy k\h_fm jZamfm b gjZ\kl\_gghfm qm\kl\mNZdl hklZ_lky nZdlhffhy kh[ZdZ ex[blf_gy [hevr_q_f y __b wlh \k_]^Z ihjh`^Z_l \h fg_ kfmlgucklu^Kh[ZdZ \ex[hc fhf_gl ]hlh\Zih`_jl\h\Zlv aZf_gy `bagvx?keb [ugZ f_gy gZiZe e_\ beb lb]jW^b;meebLblZKlZkb b\k_ fhb hklZevgu_ kh[Zdb [_a fZe_cr_]h dhe_[Zgby dbgmebkv [u \ g_jZ\gmx ko\Zldm jZ^b lh]hqlh[u gZ g_kdhevdh k_dmg^ ijhêblv fhx`bagv: dZdihklmibe [ugZ bof_kl_ y" KH;:QV? G:KLJH?GB? K\_jdZxsbc aZiZo\hû >h[jhlguc aZiZodZfg_c =Q_kl_jlhgI_kgv DmêZ G_ agZxhldm^Z \hagbdeh wlh\ujZ`_gb_Gh y kqblZx_]h hq_gv m^Zqgufihlhfm qlh \k_]^ZklZjZxkv ijh\_klb^_gv kh k\h_c kh[Zdhc_keb \klZx k mljZ \kh[Zqv_f gZkljh_gbb Dh]^Z y lmi_x hl mfkl\_gghc jZ[hludh]^Z bgl_eeb]_glgu_ jZa]h\hju b g_h[oh^bfhklv[ulv ex[_agufk ]hklyfbgZqbgZxl ijb\h^blv f_gy \ [_r_gkl\hZ h^bg \b^ ibrms_cfZrbgdb gZ]hgy_l fmqbl_evgmxlhkdmdZd wlhh[uqgh kemqZ_lkyd dhgpm \_k_gg_]h k_f_kljZlh]^Z y ijbgbfZxkv ]hgylv kh[ZdY m^Zeyxkv hl k_[_ih^h[guo bbsm h[s_kl\Z`b\hlguo b ih ke_^mxs_c ijbqbg_kj_^b fhbo agZdhfuo g_l gb h^gh]h q_eh\_dZ^hklZlhqgh e_gb\h]h êylh]hqlh[u khklZ\blvfg_ dhfiZgbxdh]^Z fghc h\eZ^_\Z_l wlh gZkljh_gb_<_^v y gZ^_e_g [_kp_gguf ^Zjhf \ fbgmlu [_afyl_`gh]h[eZ`_gkl\Z kh\_jr_ggh hldexqZlvk\hb fukebl_evgu_kihkh[ghklb[_a q_]h g_\hafh`gh ihegh_ ^mr_\gh_ kihdhckl\b_Dh]^Z y\ `Zjdbc e_lgbc ^_gv i_j_ieu\Zx>mgZc blhqgh djhdh^begZ hlf_eb g_`mkv \ lbohc aZ\h^b \_ebq_kl\_gghcj_dbkj_^b ijbjhû keh\gh [u g_ \_^Zxsbc h kms_kl\h\Zgbb q_eh\_q_kdhc pb\bebaZpbblh]^Z fg_ baj_^dZ m^Z_lky ^hklbqv lh]h qm^_kgh]h khklhygbyd h[j_l_gbxdhlhjh]h klj_fbebkv fm^ju_ [m^^bckdb_ hlr_evgbdbY g_ aZkuiZxgh \k_fhb qm\kl\ZdZd [m^lh jZkl\hjyxlky\ ]Zjfhgbqghf_^bg_gbb k ijbjh^hcfukeb aZfbjZxl\j_fy mljZqb\Z_l kfukeb dh]^Z khegp_kdehgy_lky d aZdZlmb \_q_jgyy ijhoeZ^ZaZklZ\ey_l f_gy\kihfgblvqlh fg_ _s_ij_^klhbl h^he_lv \ieZ\viylv dbehf_ljh\y g_fh]m khh[jZablvk_dmgû beb]hû ijhrebk lh]hf]gh\_gbydh]^Z y \u[jZekygZ i_kqZguc[_j_] WlZ `b\hlgZy gbj\ZgZ emqr__ kj_^kl\hhl mfkl\_ggh]h i_j_mlhfe_gbyp_ebl_evguc [ZevaZf êy^mr_\gh]h khklhygby kh\j_f_ggh]hlhjhiys_]hky\_qgh q_flh haZ[hq_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ k bkl_jaZggufb g_j\ZfbFg_ g_ \k_]^Z m^Z_lky h[j_klb lZdmx [_a^mfgmx [_afyl_`ghklv^hq_eh\_q_kdh]h jZy gh mki_o [u\Z_l \_jhylg__ \ h[s_kl\_ q_l\_jhgh]h]h kimlgbdZ\k_ _s_ iheghijZ\gh]hh[blZl_ey wlh]h jZyLZdh\u g_khfg_ggu_ b ]em[hdb_ ijbqbguihq_fm fg_gm`gZ kh[ZdZ dhlhjZy \_jgh ke_^h\ZeZ[u aZfghcgh ijb wlhfkhojZgyeZ [u ^bdmx\g_rghklvqlh[u g_ihjlblv i_caZ`ZgZihfbgZgb_f h pb\bebaZpbb <q_jZ m`_ gZ aZj_ [ueh lZd `Zjdhqlh h jZ[hl_ mfkl\_gghc jZ[hl_ g_q_]h [ueh b ^mfZlv>_gvkeh\gh gZjhqgh ij_^gZagZq_gguc êy lh]hqlh[u ijh\_klb _]hgZ >mgZ_Y \ur_e ba ^hfm\hhjm`_gguc kZqdhfb kl_deygghc [Zgdhcihlhfm qlh\k_]^Z ijbghrmba lZdbowdkdmjkbc `b\hc dhjf êy fhbo ju[hdBdZd \k_]^Zfh_ kgZjy`_gb_ ihkem`beh êyKxab kb]gZehfqlh y\ kh[Zqv_f gZkljh_gbb b ij_^klhblkqZkleb\uc ^_gvHgZ m[_`^_gZqlh wlb ijh]medb y kh\_jrZxjZ^b g__ b[ulv fh`_lhgZ g_lZd m`^Ze_dh hl bklbguKxab agZ_lqlh yg_ ijhklhiha\heyx _c khijh\h`^Zlv k_[ygh bhq_gv ^hjh`m__ h[s_kl\hfB \k_`_ ^h\hjhl hgZ b^_l mkZfhc gh]bZ \^jm]y ijhg__ aZ[m^m"H^gZdh gZ mebp_ hgZ ]hj^h aZ^bjZ_l imrbkluc o\hkl b e_]dhcjukphc [_`bl \i_j_^b f_gy __ lZgpmxsZyweZklbqgZy ijh[_`dZh[ty\ey_l \k_ kh[ZdZfqlh Kxabgbdh]h bagbo g_[hblky^Z`_ dh]^Zk g_c g_l<hedZ ,,K gZj_^dhklv mjhêb\ufikhf [ZdZe_csbdZ gZ^_xkv[ZdZe_csbd wlhc dgb]b g_ ijhql_l hgZ h[uqgh aZ\yau\Z_l dhjhldbc nebjlD \_ebqZcr_fm g_m^h\hevkl\bx <hedZ ,,Kxab iblZ_l g_dhlhjmxkeZ[hklv dwlhfm iylgbklhfm mjh^pmhgZ fhjsblghk bkdZebl gZg_]h [e_klysb_am[uZ ihlhf [_`bl ^Zevr_ih h[udgh\_gbx juqZ gZ k\hbo fgh]hqbke_gguo \jZ]h\aZ boaZ[hjZfb MebpZ _s_ \]em[hdhc l_gbb mlhilZggZya_fey oheh^bl [hku_ gh]bgh aZ `_e_agh^hjh`guf fhklhfgZ ljhi_ kimkdZxs_cky d j_d_klmigb lhgml\ l_iehceZkdh\hc iueb dhlhjZy fZe_gvdbfb h[eZqdZfb \af_lu\Z_lky baih^ eZi [_]ms_c \i_j_^b kh[Zdb b ih\bkZ_l \g_ih^\b`ghf \ha^mo_ <_k_eh a\_gyl dmag_qbdbb pbdZûZ gZ^_j_\_ m\hû ihxl bgh]^Z b keZ\dZq_jgh]heh\dZKeZ\Z [h]mhgb _s_ihxl AgZqble_lh _s_ lhevdhlhevdh gZqZehkvGZr imlve_`bl q_j_a k\_`_kdhr_gguc em]b Kxab k\hjZqb\Z_l k ljhidb ihlhfm qlh lml \k_]^Z fh`gh kh \dmkhfihfurdh\Zlv?_ jukpZ kf_gy_lky k\h_h[jZaghc ihîju]b\Zxs_c ihoh^dhc gZ g_]gmsboky eZiZo=heh\m hgZ ^_j`bl \ukhdh\_kv __\b^ \u^Z_l jZ^hklgh_ \ha[m`^_gb_b o\hklhims_g b\ulygml gZ^ kZfhc a_fe_c< wlm fbgmlm hgZ [hevr_ \k_]hgZihfbgZ_l ]hem[h]h i_kpZ \ur_ kj_^g_c miblZgghklb<g_aZigh keh\gh \uk\h[h`^Z_lky ijm`bgZb Kxab hibku\Z_l \ \ha^mo_^m]m \ukhlhc \ f_lj b êbgghc \ ^\ZDh]^Z hgZijba_fey_lky \ulygm\ \i_j_^ b k\_^y \f_kl_ i_j_^gb_ eZiulh fhegb_ghkgh dmkZ_l qlhlh \ gbadhcljZ\_=jhfdh nujdZy hgZ \\bgqb\Z_l ghk \ a_fexZ ihlhf ih^gbfZ_l]heh\m b \hijhkbl_evgh kfhljbl gZ f_gyihfZob\Zy o\hklhffurv mkdhevagmeZKxabg_khfg_gghihegZ klu^Zihlhfm qlh__ \_ebdhe_iguc iju`hd gZ furv hdZaZeky [_aj_amevlZlgufgh aZlh dZd hgZ]hj^blkydh]^Z mki_\Z_l ko\Zlblv^h[uqmGZ wlhl jZa hgZ ijh^he`Z_l \uke_`b\Zlv k\hx ^bqvh^gZdh q_luj_ gh\uo iju`dZhiylv hdZau\Zxlky[_kieh^gufbIhe_\db ihjZabl_evgh [uklju b ih^\b`guGh \hlfZe_gvdZy qZmqZm ijhe_lZ_l ih \ha^momdZd j_abgh\ucfyqbdh]^Z __eZiu dZkZxlky a_febjZa^Z_lky ijhgabl_evguc hlqZygguc ibkd Kxab dmkZ_laZl_f [ukljhj_adbf ^\b`_gb_f ih^[jZku\Z_llh qlh dmkZeZb fZe_gvdh_ k_jh_ l_evp_hibku\Z_l \\ha^mo_ ^m]mKxab lh`_gh [he__ rbjhdmxHllygm\ ]m[uhgZ g_kdhevdh jZa s_edZ_lam[ZfbZ ihlhf [_j_lh^gbfb j_apZfb qlhlhqlh ibsbl b [v_lky \ ljZ\_AZl_f Kxab h[hjZqb\Z_lky dh fg_ b ij_^ty\ey_l êy fh_]h h[haj_gby [hevrmx`bjgmxkbevgh ihfylmx furvdhlhjmx ^_j`bl \ q_exklyoY hkuiZx__ iho\ZeZfbb ijh\ha]eZrZxqlh hgZ fh]mqbc b]jhaguc a\_jvd dhlhjhfm \k_^he`gu hlghkblky k \_ebqZcrbf lj_i_lhfFg_ `Zdh ihe_\dmgh \_^vk g_cy g_ [ue ebqgh agZdhfZ Kxab fhc [eb`Zcrbc ^jm]b fg_ iheh`_gh jZ^h\Zlvky __ mki_oZfL_f g_ f_g__ m f_gy klZgh\blky e_]q_ gZ ^mr_dh]^Z hgZkt_^Z_l ihe_\dmqlh hijZ\û\Z_l __ihklmihdihkdhevdm hohlZjZ^b _ûaZdhggh_ ijZ\h `b\hlgh]hKgZqZeZ hgZ ke_]dZ`m_l furvij_\jZsZy __ \ iehlguc [_knhjf_gguc dhfhq_dihlhf \[bjZ_l ]em[`_ \ iZklv bijh]eZlu\Z_l;hevr_ furdh\Zlv_c ihdZg_ ohq_lkyb hgZ ihdZau\Z_lfg_qlh fufh`_f b^lb^Zevr_ LjhidZ ijb\h^bl gZk d j_d_]^_ yjZa^_\Zxkv bijyqm h^_`^m \f_kl_ kkZqdhf b[ZgdhcHlkx^Z gZr imlve_`bl ih klZjhfm [_q_\gbdm \ ij_`gb_ \j_f_gZ lmlreb ehrZ^bgu_ mijy`dblZsb\rb_ [Zj`bgh l_i_jv[_q_\gbd kh\k_faZjhkb ma_gvdZy ljhidZ\v_lky kj_^baZjhke_c \ukhdh]h dmklZjgbd\ ]ms_ dhlhjh]hm\uijyq_lky djZib\Zb dhexqZy_`_\bdZlZd qlh ijboh^blky h[_bfb jmdZfb h[_j_]Zlv l_eh hlh`h]h\ b pZjZibg< wlhc ljZ\ygbklhc qZsh[_ klhbl g_\ughkbfZy ^mohlZb Kxab k iuol_gb_f [j_^_l aZ fghcZiZlbqgh g_ aZf_qZy hohlgbqvbo kh[eZagh\lZysboky ih klhjhgZfFg_ ihgylgZ __\yehklvihlhfm qlh ykZf h[eb\Zxkvihlhfb yk khqm\kl\b_f ih]eyû\Zxl gZ __ ]mklmx r_jklvGZdhg_p fu ^h[bjZ_fky ^hf_klZ]^_ ygZf_lbe i_j_ieulv>mgZy<h^Z \ j_d_ klhbl gbadhb kgZqZeZ fu b^_fih êbgghc]Ze_qghc dhk_Y hklhjh`ghklmiZx ihdZf_rdZfZ Kxabm[_]Z_l \i_j_^ aZ[bjZ_lky \ \h^m b eh`blkylZd qlh gZ^ ih\_joghklvx \b^g__lky lhevdh__ ]heh\ZkljZgguc fZe_gvdbclj_m]hevgbd gZ nhg_j_qguo ijhklhjh\ Dh]^Z y \oh`m \ \h^mKxab ih^[bjZ_lkyd kZfhcfh_c kbg_lbohgvdh ih\ba]b\Zy_c _s_ g_ ^h\h^behkv i_j_ieu\Zlv >mgZcb _]h rbjbgZ ij_bkihegy_l __^mjgufb ij_^qm\kl\byfbY klZjZxkv mkihdhblv __b ^_eZxg_kdhevdh rZ]h\ \i_j_^Fg_ \h^Z ihdZ ^hoh^bl lhevdh^h dhe_ggh Kxab m`_ ijboh^blky ieulvb __ gZqbgZ_l[ukljh kghkblv l_q_gb_fIhwlhfm y lh`_ imkdZxkv \ieZ\vohly fg_lml f_edh\Zlhgh l_i_jvy ^\b]Zxkv gZjZ\g_k g_cb[hevr_ g_ lj_\h`ZkvhgZ ljm^hex[b\h jZ[hlZ_l eZiZfbjy^hf khfghc Kh[ZdZdhlhjZy ieu\_ljy^hf kohaybghfijhy\ey_l g_fZeuc mfFgh]b_ kh[ZdbgbdZd g_fh]ml khh[jZablvqlh ieu\msbc q_eh\_d g_ khojZgy_l \_jlbdZevghc ihau\ dhlhjhc hgb ijb\udeb _]h \b^_lvb \ j_amevlZl_klZjZykv ^_j`Zlvky ih[eb`_d _]h ]heh\_hgb `_klhdh pZjZiZxl _fmeZiZfb kibgm : \hlKxab kjZamihgyeZqlh \\h^_ q_eh\_dijbgbfZ_l ]hjbahglZevgh_ iheh`_gb_b hgZ \gbfZl_evghke_^bl aZl_f qlh[u g_ihîeulv dhfg_ kaZ^bkebrdhf [ebadhRbjbgZ j_db b [ukljhlZ l_q_gby __g_j\bjmxlb hgZ ^_j`blkykh\k_f jy^hf kh fghcIhlhf __ lj_\h]Z gZklhevdh \hajZklZ_lqlh hgZ \ukhdh]h ih^gbfZ_lky ba \hû b h]eyû\Z_lky gZ [_j_] dhlhjuc fu lhevdhqlh ihdbgmebY hiZkZxkvqlh hgZfh`_l ih\_jgmlv gZaZ^gh Kxab aZgbfZ_l ij_`gxx ihabpbx b ijh^he`Z_l ieulv[hd h[hd kh fghc<kdhj_ \hagbdZ_l gh\Zy ljm^ghklv\ha[m`^_gb_ b `_eZgb_dZd fh`ghkdhj__ i_j_k_qv h]jhfgmx j_dm \ g_c lZd kbevguqlh hgZ gZqbgZ_lf_gy h[]hgylvY bah\k_o kbe klZjZxkvg_ hlklZlvgh wlh fg_g_ m^Z_lkyb Kxab \gh\v mieu\Z_l \i_j_^lhevdh êylh]h qlh[u lml `_ h]eygmlvky b ihki_rblv gZaZ^ dh fg_: ih\_jgm\rbkv fhj^hc d jh^ghfm [_j_]mhgZ \ex[hc fhf_gl fh`_l ihieulvlm^Z[jhkb\ f_gylZd dZdêy \klj_\h`_ggh]h `b\hlgh]h ^hf h[eZ^Z_l hkh[hc ijbly]Zl_evghc kbehc>Z b \hh[s_ kh[ZdZfdh]^Z hgb ieu\mlljm^gh f_gylv gZijZ\e_gb_Z ihlhfmy bkiulu\ZxagZqbl_evgh_ h[e_]q_gb_ m]h\hjb\ __ kgh\Z ih\_jgmlv \ gm`gmxklhjhgmb ijbeZ]Zx \k_ mkbebyqlh[u g_ hlklZlvhl g__b kjZam`_ ij_k_qv__ ihiuldm ieulvgZaZ^Lhqlh fhbkeh\Ziho\Zeu bihhsj_gby _c ihgylgu b \ha^_ckl\mxl gZ g__ebrgbc jZa^hdZau\Z_l fg_gZkdhevdh __ bgl_ee_dl ij_\hkoh^bl kj_^gbc kh[Zqbc mjh\_gv Fu ijb[eb`Z_fky d i_kqZghfm hldhkm]hjZa^h [he__ djmlhfmq_f gZlhf [_j_]mKxab h[h]gZeZf_gy gZg_kdhevdh f_ljh\bdh]^Z hgZ^_eZ_l i_j\u_rZ]b ihkmr_y aZf_qZx qlh hgZaZf_lgh ihdZqb\Z_lkyWlZ e_]dZyêysZyky g_kdhevdh k_dmg^ ihl_jy jZ\gh\_kbydhlhjmx y kZf bkiulu\Zeihke_ ^he]h]h ij_[u\Zgby \\h^_agZdhfZ fgh]bf ieh\pZfH^gZdh ihôh^ys_]h nbabheh]bq_kdh]h h[tykg_gby êy g__ y g_ gZoh`mFg_ ^h\hevgh qZklh ijboh^behkv gZ[ex^Zlv wlm j_Zdpbx m kh[Zdgh gb jZam hgZ g_ [ueZ klhev yjdh \ujZ`_gZdZd m Kxab \ lhl ^_gv<h \kydhf kemqZ_k mlhfe_gb_f hgZ gbdZdg_ k\yaZgZwlh Kxab g_f_ê_gghfg_ ^hdZau\Z_l[mjgh jZ^mykvqlh fu h^he_eb j_dmHgZ \ \hklhj]_ hibku\Z_l \hdjm] f_gy [uklju_\hkvf_jdbZ aZl_f ijblZkdb\Z_l fg_ iZedmb fu aZl_\Z_f b]jm y [jhkZx iZedmZ hgZ ijbghkbl __ gZaZ^Dh]^Z _cgZ^h_^Z_l wlh jZa\e_q_gb_hgZ hijhf_lvx db^Z_lky dljykh]mad_dhlhjZy kb^bl gZ [_j_]mf_ljZo \iylb^_kylb hlgZkG_lKxab g_ gZklhevdh gZb\gZqlh[u gZ^_ylvky ihcfZlv wlm ilbqdm gh hgZ ij_djZkgh agZ_lqlh ljykh]madbbf_xl h[udgh\_gb_ ijhe_l_\ ^_kylhd f_ljh\kgh\Z kZ^blvkyZ ihlhfmk gbfb ijbylgh ihb]jZlv\ hohlm F_gy jZ^m_l \_k_eh_ gZkljh_gb_ fh_c fZe_gvdhc ijbyl_evgbpulZd dZd hlkx^Z ke_^m_lqlh hgZ b\ij_^v [m^_l khijh\h`^Zlv f_gy\ wlboieZ\Zgbyo q_j_a>mgZcB y klZjZxkv \kyq_kdb \hagZ]jZ^blv __ aZ i_j\h_ m^Zqgh_ nhjkbjh\Zgb_ j_dbZ êy wlh]h g_l kihkh[Z emqr_q_f hlijZ\blky k g_c \ êbggmx ijh]medm ih \hkoblbl_evghfm j_qghfm [_j_]mkhojZgyxs_fm dZdmxlh i_j\ha^Zggmx^bdhklv =meyy lZf k q_l\_jhgh]bf ^jm]hffh`gh magZlv fgh]h ex[hiulgh]hhkh[_ggh _keb ke_^h\Zlv g_ k\hbfZ _]h \dmkZf bgZdehgghklyf KgZqZeZ fu b^_f \\_jo ih l_q_gbxm kZfh]hdjZy \hû aZl_f h]b[Z_ffZe_gvdmx klZjbpmm gb`g_]hdhgpZ ]em[hdmx b ijhajZqgmx>Zevr_ hgZij_\jZsZ_lky \p_iv djhohlguoha_j \k_ [he__ b[he__ f_edbo< ih^h[guoklZjbpZo _klvqlhlh ljhibq_kdh_djmlu_\ [mcguo aZjhkeyo [_j_]Zihqlb \_jlbdZevgh moh^ysb_ \ \h^mhdjm`_gu gZklhysbf [hlZgbq_kdbf kZ^hf \ukhdb_ b\ulhihey^m[u aZie_l_gu ehaZfb ^bdh]h\bgh]jZ^ZgZihfbgZxsbfb ebZgu^Z blbibqgu_ h[blZl_eb lZdbo f_klabfhjh^db b b\he]bijbgZê_`Zl d k_f_ckl\Zf ilbp[hevrbgkl\h dhlhjuo khklZ\eyxlljhibq_kdb_ \bû<h^Z aZjhkeZ \k_\hafh`ghc [hehlghcjZklbl_evghklvx Ljhibq_kdhc dZ`_lky b \eZ`gZy `ZjZih\bkrZy gZ^ wlbfb ^`mg]eyfb \fbgbZlxj_\ug_klb __k ^hklhbgkl\hf kihkh[_g lhevdh gZ]hcq_eh\_ddhlhjuc lhb ^_ehhdmgZ_lky \ \h^m B \aZdexq_gb_ ijbagZ_fkyqlh kha^Zgbx ljhibq_kdhcbeexabb \ g_fZehc kl_i_gb kihkh[kl\mxl fZeyjbcgu_ dhfZju b fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ke_igb GZ rbjhdhc ihehk_ beZhdZcfeyxs_c klZjbpmfh`gh m\b^_lv ke_ûjZaguo j_qguo`bl_e_ckeh\gh aZi_qZle_ggu_\ ]bik_Bo \bablgu_ dZjlhqdbhli_qZlZggu_ \ aZkhor_c ]ebg_khojZgyxlky g_ljhgmlufb ^h ke_^mxs_]heb\gy beb^h gh\h]h ih^t_fZ \hûDlh ]h\hjbl[m^lh \ ijb^mgZckdbo [hehlZo m`_ g_ hklZehkv he_g_c"Hli_qZldb dhiul k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h lhfqlh lZf [jh^bl _s_g_fZeh ]hjûo djZkZ\p_\ohly hk_gvx m`_ g_ keurgh boljm[gh]h j_\Z lZdbfb hklhjh`gufb hgb klZeb kh \j_f_gbihke_^g_c \hcgu aZdexqbl_evgZy nZaZ dhlhjhc jZau]ju\ZeZkv \ wlbo kZfuo e_kZoEbku b he_gbhg^Zlju b [he__ f_edb_ ]juamgu [_kqbke_ggu_ dmebdbi_j_\haqbdbnbnb b fZeu_ amcdb mdjZkbeb \ukhorbcbe ijbohleb\ufbp_ihqdZfb k\hbo ke_^h\: _keb wlb ke_û bgl_j_kgu êy fhbo ]eZalh gZkdhevdh m\e_dZl_evg__ hgb ^he`gu [ulv êy ghkZ fh_c fZe_gvdhc qZmqZmhgZ gZkeZ`^ZeZkv ibjr_kl\hf aZiZoh\dhlhju_ g_^hklmigu gZf [_^gy]Zfebr_gguf qmlvyKe_û he_g_c__ g_ bgl_j_kmxlihlhfm qlh Kxabd kqZklvxg_ hohlgbpZ^h djmighc ^bqb kljZklv d furdh\ZgbxaZkehgy_l hlg__ \k_ hklZevgh_ Gh aZiZohg^Zlju kh\k_f ^jm]h_^_eh>_j`Z ghkm kZfhc a_feb bdhkh \ulygm\o\hklhgZ \uke_`b\Z_lwlh]h ]juamgZ ^h kZfhc _]h ghjudhlhjZy ihke_ ihgb`_gby mjh\gy >mgZy hdZaZeZkv gZ^ \h^hcKxab km_l ghk \ hl\_jklb_`Z^gh \ûoZy mihbl_evguc aZiZo ^bqbb ^Z`_gZqbgZ_l jZaju\Zlv ghjm aZgylb_ wlh kh\_jr_ggh [_agZ^_`ghgh y g_ \f_rb\Zxkvqlh[u g_ ihjlblv _c m^h\hevkl\byY e_`m jZkieZklZ\rbkv gZ`b\hl_ \f_edhc l_iehc\h^bqd_ih^klZ\eyy kibgm iZeys_fm khegpmb \h\k_ g_lhjhiexkv b^lb^Zevr_ GZdhg_p Kxab ih\hjZqb\Z_l\ fhxklhjhgu h[e_ie_ggmxa_fe_c fhj^m<beyy o\hklhf b ly`_eh ûrZhgZ b^_ldh fg_b k ]em[hdbf \a^hohf eh`blky\ \h^mjy^hfLZd fu e_`bfhdheh qZkZZ ihlhf Kxab\klZ_l b ijhkblqlh[u fu ihreb^Zevr_ Fu ijh^he`Z_f imlv \^hev ihqlb m`_kh\k_f kmohcklZjbpu h[oh^bf ijb]hjhd b hdZau\Z_fky m hq_j_^gh]h ha_jpZgZ^ dhlhjufg_ ih^haj_\Zyh gZr_fijb[eb`_gbb \_l_j ^m_l\ gZrm klhjhgmkb^bl h]jhfgZyhg^ZljZij_\hkoh^ysZy kZfu_ kf_eu_ f_qlu Kxab]b]ZglkdZy [h]hih^h[gZy djukZdjukZ g_keuoZgghc \_ebqbguKxab aZklu\Z_ldZd klZlmyb ylh`_ AZl_f f_ê_gghlhqgh oZf_e_hgrZ] aZ rZ]hfhgZ gZqbgZ_l ih^djZû\Zlvky dkdZahqghfm a\_jx?c m^Z_lky ih^h[jZlvkyd djuk_ gZ m^b\e_gb_ [ebadh ijhc^_gZ m`_ iheh\bgZ jZkklhygbydhlhjh_ gZkjZa^_ey_lB \_^v\k_]^Z _klv rZgk qlh hr_ehfe_ggZy g_h`b^Zgghklvx djukZ iju]g_l \ ihem\ukhor__ ha_jphba dhlhjh]h g_l \uoh^ZGhjZ `___ \_jhylghgZoh^blky lZfdm^Z \h^Z ^hoh^beZ ij_`^_\ g_kdhevdbo f_ljZo hl lh]h f_klZ]^_ hgZ kb^blGh y g_^hhp_gbe wlhc djuku<g_aZigh hgZ aZf_qZ_l kh[Zdm b fhegb_c [jhkZ_lky \\_jo ih kdehgmZ Kxabfqblky aZg_c HgZ gZklhevdhkhh[jZabl_evgZqlh g_ijh[m_l ^h]gZlvdjukm Z klZjZ_lky hlj_aZlv__ hlghjuB \ wlhlfb] Kxabba^Z_l kljZklguc \hievdZdhc ebrv hq_gv j_^dh \uju\Z_lky ba kh[Zqv_c ]jm^b<hafh`ghg_ jZkljZlv hgZwg_j]bb gZ wlhl \hiev_c m^Zehkv [u ko\Zlblv djukmihlhfm qlh bo jZa^_ey_l \k_]h ihelhjZ f_ljZdh]^Z lZ bkq_aZ_l \ kiZkbl_evghc ghj_ IheZ]Zyqlh Kxab ijbf_lky jZaju\Zlv \oh^ \ghjmy eh`mkv \ l_iemx ]jyavgh fZe_gvdZy qZmqZm lhevdh k \h`^_e_gb_f h[gxob\Z_l _]hZ ihlhf jZahqZjh\Zggh hl\hjZqb\Z_lky b ijbkh_^bgy_lky dh fg_DZd b yhgZ qm\kl\m_lqlh ^_gv^hklb] k\h_cdmevfbgZpbbih_l b\he]Z d\ZdZxl ey]mrdbZ h]jhfgu_ klj_dhaukmoh lj_sZdjuevyfb ]hgyxlky aZ l_jaZxsbfb gZk ke_igyfb>h[jhc hohlubfFu ijh^he`Z_f e_`Zlv lZd ^h \_q_jZb y ij_^Zxkv lZdhfm [_a^mfghfm ihdhxqlh kh fghc g_ kjZ\gblky gb h^gh `b\hlgh_jZa\_ qlh djhdh^beKxab wlh gZ^h_^Z_lb aZ g_bf_gb_f emqr_]h aZgylby hgZ gZqbgZ_l ij_ke_^h\Zlv ey]mr_ddhlhju_h[fZgmlu_ gZr_c ^he]hc g_ih^\b`ghklvx \hah[gh\beb k\hc dhgp_jlKxab ih^djZû\Z_lkyd [eb`Zcr_c ey]mrd_ b bkiulu\Z_l gZ wlhc gh\hc^h[uq_ k\hcfurbguc iju`hdGh __ eZiuk ie_kdhf himkdZxlky\ \h^mZ ey]mrdZ p_eZy b g_\j_^bfZygujy_l \ ]em[bgmKfb]b\Zy [jua]bk ]eZaKxab hkfZljb\Z_lky dm^Z `_ ^_eZkv ey]mrdZ"HgZ \b^bl __ \h \kydhfkemqZ__c lZd dZ`_lkygZ k_j_^bg_ ha_jZ]^_ rbrdb \h^ghc fylu g_kh\_jr_gghfm kh[Zqv_fm aj_gbx\hafh`ghij_^klZ\eyxlky ey]mrZqv_c ]heh\hcKxab hkfZljb\Z_l ih^hajbl_evguc ij_^f_lgZdehgyy ]heh\mkgZqZeZ gZe_\hihlhf gZijZ\hZ aZl_f f_ê_gghhq_gvhq_gv f_ê_ggh \oh^bl \ \h^mieu\_l d jZkl_gbxb dmkZ_l_]h H]eygm\rbkv kh kljZ^Zevq_kdbf \b^hfqlh[u ijh\_jblvg_ kf_xkv eby gZ^ __]emihc hrb[dhchgZ ih\hjZqb\Z_lieu\_l d [_j_]m b eh`blky jy^hf kh fghcY kijZrb\ZxIhreb ^hfhc"b Kxab\kdZdb\Z_lhl\_qZy ^Z\k_fb kj_^kl\Zfb dZdb_ lhevdh _klv\ __jZkihjy`_gbbFu ijh[bjZ_fkykd\hav ^`mg]eb ijyfhd >mgZxFu ^Ze_dh mrebhl :evl_g[_j]Z \\_jo ih j_d_gh l_q_gb_ g_k_l gZk khkdhjhklvx ^_\ylgZ^pZlv dbehf_ljh\ \ qZkKxab [hevr_g_ ijhy\ey_lgbdZdh]h kljZoZ i_j_^ wlbf rbjhdbf \h^guf ijhkljZgkl\hf b g_lhjhieb\h ieu\_l jy^hf kh fghciha\heyy l_q_gbx g_klb k_[yFu \u[bjZ_fky gZ[_j_] \hae_ lh]hf_klZ]^_ y kijylZeh^_`^m b ylhjhieb\h hjm^mxkZqdhfkh[bjZy \dmkgucm`bg êy fhbo ju[hdAZl_f fu^h\hevgu_ b kqZkleb\u_\ha\jZsZ_fky \ kmf_jdZo ihlhc `_ljhi_GZ furbghfem]m Kxab gZwlhl jZa `^_l m^ZqZhgZ eh\bl ih^jy^ lj_o `bjguo ihe_\hd dhfi_gkbjmy k\h_nbZkdh khg^Zljhc bey]mrdhc K_]h^gy fg_ gZ^h_oZlv \<_gmohlykm^y ihijh]gham ih]hûij_^klhbl kh[Zqvy `ZjZFg_ gZ^h hl\_alb \ ba^Zl_evkl\h wlm ]eZ\mG_lKxabl_[_ g_evayihclb kh fghcLu `_\b^brv y \[jxdZoGh aZ\ljZKxabaZ\ljZ fu kgh\Z i_j_ieu\_f >mgZcb _kebhq_gv ihklZjZ_fkylhfh`_l [ulv^Z`_ ihcfZ_fhg^ZljmLm kZfmx H DHR:QVBOB=J:O Keh\gh [u_]h ijba\Zgv_ ;ueh lhevdh\ ih^jZ`Zgv_ M<hj^k\hjl < g_dhlhjuo l\hj_gbyo ijbjhû g_ihklb`bfuf h[jZahf kh_^bgyxlky djZkhlZ b nmgdpbhgZevghklvom^h`_kl\_ggh_ b l_ogbq_kdh_ kh\_jr_gkl\h lZdh\u iZmlbgZ iZmdZdjueh klj_dhau\_ebdhe_igh h[l_dZ_fh_ l_eh ^_evnbgZb ^\b`_gby dhrdbWlb ihke_^gb_ g_fh]eb [uklZlv emqr_^Z`_ _keb [u bojZajZ[Zlu\Ze kZfuc]_gbZevguc ohj_h]jZnb g_fh]eb [u klZlv _s_ wnn_dlb\g__ ^Z`_ ih^jmdh\h^kl\hf kha^Z\r_]hbo emqr_]h ba lj_g_jh\[hjv[u aZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_B dZ`_lky [m^lh dhrdZ khagZ_ldjZkhlm k\hbo^\b`_gbcihlhfm qlhhgZ keh\gh gZkeZ`^Z_lky bfb b ijh^_eu\Z_l bo lhevdh aZl_f qlh[u ihdZaZlv bo kh\_jr_gkl\hIh^h[gZy b]jZb]jZ ^\b`_gbcaZgbfZ_l hkh[h_ f_klh \ `bagb baysg_cr_]h ba `b\hlguo Qlh lZdh_ b]jZ"Wlh h^bg ba ljm^g_crbo \hijhkh\ ikboheh]bb dZd q_eh\_dZlZd b `b\hlguoFu kh\_jr_ggh lhqgh agZ_fqlh bf__f\ \b^mdh]^Z ]h\hjbfqlh dhl_ghd s_ghd beb j_[_ghd b]jZ_lgh ^Zlv gZklhys__hij_^_e_gb_ wlhfm djZcg_ \Z`ghfm\b^m ^_yl_evghklbqj_a\uqZcgh ljm^gh <k_ nhjfub]ju h[eZ^Zxl h^gbfh[sbf k\hckl\hfhgb dhj_gguf h[jZahf hlebqZxlky hlk_jv_aghc^_yl_evghklbgh \lh `_ \j_fy \ gbo ijhke_`b\Z_lky y\gh_ koh^kl\hk dhgdj_lgufb \iheg_ k_jv_agufb kblmZpbyfb b g_ ijhklh koh^kl\hZ bfblZpbyWlh kijZ\_êb\h ^Z`_\ hlghr_gbbZ[kljZdlguo b]j \ajhkeuo ex^_c \_^v ihd_jbeb rZofZluiha\heyxl bf^Zlv \uoh^ hij_^_e_gguf bgl_ee_dlmZevguf kihkh[ghklyfH^gZdh g_kfhljy gZe_`Zs__ \ __hkgh\_ mih^h[e_gb_b]jZ ihgylb_ qj_a\uqZcgh rbjhdh_HgZ ho\Zlu\Z_l bqhihjguc p_j_fhgbZe klZjbggh]h f_gmwlZb qmjdb klheyjgbqZxs_]h fZevqm]ZgZ Dh]^Z djhevqhghd hl ba[uldZ wg_j]bbkdjZû\Z_l ke_ôhly aZ gbf g_ ]hgblky gbdZdhc obsgbdwlh b]jZb j_[_ghd dhlhjuc bah[jZ`Z_l fZrbgbklZlh`_ b]jZ_lQblZl_ev \hafh`ghm`_ j_rbeqlh _fm ij_^klhbl \ukemrZlv hl\e_q_ggmx e_dpbx h[ h[sbo ijbagZdZo wlh]h \b^Z ^_yl_evghklb m ex^_cb `b\hlguoGh y\ha\jZsZxkv dl_f_ h[hagZq_gghc gZa\Zgb_f ]eZ\ud dhrZqvbf b]jZf;ulv fh`_lg_dhlhju_ gZ[ex^_gby gZ^ dhgdj_lgufb ijbf_jZfb [jhkyl k\_lgZ ijh[e_fmb]j Dhl_ghd b]jZ_lkh k\h_cljZ^bpbhgghc b]jmrdhc dem[dhf r_jklbHg g_baf_ggh gZqbgZ_l k lh]hqlh ljh]Z_l _]h eZidhc kgZqZeZ hklhjh`gh b \hijhkbl_evgh\ulygm\ __b aZ]gm\ ih^mr_qdm \gmljvAZl_f hg \uimkdZ_l dh]lb ih^ly]b\Z_l dem[hd d k_[_ b lml `_ hllZedb\Z_l beb hliju]b\Z_l gZaZ^b ijbiZ^Z_l dihem<_kv ih^h[jZ\rbkvhg gZklhjh`_ggh ih^gbfZ_l ]heh\mb lZd\g_aZighqlh dZ`_lky [m^lh hg g_fbgm_fh ^he`_g m^Zjblvky ih^[hjh^dhf h ihe AZ^gb_ gh]b \uihegyxlk\h_h[jZagu_ q_j_^mxsb_ky^\b`_gby hg lhi_j_klmiZ_l bfblh kdj_[_lkeh\gh hlukdb\Zy l\_j^mx hihjm êy iju`dZ<g_aZigh hghibku\Z_l \\ha^mo_ rbjhdmx ^m]m b iZ^Z_lgZ b]jmrdm\uklZ\b\ \i_j_^k\_^_ggu_ \f_kl_ i_j_^gb_ eZiu?keb b]jZ^hklb]eZ hij_^_e_gghc dmevfbgZpbb hg ^Z`_ fh`_l gZqZlv dmkZlvkyDhl_ghd kgh\Z lhedZ_l dem[hddhlhjuc l_i_jv aZdZlu\Z_lky ih^ [mn_l\ s_ev kebrdhf madmxqlh[u dhl_ghd fh] ijhe_alv lm^ZBaysguf hljZ[hlZgguf^\b`_gb_f dhl_ghd ih^kh\u\Z_lih^ [mn_l h^gm eZim b \um`b\Z_lk\hx b]jmrdmgZjm`mL_dhfm ^h\h^behkv ohlv jZa\b^_lvdZd dhrdZeh\bl furvg_f_ê_ggh aZf_qZxl qlh gZrdhl_ghddhlhjh]h fu jZaemqbebk fZl_jvxqmlv eb g_ ke_iufijh^_eu\Z_l \k_km]m[h ki_pbZebabjh\Zggu_^\b`_gby ihfh]Zxsb_ dhrd_\ hohl_gZ hkgh\gmx __^h[uqm gZ fur_c <_^v êy^bdbo dhr_dfurb wlh booe_[ gZkmsguc ?keb fu l_i_jv mkh\_jr_gkl\m_f b]jmrdmijb\yaZ\ __d gbld_ b ih^\_kb\ lZdqlh[u hgZ [helZeZkvdhl_ghd ijh^_fhgkljbjm_l kh\k_f bgmx kbkl_fm hohlgbqvbo^\b`_gbc Hg \ukhdh ihîju]b\Z_l b o\ZlZ_l `_jl\m h[_bfb eZiZfb k\h^y bo rbjhdbf aZo\Zlu\Zxsbf ^\b`_gb_f<h \j_fywlh]h iju`dZ eZiu dZ`mlky g__kl_kl\_ggh [hevrbfblZd dZddh]lb \uims_guiZevpu jZklhiuj_guZ iylu_jm^bf_glZjgu_ iZevpu kh]gmlu ih^ ijyfuf m]ehf d eZi_Wlh o\ZlZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_dhlhjh_ dhlylZ k \hklhj]hf ijh^_eu\Zxl\ b]j_ Z[khexlgh lhqgh^h f_evqZcrbo ^_lZe_ckh\iZ^Z_l kl_f ^\b`_gb_fdhlhjuf ihevamxlky dhrdbko\Zlu\Zxsb_ \ae_lZxsmx ka_feb ilbpm ;bheh]bq_kdbc kfuke _s_ h^gh]h ^\b`_gbyqZklh gZ[ex^Zxs_]hky \ b]j_f_g__ hq_\b^_glZd dZdijZdlbq_kdb dhrdb ihevamxlky bf hq_gv j_^dhDhl_ghd klj_fbl_evguf gZijZ\e_gguf \\_jo m^Zjhf \u\_jgmlhc ih^mr_qdb fk \uims_ggufb dh]lyfb ih^p_iey_lb]jmrdm kgbami_j_[jZku\Z_l __ q_j_a ie_qhlZd qlh hgZ hibku\Z_l djmlmx ^m]mb klj_fbl_evgh iju]Z_laZ g_cBeb `_ hkh[_ggh bf_y ^_ehk [hevrbfb ij_^f_lZfb dhl_ghd kZ^blky i_j_^ b]jmrdhc gZijy`_ggh \uijyfey_lkyih^p_iey_l __ eZiZfb kgbam k h[_bo klhjhg b r\ujy_l q_j_a ]heh\m ih_s_ [he__djmlhc ^m]_QZklh dhl_ghd ke_^bl aZ ihe_lhf b]jmrdb]eZaZfb ^_eZ_l \ukhdbc iju`hd b ijba_fey_lky lZf `_]^_ iZ^Z_l hgZ< `bagb lZdb_^\b`_gby bkihevamxlkyijb eh\e_ju[u i_j\Zy kbkl_fZ êy eh\ebf_edhc ju[_rdbZ \lhjZyêy djmighc Gh _s_ [he__ bgl_j_kgu b djZkb\u ^\b`_gby dhlyl b]jZxsbo eb[h ^jm]k ^jm]hfeb[h kfZl_jvx;bheh]bq_kdbc bo kfuke g_ lZd e_]dh h[tykgblvdZd kfuke hohlgbqvbo ^\b`_gbcihkdhevdmdh]^Z dhrdb b]jZxl \f_kl_ bgklbgdlb\gu_ ^\b`_gbyijZdlbq_kdh_ ijbf_g_gb_ dhlhjuo bf__l \_kvfZ rbjhdbc^bZiZahgijh^_eu\Zxlky \ ijbohleb\hf kf_r_gbb bgZ^ h^gbfb l_f`_ h[t_dlhf IjblZb\rbkv aZ m]hevguf ysbdhfdhl_ghd \uke_`b\Z_l k\h_]h [jZlZdhlhjuc mk_eky ihkj_^bdmogb bg_ ih^haj_\Z_l h[ wlhcaZkZ^_: i_j\ucdhl_ghd kh^jh]Z_lkyhl g_l_ji_gby lhqgh djh\h`Z^guc lb]joe_s_l k_[y o\hklhf ih [hdZfb ijh^_eu\Z_l ]heh\hcb o\hklhf^\b`_gbylZd`_ gZ[ex^Zxsb_ky m \ajhkeuo dhr_d?]h \g_aZiguciju`hd hlghkblkyd kh\k_f bghc kbkl_f_ ^\b`_gbygZagZq_gb_ dhlhjuo g_ hohlZZ ^jZdZ<f_klh lh]h qlh[uiju]gmlv gZk\h_]h [jZlZdZd gZ ^h[uqm \ijhq_fwlh lh`_ g_ bkdexqZ_lkydhl_ghd gZ [_]m ijbgbfZ_l m]jh`Zxsmx iham\u]b[Z_l kibgm b [hdhf ijb[eb`Z_lky d ijhlb\gbdm<lhjhc dhl_ghd lh`_ \u]b[Z_l kibgmb h[Z g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy klhyllZd\aû[b\ r_jklvb bah]gm\ o\hkluGZkdhevdh fg_ ba\_klgh\ajhkeu_ dhrdb ih^h[ghc ihabpbb ih hlghr_gbx ^jm] d ^jm]m gbdh]^Z g_ aZgbfZxlDZ`ûc dhl_ghd \_^_l k_[y kdhj__ lZdkeh\gh i_j_^ gbf kh[ZdZb \k_lZdb bo ko\ZldZjZa\b\Z_lky dZd ihêbggZy ^jZdZ ^\mo \ajhkeuo djhlh\Dj_idh \p_ib\rbkv ^jm] \ ^jm]Z i_j_^gbfb eZiZfbhgb dm\ujdZxlky kZfuf g_\_jhylguf h[jZahfh^gh\j_f_ggh ^_j]Zy aZ^gbfb eZiZfb lZdqlh[m^v gZf_kl_ \lhjh]h ijhlb\gbdZq_eh\_dm g_]h ihke_ b]ju [ueb[u jZkpZjZiZgu\k_ jmdbK`bfZy [jZlpZ\ `_e_aghc o\Zld_ i_j_^gbo eZidhl_ghd wg_j]bqgh[v_l _]h aZ^gbfb eZiZfb k \uims_ggufb dh]lyfb< gZklhys_c^jZd_ lZdb_ k_dmsb_j\msb_ m^Zju gZp_eb\Zxlky \ g_aZsbs_gguc `b\hl \jZ]Zqlh fh`_l ijb\_klb d kZfuf i_qZevguf j_amevlZlZfIh[hdkbjh\Z\ g_fgh]hdhlylZ \uimkdZxl^jm] ^jm]Zb lml h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky m\e_dZl_evgZy ih]hgy\h \j_fy dhlhjhc fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv _s_h^gm kbkl_fm]jZpbhaguo ^\b`_gbcDh]^Z m[_]Zxsbc dhl_ghd \b^blqlh ^jm]hc_]h gZklb]Z_lhg \g_aZigh ijh^_eu\Z_lkZevlhfhjlZe_fy]dbf kh\_jr_ggh [_krmfguf ^\b`_gb_f ijhkdZevau\Z_l ih^ k\h_]h ijhlb\gbdZ\p_iey_lky i_j_^gbfb eZiZfb \ _]h g_`gh_ [jxrdhZ aZ^gbfb[v_l _]hih fhj^hqd_ Q_f `_ wlb b]jb\u_ ^\b`_gby hlebqZxlkyhl k_jv_aguo" <g_rg__ koh^kl\h gZklhevdh iheghqlh ^Z`_kZfuc hiulguc ]eZa [u\Z_l g_kihkh[_g meh\blv jZaebqb_Gh l_fg_ f_g__ lZdh_ hlebqb_ kms_kl\m_l< wlbob]jZokh_^bgyxsbo \k_[_ ^\b`_gby ihbfdb ^h[uqb^jZdb k^jm]hc dhrdhcb hljZ`_gby gZiZ^_gby \jZ]ZiZjlg_jmbah[jZ`Zxs_fm ^h[uqm beb ijhlb\gbdZgbdh]^Z g_ ijbqbgy_lky k_jv_agh]h \j_^Z<h \j_fy b]ju klj_fe_gb_dmkZlv bj\Zlv dh]lyfbihgZklhys_fm iheghklvx aZlhjfh`_gh< j_Zevguo `_kblmZpbyo wlhlaZij_l mljZqb\Z_l kbem ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f wfhpbc\uau\Zxsbo khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ^\b]Zl_evgu_ j_ZdpbbDhgdj_lgh_ ikboheh]bq_kdh_ khklhygb_ `b\hlgh]h hldju\Z_l lh]^Z imlv êy dhgdj_lgh]h lbiZ ih\_^_gby b lhevdhêy g_]h>ey b]ju oZjZdl_jghqlh \ g_ckm]m[h ki_pbnbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_ g_ hibjZ_lky gZ khhl\_lkl\mxs__ wfhpbhgZevgh_ khklhygb_ <kydZy b]jZjh^kl\_ggZ l_ZljZevghfmbkdmkkl\m \ lhfkfuke_ qlh b]jZxs_c^_eZ_l \b^[m^lh bf\eZ^_xl wfhpbbdhlhjuo gZ kZfhf ^_e_ hg g_ bkiulu\Z_l<h \j_fy b]ju kZfu_ jZaebqgu_ kbkl_fu ^\b`_gbykem`Zsb_ kZfuf jZaguf [bheh]bq_kdbf p_eyf\uihegyxlky [_a \kydh]h ihjy^dZ ihlhfm qlh dhgdj_lgh_ wfhpbhgZevgh_ khklhygb_\uau\Zxs__ dZ`^h_ ba gbo \ ^_ckl\bl_evghc `bagblml iheghklvx hlkmlkl\m_l>\b`_gby ^jZdb\uihegyxlky [_a aeh[u[_]kl\Z [_a kljZoZhohlu [_a `_eZgbymlheblv ]heh^B g_\_jgh [m^lh \b]j_ j_Zevgu_wfhpbb \k_ `_ijbkmlkl\mxlohly b\ kfy]q_gghc nhjf_G_l\ b]j_hgb hlkmlkl\mxliheghklvxb _keb dZdZygb[m^v bagbo ^_ckl\bl_evghijhkg_lky \h^ghf ba mqZklgbdh\b]jZ g_f_ê_gghij_ju\Z_lkyIhlj_[ghklv b]jZlv \hagbdZ_l ba ^jm]h]h bklhqgbdZ[he__ h[s_]h ih k\h_fm oZjZdl_jmq_f l_qZklgu_ ih[m`^_gbydhlhju_ \ hij_^_e_gguo kblmZpbyo h[_ki_qb\Zxl g_h[oh^bfhc wg_j]b_c dZ`^h_ ba hibkZgguo \ur_^\b`_gbc H^gZdh wlZ [he__h[sZy ihlj_[ghklv\ b]j_wlh `_eZgb_ kh\_jrZlv Zdlb\gu_ ^_ckl\by jZ^b gbo kZfbo ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc m^b\bl_evguc n_ghf_gk\hckl\_gguc lhevdh gZb[he__ ikbobq_kdb jZa\bluf ba \k_o `b\uo kms_kl\;jb^`_k hq_gv m^Zqgh \ujZabewlh \ihwlbq_kdhc nhjf_ Kha^Z\ZyihagZx JZ^hklv khab^Zgby Ohlv gZaZ\ljZhgZ KlZg_l lhqghhla\md kgZ L_gv \hkihfbgZgvy B g_ kemqZcghfu [u\Z_fjZkljh]ZgugZ[ex^Zy aZ b]jhc fhehûo `b\hlguog_ kemqZcghb]jZ ij_^klZ\ey_lky gZf[he__ \ukhdbf \b^hf ^_yl_evghklbq_f khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ _c k_jv_agu_ lbiu ih\_^_gbygZagZq_gb_ dhlhjuo khojZgylv `bagv \b^ZB]jZ hlebqZ_lky hl k_jv_aguo ^_ckl\bc g_ lhevdh g_]Zlb\ghgh b ihablb\gh< b]j_ hkh[_ggh m fhehûo `b\hlguo \k_]^Z ijbkmlkl\m_l we_f_glhldjulby B]jZ lbibqgZ êy jZa\b\Zxs_]hky hj]ZgbafZM keh`b\r_]hky `b\hlgh]h ihlj_[ghklv \g_c aZlmoZ_lY hij_^_ebeb]jm dZd YRUDKPXQJij_^\Zjbl_evgZy bfblZpbybkihevamy l_jfbg DZjeZ =jhhkZqlh[u ih^q_jdgmlvqlh b]jh\u_wd\b\Ze_glu g_dhlhjuo \jh`^_gguoihemq_gguo ih gZke_^kl\m ^\b`_gbc ijbkmlkl\mxl \`bagb dZ`^h]h `b\hlgh]h_s_ ^hlh]hdZd hgh gZqbgZ_l ijbf_gylv bo \ j_ZevguokblmZpbyo=jhhk ijb^Z_l b]j_ [hevrh_ \hkiblZl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ b ml\_j`^Z_lqlh jZaebqgu_ ^\b`_gbykh\_jr_gkl\mxlky [eZ]h^ZjyqZkluf b]jh\uf ih\lhj_gbyfM gZk _klv hkgh\Zgby mkhfgblvky \\_jghklb ihke_^g_]h ml\_j`^_gby dZd h[s_]h ijbgpbiZihkdhevdm bgklbgdlb\gu_mgZke_^h\Zggu_ ^\b`_gby jZa\b\Zxlkyih^h[gh hj]ZgZf b g_ lj_[mxl ki_pbZevghc ijZdlbdbqlh iheghklvx ih^l\_j`^Z_lky fgh]hqbke_ggufb gZ[ex^_gbyfbKh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjykh\_jr_gkl\h b ]jZg^bhaghklv ^\b`_gbcdhlhju_ ijh^_eu\Z_l dhl_ghd ijb eh\e_ furbbeb \^jm]bo b]jZo ihdZau\Zxlqlh wlb^\b`_gby g_gm`^Zxlky \memqr_gbb bqlh bo \hh[s_m`_ g_\hafh`ghmemqrblv L_f g_ f_g__b]jZ q_fmlh mqbl dhl_gdZHg magZ_lg_ dZd gm`gh eh\blv furvgh qlh lZdh_ furvI_j\h_ jZa\_û\Zl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ eZidbijhlygmlhc d dem[dm r_jklbi_j\Zy _s_ k^_j`ZggZy g_j_rbl_evgZy ihiuldZ aZp_iblv _]h dh]lyfbaZdexqZxl \hijhklhl ebi_j_^h fghc ij_^f_ld dhlhjhfmqlhlh klj_fblky\h fg_dhlhjuc yfh]m \uke_^blvaZ]gZlvihcfZlv b \ dhgp_ dhgph\ kt_klv" MgZke_^h\Zgguc kl_j_hlbi \hkijbylby ^h[uqblh _klv l_ mgZke_^h\Zggu_ f_oZgbafudhlhju_ \uau\Zxlbgklbgdlb\gu_ hohlgbqvb ^\b`_gbykZf ih k_[_ ijhkl<k_ fZe_gvdb_ djm]eu_ fy]db_ ij_^f_lu\k_qlh [ukljh^\b`_lkydZlykv beb kdhevayb]eZ\gh_\k_qlh m[_]Z_laZklZ\eyy dhrdm Z\lhfZlbq_kdb[_a dZdh]heb[h ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]hhiulZ ijh^_eu\Zlv ij_djZkgu_baysgu_baukdZggu_ ^\b`_gby ihbfdb furb Q?EH<?D BDHRD: KihdhcgZk^_j`ZggZ bl_ji_eb\Z LhfgZaZ]Z^hqgh fm^jZ @_klhdh [_kijbkljZklgZ MMhlkhgWlx^ \dhgljZklZo L_ dlh ex[blkh[Zdg_j_^dh l_ji_lv g_fh]ml dhr_dZ l_dlh ex[bldhr_d hkh[_ggh `_gsbgug_ \ughkyl kh[Zd B ml_ob m^jm]bo wlhgZ fhc \a]ey^k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ ba\_klghc f_ehqghklb oZjZdl_jZy kqblZxqlh ihgZklhys_fm ex[blb ihgbfZ_l`b\hlguo lhevdh lhlq_eh\_d dhlhjhfm wlb ^\Z gZb[he__ [ebadbo gZf `b\hlguo \gmrZxl jZ\gmx kbfiZlbxM lh]hdlh ex[bl ijbjh^m bklbgghc ex[h\vxgZb[hevrbc \hklhj] b [eZ]h]h\_gb_ \uau\Z_l [_kdhg_qgh_ jZaghh[jZab_ `b\uo kms_kl\ b [_kqbke_ggu_ kihkh[udhlhjufb ijbjh^Zkha^Z_l kh\_jr_ggu_]Zjfhgbb K lhqdb aj_gby bamq_gby q_eh\_q_kdhc ikbobdb djZcg_ bgl_j_kgh gZ[ex^ZlvgZkdhevdh ihjZaghfm \_^ml k_[y k `b\hlgufb jZ\gh hk\_^hfe_ggu_\ wlhch[eZklb ex^b<k_ hgb klj_fylky magZlv `b\hlgh_dZd fh`ghemqr_ jZ^b ebg_]h kZfh]h bebjZ^b jZa\blbygZmdbFgh]b_ gZlmjZebklukqblZxl qlh \ebylv gZ `bagv `b\hlguo ke_^m_ldZd fh`ghf_gvr_b lsZl_evgh ba[_]Zxl dZdboeb[h ijyfuo dhglZdlh\k gbfblZd \_^ml k_[y hjgblheh]b b nhlh]jZnudhlhju_ gZ[ex^ZxlaZ `b\hlgufb bamdjulbyijbq_f mki_rgufbwlb gZ[ex^_gbyfh]ml [ulv lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ__keb `b\hlgu_g_ ih^haj_\Zxlh ijbkmlkl\bb gZ[ex^Zl_eyIhegmx ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv bf khklZ\ey_l q_eh\_ddhlhjuc \klmiZ_l k `b\hlgufb\ kZfuc l_kguc dhglZdllZd qlh `b\hlgh_\hkijbgbfZ_l _]hdZd hkh[v kh[kl\_ggh]h \b^Zb wlh iha\hey_l _fm kh\k_f bguf kihkh[hf ijhgbdgmlv \ ]em[bgu ikbobdb ^Zggh]h \b^ZH[Z f_lh^Z \iheg_hijZ\^Zguh[Z bf_xlk\hb ij_bfms_kl\Zb k\hb g_^hklZldbh[Z ^himkdZxl \hafh`ghklv\kyq_kdbo \ZjbZglh\ b dhf[bgZpbc<u[hj f_lh^Z aZ\bkblg_ lhevdhhl gZ[ex^Zl_ey gh b hl \b^Zdhlhjuc hg gZf_j_g bamqZlvQ_f \ur_ ikbobq_kdbc mjh\_gv `b\hlgh]h b q_f hghh[sbl_evg__l_f [he__ g_h[oh^bf êy ihêbggh]h _]h ihgbfZgby ebqguc dhglZdlGbdlh g_ kmf__l ijZ\bevgh hp_gblv mfkl\_ggu_ dZq_kl\Z kh[Zdb_keb kZf ohlvjZa g_[ue h[t_dlhfkh[Zqv_c ex[\blh `_hlghkblky dhfgh]bf ^jm]bf`b\hlguf\_^msbf ]jmiih\hc h[jZa`bagbgZijbf_jd \hjhgZf]ZedZf[hevrbf ihim]Zyf^bdbf ]mkyfb h[_avygZf K dhrdZfb iheh`_gb_g_kdhevdh bgh_\k_ ba\_klgu_fg_ gZklhysb_ ex[bl_eb kh[Zddjhf_ lh]hb ij_djZkgu_agZlhdb bogh kdZaZlv lh]h `_ h ex[bl_eyo dhr_d y g_ fh]m >moh\guc fbjdhrdb mlhgq_gb ^bdhg g_jZkdju\Z_lky i_j_^ ex^vfbgZ\yau\Zxsbfb `b\hlguf k\hx ex[h\vkh[Zdb \wlhf hlghr_gbb [he__ ih^Zleb\u?keb \eZ^_e_p`b\hlgh]h mf__l g_ gZ\yau\Zlv k\hx ex[h\v gZkbevghwlh fh`gh kqblZlv g_iehobf ^hdZaZl_evkl\hf gZklhys_]h ihgbfZgby `b\hlguo b ijbjhûDhrdZ g_\_^_l ]jmiih\hch[jZa `bagbhgZ hklZ_lky g_aZ\bkbfhc^bdhc fZe_gvdhciZgl_jhcb \__ oZjZdl_j_ g_l b ke_^Z lhc bgnZglbevghklb h^hfZrgb\ZgbydhlhjZy ^_eZ_l kh[Zdm lZdbf[eZ]h^Zjguf h[t_dlhfêy \gbfZgby b[Zeh\kl\Z Gh fgh]b_ ex[bl_eb dhr_d g_ ihgbfZxl wlhc dhrZqv_c ihlj_[ghklb d g_aZ\bkbfhklbHrb[hqgh_ ml\_j`^_gb_[m^lh ^_j`Zlv [hevrmx kh[Zdm \ ]hjh^kdhc d\Zjlbj_ `_klhdhfu keurbf ihklhygghgh h dhrdZo fg_ wlh]h keurZlv g_ ^h\h^behkvGZ kZfhf`_ ^_e_ êykh[Zdb d\ZjlbjZg_ [he__ q_f \f_klbl_evgZy dhgmjZihkdhevdm ohaybg h[uqgh oh^bl ]meylv kh k\hbfikhf beb[_j_l _]hk kh[hcdh]^Z b^_lih ^_em>ey dhrdb`_ d\ZjlbjZ wlh ebrv[hevrZy de_ldZY g_ ohqm kdZaZlvqlh êy dhr_dhkh[_ggh ihjh^bkluolZdh_ aZdexq_gb_ fmqbl_evghgh hgbg_khfg_gghmljZqb\Zxl lm g_h[ma^Zggmx ^bdhklvdhlhjZy êy f_gy ebqgh khklZ\ey_l ]eZ\gh_ bo hqZjh\Zgb_Y g_ mklZx ^b\blvky lhfmqlh jZa^_eyx k\hc^hf kfbgbZlxjgufb lb]jZfbdhlhju_ ijboh^yl b moh^yldh]^Z bf\a^mfZ_lkydhlhju_ hohlylky bmkljZb\Zxl k\hb ex[h\gu_ ^_eZlZdkeh\gh \k_ _s_`b\ml i_j\ha^Zgghc `bagvx \ ^bdbo e_kZoDh]^Z mljhf fhc[hevrhc ihehkZluc LhfZk ,,gZiheh\bgm Zg]hjkdbc dhl\_ebq_kl\_ggh \ha\jZsZ_lky ^hfhc ev\bghc ihoh^dhc\_kv \ aZi_dr_cky djh\bk bkpZjZiZgghc fhj^hc b \gh\v jZkihehkh\Zgguf fgh]hkljZ^Zevguf mohffg_ hq_gv ohl_ehkvmagZlvdlh [ue _]h ijhlb\gbdhf \iheghqghf ih_^bgd_b fbehklbdZdhc ^Zfu hgb hkiZjb\ZebF_gy \k_]^Z ihjZ`Zehqlh ^h[jh^mrgh_ eZkdh\h_ kms_kl\hdhlhjh_ [Zkbklh fmjeuq_l m f_gy gZ dhe_gyowlhl lhl`_ m]jxfuc jZa[hcgbdqvb `mldb_ \hieb y keurZeg_kdhevdh qZkh\gZaZ^ gZmebp_ G_kl_kg_ggZy k\h[h^Zdhlhjhc ihevam_lky ih^h[guc h[blZl_ev \Zr_]h ^hfZgbqmlv g_mf_gvrZ_l _]haZ\bkbfhklb hl q_eh\_dZKZfu_ ]hjû_ bk\h_gjZ\gu_ bafhbo dhlh\ohly hgb b `beb k\h_c hkh[hc ^bdhc `bagvx bkemqZehkvih g_kdhevdh ^g_c g_ \ha\jZsZebkv ^hfhcl_f g_ f_g__ hlebqZebkv m^b\bl_evghc eZkdh\hklvx?keb `b\hlgh_eZklblky d \Zfkb^bl m \Zk gZ dhe_gyo b l_jibldh]^Z \u_]h ]eZ^bl_wlh \h\k_ g_ ijbagZd ihêbgghc ijb\yaZgghklb hkh[_ggh dh]^Z j_qvb^_l hdhrd_?klv lhevdh h^bgkihkh[ magZlvp_gbl `b\hlgh_ \Zr_h[s_kl\h \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklbbeb g_l\havfbl_ _]h k kh[hc gZ mebpmb imklvhgh kZfh j_rblhklZlvky ebk \Zfb bebihclb k\h_c^hjh]hcH[Z fhbo fhehûo dhlZLhfZk ,b LhfZk ,,dhlhjuo y kZf\ujZklbe magZ\Zeb f_gy gZmebp_^Z`_ dh]^Z klZebkh\k_f \ajhkeufb H[Z ijb\_lkl\h\Zeb f_gy hkh[uf a\_gysbf ]m[guf djbdhf njjdhlhjuc \ajhkeu_dhrdb \ujZ`Zxlbkdj_ggxx ex[h\vb h[Z khijh\h`^Zeb f_gy \ êbl_evguoijh]medZo ihhdj_klguf e_kZf<h \j_fy ih^h[guo wdkdmjkbcdhg_qghke_^m_l mqblu\ZlvdZdhc imlv \u[jZeZ [u kZf dhrdZG_evay lj_[h\Zlvqlh[u hgZ i_j_k_dZeZ rbjhdb_ hldjulu_ ijhkljZgkl\Z]^_ _cg_]^_ mdjulvkyb ]^_hgZ fh`_lklZlv `_jl\hc i_j\hc \klj_qghc kh[ZdbB \hl ijboh^blky ijh[bjZlvky q_j_a ]mklhcihê_khdijbkihkZ[eb\Zy k\hc rZ] d dhrZqv_c ihoh^d_I_j\h_ \j_fy ym^b\eyekydZd [ukljh mlhfey_lky b gZqbgZ_l hlklZ\Zlv lZdh_dj_idh_a^hjh\h_ b kbevgh_ `b\hlgh_Dhfm ba fhbo qblZl_e_c ijboh^behkv \b^_lvqlh[u dhrdZly`_eh ûrZeZb \ukh\u\ZeZyaudlhqgh kh[ZdZ"Aj_ebs_ ihbklbg_ j_^qZcr__Gh \ajhkeZy\iheg_ a^hjh\Zy b ihegZy kbe dhrdZ m`_q_j_a iheqZkZkh\_jr_ggh \ufZlu\Z_lky^Z`_ _keb q_eh\_daZ dhlhjufhgZ ke_^m_l b^_l g_lhjhieb\uf rZ]hfIhwlhfm]meyy k dhrdZfbg_ ih^\_j]Zcl_ boih^h[guf bkiulZgbyfbeb hgb kdhjhhldZ`mlky hl wlbo ijh]mehdH^gZdh_keb \ \u[hj_imlb \umql_l_ \dmku k\h_]h ihehkZlh]h^jm]Z bijbkihkh[bl_kv d_]h rZ]m \u kfh`_l_ m\b^_lv g_fZeh ex[hiulgh]hhkh[_ggh ijhimklb\ _]h \i_j_^b ke_^myaZ gbf[_krmfgh klmiZy[hkufb gh]Zfb Hg \b^blkeurbl b qm_l fgh`_kl\h kZfuo jZaguo \_s_c dhlhju_ [_a g_]h mkdhevagmeb [u hl \Zr_]h\gbfZgby>h q_]h hklhjh`gh bhiZkeb\h ijh[bjZ_lkyhg \i_j_^]hlh\uc \ ex[hc fb] h[jZlblvky\ [_]kl\hD g_kqZklvxgZ[ex^Zlv aZ l_fdZd hg hohlblkym^Z_lky hq_gv j_^dhihlhfm qlh k_jv_agZy hohlZgZqbgZ_lky lhevdh\ kmf_jdZo Fgh]b_ fhbdhlu b hkh[_ggh dhrdb^hfZ [ueb]hjZa^h eZkdh\__ h[hbo LhfZkh\gh _keb fu\klj_qZebkv gZmebp_ gbdlh bagbo g_h[jZsZe gZ f_gygb fZe_cr_]h \gbfZgbyHgb [_kp_j_fhggh ihdZau\Zeb fg_ kibgmb g_ lhevdh g_ ijb\_lkl\h\Zeb f_gy a\hgdbf njjgh \hkijbgbfZeb dZd gZ]emx gZahceb\hklv ex[mx ihiuldm ijbkh_^bgblvky d gbf kdhevdh [u klZjZgbc y gb ijbeZ]Zeqlh[u ijh^_eZlvwlh g_aZf_lgh Y hlgx^v g_ klZ\ex k_[_ p_evx ^hdZaZlvqlh dhrdm g_evay ^_j`Zlv\ ]hjh^kdhc d\Zjlbj_=hjh^kdb_ `bl_ebb lZd kebrdhf fZeh khijbdZkZxlky k ijbjh^hcb djZkb\Zy g_bkihjq_ggZy dhrdZdhg_qghijbg_k_l gZmebpu ]hjh^Z__ hl[e_kdH^gZdh y ml\_j`^Zxqlh hsmlblv \k_hqZjh\Zgb_ dhrdb fh`ghlhevdh ij_^hklZ\b\ _c ihegmxk\h[h^m: fhb kZfu_ ijbylgu_ \hkihfbgZgby h dhrdZo k\yaZgu k lbobfb e_kgufb ijh]medZfb\ h[s_kl\_dhlZB _s_y ml\_j`^Zxqlh aZ\h_\Zlv gZklhysmxZ g_ dZ`msmxky ex[h\v dhrdbfh`gh lhevdh _keb g_ f_rZlv _c `blv gZ __ kh[kl\_gguceZ^ b lZdlbqgh bkdZlv __ h[s_kl\Z \ _kl_kl\_gghc êy g__ h[klZgh\d_H^gh\j_f_ggh ijboh^blky kfbjblvky kl_fqlh hlghkykv k lZdbf m\Z`_gb_f d \gmlj_ggbf ihlj_[ghklyf dhrdb\u ih^\_j]Z_l_ __ \k_f hiZkghklyfdhlhju_ fh]ml ]jhablv wlhfmfZe_gvdhfm obsgbdmGb h^bgba fhbodhlh\ g_ mf_j _kl_kl\_gghckf_jlvxLhfZk ,m]h^be eZihc\ dZidZg b ih]b[ hl aZjZ`_gby djh\bZ LhfZk ,,iZe `_jl\hck\hbo hohlgbqvbo kljZkl_c hg aZ^mrbe g_kdhevdh djhebdh\ \h ^\hj_ khk_^g_]h n_jf_jZb lhlaZklb]gm\ _]h gZf_kl_ ij_klmie_gbylml `_k gbfjZa^_eZekyGh lZdh\Z mìjbjh^Z ev\h\lb]jh\ bhjeh\qlh hgbj_^dh h[j_lZxl fbjgucdhg_p B lZdh\Z `_ kmsghklv dhrdbaZ dhlhjmx y __ ex[ex aZfdgmlh]h \ k_[_g_mdjhlbfh]h ^bdh]h a\_jyDZd gb kljZgghbf_ggh wlbf h[tykgy_lky b ^hfZrgyy mxlghklv dhrdblZd dZd ihgZklhys_fm hsmsZ_l ^hflhevdh lhldlh ijh\h^bl [hevrmx qZklv `bagb \g_ _]hkl_gB fmjeudZxsZy dhrdZ mlhiys_cky i_qdb dZ`_lkygZf kbf\hehf^hfZrg_]h mxlZ bf_ggh ihlhfmqlh hgZ g_ie_ggbpZZ g_aZ\bkbfh_ kms_kl\h ihqlb jZ\gh_ fg_ b ijhklh ihk_eb\r__kyih^ h^ghckh fghc djur_c @B<HLGU?DHLHJU? E=ML < ke_^mxs_c]eZ\_ y ^hdZ`mgZkdhevdh hrb[Zxlkyl_dlh kqblZ_l dhrdmkZfh_ ]hj^h_b kZfh_q_klgh_ ba \k_ogZrbo ^hfZrgbo `b\hlguo dh\Zjghc h[fZgsbp_cH^gZdh y\h\k_ g_ kqblZxl wlm g_kihkh[ghklv h[fZgu\Zlv ijbagZdhf ij_\hkoh^kl\Z dhrdbGZh[hjhlwlh mf_gb_k\hckl\_ggh_ kh[ZdZfgZ fhc\a]ey^^hdZau\Z_lqlh hgb\ ikbobq_kdhf hlghr_gbb klhyl ]hjZa^h \ur_G_l gbdZdbo khfg_gbcqlh mfgu_ kh[Zdb \dZdhclh kl_i_gbmf_xl ijbl\hjylvkyb gb`_ y ijb\_^mijbf_ju lZdh]hih\_^_gbydhlhjh_ ygZ[ex^Ze Fhc klZjuc;meebihiZ^Zy \]emih_ iheh`_gb_ij_djZkgh hl^Z\Ze k_[_ \ wlhl hlq_l b \ lZdbo kemqZyo ijhy\eye g_h[uqZcgh_ b kh\_jr_ggh g_h[tykgbfh_ ihgbfZgb_ \_kvfZ keh`guo kblmZpbcMfgu_ kh[Zdb y\gh agZxldh]^Z hgb hdZau\Zxlky kf_rgufb k lhqdb aj_gby q_eh\_dZB _kebgZ^ gbfb ijbwlhf kf_xlkyfgh]b_ ba gboijboh^yl \ yjhklvbeb ih]jm`Zxlky \ mgugb_>`_d Ehg^hg \ k\h_c ij_\hkoh^ghc kh[Zqv_cih\_klb ;_euc Deudhibku\Z_l lZdmxj_Zdpbx bkihevamyhq_\b^ghkh[kl\_ggu_ gZ[ex^_gby< lh \j_fyh dhlhjhf y ibrm;meeb [uem`_ hq_gvklZjb aj_gb_gZqZeh baf_gylv _fmZ ihlhfm hg ^h\hevgh qZklheZye gZk\hbo \dexqZy bf_gyY lZdlbqgh g_aZf_qZe _]hhrb[db b g_^_eZe _fm \u]h\hjZqlh ih\_j]Zeh _]h \ ly]hklgh_ kfms_gb_ AZl_f hg ijh^_eZe rlmdmdhlhjmx y kq_e ijhkluf kh\iZ^_gb_fgh ihlhf m[_^bekyqlh wlh[ueh khagZl_evgh_ bkdZ`_gb_ j_Zevguo nZdlh\lh _klv ieh^[e_klys_c jZ[hlu mfZY hldjue dZebldm b _s_ g_mki_e __ijbl\hjblvdZd ;meeb k ]jhfdb_ eZ_f [jhkbeky dh fg_MagZ\ f_gyhg gZ k_dmg^m aZf_j \ jZkl_jygghf kfms_gbbZ ihlhfaZ^_\ fhx gh]mihfqZeky ^Zevr_ d dZebld_i_j_[_`Ze ^hjh]m b ijh^he`Ze yjhklgh eZylv m \hjhl gZr_]h khk_^Zkeh\gh k kZfh]h gZqZeZZ^j_kh\Ze k\hbm]jhau ijh`b\Z\r_fm lZf\jZ]m GZ wlhljZa y_fm ih\_jbej_rb\qlh djZldh_ kfms_gb_fg_ ihqm^behkv b yijhklh g_ihgye gZf_j_gbckh[ZdbM gZr_]h khk_^Z b\ kZfhf^_e_ [uei_kk dhlhjuf;meeb \jZ`^h\ZeZ ihlhfm hg ^_ckl\bl_evgh fh] h[eZb\Zlv wlh]h ikZZ g_ f_gyH^gZdh wlh gZqZeh ih\lhjylvky qmlv eb g_dZ`ûc ^_gvb y ijbr_e d \u\h^mqlh ;meebkhagZl_evgh bkdZe \hafh`ghklv aZfZkdbjh\Zlv lhl]jmklguc nZdlqlh hgaZeZye gZ ohaybgZB djZldh_ kfms_gb_dh]^Z hg\g_aZigh magZ\Ze f_gyklZgh\behkv \k_ dhjhq_ b dhjhq_ ijhklh ohq_lky kdZaZlvqlh hg e]Ze\k_ [he__ b [he__mf_ehL_i_jv g_j_^dh kemqZehkvqlhmagZ\ f_gyb ijh[_`Z\fbfh[meeb hdZau\Zeky lZf]^_ beZylvlh [ueh g_gZ qlhgZijbf_j\ imklhf m]em ^\hjZGh hghklZgZ\eb\Zeky bmk_j^gh eZyegZ ]emohc aZ[hj Wlh ih\_^_gb_ fh`ghdhg_qghh[tykgblv k ihfhsvx nbabheh]bq_kdh]h klbfmeZgh[_kkihjghlml mqZkl\h\Zeb bgl_ee_dl kh[Zdbb[h ;meeb ijb[_]Zed lhqghlZdhc `_e`b kh\k_f ih ^jm]hfmih\h^m?fmdZd b\k_f hklZevgufgZrbf kh[ZdZf[ueh aZij_s_gh]hgylvky aZ^hfZrg_c ilbp_cb ohly hg kljZrghg_]h^h\Zedh]^Z dmjuijbgbfZebkv de_\Zlvba _]h fbkdbgh g_ hkf_eb\Zeky bo jZah]gZlv\_jg__g_ hkf_eb\Zeky k^_eZlv wlh hldjulhhg k \hafms_gguf eZ_f db^Zeky \kZfmx bo]msmlZd qlhhgb [jhkZebkv \jZkkuigmx hlqZyggh dm^ZolZy;meeb `_\f_klh lh]hqlh[u ih]gZlvky aZ dZdhcgb[m^v dmjbp_c bihiulZlvky __ ko\Zlblvijh^he`Ze [_`Zlv ih ijyfhcb eZylvlhqgh lZd`_dZd \l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z hgh[eZb\Ze f_gyB lhqgh lZd`_ hg qZklhhdZau\Zeky \ lZdhf m]em ^\hjZ]^_ eZylv [uehZ[khexlgh g_gZ qlh <ijhq_f\ wlbokemqZyo mg_]h g_o\ZlZeh khh[jZabl_evghklb ih^h[jZlv k_[_ dZdhcgb[m^v ^jm]hc h[t_dl êygZiZ^_gby ihfbfh dmj Kxab bah[j_eZ lhqgh lZdmx `_ obljhklvdh]^Z _c[ueh \k_]h k_fv f_kyp_\?c m`Zkgh gjZ\blky jZkim]b\Zlv^bdh dehoqmsbo dmj hgZ iju]Z_l\ kZfmxbo ]msmk aZeb\bkluf eZ_fZ aZl_fgb gZk_dmg^m g_mfhedZyfqblky ^Zevr_ \ kZ^<ha\jZsZ_lky hgZ m^b\bl_evgh[ukljhk kZfuf g_\bgguf \b^hfgh lml`_ ki_rblijbeZkdZlvky dhfg_\u^Z\Zyqlh kh\_klv mg__ g_qbklZkh\k_f dZdfZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ KlZkb ijZdlbdh\ZeZh[fZg ^jm]h]hjh^ZBa\_klghfgh]b_ kh[Zdb g_ lhevdh qm\kl\bl_evgu d nbabq_kdhc [hebgh b ex[ylqlh[u bo `Ze_ebb hq_gv [ukljh \umqb\Zxlky aehmihlj_[eylv khqm\kl\b_f fy]dhk_j^_qguo ex^_cDZdlh dh]^Z KlZkbkhijh\h`^ZeZ f_gy \\_ehkbi_^ghc ih_a^d_m g__ hl i_j_mlhfe_gby\hkiZebehkv kmoh`beb_e_\hc i_j_^g_c eZiu HgZ aZojhfZeZb g_kdhevdh ^g_c y ^he`_g [ue \oh^blv i_rdhfIha`_ y \k_\j_fy ke_^beg_ mlhfbeZkveb hgZb j_adh kgb`Ze kdhjhklv_^\Z hgZ gZqbgZeZ ijbojZfu\Zlv KlZkb hq_gv [ukljh khh[jZabeZ\ q_f ^_ehb klhbehfg_ l_i_jv k\_jgmlv gZ ^hjh]mdhlhjZy _c g_gjZ\beZkvdZd hgZ g_f_ê_ggh gZqbgZeZ ijbiZ^Zlv gZ e_\mxeZimDh]^Z y hlijZ\eyeky ba ^hfm \ ]hkiblZev]^_ _c ij_^klhyeh g_kdhevdh qZkh\ klhjh`blv fhc \_ehkbi_^hgZ gZqbgZeZ ojhfZlv lZd `Zehklghqlh ijhoh`b_ g_]h^mxs_ gZ f_gy ih]eyû\ZebH^gZdh klhbehgZf ih\_jgmlv\ klhjhgmfZg_`Z qlh hagZqZehaZ]hjh^gmx ijh]medmdZd [hev\ eZi_ ijhiZ^ZeZ [_a ke_^ZHkh[_ggh ijhajZqghcwlZ obljhklvklZgh\beZkv ih km[[hlZfMljhf ih ^hjh]_gZ kem`_[gucihkl [_^gZykh[ZqdZ _e_ dh\ueyeZ aZ\_ehkbi_^hf gZlj_o eZiZogh ^g_fdh]^Z fu hlijZ\eyebkv gZ ^\Z^pZlbdbehf_ljh\mx ijh]medmb y_oZe hq_gv [ukljhKlZkb g_ [_`ZeZihaZ^b \_ehkbi_^ZZ fqZeZkv \i_j_^b ih ^Z\gh agZdhfuf ljhiZfH^gZdh \ ihg_^_evgbd ojhfhlZ \ha\jZsZeZkv < aZdexq_gb_ y jZkkdZ`m ^\_ g_[hevrb_ bklhjbb\ dhlhjuo ^_ckl\mxl g_kh[ZdbZ h[_avyguL_f g_ f_g__wlb bklhjbb lml \iheg_ mf_klgulZd dZd hgb^hdZau\Zxlqlh gZb[he__ mfgu_ `b\hlgu_kihkh[gu be]Zlv bihgbfZlvdh]^Z bf e]ml Ijhn_kkhj <hevn]Zg] D_e_jqvb bkke_^h\Zgbybgl_ee_dlZ rbfiZga_ ijbg_keb _fmfbjh\mx ba\_klghklvdZdlh ihklZ\be i_j_^ fhehûf kZfphfrbfiZga_ deZkkbq_kdmx aZ^Zqm k ih^\_r_gghc d ihlhedm ]jha^v [ZgZgh\dhlhjmx h[_avyg_ iheZ]Zehkv ^hklZlvijb^\bgm\ ih^ [ZgZgu klhysbc \m]em ysbdRbfiZga_ hkfhlj_ekyihlhf ih\_jgmekyg_ dysbdmZ d ijhn_kkhjm b ko\Zlbe _]h aZ jmdmGZ^h kdZaZlvqlh fbfbdZ b `_klu rbfiZga_ gZ j_^dhklv \ujZabl_evgu@_eZy iha\Zlv dm^Zgb[m^v ^jm]h]hrbfiZga_ bebq_eh\_dZdhlhjuc ihevam_lky bo jZkiheh`_gb_fhgb bkimkdZxl ijhkbl_evgu_ a\mdb b lygml _]h aZ jmdmIjb[_]gm\ d wlhfm f_lh^m fheh^hc rbfiZga_ ih\_eijhn_kkhjZ D_e_jZ\ ijhlb\hiheh`guc m]he dhfgZluIjhn_kkhj ih^qbgyeky gZklhygbyf `b\hlgh]h ihlhfm qlh ohl_emagZlvq_f hgh lZdaZbgl_j_kh\ZehkvHg g_ aZf_lbeqlh _]h \_^ml ijyfh d [ZgZgZfb jZa]Z^Ze bklbggu_ gZf_j_gby rbfiZga_lhevdh dh]^Zlhl \kdZjZ[dZeky ih g_fmlhqgh ih ^j_\_kghfmkl\hemwg_j]bqgh hllhedgmeky hl _]h eukbguko\Zlbe [ZgZgub [uelZdh\RbfiZga_ j_rbe aZ^Zqm gh\ufb [he__hkljhmfguf kihkh[hf >hiheg_gb_f d wlhcbklhjbb hrbfiZga_dhlhjuc h[fZgme agZf_gblh]h ikboheh]Zkem`bl bklhjby hjZg]mlZg]Zdhlhjh]h h[fZgme fhc ^jm] YIhjl_ev_^bj_dlhj :fkl_j^Zfkdh]h ahhiZjdZHjZg]mlZg] [uedjmiguf kZfphfk KmfZljuIhcfZeb _]h m`_ \ajhkeufb l_i_jv hg `be \hq_gv ijhklhjghcb \ukhdhc de_ld_DZd \k_ hjZg]mlZg]bhg [uee_gb\bqlh[u mkljZb\Zlv _fm jZafbgdmIhjl_ev_ ^Ze mdZaZgb_ klhjh`m dhjfblv _]hihg_fgh]mZ _^mklZ\blv gZ\_jo de_ldbLZdbf h[jZahfh[_avyg_ ijboh^behkv dZjZ[dZlvky \\_jo b \gba \kydbc jZadh]^Z _c ohl_ehkv kt_klv dmkhq_d [ZgZgZ Ih\b^bfhfmbf_y ^_eh khjZg]mlZg]Zfbg_h[oh^bfh dZdbflh h[jZahf bfblbjh\Zlv ljm^ghklb _kl_kl\_gghc [hjv[u aZ kms_kl\h\Zgb_qlh[u ijbgm^blv `b\hlgh_ ih[hevr_ ^\b]Zlvky\hafh`gh ^Z`_qlh ikboheh]bq_kdh_\ha^_ckl\b_ wlhc _kl_kl\_gghc jZ[hlu_s_ \Z`g__ nbabq_kdh]h Ijb\uqdm hjZg]mlZg] \e_aZlv aZ _^hc ih^ ihlhehdklhjh`Z bkihevah\Zeb b êy lh]hqlh[u qbklblvde_ldmihdZ h^bg dhjfbe gZ\_jom h[_avygm^jm]hc k ihfhsvxr\Z[ju b\_^jZ \hû [ukljh ijb\h^be\ ihjy^hd^_j_\ygguc iheH^gZ`û wlZ ^h\hevgh jbkdh\ZggZy ijhp_^mjZ fh]eZ [uijb\_klb d\_kvfZ i_qZevguf ihke_^kl\byf_keb [u g_ ijbkmlkl\b_^moZ bg_ gZoh^qb\hklv Ihjl_ev_IhdZ klhjhìjhlbjZe ihehjZg]mlZg] \g_aZigh kdhevagme \gba ih ijmlvyf de_ldb bij_`^_ q_f m^Zehkv aZ^\bgmlv ^\_jvfh]mqZy h[_avygZijhkmgmeZ \s_ev h[_ jmdbOhly Ihjl_ev_ bklhjh` gZijy]Zeb\k_ kbeuqlh[u aZ^\bgmlv ^\_jvhjZg]mlZg] f_ê_gghgh \_jghkZglbf_lj aZ kZglbf_ljhf hlh^\b]Ze __ gZaZ^Dh]^Z hg m`_ ihqlb ijhlbkgmeky \hl\_jklb_Ihjl_ev_ ijbreZ\ ]heh\m[e_klysZy fukevdhlhjZy fh]eZ hk_gblv lhevdh ihêbggh]h agZlhdZ ikbobdb `b\hlguohg \g_aZigh hlimklbe^\_jv bhlkdhqbe k ]jhfdbf djbdhf\ ijbl\hjghf m`Zk_]ey^y gZqlhlh ihaZ^b hjZg]mlZg]ZH[_avygZ klj_fbl_evgh h[_jgmeZkvqlh[u ihkfhlj_lvqlh ijhbkoh^bl aZ __ kibghcb ^\_jvlml `_ aZoehigmeZkvHjZg]mlZg] lhevdh q_j_a g_kdhevdh k_dmg^ khh[jZabeqlh lj_\h]Z[ueZ nZevrb\hcgh dh]^Zhg ihgye qlh _]h h[fZgmeblh ijbr_e \ gZklhys__bkklmie_gb_b g_khfg_gghjZahj\Ze [uh[fZgsbdZ \dehqvy_keb [u ^\_jv g_ [ueZm`_ gZ^_`ghaZi_jlZHg kh\_jr_gghykgh ihgyeqlh klZe `_jl\hcij_^gZf_j_gghc e`b DHR:QVY G:LMJ: FZdZ\blbFZdZ\blbdhl ]hjûcb lZbgkl\_gguc Dh\Zj_g hgb \djZ^qb\hgb \ fbj_ hg _^bgkl\_gguc LWebhl <ujZ`_gb_ dhrZqvy gZlmjZ\ ijbf_g_gbb d q_eh\_dm h[uqgh ih^jZamf_\Z_l dh\Zjkl\hb obljhklvqZs_ \k_]hwlh hij_^_e_gb_ ^Z_lky ij_^klZ\bl_evgbpZfij_djZkgh]h iheZY qZklh klZjZeky ihgylvihq_fm dhrdZ ijbh[j_eZ ih^jh[gmx j_imlZpbx<h \kydhf kemqZ___ fZg_jZ hohlblvky [_krmfgh_ \uke_`b\Zgb_ ^h[uqblml gb ijbq_fihkdhevdm ba\_klghqlh ev\u b lb]ju ^h[uqb lml gb ijbq_f ihkdhevdm ba\_klghqlh ev\u blb]ju hohlylkylhqgh lZd`_ h^gZdh gbdhfm b \ ]heh\m g_ ijb^_lgZa\Zlv lb]jbp_cbeb ev\bp_c e`b\mx b aehdhag_ggmx kie_lgbpmBgZh[hjhl h[uqguc wibl_l ev\h\ b lb]jh\ djh\h`Z^gucgbdlh g_ ijbf_gy_lky d ^hfZrgbfdhrdZfohly hgb lh`_m[b\Zxl k\hx ^h[uqm < ]eZ\_@b\hlgu_dhlhju_ e]mly baeh`be\k_qlh fg_ ba\_klgh h gZklhysbo h[fZgZolh _klv h khagZl_evghf ijbl\hjkl\_Y l\_j^h m[_`^_gqlh ih^h[gh_ ih\_^_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ]b]Zglkdh_ihqlb g_\_jhylgh_^hklb`_gb_ `b\hlgh]h bgl_ee_dlZG_dhlhju_ ba fhbodhee_]\hafh`gh k khfg_gb_fhlg_kmlky d ijb\_^_gguffghx ijbf_jZfb khqlml qlh bo kebrdhf fZeh êy ih^l\_j`^_gby fh_]h \u\h^Z h khagZl_evghf `mevgbq_kl\_ khklhjhgu `b\hlguoh dhlhjuoy jZkkdZaZeH^gZdh y gb jZam g_ gZ[ex^Ze ZgZeh]bqgh]h ih\_^_gb_ mdhr_dohly kwlbfb `b\hlgufby h[sZeky lZd`_ l_kghdZd kkh[ZdZfbb ihqlb lZd`_ ^he]hB yg_ agZxgb h^gh]h kemqZy lbibqgh]hih\_^_gby dhrdbba dhlhjh]hfh`gh [ueh ohly [u ih hrb[d_ k^_eZlv \u\h^qlh hgbe`b\u b dh\Zjgu: \ lh `_ \j_fy kms_kl\mxl `b\hlgu_dhlhjuf ^_ckl\bl_evgh k\hckl\_ggh ih\_^_gb_gZ\h^ys__ gZ fukev [m^lh hgb ijb[_]Zxld khagZl_evghfmh[fZgmohly gZ kZfhf ^_e_ gbq_]hih^h[gh]h g_l G_dhlhju_ kh[Zdb gZklhevdh im]eb\uqlh gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_ iha\heyl ihklhjhgg_fm q_eh\_dm ^hljhgmlvky ^h k_[y y [u ^Z`_ kdZaZeqlh êy gbo wlh nbabq_kdb g_\hafh`ghIh^h[gu_ kh[Zdb g_j_^dhijbgbfZxl ijbgb`_ggmx ihamqlh bijb\h^bl d g_^hjZamf_gbyflZd dZdijb wlhf hgb ^Z`_ ihqlbl_evgh\beyxl o\hklhfLhevdh hiulguc gZ[ex^Zl_ev aZf_lblqlh kh[ZdZ iulZ_lky ba[_`Zlvijbdhkgh\_gby b\k_ iehlg__ ijb`bfZ_lky d a_fe_ ih^ jmdhcdhlhjZy ih g_ihgylghc êy g__ ijbqbg_ klj_fblky __ ih]eZ^blv?keb [_klZdlguc q_eh\_d [m^_l g_hklhjh`ghijh^he`Zlv gZ\yau\Zlv _c k\hb eZkdbi_j_im]ZggZy kh[ZdZ fh`_lmljZlblv \eZklv gZ^ kh[hc b fhegb_ghkgh jZkihehkh\Zlv[_kp_j_fhggmx jmdm <h fgh]bo kemqZyokh[Zqvb ihdmkuhlghkylky bf_gghd lZdh]h jh^Z mdmkZf ba kljZoZ@_jl\u `_ ih^h[gh]h gZiZ^_gby hkh[_ggh h[b`Zxlky gZkh[Zdmihlhfm qlh lZ\gZqZe_ \beyeZ o\hklhf Ih\_^_gb_ f_^\_^_c lh`_ e_]dh ih^^Z_lky g_\_jghfm bklhedh\Zgbxohly b g_kdhevdh ihbghfmlZd qlh wlbo `b\hlguo fh`gh aZde_cfblv hij_^_e_gb_fdh\Zjgu_F_^\_^b `b\ml \h^bghqdm\gmljbf_^\_`vbhlghr_gby jZa\blufZehZ ihlhfm fZeh jZa\blu m gb b kj_^kl\Z \ujZ`_gby wfhpbc LheklZy dh`Zf_^\_`vbo fhj^g_ kihkh[kl\m_ljZa\blbx fbfbdb fZe_gvdb_ mrdbkijylZggu_ \]mklhc r_jklbg_ ih^\_j]Zxlky hiZkghklb \h \j_fy ^jZd jZkk_j`_gguc f_^\_^v gZghkbl \g_aZiguc m^Zj eZihcgh g_ dmkZ_lb ihlhfm f_^\_^b hlghkylky d \_kvfZ fZehqbke_gghc ]jmii_ fe_dhiblZxsbo dhlhju_\iZ^Zy \yjhklvg_ ijb`bfZxlmr_c d]heh\_>jm]b_ \ujZ`_gby bo wfhpbc lh`_ g_ kebrdhf[jhkZxlky \]eZaZZ ]eZ\gh_ g_ ihoh`bgZ kh[Zqvbb \j_amevlZl_dh]^Z ex^b khh[jZ`Zxlqlh f_^\_^v jZkk_j`_g[u\Z_l m`_ iha^gh <^h[Z\hd ijbjmq_ggu_f_^\_^b kdehggu dgbq_f g_\ua\Zgguf b g_ij_^kdZam_fuf ijbiZ^dZfyjhklbHdjm]eu_ nhjfub aZ[Z\gZy g_mdex`_klv a^hjh\h]h f_^\_^yijb^Zxl _fm\g_rg__ koh^kl\h k hij_^_e_gguf lbihf ^h[jh^mrguo lheklydh\b fu ih^khagZl_evgh g_h`b^Z_f \g_aZiguo\kiur_d aeh[u hllZdh]h \_k_eh]hlheklh]h b mxlgh]h kms_kl\ZOhjg^_c^bj_dlhj h^gh]h ba Zf_jbdZgkdbo ahhiZjdh\ b ijbagZgguc agZlhd ih\_^_gby f_^\_^_cgZau\Z_l ijbjmq_gguo f_^\_^_c kZfufb hiZkgufb ba \k_o kh^_j`Zsboky \ g_\he_ `b\hlguo?keb l\hc \jZ]l_[_ g_gZ\bkl_gih^Zjb _fmjmqgh]h f_^\_`hgdZ [eZ]h`_eZl_evgh j_dhf_g^m_lhg< k\h_c ij_e_klghcdgb]_ Mf b ih\Z^db ^bdbo `b\hlguoOhjg^_c hibku\Z_l ^_ckl\bl_evgh m`Zkgu_ kemqZbdh]^Z ijbjmq_ggu_ f_^\_^b \^jm] \uoh^beb bo ih\bgh\_gbyijbq_f g_j_^dh wlh [ueb ihem\ajhkeu_ f_^\_`ZlZF_^\_^vdhlhjuc^_j`Z mrb lhjqdhf b g_ kdZey am[ukihdhcgh _kl y[ehdh ba jmd ohaybgZZ k_dmg^m kimkly [v_l _]h `_e_agufbdh]lyfb ih ]heh\_dZ`_lky dh\Zjguf b obljuflZd qlh ml\_j`^_gb_ Ohjg^_y[m^lh f_^\_^b\k_]^Z ghkylfZkdm\iheg_ ihgylgh L_f g_ f_g__ hgh b g_\_jghb g_kijZ\_êb\hihkdhevdm f_^\_^v \lZdbo kemqZyo \h\k_g_ ijbl\hjy_lkyG_ _]h\bgZ qlhijbgZê_`Z d `b\hlguf`b\msbf \ h^bghq_kl\_hg ijhklh g_ jZkiheZ]Z_l aZiZkhf \ujZabl_evguo ^\b`_gbck ihfhsvx dhlhjuo ^jm]b_ `b\hlgu_ k [he__ \ujZ`_gguf ]jmiih\uf ih\_^_gb_fkhh[sZxl k_[_ih^h[guf hk\hbo wfhpbyo M ydh[u dh\Zjghcdhrdb lZdb_\ujZabl_evgu_ ^\b`_gby jZa\blu hkh[_ggh kbevghFZeh gZc^_lky^jm]bo `b\hlguoih qv_c fhj^_ hiulguc gZ[ex^Zl_ev fh`_l k lZdhc lhqghklvx hij_^_eblv bo gZkljh_gb_ b ij_^kdZaZlv\ dZdb_^_ckl\by ^jm`_kdb_ beb \jZ`^_[gu_hgh kdhj__\k_]h \uev_lkyFhj^Z dhrdb klhev ykgh b g_^\mkfuke_ggh hljZ`Z_l f_evqZcrb_ hll_gdb \gmlj_gg_]h khklhygby`b\hlgh]hqlh q_eh\_dohlv g_fgh]h agZdhfuck dhrdZfbkjZam fh`_lkdZaZlvdZd ^ZggZy dbkdZ d g_fmhlghkblky<_^v hq_gv e_]dhihgylv \ujZ`_gb_ ^h\_jqb\h]h ^jm`_ex[bydh]^ZihklZ\b\ mrblhjqdhf b rbjhdh jZkdju\ ]eZaZdhrdZ h[jZsZ_l d \Zfkihdhcgmxgbqmlv g_ gZfhjs_ggmx fhj^hqdmb ^h q_]h y\gh fbfbq_kdb_ furpu \hkijhba\h^yl dZ`^mxijh[m`^Zxsmxky wfhpbxgZijbf_jkljZoZ beb \jZ`^_[ghklbIhehkdb gZ fhj^_ dhrdb k ^bdhc jZkdjZkdhcih^q_jdb\Zxl fZe_crb_ ^\b`_gbyfbfbq_kdbo furp \hkijhba\h^yl dZ`^mxijh[m`^Zxsmxky wfhpbbgZijbf_jkljZoZ beb \jZ`^_[ghklbIhehkdb gZ fhj^_ dhrdb k ^bdhc jZkdjZkdhcih^q_jdb\Zxl fZe_crb_^\b`_gby fbfbq_kdbofurp b mkbeb\Zxl `b\hklv \ujZ`_gbyWlh h^gZba ijbqbgihq_fm y ij_îhqblZx ^hfZrgxx dhrdm^bdhclb]jh\hchdjZkdb \k_f hklZevgufKZfuc e_]dbc aZqZlhd g_^h\_jbydhlhjh_ _s_g_ ]eZaZ klZgh\ylkyfbg^Ze_\b^gufb bjZkdhkufbmrb hldehgyxlky hl \_jlbdZebb gZ[ex^Zl_ev kjZam ihgbfZ_lqlh \ ikbobq_kdhf khklhygbb dhrdb ijhbkoh^bl hij_^_e_ggZy i_j_f_gZ^Z`_ _keb\ __iha_ g_ijhbahreh gbdZdbobaf_g_gbc Z dhgqbdo\hklZ g_gZqZe ke_]dZih^_j]b\Zlvky M]jh`Zxsb_ ihau dhrdbgZ j_^dhklv\ujZabl_evgu bhq_gv hlebqZxlky h^gZ hl^jm]hc \aZ\bkbfhklb hllh]hdhfm hgb Z^j_kh\Zgu ^jm]mq_eh\_dmdhlhjuc iha\hebe k_[_ ebrg__ beb \gmrZxs_fm kljZo \jZ]mkh[Zd_Z fh`_l [ulv^jm]hc dhrd_>Ze__ hgb jZaebqZxlky \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h ijh^bdlh\Zgu eb hgb lhevdh klj_fe_gb_f aZsbsZlvkybeb aZ gbfb klhbl m\_j_gghklv `b\hlgh]h \ k_[_ b ]hlh\ys__ky gZiZ^_gb_Dhrdb \k_]^Z h[ty\eyxlh k\h_f gZf_j_gbbgZiZklv b _keb bkdexqblvms_j[guo ikbohiZlh\dhlhju_ \klj_qZxlky g_ lhevdhkj_^b kh[Zdgh bkj_^b dhr_dgbdh]^Z g_ dmkZxl b g_ pZjZiZxl [_a ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h g_^\mkfuke_ggh]h ij_^mij_`^_gby \ Z^j_k \jZ]ZH[uqgh kl_i_gv m]jhau \ \ujZabl_evguo ^\b`_gbyo gZjZklZ_l ihkl_i_gghihke_ q_]h ke_^m_l \g_aZigh_ij_m\_ebq_ggh m]jh`Zxs__ ^\b`_gb_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ij_^r_kl\mxs__ ZlZd_Wlhg_khfg_ggh mevlbfZlmf?keb luf_gy g_hklZ\brv \ihdh_ g_f_ê_ggh fg_d kh`Ze_gbxijb^_lky ijbgylvkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_ f_ju DhrdZ m]jh`Z_l kh[ZdZf b ^jm]bf hiZkguf obsgbdZf \u]b[Zy kibgmIjbgbfZy wlm deZkkbq_kdmxihamdhrdZ klhbl gZ ijyfuogZijy`_ggh \ulygmluo gh]Zo b ^_eZ_l \k_ \hafh`gh_qlh[u dZaZlvkydZd fh`gh\ur_r_jklv gZ kibg_b o\hkl_ m g__ lhihjsblvkyZ o\hkl hgZke_]dZ hl]b[Z_l\ klhjhgmlZdqlh[u \jZ] i_j_hp_gbe _]h jZaf_juMrb m dhrdb ijb`Zlu d aZluedmm]hedb jlZ hllygmluZ ghk gZfhjs_gHgZ ba^Z_lhkh[h_ f_lZeebq_kdh_]jm^gh_ mjqZgb_ dhlhjh_ \j_fyhl \j_f_gbi_j_oh^bl \ ij_keh\mlh_rbi_gb_ lh _klv \ kbevgu_ \u^hob\ fhf_gl dhlhjuo ]hjlZgv jZkrbjy_lkyZ am[uhkdZeb\ZxlkyWlZ ^_fhgkljZpby kZfZih k_[_ ghkbl h[hjhgbl_evguc oZjZdl_j b qZs_ \k_]h gZ[ex^Z_lkydh]^Z dhrdZ g_h`b^Zggh êy k_[yhdZau\Z_lky fhj^Z dfhj^_ k[hevrhc kh[Zdhcb g_mki_\Z_l m[_`Zlv?keb kh[ZdZij_g_[j_]Zy wlbf ij_^mij_`^_gb_fijb[ebablky d dhrd_lZ g_ ih[_`blZ [jhkblky \gZiZ^_gb__^\Z __\jZ] i_j_klmibl hij_^_e_ggmxdjblbq_kdmx q_jlmHgZ \p_iblky \ fhj^m kh[Zd_dmkZy b pZjZiZy __ \kZfuo qm\kl\bl_evguo f_klZop_eykv \ ]eZaZ b gha^jb?keb `_kh[ZdZ ijhy\bl g_j_rbl_evghklvdhrdZ h[yaZl_evgh \hkihevam_lky wlbf b m[_`blBgZq_ ]h\hjylZdh_ djZldh_dhrZqv_ gZiZ^_gb_bf__l p_evx \ub]jZlv \j_fy êy [_]kl\ZH^gZdh kms_kl\m_l kblmZpbydh]^Z gZiZ^_gb_ke_^mxs__ aZ wlhck]hj[e_gghc ihahcfh`_l hdZaZlvky k_jv_aguf b êbl_evgufy bf_x\ \b^m dhrdmaZsbsZxsmx k\hbo dhlyl< wlhf kemqZ_ hgZ [jhkZ_lky gZ\klj_qm \jZ]mdh]^Z bo _s_ jZa^_ey_l agZqbl_evgh_ jZkklhygb_^\b]Zykv \_kvfZ k\h_h[jZaguf ]Zehihfqlh[u \k_\j_fy ih^klZ\eylvijhlb\gbdm ]jhaguc [hd J_Zevgu_ kblmZpbbdh]^Z ijbf_gy_lky wlhl[hdh\hc ]Zehik ih^\_jgmluf o\hklhfqj_a\uqZcgh j_^dbgh _]h fh`ghqZklh gZ[ex^Zlv m b]jZxsbodhlylM dhlh\ g_ijboh^behkv \b^_lv wlh ^\b`_gb_ lhevdh \h \j_fy b]julZd dZdg_ kms_kl\m_l kblmZpbbijb