Слепович В.С. - Курс перевода (1)

(ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ « ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ)
(ENGLISH « RUSSIAN)
Óòâåðæäåíî Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü
â êà÷åñòâå ó÷åáíèêà äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé
ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà»
9-å èçäàíèå
Ìèíñê
«ÒåòðàÑèñòåìñ»
ÓÄÊ [811.111’25=161.1+811.161.1’25=111](075.8)
ÁÁÊ 81.2Àíãë-923
Ñ47
Àâòîð
êàíäèäàò ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, äîöåíò, çàâ. êàôåäðîé äåëîâîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà Áåëîðóññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Â. Ñ. Ñëåïîâè÷
Ð å ö å í ç å í ò û:
êàôåäðà ñîâðåìåííûõ òåõíîëîãèé ïåðåâîäà Ìèíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (çàâ. êàôåäðîé – êàíäèäàò ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ
íàóê, äîöåíò Ò. È. Ãîëèêîâà); äîêòîð ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, çàâ. êàôåäðîé àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ãóìàíèòàðíûõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ Áåëîðóññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Ë. Â. Õâåä÷åíÿ
Ñ47
Ñëåïîâè÷, Â. Ñ.
Êóðñ ïåðåâîäà (àíãëèéñêèé « ðóññêèé ÿçûê) = Translation Course (English « Russian) : ó÷åá. äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ âûñø.
ó÷åá. çàâåäåíèé ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà» /
Â. Ñ. Ñëåïîâè÷. – 9-å èçä. – Ìèíñê : ÒåòðàÑèñòåìñ, 2011. –
320 ñ.
ISBN 978-985-536-180-1.
 ó÷åáíèêå èçëîæåíû âîïðîñû òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà (îáùèå,
ëåêñè÷åñêèå, ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå) â îáëàñòè ýêîíîìèêè, ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî
áèçíåñà, áàíêîâñêîãî äåëà, ôèíàíñîâ è äàåòñÿ ïðàêòèêóì ïåðåâîäà äëÿ
àóäèòîðíîé è ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû.
Ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ-ýêîíîìèñòîâ øèðîêîãî ïðîôèëÿ è âñåõ,
êòî çàíèìàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìàìè ïåðåâîäà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé è
ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé.
ÓÄÊ [811.111’25=161.1+811.161.1’25=111](075.8)
ÁÁÊ 81.2Àíãë-923
ISBN 978-985-536-180-1
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© Ñëåïîâè÷ Â. Ñ., 2001
© Ñëåïîâè÷ Â. Ñ., 2009, ñ èçìåíåíèÿìè
© Îôîðìëåíèå. ÍÒÎÎÎ «ÒåòðàÑèñòåìñ», 2011
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ
Îäíèì èç óñòîé÷èâûõ çàáëóæäåíèé ìíîãèõ ïðåïîäàþùèõ è èçó÷àþùèõ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íà ðàçíûõ óðîâíÿõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, ÷òî óìåíèå ïåðåâîäèòü ïðèõîäèò ñàìî ïî ñåáå êàê ðåçóëüòàò ïåðåõîäà íåêîåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïðèîáðåòåííûõ íàâûêîâ èíîÿçû÷íîé ðå÷åâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â íîâîå êà÷åñòâî. Áîëåå òîãî, ÿâíûì
ïðîòèâîðå÷èåì ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ïîëîæåíèÿ âåùåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò,
÷òî áåç ñèñòåìíîãî ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ ïåðåâîäà (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì øêîë
ñ óãëóáëåííûì èçó÷åíèåì èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà è ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ
âóçîâ è ôàêóëüòåòîâ) çàäàíèÿ ïî ïðîâåðêå íàâûêîâ ïåðåâîäà âêëþ÷åíû â ýêçàìåíû ïðè ïîñòóïëåíèè â âóçû, ìàãèñòðàòóðó è àñïèðàíòóðó.
Ïðåäëàãàåìûé êóðñ ïåðåâîäà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé
è ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ-ýêîíîìèñòîâ øèðîêîãî ïðîôèëÿ è âñåõ, êòî çàíèìàåòñÿ ïåðåâîäîì â ó÷åáíîé èëè
ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì îïûòà ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ ýòîé äèñöèïëèíû íà ôàêóëüòåòå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé Áåëîðóññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, à òàêæå ïåðåâîä÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêè àâòîðà â ðàáîòå ñ ìàòåðèàëàìè Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âàëþòíîãî ôîíäà è Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà.
Ñòðóêòóðà êóðñà âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèå è ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé, ïðîáëåìû
ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé è ïðàêòèêóì ïåðåâîäà. Â
ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ÷àñòè êóðñà ðàçáèðàþòñÿ ïðèìåðû íåóäà÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà, ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ñïîñîáû ðåäàêòèðîâàíèÿ è äàþòñÿ âàðèàíòû ïåðåâîäà è çàäàíèÿ ïî ïåðåâîäó ñòàòåé.
Ïðåäëàãàåìûå â êîíöå ðàçäåëîâ êîíòðîëüíûå âîïðîñû ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ êóðñà òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðàêòè÷åñêèìè çàäàíèÿìè ïî ïåðåâîäó íà óðîâíå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé è ïðåäëîæåíèé, à òàêæå òåêñòîâ, ïîìåùåííûõ â «Ïðàêòèêóì ïåðåâîäà»,
äàþò âîçìîæíîñòü çàêðåïèòü ïðîéäåííûé ìàòåðèàë è îáñóäèòü âàðèàíòû ïåðåâîäà ñî ñòóäåíòàìè.
Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 8-ãî èçäàíèÿ Êóðñà, ïîëó÷èâøåãî ãðèô “Ó÷åáíèê”,
â òåêñò êíèãè âíåñåíî çíà÷èòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî óòî÷íåíèé, è ñóùåñòâåííî îáíîâëåíà ÷àñòü V — “Ïðàêòèêóì ïåðåâîäà”, êîòîðàÿ
ïðèâåäåíà â ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ðåàëèÿìè.
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Õî÷ó âûðàçèòü èñêðåííþþ áëàãîäàðíîñòü çà ïîìîùü â ðàáîòå
êîëëåãàì ïî êàôåäðå, ñòóäåíòàì ôàêóëüòåòà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé ÁÃÝÓ, ðàáîòíèêàì ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âàëþòíîãî ôîíäà è Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà â Ðåñïóáëèêå
Áåëàðóñü.
Îñîáàÿ áëàãîäàðíîñòü — ìîåé ñóïðóãå Èðèíå, êîòîðàÿ ïðåêðàñíî ÷óâñòâóåò ñëîâî, ìíîãî ëåò ïðîðàáîòàâ ðåäàêòîðîì ïåðåâîäíîé ëèòåðàòóðû è èçäàâ â ñâîåì ïåðåâîäå íåñêîëüêî êíèã õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðû àíãëèéñêèõ è àìåðèêàíñêèõ àâòîðîâ.
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×àñòü I
¨
ÎÁÙÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ
Ïåðåâîä — âàæíîå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîå ñðåäñòâî, êîòîðîå îáåñïå÷èâàåò âûïîëíåíèå ÿçûêîì åãî ôóíêöèè îáùåíèÿ, êîãäà ëþäè âûðàæàþò ñâîè ìûñëè íà ðàçíûõ ÿçûêàõ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñïðàâåäëèâî
òðàêòîâàòü ïåðåâîä êàê à ê ò ì å æ ú ÿ ç û ê î â î é ê î ì ì ó í è ê à ö è è
(Øâåéöåð À.Ä., 1973).
Ïåðåâîä — ýòî ïåðåäà÷à ñìûñëà òîãî, ÷òî ñêàçàíî (íàïèñàíî)
íà îäíîì ÿçûêå (ÿçûêå îðèãèíàëà), ñðåäñòâàìè äðóãîãî ÿçûêà (ÿçûêà
ïåðåâîäà).
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïåðåâîä÷èê äîëæåí ðåøèòü äâå çàäà÷è:
1)
ïðàâèëüíî ïîíÿòü ñîäåðæàíèå âûñêàçûâàíèÿ (òåêñòà) íà
ÿçûêå îðèãèíàëà;
2)
ïîëíî è òî÷íî ïåðåäàòü ýòî ñîäåðæàíèå ñðåäñòâàìè ÿçûêà
ïåðåâîäà.
Ïåðåâîä÷èêó íåîáõîäèìî:
1)
èìåòü îïðåäåëåííûé çàïàñ ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà (â òîì
÷èñëå ñïåöèàëüíîé òåðìèíîëîãèè â îïðåäåëåííîé îáëàñòè
çíàíèé);
2)
çíàòü ãðàììàòèêó àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, èíà÷å ñëîâà îñòàíóòñÿ ëèøü “êèðïè÷àìè”, èç êîòîðûõ íå óäàñòñÿ íè÷åãî
“ïîñòðîèòü”;
3)
âëàäåòü òåõíèêîé ïåðåâîäà è óìåòü ýôôåêòèâíî ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ
ñëîâàðåì (ïðåæäå ÷åì îòêðûâàòü ñëîâàðü, çíàòü ïî ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêàì, ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îòíîñèòñÿ íåçíàêîìîå ñëîâî; çíàòü âñå îñîáåííîñòè ïîñòðîåíèÿ ñëîâàðÿ);
4)
èìåòü ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá îáëàñòè çíàíèÿ, ê êîòîðîé îòíîñèòñÿ ïåðåâîäèìûé òåêñò (à â èäåàëå– õîðîøî îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ â íåé).
5)
Çíàòü êóëüòóðíûå è èíûå ðåàëèè, êîòîðûìè ïîëüçóþòñÿ
íîñèòåëè ÿçûêà.
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 ïðàêòèêå ïåðåâîäà ìû ÷àùå âñåãî ñòàëêèâàåìñÿ ñ äâóìÿ âèäàìè ïåðåâîäà: äîñëîâíûì è ëèòåðàòóðíûì (íå ïóòàòü ñ õóäîæåñòâåííûì), èëè àäåêâàòíûì.
Äîñëîâíûé ïåðåâîä ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñâîåãî ðîäà çàãîòîâêîé, èëè
“áîëâàíêîé”, êîòîðóþ åùå íåîáõîäèìî îáðàáîòàòü, òî åñòü îòðåäàêòèðîâàòü. Äîñëîâíûé ïåðåâîä ìîæåò íàñ óñòðîèòü â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ,
êîãäà â ïåðåâîäèìîì ïðèìåðå â îáîèõ ÿçûêàõ îäèíàêîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à ñëîâà â îäíîì ÿçûêå èìåþò îäíîçíà÷íûå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ â äðóãîì, íàïðèìåð:
America was discovered by Columbus.
Àìåðèêà áûëà îòêðûòà Êîëóìáîì.
Òàêèå ïðèìåðû, îäíàêî, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ äîâîëüíî ðåäêî. ×àùå
âñåãî ñóùåñòâóåò ðàçðûâ ìåæäó ôîðìîé è ñîäåðæàíèåì, õîòÿ ìûñëü
ÿñíà:
To begin with, it was necessary to overcome the crisis.
( äîñëîâíîì ïåðåâîäå Íà÷àòü ñ, ýòî áûëî íåîáõîäèìî
ïðåîäîëåòü êðèçèñ âìåñòî àäåêâàòíîãî Ïðåæäå âñåãî íåîáõîäèìî áûëî ïðåîäîëåòü êðèçèñ.)
Ïîäîáíûìè ïðèìåðàìè íàñ îñîáåííî ÷àñòî «ðàäóåò» àâòîìàòè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä, êîòîðûé äåëàåò êîìïüþòåð:
New Jersey State University (ïî âåðñèè ïðîãðàììû «Ñîêðàò») — Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò Íîâîãî Ôóôàéêà
(âìåñòî Óíèâåðñèòåò øòàòà Íüþ-Äæåðñè).
I.E. Repin was leaving the country full of hopes (ïî âåðñèè
Stylus3.0.) — È.Å. Ïåðåáóëàâêà îñòàâëÿëà ñòðàíó ïîëíîé
íàäåæäàìè (âìåñòî È.Å. Ðåïèí óåçæàë èç ñòðàíû, ïîëíûé
íàäåæä).
Äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèé ìû ïðèáåãàåì ê ëèòåðàòóðíîìó (àäåêâàòíîìó) ïåðåâîäó, êîòîðûé çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïåðåäà÷å
ñìûñëà èñõîäÿ èç íîðìû ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà.
Ïðè ëèòåðàòóðíîì ïåðåâîäå (à èìåííî îí è ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûì) äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è çíà÷åíèÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèõ åäèíèö èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòû (ò.å. ïðÿìûå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ), àíàëîãè (ñëîâà ñèíîíèìè÷åñêîãî ðÿäà) èëè îïèñàòåëüíûå ñðåäñòâà (åñëè íåò ýêâèâàëåíòà èëè
àíàëîãà, íàïðèìåð privacy — ïðàâî íà ÷àñòíóþ æèçíü).
Ïåðåâîä òåêñòà (ñòàòüè), â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîñòàâëåííîé öåëè,
ìîæåò áûòü ïîëíûì ïèñüìåííûì, ðåôåðàòèâíûì èëè àííîòàöèîííûì.
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Ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé ïåðåâîä íå íóæäàåòñÿ â îïðåäåëåíèè. Çäåñü
âñå ÿñíî èç íàçâàíèÿ.
Ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä òåêñòà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èçëîæåíèå îñíîâíûõ ìûñëåé îðèãèíàëà íà ÿçûêå ïåðåâîäà. Îáû÷íî çàäàíèå ñäåëàòü ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ óêàçàíèåì îáúåìà ïåðåâîäà (íàïðèìåð, îäíà ñòðàíèöà íà êîìïüþòåðå, ðàçìåð øðèôòà
12, èíòåðâàë 1,5).
Àííîòàöèîííûé ïåðåâîä òåêñòà ïî ðàçìåðó íå ïðåâûøàåò îäíîãî
àáçàöà; èíîãäà îí ìîæåò áûòü îãðàíè÷åí äâóìÿ-òðåìÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè. Ýòî ñæàòàÿ ïåðåäà÷à ñìûñëà îðèãèíàëà ñðåäñòâàìè äðóãîãî
ÿçûêà.
Èíîãäà ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñëûøàòü: “Ñëîâà âñå çíàþ, à ïåðåâåñòè íå
ìîãó”. Îäíà èç ïðè÷èí ýòîãî êðîåòñÿ â íåïðàâèëüíîì âûáîðå çíà÷åíèÿ òîãî èëè èíîãî ñëîâà. Íàïðèìåð, ñòàâøèé øèðîêî èçâåñòíûì
òàêîé “ëÿïñóñíûé” ïåðåâîä ïðåäëîæåíèÿ A bare conductor ran on the
wall:
Ïî ñòåíå áåãàë ãîëûé êîíäóêòîð
âìåñòî
Ïî ñòåíå áûë ïðîòÿíóò îãîëåííûé ïðîâîä
Ãëàâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà òàêîãî ÿâëåíèÿ, îäíàêî, çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì,
÷òî áåðåòñÿ íå òî çíà÷åíèå ñëîâà â ñëîâàðå è â íåóìåíèè óâèäåòü
ñòðóêòóðó àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî åñòü îïðåäåëèòü, êàêèì ÷ëåíîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî èëè èíîå ñëîâî è ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è
îíî îòíîñèòñÿ.
 ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîñëåäíåé ïðîáëåìû íå ñóùåñòâóåò,
ïîñêîëüêó ñóôôèêñû è îêîí÷àíèÿ ÷åòêî óêàçûâàþò íà ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ñëîâà ê ÷àñòè ðå÷è.
Êëàññè÷åñêèì ïðèìåðîì âûøåñêàçàííîãî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àáðàêàäàáðà (ëèøåííîå ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèå), êîòîðóþ ïðèäóìàë àêàäåìèê Ëåâ Âëàäèìèðîâè÷ Ùåðáà:
Ãëîêàÿ êóçäðà øòåêî áóäëàíóëà êóçäðåíêà.
Çäåñü, îäíàêî, âñå ÿñíî ñ ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ: “êóçäðà”— èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå æåíñêîãî ðîäà â èìåíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå, âûïîëíÿþùåå ðîëü ïîäëåæàùåãî; “áóäëàíóëà”— ãëàãîë ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè, ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà, æåíñêîãî ðîäà â ðîëè ñêàçóåìîãî; “ãëîêàÿ”— ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå æåíñêîãî ðîäà â èìåíèòåëüíîì
ïàäåæå â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèÿ; “êóçäðåíêà”— óìåíüøèòåëüíî-ëàñêàòåëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìóæñêîãî ðîäà â âèíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå â
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ðîëè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ; “øòåêî” — íàðå÷èå â ðîëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ.
Òðóäíîñòè âîçíèêàþò èìåííî â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, òàê
êàê îäíî è òî æå ïî ôîðìå ñëîâî (÷àùå âñåãî— ãëàãîë) ìîæåò
îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ðàçíûì ÷àñòÿì ðå÷è, íàïðèìåð:
water (n) — âîäà
water (v) — ïîëèâàòü
closed (v, past simple)— çàêðûë
closed (partici ple II)— çàêðûòûé
empty (adj.) — ïóñòîé
empty (v)— îïîðîæíÿòü
books (n, pl.) — êíèãè
books (v, 3rd person, sg.) — çàêàçûâàåò
cause (n) — ïðè÷èíà
cause (v) — âûçûâàòü, áûòü ïðè÷èíîé
official (a) — îôèöèàëüíûé
official (n) — îôèöèàëüíîå ëèöî
Ñàìîå ïðîñòîå ïðåäëîæåíèå This results in a good effect íóæíî
ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ åãî ñòðóêòóðû, à íå íà÷èíàòü ïåðåâîäèòü ñ ÿêîáû ïðîñòîãî è î÷åâèäíîãî: “Ýòè ðåçóëüòàòû”, òàê
êàê äàëüøå — òóïèê. Ýòî êàê ðàç òîò ñëó÷àé, êîãäà “âñå ñëîâà çíàþ,
à ïåðåâåñòè íå ìîãó”.
Âî-ïåðâûõ, â äàííîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè “This” — íå
“ýòè”, à “ýòîò”. Òîãäà ïî÷åìó “ðåçóëüòàòû”?  òîì-òî è äåëî, ÷òî
íèêàêèå ýòî íå “ðåçóëüòàòû”. Îñòàåòñÿ îäèí âàðèàíò: “results”— 3-å
ëèöî åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ãëàãîëà “result”. Ñëîâàðü äàåò çíà÷åíèå
ãëàãîëà result (in): ïðèâîäèòü (ê).
Òåïåðü âñå âñòàåò íà ñâîè ìåñòà: This results in a good effect—
Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê ïîëîæèòåëüíîìó ýôôåêòó (ðåçóëüòàòó).
Îñíîâíîé âûâîä èç ïðèâåäåííîãî âûøå ïðèìåðà: ÷òîáû ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â ñòðóêòóðå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü íåîáõîäèìî íàéòè ñêàçóåìîå. Âñå, ÷òî ñòîèò ñëåâà îò ñêàçóåìîãî, áóäåò
îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ãðóïïå ïîäëåæàùåãî (ýòî ìîæåò áûòü áîëüøå, ÷åì îäíî
èëè äâà ñëîâà), à ñïðàâà îò ñêàçóåìîãî áóäåò ãðóïïà äîïîëíåíèÿ,
çàòåì — îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî (ïîñëåäíåå, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî
âðåìåíè, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ).
È, íàêîíåö, îñíîâíîé âîïðîñ: êàê íàéòè ñêàçóåìîå â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè?
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Ñóùåñòâóåò òðè îñíîâíûõ ïðèçíàêà ñêàçóåìîãî àíãëèéñêîãî
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
1.
Âñå ôîðìû âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ (be, do, have) è ìîäàëüíûõ
ãëàãîëîâ (can, may, must, should, etc.) âõîäÿò â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî. Ýòî îäíî èç íåìíîãèõ ïðàâèë àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêè, â êîòîðîì íåò èñêëþ÷åíèé.
2.
Ñóôôèêñ -ed Past Simple, íî: íå ïóòàòü åãî ñ ïðîøåäøèì
ïðè÷àñòèåì (Partici ple II). Òî åñòü îäíà è òà æå ôîðìà, íàïðèìåð, used, ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ êàê èñïîëüçîâàë è èñïîëüçîâàííûé.
 ïðåäëîæåíèè The method used was effective ñêàçóåìûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ
was effective (ñì. 1-é ïðèçíàê). Çíà÷èò, ñëåâà îò íåãî— ãðóïïà ïîäëåæàùåãî, òî åñòü used — ýòî îïðåäåëåíèå ïîäëåæàùåãî method, è îíî
ê òîìó æå ñòîèò ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñëîâà (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ÷àùå
âñåãî íàîáîðîò). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïåðåâîä ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëåäóþùèé:
“Èñïîëüçîâàííûé ìåòîä áûë ýôôåêòèâíûì”.
3.
Îêîí÷àíèå — s 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà Present Simple
(Indefinite), íî: íå ïóòàòü åãî ñ ìíîæåñòâåííûì ÷èñëîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (ôîðìà books ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê çàêàçûâàåò
è êíèãè; results — ïðèâîäèò [ê] è ðåçóëüòàòû).
Îäèí èç âàæíûõ ýòàïîâ ïèñüìåííîãî ïåðåâîäà — åãî ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå, òî åñòü ïðèâåäåíèå òåêñòà ïåðåâîäà â ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñ íîðìàìè ðîäíîãî ÿçûêà.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå àíãëèéñêîãî òåêñòà íå ñëåäóåò ïåðåíîñèòü â ðóññêèé òåêñò ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ÷åðòû àíãëèéñêîãî îðèãèíàëà:
à) àíãëèéñêèå ëè÷íûå ôîðìû ïåðåäàþòñÿ ðóññêèìè íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè îáîðîòàìè:
You might ask why the bank has chosen this policy.
Ìîæíî ñïðîñèòü, ïî÷åìó áàíê èçáðàë ýòó ïîëèòèêó.
We know the inflation rate to be directly dependent on increase of price level, wages, and production costs.
Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè íàïðÿìóþ çàâèñèò îò
ðîñòà öåí, çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû è çàòðàò íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî.
á) â àíãëèéñêèõ òåêñòàõ íåðåäêî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áóäóùåå âðåìÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îáû÷íîãî äåéñòâèÿ, ïîýòîìó ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëåäóåò èñïîëüçîâàòü íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ:
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The exchange rate is determined by demand and supply, which
will be universal economic categories.
Îáìåííûé êóðñ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñïðîñîì è ïðåäëîæåíèåì,
êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ óíèâåðñàëüíûìè ýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè êàòåãîðèÿìè.
â) â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìà ïàññèâíîãî çàëîãà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ
ãîðàçäî ÷àùå, ÷åì ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ïîýòîìó
ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëåäóåò èñïîëüçîâàòü è äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà âûðàæåíèÿ:
This issue was discussed at the board meeting.
Ýòîò âîïðîñ áûë îáñóæäåí íà çàñåäàíèè ñîâåòà.
Ýòîò âîïðîñ îáñóäèëè íà çàñåäàíèè ñîâåòà.
Ýòîò âîïðîñ îáñóæäàëñÿ íà çàñåäàíèè ñîâåòà.
Çàñåäàíèå ñîâåòà îáñóäèëî ýòîò âîïðîñ.
ã) ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò àíãëèéñêîãî, íåñåò áîëüøóþ ñìûñëîâóþ íàãðóçêó. “Öåíòð òÿæåñòè”, òî
åñòü ãëàâíàÿ ìûñëü â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, â îòëè÷èå îò àíãëèéñêîãî, ÷àñòî ìîæåò íàõîäèòüñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.
A student has done this research.
Ýòî èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâåë ñòóäåíò [à íå àññèñòåíò èëè
íàó÷íûé ñîòðóäíèê].
ä) íàêîíåö, íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ðàçëè÷èÿ êóëüòóð è ðåàëèé ñòðàíû ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ îäíîãî ÿçûêà íà äðóãîé, èçáåãàòü êàëüêèðîâàíèÿ è áóêâàëüíûõ ïåðåíîñîâ.
Íàïðèìåð, âûðàæåíèå dozens of examples ñëåäóåò ïåðåâåñòè êàê
äåñÿòêè [à íå «äþæèíû»] ïðèìåðîâ, ïîñêîëüêó ó íàñ äåñÿòè÷íàÿ
ñèñòåìà ñ÷åòà. Ñëîâî «äþæèíà» â ïåðåâîäå áóäåò óìåñòíî òîëüêî,
êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ÷èñëå «12».
Åùå îäèí ïðèìåð ðàçëè÷èÿ â ðåàëèÿõ — êîíñòðóêöèÿ îêîí â
Àíãëèè èëè ÑØÀ, îòëè÷àþùàÿñÿ îò êîíñòðóêöèè íàøèõ îêîí òåì,
÷òî èõ ðàìû íóæíî ïîäíÿòü, ÷òîáû îòêðûòü. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó ïðåäëîæåíèå “He came up to the window and raised it” ïåðåâîäèòñÿ «Îí
ïîäîøåë ê îêíó è îòêðûë [à íå ïîäíÿë] åãî».
Äëÿ èçáåæàíèÿ êàëüêèðîâàíèÿ (òî÷íîãî ïîâòîðåíèÿ) ñòðóêòóðû
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå èíîãäà ëó÷øå âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ìåòîäîì
«îò ïðîòèâíîãî». Íàïðèìåð, ïðåäëîæåíèå “Remember to call her” â
ïåðåâîäå ìîæíî äàòü êàê «Íå çàáóäü ïîçâîíèòü åé».
Òî æå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñëó÷àÿì ïåðåâîäà, êîãäà «ìèíóñ íà ìèíóñ
äàåò ïëþñ», òî åñòü äâà îòðèöàíèÿ (not uncommon; not until) ïåðå10
âîäÿòñÿ êàê óòâåðæäåíèå (ïîäðîáíåå îá ýòîì ñì. â ðàçäåëå 2.3. «Ëåêñè÷åñêèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè ïðè ïåðåâîäå»):
It’s not uncommon to use this method.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ìåòîäà — îáû÷íàÿ ïðàêòèêà.
The credit was not granted until early March.
Êðåäèò áûë âûäàí ëèøü â íà÷àëå ìàðòà.
Íåëèøíå íàïîìíèòü îá ýòèêå ïåðåâîä÷èêà, êîòîðàÿ îñîáåííî
âàæíà ïðè óñòíîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîì ïåðåâîäå.
Ïîñêîëüêó ïåðåâîä÷èê íåñåò îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà àäåêâàòíîñòü
ïåðåâîäèìîé èíôîðìàöèè, îñíîâíûì ïðàâèëîì ýòèêè ïåðåâîä÷èêà
ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåðàçãëàøåíèå ýòîé èíôîðìàöèè, ñîõðàíåíèå êîíôèäåíöèàëüíîñòè.
Óñòíûé ïåðåâîä÷èê (conference interpreter) äîëæåí ïîìíèòü î
òîì, ÷òî îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ «òåíüþ» ãëàâíûõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ïåðåãîâîðîâ. À
ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî ñîâåðøåííî íåóìåñòíû åãî ñîáñòâåííûå êîììåíòàðèè, ïðèâëå÷åíèå ê ñåáå âíèìàíèÿ, ðåàãèðîâàíèå íà ïåðåâîäèìûå
èì øóòêè è ò.ä. Ëèøü â ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìîñòè ìîæíî ïîÿñíèòü îñîáåííîñòè íàöèîíàëüíîãî õàðàêòåðà è ìåíòàëèòåòà, ÷òîáû ñìûñë
âûñêàçûâàíèÿ áûë ÿñíåå.
Ïðåêðàñíî, åñëè ïåðåâîä÷èê íàõîäèò òî÷íîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå ôðàçåîëîãèçìàì è èäèîìàòè÷åñêèì âûðàæåíèÿì â äðóãîì ÿçûêå, íî
ëó÷øå óæ ïðèáåãíóòü ê íåéòðàëüíîé ëåêñèêå ïðè ïåðåâîäå, ÷åì â
ïîãîíå çà «êðàñèâîñòüþ» èñêàçèòü ñìûñë. Èçâåñòíî, ê êàêèì ïîñëåäñòâèÿì â îòíîøåíèÿõ ìåæäó ÑÑÑÐ è ÑØÀ ïðèâåë «âîëüíûé
ïåðåâîä» ôðàçû Í.Ñ. Õðóùåâà «Ìû âàì ïîêàæåì êóçüêèíó ìàòü!»,
ïðîèçíåñåííîé èì íà ñåññèè Ãåíåðàëüíîé Àññàìáëåè ÎÎÍ.  ïåðåâîäå ýòî ïðîçâó÷àëî êàê “We will bury you!” («Ìû âàñ ïîõîðîíèì!»).
Íàâåðíîå, êðàéíåé ñòåïåíüþ óãðîçû ñîâåòñêîãî ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ â
ïåðåâîäå ìîãëà ñòàòü âåðñèÿ “We’ll teach you a lesson” («Ìû ïîêàæåì âàì!» èëè «Ìû ïðîó÷èì âàñ!»).  ñàìîì äåëå, êîìó æå çàõî÷åòñÿ
áûòü ïîõîðîíåííûì çàæèâî? Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî çà ýòèì ïåðåâîä÷åñêèì
ëÿïñóñîì (êñòàòè, ñëîâî ýòî ëàòèíñêîå: lapsus — îøèáêà) ïîñëåäîâàë î÷åðåäíîé âèòîê ãîíêè âîîðóæåíèé.1
Â. Ì. Ñóõîäðåâ â êíèãå ìåìóàðîâ «ßçûê ìîé — äðóã ìîé» (Ì.: Îëèìï; ÎÎÎ
«Ôèðìà “Èçä.-âî ÀÑҔ», 1999) îòìå÷àåò, ïðàâäà, ÷òî Õðóùåâ âêëàäûâàë â
ýòî âûðàæåíèå äðóãîé ñìûñë: «ìîë, ïîêàæåì èì òàêîå, ÷åãî îíè íèêîãäà íå
âèäåëè» (ñ. 87).
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Ïåðåâîä÷èê äîëæåí áûòü êîððåêòíûì, ñîáëþäàòü âûäåðæêó,
îòëè÷àòüñÿ ïóíêòóàëüíîñòüþ è áûòü àêêóðàòíî è ñòðîãî îäåòûì. Ïðè
ðàáîòå â êîìàíäå íåîáõîäèìî òàêòè÷íî ïðèõîäèòü íà ïîìîùü òåì,
êòî õóæå îðèåíòèðóåòñÿ â ñèòóàöèè.
Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî äàëåêî íå êàæäûé, êòî âëàäååò ÿçûêîì, îáëàäàåò
ñïîñîáíîñòüþ èëè íàâûêàìè àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà. Ýòîìó ó÷àòñÿ,
ïðè÷åì ïðîöåññ îñâîåíèÿ ìàñòåðñòâîì ïåðåâîäà î÷åíü äëèòåëüíûé.
Òîò, êòî äîñòèã îïðåäåëåííîãî óðîâíÿ, íî íå ðàáîòàåò íàä ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèåì íàâûêîâ ïåðåâîäà, ïðîñòî òåðÿåò ýòîò óðîâåíü. Ïåðåâîä÷èêó, êàê ñïîðòñìåíó è ìóçûêàíòó, íåîáõîäèìî ïîñòîÿííî
ïîääåðæèâàòü ôîðìó.
?
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Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×òî òàêîå ïåðåâîä?
2.
×òî íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü ïåðåâîä÷èêó?  ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ òåõíèêà ïåðåâîä÷èêà?
3.
Ñ êàêèìè âèäàìè ïåðåâîäà íàì ÷àùå âñåãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ èìåòü
äåëî?
4.
5.
 ÷åì ïðè÷èíà ñèòóàöèè, êîãäà «âñå ñëîâà çíàþ, à ïåðåâåñòè íå ìîãó»?
Êàêîé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìî óñòàíîâèòü â ïåðâóþ
î÷åðåäü ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà? Ïî êàêèì ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêàì åãî ìîæíî íàéòè â ïðåäëîæåíèè?
6.
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ ïðîöåññ ðåäàêòèðîâàíèÿ ïåðåâîäà?
7.
Êàêîâû òðåáîâàíèÿ ê óñòíîìó ïåðåâîä÷èêó ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ
ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé ýòèêè?
×àñòü II
¨
ËÅÊÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ
2.1. Ïåðåâîä ñëîâ
2.1.1. Óñòàíîâëåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íåîáõîäèìî îáíàðóæèòü
ñëîâî â ðîäíîì ÿçûêå, êîòîðîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ áëèçêèì ïî çíà÷åíèþ àíãëèéñêîìó ñëîâó. Òàêîå ñëîâî â òåîðèè ïåðåâîäà íàçûâàåòñÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèì, èëè ñëîâàðíûì, ñîîòâåòñòâèåì.
Äëÿ ïðàâèëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèõ, èëè ñëîâàðíûõ,
ñîîòâåòñòâèé ñëåäóåò ðàçëè÷àòü ñëåäóþùèå òèïû ñìûñëîâûõ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó ñëîâàìè:
1.
Çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêàõ ïîëíîñòüþ
ñîîòâåòñòâóþò äðóã äðóãó. Íåçàâèñèìî îò êîíòåêñòà, çíà÷åíèå àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà ïåðåäàåòñÿ îäíèì è òåì æå ýêâèâàëåíòîì.
Ê òàêèì ñëîâàì (îíè ñîñòàâëÿþò îêîëî 30ïðîöåíòîâ ñëîâàðíîãî ñîñòàâà ÿçûêà) îòíîñÿòñÿ èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå, ÷èñëèòåëüíûå,
íàçâàíèÿ äíåé íåäåëè è ìåñÿöåâ, ìíîãèå íàó÷íûå è òåõíè÷åñêèå
òåðìèíû, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ è äð.: Canada, twelve, Tuesday,
July, tractor, inflation, the Netherlands, etc.
2.
Åñëè çíà÷åíèþ àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî
ñëîâ â ðîäíîì ÿçûêå, ìû èìååì äåëî ñ âàðèàíòíûì ñîîòâåòñòâèåì.
Ýòî íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé òèï ñìûñëîâûõ îòíîøåíèé
ìåæäó ñëîâàìè. Çàäà÷à âûáîðà íóæíîãî âàðèàíòà äîâîëüíî ñëîæíàÿ, è ïåðåâîä÷èê äîëæåí ó÷èòûâàòü ðîëü êîíòåêñòà, òî åñòü îêðóæåíèÿ, â êîòîðîì âñòðå÷àåòñÿ äàííîå ñëîâî.
Íàïðèìåð, àíãëèéñêîìó ñëîâó variability â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò èçìåí÷èâîñòü, âàðèàòèâíîñòü, íåðîâíîñòü, íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü:
Variability of temper — èçìåí÷èâîñòü íàñòðîåíèÿ
Data variability — âàðèàòèâíîñòü äàííûõ
13
Variability of character — íåðîâíîñòü õàðàêòåðà
Variability of prices — íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü öåí
Èíîãäà àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü äàåò íåñêîëüêî çíà÷åíèé ñëîâà,
ïðè÷åì äàæå ïðàâèëüíî âûáðàííîå çíà÷åíèå óâîäèò íàñ â ñòîðîíó
áóêâàëèçìà (êàëüêèðîâàííîãî ïåðåâîäà) è ïðè ïåðåäà÷å ñìûñëà “çâó÷èò íå ïî-ðóññêè”.
Íàïðèìåð, â ïðåäëîæåíèè I am happy to be involved in this project
èç 7 çíà÷åíèé ãëàãîëà involve ïîäõîäèò òîëüêî âîâëåêàòü. È, òåì íå
ìåíåå, íåëüçÿ ïðèíÿòü êàê óäà÷íûé ïåðåâîä ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ß ñ÷àñòëèâ (ðàä) áûòü âîâëå÷åííûì â ýòîò ïðîåêò. Äðóãèõ âàðèàíòîâ íè
îäèí ñëîâàðü íå äàåò, íî òàê íå ãîâîðÿò ïî-ðóññêè. Êàê íîñèòåëè
ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ìû äîëæíû, íàâåðíîå, ñêàçàòü ß ðàä ó÷àñòâîâàòü
â ýòîì ïðîåêòå äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ àäåêâàòíîñòè ïåðåâîäà, òî åñòü ïåðåäà÷è ñìûñëà âûñêàçûâàíèÿ.
Àíàëîãè÷íûé ïðèìåð ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè ñî ñëîâîì ambitious, êîòîðîå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ 1)÷åñòîëþáèâûé, 2)ñòðåìÿùèéñÿ, æàæäóùèé
(of), 3)ïðåòåíöèîçíûé. Îäíàêî â ïðåäëîæåíèè The government is determined to implement its ambitious plans äëÿ àäåêâàòíîñòè ïåðåâîäà ëó÷øå ñêàçàòü Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî íàìåðåíî ïðåòâîðèòü â æèçíü ñìåëûå ïëàíû, õîòÿ òàêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ â ñëîâàðå íåò.
Áåçóñëîâíî, áîëüøèíñòâî ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîçíà÷íûìè, ïðè÷åì êàæäîìó òàêîìó ñëîâó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî çíà÷åíèé, êîòîðûå (â îòëè÷èå, íàïðèìåð, îò
çíà÷åíèé ñëîâà variability) ñîâåðøåííî îòëè÷íû äðóã îò äðóãà.
×òîáû ïåðåâåñòè ìíîãîçíà÷íîå ñëîâî, ñíà÷àëà íàõîäèòñÿ íóæíîå çíà÷åíèå, à ïîòîì â ïðåäåëàõ ýòîãî çíà÷åíèÿ íàäî îòûñêàòü
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå äëÿ äàííîãî êîíòåêñòà âàðèàíòíîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå.
Íàïðèìåð, Áîëüøîé àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü â äâóõ òîìàõ ïîä
ðåäàêöèåé ïðîô. È.Ð. Ãàëüïåðèíà (Ìîñêâà: Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ, 1972) äàåò 14 çíà÷åíèé ñëîâà rate.  êàæäîì èç çíà÷åíèé èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî âàðèàíòíûõ ñîîòâåòñòâèé, à îíè, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü
ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà åùå áîëåå êîíêðåòíûå âàðèàíòû. Òàê, â ïðåäåëàõ 2-ãî çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà rate âûäåëÿþòñÿ:
1)
ñòàâêà, òàðèô; òàêñà; ðàñöåíêà;
2)
ôèí. êóðñ;
3)
4)
öåíà; îöåíêà;
pl æ.-ä. ãðóçîâîé òàðèô.
Äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ñïåöèàëüíîãî òåêñòà ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ
ñïåöèàëüíûì ñëîâàðåì. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü ïî ýêîíîìèêå è
14
ôèíàíñàì ïîä ðåäàêöèåé ïðîô. À.Â.Àíèêèíà (Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã:
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ Øêîëà, 1993) ñëîâó rate îòâîäèò 7 (ñåìü!) ñòðàíèö, ãäå äàþòñÿ äåñÿòêè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé, â ñîñòàâ êîòîðûõ âõîäèò
ýòî ñëîâî.
Ïîäîáíûé ïðèìåð ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè è ïðè îáðàòíîì ïåðåâîäå.
Òî åñòü ó îäíîãî ðóññêîãî ñëîâà ìîæåò áûòü íåñêîëüêî àíãëèéñêèõ
ñîîòâåòñòâèé, íàïðèìåð:
Îòêðûâàòü:
Ðåöåïò:
open (êíèãó, îêíî è ò.ä.)
discover (íîâûå çåìëè)
reveal (ñåêðåò)
unveil (ïàìÿòíèê)
prescri ption (ìåä.)
reci pe (êóëèíàð.)
formula.
Áîëåå ïîäðîáíî ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé çàòðîíóòû â 4-é ÷àñòè äàííîãî êóðñà.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×òî òàêîå ñëîâàðíîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå?
2.
Êàêèå ñóùåñòâóþò òèïû ñìûñëîâûõ îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó ñëîâàìè?
3.
4.
×òî òàêîå êîíòåêñò è â ÷åì ñîñòîèò åãî ðîëü ïðè ïåðåâîäå?
Êàêóþ ñëîæíîñòü äëÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ìíîãîçíà÷íûå ñëîâà? ×òî íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ìíîãîçíà÷íûõ ñëîâ?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ìíîãîçíà÷íûå ñëîâà:
1.
The company’s directing agency is located in Detroit.
2.
This can hardly be treated as a free article. You’ll have to include
the funds for the customs clearing.
3.
Competitive capacity of enterprises is number one issue.
15
4.
The rent and utilities coverage in the country is gradually growing and will reach as much as 80% by this July.
5.
Price gap has become the main reason for many domestic
goods being brought out of the country.
They have been speculating on margin for a couple of years
now.
6.
7.
The new chief executive officer was appointed in May.
8.
The immediate task is to temper the impact of inflation.
2.1.2. Èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà è “ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ”
ïåðåâîä÷èêà
Ê èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûì ñëîâàì (èíòåðíàöèîíàëèçìàì) îòíîñÿòñÿ
ñëîâà, çàèìñòâîâàííûå èç äðóãèõ ÿçûêîâ, — ãðå÷åñêîãî è ëàòèíñêîãî, à òàêæå èç ñîâðåìåííûõ ÿçûêîâ (â îñíîâíîì — ýòî òåðìèíîëîãèÿ: ìóçûêàëüíàÿ èç èòàëüÿíñêîãî, áàëåòíûå òåðìèíû — èç ôðàíöóçñêîãî, êîìïüþòåðíàÿ è áèçíåñ-òåðìèíîëîãèÿ èç àíãëèéñêîãî).
Òàêèå ñëîâà ñõîäíû ïî çâó÷àíèþ, íàïèñàíèþ è çíà÷åíèþ:
contrast — êîíòðàñò
dumping — äåìïèíã
manager — ìåíåäæåð
inflation — èíôëÿöèÿ
philosophy — ôèëîñîôèÿ
television — òåëåâèäåíèå
Ñóùåñòâóåò ãîðàçäî áîëüøå ñëîâ, êîòîðûå ìû íàçûâàåì ïñåâäîèíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûìè, èëè “ëîæíûìè äðóçüÿìè” ïåðåâîä÷èêà (â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äëÿ òàêèõ ñëîâ çàèìñòâîâàíî ôðàíöóçñêîå âûðàæåíèå “faux amis” — ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ).  ñîïîñòàâëåíèè ðóññêîãî è àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêîâ ýòè ñëîâà ìîæíî ïîäðàçäåëèòü íà äâå ãðóïïû:
1)
ñëîâà, êîòîðûå èìåþò ñõîäíîå íàïèñàíèå è ïðîèçíîøåíèå, íî
ñîâåðøåííî äðóãîå çíà÷åíèå. Íèæå ïðèâîäèòñÿ êðàòêèé ñïèñîê òàêèõ ñëîâ:
accurate
actual
advocate
aspirant
16
òî÷íûé, à íå àêêóðàòíûé;
äåéñòâèòåëüíûé, à íå àêòóàëüíûé;
ñòîðîííèê, çàùèòíèê, à íå àäâîêàò
ïðåòåíäåíò, à íå àñïèðàíò;
bullion
clay
complexion
compositor
corpse
data
decade
decoration
Dutch
fabric
familiar
fraction
list
invalid
magazine
mayor
physician
princi pal
production
prospect
rapport [rc4p]:]
recei pt [ri4si:t]
replica
resin
therapist
troops
velvet
ñëèòîê (çîëîòà èëè ñåðåáðà), à íå áóëüîí;
ãëèíà, à íå êëåé;
öâåò ëèöà, à íå êîìïëåêöèÿ;
íàáîðùèê, à íå êîìïîçèòîð;
òðóï, à íå êîðïóñ;
äàííûå, à íå äàòà;
äåñÿòèëåòèå, à íå äåêàäà;
çíàê îòëè÷èÿ, óêðàøåíèå, à íå äåêîðà
öèÿ;
ãîëëàíäñêèé, à íå äàòñêèé;
òêàíü, à íå ôàáðèêà;
èçâåñòíûé, çíàêîìûé, à íå ôàìèëèÿ èëè
ôàìèëüÿðíûé;
äðîáü (ìàòåì.), à íå ôðàêöèÿ;
ñïèñîê, à íå ëèñò;
íåäåéñòâèòåëüíûé, à íå èíâàëèä (åñëè
óäàðåíèå íà âòîðîì ñëîãå)
æóðíàë, à íå ìàãàçèí;
ìýð, à íå ìàéîð;
âðà÷-òåðàïåâò, à íå ôèçèê;
îñíîâíîé, à íå ïðèíöèïèàëüíûé;
ïðîèçâîäñòâî, à íå ïðîäóêöèÿ;
ïåðñïåêòèâà, à íå ïðîñïåêò;
äîáðûå îòíîøåíèÿ, à íå ðàïîðò;
êâèòàíöèÿ, ÷åê (èç ìàãàçèíà); ïîëó÷åíèå,
à íå ðåöåïò;
òî÷íàÿ êîïèÿ, à íå ðåïëèêà;
ñìîëà, à íå ðåçèíà;
ïñèõîòåðàïåâò, ïñèõîàíàëèòèê, à íå
“òåðàïåâò”
âîéñêà, à íå òðóïû;
áàðõàò, à íå âåëüâåò
17
2)
ê áîëåå ñëîæíûì ñëó÷àÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêèå «ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ»
ïåðåâîä÷èêà, êîòîðûå ëèøü â îäíîì èëè äâóõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ñîâïàäàþò ñ ðóññêèìè ñëîâàìè, íî ðàñõîäÿòñÿ â îñòàëüíûõ. (Äëÿ
ñïðàâîê ñì.: Â.Â. Àêóëåíêî è äð. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé è ðóññêîàíãëèéñêèé ñëîâàðü «ëîæíûõ äðóçåé ïåðåâîä÷èêà» - Ì.:
Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ», 1969.)
authority
activity
âëàñòü (ðåæå — àâòîðèòåò);
äåÿòåëüíîñòü, (ðåæå — àêòèâíîñòü);
aggressive
ýíåðãè÷íûé, íàñòîé÷èâûé, à íå òîëüêî
“àãðåññèâíûé”;
ñàëüäî, îñòàòîê, à íå òîëüêî “áàëàíñ”;
balance
cabinet
camera
character
champion
ïåðñîíàæ, à íå òîëüêî “õàðàêòåð”;
áîðåö, ïîáîðíèê, à íå òîëüêî
“÷åìïèîí”;
collect
âçèìàòü, à íå òîëüêî “ñîáèðàòü” èëè
“êîëëåêöèîíèðîâàòü”;
áåòîí, à íå òîëüêî “êîíêðåòíûé”;
concrete
conductor
conference
ïðîâîäíèê; äèðèæåð, à íå òîëüêî
“êîíäóêòîð”;
âñòðå÷à, à íå òîëüêî “êîíôåðåíöèÿ”;
contribution
control
âêëàä (ðåæå — êîíòðèáóöèÿ);
óïðàâëÿòü, à íå òîëüêî
“êîíòðîëèðîâàòü”;
convention
copy
ñúåçä, à íå òîëüêî “êîíâåíöèÿ”;
ýêçåìïëÿð, à íå òîëüêî “êîïèÿ”;
correspondence
ñîîòâåòñòâèå; çàìåòêà â ãàçåòå, à íå òîëü
êî “êîððåñïîíäåíöèÿ” è “ïåðåïèñêà”;
çàñëóãà, à íå òîëüêî “êðåäèò”;
credit
critical
18
ìåáåëüíàÿ ñåêöèÿ, à åñëè è “êàáèíåò”,
òî ìèíèñòðîâ, ò.å. ïðàâèòåëüñòâî;
ôîòîàïïàðàò (ðåæå — êàìåðà);
î÷åíü âàæíûé, à íå òîëüêî
“êðèòè÷åñêèé”;
department
dramatic
element
figure
intelligence
interest
international
leader
legal
liberal
mark
minister
momentum
nation
number
object
officer
original
panel
partisan
óïðàâëåíèå, ôàêóëüòåò (ÑØÀ),
ìèíèñòåðñòâî (ÑØÀ), à íå òîëüêî
“äåïàðòàìåíò”;
ðåøàþùèé, à íå òîëüêî “äðàìàòè÷åñêèé
/äðàìàòè÷íûé”;
ñòèõèÿ, à íå òîëüêî “ýëåìåíò”;
ðèñóíîê, öèôðà, à íå òîëüêî “ôèãóðà”;
ðàçâåäêà, à íå òîëüêî “èíòåëëåêò” è
“óì”;
ïðîöåíò (â áàíêå), à íå òîëüêî
“èíòåðåñ”;
ìåæäóíàðîäíûé, èíîñòðàííûé (ñòóäåíò
â ÑØÀ), à íå òîëüêî “èíòåðíàöèîíàëü
íûé”;
ðóêîâîäèòåëü, à íå òîëüêî “ëèäåð”;
ïðàâîâîé, þðèäè÷åñêèé, à íå òîëüêî
“ëåãàëüíûé”;
ãóìàíèòàðíûé (îá îáðàçîâàíèè), à íå
òîëüêî “ëèáåðàëüíûé”;
ìåòêà, ïÿòíî, ìàðêà (íî íå ïî÷òîâàÿ);
ñâÿùåííèê, à íå òîëüêî “ìèíèñòð”;
èíåðöèÿ, òîë÷îê, à åñëè ìîìåíò, òî
âàæíûé, ïàìÿòíûé;
ñòðàíà, íàðîä (ðåæå — íàöèÿ);
÷èñëî, êîëè÷åñòâî, öèôðà, à íå òîëüêî
“íîìåð”;
öåëü, çàäà÷à, à íå òîëüêî “îáúåêò”;
äîëæíîñòíîå ëèöî, à íå òîëüêî
“îôèöåð”;
ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé, ïîäëèííûé, à íå
òîëüêî “îðèãèíàëüíûé”;
ñåêöèÿ (íà êîíôåðåíöèè), à íå òîëüêî
“ïàíåëü”;
ñòîðîííèê (ðåæå — ïàðòèçàí);
19
party
position
pretend
public
rally
realize
record
regular
separate
session
solid
speculation
substance
ñòîðîíà (â äîãîâîðå), çâàíûé âå÷åð èëè
âå÷åðèíêà, à íå òîëüêî “ïàðòèÿ”;
äîëæíîñòü, à íå òîëüêî “ïîçèöèÿ”;
ïðèòâîðÿòüñÿ (ðåæå — ïðåòåíäîâàòü);
ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé, îáùåñòâåííûé, à íå
òîëüêî “ïóáëè÷íûé”;
ìèòèíã, à íå òîëüêî “àâòîðàëëè”;
ïîíèìàòü, ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñåáå
(ðåæå — ðåàëèçîâûâàòü);
çàïèñü, îò÷åò, ïëàñòèíêà, à íå òîëüêî
“ðåêîðä”;
îáû÷íûé, à íå òîëüêî “ðåãóëÿðíûé”;
îòäåëüíûé (ðåæå — ñåïàðàòíûé);
âñòðå÷à, çàíÿòèå, ðåïåòèöèÿ, à íå òîëüêî
“ñåññèÿ”;
òâåðäûé, à íå òîëüêî “ñîëèäíûé”;
ïðåäïîëîæåíèå (ðåæå — ñïåêóëÿöèÿ);
ñóùíîñòü; âåùåñòâî
(ðåæå — ñóáñòàíöèÿ)
Îñîáóþ ãðóïïó ñîñòàâëÿþò ïàðîíèìû — ñëîâà, áëèçêèå (íî íå
èäåíòè÷íûå) ïî íàïèñàíèþ è çâó÷àíèþ è èìåþùèå ðàçíûå çíà÷åíèÿ:
20
accept (v)
except (conj)
access (n)
accession (n)
ïðèíèìàòü
êðîìå (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì)
äîñòóï (ê ÷åìó-òî)
ïîâûøåíèå (ïî ñëóæáå), âñòóïëåíèå
(â îðãàíèçàöèþ)
adapt (v)
adopt (v)
ïðèñïîñîáèòü
ïðèíèìàòü; óñûíîâëÿòü
addition (n)
edition (n)
äîáàâëåíèå
èçäàíèå
affect (v)
effect (v) (n)
âîçäåéñòâîâàòü, âëèÿòü
ïðîèçâîäèòü, âûïîëíÿòü; ýôôåêò
allusion (n)
illusion (n)
elusion (n)
ññûëêà íà ÷òî-ëèáî
èëëþçèÿ, ñàìîîáìàí
óêëîíåíèå
ante- (prefix)
anti- (prefix)
äî (ðàíåå) è ïåðåä: antechamber
àíòè, ïðîòèâ: anti-war
avoid (v)
evade (v)
èçáåãàòü
óêëîíÿòüñÿ (îò óïëàòû íàëîãîâ)
attain (v)
obtain (v)
äîáèâàòüñÿ, äîñòèãàòü
ïîëó÷àòü, äîñòàâàòü
censor (n)
censure (n) (v)
census (n)
consensus (n)
öåíçîð
æåñòêàÿ êðèòèêà, îáâèíÿòü
ïåðåïèñü
êîíñåíñóñ, ñîãëàñèå
civic (a)
civil (a)
ãðàæäàíñêèé (îá îáùåñòâå)
ãðàæäàíñêèé, (à íå âîåííûé;
à íå óãîëîâíûé)
complement (n) (v)
äîïîëíåíèå, êîìïëåêò;
äîïîëíÿòü
êîìïëèìåíò, ïîõâàëà; âûðàçèòü
êîìïëèìåíò
compliment (n) (v)
conscious (a)
conscientious (a)
ñîçíàþùèé, â ñîçíàíèè
äîáðîñîâåñòíûé
continual (a)
continuous (a)
÷àñòî ïîâòîðÿþùèéñÿ
äëèòåëüíûé, áåñïðåðûâíûé
council (n)
counsel (n)
ñîâåò (ìóíèöèïàëèòåò)
îáñóæäåíèå; àäâîêàò
data (n)
date (n)
äàííûå
äàòà
dawn (n)
down (adv)
ðàññâåò
âíèç
delivery (n)
deliverance (n)
äîñòàâêà (ãðóçà)
èçáàâëåíèå
deprecate (v)
depreciate (v)
âîçðàæàòü
ïàäàòü â öåíå
21
22
draught (n)
drought (n)
draughts (n) (UK)
òÿãà âîçäóõà, ñêâîçíÿê
çàñóõà
øàøêè
economic (a)
economical (a)
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé
ýêîíîìíûé, áåðåæëèâûé
eminent (a)
imminent (a)
âûäàþùèéñÿ, âèäíûé
íåèçáåæíûé, íàäâèãàþùèéñÿ
expand (v)
expend (v)
ðàñøèðÿòü(ñÿ)
ðàñõîäîâàòü (ñðåäñòâà)
historic (a)
historical (a)
èìåþùèé èñòîðè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå
îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê èñòîðèè
human (a)
humane (a)
÷åëîâå÷åñêèé (àíòðîïîëîã.)
÷åëîâå÷íûé, ãóìàííûé
ingenious (a)
ingenuous (a)
èçîáðåòàòåëüíûé, èñêóñíûé
èñêðåííèé, ïðÿìîé, ïðîñòîé
later (adv)
latter (à)
letter (n)
ïîçæå
ïîñëåäíèé èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ
áóêâà, ïèñüìî
lose (v)
loose (a)
òåðÿòü
ñâîáîäíûé, áåç îãðàíè÷åíèé
meter (n)
metre (n) (UK)
ñ÷åò÷èê
ìåòð
moral (a)
morale (n)
ìîðàëüíûé, íðàâñòâåííûé
ìîðàëü, ìîðàëüíîå ñîñòîÿíèå
persecute (v)
prosecute (v)
ïîäâåðãàòü ãîíåíèþ, íàäîåäàòü
ïðåñëåäîâàòü ïî ñóäó
personal (a)
personnel (n)
ëè÷íûé, ïåðñîíàëüíûé
ïåðñîíàë
policy (n)
politics (n)
ïîëèòèêà (êàê ëèíèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ)
ïîëèòèêà (ðîä çàíÿòèé)
princi pal (a)
princi pal (n)
princi ple (n)
ãëàâíûé, îñíîâíîé
äèðåêòîð øêîëû (U.S.)
ïðèíöèï, ïðàâèëî
quiet (a)
quite (adv)
ñïîêîéíûé, òèõèé
âïîëíå, ñîâñåì, ñîâåðøåííî
raise (v)
rise (v)
ïîäíèìàòü, ïîâûøàòü
ïîäíèìàòüñÿ, âîçðàñòàòü
stationary (a)
stationery (n)
ñòàöèîíàðíûé, íåïîäâèæíûé
êàíöåëÿðñêèå òîâàðû
stri p (n)
stri pe (n)
óçêèé êóñîê, ïîëîñà (çåìëè)
ïîëîñà (íà ôëàãå), íàøèâêà
vacation (n)
vocation (n)
îòïóñê, êàíèêóëû
ïðèçâàíèå, ïðîôåññèÿ
variable (a) (n)
varied (a)
various (a)
vary (v)
èçìåí÷èâûé; ïåðåìåííàÿ
ðàçëè÷íûé
ðàçíîîáðàçíûé
èçìåíÿòüñÿ
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×òî òàêîå èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà?
2.
Êàêèå ñëîâà íàçûâàþò “ëîæíûìè äðóçüÿìè” ïåðåâîä÷èêà?
3.
Íà êàêèå ãðóïïû ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ “ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ” ïåðåâîä÷èêà?
Êàêàÿ èç íèõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé áóëüøóþ òðóäíîñòü?
4.
5.
×òî íóæíî èìåòü â âèäó ïåðåâîä÷èêó ïðè ðàáîòå ñ òàêèìè
ñëîâàìè?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Óêàæèòå çíà÷åíèå ñëåäóþùèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé, â
êîòîðûõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ «ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ» ïåðåâîä÷èêà:
1.
2.
3.
Banking officers
Public debt
Interest rate
23
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Convention of the Entrepreneurs Union
Personnel department
Champion of peace
Ammunition storage
Null document
Legal matters
Accurate data
Title and position
Human values
2.1.3. Íåîëîãèçìû
Ïðîáëåìà ïåðåâîäà íåîëîãèçìîâ (íîâûõ ñëîâ, ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ â
ÿçûêå â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçâèòèåì îáùåñòâà è ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ ïîíÿòèé)
çàíèìàåò îñîáîå ìåñòî â ïåðåâîä÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêå.
Ñàìî ïîíÿòèå “íåîëîãèçì” îòíîñèòåëüíî. Òî, ÷òî áûëî íåîëîãèçìîì ñòî ëåò íàçàä (ñàìîëåò, ëåò÷èê) èëè ïÿòüäåñÿò ëåò íàçàä
(òåëåâèäåíèå, ìå÷åíûé àòîì), óæå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêîâûì ñåé÷àñ èìåííî â ñèëó ðàçâèòèÿ îáùåñòâà, íàóêè è òåõíèêè, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è
ÿçûêà.
ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÍÅÎËÎÃÈÇÌÎÂ
Ñóùåñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ. Ðàññìîòðèì êàæäûé èç ýòèõ ñïîñîáîâ.
1. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñëîâîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ñðåäñòâ (ñóôôèêñîâ,
ïðåôèêñîâ, ñëîâîñëîæåíèÿ)
Ñðåäè ïðîäóêòèâíûõ ñóôôèêñîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ, ìîæíî íàçâàòü, íàïðèìåð, - ian; - ation:
ballistician — ñïåöèàëèñò ïî áàëëèñòèêå (ïî îáðàçöó musician, physician);
commodification — èñïîëüçîâàíèå äåíåã â êà÷åñòâå òîâàðà, êîòîðûé ìîæíî ïðîäàâàòü è îáìåíèâàòü íà äðóãîé
(ïî îáðàçöó simplification).
Ïîñëåäíèé ïðèìåð áóäåò íàãëÿäíåå ïðåäñòàâèòü â êîíòåêñòå:
For the past five years banking talk has been dominated by
three ghastly -ations: globalization, securitization and
24
commodification. These trends — of a worldwide market, of
borrowers shifting from loans to securities, of money becoming more like a commodity — have indeed been strong. (The
Economist)
Ïðîäóêòèâíûìè ñóôôèêñàìè äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ
òàêæå ÿâëÿþòñÿ:
- ship
- dom
- ize
brinkmanshi p — áàëàíñèðîâàíèå íà ãðàíè
âîéíû craftsmanshi p — èñêóññòâî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ìàññû showmanshi p — óìåíèå ïîêàçàòü òîâàð ëèöîì; ïóñòèòü ïûëü â ãëàçà
bangdom — îðãàíèçîâàííûé áàíäèòèçì
bogdom — æèçíåííûé òóïèê
suckerdom — òóíåÿäåö
itemize — ðàññìàòðèâàòü ïî ïóíêòàì
institutionalize — óçàêîíèâàòü
unionize — áûòü ÷ëåíîì ïðîôñîþçà
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîñòîÿííî ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íåîëîãèçìû, îáðàçîâàííûå ïóòåì ñëîâîñëîæåíèÿ:
laptop (= notebook)
ïåðåíîñíîé êîìïüþòåð (äîñëîâíî —
êîìïüþòåð, êîòîðûé äåðæàò íà
êîëåíÿõ èëè â âèäå áëîêíîòà)
know-how
stay-in
sit-in
buy-in
íîó-õàó, òåõíîëîãèÿ
ïèêåòèðîâàíèå
ñèäÿ÷àÿ çàáàñòîâêà
âûãîäíàÿ ñäåëêà (ïîêðûòèå ðàñõîäîâ
çà ñ÷åò ïðîäàâöà íà áèðæå)
shut-down
brain-drain
çàêðûòèå, ëèêâèäàöèÿ (çàâîäà)
óòå÷êà ìîçãîâ
has-been
ïîëèòè÷åñêèé äåÿòåëü, óòðàòèâøèé
ñâîå âëèÿíèå
Íåêîòîðûå íåîëîãèçìû, îáðàçîâàííûå ïóòåì ñëîâîñëîæåíèÿ,
âîçíèêëè â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èñêóññòâåííûì ïóòåì, ïðè÷åì ïðèäóìàëè èõ âîâñå íå íîñèòåëè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Òàê, íàïðèìåð,
áëàãîäàðÿ èçâåñòíîé ÿïîíñêîé êîðïîðàöèè “Ñîíè” ïîÿâèëèñü òàêèå ñëîâà, êàê “walkman” è “discman”, êîòîðûå ïî-ðóññêè ïåðåäàþòñÿ ñëîâîì “ïëååð” (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî äëÿ àóäèîêàññåò è êîìïàêò25
äèñêîâ), õîòÿ ðóññêîå ñëîâî “ïðîèãðûâàòåëü” åùå ñîâñåì íåäàâíî
áûëî â õîäó.
2. Ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ÿçûêå ñëîâ
Äàííûé âèä îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïðèäàíèè
èçâåñòíûì ñëîâàì íîâûõ çíà÷åíèé. Òàê, âî âðåìÿ âîéíû ñëîâî egg
(ÿéöî) ïðèîáðåëî ñïåöèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå — àâèàáîìáà, ïîñêîëüêó
ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïî ôîðìå íàïîìèíàëà ÿéöî, à ñëîâî summit (âåðøèíà,
âûñøàÿ òî÷êà) â ñåìèäåñÿòûå ãîäû 20-ãî âåêà ïðèîáðåëî çíà÷åíèå
âñòðå÷à íà âûñøåì óðîâíå, âñòðå÷à ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ãîñóäàðñòâ.
Åùå îäèí ïðèìåð. Ìåäèöèíñêèé òåðìèí domino îáîçíà÷àåò òàêóþ îïåðàöèþ ïî ïåðåñàäêå îðãàíîâ, âî âðåìÿ êîòîðîé ïàöèåíòó À
ïåðåñàæèâàþò íîâîå ñåðäöå è ëåãêèå îò ïîëó÷èâøåãî êðîâîèçëèÿíèå â ìîçã äîíîðà, à ïàöèåíòó Á ïåðåñàæèâàþò ñòàðîå ñåðäöå ïàöèåíòà À. Ïîÿâëåíèå ýòîãî íåîëîãèçìà â 80-õ ãîäàõ ñâÿçàíî ñ ïåðåîñìûñëåíèåì íàçâàíèÿ èãðû äîìèíî, ãäå êàæäàÿ êîñòü ðàçäåëåíà íà äâå
ðàâíûå ÷àñòè:
“There’s such a shortage of organs here“, says Julieta Gonzalez,
spokeswoman for the university medical centre in Tucson, Arizona, where the country’s fifth domino was carried out last month.
The Sunday Times
Èíòåðåñíûì ïðèìåðîì ïîÿâëåíèÿ íåîëîãèçìà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëîâî colour-blind (adj.). Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî ñëîâà — ÷åëîâåê, íå ðàçëè÷àþùèé öâåòà, äàëüòîíèê. Â
ïîñëåäíåé ÷åòâåðòè 20-ãî âåêà îíî ïðèîáðåëî çíà÷åíèå ÷åëîâåê,
êîòîðûé íå ðàçäåëÿåò ëþäåé ïî ðàñîâîé è íàöèîíàëüíîé (ýòíè÷åñêîé)
ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè.
Ê ïîäîáíûì ïðèìåðàì îáðàçîâàíèÿ íîâûõ ñëîâ íà îñíîâå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèÿ ìîæíî òàêæå îòíåñòè ñëîâî shuttle (îò ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ÷åëíîê êàê äåòàëü øâåéíîé ìàøèíû) — êîñìè÷åñêèé
êîðàáëü ìíîãîðàçîâîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ (shuttle spaceshi p); òîðãîâåö,
ñîâåðøàþùèé ðåéñû çà òîâàðàìè â ñîñåäíèå ñòðàíû è ïîëó÷àþùèé
ïðèáûëü íà ðàçíèöå â öåíå (shuttle trader) è ò.ä.
Íàêîíåö, áîëüøîå ÷èñëî íåîëîãèçìîâ, îáðàçîâàííûõ çà ñ÷åò
ïåðåîñìûñëåíèÿ, ïîÿâèëîñü â êîìïüþòåðíîé òåðìèíîëîãèè, íàïðèìåð:web — âñåìèðíàÿ ïàóòèíà (Èíòåðíåò), mouse — ìûøü,
site — ñàéò (ñòðàíèöà â Èíòåðíåòå, îò ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ
âèä), browser — áðàóçåð (îò ãëàãîëà browse - áëóæäàòü), ñåðâåð (îò
ãëàãîëà serve — îáñëóæèâàòü) è ò.ä.
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3. Çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç äðóãèõ ÿçûêîâ
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðåîáëàäàíèå çàèìñòâîâàííûõ èç àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ñëîâ è òåðìèíîâ â äðóãèõ ÿçûêàõ (íàïðèìåð, â îáëàñòè áèçíåñà è
ôèíàíñîâ: ëàã < lag — çàïàçäûâàíèå; ìàðêåòèíã < marketing; äèëåð
< dealer è ò.ä.), â àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê òàêæå âîøëî (ïðàâäà, çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøåå) êîëè÷åñòâî ñëîâ èç äðóãèõ ÿçûêîâ.
Íåêîòîðûå èç çàèìñòâîâàíèé óæå çàêðåïëåíû â êà÷åñòâå ñëîâàðíûõ ñòàòåé:
Khozraschot noun [a conflation of the Russian phrase
khozyaistvenny raschot, meaning ‘self-supporting running’] —
(in the Soviet Union) economic accountability; the notion
that industrial and other undertakings should be responsible
for their own finances, and not depend on the state subsidies
(John Ayto. The Longman Register of New Words. Special
Edition. — Longman, 1989, p. 216).
Khozraschot [sic] means the end of huge subsidies to inefficient enterprises, which will result in closures and lay-offs.
The Daily Telegraph
Íàðÿäó ñî ñëîâîì khozraschot, â Ñëîâàðå íîâûõ ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ôèãóðèðóþò òàêèå íåîëîãèçìû-çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç ðóññêîãî, êàê glasnost è perestroika ñî ññûëêîé íà èõ àâòîðà Ì.Ñ. Ãîðáà÷åâà. Êñòàòè, åùå îäèí íåîëîãèçì-çàèìñòâîâàíèå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, íà ýòîò ðàç ñ êèòàéñêîãî, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñèíîíèì ñëîâà
perestroika. Ýòî ñëîâî gai-ge, êîòîðîå òîæå ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ðåôîðìó (â
ÊÍÐ), íî áîëåå ðàäèêàëüíóþ, ÷åì ïåðåñòðîéêà â ÑÑÑÐ. Êàê ïèñàëà “Äåéëè Òåëåãðàô”, “Perestroika has a slight suggestion of moving
things about. Gai-ge is stronger: it means getting rid of things as well as
changing them by radical reform”.
Ñëîâî tranche (òðàíø) — ïðèìåð çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç ôðàíöóçñêîãî ÿçûêà. Îíî îáîçíà÷àåò íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñåãìåíòîâ, íà
êîòîðîå äåëèòñÿ öåëîå; ÷àñòü êðåäèòíîé ëèíèè èëè çàéìà. Îáû÷íî
çàéìû Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âàëþòíîãî ôîíäà è Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà âûäåëÿþòñÿ òðàíøàìè.
Åùå îäèí ïðèìåð çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç ôðàíöóçñêîãî ÿçûêà - òåðìèí laissez-faire — ïîëèòèêà íåâìåøàòåëüñòâà, ñâîáîäà äåéñòâèé â
ñôåðå áèçíåñà.
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4. Ñîêðàùåíèÿ (àááðåâèàòóðû è àêðîíèìû)
Àááðåâèàòóðà — ñîêðàùåíèå, êîòîðîå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ïî áóêâàì: PC [pi: si:] — personal computer (ïåðñîíàëüíûé êîìïüþòåð);
aka — also known as (èçâåñòíûé òàêæå êàê).
Àêðîíèì — ñîêðàùåíèå, ôîíåòè÷åñêàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êîòîðîãî ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîíåòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðîé îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ. Â
êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà àêðîíèìîâ ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè íàçâàíèÿ àëãîðèòìè÷åñêèõ ÿçûêîâ:
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
LISP (List Processing)
FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
Àëãîë
Ëèñï
Ôîðòðàí
Èíîãäà, áëàãîäàðÿ ðàçâèòèþ ÿçûêà àááðåâèàòóðà ìîæåò òðàíñôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ â àêðîíèì: PR (public relations) — ïèàð.
Íåîëîãèçìû, îáðàçîâàííûå ïóòåì ñîêðàùåíèé ñëîâ èëè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé, ïîñòîÿííî ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, ïðè÷åì
âíîâü îáðàçîâàííîå ñëîâî (òåðìèí), ïðåäñòàâëÿÿ ñîáîé àêðîíèì,
÷àñòî äàæå íå âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ êàê ñîêðàùåíèå.
Íàïðèìåð, scuba (ñêóáà, äûõàòåëüíûé àïïàðàò äëÿ ïëàâàíèÿ
ïîä âîäîé, àêâàëàíã) — ýòî ñîêðàùåíèå îò self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus. SARS — severe acute respiratory syndrome (ÑÀÐÑ,
àòèïè÷íàÿ ïíåâìîíèÿ).
Íàçâàíèå ðàäèîëîêàöèîííîé óñòàíîâêè ðàäàð (radar) — ýòî ñîêðàùåíèå îò radio detecting and ranging.
Óïîòðåáëÿÿ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ «ëàçåðíûé ëó÷» èëè «ëó÷ ëàçåðà»,
ìû âðÿä ëè çàäóìûâàåìñÿ íàä òåì, ÷òî ñëîâî ëàçåð — ýòî òîæå
ñîêðàùåíèå: (laser — light amplification [by] stimulated emission [of]
radiation).
Øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿåìûé â áàíêîâñêîé ñôåðå òåðìèí ÑÂÈÔÒ
(S.W.I.F.T.) — ýòî ñîêðàùåíèå îò The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications.
Ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ è â èäèîìàòè÷åñêèõ âûðàæåíèÿõ,
íàïðèìåð: to TCB (U.S.) — ïðåóñïåâàòü â áèçíåñå (ñîêðàùåíèå îò
take care of business).
Ïðèâåäåííûå âûøå ïðèìåðû íåîëîãèçìîâ îáðàçîâàíû â îñíîâíîì îò áóêâåííûõ ñîêðàùåíèé ñëîâ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì íàçâàíèé
àëãîðèòìè÷åñêèõ ÿçûêîâ).
Åñòü è äðóãèå âèäû ñîêðàùåíèé, êîãäà ñîêðàùàþòñÿ ÷àñòè ñëîâ
è îáðàçóþòñÿ ñëîãîâûå ñðàùåíèÿ èëè óñå÷åííûå ñëîâà. Íàêîíåö, åñòü
ñìåøàííûå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ñîñòîÿùèå èç áóêâ, ñëîãîâ, öèôð è ñëîâ.
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Èçâåñòíûå ïðèìåðû ñëîãîâîãî ñðàùåíèÿ — Benelux (Áåíèëþêñ)
îò Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg è Hi-Fi (Õàé-Ôàé) îò High Fidelity.
 ïîÿâèâøåìñÿ â êîíöå 80-õ ãîäîâ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì íåîëîãèçìå
mesoeconomic (ìåçîýêîíîìè÷åñêèé) ñîåäèíåíû ïåðâûé ñëîã îò medium-sized è ñëîâî economic, è îáîçíà÷àåò îí ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå ñîñòîÿíèå ìåæäó macroeconomic è microeconomic. Àâòîð ýòîãî íåîëîãèçìà èçâåñòåí. Ýòî àíãëèéñêèé ýêîíîìèñò Ñòþàðò Õîëëàíä (Stuart
Holland), êîòîðûé â 1988 ã. óïîòðåáèë åãî â êíèãå Towards a New
Political Economy (Vol. I: The Market Economy: from micro to
mesoeconomics; Vol. II: The Global Economy: from meso to macroeconomics).
Èçâåñòíûé ïðèìåð íåîëîãèçìà, îáðàçîâàííîãî ïóòåì óñå÷åíèÿ
äâóõ ñëîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñëîâî stagflation. Îíî îáðàçîâàëîñü îò íà÷àëà
stagnation (ñòàãíàöèÿ, çàñòîé) è êîíöà inflation (èíôëÿöèÿ).
Åùå îäèí ïðèìåð íåîëîãèçìà — óñå÷åííîãî ñëîâà — infomercial.
Ýòî ñëîâî îáðàçîâàëîñü îò ñîåäèíåíèÿ íà÷àëüíîé ÷àñòè information
(èíôîðìàöèÿ) è êîíå÷íîé ÷àñòè commercial (òåëåðåêëàìà). Ýòîò òåðìèí â Ñëîâàðå íîâûõ ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê “a
short film produced by an advertiser giving information about goods
which it has for sale, to be shown on television” (p. 206).
Ïîäîáíûì ñïîñîáîì îáðàçîâàí íåîëîãèçì èç ñôåðû áèçíåñà
promotools (n., pl.) îò promotional tools (íàãëÿäíûå ìàòåðèàëû, èñïîëüçóåìûå â ðåêëàìíûõ öåëÿõ). Èíîãäà â òàêèõ ñëîâàõ óìûøëåííî
ìåíÿþò òå èëè èíûå áóêâû äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
showbiz îò show business (øîó áèçíåñ).
Ãîâîðÿ î ñîêðàùåíèÿõ, ñòîèò òàêæå óïîìÿíóòü
à) èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñîãëàñíûõ (ïåðâîé è ïîñëåäíåé èëè ïåðâîé,
ñðåäèííîé è ïîñëåäíåé) äëÿ êðàòêîñòè çàïèñè ñëîâà:
ctr (centre); fwd (forward); jr (junior); shtg (shortage); rqs
(requirements); ppd (prepaid).
á)
èñïîëüçîâàíèå íà÷àëüíûõ ñëîãîâ:
libs (liberals) — ëèáåðàëû; dept (department) — äåïàðòàìåíò; nukes (nuclear weapons) — ÿäåðíîå îðóæèå.
â)
ñìåøàííûå ñîêðàùåíèÿ:
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) — àëãîë (àëãîðèòìè÷åñêèé
ÿçûê)
ATM (automated teller machine) — áàíêîìàò
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E-mail (Electronic mail) — ýëåêòðîííàÿ ïî÷òà
M-way (Motorway) — àâòîäîðîãà
X-rays — ðåíòãåíîâñêèå ëó÷è
Áóêâû â êà÷åñòâå ñîñòàâíûõ ÷àñòåé íåîëîãèçìîâ ìîãóò è íå
áûòü ñîêðàùåíèåì. Îíè ñàìè ïî ñåáå ÷òî-òî îáîçíà÷àþò:
H-bomb (Hydrogene bomb) — âîäîðîäíàÿ áîìáà
T-shirt — ôóòáîëêà ñ êîðîòêèìè ðóêàâàìè â ôîðìå
áóêâû Ò
U-turn — ðàçâîðîò ìàøèíû íà 180 ãðàäóñîâ, òî åñòü â
ôîðìå áóêâû U
Y-intersection — ïåðåêðåñòîê äîðîã â âèäå áóêâû Y
X-ing (Crossing) — ïåðåõîä
ìåð:
Ñîêðàùåíèÿìè òàêæå ïîëüçóþòñÿ â äåëîâîé ïåðåïèñêå, íàïðè-
cc (carbon copy — êîïèÿ);
RSVP (àááðåâèàòóðà ôðàíöóçñêîé ôðàçû répondez s’il vous
plait — ïðîøó îòâåòèòü);
ASAP (as soon as possible — êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå).
Íàêîíåö, ñîêðàùåíèÿ èç áóêâ è öèôð ñòàëè èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ
âûðàæåíèÿ ñëîâ è äàæå öåëûõ ôðàç, ñîâïàäàþùèõ ïî çâó÷àíèþ ñ
íàçâàíèåì áóêâ è öèôð:
IOU
U2
R
4U
8
2B
YU?
B4
U1
B2B
B4U
ICQ
4X
B&B
30
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
I owe you
you too
are
for you
ate
to be
why you?
before
you won
business to business
before you
I seek you
forex (foreign exchange)
bed and breakfast
 êàæäîé ñôåðå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñóùåñòâóþò ñâîè ñîêðàùåíèÿ. Ïåðåâîä÷èê, êîòîðûé ñïåöèàëèçèðóåòñÿ â òîé èëè èíîé îáëàñòè, äîëæåí ñëåäèòü çà ïîÿâëåíèåì íîâûõ ñîêðàùåíèé è îáíîâëåíèåì ñâîåãî àêòèâíîãî ñëîâàðÿ àááðåâèàòóð. Íàïðèìåð, ê ñôåðå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ôèíàíñîâûõ èíñòèòóòîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, êàê:
BOP
CCFF
CPI
EFTA
EMS
IBRD
IMF
OECD
SDR
SNA
VAT
VER
– Balance of Payments (Ïëàòåæíûé áàëàíñ)
– Compensatory and Contingency Financing
Facility (Ìåõàíèçì êîìïåíñàöèîííîãî è
÷ðåçâû÷àéíîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ, ÑÑÔÔ)
– Consumer Price Index (Èíäåêñ
ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèõ öåí, ÈÏÖ)
– European Free Trade Association (Åâðîïåéñêàÿ
àññîöèàöèÿ ñâîáîäíîé òîðãîâëè, ÅÀÑÒ)
– European Monetary System (Åâðîïåéñêàÿ
âàëþòíàÿ ñèñòåìà, ÅÂÑ)
– International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé Áàíê
Ðåêîíñòðóêöèè è Ðàçâèòèÿ, Âñåìèðíûé
Áàíê)
– International Monetary Fund (Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé
âàëþòíûé ôîíä, ÌÂÔ)
– Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (Îðãàíèçàöèÿ Ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî
Ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà è Ðàçâèòèÿ, ÎÝÑÐ)
– Special Drawing Rights (ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ
ðàñ÷åòíàÿ åäèíèöà ÑÄÐ)
– System of National Accounts (Ñèñòåìà
íàöèîíàëüíûõ ñ÷åòîâ, ÑÍÑ)
– Value Added Tax (Íàëîã íà äîáàâëåííóþ
ñòîèìîñòü, ÍÄÑ)
– Voluntary Export Restraints (Äîáðîâîëüíîå
îãðàíè÷åíèå ýêñïîðòà)
Èñòî÷íèê: Ãëîññàðèé ÌÂÔ.
5. Êîíâåðñèÿ
Âåñüìà ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì ñïîñîáîì îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíâåðñèÿ, òî åñòü îáðàçîâàíèå îäíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îò äðó31
ãîé, íàïðèìåð, ãëàãîëîâ îò èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ
îïðåäåëåííîå äåéñòâèå. Ñëîâàðü íå âñåãäà ôèêñèðóåò ýòè ñëîâà, íî
îá èõ çíà÷åíèè ìîæíî äîãàäàòüñÿ ïî êîíòåêñòó ïóòåì ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì èñõîäíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è òîé ôóíêöèè,
êîòîðóþ âûïîëíÿåò ïðåäìåò, âûðàæåííûé ýòèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì:
The gap is to be bridged in the near future.
Ýòîò ðàçðûâ íóæíî ïðåîäîëåòü â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì.
(bridge — ìîñò)
The new system test might trigger an arms race.
Èñïûòàíèå íîâîé ñèñòåìû ìîæåò âûçâàòü ãîíêó âîîðóæåíèé. (trigger — êóðîê â îãíåñòðåëüíîì îðóæèè)
Programs involved in teaching English as a foreign languages
mushroomed in the 60-ies in the United States.
Êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîãðàìì îáó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó êàê
èíîñòðàííîìó ðåçêî âîçðîñëî (äîñëîâíî: ñòàëè ðàñòè, êàê
ãðèáû).
The unemployment rate sky-rocketed in 1994.
Óðîâåíü áåçðàáîòèöû ðåçêî óâåëè÷èëñÿ â 1994 ãîäó (äîñëîâíî — âçëåòåë êàê ðàêåòà).
The wages have plummeted (plummet — ñâèíöîâàÿ ãèðÿ).
Çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà ðåçêî ñîêðàòèëàñü (óïàëà ñî ñêîðîñòüþ
ñâèíöîâîé ãèðè).
Torpedo the talks.
Ñîðâàòü ïðîâåäåíèå ïåðåãîâîðîâ.
Îáðàòíûé ïðèìåð êîíâåðñèè — îáðàçîâàíèå èìåíè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî îò ãëàãîëà:
Spend (n) — an amount (to be) spent (êîëè÷åñòâî ïîòðà÷åííûõ äåíåã), êàê â ñëåäóþùåì ñëó÷àå:
It is also believed the winning agency could benefit from an
increased spend on the account of up to 1.5 million.
6. Çâóêîâîå ïîäîáèå
Çâóêîâîå ïîäîáèå êàê ñïîñîá îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ ñòàâèò
ñâîåé öåëüþ ïðèâëå÷ü âíèìàíèå ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ÿçûêà íîâîé ôîðìîé ñëîâà, ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ó âñåõ íà ñëóõó. Â
êà÷åñòâå ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè ñëîâî Dellionaire (çâóêîâîå ïîäîáèå ñ mil32
lionaire, billionaire) — áîãàòûé ÷åëîâåê, ñîñòîÿíèå êîòîðîãî îñíîâàíî
íà âëàäåíèè àêöèÿìè êîìïüþòåðíîé êîðïîðàöèè Dell:
“[Michael Dell] made his money by grafting an old idea to a
new business: he eliminated the middlemen (and avoided the
inventory costs of his rivals) by building computers to order and
selling them direct to customers. That simple scheme made millionaires of many of Mr. Dell’s early employees, even secretaries
and clerks, and it made billionaires of some.
Soon all of
Austin was gossiping about the new ‘Dellionaires’.” (R.W. Apple
Jr. “Booming In Size and Brio”, The New York Times, April 28,
2000).
Åùå îäíèì ïðèìåðîì íåîëîãèçìà, îáðàçîâàííîãî ñ ïîìîùüþ
çâóêîâîãî ïîäîáèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ Baby Bills (õîòÿ çäåñü òàêæå ìîæíî óñìîòðåòü ýâôåìèçì, ò.å. ñëîâî, óïîòðåáëÿåìîå äëÿ íå ïðÿìîãî, ïðèêðûòîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà, ëèöà èëè ÿâëåíèÿ). Íà÷íåì ñ òîãî, ÷òî
ïîäîáíûì ïî çâó÷àíèþ òåðìèíîì Baby Bells ñòàëè íàçûâàòü êîìïàíèè, ñîçäàííûå ïîñëå ðàñïàäà Ýé-Òè-ýíä-Òè (AT&T), òåëåôîííîé
ìîíîïîëèè ÑØÀ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ Baby Bills, òî çäåñü èìååòñÿ òàêæå
çâóêîâîå ïîäîáèå ñ èìåíåì ìèëëèàðäåðà Áèëëà Ãåéòñà. Ýòîò òåðìèí
çàêðåïèëñÿ äëÿ íàèìåíîâàíèÿ òåõ êîìïàíèé, êîòîðûå áû îáðàçîâàëèñü â ñëó÷àå, åñëè áû Ìèíèñòåðñòâî Þñòèöèè ÑØÀ ïðèíÿëî ðåøåíèå î äðîáëåíèè äåòèùà Áèëëà Ãåéòñà — êîìïàíèè Ìàéêðîñîôò
(íèæå — ïðèìåð èç ðåäàêöèîííîé ñòàòüè â ãàçåòå «Ëîñ Àíäæåëåñ
Òàéìñ»):
“If Microsoft does not compromise, the Justice Department might
be forced to embrace a heavy-handed solution such regulating
Microsoft as a utility (deeming Windows the modern equivalent
of railroad terminal) or breaking the company up into Baby
Bills.”
7. Ôðàçåîëîãèçìû
Ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ èäèîìàòè÷åñêèå
âûðàæåíèÿ òàêæå ìîãóò áûòü èñòî÷íèêîì îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ. Äëÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà ýòî, íàâåðíîå, ñàìûé ñëîæíûé ñëó÷àé, ïîñêîëüêó îí òðåáóåò ãëóáîêîãî çíàíèÿ ðåàëèé ñòðàíû, ñ ÿçûêà êîòîðîé äåëàåòñÿ ïåðåâîä. Ïîìîùíèêàìè çäåñü ìîãóò áûòü ñëîâàðè èäèîì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ê àíãëèéñêèì íåîëîãèçìàì â îáëàñòè áèçíåñà, êîòîðûå îáðàçîâàíû ýòèì ñïîñîáîì, ìîæíî îòíåñòè ñëåäóþùèå ïðèìåðû:
33
debtnocrat — áàíêîâñêèé ñëóæàùèé, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèéñÿ íà âûäà÷å êðåäèòîâ âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ (ïîä ãàðàíòèþ
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, îáû÷íî ñòðàí òðåòüåãî ìèðà);
dead-cat bounce (äîñëîâíî: îòñêîê äîõëîé êîøêè) — îáìàí÷èâîå âðåìåííîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå öåí íà àêöèè íà áèðæåâîì ðûíêå, ãäå îáû÷íî óðîâåíü öåí äîñòàòî÷íî íèçêèé (èìååòñÿ â âèäó, ÷òî äàæå äîõëàÿ êîøêà îòñêî÷èò îò
çåìëè, åñëè åå ñáðîñèòü ñ áîëüøîé âûñîòû);
Dutch bargain (äîñëîâíî: ãîëëàíäñêàÿ ñäåëêà) — ñäåëêà, â
ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîé âñå ïðåèìóùåñòâà ïîëó÷àåò ëèøü îäíà
ñòîðîíà;
marzipan layer (äîñëîâíî: ìàðöèïàíîâûé ñëîé) — ñðåäíåå
çâåíî óïðàâëåíèÿ êîìïàíèè, êîòîðîå ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ëèøíèì
è íå ïðèíîñÿùèì åé ïîëüçó;
silver wheelchair (äîñëîâíî: ñåðåáðÿíàÿ èíâàëèäíàÿ êîëÿñêà) — êðóïíàÿ ñóììà äåíåã, âûäåëåííàÿ ÷ëåíó âûñøåãî ðóêîâîäñòâà êîìïàíèè êàê êîìïåíñàöèÿ çà óòðàòó
äîëæíîñòè (â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîãëîùåíèÿ åå áîëåå êðóïíîé
êîìïàíèåé);
sucker list — ñïèñîê ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êëèåíòîâ (ïîêóïàòåëåé);
think tank (äîñëîâíî: ìîçãîâîé ðåçåðâóàð) — ìîçãîâîé
öåíòð, ò.å. ãðóïïà ýêñïåðòîâ, ðàçðàáàòûâàþùèõ ïëàíû èëè
ðåêîìåíäàöèè;
windfall (äîñëîâíî: ñáèòûé âåòðîì ïëîä) — íåîæèäàííàÿ
ïðèáûëü.
Èñòî÷íèê: Á. Õîøîâñêàÿ. Èäèîìàòè÷åñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ â äåëîâîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. — ÑÏá.: Ëàíü, 1997.
8. Ïîëèòè÷åñêè êîððåêòíûå ýâôåìèçìû1
Ãîâîðÿ î ïîëèòè÷åñêè êîððåêòíûõ ýâôåìèçìàõ êàê èñòî÷íèêå
îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ, íåîáõîäèìî ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî îíè, â
îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ ýâôåìèçìîâ, ïîÿâèëèñü ñîâñåì íåäàâíî. Òåì íå
1
Ýâôåìèçì — îò ãðå÷åñêîãî euphemeo — ãîâîðþ âåæëèâî. Ýòî ñëîâî èëè âûðàæåíèå, óïîòðåáëÿåìîå äëÿ íå ïðÿìîãî, ïðèêðûòîãî îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà, ÷åëîâåêà èëè ÿâëåíèÿ, íàçûâàòü êîòîðîå ïðÿìî íå ïðèíÿòî èëè íåóäîáíî â äàííîé
ñèòóàöèè, íàïðèìåð Gosh âìåñòî God. Ýâôåìèçìû åñòü â ëþáîì ÿçûêå, îíè
÷àùå âñåãî çàìåíÿþò ñîáîé âóëüãàðèçìû, íî íå òîëüêî (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå —
ïîëíûé âìåñòî òîëñòûé, â ïîëîæåíèè âìåñòî áåðåìåííà).
34
ìåíåå, îíè çàíÿëè îïðåäåëåííóþ íèøó â ñîâðåìåííîì ñëîâàðå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Íèæå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ ïðèìåðû ïîëèòè÷åñêè êîððåêòíûõ ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé ñ ïåðåâîäîì íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê è àíãëèéñêèìè ýêâèâàëåíòàìè èç íåäàâíåãî ïðîøëîãî. Ñëåäóåò îãîâîðèòüñÿ, ÷òî
íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ èðîíèåé, ïîýòîìó äëÿ îáû÷íîãî, íåéòðàëüíîãî ðàçãîâîðà îíè íå õàðàêòåðíû:
developmentally challenged — ñ îòêëîíåíèÿìè â óìñòâåííîì ðàçâèòèè (mentally retarded);
intellectually disadvantaged — ñ íèçêèì èíòåëëåêòîì (low
IQ, stupid) [IQ — intelligence quotient — “àé-êüþ”, êîýôôèöèåíò óìñòâåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ];
voluntarily leisured — áåçðàáîòíûé (unemployed);
technologically challenged — ñ îòñóòñòâèåì òåõíè÷åñêèõ íàâûêîâ (unable to deal with technical appliances).
Ê äðóãèì íåîëîãèçìàì, îáðàçîâàííûì ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîëèòêîððåêòíûõ ýâôåìèçìîâ, ìîæíî îòíåñòè ñëåäóþùèå:
Afro-Americans — àôðîàìåðèêàíöû (Blacks, Negroes);
Native Americans — êîðåííûå àìåðèêàíöû (Indians);
academic dishonesty — ñïèñûâàíèå íà óðîêàõ (cheating in
schools);
international students — èíîñòðàííûå ñòóäåíòû (foreign
students);
gender — ãåíäåðíàÿ, ïîëîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü (sex);
flight attendant — áîðòïðîâîäíèê/áîðòïðîâîäíèöà (steward /stewardess);
visually challenged — ñëåïîé èëè ñëàáîâèäÿùèé (blind);
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Êàêèå ñëîâà íàçûâàþòñÿ íåîëîãèçìàìè?
Êàêèå ñïîñîáû îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ âàì èçâåñòíû?
×òî òàêîå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå ñëîâ â ÿçûêå?
Êàêîâà ðîëü çàèìñòâîâàíèé â îáðàçîâàíèè íåîëîãèçìîâ?
Êàêèå âèäû ñîêðàùåíèé âû çíàåòå? Ïðèâåäèòå ïðèìåðû.
×òî òàêîå êîíâåðñèÿ?
Íà ÷åì îñíîâàí ñïîñîá çâóêîâîãî ïîäîáèÿ?
 ÷åì òðóäíîñòü ïåðåâîäà íåîëîãèçìîâ, îáðàçîâàííûõ ïóòåì êîíâåðñèè è ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ?
35
9.
×òî òàêîå ýâôåìèçìû è â ÷åì îñîáåííîñòü ïîëèòè÷åñêè
êîððåêòíûõ ýâôåìèçìîâ?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À.
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ñëîâà-íåîëîãèçìû, è óñòàíîâèòå ñïîñîá èõ îáðàçîâàíèÿ. Äëÿ ðàáîòû íàä
ïåðåâîäîì ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü Ñëîâàðü íîâûõ ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî
ÿçûêà Äæ. Ýéòî (Ìîñêâà: Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 1990):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
About 65 Amerasians arrived in Thailand yesterday with their
relatives on their way to their new homes in the United States.
The first generation of baby-boomers in Britain and the U.S. was
born in late forties-early fifties.
Slowly, and unevenly, a ‘can-do’ attitude is beginning to replace the inertia in the trade unions.
Capital flight is now becoming less accessible from foreign creditors.
If the merger boom is now nearing a close, will it be followed
by a demerger boom?
E-commerce has become wide spread in the U.S.
The companies are now joining their forces because the potential synergy is evident.
If an insurance company wishes you a happy birthday, take it as
a sure sign that they view you as a target for a touch of crossmarketing. In other words, having sold to you once or twice
before, they would like to do it over and over again.
Á.
Íà îñíîâå ïðèâåäåííûõ íèæå íåîëîãèçìîâ è èõ îïðåäåëåíèé,
äàííûõ íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, óñòàíîâèòå, êàêîé èç ñåìè ñïîñîáîâ
îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ ïîñëóæèë îñíîâîé äëÿ èõ ïîÿâëåíèÿ;
ïîïûòàéòåñü èõ ïåðåâåñòè èçîëèðîâàííî è â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ.
1.
DENGLISH — speech or text that uses a mixture of German
and English words (from Deutsch and English).
E.g.: Many billboards have slogans in Denglish — a mix of English and
German. Ad posters for sleeveless jumpers call them ‘tanktops’. And Berlin’s
36
road sweepers are promoted under the slogan ‘We Kehr For You’ —
kehr means to sweep.”
2.
GOOMBY — a person who hopes for the removal of some dangerous or unpleasant feature from his or her neighborhood (based
on the phrase Get Out of My Back Yard). GOOMBYism — the
attitude of such a person.
E.g.: The city is trying to raise taxes The appeliate judge coined a new
phrase to describe what council members are doing: GOOMBYism. He
refers to NIMBYism — the Not in My Back Yard sentiment that drives
many political decisions. “The present case may be described as
GOOMBYism for ‘get out of my back yard,’ or at least ‘ if you stay here,
you’re going to pay for it,” (The Orange County Register).
3.
LULU — a real estate development or other construction to
which the local residents are opposed (based on the phrase
“locally unwanted land use,”)
4.
METROSEXUAL — a dandyish narcissist in love not only with
himself, but also his urban lifestyle.
5.
NARCO-TOURIST — a person who travels to a foreigh country
to sample the local drugs or the indigenous narcotic plants.
6.
NEWATER — exceptionally pure water recycled from waste
water generated by showers, sinks, and toilets (also: NEWater).
E.g.: “ As part of the campaign to win public acceptance, the government [of Malaysia] has begun calling the recycled waste “newater” and
has handled out more than 650,000 bottles. (The New York Times).
7.
P2P — (1) person to person (describes a payment service
that enables one individual to pay another for an online
transaction — such as an auction sale); (2) path to profitability (the strategy a company plans to implement to become profitable); (3) peer-to-peer (describes an Internet system that
enables users to trade files directly without requiring a central
database or server).
8.
W2K — shortened form of Windows 2000, an operating system
from Microsoft (cf. Y2K)
9.
WARMEDY — a comedy that features warm-hearted, familyoriented content.
10. WEBLISH (n) — a form of English peculiar to some online
documents and communication, the characteristics of which
include the use of all lowercase letters, errors in spelling and
37
grammar, and informal tone.
E.g.: “The popularity of e-mail is destroying the normal rules of spelling
and grammar leading to ‘weblish’, a lower case global language littered
with mistakes” (The Daily Telegraph).
11. WI-FI — wireless fidelity, a networking scheme that creates a
wireless connection between a device and a network or the Internet
(cf. Hi-Fi)
12. BEEPER-SITTER — a person who assumes responsibility for
recording another person’s beeper (= pager) messages.
13. BRANDALISM — the defacement of public buildings and spaces
by corporate ads, logos, and other forms of branding (brand +
vandalism).
14. DADROCK — music performed by aging rock stars; also music
that is strongly influenced by groups from the 60’s and 70’s.
15. HOSPITALIST — a doctor who practices only in a hospital.
16. WEARABLE (n) — a computer designed to be worn as an
item of clothing or as a wardrobe accessory.
17. WORDROBE — the words and phrases that comprise a person’s
vocabulary.
18. BRAIN GAIN — an increase in the number of highly skilled
intellectual and technical workers (cf. Brain drain).
E.g.: “Another example of Canada’s ‘brain drain’ to the South? Just the
opposite. Mr. Kaplan is an American who came the other way — part of
this country’s often-overlooked ‘brain gain.’” (J. Lewington. “Is Canada
really losing its brains?,” The Globe and Mail)
19. 9/11 — September 11, 2001, the date of the terrorist attack on
the World Trade Center in New York and Pentagon in Washington.
20. AOS — from All Options Stink — a situation in which there is no
optimum or ideal course of action.
21. C2C — consumer — to — consumer — describes a transaction in
which a consumer sells a service or product directly to another
consumer.
22. CAMOUFLANGUAGE — language that uses jargon, euphemisms, and other devices to hide the true meaning of what is
being said.
38
2.1.4. Ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâóåò öåëûé ðÿä ñëîâ, âûïîëíÿþùèõ
ðàçíûå ôóíêöèè â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ íåêîòîðûå ñîþçû, ïðåäëîãè, ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ñëîâà-çàìåñòèòåëè è äð. Îíè èíîãäà
ïðåäñòàâëÿþò òðóäíîñòü äëÿ íà÷èíàþùåãî ïåðåâîä÷èêà:
There
1) êîíñòðóêöèÿ there is/are ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê åñòü, ñóùåñòâóåò,
íàõîäèòñÿ, à ïåðåâîä ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ òàêîé êîíñòðóêöèåé íà÷èíàþò ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ìåñòà:
There is some discrepancy in the results obtained.
 ïîëó÷åííûõ ðåçóëüòàòàõ åñòü ðàñõîæäåíèÿ.
Âìåñòî ôîðìû be ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ãëàãîë exist:
There exist different ways to solve this problem.
Ñóùåñòâóþò ðàçíûå ñïîñîáû ðåøåíèÿ ýòîé çàäà÷è.
Ñî÷åòàíèå there is no question of çíà÷èò “íå ìîæåò áûòü è
ðå÷è î ...”.
Âûðàæåíèå there is no doubt about it ïåðåâîäèòñÿ “â ýòîì íåò
ñîìíåíèÿ”.
2) ìåñòîèìåíèå òàì, òóäà:
Leave the letter there.
I’ll go there myself.
Îñòàâü ïèñüìî òàì.
ß ïîåäó ñàì òóäà.
3) ìåæäîìåòèÿ íó âîò, âîò òàê, áóäåò òåáå è äð.:
There you go!
There, there. Stop crying!
Âîò ìîëîäåö! (Âîò òàê!)
Áóäåò òåáå, õâàòèò ïëàêàòü!
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
1.
There is a certain rule to be used in this case.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There are many options to choose from here.
There is no question of printing empty money.
There has been recently developed a new approach to this.
There exist more than one possibility for attracting investments.
39
6.
7.
8.
There seems to be another solution to the problem.
There must be a new instrument to deal with this issue.
There are a few things I want to make clear.
It
1) ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (â èìåíèòåëüíîì èëè êîñâåííîì ïàäåæå):
I have heard the news and find it very important.
ß óæå ñëûøàë íîâîñòü è ñ÷èòàþ åå î÷åíü âàæíîé.
2) óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå:
It’s today’s newspaper. It’s interesting.
Ýòî ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ ãàçåòà. Îíà èíòåðåñíàÿ.
3) ìåñòîèìåíèå, çàìåíÿþùåå âñå ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå âûñêàçûâàíèå, ïåðåâîäèìîå êàê ýòî:
The price rise is inevitable. It means that
Ðîñò öåí íåèçáåæåí. Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî
4) ôîðìàëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå, êîòîðîå íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó
â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, â îòëè÷èå îò àíãëèéñêîãî, ñóùåñòâóþò áåçëè÷íûå
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
It is necessary to think it over.
Íåîáõîäèìî ýòî îáäóìàòü.
In ancient times it was believed that the Earth was flat.
 äðåâíîñòè äóìàëè (ñ÷èòàëè), ÷òî çåìëÿ ïëîñêàÿ.
he
It seems that
Ïî-âèäèìîìó
It is known that
It’s common knowledge that
Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî
Îáùåèçâåñòíî, ÷òî
It was observed that
Áûëî îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî
5) ôîðìàëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå â óñèëèòåëüíîé êîíñòðóêöèè it was
who ñ ïåðåâîäîì “èìåííî ”:
It was Lomonosov who founded Moscow University.
Èìåííî Ëîìîíîñîâ îñíîâàë Ìîñêîâñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò.
6) ôîðìàëüíîå äîïîëíåíèå, êîòîðîå íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ.
I find it hard to understand him.
Ìíå òðóäíî åãî ïîíÿòü.
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This method makes it possible to obtain reliable data.
Ýòîò ìåòîä äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîëó÷èòü äîñòîâåðíûå äàííûå.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
It is worth while discussing this matter.
Take it seriously. It might help.
It is not at all easy to put it into practice.
It will be of no use to transfer more money than needed.
It is thought that this approach will be more helpful.
We hope this decision will make it only difficult to attract the
savings of the population.
In our case it is a usual procedure.
It was the first price rise that emptied the shops’ counters back
in 1991.
That
1) óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (ý)òîò, (ý)òà, (ý)òî:
Show me that magazine please.
Ïîêàæèòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, òîò æóðíàë.
That’s just what I was going to say.
Ýòî êàê ðàç òî, ÷òî ÿ ñîáèðàëñÿ ñêàçàòü.
2) ôîðìàëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå, êîòîðîå íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ:
That will do.
That’s quite right.
Äîñòàòî÷íî. (Õâàòèò.)
Ñîâåðøåííî âåðíî.
3) ñîþç that êàê ïîäëåæàùåå òî, ÷òî:
That they have prepaid for the delivery of goods was part of
the contract.
Òî, ÷òî îíè ïðîèçâåëè ïðåäîïëàòó çà äîñòàâêó òîâàðîâ,
áûëî îãîâîðåíî â êîíòðàêòå.
4) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç ÷òî; òî, ÷òî:
They believe that there will be no problem with payment.
Îíè ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ñ îïëàòîé ïðîáëåì íå áóäåò.
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The advantage of this method is that it has been tested.
Ïðåèìóùåñòâî ýòîãî ìåòîäà â òîì, ÷òî îí óæå ïðîâåðåí.
5) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå êîòîðûé (-àÿ, -îå):
It’s a problem that needs to be discussed in detail.
Ýòî ïðîáëåìà, êîòîðóþ íåîáõîäèìî ïîäðîáíî îáñóäèòü.
6) ñëîâî-çàìåñòèòåëü (çàìåùàåò ðàíåå ñòîÿùåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òåì æå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè îïóñêàåòñÿ ïðè
ïåðåâîäå):
The inflation rate in October was higher than that in September.
Óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè â îêòÿáðå áûë âûøå, ÷åì (óðîâåíü
èíôëÿöèè) â ñåíòÿáðå.
7) ñîþç ÷òîáû (êîãäà îí âõîäèò â ñîñòàâíîé ñîþç in order —
äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû):
I’ll leave the paper with you in order that you (should) read it.
ß îñòàâëþ òåáå ñòàòüþ, ÷òîáû òû åå ïðî÷èòàë.
8) ÷àñòü óñèëèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà (èìåííî):
It was our strong will that helped find the solution to the
problem.
Èìåííî íàøà ñèëüíàÿ âîëÿ ïîìîãëà íàéòè ðåøåíèå ýòîé
ïðîáëåìû.
9) ìåñòîèìåíèå òàêîé (-àÿ, -îå), òàê:
It wasn’t that bad
Áûëî íå òàê óæ ïëîõî
10)
ìåñòîèìåíèå êîãäà ïîñëå íàðå÷èÿ now:
Now that we have a choice, it is easier to make it.
Òåïåðü, êîãäà ó íàñ åñòü âûáîð, åãî ëåã÷å ñäåëàòü.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
1.
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The idea that was put forward by the managing director did not
seem to be right.
2.
The suggestion was made that all the departments were represented on an equal basis.
3.
Their wages were so low that there was no use to start this
campaign.
That the commercial would do no harm was obvious.
4.
5.
The idea behind it is that we might reduce the time for this
operation.
6.
It was not until the Euro was introduced that the EU countries
harmonized mutual settlements.
7.
The paper that was presented by a visiting lecturer from the UK
aroused great interest.
8.
The dollar value of wages in the Baltics is higher than that in
the other former Soviet Union republics.
Which
1) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå êîòîðûé:
The speed at which the car was moving was too high.
Ñêîðîñòü, ñ êîòîðîé äâèãàëàñü ìàøèíà, áûëà ñëèøêîì
âûñîêîé.
2) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ÷òî â ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî â
ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè:
The minimum wage will be increased, which will cause the
price rise.
Ìèíèìàëüíàÿ çàðïëàòà áóäåò óâåëè÷åíà, ÷òî âûçîâåò ðîñò
öåí.
3) äðóãèå ñëó÷àè:
They were doing research of unemployment, in which case
both official and hidden unemployment was studied.
Îíè çàíèìàëèñü èññëåäîâàíèåì áåçðàáîòèöû, è â ýòîì
ñëó÷àå èçó÷àëàñü êàê îôèöèàëüíàÿ, òàê è ñêðûòàÿ áåçðàáîòèöà.
For which reason — è ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå;
For which purpose — è äëÿ ýòîãî;
The manner in which — òî, êàê
The extent to which — òî, íàñêîëüêî
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Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
1.
The extent to which all the components are involved depends
on the situation.
2.
Pierre and Marie Curie were mostly engaged in researching
radioactive elements, in which field they made most essential
discoveries.
Factors are investigated which play an important role in the
process under study.
3.
4.
The economic growth was substantial, which is due to the production volume.
5.
The way in which this was achieved is not exactly what we have
in mind.
What
1) âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî ÷òî:
What do you mean?
×òî òû èìååøü â âèäó?
2) âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî êàêîé:
What size do you wear?
Êàêîé ðàçìåð âû íîñèòå?
3) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå òî, ÷òî; ÷òî:
We accept what you offer us.
Ìû ïðèíèìàåì òî, ÷òî âû íàì ïðåäëàãàåòå.
They wanted to know what had happened.
Îíè õîòåëè çíàòü, ÷òî ïðîèçîøëî.
4) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â ôóíêöèè ôîðìàëüíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî òî, ÷òî (÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ):
What he said may have been true.
Òî, ÷òî îí ñêàçàë, âîçìîæíî, áûëî ïðàâäîé.
What happened was that they were late.
Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî îíè îïîçäàëè.
What I mean (What I want to say) is that we must go there
anyway.
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ß èìåþ â âèäó (ß õî÷ó ñêàçàòü), ÷òî íàì íóæíî òóäà
ïîåõàòü â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå.
5) îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ òî,
êàêîé:
What technique is to be used should be coordinated with
your research supervisor.
Íåîáõîäèìî ñîãëàñîâàòü ñ âàøèì íàó÷íûì ðóêîâîäèòåëåì, êàêîé ìåòîä ñëåäóåò èñïîëüçîâàòü.
6) îñîáûå ñëó÷àè:
– çàìåíà äîñëîâíîãî ïåðåâîäà àäåêâàòíûì:
A price rise is what followed after that.
Âìåñòî “Ðîñò öåí — òî, ÷òî ïîñëåäîâàëî çà ýòèì” ëó÷øå
ïåðåâåñòè “Çà ýòèì ïîñëåäîâàë ðîñò öåí”.
– âûðàæåíèÿ:
What about?
What does it matter?
In what follows
What for?
Êàê íàñ÷åò?
Êàêîå ýòî èìååò çíà÷åíèå?
 äàëüíåéøåì
Çà÷åì?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñëîâîì what.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What I have tried to do is to give an analysis of the situation.
What really matters is the attitude to the problem.
What approach is the best should be decided in advance.
We didn’t know what the nature of this phenomenon was.
What was the formula you used in your calculation?
The answer will depend on what you decide.
If this is the norm, what about the other cases?
What followed was the study of possible solutions.
Like
1) íàðå÷èå êàê, ïîäîáíî:
Orders and requests are written like any other business letters.
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Çàêàçû è ïðîñüáû îôîðìëÿþòñÿ ïîäîáíî ëþáûì äðóãèì
äåëîâûì ïèñüìàì.
2) ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå ïîõîæèé, ïîäîáíûé, ñõîæèé:
These substances have like properties.
Ó ýòèõ âåùåñòâ ñõîæèå ñâîéñòâà.
3) ãëàãîë íðàâèòüñÿ:
I like this design.
Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà êîíñòðóêöèÿ.
For
1) ïðåäëîã äëÿ, çà:
Nobody will do this for you.
Íèêòî íå ñäåëàåò ýòî çà òåáÿ.
There is a package left for you here.
Çäåñü äëÿ âàñ îñòàâëåí ïàêåò.
2) íåïåðåâîäèìûé ïðåäëîã ïîñëå ãëàãîëà wait:
Who are you waiting for?
Êîãî òû æäåøü?
3) ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå:
We’ve been working on this project for half a year.
Ìû ðàáîòàåì íàä ýòèì ïðîåêòîì â òå÷åíèå ïîëóãîäà.
(Èëè: óæå ïîëãîäà)
4) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç ïîñêîëüêó, òàê êàê, ïîòîìó ÷òî, èáî:
It was necessary to introduce a system of rationing, for the
shortage of food was high enough.
Íåîáõîäèìî áûëî ââåñòè êàðòî÷íóþ ñèñòåìó, òàê êàê
äåôèöèò ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ áûë äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøèì.
As
1) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç òàê êàê, èáî:
They were not ready to discuss this problem as nobody had
informed them about it.
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Îíè áûëè íå ãîòîâû îáñóæäàòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó, ò.ê. èì
íèêòî îá ýòîì íå ñîîáùèë.
2) íàðå÷èå êàê:
This form needs to be filled in as required by the consulate.
Ýòó àíêåòó íåîáõîäèìî çàïîëíèòü, êàê òðåáóåòñÿ êîíñóëüñòâîì.
3) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç âðåìåíè ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê, êîãäà, â
òî âðåìÿ êàê:
The inflation rate grows as credit emission increases.
Óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè ðàñòåò ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ îáúåì êðåäèòíîé ýìèññèè.
4)
â óñòîé÷èâûõ âûðàæåíèÿõ:
As far as I know
Íàñêîëüêî ÿ çíàþ
Only
1) íàðå÷èå òîëüêî:
Only he was able to help us.
Òîëüêî îí ìîã ïîìî÷ü íàì.
2) ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå åäèíñòâåííûé (ñ àðòèêëåì èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì):
The only thing that could help them was time.
Åäèíñòâåííîå, ÷òî ìîãëî èì ïîìî÷ü, áûëî âðåìÿ.
His only book was printed after his death.
Åãî åäèíñòâåííàÿ êíèãà âûøëà ïîñëå åãî ñìåðòè.
Íî: åäèíñòâåííûé ðåáåíîê â ñåìüå — an only child.
3) ïðîòèâèòåëüíûé ñîþç íî:
They were prepared to do it, only they were never asked.
Îíè áûëè ãîòîâû ýòî ñäåëàòü, íî èõ òàê è íå ïîïðîñèëè.
Since
1) ïðåäëîã âðåìåíè (íà÷èíàÿ) ñ, ïîñëå:
47
We haven’t talked since Monday.
Ìû íå ðàçãîâàðèâàëè ñ ïîíåäåëüíèêà.
2) íàðå÷èå âðåìåíè ñ òåõ ïîð:
I haven’t seen her since.
ß íå âèäåë åå ñ òåõ ïîð.
3) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê:
He hasn’t written since he left.
Îí íå íàïèñàë ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê óåõàë.
4) ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç òàê êàê, ïîñêîëüêó:
Since everything was ready, we didn’t want to waste time.
Òàê êàê âñå áûëî ãîòîâî, ìû íå õîòåëè òåðÿòü âðåìÿ.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûìè ñëîâàìè.
1.
In the short period since the collapse of the USSR, there have
been formed new relations in the region.
2.
The only legal place available for gambling is a casino.
3.
4.
As the time passed, we were able to see the changes.
It is difficult to believe it, for so many attempts have been
made.
5.
It was their only chance to be involved in the project.
6.
As we are to take four exams in this coming session, I don’t
think I’ll be able to join you.
7.
8.
Both these countries have like tendencies of development.
Macroeconomic stabilization is necessary, since it is the only
way to market reforms.
 «Ïðàêòèêóìå ïåðåâîäà» ïåðåâåäèòå ñòàòüþ, ïîìåùåííóþ â
çàäàíèè 10 ðàçäåëà 5.1.1. («Ïåðåâîä áðèòàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ»), îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà ìíîãîçíà÷íûå ñëóæåáíûå ñëîâà.
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2.1.5. Ïåðåäà÷à èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ è íàçâàíèé
(òðàíñêðèïöèÿ, òðàíñëèòåðàöèÿ, ïåðåâîä)
 ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê èñïîëüçóåò ëàòèíñêèé àëôàâèò, à ðóññêèé — êèðèëëèöó, ïðè ïèñüìåííîì ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà âîçíèêàþò òðóäíîñòè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïåðåäà÷åé èìåí
ñîáñòâåííûõ è íàçâàíèé.
Íàáëþäàòåëüíûé ÷èòàòåëü îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî îäíî
è òî æå àíãëèéñêîå èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå ïî-ðàçíîìó ïåðåäàåòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Íàïðèìåð, Âèëüÿì è Óèëüÿì (William), Ãåêñëè è Õàêñëè (Huxley), Âàòñîí è Óîòñîí (Watson).
Îäíî è òî æå èìÿ Charles, åñëè îíî îòíîñèòñÿ ê àíãëèéñêèì
êîðîëÿì äèíàñòèè Ñòþàðòîâ, ïåðåäàåòñÿ êàê Êàðë (íàïðèìåð, Êàðë
I, êîòîðûé áûë êàçíåí â õîäå Àíãëèéñêîé áóðæóàçíîé ðåâîëþöèè
17-ãî âåêà), à â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ (äàæå åñëè ýòî íàñëåäíèê àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåñòîëà) — êàê ×àðëüç. Ïî÷åìó òàê ïðîèñõîäèò? Çíà÷èò ëè
ýòî, ÷òî íå ñóùåñòâóåò ÷åòêèõ ïðàâèë äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ?
Âñå äåëî â òîì, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèå èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå ðàíüøå
ïåðåäàâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ òðàíñëèòåðàöèè, òî åñòü ïåðåäà÷è ãðàôè÷åñêîé, áóêâåííîé, ôîðìû ñëîâà (äîñëîâíî ñ ëàòèíñêîãî: trans
littera — ÷åðåç áóêâó) áåç ó÷åòà ôîíåòè÷åñêîé òðàíñêðèïöèè. Îòñþäà åùå ó Ëîìîíîñîâà ⠓Îäå íà âîñøåñòâèå íà ïðåñòîë Åëèçàâåòû
Ïåòðîâíû” ìû ÷èòàåì, ÷òî
Ìîæåò ñîáñòâåííûõ Ïëàòîíîâ
È áóéíûõ ðàçóìîì Íåâòîíîâ
Çåìëÿ Ðîññèéñêàÿ ðîæäàòü.
Èìåííî òàêèì îáðàçîì íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåäàâàëàñü ôàìèëèÿ
èçâåñòíîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ó÷åíîãî Èñààêà Íüþòîíà (Isaac Newton). Ñ
òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè ñòàëà ïðåîáëàäàòü òðàíñêðèïöèÿ, òî åñòü ôîíåòè÷åñêèé (çâóêîâîé) ñïîñîá ïåðåäà÷è àíãëèéñêèõ èìåí ðóññêèìè
áóêâàìè. Õîòÿ ïî òðàäèöèè îñòàëèñü ñëó÷àè ïîëíîé òðàíñëèòåðàöèè
(íàïðèìåð, àíãëèéñêèå êîðîëè James — ßêîâ; GeorgeV — ÃåîðãV;
William the Conqueror — Âèëüãåëüì Çàâîåâàòåëü).
Êñòàòè, â ñëó÷àå ñ Íüþòîíîì âåäü òîëüêî ôàìèëèÿ òåïåðü ïåðåäàåòñÿ ïóòåì òðàíñêðèïöèè, à èìÿ Èñààê ïî-ïðåæíåìó îñòàëîñü
â òðàíñëèòåðàöèîííîé ïåðåäà÷å. Çàòî èìÿ åãî òåçêè, èçâåñòíîãî
àìåðèêàíñêîãî ïèñàòåëÿ-ôàíòàñòà Àéçåêà Àçèìîâà (Isaac Asimov),
óæå ïåðåäàíî ñ ïîìîùüþ òðàíñêðèïöèè (õîòÿ ïîâîäîâ îñòàòüñÿ
Èñààêîì ó Àçèìîâà áûëî áîëüøå, ÷åì ó Íüþòîíà, ïîñêîëüêó îí
ðîäèëñÿ â Ðîññèè).
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Èòàê, ïóòåì òðàíñëèòåðàöèè èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå ïåðåäàþòñÿ
èñòîðè÷åñêè èëè òðàäèöèîííî: äîêòîð Âàòñîí (à íå Óîòñîí) ó Êîíàí Äîéëÿ, ïîñêîëüêó êíèãå î Øåðëîêå Õîëìñå óæå áîëåå ñòà ëåò;
Ãðèíâè÷ñêèé ìåðèäèàí (õîòÿ îí ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç ãîðîä, íàçâàíèå
êîòîðîãî ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ Ãðèíè÷) è äð.
Èìåþòñÿ è äðóãèå ñëó÷àè äâóõ âàðèàíòîâ ïåðåäà÷è èìåíè (ôàìèëèè). Êðîìå Èñààêà (Àéçåêà), ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè ïðèìåð ñ ôàìèëèåé Huxley. Ýòî Ãåêñëè, ôèçèê-åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëü 19-ãî âåêà, è
Õàêñëè, àíãëèéñêèé ïèñàòåëü 20-ãî âåêà (ïðèìåð Í.Á. Àðèñòîâà).
Âñå äðóãèå ïîïûòêè ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òîëüêî òðàíñëèòåðàöèåé ïðè
ïåðåäà÷å èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ âìåñòî òðàíñêðèïöèè, ãäå ýòî âîçìîæíî, ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé íàðóøåíèå óñòàíîâëåííîé íîðìû. Åñëè ýòî
ïî-ïðåæíåìó èìååò ìåñòî, òî äî íàñ äîõîäèò èñêàæåííîå èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå.
ßðêèì ïðèìåðîì òàêîãî èñêàæåíèÿ ñòàëà ôàìèëèÿ èçâåñòíîãî
ïèàíèñòà, ëàóðåàòà Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî êîíêóðñà èì. Ï.È. ×àéêîâñêîãî
â Ìîñêâå â 1958 ã. Èç Âýíà Êëàéáåðíà (Van Cliburn) îí áëàãîäàðÿ
íå î÷åíü ãðàìîòíîìó ðàáîòíèêó êîíñóëüñêîãî îòäåëà ïîñîëüñòâà
ÑÑÑÐ â ÑØÀ, âûäàâøåìó åìó âèçó, ïðåâðàòèëñÿ â Âàíà Êëèáåðíà
(èìåííî ïîä ýòèì èìåíåì îí è ñòàë èçâåñòåí â ÑÑÑÐ, õîòÿ óæå â
Ñîâåòñêîì Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêîì Ñëîâàðå 1982 ã. ýòà îøèáêà èñïðàâëåíà).
 ýòîé æå ñâÿçè íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî âûãëÿäèò è íàïèñàíèå ôàìèëèè èçâåñòíîãî àìåðèêàíñêîãî àêòåðà Ñèëüâåñòðà Ñòàëëîíå íà
èòàëüÿíñêèé ìàíåð. Ó íåãî äåéñòâèòåëüíî èòàëüÿíñêèå êîðíè, íî
îí, ÷òî íàçûâàåòñÿ, íàòóðàëèçîâàííûé àìåðèêàíåö, è ôàìèëèÿ
Stallone ïî-àíãëèéñêè ÷èòàåòñÿ Ñòàëëîóí. Î÷åâèäíî, ñëåäîâàëî åå
èìåííî òàê è ïåðåäàòü ïî-ðóññêè.
Âîîáùå æå ñ ïåðåäà÷åé èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ àíãëè÷àí è àìåðèêàíöåâ, ó êîòîðûõ íå àíãëî-ñàêñîíñêèå êîðíè, âîçíèêàþò áîëüøèå ïðîáëåìû èìåííî ó òåõ, êòî çíàåò, êàê îíè ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ íà
ÿçûêå îðèãèíàëà. Äëÿ óìåþùèõ ÷èòàòü ïî-ïîëüñêè ôàìèëèþ
Rzeczycki íåñëîæíî ïðî÷èòàòü ïðàâèëüíî: Æý÷ûöêè, íî åñëè àìåðèêàíåö ïîëüñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, íå çíàþùèé ÿçûêà ñâîèõ ïðåäêîâ, óæå äàâíî ïðîèçíîñèò åå Ðåçèñêè, òî, ñëåäóÿ ïðàâèëàì ïåðåäà÷è èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, åå èìåííî òàê è òðàíñêðèáèðóþò, ïðè ýòîì îíà ïåðåñòàåò ñêëîíÿòüñÿ ïî ïàäåæàì.
Äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî ïðè òðàíñêðèáèðîâàíèè îäíîâðåìåííî ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ è îðôîãðàôèÿ. Íàïðèìåð, íåêîòîðûå ñîãëàñíûå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, êîòîðûå íå ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ, â ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå, òåì íå
ìåíåå, îòðàæàþòñÿ:
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Campbell
Folkstone
Malcolm
Palm
Robert
Whistle
Êýìïáåëë
Ôîëüêñòîí
Màëüêîëüì
Ïàëì
Ðîáåðò
Óèñòë
Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå îòñóòñòâóþò íåêîòîðûå çâóêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, íàïðèìåð, [õ], [w], [æ], [ð] è äð., ìû ïðîñòî âûíóæäåíû ïðèáåãàòü ê ñî÷åòàíèþ òðàíñêðèïöèè è òðàíñëèòåðàöèè.
Ñóùåñòâóþò îïðåäåëåííûå ðóññêèå áóêâåííûå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ àíãëèéñêèì çâóêàì:
[æ]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâàìè “ý” èëè “à”, íàïðèìåð:
Bradley — Áðýäëè
Stanford — Ñòýíôîðä
[e]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâàìè “ý” èëè “å”, íàïðèìåð:
Elliot — Ýëëèîò
Coen — Êîýí
Essex — Ýññåêñ
[ ž]
Ben — Áåí
Betty — Áåòòè
Evans — Ýâàíñ
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “à” èëè èñòîðè÷åñêè — “ó”:
Huntly — Õàíòëè
Hudson — Ãóäçîí
[ç:]
Allan — Àëëàí
Graham — Ãðýì
Shuttle — Øàòòë
Dublin — Äóáëèí
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “å” (ðåæå — “ý”, íî íå “¸”):
Burns — Áåðíñ (à íå Á¸ðíñ!)
Turner — Òåðíåð
Bird — Áýðä
Bernard — Áåðíàðä
Surbiton — Ñåðáèòîí
Ðåäóöèðîâàííûå ãëàñíûå ïåðåäàþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ îðôîãðàôèè,
ò.å. òðàíñëèòåðèðóþòñÿ:
Boston
Chester
íî: Plymouth
Áîñòîí
×åñòåð
Ïëèìóò
Àíãëèéñêèå äèôòîíãè è òðèôòîíãè, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ñëåäóåò áóêâà r, îáû÷íî ïåðåäàþòñÿ ðóññêîé ãëàñíîé (â ñëó÷àå òðèôòîíãà
âîçìîæåí âàðèàíò ñ äâóìÿ ãëàñíûìè) è áóêâîé ð:
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Moor — Ìóð
Tower — Òàóýð
[r]
Blair — Áëýð
Clear — Êëèð
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “ð”, äàæå åñëè îí íå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ:
Harper — Õàðïåð
Darwin — Äàðâèí
Richard — Ðè÷àðä
Charlotte — Øàðëîòòà
(â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ áóêâà “ð” èíîãäà îïóñêàåòñÿ:
Anderground — Àíäåãðàóíä)
[ð]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “ç”:
Warner Brothers — Óîðíåð Áðàçåðç
[› ]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “ò”:
Smith — Ñìèò
Thorn — Òîðí
Thatcher — Òýò÷åð
Hathaway — Õàòàóýé
Íî: Labour Monthly — Ëåéáîð Ìàíñëè
[õ ]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîñî÷åòàíèåì “íã”:
Morning — Ìîðíèíã
Strong — Ñòðîíã
[w ]
Singer — Ñèíãåð
Ringî — Ðèíãî
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “ó” âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êðîìå îäíîãî:
êîãäà îí ñòîèò ïåðåä çâóêîì [u], òî ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “â”:
Wolfenson — Âóëüôåíñîí
Worcester — Âóñòåð
Wilde — Óàéëüä
West — Óýñò
Queen — Êóèí
Wood — Âóä
Woopie — Âóïè
Windsor — Óèíäçîð
William — Óèëüÿì
Quarter — Êóîðòåð
Âñå, ÷òî íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äàííîìó ïðàâèëó, — ðåçóëüòàò èñòîðè÷åñêîãî èëè òðàäèöèîííîãî íàïèñàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð: Âàéîìèíã,
Âàøèíãòîí, ä-ð Âàòñîí, Âèííè Ïóõ, Âèëüÿì Øåêñïèð.
[ h]
ïåðåäàåòñÿ áóêâîé “õ” èëè òðàäèöèîííî “ã”:
Horton — Õîðòîí
Harrow — Õàððîó
Henry — Ãåíðè
Hastings — Ãàñòèíãñ
Áîëåå ïîäðîáíàÿ òàáëèöà ðóññêèõ áóêâåííûõ ñîîòâåòñòâèé àíãëèéñêèì çâóêàì ïðèâåäåíà â êíèãå Ä.È Åðìîëîâè÷à “Èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå. Òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòèêà ìåæúÿçûêîâîé ïåðåäà÷è.” (Ì.: Èçäàòåëüñòâî Ð. Âàëåíò, 2005)
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Ïðè ïåðåäà÷å óäâîåííûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ñîãëàñíûõ â èìåíàõ ñîáñòâåííûõ ñëåäóåò ñîõðàíÿòü èõ â ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå, åñëè çà íèìè íå
ñëåäóåò åùå îäèí ñîãëàñíûé:
Betty — Áåòòè
Wittaker — Óèòòàêåð
Morris — Ìîððèñ
Churchill — ×åð÷èëëü
Íî:
Benneton — Áåííåòîí
Lizzie — Ëèççè
Bess — Áåññ
Ferry — Ôåððè
Ãðàôñòâî Ìèäëñåêñ (Middlesex) â Àíãëèè
Ãîðîä Ïèòñáóðã (Pittsburg) â ÑØÀ
Ãîðîä Ñèýòë (Seattle) â ÑØÀ
Åñòåñòâåííî, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ïðàâèëüíî ïåðåäàòü íà ðóññêîì
ÿçûêå àíãëèéñêîå èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå, íóæíî óìåòü ïðàâèëüíî åãî ïðî÷èòàòü. Ýòî, êàçàëîñü áû, ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìååòñÿ, íî èìåííî èç-çà
íåóìåíèÿ ïðî÷èòàòü èìÿ ñîáñòâåííîå ïðîèñõîäÿò îøèáêè â ïåðåäà÷å èõ ïî-ðóññêè (âû çàìåòèëè, ÷òî íè ðàçó íå áûëî óïîòðåáëåíî
ñëîâî “ïåðåâîä”, ïîñêîëüêó èìåíà íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ).
Îäíà èç òàêèõ îøèáîê óæå áûëà óïîìÿíóòà: Êëèáåðí âìåñòî
Êëàéáåðíà. Ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ðå÷ü èäåò èìåííî îá àíãëèéñêèõ èìåíàõ ñîáñòâåííûõ, à íå îáî âñåõ, âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì òåêñòå (íàïðèìåð, ôðàíöóçñêèõ, èòàëüÿíñêèõ è äð.).
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ îøèáêè:
Graham — Ãðàõàì (ïðàâèëüíî — Ãðýì)
Heather — Õåòåð èëè Õèçåð (ïðàâèëüíî — Õåçåð)
Keath — Êèñ èëè Êåéò (ïðàâèëüíî — Êèò)
Stephen — Ñòåôåí (ïðàâèëüíî — Ñòèâåí)
Sean — Ñåàí (ïðàâèëüíî — Øîí)
Walles — Âàëëåñ (ïðàâèëüíî — Óîëëåñ)
Steinberg — Øòåéíáåðã (ïðàâèëüíî — Ñòàéíáåðã, åñëè
ýòî íå íåìåö, à àíãëè÷àíèí èëè àìåðèêàíåö)
Walter — Âàëüòåð (ïðàâèëüíî — Óîëòåð)
Ïåðåâîä÷èê äîëæåí çíàòü ïðàâèëà ïåðåäà÷è íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê è
äðóãèõ èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, íàçâàíèé êîìïàíèé, ïàðòèé, ãàçåò, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ íàçâàíèé è ò.ä.
Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ:
à) ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ: Lake Superior — Îçåðî Âåðõíåå; the Pacific
Ocean — Òèõèé îêåàí; Cape of Good Hope — Ìûñ Äîáðîé Íàäåæ53
äû); Prince Edward Island — Îñòðîâ Ïðèíöà Ýäóàðäà, îäíà èç äåñÿòè ïðîâèíöèé Êàíàäû; Rocky Mountains — Ñêàëèñòûå ãîðû;
á) òðàíñêðèáèðóþòñÿ (ïåðåäàþòñÿ ïóòåì òðàíñêðèïöèè): Newfoundland — Íüþôàóíäëåíä, à íå “Âíîâü íàéäåííàÿ çåìëÿ (îñòðîâ è
ïðîâèíöèÿ â Êàíàäå); New Mexico — Íüþ-Ìåêñèêî, à íå “Íîâàÿ
Ìåêñèêà” (øòàò íà þãå ÑØÀ); Salt Lake City — Ñîëò-Ëåéê-Ñèòè,
à íå “Ãîðîä ñîëåíîãî îçåðà” (ãîðîä â àìåðèêàíñêîì øòàòå Þòà);
Anchorage — Àíêîðèäæ, à íå “ßêîðíàÿ ñòîÿíêà” èëè “ßêîðü ñïàñåíèÿ” (ãîðîä â àìåðèêàíñêîì øòàòå Àëÿñêà); Pearl Harbor — Ïåðë
Õàðáîð, à íå “Æåì÷óæíàÿ Áóõòà” (âîåííî-ìîðñêàÿ áàçà ÑØÀ íà
îñòðîâå Îàõó, îäíîì èç ãàâàéñêèõ îñòðîâîâ, êóäà â 1941 ã. âòîðãëèñü ÿïîíöû, âòÿíóâøèå Ñîåäèíåííûå Øòàòû âî âòîðóþ ìèðîâóþ âîéíó).
 íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ òðàäèöèîííàÿ, õîòÿ è èñêàæåííàÿ òðàíñêðèïöèÿ: Texas — Òåõàñ (à íå Òåêñàñ); Derby — Äåðáè
(à íå Äàðáè), Arkansas — Àðêàíçàñ (à íå Àðêàíñî).
â) ïåðåäàþòñÿ ñìåøàííûì ñïîñîáîì: North Dakota — Ñåâåðíàÿ
Äàêîòà; New Zealand — Íîâàÿ Çåëàíäèÿ.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî èíîÿçû÷íûõ íàçâàíèé (íåìåöêèõ,
ôðàíöóçñêèõ è äð.) ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ óñòîÿâøàÿñÿ òðàäèöèîííàÿ ôîðìà:
Mexico City — Ìåõèêî; Munich — Ìþíõåí; Venice — Âåíåöèÿ;
Nice — Íèööà.
Íàçâàíèÿ êîìïàíèé ïåðåäàþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ òðàíñêðèïöèè:
Paramount Pictures
BBC
CNN
General Electric Corp.
Levi Strauss & Co.
Johnson & Johnson Inc.
Ïàðàìàóíò Ïèê÷åðç
Áè-Áè-Ñè
Ñè-Ýí-Ýí
Äæåíåðàë Ýëåêòðèê
Êîðïîðåéøí
Ëèâàé Ñòðîññ ýíä êîìïàíè
Äæîíñîí-ýíä-Äæîíñîí
èíêîðïîðåéòåä
Íàçâàíèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé, êîðàáëåé, óëèö, ïëîùàäåé,
òåàòðîâ è ìóçûêàëüíûõ ãðóïï òàêæå òðàíñêðèáèðóþòñÿ:
The Wall Street Journal
Agricultural Engineering
Journal of Economics
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Óîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíýë
(àðòèêëü îïóñêàåòñÿ)
Ýãðèêàë÷óðàë Ýíäæèíèðèíã
Äæîðíýë îô Ýêîíîìèêñ
“Queen Elizabeth”
“Mayflower”
“Êóèí Ýëèçàáåò”
“Ìýéôëàóýð”
Downing Street
Piccadilly Circus
Bedford Square
Madison Avenue
Äàóíèíã ñòðèò
Ïèêêàäèëëè Ñåðêóñ
Áåäôîðä Ñêâåð
Ìýäèñîí Àâåíþ
íî: Trafalgar Square
Òðàôàëüãàðñêàÿ ïëîùàäü
Covent Garden
Metropolitan Opera
Êîâåíò Ãàðäåí
Ìåòðîïîëèòýí Îïåðà
Deep Purple
The Rolling Stones
Spice Girls
Äèï Ïåðïë
Ðîëëèíã Ñòîóíç
Ñïàéñ Ãåðëç
Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ìíîãèå æóðíàëèñòû â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ íå óòðóæäàþò ñåáÿ ïåðåäà÷åé ïî-ðóññêè íàçâàíèé ôèðì, ãàçåò è ò.ä., â
ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî â ðóññêîì òåêñòå ñïëîøü è ðÿäîì ñëåäóþò àíãëèéñêèå íàçâàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
McDonald’s
The Financial Times
âìåñòî
âìåñòî
Ìàêäîíàëüäñ
Ôàéíýíøåë Òàéìñ
Èíîãäà óìóäðÿþòñÿ îäíî íàçâàíèå íàïèñàòü èñïîëüçóÿ äâà àëôàâèòà: Êèíîñòóäèÿ “XX âåê Fox”, FM-ñòàíöèÿ (FM — ñîêðàùåíèå îò ðàäèîòåðìèíîâ frequency modulated — ÷àñòîòíî-ìîäóëèðîâàííûé è frequency modulation — ÷àñòîòíàÿ ìîäóëÿöèÿ).
Åñëè â ïðåññå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ôðàçà “Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ ÂÂє, òî
äàæå âëàäåþùèé àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì ÷èòàòåëü (à æóðíàëèñò íå äîëæåí äåëàòü ñòàâêó íà òàêîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ) ïðåæäå âñåãî ìîæåò ïîäóìàòü î ðóññêîì ñîêðàùåíèè ÂÂÑ îò Âîåííî-Âîçäóøíûõ Ñèë, à íå î
Áè-áè-ñè.
 ðóññêîì òåêñòå íåîáõîäèìî âñå ïèñàòü ïî-ðóññêè. Äîïóñêàåòñÿ
ëèøü (è òî íåîáÿçàòåëüíî) â ñêîáêàõ óêàçàòü îðôîãðàôèþ îðèãèíàëà.
Íàçâàíèÿ ïàðòèé, ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñëóæá, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ:
Conservative Party
Security Council
House of Representatives
U.S. Department of State
Êîíñåðâàòèâíàÿ ïàðòèÿ
Ñîâåò áåçîïàñíîñòè
Ïàëàòà ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé
Ãîñäåïàðòàìåíò ÑØÀ
55
Îäíàêî è çäåñü åñòü ñâîè èñêëþ÷åíèÿ:
Labour Party — Ëåéáîðèñòñêàÿ (à íå Òðóäîâàÿ) ïàðòèÿ.
Scotland Yard — Ñêîòëàíä ßðä (à íå Øîòëàíäñêèé Äâîð)
— óïðàâëåíèå ëîíäîíñêîé ïîëèöèè.
Foreign Office — Ôîðèí Îôèñ (à íå èíîñòðàííàÿ êîíòîðà) — ÌÈÄ Ñîåäèíåííîãî Êîðîëåâñòâà.
Intelligence Service — Èíòåëëèäæåíñ ñåðâèñ (à íå ñëóæáà
ðàçâåäêè) — ðàçâåäóïðàâëåíèå Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
Êàê ïåðåäàþòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê àíãëèéñêèå èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå è ñëîâà-íàçâàíèÿ?
2.
×åì îòëè÷àåòñÿ òðàíñëèòåðàöèÿ îò òðàíñêðèïöèè?
3.
Êàê âëèÿåò ÿçûêîâàÿ òðàäèöèÿ íà ñïîñîáû ïåðåäà÷è àíãëèéñêèõ èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê?
 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå è íàçâàíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ?
4.
5.
Êàê ïåðåäàþòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê àíãëèéñêèå èìåíà è íàçâàíèÿ, â ñîñòàâ êîòîðûõ âõîäèò íåñêîëüêî ñîñòàâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ?
6.
 êàêîì ñëó÷àå â ðóññêîì òåêñòå äîïóñêàåòñÿ ñîõðàíåíèå
íàïèñàíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî èìåíè ñîáñòâåííîãî èëè íàçâàíèÿ
â îðèãèíàëå?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À. Íàïèøèòå ïî-ðóññêè ñëåäóþùèå àíãëèéñêèå èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå ñ ó÷åòîì ïðàâèë òðàíñêðèïöèè è òðàíñëèòåðàöèè:
James Madison
John Quincy Adams
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
56
James Garfield
Chester Arthur
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
Woodrow Wilson
Calvin Coolidge
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Dwight Eisenhower
William Howard Taft
Âñå 16 èìåí è ôàìèëèé, êîòîðûå âû òîëüêî ÷òî íàïèñàëè ïîðóññêè, ïðèíàäëåæàò ïðåçèäåíòàì Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè.
À òåïåðü ïîóïðàæíÿéòåñü â ïåðåäà÷å äðóãèõ èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ:
Phili p Riley
Joshua Myers
Morris Woodley
George Ogden
Alan Headbloom
David Banks
Ian Abercrombie
Walter Dyer
Joan Morley
Walter Hartright
Á.
1.
John Swales
Dudley-Evans
Lynne Wright
Jim Caswell
Heather Griswold
Cheryl Hymes
Dorothy McNeil
Todd Lawrence
Garry Sweeney
Eugene O’Neil
Ïåðåäàéòå ïî-ðóññêè ñëåäóþùèå íàçâàíèÿ:
Ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå èçäàíèÿ:
Los Angeles Times
Daily Telegraph
The Christian Science Monitor
U.S. News and World Report
The Herald Tribune
Finance and Development
Political Affairs
The Independent
2.
Daily Mirror
The Guardian
Reader’s Digest
Fortune
Journal of Psychology
Business Central Europe
The Observer
Automotive World
Àýðîïîðòû è âîêçàëû:
Heathrow
Newark
Waterloo Station
Union Station
3.
Merrill Bloor
Brian Cohen
Iris Murdock
Gene Flowers
Stephen Swan
Sheila Stone
Maxwell Burt
Sam Oakland
J. Middleton
Hugh Cotter
Gatwick
J.F. Kennedy Int’l
Paddington
Euston
Êîìïàíèè è îðãàíèçàöèè:
General Motors Corporation
AT&T
The World Health Organization
Chase Manhattan Corporation
British Petroleum Company
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The UN General Assembly
General Electric
Ford Union
The House of Commons
Waterhouse Corporation
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Crysler Corp.
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Thomas Cook & Bros.
Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp. (KFC)
4.
Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ:
Milwaukee
Dorsetshire
New Jersey
Nova Scotia
Gulf of Mexico
Ulster
Wyoming
Halifax
Iowa
Bath
5.
Freetown
South Carolina
Hudson Bay
New Brunswick
Mediterranean Sea
Cardiff
Hampton Court
New Hampshire
Utah
Pebble Beach
St. Lawrence River
Sutherland
Greenwich
North Yorkshire
Delaware
Pacific Grove
Easter Island
Rhode Island
Birmingham
Ivory Coast
Íàçâàíèÿ óëèö è ïëîùàäåé:
Regent Street
Lincoln Square
Cromwell Road
Wigmore Street
Sloane Square
Â.
íèå 1).
The Strand
Taft Avenue
Cherry Lane
Whitehall
Thayer Street
Pall Mall
Wellington Terrace
Charing Cross Rd.
Fleet Street
East Lake Drive
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñòàòüþ èç “Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà” (5.1.2., çàäà-
2.1.6. Àìåðèêàíèçìû
Îäíîé èç ðàñõîæèõ ôðàç îá îòëè÷èè àìåðèêàíñêîãî îò áðèòàíñêîãî âàðèàíòîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ óòâåðæäåíèå î òîì,
÷òî ýòî îäèí ÿçûê, ðàçäåëÿþùèé äâà íàðîäà (English is one language
that separates two nations).
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Ðàçëè÷èÿ áðèòàíñêîãî è àìåðèêàíñêîãî àíãëèéñêîãî î÷åâèäíû
â ïðîèçíîøåíèè, îðôîãðàôèè, ãðàììàòèêå, ñëîâàðíîì çàïàñå,
èäèîìàòè÷åñêèõ âûðàæåíèÿõ è äàæå ïóíêòóàöèè.
Äëÿ ïèñüìåííîãî ïåðåâîäà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íàèáîëüøåå çíà÷åíèå ïðèîáðåòàåò çíàíèå àìåðèêàíèçìîâ. Îíè, áåçóñëîâíî, íå ìåíÿþò îñíîâû àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà (ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ñòðîÿ è îñíîâíîãî
ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà), íî èõ íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ïåðåâîä÷èêó.
 ãðàììàòèêå àìåðèêàíèçìû ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì:
1. Âìåñòî ôîðìû Present Perfect èñïîëüçóåòñÿ Past Simple (Indefinite):
They just left âìåñòî They have just left.
The President addressed the nation âìåñòî The President has
addressed the nation (ïðè îòñóòñòâèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, íàïðèìåð, last week)
 ýòîì ñëó÷àå âîçìîæíî äâîå÷òåíèå ñî ñëîâîì never, òàê êàê â
ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ Present Perfect îíî çíà÷èò íèêîãäà, à ñ Past Simple —
òàê è íå:
He never thought about it â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå ìîæåò áûòü êàê
Îí íèêîãäà íå äóìàë îá ýòîì, òàê è Îí òàê è íå ïîäóìàë
îá ýòîì.
2.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå Past Simple âìåñòî Past Perfect:
After he came back home he ate dinner (âìåñòî After he had
come )
3. Â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ÿâíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ íåñîáëþäåíèÿ ïðàâèëà ñîãëàñîâàíèÿ âðåìåí:
He said he is feeling bad.
She thought it is Monday today.
4.
Ðàçëè÷íîå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëîâ:
Did he use to smoke? (U.S.)
Used he to smoke? (UK)
Îí ðàíüøå êóðèë?
Let’s not do it (U.S.)
Don’t let us do it (UK)
Äàâàé íå áóäåì ýòîãî äåëàòü.
5.  ñòðóêòóðå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå íàáëþäàåòñÿ äðóãîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ, íàïðèìåð, íàðå÷èÿ ÷àñòî ñëåäóþò ïåðåä
ãëàãîëîì:
He then asked for another appointment.
59
6. Îïóùåíèå ÷àñòè ïàññèâíîãî èíôèíèòèâà â êîíñòðóêöèè
“Complex Object”:
He ordered the money [to be] withdrawn immediately.
Îí ïîòðåáîâàë íåìåäëåííî ñíÿòü ñî ñ÷åòà äåíüãè.
7. “Ýêîíîìèÿ” ñëîâ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ è â îïóùåíèè should â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ:
They suggested that I [should] do it myself.
It is important that they [should] correct this mistake.
 ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåâîä÷èêó íóæíî áûòü îñîáåííî âíèìàòåëüíûì ê êîíòåêñòó, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ò.ê. îäíî è òî
æå ïðåäëîæåíèå ìîæåò èìåòü äâà çíà÷åíèÿ:
It is important that we do it regularly.
Âàæíî, ÷òî ìû äåëàåì ýòî ðåãóëÿðíî.
Âàæíî, ÷òîáû ìû äåëàëè ýòî ðåãóëÿðíî.
8. Îïóñêàåòñÿ ñëîâî that â ñîþçå so that, ÷òî òàêæå ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê äâîå÷òåíèþ áåç ó÷åòà êîíòåêñòà:
We invited him so [that] he could see it for himself.
Ìû ïðèãëàñèëè åãî, ÷òîáû îí ñàì ìîã óâèäåòü ýòî.
Ìû ïðèãëàñèëè åãî, ïîýòîìó îí ñàì ìîã âñå óâèäåòü.
Çàïÿòàÿ ïåðåä so äåëàåò âîçìîæíûì ëèøü âòîðîé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà.
9. Ê àìåðèêàíèçìàì â ãðàììàòèêå ìîæíî îòíåñòè è óïîòðåáëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ è àðòèêëåé, îòëè÷àþùååñÿ îò áðèòàíñêîãî âàðèàíòà; íàëè÷èå èëè îòñóòñòâèå òî÷åê â àááðåâèàòóðàõ — ïðèìåð ðàçëè÷èÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé è áðèòàíñêîé ïóíêòóàöèè.
Ïðåäëîãè:
on the street (U.S.)
fill out a form (U.S.)
be oriented at (U.S.)
on weekends (U.S.)
do over (U.S.)
in the street (UK)
fill in a form (UK)
be oriented to (UK)
at weekends (UK)
do up (UK)
íà óëèöå
çàïîëíèòü àíêåòó
îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà
â âûõîäíûå
ïåðåäåëàòü
Àðòèêëè:
one thing or the other (U.S.)
go to the hospital (U.S.)
60
one or other thing (UK)
go to hospital (UK)
in the hospital (U.S.)
all morning (U.S.)
in hospital (UK)
all the morning (UK)
10. Íàêîíåö, ê ãðàììàòè÷åñêèì ðàçëè÷èÿì àìåðèêàíñêîãî è
áðèòàíñêîãî âàðèàíòîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà îòíîñÿòñÿ ðàçíûå ôîðìû
ïðîøåäøåãî ïðè÷àñòèÿ:
gotten (U.S.)
proved and proven (U.S.)
stricken (U.S.)
learned (U.S.)
smelled (U.S.)
got (UK)
proved (UK)
struck (UK)
learnt (UK)
smelt (UK)
 îðôîãðàôèè àìåðèêàíèçìû îòëè÷àþòñÿ «ýêîíîìèåé» áóêâ èëè
áîëåå ðàöèîíàëüíûì, ïî ìíåíèþ àìåðèêàíöåâ, èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì
è ðàñïîëîæåíèåì:
Áðèòàíñêèé âàðèàíò
Àìåðèêàíñêèé âàðèàíò
aluminium
aneamia
catalogue
centre
cheque
defence
dialogue
judgement
labour
licence
likeable
moustache
organisation
programme
sizeable
sulphur
travelling
tyre
aluminum
anemia
catalog
center
check
defense
dialog
judgment
labor
license
likable
mustache
organization
program
sizable
sulfur
traveling
tire
 ëåêñè÷åñêîì ñîñòàâå ìû íàõîäèì çíà÷èòåëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî
ðàñõîæäåíèé ìåæäó àìåðèêàíñêèì è áðèòàíñêèì âàðèàíòàìè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Íèæå ïðèâîäèòñÿ äàëåêî íå ïîëíûé ñïèñîê ðàñõî61
æäåíèé â ñëîâàðíîì ôîíäå äàííûõ âàðèàíòîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà,
êîòîðûå ñëåäóåò çíàòü ïåðåâîä÷èêó:
Áðèòàíñêèé
âàðèàíò
Àìåðèêàíñêèé
âàðèàíò
Çíà÷åíèå
ñëîâà
accumulator
adopt
battery
nominate
aerial (TV)
air hostess
anti-clockwise
ñòðåëêè
aubergine
autumn
banknote
barrister
antenna
flight attendant
counterclockwise
àêêóìóëÿòîð
âûäâèãàòü
(êàíäèäàòà)
àíòåíà
ñòþàðäåññà
ïðîòèâ ÷àñîâîé
barrow
beetroot
bill
booking office
biscuit
blinds
(for windows)
braces
car boot
car pack
carriage
cash dispenser
cashier
centre of the city
chemist’s
cinema
clever
coach
company
conceal
corn
country
62
eggplant
fall
bill
trial lawyer,
attorney (at law)
pushcart
beet
check
ticket office
cookie
shades
áàêëàæàí
îñåíü
áàíêíîòà
àäâîêàò
òà÷êà
ñâåêëà
ñ÷åò
æ.-ä. êàññà
ïå÷åíüå
øòîðû
suspenders
trunk
parking lot
car
ATM
teller
downtown
drugstore
movies
smart
bus
corporation
hold up
wheat
nation
ïîäòÿæêè
áàãàæíèê
ñòîÿíêà
æ.-ä. âàãîí
áàíêîìàò
êàññèð
öåíòð ãîðîäà
àïòåêà
êèíîòåàòð
óìíûé
àâòîáóñ
êîìïàíèÿ
ñêðûâàòü
ïøåíèöà
ñòðàíà
cram
crossroads
cupboard
cutting
diary (record)
dinner jacket
district
district
doctor
draughts
dressing gown
dust-bin
engage
flat
form
frontier
full stop
give way
government
ground floor
high street
on holiday
lent
lift
liquidiser
lorry
Ltd.
main road
minced meat
pavement
petrol
porridge
railway
relax
bone up
intersection
closet
cli pping
journal
toxedo
neighborhood
section
physician
checkers
bathrobe
garbage can
hire
appartment
grade
border
period
yield
administration
first floor
main street
on vacation
loaned
elevator
blender
truck
Inc.
highway
ground meat
sidewalk
gasoline, gas
oatmeal
railroad
let up
ring road
shop
beltway
store
çóáðèòü
ïåðååçä
êëàäîâêà
âûðåçêà èç ãàçåòû
äíåâíèê
ñìîêèíã
æèëîé ðàéîí
ðàéîí ãîðîäà
âðà÷
øàøêè
õàëàò
ÿùèê äëÿ ìóñîðà
íàíèìàòü
êâàðòèðà
êëàññ (â øêîëå)
ãðàíèöà, ðóáåæ1
òî÷êà
óñòóïàòü
ïðàâèòåëüñòâî
ïåðâûé ýòàæ
öåíòðàëüíàÿ óëèöà
â îòïóñêå
äàë âçàéìû
ëèôò
ìèêñåð
ãðóçîâèê
ÎÎÎ
øîññå
ôàðø
òðîòóàð
áåíçèí
îâñÿíàÿ êàøà
æåëåçíàÿ äîðîãà
îòäîõíóòü,
ðàññëàáèòüñÿ
êîëüöåâàÿ äîðîãà
ìàãàçèí
1
 àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå frontier îçíà÷àåò ðàéîí, ïðèìûêàþùèé ê ãðàíèöå ïåðåäâèæåíèÿ ïåðâûõ ïîñåëåíöåâ; îêðàèíà Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ.
63
sleepers
stocks
subway
tap
timber
toilet
tram
trousers
twin-town
underground
(tube)
work out
(a problem)
railroad ties
øïàëû
inventory
èíâåíòàðü
pedestrian underpass ïîäçåìíûé
ïåðåõîä
faucet
êðàí
lumber
äðåâåñèíà
restroom, washroom òóàëåò
street car
òðàìâàé
pants or slacks
áðþêè
sister-city
ãîðîä-ïîáðàòèì
subway
ìåòðî
figure out
ðåøàòü
Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííîãî âûøå êðàòêîãî ñïèñêà, óïîòðåáëåíèå ìíîãèõ ñëîâ ðàçëè÷íî â áðèòàíñêîì è àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòàõ
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Èãíîðèðîâàíèå ýòîãî ïðèâîäèò ê îøèáêàì â
“ñ÷èòûâàíèè” èíôîðìàöèè. Íàïðèìåð, ñëîâî homely îáîçíà÷àåò
ïðîñòîé, íåïðèíóæäåííûé â áðèòàíñêîì âàðèàíòå, íî ïðîñòîâàòûé,
íåïðèâëåêàòåëüíûé â àìåðèêàíñêîì.
Åùå â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿì, êîòîðûå ìû îòíîñèì ê ôðàçåîëîãèçìàì (ïîäðîáíåå îá ýòîì â ðàçäåëå
2.2.2.) Òàê, âûðàæåíèå It went like a bomb â áðèòàíñêîì âàðèàíòå
îáîçíà÷àåò, ÷òî óñïåõ áûë îãðîìíûé.  òî æå âðåìÿ, â àìåðèêàíñêîì
âàðèàíòå ýòî âûðàæåíèå (òî÷íåå, it bombed) çíà÷èò, ÷òî âñå áûëî
óæàñíî.
Âîò åùå îäèí ïðèìåð. Âûðàæåíèå óäîâîëüñòâèÿ, ñ÷àñòüÿ è óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ó àìåðèêàíöåâ çâó÷èò “I’m as happy as a clam in high
waters” (äîñëîâíî: “ß äîâîëåí èëè ñ÷àñòëèâ, êàê ìèäèÿ âî âðåìÿ
ïðèëèâà”), à ó áðèòàíöå⠗ “I’m as happy as a lark high up in the sky”
(äîñëîâíî: “êàê æàâîðîíîê âûñîêî â íåáå”). Íàâåðíîå, â ðóññêîì
ïåðåâîäå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñèòóàöèè, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê
áûë î÷åíü äîâîëåí èëè äîâîëåí, êàê ðåáåíîê.
Íèæå äàåòñÿ êðàòêèé ñïèñîê ðàçëè÷èé ìåæäó ôðàçåîëîãèçìàìè
â áðèòàíñêîì è àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòàõ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
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Áðèòàíñêèé
âàðèàíò
Àìåðèêàíñêèé
âàðèàíò
Çíà÷åíèå
èäèîìû
cheese off
get one’s cards
tick off
get a pink sli p
íàäîåñòü
áûòü óâîëåííûì
in top gear
to cut the long
story short
small hours
devil of work
in high gear
to make a long
story short
wee hours
working devil
get out of bed
the wrong side
get up on the
wrong side
íà âñåé ñêîðîñòè
êîðî÷å ãîâîðÿ
âðåìÿ äî ðàññâåòà
òðóäîëþáèâûé
÷åëîâåê
âñòàòü ñ ëåâîé íîãè
Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò ðÿä ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñî÷åòàíèé è èäèîìàòè÷åñêèõ âûðàæåíèé, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî
â áðèòàíñêîì èëè àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ýòî
òàêæå íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå.
Ôðàçåîëîãèçìû, êîòîðûå õàðàêòåðíû òîëüêî äëÿ áðèòàíñêîãî âàðèàíòà è ïî÷òè ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà:
Dutch courage
ïüÿíàÿ óäàëü
be mean with money
áûòü æàäíûì
(we) cannot run to it
ìû íå ìîæåì ñåáå ýòî
ïîçâîëèòü
carry the can
âçÿòü íà ñåáÿ âñþ
îòâåòñòâåííîñòü
come to a sticky end
ïëîõî çàêîí÷èòü
get the push
áûòü óâîëåííûì
higgledy-piggledy
òÿï-ëÿï
send someone away with
ïðîó÷èòü
a flea in his ear
Ôðàçåîëîãèçìû, êîòîðûå õàðàêòåðíû òîëüêî äëÿ àìåðèêàíñêîãî âàðèàíòà è ïî÷òè ÍÅ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â áðèòàíñêîì âàðèàíòå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà:
beat one’s brains out
be from Missouri
chew the fat
do a land-office business
drop the ball
feel like two cents
Johnny-on-the-spot
Lately-come-lately
ëîìàòü ãîëîâó íàä ÷åì-ë.
áûòü ñêåïòèêîì
ñïëåòíè÷àòü
èìåòü ìíîãî êëèåíòîâ
ñîâåðøèòü ãëóïóþ îøèáêó
ïëîõî ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâîâàòü
ìàëü÷èê íà ïîáåãóøêàõ
íîâè÷îê
65
live high off the hog
rest on one’s ores
to snow someone
æèòü â ðîñêîøè
ñäåëàòü ïåðåäûøêó
áëåôîâàòü ïåðåä êåì-ëèáî
Äëÿ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà òåêñòîâ èç àìåðèêàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ, íàðÿäó ñ äâóÿçû÷íûìè ñëîâàðÿìè, îáðàùàòüñÿ
ê àíãëî-àíãëèéñêèì (òîëêîâûì) ñëîâàðÿì ÑØÀ, íàïðèìåð,
Webster’s New International Dictionary, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language è äð.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
 ÷åì ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó áðèòàíñêèì è àìåðèêàíñêèì âàðèàíòàìè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà?
Êàêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ â áðèòàíñêîì è àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòàõ
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íàèáîëåå âàæíî çíàòü ïåðåâîä÷èêó?
2.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
A.
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà àìåðèêàíèçìû:
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1.
The clause was stricken out.
2.
I visited with my family after doing all the errands in the
3.
West.
The university faculty were invited to attend a meeting with the
delegation of Detroit’s sister-city.
4.
This offer will sure be of interest to career officers.
5.
The baggage claim area was right under the main hall of the
airport.
6.
7.
The performance lasted for two hours without intermission.
He got the extension of his program through March 1st.
8.
Hope you’ll be able to let up after everybody fills out their
forms and leaves.
9.
The frontier days attract a lot of visitors in Wyoming and
Colorado.
10. Boning up on foreign languages is inevitable at the initial
stage of studies.
11. He updated me on the recent events.
12. The unemployment has sky-rocketed in the country due to recession.
Á.
Âûïîëíèòå ïåðåâîä ñòàòåé èç ãàçåòû «Óîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíåë»,
ïîìåùåííûõ â ÷àñòè 5 «Ïðàêòèêóì ïåðåâîäà» (ðàçäåë 5.1.2.).
2.2.
Ïåðåâîä ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé
2.2.1. Ñâîáîäíûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ
 ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ ñëîâà ñîõðàíÿþò ñâîè çíà÷åíèÿ,
ïîýòîìó ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé âàæíî çíàòü ïåðåâîä
ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ èõ êîìïîíåíòîâ.
 òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî
ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ÿçûêîâûõ åäèíèö àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, ïðè ïåðåâîäå
ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðèåì, êîòîðûé íàçûâàåòñÿ êàëüêèðîâàíèå, ïðè êîòîðîì ïîëíîñòüþ (áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî èçìåíåíèé) âîñïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ âñå ñîñòàâíûå ÷àñòè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ. Èìåííî áëàãîäàðÿ êàëüêèðîâàíèþ â
ÿçûêàõ ñóùåñòâóåò áîëüøîå ÷èñëî çàèìñòâîâàíèé è èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûõ ïîíÿòèé è íàçâàíèé, êîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé øèðîêî óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ñëîâà è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
shuttle diplomacy
vicious circle
head of the government
free economic zone
maldistribution of costs
÷åëíî÷íàÿ äèïëîìàòèÿ
ïîðî÷íûé êðóã
ãëàâà ïðàâèòåëüñòâà
ñâîáîäíàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ çîíà
íåïðàâèëüíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
çàòðàò
Êàê âèäíî èç ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ ïðèìåðîâ, êàëüêèðîâàíèå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå òåðìèíîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó èõ êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñòîÿííî
óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçâèòèåì âñåõ ñôåð æèçíè è íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèì ïðîãðåññîì, ðàñòåò è ÷èñëî êàëüêèðîâàííûõ òåðìèíîâ.
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Ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, îäíàêî, ÷òî ïåðåâîä ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé âîâñå íå ñâîäèòñÿ ê ìåõàíè÷åñêîé ïåðåäà÷å çíà÷åíèÿ âõîäÿùèõ â íèõ ñëîâ. Ýòè ñëîâà ÷àñòî íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñëîæíûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ
äðóã ñ äðóãîì.
Äàæå ñàìûå ïðîñòûå àòðèáóòèâíûå ãðóïïû, òî åñòü òàêèå, êîòîðûå ïî ñòðóêòóðå ñîâïàäàþò ñ ðóññêèìè ñî÷åòàíèÿìè “ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå” (A+N: Àdjective+Noun), èìåþò ñâîè
ñëîæíîñòè ïðè ïåðåâîäå:
1) îäíî è òî æå àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå â ôóíêöèè
îïðåäåëåíèÿ) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó â çàâèñèìîñòè îò çíà÷åíèÿ
ñëåäóþùåãî çà íèì îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî:
public opinion
public debt
public scandal
îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå
ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé äîëã
ïóáëè÷íûé ñêàíäàë
2) ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã â ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå:
European security
stateless citizen
terrorist trial
commercial revolution
áåçîïàñíîñòü â Åâðîïå
÷åëîâåê áåç ãðàæäàíñòâà
ñóä íàä òåððîðèñòàìè
ðåâîëþöèÿ â ñôåðå ðûíêà
3) ïåðåñòàâëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíû àòðèáóòèâíîé ãðóïïû:
working expectancy
îæèäàåìàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü
òðóäîâîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè
administrative efficiency óìåëîå ðóêîâîäñòâî
4) â ïåðåâîäå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ãëàãîëû è íàðå÷èÿ:
I hope you had a good time (sleep).
Íàäåþñü, âû õîðîøî ïðîâåëè âðåìÿ (âûñïàëèñü).
5)
âîäó:
ïåðåâîä÷èê âûíóæäåí ïðèáåãàòü ê îïèñàòåëüíîìó ïåðå-
jet lag (äîñëîâíî: ðåàêòèâíîå îòñòàâàíèå) — íàðóøåíèå
ñóòî÷íîãî ðèòìà îðãàíèçìà, ðàññòðîéñòâî áèîðèòìîâ â
ñâÿçè ñ ïåðåëåòîì (îòñþäà â ýòîì ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèè ñëîâî
jet — ðåàêòèâíûé ñàìîëåò) ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâûõ ïîÿñîâ.
 ïðåäëîæåíèè ýòî ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå, åñòåñòâåííî, ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè ãîðàçäî êîðî÷å ñ ó÷åòîì êîíòåêñòà:
68
On the third day of my stay in California, I still had a jet lag.
Íà òðåòèé äåíü ïðåáûâàíèÿ â Êàëèôîðíèè ÿ ïî-ïðåæíåìó îùóùàë ðàçíèöó âî âðåìåíè. (Ýòà ðàçíèöà ñîñòàâëÿåò
10 ÷àñîâ ìåæäó Áåëàðóñüþ è Òèõîîêåàíñêèì ïîáåðåæüåì
ÑØÀ.)
 àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ, âûðàæåííûå öåëîé ãðóïïîé ñëîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ñîáîé çàêîí÷åííóþ
ìûñëü:
The president pursued his better-late-than-never courtshi p of
the Congress.
 ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîãîâîðêà better late than never (ëó÷øå ïîçäíî, ÷åì íèêîãäà) ñòàëà îïðåäåëåíèåì ê ñëîâó courtship. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïîëíîñòüþ ìåíÿþò ñâîþ ñòðóêòóðó:
Ïðåçèäåíò íà÷àë îáõàæèâàòü êîíãðåññ, èñõîäÿ èç òîãî,
÷òî ëó÷øå ïîçäíî, ÷åì íèêîãäà.
Íàèáîëüøàÿ øèðîòà ñìûñëîâûõ ñâÿçåé ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ â ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ, îáðàçîâàííûõ èç äâóõ èëè áîëåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ
(N+N: Noun+Noun — stone wall) èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, ïåðåä êîòîðûìè ñòîèò ìíîãî÷ëåííîå ñî÷åòàíèå â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèÿ (ñì.
ïîñëåäíèé ïðèìåð).  òàêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ ãëàâíûì ñëîâîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîñëåäíåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, à ïðåäøåñòâóþùèå ñëîâà ÷àùå âñåãî âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèþ îïðåäåëåíèÿ:
stone wall — ñòåíà (êàêàÿ?) èç êàìíÿ èëè êàìåííàÿ
shuttle di plomacy — ÷åëíî÷íàÿ äèïëîìàòèÿ
top trade union leaders (UK)/top labor union leaders
(U.S.) — ëèäåðû (êàêèå? ÷åãî?) ñîþçîâ (êàêèõ?) ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ (êàêèå ëèäåðû ïðîôñîþçîâ?) âûñøèå => âûñøåå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïðîôñîþçîâ
Èíîãäà ïåðâîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèè N+N âûñòóïàåò â ðîëè (à) îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà èëè (á) äîïîëíåíèÿ:
(à) weekend rally
seashore bike ride
(á) space programme
corruption struggle
ìèòèíã â êîíöå íåäåëè
âåëîñèïåäíàÿ ïðîãóëêà ïî áåðåãó
ìîðÿ
ïðîãðàììà êîñìè÷åñêèõ
èññëåäîâàíèé
áîðüáà ñ êîððóïöèåé
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Ìíîãî÷ëåííûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå íåîáõîäèìî ïîíÿòü
ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñìûñëîâîé ñâÿçè ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ èõ êîìïîíåíòîâ,
ïðè ýòîì îñíîâíûì èëè îïîðíûì ñëîâîì âñå ðàâíî áóäåò ïîñëåäíåå:
most-favoured-nation trading status — ñòàòóñ íàèáîëüøåãî
áëàãîïðèÿòñòâîâàíèÿ â òîðãîâëå
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
×òî òàêîå ñâîáîäíîå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå?
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ ñóòü êàëüêèðîâàííîãî ïåðåâîäà ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé?
Êàêîâû îñîáåííîñòè ïåðåâîäà ñëîâà â ñîñòàâå íàèáîëåå
ïðîñòûõ ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé A+N?
 êàêèõ ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ íàèáîëåå øèðîêî ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå (ñìûñëîâûå) ñâÿçè?
Êàê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ àòðèáóòèâíûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ òèïà N+N?
×òî íåîáõîäèìî ïîíÿòü ïåðåâîä÷èêó ïðè ïåðåâîäå ìíîãî÷ëåííûõ ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé?
 êàêîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ òàêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñâîáîäíûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê:
iron curtain
Energy Department spokesman
mountain war
exchange rate policy
perfect murder
perfect stranger
dog-eat-dog rules
reception hall
behind-the-scenes decision
70
non-for-profit institution
UN Security Council resolutions
structural reorganisation goals
Ford Union assembly plant
Freedom Support Act
market reform development scenarios
join-the-solidarity-movement march
no-more-war-actions call
a new space satellite communications system
business communication workshop
Statistics and Analysis State Committee
non-taxable income
Parliament civil rights representative
University students association’s rally
“Change-the-attitude-to-minorities” conference
Á. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå àòðèáóòèâíûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ N+N:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The IMF experts have recommended to raise cost recovery ratios in communal services to 50%.
Growing inter-enterprise indebtedness may maintain production levels for some time.
Consumer goods shortages become widespread, as price distortions encourage the informal export of food products to neighboring countries.
The street market exchange rate depreciates in line with inflation
increase.
Money supply growth falls when the budgetary policy remains
tight.
Full exchange rate liberalization is another market reform target.
The Payments Operations Division of the Central Bank is responsible for conducting clearing and settlements.
Interest rate subsidies are envisaged by the government.
2.2.2. Ñâÿçàííûå (ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå) ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ
Ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé áîëåå èëè
ìåíåå óñòîé÷èâûå ëåêñè÷åñêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðûõ îïðåäå71
ëÿåòñÿ èç öåëîãî âûðàæåíèÿ, à íå èç ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ èõ êîìïîíåíòîâ, íàïðèìåð:
it’s high time — äàâíî ïîðà (à íå “âûñîêîå âðåìÿ”)
take your time — íå òîðîïèñü ( à íå “áåðè ñâîå âðåìÿ”)
help yourself — óãîùàéñÿ (à íå “ïîìîãàé ñåáå”)
Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñòåïåíè ñìûñëîâîé ñâÿçàííîñòè êîìïîíåíòîâ ôðàçåîëîãèçìû äåëÿòñÿ íà íåîáðàçíûå è îáðàçíûå.
Íåîáðàçíûå ôðàçåîëîãèçìû èíà÷å íàçûâàþò ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèìè
ñî÷åòàíèÿìè.  íèõ ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ýëåìåíòû ñîõðàíÿþò ñâîå çíà÷åíèå, íî ñî÷åòàþòñÿ òîëüêî ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè ñëîâàìè, ïîýòîìó èõ
íåëüçÿ ïðîèçâîëüíî ìåíÿòü:
Ýòî íå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ (à íå èãðàåò).
Ýòî íå èãðàåò ðîëè (à íå èìååò).
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâóåò áîëüøîå ÷èñëî òàêèõ óñòîé÷èâûõ (ñâÿçàííûõ, ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ) ñî÷åòàíèé:
to take measures — ïðèíèìàòü (à íå áðàòü) ìåðû
to make a decision — ïðèíèìàòü (à íå äåëàòü) ðåøåíèå
 òàêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ èíîãäà äîïóñêàåòñÿ ñèíîíèìè÷åñêàÿ
çàìåíà, íàïðèìåð: to take a decision.
Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ íå
ÿâëÿþòñÿ çàñòûâøèì êîìïëåêñîì:
to achieve results — äîáèòüñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ
to accomplish results — -”Íî ÷àùå âñåãî îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èìåííî óñòîé÷èâûìè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè:
pay attention — îáðàùàòü (à íå ïëàòèòü) âíèìàíèå [ñâîå]
draw (smb’s) attention — îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå [÷üå-òî]
Ïåðåâîä íåîáðàçíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè:
1) îäíèì ñëîâîì íà îñíîâå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ:
to take a chance
to have a rest
to take offence
to take a nap
72
ðèñêîâàòü
îòäûõàòü
îáèäåòüñÿ
âçäðåìíóòü
2) ýêâèâàëåíòíûìè ñî÷åòàíèÿìè (àáñîëþòíûìè è îòíîñèòåëüíûìè):
à)
àáñîëþòíûå ýêâèâàëåíòû:
shadow cabinet
to hit the target
golden share
to put an end to
the root of the trouble
to read between lines
á)
òåíåâîé êàáèíåò
ïîïàñòü â öåëü
çîëîòàÿ àêöèÿ
ïîëîæèòü êîíåö, ïðåîäîëåòü
êîðåíü çëà
÷èòàòü ìåæäó ñòðîê
îòíîñèòåëüíûå ýêâèâàëåíòû:
to take into account
to make a point
to jump at conclusions
moment of silence
ups-and-downs
trouble shooter
at the world’s end
think tank
token strike
ïðèíèìàòü âî âíèìàíèå
îáðàòèòü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå
äåëàòü ïîñïåøíûå âûâîäû
ìèíóòà ìîë÷àíèÿ
âçëåòû è ïàäåíèÿ
ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ðàçðåøåíèþ
êîíôëèêòíûõ ñèòóàöèé
íà êðàþ ñâåòà
ìîçãîâîé öåíòð
ïðåäóïðåäèòåëüíàÿ çàáàñòîâêà
(token — çíàê)
Ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå åäèíñòâà (ñî÷åòàíèÿ) ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåîòúåìëåìîé ÷àñòüþ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, è çíàíèå ýòèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé —
çàëîã àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà âñåãî âûñêàçûâàíèÿ.
Íèæå ïðèâîäèòñÿ êðàòêèé ñïèñîê íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ óñòîé÷èâûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, êîòîðûå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê íåîáðàçíîé ôðàçåîëîãèè:
in accordance with
on account of
in addition to
at any rate
on behalf of
on the basis of
for the benefit of
by and large
in charge of
in connection with
â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ
íà îñíîâàíèè
â äîáàâëåíèå ê
âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå
îò èìåíè
íà îñíîâå
íà áëàãî
â öåëîì
îòâå÷àþùèé çà
â ñâÿçè ñ
73
in contrast to/with
in the course of
as early as
with the exception of
at the expense of
with an eye to
(= with the intention of)
by force of
in lieu of (= instead of)
as a matter of fact (= in fact)
on the occasion of
off and on = on and off
on and on
in opposition to
over and over (again)
on the part of
for the purpose of
at the rate of
by reason of
in recognition of
with/in reference to
in relation to
in response to
in return for
for the sake of
in search of
in spite of (= despite)
on the strength of
(= relying on)
to and fro = up and down
in token of (= as a sign of)
by virtue of (= because of)
in the wake of (= following)
â îòëè÷èå
â õîäå
åùå â
çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì
çà ñ÷åò
ñ íàìåðåíèåì
â ñèëó
âìåñòî
íà ñàìîì äåëå
ïî ñëó÷àþ
íåðåãóëÿðíî
íåïðåðûâíî
â ïðîòèâîâåñ
ñíîâà è ñíîâà
ñî ñòîðîíû (êîãî-òî)
ñ öåëüþ
ñî ñêîðîñòüþ; ïðè êóðñå
(ñòàâêå)
ïî ïðè÷èíå
â ïðèçíàíèå
èñõîäÿ èç
îòíîñèòåëüíî
â îòâåò
âçàìåí íà
ðàäè
â ïîèñêàõ
âìåñòî
ïîëàãàÿñü íà
òóäà-íàçàä (ìíîãî ðàç)
â çíàê
ïî ïðè÷èíå
âñëåä çà
Íåêîòîðûå ñõîæèå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ÷àñòî ïóòàþò
èç-çà íàëè÷èÿ/îòñóòñòâèÿ àðòèêëÿ èëè çàìåíû ïðåäëîãà. Îáðàòèòå
âíèìàíèå íà òàêèå ïàðû:
in case of
in the case of
74
â ñëó÷àå
÷òî êàñàåòñÿ
in (the) face of
on the face of
in favour of
in favour with
for fear of
in fear of
by the name of
in the name of
at the point of
on the point of
in possession of
in the possession of
in/with regard to
out of regard for
in respect of
with respect to
at the sight of
in the sight of
at the same time
in the same time
at the time of
in time of
in time
on time
â ïðèñóòñòâèè
ñóäÿ ïî
â ïîëüçó
îäîáðåíèå (÷üå-ë.)
÷òîáû íå
â ñòðàõå çà
ïî èìåíè
âî èìÿ
íà ãðàíè
ïåðåä (êàêèì-ë. äåéñòâèåì)
âëàäåòü (ôàêòàìè)
âëàäåòü (ñîñòîÿíèåì)
îòíîñèòåëüíî (÷åãî-ë.)
ïî ïðè÷èíå
÷òî êàñàåòñÿ
îòíîñèòåëüíî (÷åãî-ë.)
ïðè âèäå
ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ
â òî æå âðåìÿ
çà îäíî è òî æå âðåìÿ
âî âðåìÿ (ñîáûòèÿ)
âî âðåìåíà
âîâðåìÿ (êî âðåìåíè);
ñî âðåìåíåì
âîâðåìÿ (ïóíêòóàëüíî)
Êàêîâà áû íè áûëà ñòåïåíü ñâÿçàííîñòè êîìïîíåíòîâ ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêîãî åäèíñòâà, ãëàâíûì ïðàâèëîì ïðè ïåðåâîäå îñòàåòñÿ
ñîáëþäåíèå íîðì ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, òî åñòü íåäîïóùåíèå áóêâàëèçìîâ è íàðóøåíèÿ óñòîÿâøèõñÿ ñî÷åòàíèé ñëîâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå.
Îáðàçíûå ôðàçåîëîãèçìû, èëè ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñðàùåíèÿ, èçâåñòíû ïîä íàçâàíèåì èäèîìû.
Èäèîìà — ýòî çàñòûâøåå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå (ðå÷åâîé îáîðîò), îáùèé ñìûñë êîòîðîãî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóììîé çíà÷åíèé ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ
åãî êîìïîíåíòîâ. Â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, íàïðèìåð, ê èäèîìàì îòíîñÿòñÿ
òàêèå âûðàæåíèÿ, êàê:
ïîãíàòüñÿ çà äâóìÿ çàéöàìè
ïîïàñòü êàê êóð â îùèï
Äàìîêëîâ ìå÷
êèøêà òîíêà
75
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ëþáîì äðóãîì, òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî èäèîì. Èõ êîìïîíåíòû óòðàòèëè ñâîé ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé ñìûñë è íå âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ ïî îòäåëüíîñòè:
through thick and thin
tooth and nail
it’s raining cats and dogs
to be caught red-handed
âî ÷òî áû òî íè ñòàëî
íå æàëåÿ ñèë, çàñó÷èâ ðóêàâà
äîæäü ëüåò êàê èç âåäðà
áûòü ïîéìàííûì íà ìåñòå
ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå àíãëèéñêèõ èäèîìàòè÷åñêèõ âûðàæåíèé èñïîëüçóþòñÿ èõ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. Îíè ìîãóò áûòü âûðàæåíû ñëåäóþùèìè ñïîñîáàìè:
1) àáñîëþòíûìè ýêâèâàëåíòàìè â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ýòè âûðàæåíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûìè:
to shed crocodile tears
to sugar the pill
lion’s share
to play with fire
ëèòü êðîêîäèëîâû ñëåçû
ïîäñëàñòèòü ïèëþëþ
ëüâèíàÿ äîëÿ
èãðàòü ñ îãíåì
2) îòíîñèòåëüíûìè ýêâèâàëåíòàìè â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ïðè
ñîõðàíåíèè çíà÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî âûðàæåíèÿ â ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå
èìåþòñÿ íåêîòîðûå îòëè÷èÿ:
the sword of Damocles
to show one’s teeth
to start business from scratch
whi p-and-carrot policy
äàìîêëîâ ìå÷
îãðûçàòüñÿ
íà÷àòü ñ íóëÿ
ïîëèòèêà êíóòà è ïðÿíèêà
3) ñîâåðøåííî äðóãèìè ëåêñè÷åñêèìè ñðåäñòâàìè, êîòîðûå
íàçûâàþòñÿ ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèìè àíàëîãàìè:
a)
ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïîñëîâèö:
East or West — home is best.
 ãîñòÿõ õîðîøî, à äîìà ëó÷øå.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Êóé æåëåçî, ïîêà ãîðÿ÷î.
You can’t eat your cake and have it.
Íåëüçÿ ñîâìåñòèòü íåñîâìåñòèìîå. (Íà åëêó âëåçòü è íå
óêîëîòüñÿ.)
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Ëó÷øå ñèíèöà â ðóêå, ÷åì æóðàâëü â íåáå.
76
á)
ïðè ïåðåâîäå îáðàçíûõ âûðàæåíèé:
to make a mountain out of a molehill — äåëàòü èç ìóõè ñëîíà
(molehill — êðîòîâèíà)
by hook or by crook — íå ìûòüåì, òàê êàòàíüåì
to hit the nail on the head — ïîïàñòü â òî÷êó (íå â áðîâü,
à â ãëàç)
to beat about the bush — õîäèòü âîêðóã äà îêîëî
to bark on the moon — ëîìèòüñÿ â îòêðûòóþ äâåðü
4) ñ ïîìîùüþ îïèñàòåëüíîãî ïåðåâîäà, êîãäà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ýêâèâàëåíòîâ èëè àíàëîãîâ:
to show the white feather — ïðîÿâèòü ìàëîäóøèå, òðóñîñòü
(âûðàæåíèå ïîêàçàòü áåëîå ïåðî íè÷åãî íå ãîâîðèò íîñèòåëþ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà)
to have a skeleton in the cupboard (closet) — èìåòü ëè÷íóþ
èëè ñåìåéíóþ òàéíó, ñêðûâàåìóþ îò ïîñòîðîííèõ (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò àíàëîãà âûðàæåíèÿ “èìåòü ñêåëåò â øêàôó”).
Ïðèâåäåííûå âûøå ïðèìåðû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñôåðå îáùåãî óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Áåçóñëîâíî, â êàæäîé ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé ñôåðå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâî èäèîì, ïðè ïåðåäà÷å ñìûñëà
êîòîðûõ òàêæå ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïðèáåãàòü ê îïèñàòåëüíîìó ïåðåâîäó.
Íàïðèìåð, â ñôåðå ôèíàíñîâ è áèçíåñà ê òàêèì ôðàçåîëîãèçìàì
îòíîñÿòñÿ:
creeping
tape dancing (U.S.)
tri ple witching hour
takeover ïîñòåïåííàÿ ñêóïêà àêöèé êîìïàíèè ó èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ
àêöèîíåðîâ äî òîãî ìîìåíòà,
ïîêà íå íàáåðåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íîå
êîëè÷åñòâî äëÿ âëàäåíèÿ êîíòðîëüíûì ïàêåòîì àêöèé
ìåòîä ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ öåíàìè
àêöèé, ïðè êîòîðîì áðîêåð
âêëþ÷àåò â íèõ ñâîè êîìèññèîííûå, òåì ñàìûì ïîâûøàÿ öåíó
àêöèé
îäíà èç ÷åòûðåõ ïÿòíèö â ãîäó,
êîãäà èñòåêàþò ñðîêè îïöèîííûõ
è ôüþ÷åðñíûõ êîíòðàêòîâ
77
Èíîãäà ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ñîâïàäàþò ïî ñîñòàâó ñî ñâîáîäíûìè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè, ïîýòîìó ïåðåâîä÷èêó íåîáõîäèìî îïèðàòüñÿ íà êîíòåêñò äëÿ èõ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ è
àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà:
to sit on the fence
red tape
yellow pages
red herring
ñèäåòü íà çàáîðå, à òàêæå âûæèäàòü
êðàñíàÿ òåñüìà, à òàêæå âîëîêèòà, áþðîêðàòèÿ
æåëòûå ñòðàíèöû, à òàêæå æåëòûå
ñòðàíèöû êàê ÷àñòü òåëåôîííîãî
ñïðàâî÷íèêà ñ èíôîðìàöèåé îá
îðãàíèçàöèÿõ
êîï÷åíàÿ ñåëåäêà, à òàêæå îòâëåêàþùèé ìàíåâð (to draw a red
herring across the path — îòâëåêàòü
âíèìàíèå)
 ñâÿçè ñ òåìîé ôðàçåîëîãèè ñòîèò òàêæå îòìåòèòü, ÷òî èíîãäà
ïåðåâîä÷èê ñòàëêèâàåòñÿ ñ ïåðåâîäîì ñïåöèôè÷åñêè íàöèîíàëüíûõ
èäèîì.
Äîñëîâíûé ïåðåâîä çäåñü óìåñòåí òîëüêî â ñëó÷àå, åñëè çíà÷åíèå àíãëèéñêîé èäèîìû íàì õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, íàïðèìåð, to carry
coal to Newcastle — âîçèòü óãîëü â Íüþêàñë (Íüþêàñë — öåíòð óãëåäîáûâàþùåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Àíãëèè).  îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ (î÷åâèäíî, èõ áóäåò áîëüøå), ñëåäóåò ïîäûñêàòü íåéòðàëüíûé èëè ðàçãîâîðíûé (â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòèëÿ) ðóññêèé ýêâèâàëåíò è èçáåãàòü
íàöèîíàëüíî îêðàøåííûõ ðóññêèõ âûðàæåíèé. Íà ïðèâåäåííîì
ïðèìåðå ñ óãëåì íå íóæíî ïðè ïåðåâîäå èñïîëüçîâàòü ïîãîâîðêó
“åçäèòü â Òóëó ñî ñâîèì ñàìîâàðîì”.
Ñïåöèôè÷åñêè íàöèîíàëüíûå èäèîìû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ êàê íåéòðàëüíîé ëåêñèêîé, òàê è óñòîé÷èâûìè âûðàæåíèÿìè ðóññêîãî
ÿçûêà:
to be from Missouri
to grin like a Cheshire cat
he will not set the Thames
on fire
áûòü ñêåïòèêîì
óëûáàòüñÿ âî âåñü ðîò
îí ïîðîõà íå âûäóìàåò =
îí çâåçä ñ íåáà íå õâàòàåò
Íàèáîëåå ïîëíûì ñïðàâî÷íûì ïîñîáèåì ïî ïåðåâîäó ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñî÷åòàíèé, åäèíñòâ è èäèîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ: Êóíèí À.Â. Ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. — Ìîñêâà: Ðóññêèé ÿçûê,
1984.
78
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
2.
Êàêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ íàçûâàþòñÿ ôðàçåîëîãèçìàìè è êàê
îíè êëàññèôèöèðóþòñÿ ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñòåïåíè ñìûñëîâîé ñâÿçàííîñòè?
Êàêîâà ðîëü êîìïîíåíòîâ, âõîäÿùèõ â ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå
ñî÷åòàíèÿ?
3.
Êàêîé ïðèçíàê ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêîå ñî÷åòàíèå ìîæåò íå áûòü çàñòûâøèì êîìïëåêñîì?
4.
Êàêèå ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå àíãëèéñêèõ íåîáðàçíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ?
 ÷åì ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó àáñîëþòíûìè è îòíîñèòåëüíûìè ýêâèâàëåíòàìè?
5.
6.
×òî òàêîå èäèîìà?
7.
Êàêèå ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà àíãëèéñêèõ èäèîì âû çíàåòå?
8.
 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ îïèñàòåëüíûé ïåðåâîä?
9.
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ ðîëü êîíòåêñòà ïðè ïåðåâîäå ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ?
10. Êàêîâû îñîáåííîñòè ïåðåâîäà ñïåöèôè÷åñêè íàöèîíàëüíûõ èäèîì?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ôðàçåîëîãèçìû èç ñôåðû îáùåãî
óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, îòìå÷àÿ ïðè ýòîì ñïîñîá ïåðåâîäà (àáñîëþòíûé èëè îòíîñèòåëüíûé ýêâèâàëåíò, àíàëîã, îïèñàòåëüíûé ïåðåâîä):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
out of the blue
to spread like wildfire
to turn back the clock
Caesar’s wife is above suspicion
to leave much to be desired
to work one’s fingers to the bone
a hard nut to crack
a storm in a tea-cup
to bite the hand that feeds you
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
80
to go from one extreme to the other
to fall between two stools
to come off with flying colours
a blind date
a burning question
to put (something) by for a rainy day
to bark up the wrong tree
to buy a pig in a poke
an apple of discord
a bed of roses
a feather in one’s cap
a Jack of all trades
elbow room
by fair means or foul
to sleep like a log
a fly in the ointment
a mare’s nest
a snake in the grass
when in Rome, do as the Romans do
a rolling stone gathers no moss
the proof of the pudding is in the eating
never look a gift horse into the mouth
if you lose, don’t lose the lesson
let sleeping dogs lie
don’t cross the bridge until you come to it
at a snail’s pace
a small fry
to win with a narrow margin
to keep a low profile
an old battle axe
to kick the bucket
Queen Anne is dead!
to put the cart before the horse
to kill two birds with one stone
to talk shop
let by gones be by gones
time and again
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
double Dutch
(to give somebody) the cold shoulder
the small hours
to keep one’s fingers crossed
on the face of it
Can the leopard change his spots?
a sli p of the tongue
in the nick of time
a lame duck
Break a leg!
Alpha and Omega
to keep an eye on something
the black sheep (of the family)
to make (both) ends meet
Á. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå àíãëèéñêèå ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ èç ñôåðû áèçíåñà è ôèíàíñîâ,
èñïîëüçóÿ äëÿ ñïðàâîê îïðåäåëåíèÿ âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì âûðàæåíèé (èñòî÷íèê: Á.Õîøîâñêàÿ. Èäèîìàòè÷åñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ â äåëîâîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. — ÑÏá.: Ëàíü, 1997):
1.
The proposal went over big with big business. [to go over big —
to succeed; to be approved of] [big business — the world of
large, powerful business organizations]
2.
In the times of stagflation many overseas companies pulled over,
but somehow we managed to buck the trend. [stagflation — stagnation and inflation] [to pull over — to withdraw from (a business)] [to buck the trend — to do well when other business are
doing badly]
3.
Let’s deal him in and give him a piece of the cake. [to deal smb
in — to include smb in an activity or business] [to give smb a
piece of cake — to share or divide profits with another person]
4.
The manager has put our project into cold storage, so it is still
up in the air. [to put smth (usu. a plan or a project) into a cold
storage — to put off for consideration at a later date] [up in the
air — unsettled]
Lots of hot money is being transferred to Switzerland which has
always been the tax haven for Europe’s wealthy. [hot money —
money attracted from abroad by high interest rates or brought
to a relatively safe place in a time of political trouble or moved
5.
81
6.
rapidly from one country to another to take advantage of changes
of short-term interest rates or to avoid devaluation of a currency
or stolen money] [tax haven = shelter — a country where there’s
little or no taxation or currency control]
All we understood from his double-dutch was that it was supposed to be a Dutch party. [double-dutch — speech (or writing)
that sounds meaningless and cannot be understood] [a Dutch
party = meal — the one at each everybody pays for himself]
7.
The company has gone on the hook recently. [to go on the hook —
to start having debts]
8.
If you think he is a soft touch, you have another guess coming; he
is just a loan shark, something of a shylock. [a soft touch — a
person who freely lends money or grants favours] [to have another guess coming - to be mistaken] [shylock / Shylock — a
greedy person who obtains money from people by trickery (from
Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice”]
9.
The turnover has increased considerably before the triple witching hour. [triple witching hour - one of the four Fridays in each
year on which the options and futures contracts expire]
10. The business is slack, and our sales level hardly reaches the
break-even point. [break-even point - a point at which sales cover
costs but do not show profits]
2.2.3. Ïåðåâîä çàãîëîâêîâ
Äàííûé ïîäðàçäåë âêëþ÷åí â êóðñ ïåðåâîäà, ïîñêîëüêó çàãîëîâêè ñòàòåé â àíãëîÿçû÷íîé ïðåññå òàêæå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿìè, ïðè÷åì â ñèëó òîãî, ÷òî èõ îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ — ïðèâëå÷ü
âíèìàíèå ÷èòàòåëÿ, ñòîèò îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà îñîáåííîñòè èõ ñòðóêòóðû äëÿ ïðàâèëüíîãî ïîíèìàíèÿ è àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà.
Òðóäíîñòü ïîíèìàíèÿ ãàçåòíûõ è æóðíàëüíûõ çàãîëîâêîâ îáóñëîâëåíà äâóìÿ ïðè÷èíàìè:
– òåì, ÷òî â íèõ äîïóñêàåòñÿ íàðóøåíèå ÿçûêîâûõ íîðì (ñîêðàùåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëåé, ãëàãîëîâñâÿçîê è äàæå ñìûñëîâûõ ãëàãîëîâ, äðóãèå îñîáåííîñòè ñèíòàêñèñà, ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ è ïóíêòóàöèè);
– íåäîñòàòî÷íî ïîëíûì è ãëóáîêèì çíàíèåì ðåàëèé è êóëüòóðû ñòðàíû èçó÷àåìîãî ÿçûêà, à òàêæå ïðîáåëàìè â çíàíèè ôðàçåîëîãèè.
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Êàê ïðàâèëî, çà ïåðåâîä çàãîëîâêà ñëåäóåò ïðèíèìàòüñÿ ïîñëå
ïðî÷òåíèÿ âñåé ñòàòüè. Ýòî îáëåã÷àåò ïîíèìàíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ çàãîëîâêà, åñëè îíî íå ÿñíî.
Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó ñëåäóþùèå îñîáåííîñòè çàãîëîâêîâ:
1. Ïîëíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå çàãîëîâêîâ (áåç ïðîïóñêîâ ñëóæåáíûõ ñëîâ, àðòèêëåé è ïðåäëîãîâ) âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íå òàê óæ
÷àñòî. Çäåñü, êîíå÷íî, âàæíî ïðàâèëüíî ïîíÿòü çàãîëîâîê-ïðåäëîæåíèå è ñäåëàòü åãî àäåêâàòíûé ïåðåâîä. (Ïðèìåðû çàãîëîâêîâ ñòàòåé âçÿòû èç ãàçåòû “The Financial Times” è æóðíàëî⠓Business Week”
è “The Economist”.  çàãîëîâêàõ âñå ñëîâà ìîãóò áûòü íàïèñàíû ñ
çàãëàâíîé áóêâû.)
Small Investments That Make A Big Difference — Íåáîëüøèå èíâåñòèöèè, èãðàþùèå áîëüøóþ ðîëü.
Czechs pay a heavy price for bank sell-offs — ×åõè ïëàòÿò
äîðîãóþ öåíó çà ðàñïðîäàæó áàíêîâ.
2. ×àùå âñåãî ïîëíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå çàãîëîâêîâ îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïðîïóñêîì àðòèêëåé:
Italy’s bank governor paints [a] black picture — Ïðåäñåäàòåëü ïðàâëåíèÿ èòàëüÿíñêîãî áàíêà ðèñóåò êàðòèíó â ÷åðíûõ òîíàõ.
3. Äàæå åñëè çàãîëîâîê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîëíîå ïî ñòðóêòóðå ïðåäëîæåíèå, äëÿ åãî ïåðåâîäà íåîáõîäèìî èíîãäà ïðî÷èòàòü
ñòàòüþ èëè õîòÿ áû ïåðâûé àáçàö, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü ñìûñë:
Euro rises on talk of ECB intervention — Åâðî ðàñòåò áëàãîäàðÿ èíòåðâåíöèÿì ÅÖÁ (Åâðîïåéñêîãî Öåíòðàëüíîãî
áàíêà).
BMW plans Rolls-Royce plant in south of England — Êîìïàíèÿ ÁÌ ïëàíèðóåò íà÷àòü ñáîðêó àâòîìîáèëåé ÐîëëñÐîéñ íà íîâîì çàâîäå íà þãå Àíãëèè.
4. Ïîñëåäíèå äâà ïðèìåðà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé åùå îäíó îñîáåííîñòü çàãîëîâêî⠗ íàëè÷èå âñÿêîãî ðîäà ñîêðàùåíèé (áóêâåííûõ, ñëîãîâûõ è äð.) Îáû÷íî áóêâåííûå ñîêðàùåíèÿ îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ
â ïåðâîì æå àáçàöå:
Handspring reduces IPO price range — Êîìïàíèÿ Õýíäñïðèíã ñîêðàùàåò äèàïàçîí ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ñòàðòîâûõ öåí.
( ïåðâîì àáçàöå ñòàòüè îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ çíà÷åíèå àááðåâèàòóðû IPO — Initial Public Offering.)
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NASDAQ and Dow soar on tech buying [NASDAQ — National Association of Securities Dealers automated quotations — ñèñòåìà àâòîìàòè÷åñêîé êîòèðîâêè Íàöèîíàëüíîé àññîöèàöèè áèðæåâûõ äèëåðîâ; Dow — Dow Jones
index — èíäåêñ Äîó Äæîíñà Íüþ-Éîðêñêîé ôîíäîâîé
áèðæè; tech — high technology — çä. àêöèè âûñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íûõ êîìïàíèé] — Èíäåêñû ÍÀÑÄÀÊ è Äîó Äæîíñà ðåçêî ïîâûñèëèñü íà ïðèîáðåòåíèè àêöèé âûñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íûõ êîìïàíèé.
5. Çàãîëîâêè ïî ñâîåé ñòðóêòóðå ÷àñòî ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé
ýëëèïñèñ, òî åñòü ïðåäëîæåíèå, â êîòîðîì ñ öåëüþ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ
âíèìàíèÿ îïóñêàþòñÿ òå èëè èíûå ñëîâà. Íàðÿäó ñ àðòèêëÿìè, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è äðóãèìè ñëóæåáíûìè ñëîâàìè, ÷àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to be, íàïðèìåð:
Sara Lee [is] to refocus [its] activities — Êîìïàíèÿ “Ñàðà
Ëè” ñîáèðàåòñÿ ñäåëàòü íîâûé àêöåíò â ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
OAS [is] divided on [the] Peru action — ÎÀà (Îðãàíèçàöèÿ
àìåðèêàíñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ) ðàçäåëèëàñü â ìíåíèÿõ ïî âîïðîñó î äåéñòâèÿõ Ïåðó.
6. Èíîãäà â çàãîëîâêàõ îïóñêàþòñÿ ñìûñëîâûå ãëàãîëû è
äðóãèå ñëîâà, î êîòîðûõ ìîæíî äîãàäàòüñÿ ëèøü ïîñëå ïðîñìîòðà ñòàòüè:
California [‘s voters stand] for GOP — Âûáîðùèêè (ïðåäñòàâèòåëè èçáèðàòåëåé) äåëàþò âûáîð â ïîëüçó ðåñïóáëèêàíöåâ (GOP — Grand Old Party, òðàäèöèîííîå íàçâàíèå Ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîé ïàðòèè â ÑØÀ).
Israeli and Palestine envoys [are heading] for talks — Ïîñëàííèêè Èçðàèëÿ è Ïàëåñòèíû íàïðàâëÿþòñÿ íà ïåðåãîâîðû.
7. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîé ôîðìîé àíãëèéñêîãî çàãîëîâêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîìèíàòèâíîå (íàçûâíîå) ïðåäëîæåíèå (êàê îäíîñîñòàâíîå, òàê
è ñîñòîÿùåå èç äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ïî òèïó N+N):
A Brave New Economy for Singapore — Ñìåëàÿ íîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà äëÿ Ñèíãàïóðà.
DT incentives for retail buyer — Ñòèìóëû êîìïàíèè Äîé÷å Òåëåêîì â ðàáîòå ñ èíäèâèäóàëüíûìè (ðîçíè÷íûìè)
çàêàç÷èêàìè.
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IMF loan accord delay — Çàäåðæêà ñîãëàøåíèÿ î êðåäèòå
ÌÂÔ.
8. Àíãëèéñêèå çàãîëîâêè ìîãóò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíû ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèåì ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì èëè ãåðóíäèåì:
Muddying the waters —  ìóòíîé âîäå (äîñëîâíûé ïåðåâîä
“ìóòÿ âîäó” ÿâíî áûë áû íåóäà÷íûì).
Keeping up the pace — Ñîõðàíÿÿ òåìï.
9. Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ â çàãîëîâêàõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äâîåòî÷èÿ è âîïðîñèòåëüíûå çíàêè:
Laptops: Do we need that speed? — Ïîðòàòèâíûé êîìïüþòåð: Åñòü ëè íåîáõîäèìîñòü â òàêîé ñêîðîñòè?
Is the weak euro making Germany complacent? — Èãðàåò ëè
íà ðóêó Ãåðìàíèè ïàäåíèå åâðî?
10.
Âîïðîñ â çàãîëîâêå ìîæåò áûòü êîñâåííûì:
Why Big Tobacco Can’t Be Killed — Ïî÷åìó íåëüçÿ ëèêâèäèðîâàòü òàáà÷íóþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü.
What’s wrong with paying off the national debt —  ÷åì
çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ ïðîáëåìû ñ âûïëàòîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî
äîëãà.
11. Óïîòðåáëåíèå â çàãîëîâêàõ ðàçãîâîðíûõ ôîðì è ñëåíãà òàêæå ñëóæèò ñðåäñòâîì ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ ÷èòàòåëÿ:
Web Lotto: It ain’t pretty — Òîòàëèçàòîð â Èíòåðíåòå: íå
áîëüíî îí õîðîø.
Hey, wanna buy some used mortgages? — Íå õîòèòå ëè ïðèîáðåñòè ïîäåðæàííóþ èïîòåêó? (Ðå÷ü èäåò î òîì, ÷òî êèòàéñêèå áàíêè äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ íàëè÷íîñòè ïåðåïðîäàþò
âíóòðåííèå êðåäèòû.)
Coke: Say good-bye to the good ol’ boy culture — ÊîêàÊîëà: Ïðîùàé, ñòàðîå äîáðîå âðåìÿ.
12. Íàèáîëüøóþ ñëîæíîñòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå, î÷åâèäíî, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå â çàãîëîâêàõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ, èãðû ñëîâ è
óìûøëåííî èçìåíåííûõ óñòîé÷èâûõ âûðàæåíèé, ñìûñë êîòîðûõ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîçðà÷íûì ëèøü äëÿ òåõ, êòî õîðîøî çíàåò êóëüòóðó àíãëîÿçû÷íûõ ñòðàí:
85
Has Ford backed Detroit into corner? (back into corner —
çàãoíÿòü â óãîë; ãîëîâíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå “Ôîðä” íàõîäèòñÿ â Äåòðîéòå, ÑØÀ)
To save or not to save? (àëëþçèÿ íà øåêñïèðîâñêîå “To
be or not to be?” — “Áûòü èëè íå áûòü?”)
Much ado about lending (àëëþçèÿ íà øåêñïèðîâñêîå
“Much ado about nothing” — “Ìíîãî øóìà èç íè÷åãî”)
North Korea: Why it’s suddenly ready to come in from the
cold (ÿâíî ïåðåêëèêàåòñÿ ñ íàçâàíèåì ñàìîãî èçâåñòíîãî
ðîìàíà àíãëèéñêîãî ïèñàòåëÿ Äæîíà Ëå Êàððå “Øïèîí,
êîòîðûé ïðèøåë ñ õîëîäà” — John Le Carre “The Spy
Who Came in from the Cold”)
Ready, steady, go — Íà ñòàðò, âíèìàíèå, ìàðø!
(èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñïîðòèâíîãî æàðãîíà)
Suddenly Goldman is less golden.
Çäåñü èãðà ñëîâ (ïî-àíãëèéñêè pun; play on words) ñîçäàåòñÿ çà
ñ÷åò ñî÷åòàíèÿ íàçâàíèÿ êîìïàíèè Goldman, Sachs & Co. è ñëîâà
golden — çîëîòîé â ñâÿçè ñ êðèòèêîé, êîòîðàÿ îáðóøèëàñü íà êîìïàíèþ âñëåäñòâèå ñîìíèòåëüíûõ îïåðàöèé.
Èìåííî èãðà ñëîâ (êàëàìáóð) ÷àùå âñåãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàìíåì ïðåòêíîâåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå âîîáùå1 è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðè ïåðåâîäå çàãîëîâêîâ.
Âûõîä èç ïîëîæåíèÿ — â îïèñàòåëüíîì íåéòðàëüíîì ïåðåâîäå, íàïðèìåð: Íåîæèäàííûå ïðîáëåìû ó êîìïàíèè “Ãîëüäìàí, Çàêñ
è Êî.”.
Îáû÷íî ñëåäóþùåå ïîñëå çàãîëîâêà ïðåäëîæåíèå-àííîòàöèÿ îáúÿñíÿåò çíà÷åíèå èãðû ñëîâ èëè äàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î òîì, ÷òî êðîåòñÿ çà âûðàæåíèåì, ïðåäñòàâëåííîì â çàãîëîâêå. Íàïðèìåð, ïîñëåäíèé çàãîëîâîê ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîíÿòíûì áëàãîäàðÿ ñëåäóþùåìó
ïîñëå íåãî àííîòàöèîííîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ:
After a string of troubled deals, the firm [Goldman, Sachs &
Co.] is facing criticism.
Ïîñëå ðÿäà ñîìíèòåëüíûõ ñäåëîê ôèðìà [Ãîëüäìàí, Çàêñ
è Êî.] ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ íàïàäêàì (êðèòèêå).
2
Êðîìå èãðû ñëîâ, êîòîðàÿ íå ïîääàåòñÿ ïåðåâîäó, îïðåäåëåííûå ïðîáëåìû
âîçíèêàþò ïðè ïåðåâîäå ýâôåìèçìîâ, î êîòîðûõ ìû ãîâîðèëè âûøå êàê î ñïîñîáå îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ (ñì. 2.1.3. «Íåîëîãèçìû»).
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Ïîñêîëüêó èãðà ñëîâ ïîñòðîåíà íà äâîéíîì çíà÷åíèè êàêîãî-òî
ñëîâà, ïðè÷åì âòîðîå åãî çíà÷åíèå ÷àùå âñåãî ñëåíãîâîå, ïåðåâîä÷èê èíîãäà âïðàâå ïðîñòî äàòü êîììåíòàðèé èëè îáúÿñíåíèå ê
äàííîìó âûðàæåíèþ, ïîñêîëüêó ïåðåâîä â ïðèíöèïå íåâîçìîæåí.
Âîò ïðèìåð èãðû ñëîâ, îñíîâàííîé íà äâóõ çíà÷åíèÿõ ñëîâà grand:
1) âåëèêîëåïíûé, âîñõèòèòåëüíûé; 2) ñëåíã: òûñÿ÷à äîëëàðîâ. Åñòåñòâåííî, ÷òî èãðà ñëîâ íåïåðåâîäèìà, åå ìîæíî ëèøü îáúÿñíèòü:
Love is grand.
Divorce is a hundred grand.
Âåðíåìñÿ ê çàãîëîâêàì, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ïîíÿòü, ëèøü çíàÿ
ðåàëèè è êóëüòóðó ñòðàíû. Ïîíèìàíèþ òàêèõ çàãîëîâêîâ ñïîñîáñòâóåò êîíòåêñò. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ñëåäóþùèå çàãîëîâêè, â êîòîðûõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ èçâåñòíûå óñòîé÷èâûå âûðàæåíèÿ, êîíòåêñòîì
äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ ñìûñëà êîòîðûõ ñëóæàò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ-àííîòàöèè,
ïîìåùåííûå ñðàçó ïîä çàãîëîâêàìè:
Rich man, poor man — Áîãà÷, áåäíÿê (íàçâàíèå èçâåñòíîãî ðîìàíà Èðâèíà Ñòîóíà).
Ïðåäëîæåíèå-àííîòàöèÿ: The gap between high earners and
the lowest paid has widened.
Keep the hive humming — Ïóñòü óëåé æóææèò.
Ïðåäëîæåíèå-àííîòàöèÿ: Immigrants may prevent the
economy from overheating.
Òåïåðü ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïîíÿòíûì ñìûñë çàãîëîâêà: èììèãðàíòû, ðàáîòàþùèå íà ìíîãèõ ìàëîîïëà÷èâàåìûõ ðàáîòàõ,
çàïîëíÿþò ðûíîê òðóäà è äàþò âîçìîæíîñòü ýêîíîìèêå
äèíàìè÷íî ðàçâèâàòüñÿ.
That sinking feeling — Îùóùåíèå èäóùåãî íà äíî (îáûãðûâàåòñÿ ïðÿìîå è ïåðåíîñíîå çíà÷åíèå ãëàãîëà to sink — òîíóòü, èäòè íà äíî è ïîòåðïåòü ôèàñêî).
Ïðåäëîæåíèå-àííîòàöèÿ: Once a sure way to make a fortune, the personal-computer business is an even surer way
to lose one.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ çàãîëîâêà?
2.
 ÷åì ñîñòîèò òðóäíîñòü ïåðåâîäà ãàçåòíûõ è æóðíàëüíûõ
çàãîëîâêîâ?
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3.
Ïî÷åìó çàãîëîâîê îáû÷íî ïåðåâîäÿò â êîíöå ðàáîòû íàä
ïåðåâîäîì ñòàòüè?
4.
Íàçîâèòå îñîáåííîñòè ñèíòàêñè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû àíãëèéñêèõ çàãîëîâêîâ.
Êàêèå äðóãèå îñîáåííîñòè àíãëèéñêèõ çàãîëîâêîâ ñëåäóåò
èìåòü â âèäó äëÿ èõ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà?
5.
6.
×òî ïîìîãàåò ïîíÿòü ñìûñë çàãîëîâêîâ â ïðåññå Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè è ÑØÀ?
7.
×òî âûçûâàåò íàèáîëüøèå òðóäíîñòè ïðè ïåðåâîäå çàãîëîâêîâ?
Åñòü ëè ñõîäñòâî ìåæäó àíãëèéñêèìè è ðóññêèìè çàãîëîâêàìè?
8.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå çàãîëîâêè èç ãàçåòû “The Financial
Times” è æóðíàëî⠓Business Week” è “The Economist”. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå îòìåòüòå óêàçàííûå âûøå îñîáåííîñòè çàãîëîâêîâ.
1.
Is This Deal Really Dead?
2.
3.
China Trade: Will the U.S. Pull It Off?
Ford: A Comeback In Europe Is Job One
4.
Brussels Plan Aims To Boost Cross-Border Investment
5.
Fed Plans Disclosure System For Banks
6.
Israeli High-Tech Companies Need More Promising Land
7.
8.
Hyundai Founder Steps Down In Concession To Reform Plans
Maybe What’s Good For GM Is Good For Ford
9.
Globalization: What Americans Are Worried About
10. Remember Interactive TV? It’s Active Again
11. The Struggle Against Red Tape
12. A Difficult Meeting Of Cultures
13. A Cap on Bank Deposit Rates?
14. Did NAFTA Backers Bamboozle America?
15. A Nation of Risk-Takers
16. Come See My Movie — Please!
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17.
Iran: Don’t Write Off the Reformers Yet
18. Slowdown In Sales
19. Give Me That Old-Time Economy
20. California: ‘Public School System To The World?’
21. The Recovery: So Far, So Good
22. New Tact[ics] But US-EU Trade Disputes Remain
23. OECD Is Warning Of Inflation And Further Rate Rises
24. Unfriendly Skies For An Airline Merger
25. Is The Market Too High Or Too Low? Maybe A Little Of Both
2.2.4. Ïåðåâîä çàèìñòâîâàíèé
Ñðàçó îãîâîðèìñÿ, ÷òî â äàííîì ïîäðàçäåëå ðå÷ü èäåò òîëüêî î
òåõ çàèìñòâîâàíèÿõ, êîòîðûå âîøëè â àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê èìåííî â
òîì âèäå, â êîòîðîì îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ íà ÿçûêå îðèãèíàëà, ïîëüçóþùèìñÿ ëàòèíñêèì àëôàâèòîì (åñëè çàèìñòâîâàíèå èç ÿçûêà ñ
äðóãèì àëôàâèòîì, òî âñå ðàâíî îíî äîëæíî áûòü èçîáðàæåíî ëàòèíèöåé, íàïðèìåð, judo — äçþäî, Toyota — Òîéîòà èç ÿïîíñêîãî
ÿçûêà).
Âûøå ìû ðàññìàòðèâàëè çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ êàê ñïîñîá îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåîëîãèçìîâ (ñì. 2.1.3. Íåîëîãèçìû). Íà ñàìîì äåëå çàèìñòâîâàíèé â ëþáîì ÿçûêå íåìàëî, è àíãëèéñêèé çäåñü íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèåì.
Áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû ñëîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà èìååò ôðàíöóçñêîå
ïðîèñõîæäåíèå êàê ðåçóëüòàò íîðìàííñêîãî çàâîåâàíèÿ (1066 ã.).
Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî âñå íàçâàíèÿ æèâîòíûõ — èñêîííî àíãëèéñêèå
ñëîâà, à ìÿñî ýòèõ æèâîòíûõ — ôðàíöóçñêèå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð: cow — beef (êîðîâà — ãîâÿäèíà), pig — pork (ñâèíüÿ —
ñâèíèíà), deer — venison (îëåíü — îëåíèíà), sheep — mutton (îâöà —
áàðàíèíà).
Ôðàíöóçñêèå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ áîëüøåé îôèöèàëüíîñòè, íàïðèìåð: commence âìåñòî begin, to be content âìåñòî to be glad.
Ïðèâåäåííûå âûøå ñëîâà (ê íèì ìîæíî äîáàâèòü è îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíûå — òàêèå, êàê composition, continue, frequency è äð.), ÿâëÿÿñü ôðàíöóçñêèìè çàèìñòâîâàíèÿìè, ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ïî-àíãëèéñêè. Íàñ æå â äàííîì ñëó÷àå èíòåðåñóþò òå ôðàíöóçñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå âîøëè â àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî èçìåíåíèé, íàïðèìåð:
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Bon appetit! [áîí àïåòè1] — Ïðèÿòíîãî àïïåòèòà!
Bon voyage! [áîí âóàÿæ] — Ñ÷àñòëèâîãî ïóòè!
Carte blanche [êàðò áëàíø] — êàðò áëàíø , ñâîáîäà äåéñòâèé
Tête-a-tête [òýò-à-òýò] — òåò-à-òåò, íàåäèíå.
Vis-à-vis [âèçàâè] — ñèäÿùèé íàïðîòèâ, ñîáåñåäíèê; ëèöîì ê ëèöó.
R é sumé [ðåçþìå] — êðàòêàÿ áèîãðàôèÿ â ôîðìàòå «ðåçþìå».
RSVP — Répondez s’il vous plait [ðýïîíäý ñèëü âó ïëå] —
ïîæàëóéñòà, îòâåòüòå (â äåëîâîé ïåðåïèñêå).
Ïåðåâîä÷èê, âñòðå÷àÿ â àíãëèéñêîì òåêñòå ñëîâà è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ èíîñòðàííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, äîëæåí îáðàòèòüñÿ ê àíãëîàíãëèéñêîìó (òîëêîâîìó) ñëîâàðþ, ãäå äàåòñÿ èõ ðàçúÿñíåíèå, èëè
ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó äâóÿçû÷íîìó ñëîâàðþ, íàïðèìåð:
Blitzkrieg (íåì.) — ìîëíèåíîñíàÿ âîéíà
Dolce vita (èòàë.) — ñëàäêàÿ æèçíü
Buena vista (èñï.) — õîðîøèé âèä.
Áîëüøîå ÷èñëî çàèìñòâîâàíèé èìååòñÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà â ñèëó òîãî, ÷òî Ñîåäèíåííûå Øòàòû, êàê
èçâåñòíî, íå çðÿ íàçûâàþò ïëàâèëüíûì êîòëîì íàöèé.
Ìíîãèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ â ÑØÀ ïèøóòñÿ è ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ïî-èñïàíñêè, íàïðèìåð, ãîðîäà San Francisco, San Diego, La
Jolla [ëà õîéÿ], San Antonio, Sacramento, ðåêà Rio Grande, óëèöà Rio
Vista è ò.ä. Êàê ìû óæå çíàåì (ñì. 2.1.5. «Ïåðåäà÷à èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ
è íàçâàíèé»), ýòè íàçâàíèÿ ïåðåäàþòñÿ ïî-ðóññêè ïóòåì çâóêîâîãî
âîñïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, ò.å. òðàíñêðèïöèè, íàïðèìåð: óëèöà Ðèî Âèñòà (à
íå «âèä íà ðåêó»).
Áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî èñïàíñêèõ ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íà þãî-çàïàäå ÑØÀ áëàãîäàðÿ êîâáîÿì, îñâîèâøèì ýòè çåìëè
â ñåðåäèíå 19-ãî âåêà. Àìåðèêàíöû óñâîèëè èõ îò æèòåëåé Ìåêñèêè: rodeo, ranch (èñï. — rancho) è ò.ä.
 ðåçóëüòàòå ôðàíöóçñêîé êîëîíèçàöèè ïîÿâèëèñü òàêèå íàçâà-
1
 ôðàíöóçñêèõ ñëîâàõ êîíå÷íàÿ t íå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ: buffet, ballet, gourmet.
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íèÿ, íàïðèìåð, êàê ðåêà Cache la Poudre [êàø ëÿ ïóäð] («ñïðÿ÷ü
ïîðîõ») â øòàòå Êîëîðàäî, ãîðîä Des Moines [Äå Ìîéí], ñòîëèöà
øòàòà Àéîâà (ïðàâäà, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèçíîøåíèå íàçâàíèÿ ãîðîäà ñîõðàíèëîñü íå ïîëíîñòüþ â ôðàíöóçñêîì âàðèàíòå).
Ñëîâà, îáîçíà÷àþùèå áëþäà èòàëüÿíñêîé êóõíè, òàêæå âîøëè â àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê (ñ èòàëüÿíñêèì ïðàâîïèñàíèåì è ïðîèçíîøåíèåì), íàïðèìåð, lasagna [ëàçàíüÿ], ravioli [ðàâèîëè], pasta [ïàñòà], spaghetti [ñïàãåòòè]. Òî æå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü î íàçâàíèÿõ áëþä åâðåéñêîé êóõíè, êîòîðûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîÿâèëèñü èç ÿçûêà
èäèø, íàïðèìåð, latkes [ëàòêåñ] — êàðòîôåëüíûå îëàäüè, blintzes
[áëèíöåñ] — áëèí÷èêè, gefilte fish [ãåôèëòý ôèø] — ôàðøèðîâàííàÿ
ðûáà.
Ñïèñîê çàèìñòâîâàíèé â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ìîæíî áûëî áû
ïðîäîëæèòü.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå (êàê â ïèñüìåííîé, òàê è â óñòíîé ôîðìå)
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñëîâ, ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé è ñîêðàùåíèé èç ëàòèíñêîãî ÿçûêà.
×àñòü ëàòèíèçìîâ âîøëà â îáùåóïîòðåáèòåëüíóþ ëåêñèêó, íàïðèìåð, at 5 ÀM — â 5 ÷àñîâ óòðà èëè vice versa — íàîáîðîò. Â
îñíîâíîì æå ëàòèíñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ïèñüìåííîé
ôîðìû àêàäåìè÷åñêîãî, îôèöèàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ. Ïîýòîìó èõ ñëåäóåò
çíàòü òåì, êòî ÷èòàåò àíãëèéñêóþ íàó÷íóþ ëèòåðàòóðó èëè èñïîëüçóåò àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â àêàäåìè÷åñêèõ öåëÿõ.
Íèæå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå ëàòèíèçìû:
Ëàòèíñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå
Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê
A.D. (Anno Domini)
íàøåé ýðû (áóêâ. ãîäà ãîñïîäíÿ)
ad hoc
äëÿ äàííîãî ñëó÷àÿ
ad valorem
ñîîáðàçíî öåíå
alma mater
àëüìà ìàòåð (áóêâ.: ìàòü- êîðìèëèöà) — î âûñøåì ó÷åáíîì çàâåäåíèè, ãäå ó÷èëñÿ ãîâîðÿùèé
AM = am = ante meridiem
äî ïîëóäíÿ
a priori
àïðèîðè, ïðèíÿòîå çàðàíåå äåäóêòèâíîå óìîçàêëþ÷åíèå îò ïðè÷èíû ê ñëåäñòâèþ
bona fide
÷èñòîñåðäå÷íî, èñêðåííå
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Ëàòèíñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóåìûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå
Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê
cf. = confer
ñðàâíè
circa
ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî
ceteris paribus
ïðè ïðî÷èõ ðàâíûõ (óñëîâèÿõ)
cum laude
ñ îòëè÷èåì
curriculum vitae
æèçíåîïèñàíèå, áèîãðàôèÿ
et al. = et alii
è äðóãèå (åñëè íåñêîëüêî àâòîðîâ)
etc. = et cetera
è òàê äàëåå
e.g. = exempli gratia
íàïðèìåð
errata
òèïîãðàôñêèå îøèáêè
de facto
äå ôàêòî = ôàêòè÷åñêè
de jure
äå þðå = þðèäè÷åñêè
ibid. = ibidem
òàì æå
i.e. = id est
òî åñòü
In memoriam
â ïàìÿòü î
inter alia
ñðåäè ïðî÷èõ
N.B. = nota bene
îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå
op. cit. = opere citato
â öèòèðóåìîé ðàáîòå
PM = pm = post meridiem
ïîñëå ïîëóäíÿ
per capita
íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ
per se
ñàì ïî ñåáå, ïî ñóùåñòâó
P.S. = post scri ptum
ïîñòñêðèïòóì, áóêâ. ïîñëå íàïèñàííîãî; ïðèïèñêà ê ïèñüìó
quasi
êâàçè, ÿêîáû, ìíèìûé
qui pro quo
áóêâ. îäíî âìåñòî äðóãîãî; ïóòàíèöà, íåäîðàçóìåíèå
sic
áóêâ. òàê; îáðàùåíèå âíèìàíèÿ íà
îøèáêó â öèòàòå
vice versa
íàîáîðîò
vs = versus
ïðîòèâ, â ñðàâíåíèè ñ
viz. = videlicet
à èìåííî
92
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
2.
Êàêèå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ íàçûâàþòñÿ çàèìñòâîâàíèÿìè?
×åì âûçâàíî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî çàèìñòâîâàíèé â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èç ôðàíöóçñêîãî?
Ñðàâíèòå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç ëàòûíè â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêàõ. Ïðåîáëàäàþò ëè îíè â îäíîì èç íèõ?
Äëÿ êàêîãî ñòèëÿ ðå÷è ëàòèíñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ áîëåå õàðàêòåðíû — íåïðèíóæäåííîãî, íåéòðàëüíîãî, îôèöèàëüíîãî
(àêàäåìè÷åñêîãî)?
3.
4.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ëàòèíñêèìè âûðàæåíèÿìè:
1.
2.
Market research per se is an essential part of any business.
The average per capita income in the country has grown by 12
per cent.
3.
This subject has been investigated by a number of scholars (e.g.,
Thomson 1999, Lowson et al. 2001, etc.).
4.
Dr. Jones discloses the nature of this very unique phenomenon
and, inter alia, finds the evidence of its being related to UFO.
5.
For the first time in 35 years, in 1999 there was a surplus in the
U.S. budget, i.e. the revenues exceeded the expenditures.
Á. Íàéäèòå ñâîè ïðèìåðû ñ çàèìñòâîâàíèÿìè â àíãëèéñêîì
ÿçûêå â òåêñòàõ ïî èçó÷àåìîé ñïåöèàëüíîñòè.
2.3.
Ëåêñè÷åñêèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè ïðè ïåðåâîäå
Ëåêñè÷åñêèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè (äîáàâëåíèÿ, îïóùåíèÿ, çàìåíû)
ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòüþ ïåðåâîä÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêè â ñèëó ðàçíîé ñòðóêòóðû
àíãëèéñêîãî è ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèé èëè íåâîçìîæíîñòè íàéòè
ýêâèâàëåíò ñëîâà èëè åãî ñîîòâåòñòâèå.
Äîáàâëåíèÿ. Ýòîò ïðèåì ïåðåâîäà ñâÿçàí ñ òåì, ÷òî àíãëèéñêèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñâîéñòâåííà êîìïðåññèÿ. Òî, ÷òî ÿñíî íîñèòå93
ëþ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, òðåáóåò äîáàâëåíèÿ â ðóññêîì âàðèàíòå,
÷òîáû íå âûéòè çà ðàìêè íîðìû ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà. Ðå÷ü èäåò, áåçóñëîâíî, î ñëîâàõ, êîòîðûå íå íîñÿò õàðàêòåð ñìûñëîâîãî äîáàâëåíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
I saw a face watching me out of one of the upper windows. —
ß óâèäåë ëèöî ÷åëîâåêà, íàáëþäàâøåãî çà ìíîé èç îäíîãî èç âåðõíèõ îêîí.
 âûøåïðèâåäåííîì ïðèìåðå ÷èòàòåëþ ÿñíî, ÷òî íàáëþäàòü
ìîæåò ÷åëîâåê, à íå ëèöî. Ïîýòîìó ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðèøëîñü ñäåëàòü
äîáàâëåíèå. Àíàëîãè÷íûé ïðèåì èñïîëüçîâàí â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèìåðàõ:
The IMF mission is to arrive in Minsk on May 20. The staff
will focus on the general macroeconomic indicators. — 20 ìàÿ
â Ìèíñê äîëæíà ïðèáûòü ìèññèÿ ÌÂÔ. Ñîòðóäíèêè ôîíäà
ñîñðåäîòî÷àò âíèìàíèå íà îáùèõ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ.
“Jupiter” is 40 percent owned by individual shareholders.
Êîìïàíèÿ “Þïèòåð” íà 40 ïðîöåíòîâ ïðèíàäëåæèò èíäèâèäóàëüíûì àêöèîíåðàì.
125 passengers and 5 crew — 125 ïàññàæèðîâ è 5 ÷ëåíîâ
ýêèïàæà.
Îïóùåíèÿ. Ýòîò ïðèåì ïåðåâîäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñëó÷àå èçáûòî÷íîñòè èíôîðìàöèè, êîòîðàÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íàðóøåíèå íîðì
ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà. Íàïðèìåð, He leaned forward to take the paper. — Îí
íàêëîíèëñÿ, ÷òîáû âçÿòü áóìàãó. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî îí íàêëîíèëñÿ âïåðåä, ïîýòîìó ýòî ñëîâî ìîæíî îïóñòèòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå.
Èíîãäà îïóùåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå âûçâàíû ðàçëè÷èÿìè â ñòðóêòóðå àíãëèéñêîãî è ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèé.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè â ïîëíîì íàáîðå âñåõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
The first thing I did was to give her a call. — Ïåðâîå, ÷òî ÿ
ñäåëàë, ïîçâîíèë åé.
×àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, êîòîðûå â ðóññêîì ïåðåâîäå ÿâëÿþòñÿ èçáûòî÷íûìè:
He took his bag in his right hand. — Îí âçÿë ñóìêó â ïðàâóþ
ðóêó.
Îïóñêàåòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêæå îäèí èç ïàðíûõ (ðàâíîçíà÷íûõ) ñèíîíèìîâ, êîòîðûå äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå:
94
The town we stayed in was very nice and attractive. — Ãîðîä,
â êîòîðîì ìû îñòàíîâèëèñü, áûë î÷åíü óþòíûì.
The treaty was pronounced null and void. — Äîãîâîð áûë
ïðèçíàí íåäåéñòâèòåëüíûì.
Èñïîëüçóÿ ïðèåì îïóùåíèÿ, íåîáõîäèìî ïîìíèòü, ÷òî ýòî íå
ëàçåéêà äëÿ ïðîïóñêà òðóäíûõ ìåñò ïðè ïåðåâîäå. Ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå äîëæåí áûòü èñêàæåí.
Çàìåíû. Äàííûé ïðèåì äîâîëüíî øèðîêî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îòñóòñòâóþò ïðÿìûå ñëîâàðíûå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìî íàéòè âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà, êîòîðûé
ïîäõîäèò äëÿ äàííîãî êîíòåêñòà, íàïðèìåð:
Privacy was impossible. — Áûëî íåâîçìîæíî ïîáûòü îäíîìó.
Invasion of one’s privacy — âìåøàòåëüñòâî â ÷üþ-ë. ëè÷íóþ æèçíü.
Êîíòåêñòóàëüíàÿ çàìåíà êàê âèä ëåêñè÷åñêîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íåîáõîäèìî ñäåëàòü óòî÷íåíèå
(êîíêðåòèçàöèþ), îáîáùåíèå (ãåíåðàëèçàöèþ), à òàêæå çàìåíèòü
îòðèöàòåëüíóþ êîíñòðóêöèþ íà óòâåðäèòåëüíóþ èëè íàîáîðîò (àíòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä) èëè ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåîñìûñëèòü âûñêàçûâàíèå
(íàïðèìåð, ïðè ïåðåâîäå ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ).
Ïðèìåðû ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ çàìåí:
Êîíêðåòèçàöèÿ (èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëîâà ñ áîëåå óçêèì çíà÷åíèåì, ÷åì ñëîâî â îðèãèíàëå):
The curtain went up. — Çàíàâåñ ïîäíÿëñÿ.
The facilities were downstairs. — Óäîáñòâà íàõîäèëèñü âíèçó.
Put him on the phone please. — Ïîçîâè åãî, ïîæàëóéñòà, ê
òåëåôîíó.
Ãåíåðàëèçàöèÿ (èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëîâà ñ áîëåå øèðîêèì çíà÷åíèåì, ÷åì â îðèãèíàëå):
She was killed in a car accident. — Îíà ïîãèáëà â àâòîêàòàñòðîôå.
To the last ounce of effort — èç ïîñëåäíèõ ñèë.
Àíòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä (çàìåíà äâóõ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ôîðì íà
îäíó óòâåðäèòåëüíóþ, êîãäà “ìèíóñ íà ìèíóñ äàåò ïëþñ”, è íàîáîðîò, óòâåðäèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà íà îòðèöàíèå ñ òåì æå çíà÷åíèåì):
95
It’s not uncommon for families in rural areas to have three
and more children. —  ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè â ñåìüÿõ îáû÷íî áûâàåò ïî òðîå è áîëåå äåòåé.
Remember to wake me up at 7 a.m. — Íå çàáóäü ðàçáóäèòü
ìåíÿ â 7 óòðà.
They never found out until afterward what he had to go
through. — Îíè ëèøü âïîñëåäñòâèè óçíàëè, ÷òî åìó ïðèøëîñü ïåðåæèòü.
Èíîãäà àíòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííî âîçìîæíûì ñðåäñòâîì äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà:
The last thing I would like to do is to spoil our relationshi ps.—
Ìíå áû î÷åíü íå õîòåëîñü èñïîðòèòü íàøè îòíîøåíèÿ.
The inferiority of the enemy — Ïðåâîñõîäñòâî íàøèõ âîéñê.
Öåëîñòíîå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå — íàèáîëåå òðóäíûé âèä êîíòåêñòóàëüíîé çàìåíû ïðè ïåðåâîäå. Îíî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïîíèìàíèè àíãëèéñêîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ (ôðàçåîëîãèçìà) è ïåðåäà÷å
åãî ïî-ðóññêè ñîâåðøåííî äðóãèìè ëåêñè÷åñêèìè ñðåäñòâàìè:
To be an albatross
(around one’s neck)
Work and pleasure
No way!
Stretch one’s leg
Jack of all trades
Still waters run deep
In the nick of time
?
96
Áûòü îáóçîé (ÿðìîì)
Ïîëåçíîå ñ ïðèÿòíûì
Íè çà ÷òî! (Íè â êîåì ñëó÷àå!)
Ðàçìÿòüñÿ
Ìàñòåð íà âñå ðóêè
 òèõîì îìóòå ÷åðòè âîäÿòñÿ
 ïîñëåäíèé ìîìåíò
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×åì âûçâàíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëåêñè÷åñêèõ òðàíñôîðìàöèé
êàê ñïîñîáà ïåðåâîäà?
2.
Êàêèå âèäû ëåêñè÷åñêèõ òðàíñôîðìàöèé íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå?
3.
 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðè ïåðåâîäå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äîáàâëåíèå?
4.
Êîãäà ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ îïóùåíèå?
5.
Êàêèå âàì èçâåñòíû íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå ïðèìåðû
îïóùåíèÿ ñëîâ ïðè ïåðåâîäå?
Î ÷åì íåîáõîäèìî ïîìíèòü ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïðèåìà îïóùåíèÿ?
6.
7.
 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðè ïåðåâîäå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïðèåì çàìåíû?
8.
Êàêèå âèäû çàìåí âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî?
9.
Ïîÿñíèòå çíà÷åíèå êàæäîãî âèäà çàìåíû.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ,
ïðèìåíÿÿ ðàçíûå âèäû ëåêñè÷åñêèõ òðàíñôîðìàöèé.
1) Äîáàâëåíèÿ:
The flowers carpeted the hills and fields.
She has never travelled internationally.
They watched the criminal out of the court room.
Professionally, he can be completely relied on.
According to the company’s president, the reorganization is
inevitable.
There were no villagers nearby to ask the way.
This problem is becoming increasingly relevant.
2) Îïóùåíèÿ:
He jumped to his feet and ran after them.
Why scratching your left ear with your right hand?
The invaders came to kill and murder civil population.
Working men and women deserve a better life.
We were sick and tired of waiting for hours and hours.
3) Êîíòåêñòóàëüíûå çàìåíû:
à)
êîíêðåòèçàöèÿ:
Things look promising.
The meal was served at 6 p.m.
97
It will take me about an hour to drive there.
All the hotels in the city provide parking facilities.
á)
ãåíåðàëèçàöèÿ:
Two persons were reported shot.
The dog sniffed every inch of the ground.
A 120-voice choir was performing in the open air.
The five-minute meeting with reporters was over.
â) àíòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä:
Their attitude was not unfriendly.
She had not left the reception until after her driver came to
pick her up.
They had little to say to each other.
The permission is not given unless authorized by the dean.
Her name does not sound unfamiliar to me.
ã) öåëîñòíîå ïåðåîñìûñëåíèå:
Sleep on it, tomorrow is a new day.
Robbing Peter to pay Tom.
It’s easy to be wise after the event.
No gain without pain.
Do as you would be done by.
Black sheep.
Re-inventing the wheel.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Á. Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóÿ ìåòîä ëåêñè÷åñêîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè.  êàæäîì èç ñëó÷àåâ óêàæèòå, êàêàÿ èç
ðàçíîâèäíîñòåé ëåêñè÷åñêîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè èñïîëüçîâàíà âàìè.
1.
2.
3.
4.
98
Price rise is not unlikely to remain in the forthcoming
period.
The U.S. and EU remain split over the OECD chief.
I can read you like a book.
Faithful to their plan, the members of the crew dressed
themselves in their oldest uniforms.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
The operation was carried out neatly and smartly.
The final result was a minor matter for him.
In the country of one-eyed be one-eyed.
Meeting such results is vital for the company’s development.
Andrew Rose, an economist at the University of California, says that being a member of the WTO makes no
difference to how much countries trade with each other.
They also have committed themselves to reforming the
costly agricultural policy.
The EU newcomers must attract a new wave of foreign
direct investment to remain competitive.
Decision-making in Brussels, already slow and complex,
will be more difficult with 25 members at the table.
The one-minute shock was over, and all returned to their
duties.
That’s a 25% jump over the year-earlier period.
The models of development are now struggling.
A year or two ago, the bank would have granted a loan
without a second thought.
Most of the company’s output is sold domestically.
All of the company’s offices around the world are staffed
with locals.
Two dozen countries that kiss the Caribbean Sea seem to
be a dream.
When it comes to the environment, big American companies like to appear green.
The UN Center for Economic and Social Information
in Geneva publishes “Development Forum Business Edition”, a biweekly newspaper.
Actually the decision had been taken hours before the
Intel news went public.
It’ll be a good thing if they are able to stabilize the situation.
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×àñòü III
¨
ÃÐÀÌÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ
ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ
Äëÿ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà àíãëèéñêîãî òåêñòà ïåðåâîä÷èê íå
ìîæåò íå ó÷èòûâàòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ôîðì àíãëèéñêîãî
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Íåâåðíàÿ ïåðåäà÷à çíà÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêèõ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì è êîíñòðóêöèé ïðèâîäèò ê èñêàæåíèþ ñìûñëà îðèãèíàëà.  ïðàêòèêå ïåðåâîäà íåîáõîäèìî îäíîâðåìåííî ó÷èòûâàòü çíà÷åíèå ëåêñèêè è îñîáåííîñòè ãðàììàòèêè. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, ïåðåâîä÷èê âñåãäà èìååò äåëî ñ ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèìè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿìè.
3.1.
Èçìåíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
ïðè ïåðåâîäå
Äàëåêî íå âñåãäà ïåðåâîä àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â äîñëîâíîé ïåðåäà÷å çíà÷åíèÿ êàæäîãî ñëîâà (ñì. “Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà”). ×àùå âñåãî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ ìåíÿòü ñòðóêòóðó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ, ðàçáèâàòü îäíî
ïðåäëîæåíèå íà äâà èëè îáúåäèíÿòü äâà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â îäíî.
Ïðè÷èíàìè òàêèõ èçìåíåíèé ìîãóò áûòü îòñóòñòâèå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ãðàììàòè÷åñêîãî ÿâëåíèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, à òàêæå íåñîâïàäåíèå ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ êîíñòðóêöèé è ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðû àíãëèéñêîãî è ðóññêîãî ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
It being very dry, forest fires were common. — Òàê êàê áûëî
î÷åíü ñóõî, ÷àñòî âîçíèêàëè ëåñíûå ïîæàðû.
Had he come earlier, he would have helped us. — Ïðèäè îí
(åñëè áû îí ïðèøåë) ðàíüøå, îí áû íàì ïîìîã.
What I mean is that it needs to be done right now. — ß èìåþ
â âèäó, ÷òî ýòî íóæíî ñäåëàòü ïðÿìî ñåé÷àñ.
Ïðè âûáîðå ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â ïðîöåññå ïåðåâîäà íà ðóññêèé
ÿçûê íåîáõîäèìî ðàññìàòðèâàòü äâà òèïà àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæå100
íèé: (1) ñ ïðÿìûì ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ è (2) ñ èíâåðñèåé, òî åñòü íàðóøåíèåì îáû÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ.
(1)  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, â îòëè÷èå îò àíãëèéñêîãî, ñìûñëîâîé
öåíòð âûñêàçûâàíèÿ (“öåíòð òÿæåñòè”) ÷àñòî íàõîäèòñÿ â êîíöå
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
Winter came. — Íàñòóïèëà çèìà.
New books were brought. — Ïðèâåçëè íîâûå êíèãè.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ïðÿìûì ïîðÿäêîì
ñëîâ íåîáõîäèìî îïðåäåëèòü åãî ñìûñëîâîé öåíòð, ÷òîáû òî÷íî
ïåðåäàòü ñìûñë.  êîíåö ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ
ñëîâî, êîòîðîå âûðàæàåò íîâóþ èíôîðìàöèþ â àíãëèéñêîì ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè áåç ýìôàçû (ëîãè÷åñêîãî âûäåëåíèÿ):
An old man was slowly walking along the road.
Ïî äîðîãå ìåäëåííî øåë ñòàðèê.
Ñðàâíèòå ñ ýìôàòè÷åñêèì ïðåäëîæåíèåì:
It was Lomonosov that founded Moscow University.
Èìåííî