dhlhjhchgb fh]eb[u \hkihevah\Zlvkybf êy j_Zevguo p_e_cM dhjfys_c `_fZl_jbdhrdb lZdh_gZiZ^_gb_ [hdhf hagZqZ_lZ[khexlgmx ]hlh\ghklvih`_jl\h\Zlv kh[hcb \ wlbo kemqZyo dhrdZijZdlbq_kdb g_ih[_^bfZFg_ ijboh^behkv \b^_lvdZd h]jhfgu_ikui_j_^mrb\rb_ gZk\h_f \_dm g_fZeh dhr_di_j_^ lZdhc ZlZdhc [_`Zebih^`Z\ o\hklWjg_kl K_lhgLhfikhg qj_a\uqZcgh \ujZabl_evgh hibku\Z_l hqZjh\Zl_evguc b[_a khfg_gby\iheg_ j_Zevguc wibah^ dh]^Z \ C_eehmklhgkdhf iZjd_ dhrdZfZlv h[jZlbeZ \[_]kl\h f_^\_^y b ]gZeZkvaZ gbf^h l_oihjihdZ hg \m`Zk_ g_ \kdZjZ[dZeky gZ^_j_\h M]jhaudhlhju_ ij_^r_kl\mxl ^jZd_f_`^m ^\mfy dhrdZfb b hkh[_gghdhlZfbghkyl kh\k_fbghc oZjZdl_jgh g_ f_g__ \gmrbl_evguc b bgl_j_kguc êy gZ[ex^_gby kh klhjhgu @b\hlgu_ klhyl ^jm] ijhlb\ ^m]Z gZ \ulygmluo gh]Zogh kibgm ihqlbg_ ]hj[ylb [hdhf g_ih\hjZqb\ZxlkyHgb klhyl ghk d ghkm\hjqZ baZ\u\Zy a\mdb wlbg_khfg_ggh\k_f agZdhfub oe_sml o\hklZfb?keb g_ kqblZlv wlh]h ^\b`_gby o\hklhfdhlu m^b\bl_evgh ^he]hkhojZgyxl ihegmx g_ih^\b`ghklv bgh]^Z ihg_kdhevdh fbgmlDZ`ûc klZjZ_lky kehfblv [h_\hc ^mo ijhlb\gbdZ^_ckl\my ihijbgpbim dlh ^hevr_ \u^_j`bl<k_ ijhqb_ ^\b`_gbyb hkh[_ggh ijh^\b`_gb_ \i_j_^ dhlZ[_jms_]h \_joijhba\h^ylky hq_gv f_ê_ggh]hGZklmiZxsbc dhl ijh^\b]Z_lky aZh^bg ijb_fgZ h^bg^\Z fbeebf_ljZijh^he`Zy `mldbf ]hehkhf \ui_\Zlv m]jhau \kZfmx fhj^m ijhlb\gbdZb fh`_lijhclb hq_gvfgh]h \j_f_gbij_`^_ q_f \kiuog_l fhegb_ghkgZy ^jZdZkebrdhf klj_fbl_evgZy êy q_eh\_q_kdh]h ]eZaZ< jZkkdZa_ Dhjhe_\kdZy :gZehklZgdZK_lhgLhfikhg lZd yjdh hibkZe \_kv keh`gucp_j_fhgby ^jZdb^\mo dhlh\qlh ywlh]h a^_kv ^_eZlv g_[m^mqlh[u g_\iZklv \ieZ]bZl ?s_ h^bg lbi m]jh`Zxsbo ^\b`_gbck\yaZgguc g_ k ^_fhgkljZpb_c kbeuZ k \ugm`^_gguf kfbj_gb_ffh`gh gZ[ex^Zlvdh]^Z dhrdZg_ \kbeZo [hevr_\ughkblv eZkdh\uo ih^^jZagb\Zgbc ohjhrh agZdhfh]h _c q_eh\_dZWlhl lbi aZlhjfh`_gguo m]jhakhijh\h`^Zxsboky agZdZfb ihdhjghklb qZs_ \k_]h fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv gZ dhrZqvbo \uklZ\dZo]^_ `b\hlgu_ hdZau\Zxlky \ g_ijb\uqghc h[klZgh\d_b \ugm`^_gu l_ji_lv ijbdhkgh\_gby km^_cb ^jm]bog_ agZdhfuobf ex^_c < wlbo kemqZyo bkim]ZggZy dhrdZ ijbiZ^Z_l gZ\k_ q_luj_ eZiu b ihkl_i_ggh \`bfZ_lky \ iheMrb mg__ m]jh`Zxs_ ijb`Zlu d aZluedmZ dhgqbd o\hklZaeh[gh ih^_j]b\Z_lky ?keb _ckh\k_f g_ih k_[_hgZ bkimkdZ_lg_]jhfdh_ \hjqZgb_ < lZdhf gZkljh_gbbhgZ bs_lmdjulb_ b[jhkZ_lky ih^rdZn aZ [ZlZj_x p_gljZevgh]hhlhie_gby bebbaex[e_ggh_ f_klh dm^Z kiZkZxlkyiZpb_glu bak_f_ckl\Z dhrZqvbo\ \_l_jbgZjguo e_q_[gbpZo\\_jo ih ûfhoh^m?keb jy^hfihôh^ys_]h mdjulby g_ldhrdZ ijb`f_lkymd kl_g_b ey`_lgZ [hdLm `_ iham hgZ ijbf_lgZ klhe_`xjb dhrZqv_c\uklZ\dbIhaZ wlZ hagZqZ_l ]hlh\ghklv [blv i_j_^gbfb eZiZfbQ_f kbevg__ bkim] `b\hlgh]hl_f [hevr_ hgh eh`blky gZ [hdihdZ gZdhg_p g_aZg_k_l eZim bg_ hkdZeblam[u]hlh\ykv i_j_clb d ^_ckl\bx?keb kljZo _s_ [he__ mkbeblkywlZ j_Zdpby lhedZ_l dhrdm gZ ihke_^gbc hlqZygguc kihkh[kZfhaZsblu hgZ i_j_dZlu\Z_lky gZ kibgmh[jZsZy ijhlb\ \jZ]Z \k_ hjm`b_dZdbf jZkiheZ]Z_l LZdhc lbi ih\_^_gby qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky \h \j_fy km^_ckdh]h hkfhljZ gZ dhrZqvbo \uklZ\dZob kZfu_hiulgu_ \eZ^_evpu dhr_d m^b\eyxlkykihdhckl\bxk dZdbf bkdmr_gguf km^vy hlghkblkyd wlbfm]jhaZf fZe_gvdhc obsgbpuijh^he`Zy g_\hafmlbfh ljh]Zlv `b\hlgh_dhlhjh_ ih^gbfZ_l eZimêy m^ZjZ b aZ\h^bl yjhklgmx ]hjeh\mx i_kgxGh ohlydhrdZ kh\_jr_ggh q_ldh aZy\ey_lG_ ljh]Zcf_gyg_ lh ygZqgm \k_jv_a pZjZiZlvky b dmkZlvky\ djblbq_kdbc fb] hgZ \k_lZdb g_gZiZ^Z_l beb`_ \djZcg_f kemqZ_^_ckl\m_l k\hbf hjm`b_f ebrv\ihekbeub[h lhjfhaysb_kbkl_fuijbh[j_l_ggu_ ihkemrgufjmqguf `b\hlgufkihkh[gu \u^_j`Zlv^Z`_ lZdh_ `_klhdh_ bkiulZgb_>jm]bfb keh\ZfbdhrdZ \h\k_ g_ jZau]ju\Z_l ^jm`_ex[b_k l_f qlh[u\ m^h[gucfhf_gl gZqZlv pZjZiZlvky b dmkZlvkyZgZh[hjhlimkdZ_l \oh^ m]jhau qlh[u ba[Z\blvky hl g_\ughkbfuo k dhrZqv_clhqdb aj_gby ijbklZ\Zgbc km^vbgh ijb\_klb wlbm]jhau \bkiheg_gb_ hgZ g_ fh`_l <hl ihq_fmy g_ \b`mdZd fh`ghijbibku\Zlv dh\Zjkl\h dhrd_ `b\hlghfmdhlhjh_ \ujZ`Z_l k\hb qm\kl\Z k ij_^_evghc ykghklvx?^bgkl\_ggh_ h[tykg_gb_dZdh_ y fh]m gZclb wlhfm g_aZkem`_gghfm h[\bg_gbx \ Z^j_k ^hfZrg_c dhrdbg_ kebrdhf e_klgh_ êy jh^Z q_eh\_q_kdh]hbeb ih djZcg_f f_j_ êy_]h ij_djZkghciheh\bgu>Z`_ g_kdehgguc d Zgljhihfhjnbafm gZ[ex^Zl_ev\ukhdh p_gysbc [h_\hc^mo aj_euo dhlh\g_ fh`_l g_ijbagZlvqlh fy]dh_ bays_kl\hbo ^\b`_gbcoZjZdl_jgh_ g_ lhevdh êy ^hfZrgbodhr_dgh b êy \k_o dhrZqvbo^_ckl\bl_evgh gZihfbgZ_l]jZg^bhaghklv ijbkmsmx `_gsbgZfhij_^_e_ggh]h lbiZdhlhjuc b \wlhf b aZdexqZ_lky kmlv fh_]h eh]bq_kdh]hihkljh_gby Z[khexlgh g_^hklmi_g gZr_fm ihgbfZgbxihgbfZgbx [_^guofm`qbggh \ lh `_ \j_fyhq_gv gZkijb\e_dZ_lZ ihlhfm \hkijbgbfZ_lky gZfb dZd hiZkgucBf_ggh wlhl lbi `_gsbgub^_Zevgh \hiehs_gguc DZjf_ggZ\e_dZ_l gZk_[y khklhjhgu fm`qbgl_ h[\bg_gby \ e`b\hklb b dh\Zjkl\_dhlhjufb i_j_iheg_gZ fbjh\Zy ebl_jZlmjZbih fh_fm]em[hdhfm m[_`^_gbxdhr_d gZau\Zxl dh\Zjgufb lhevdh ihlhfmqlh fgh]b_`_gsbgug_ f_g__ ]jZg^bhagu_q_f hgb^_ckl\bl_evgh aZkem`b\Zxl lZdh]h wibl_lZ @B<HLGU?G:>?E?GGU? KH<?KLVX AZ ljm^k\hc ^Zj g_qbklhc kh\_klb\havfb <R_dkibjJbqZj^ ,, BklbggZy fhjZev \ \ukr_f q_eh\_q_kdhfihgbfZgbb wlh]h keh\Z ij_îheZ]Z_l lZdhc bgl_ee_dldhlhjh]h g_l gb m h^gh]h `b\hlgh]hbgZh[hjhlfhjZevgZy hl\_lkl\_gghklv q_eh\_dZ g_ fh]eZ[u \hagbdgmlv_keb [uhgZ g_hibjZeZkv gZ hij_^_e_ggu_ wfhpbhgZevgu_ hkgh\u>Z`_ m q_eh\_dZ hsms_gb_ hl\_lkl\_gghklb moh^bl dhjgyfb \ ]em[bggu_ bgklbgdlb\gu_ kehb _]hikbobdbb hg g_fh`_l [_agZdZaZggh \uihegylv \k_lj_[h\Zgby oheh^gh]hjZkkm^dZOhly wlbq_kdb_ ih[m`^_gby dZd[m^lh \iheg_hijZ\û\Zxl dZdh_lh hl^_evgh_ ^_ckl\b_\gmlj_ggb_ qm\kl\Z \k_lZdb fh]ml \hkklZ\Zlv ijhlb\ g_]hb ]hj_ q_eh\_dmdhlhjuc \ih^h[ghf kemqZ_ ihkemrZ_lky ]hehkZjZkkm^dZZ g_]hehkZ qm\kl\< k\yab k wlbf yjZkkdZ`m g_[hevrmxbklhjbx Fgh]h e_l gZaZ^dh]^Z yjZ[hlZe \Bgklblml_ ahheh]bb ih^ fh_chi_dhc gZoh^behkvg_kdhevdh fhehûom^Z\h\dhlhjuo dhjfbeb mf_js\e_ggufb furZfb b djukZfb<ajhkeZy furv \iheg_ gZkusZ_lfheh^h]h iblhgZb ^\Z`û\ g_^_ex ym[b\Ze ih furb êydZ`^h]h bafhbo r_klbih^hi_qguodhlhju_ [_a \hajZ`_gbc [jZeb k\hc h[_^ m f_gyba jmdFur_ch^gZdh ljm^g__ jZa\h^blvq_f djukb wlboihke_^gbo \ jZkihjy`_gbb bgklblmlZ [ueh]hjZa^h [hevr_Af_c fh`gh[ueh [u dhjfblvb djukZfbgh \wlhf kemqZ_ fg_ijbrehkv [um[b\Zlv djukylZ djukylZ \_ebqbghc k furv hqZjh\Zl_evgu_ kms_kl\Z ih^_lkdb g_mdex`b_djm]eh]heh\u_[hevr_]eZau_k lheklufb eZidZfbIhwlhfm y ba[_]Zebo ljh]Zlvb lhevdh dh]^Z aZiZkfur_c \bgklblml_ [ue fhbfklZjZgbyf k\_^_g ^h fbgbfmfZfg_ ijbrehkv h[jZlblvky ddjukylZfY h`_klhqbe k\h_ k_j^p_kijhkb\ k_[ydlh yahheh]wdki_jbf_glZlhj beb k_glbf_glZevgZy klZjZy^_\Z": aZl_f m[ber_klv djukyl b kdhjfbe bok\hbf ih^hi_qgufK lhqdbaj_gby dZglbZgkdhc wlbdb fhc ihklmihd [ue \iheg_ hijZ\^ZglZd dZdjZkkm^hd ]h\hjbl gZfqlh m[bckl\h djukyl gbqmlv g_ [he__ ij_^hkm^bl_evghq_f m[bckl\h\ajhkeuo fur_cGh qm\kl\Zf kdjuluf \]em[bg_ q_eh\_q_kdhc ^mrbg_l ^_eZ^h eh]bq_kdbo \udeZ^hdb gZ wlhl jZa y ^hjh]h aZieZlbe aZ lhqlh ihkemrZeky jZkkm^dZ b kh\_jrbe wlh ij_lb\r__ fg_ ^_lhm[bckl\hG_ f_g__ g_^_eb fg_ dZ`^mx ghqv kgbebkv m[blu_ djukylZ LZdZy nhjfZjZkdZygbymoh^ysZy k\hbfbdhjgyfb ]em[hdh \ kn_jm wfhpbhgZevgh]hbf__l ba\_klgmx iZjZee_ev \ ikbobq_kdhf kljh_g_dhlhjuo \ukhdhjZa\bluo`b\hlguo`b\msbo \ khh[s_kl\ZogZ wlhl\u\h^ f_gygZlhedgme hij_^_e_gguc lbi ih\_^_gbygZ[ex^Zlv dhlhjuc fg_ qZklh ^h\h^behkvm kh[ZdY g_jZa mihfbgZefh_]h njZgpmakdh]h[mev^h]Z ;meeb Hg [uem`_ klZjgh _s_g_ mljZlbe`b\hklb oZjZdl_jZ dlhfm \j_f_gbdh]^ZhlijZ\b\rbkv \ ]hju dZlZlvkygZ eu`Zoy dmibe ]Zggh\_jkdmxbs_cdm ObjrfZgZZ \_jg__ObjrfZg \aye f_gy \ ohay_\Z[md\Zevgh m\yaZ\rbkv aZfghc \<_gm?]h ihy\e_gb_ [uehly`_euf m^Zjhfêy ;meebb _keb[u yagZe dZdb_ fmdb j_\ghklb [m^_l i_j_`b\Zlv [_^guc i_klh ih`Zemcg_ ijb\_a[u ^hfhcdjZkZ\pZ ObjrfZgZ>_gv aZ^g_f Zlfhkn_jZ klZgh\beZkv \k_[he__ ]g_lms_cb \dhgp_ dhgph\ gZijy`_gb_ jZaj_rbehkvh^ghc bakZfuo h`_klhq_gguokh[Zqvbo ^jZddZdb_ fg_ lhevdh ^h\h^behkv\b^_lvb _^bgkl\_gghc aZ\yaZ\r_cky \ dhfgZl_ ohaybgZ]^_ h[uqgh ^Z`_ kZfu_ aZdeylu_ \jZ]b kh[ex^Zxl kljh`Zcr__ i_j_fbjb_IhdZ y jZagbfZe ijhlb\gbdh\;meeb g_qZyggh pZigmef_gy aZijZ\uc fbabg_pGZ wlhf ^jZdZ dhgqbeZkvgh ;meeb bkiulZe `_klhqZcrbc g_j\gucrhd b \iZe\ gZklhysmxijhkljZpbxOhly y g_lhevdh g_\u[jZgbe _]hghgZh[hjhl\kyq_kdb eZkdZe b ml_rZehg g_ih^\b`gh e_`Ze gZ dh\jbd_g_ \ kbeZo ih^gylvky \hiehs_gb_ g_ba[u\gh]h]hjy;_^guc i_k^jh`Ze dZd \ ebohjZ^d_b \j_fyhl \j_f_gbih _]hl_em ijh[_]Zeb km^hjh]bHg ûrZe g_]em[hdhgh ihjhc dhg\mevkb\gh \koebiu\Zeb ba _]h ]eZa dZlbebkv djmigu_ ke_auHg ^_ckl\bl_evgh [ueg_ \ khklhygbbklZlv gZgh]bb g_kdhevdh jZa \ ^_gv y ^he`_g [ue gZ jmdZo\ughkblv _]h\h ^\hj Hllm^Z hgijZ\^Z\ha\jZsZeky kZfhklhyl_evghh^gZdh rhd lZd iZjZebah\Ze _]hfurpuqlh hg g_klhevdh r_ekdhevdh \hehqbeky iha_fe_Lhldlh g_agZe gZklhys_c ijbqbgufh] [u ih^mfZlvqlh ;meeb k_jv_agh[he_g?klv hg gZqZeebrv q_j_a g_kdhevdh ^g_cgh b lh]^Z kh]eZrZeky [jZlvibsm lhevdh bafhbo jmdFgh]h g_^_evhg ihôh^bedh fg_ kfbj_ggh b \bgh\Zlhqlh ijhba\h^behhkh[_ggh ly]hklgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ lZd dZdh[uqgh ;meeb[ue \_kvfZkZfhklhyl_evguf ikhff_gvr_ \k_]h kdehgguf d m]h^gbq_kl\mL_jaZ\rb_ _]h m]jua_gby kh\_klb ijhba\h^beb gZ f_gy l_f [he__ fmqbl_evgh_ \i_qZle_gb_qlh fhy kh[kl\_ggZy kh\_klv [ueZ hlgx^vg_ qbklZIjbh[j_l_gb_ gh\hc kh[Zdb m`_ ij_^klZ\eyehkv fg_ kh\_jr_ggh g_ijhklbl_evgufihklmidhf H^bg klZjuc ]mkZdlbjZgb\rbc \k_o hklZevguo ih\b^bfhfmkqblZe k\hbf ijba\Zgb_f ^jZagblv kh[Zd?]h kmijm]Z kb^_eZ gZ ycpZo \hae_g_[hevrhc e_klgbp_dhlhjZy \_^_l ba kZ^Z \h ^\hj d dZebld_LZd dZdkh[Zdb k\ylh kh[ex^Zeb bfb `_ kZfbfb \haeh`_ggmx gZ k_[yh[yaZgghklv eZylv m dZebldb \kydbc jZadh]^Z __ hldju\Zebbf ijboh^behkv ijh[_]Zlv ih e_klgbp_ ^h\hevgh qZklhKlZjuc ]mkZd \kdhj_ h[gZjm`beqlhjZkiheh`b\rbkv gZ \_jog_c klmi_gvd_hg ihemqZ_l \_ebdhe_ig_crmx \hafh`ghklv ^hkZ`^Zlv kh[ZdZfsbiZy bo aZo\hkludh]^Z hgbijh[_]Zxl fbfh;eZ]hihemqgh fbgh\Zlv wlh]h rbiys_]hP_j[_jZ fh`gh [uehlhevdh fqZkv\h \kxijulv bklZjZl_evgh ijyqZo\hkl f_`^m gh]Zfb>h[jh^mrguc b \i_qZlebl_evguc ;m[b ijbgZê_`Z\rbc fh_fm hlpmkug Lblu^_^ \ur_mihfygmlh]h <hedZ ,b ijZijZijZ^_^ Kxabhq_gv kljZ^Ze baaZ lZdhc Z]j_kkb\ghklb klZjh]h ]mkZdZdhlhjuc balj_o gZrbokh[Zd h[ex[h\Ze êy k\hbo gZiZ^_gbc bf_ggh _]h;m[b aZ\_e ijb\uqdm [he_ag_ggh \a\ba]b\Zlv \kydbc jZadh]^Z _fm ij_^klhyeh \klmiblv gZ jhdh\mx e_klgbpmG_\hafh`gZy kblmZpby jZaj_rbeZkvljZ]bdhfbq_kdb< h^bgij_djZkguc ^_gv aehc klZjuc ]mkZd [ue gZc^_g gZk\h_c klmi_gvd_f_jl\uf ;m[b `_ bkq_aHg g_ y\beky d dhjf_`d_b ihke_^he]bo ihbkdh\ _]h m^Zehkv h[gZjm`blv \ l_fghf m]emgZ q_j^Zd_ ijZq_qghcdm^Z gZrb kh[Zdb ijb h[uqguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo gbdh]^Z g_aZ[bjZebkv;m[b e_`ZelZf \ iheghcijhkljZpbb Y ij_^klZ\be k_[_qlh ijhbahrehg_ f_g__ykghq_f _keb [u \b^_e wlhkh[kl\_ggufb ]eZaZfbKlZjuc ]mkZdlZd kbevgh \p_ibeky \ o\hkl ijh[_]Z\r_]h fbfh ;m[bqlh i_k g_ m^_j`Zeky b dmkgme bklhqgbd [hebIjb wlhfd g_kqZklvx h^bg ba _]h j_aph\ gZ`Ze gZq_j_i klZjh]h]mkZdZijbq_f ih\j_`^_gb_ wlh hdZaZehkv jhdh\uf kdhj__ \k_]h lhevdh ihlhfmqlh klZjbdm [uehm`_ ^\Z^pZlv iylve_l b dhklb_]h klZeb ojmidbfb hl \hajZklZ;m[b g_ gZdZaZebmqblu\Zy kfy]qZxsb_ h[klhyl_evkl\ZZ lZd`_ nbabq_kdh_ khklhygb_ `_jl\u <?JGHKLV BKF?JLV Ju^Zlv gZ^l_fqlh gug_gZf ^Zgh Dhev ihl_jylv_]h gZfkm`^_gh <R_dkibjKhg_lu Kha^Z\Zy kh[Zdmijbjh^Zih\b^bfhfmg_ mqeZ^jm`[u dhlhjhc ij_^klhyeh k\yaZlvwlh __l\hj_gb_ kq_eh\_dhf<h \kydhf kemqZ_\_d kh[Zdb \iyl_jhdhjhq_ \_dZ__ ohaybgZ< q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb b lZd o\ZlZ_l i_qZevguojZkklZ\Zgbc k l_fbdh]h fuex[bfjZkklZ\Zgbcij_^hij_^_e_gguo aZjZg__ lhevdh ihlhfmqlh hgb jh^bebkv gZg_kdhevdh ^_kylbe_lbc jZgvr_ gZk<hl ihq_fm _kl_kl\_ggh aZ^Zlv k_[_ \hijhk ijZ\bevgh eb fu ihklmiZ_fhl^Z\Zy k\h_k_j^p_ kms_kl\m dhlhjh_ h^jyoe__lb mfj_lij_`^_ q_fq_eh\_djh^b\rbcky \ h^bg ^_gv k gbfmki__l jZkijhklblvky k ^_lkl\hf"DZd ]jmklgh \b^_lvqlh kh[ZdZdhlhjZy \k_]h g_kdhevdhe_l gZaZ^ Z l_i_jv hgb dZ`mlky f_kypZfb[ueZ g_mdex`bf fbeuf s_ghqdhfgZqbgZ_l klZj_lv ijyfh gZ ]eZaZob fu ihgbfZ_fqlh `blv _c hklZ_lky ^\Zljb ]h^ZIjbagZxkv h^jyoe_gb_ fhbo kh[Zd \k_]^Z ^_ckl\m_l gZ f_gy djZcg_ m]g_lZxs_ b mkm]m[ey_l lm fjZqghklvdhlhjZy h\eZ^_\Z_l \k_fb ex^vfbdh]^Z hgb ^mfZxl hg_ba[_`ghf: ly]hklguc ^mr_\guc dhgnebdlh`b^Zxsbc dZ`^h]h \eZ^_evpZ kh[Zdb dh]^Z __\ klZjhklbihjZ`Z_l dZdhcgb[m^v g_bae_qbfucg_^m] b \klZ_ljhdh\hc \hijhkg_ emqr_eb __mkuiblv" Ih kljZgghcijbohlb km^v[u wlZqZrZ f_gyihdZ fbgh\ZeZ lZd dZd\k_ fhbkh[ZdbaZ h^gbflhevdh bkdexq_gb_fmfbjZeb \ klZjhklb \g_aZighc b [_a[he_ag_gghc kf_jlvx [_a dZdh]heb[h fh_]h \f_rZl_evkl\ZGh jZkkqblu\Zlv gZwlh jZamf__lkyg_evayZ ihlhfm y g_ hq_gv hkm`^Zx qm\kl\bl_evguo ex^_cdhlhju_ [hylky ijbh[j_klb kh[Zdm baaZ g_ba[_`ghklb jZkklZ\Zgby k g_cG_ hq_gvhkm`^Zx" G_lgZ kZfhf ^_e_ y hkm`^Zx bo [_ah]h\hjhqgh< q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagbex[Zy jZ^hklvhieZqb\Z_lky i_qZevx B y kqblZx ljmkhf lh]hdlh hldZau\Z_lkyhl g_fgh]bo [_ah[b^guo b k wkl_lbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby [_amij_qguo m^h\hevkl\bc^hklmiguo q_eh\_dmlhevdh ba kljZoZqlh jZgh beb iha^gh km^v[Z ij_^klZ\bl _fmkq_l aZgboLhfm dlh kdmiblky gZ fhg_lm kljZ^Zgbcemqr_ \k_]haZi_j_lvky gZ dZdhfgb[m^v mguehf q_j^Zd_ b khogmlvlZf [_aihevau lhqgh emdh\bpZ [_a aZjhûrZdhlhjZy g_ fh`_l ijbg_klb \_ldZ>Zdhg_qghkh[Zdb h[eZ^Zxl bg^b\b^mZevghklvx dZ`^Zy ba gbo ebqghklv \ kZfhflhqghf kfuke_keh\Zy f_gvr_ \k_]hkdehg_g wlh hkiZjb\Zlvb \k_lZdb hgb ]hjZa^h [hevr_q_f ex^bihoh`b ^jm] gZ ^jm]ZBg^b\b^mZevgu_ jZaebqby f_`^m `b\ufb kms_kl\Zfb ijyfhijhihjpbhgZevgu bo ikbobq_kdhfm jZa\blbx^\_ ju[u h^gh]h \b^ZijZdlbq_kdb h^bgZdh\u \h \k_ok\hbo ^_ckl\byob j_Zdpbyogh q_eh\_d ohjhrh agZdhfuc k ih\_^_gb_f ahehlbkluo ohfyqdh\ beb ]ZehdaZf_qZ_l y\gu_jZaebqby f_`^mhl^_evgufb hkh[yfb: ^\_ k_ju_ \hjhgubeb ^\Zk_juo ]mkywlh g_j_^dh kh\k_f jZagu_ bg^b\bû M kh[Zd lZdb_ jZaebqby \ujZ`_gu _s_ yjq_ihkdhevdm hgb ^hfZrgb_ `b\hlgu_ b boih\_^_gb_ ^himkdZ_l]hjZa^h [hevr_ bg^b\b^mZevguo hldehg_gbc hl kl_j_hlbiZq_f wlh \hafh`gh êy ^bdbo \b^h\L_f g_ f_g__ kmsghklv k\h_c gZlmjul_fb ]em[hdbfb bgklbgdlb\gufb qm\kl\Zfbdhlhju_ hij_^_eyxl bo hkh[u_ hlghr_gby k q_eh\_dhf\k_ kh[Zdb hq_gv koh`bf_`^m kh[hcZ ihlhfm_keb ihl_jy\kh[Zdm\u g_f_ê_ggh \havf_l_ s_gdZlhc `_ihjhûlh ijbghjfZevghf oh^_ kh[ulbc \kdhj_ m[_^bl_kvqlh hgaZihegbl imklhlm\ \Zr_f k_j^p_ b `bagbdhlhjZy \hagbdeZ lZfihke_ kf_jlb klZjh]h q_l\_jhgh]h]h ^jm]ZBghc jZa ih^h[gh_ ml_r_gb_ hdZau\Z_lky gZklhevdh ^_ckl\_ggufqlh gZqbgZ_rvbkiulu\Zlv g_dhlhjuc klu^keh\gh lu \ q_flh ij_^Ze k\hxmf_jrmx kh[ZdmB \ wlhf kh[Zdb [he__ \_jgu_ ^jmavyq_f bo ohay_\ZlZd dZd \ kemqZ_ kf_jlb ohaybgZkh[ZdZ \jyêb gZc^_l _fmaZf_gm m`_ q_j_aihe]h^ZWlb khh[jZ`_gbyfh]ml ihdZaZlvky g_e_iufb l_fdlh g_ ijbagZ_l gjZ\kl\_gghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb ih hlghr_gbx d `b\hlgufgh bf_ggh hgb aZklZ\beb f_gyijbgylv hkh[u__keb g_kdZaZlv kljZggu_ f_ju < lhl ^_gvdh]^Z ygZr_e fh_]hklZjh]h ;meebmf_jrbf hl djh\hbaebygby\ fha]gZ _]h h[uqghfihklmy kjZam`_ k ]hj_qvx ih^mfZeqlh hgg_ hklZ\bek_[_ ij__fgbdZFg_ lh]^Z [ueh k_fgZ^pZlv e_lb y \i_j\u_ihl_jye kh[ZdmG_ fh]m \ujZablvdZd ylhkdh\Ze [_ag_]hFgh]h e_l hg[ue fhbf g_jZaemqguf kimlgbdhfb g_jh\guc lhihlhd_]h eZidh]^Z hg [_`Ze ihaZ^bf_gy hg ijbojZfu\ZelZd dZdi_j_^gyy eZiZ m g_]h [ueZkehfZgZ b dhklviehoh kjhkeZkvgZklhevdh kebeky kh klmdhffhbo kh[kl\_gguo rZ]h\qlh yi_j_klZe aZf_qZlvb lhihlhd b khi_gb_aZklZ\ey_l ijhklh^mrguo ex^_c\_jblv [m^lh boihk_sZxl ijbajZd ^hjh]bomf_jrboFgh]h e_l ihaZ^b f_gy keurZekyi_j_klmd kh[Zqvbo eZib wlhla\md lZdijhqgh aZi_qZle_eky \ fh_f fha]m ikboheh]b gZau\Zxl wlh wc^_lbqguf n_ghf_ghfqlh i_j\u_ g_^_eb fg_ihklhyggh dZaZehkv[m^lh ;meeb[_`bl mf_gy aZkibghc : gZlbobo ljhiZogZ^ >mgZ_fm f_gygZqbgZebkv gZklhysb_ kemoh\u_ ]ZeexpbgZpbb?keb y ijbkemrb\Zeky khagZl_evgh lhihlhd b khi_gb_ kjZam ij_djZsZebkvgh klhbeh fg_ aZ^mfZlvkyb hgbkgh\Z a\mqZeb mf_gy \mrZoLhevdh dh]^Z LblZ \ lh\j_fy _s_[hevr_eZiuc g_kdeZ^gucs_ghd gZqZeZ khijh\h`^Zlv f_gy gZ ijh]medZoijbajZd ;meeb[ue gZdhg_p aZdeyl bbkq_a gZ\k_]^Z LblZ lh`_^Z\gh mf_jeZB dZd ^Z\ghgh __ ijbajZd\k_ _s_ ke_^m_l aZ fghc\ly]b\Zy gha^jyfb \ha^moY ihaZ[hlbeky h[wlhfk\ylh \uihegyyg_ kh\k_fh[uqguc ieZg Dh]^Z yebrbeky Lbluklhev `_ g_h`b^ZgghdZd b ;meebfg_ [ueh ykghqlh __f_klh aZcf_l ^jm]Zykh[ZdZdZd hgZkZfZ aZgyeZ f_klh;meebZ ihlhfmklu^ykv k\h_]hg_ihklhygkl\Z y ihdeyeky __iZfylvxqlh k wlboihj f_gyih `bagb[m^ml khijh\h`^Zlv lhevdh ihlhfdb LbluQ_eh\_d ih hq_\b^guf [bheh]bq_kdbf ijbqbgZf g_ fh`_l khojZgblv ih`bag_ggmx \_jghklv h^ghckh[Zd_gh hgfh_l hklZlvky\_jguf __ihjh^_ Dh]^Z y ebp_f_jgh m\_jyx hlhj\Z\r_]h f_gy hljZ[hlu ]hklyqlh hq_gv jZ^ _]h \b^_lvZ Kxabgbqmlv g_ h[fZgmlZy fhbfb keh\Zfbk_j^blh juqbl b eZ_l gZ g_]h dh]^Z hgZ klZg_l klZjr_lh gZqg_l _]h e_]hgvdh ihdmku\ZlvhgZ g_ lhevdh ^_fhgkljbjm_l g_h[udgh\_ggh_ mf_gb_ qblZlvfhb lZcgu_fukeb gZke_^b_ Lblugh hgZb _klv LblZ`b\h_ \hiehs_gb_ LbluDh]^Z gZ em]m hgZ hohlblky gZ fur_c b ijh^_eu\Z_l keh`gu_iju`db furdmxsbo obsgbdh\^_fhgkljbjmy lm`_ kljZklvd wlhfmaZgylbxqlh b Ib]b__ [Z[dZ qZmqZmhgZ b_klv Ib]bDh]^Zh[mqZykv dhfZg^_ E_`ZlvhgZ ijb[_]Z_l d l_f `_ ijhajZqguf ij_êh]Zfqlh[u \kdhqblvdZdb_ h^bggZ^pZlv e_l gZaZ^ bah[j_lZeZ __ ijZ[Z[dZKlZkbb dh]^Zih^h[gh KlZkbhgZ \hklhj`_ggh \Zey_lky\ dZ`^hcem`_Z aZl_fk gh]^h ]heh\u \ ]jyabkihdhcg_gvdh \oh^bl\ ^hflh]^Z hgZb _klv KlZkb \hkdj_krZy KlZkb: dh]^Z hgZ ke_^m_l aZ fghcih lbobf ijbj_qguf ljhiZfih iuevguf ^hjh]Zfbeb ]hjh^kdbfmebpZf gZijy]Zy \k_ k\hb qm\kl\Zqlh[u g_ihl_jylv f_gylh]^Z hgZ klZgh\blkyhebp_l\hj_gb_f \k_okh[Zddhlhju_ kh\j_f_g i_j\h]h ijbjmq_ggh]h rZdZeZke_^h\Zeb aZk\hbfb ohay_\Zfb qm^_kguf blh]hfex[\b b\_jghklb

Конрад Лоренц. Человек находит друга

Related documents

Products

Support

Конрад Лоренц. Человек находит друга

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib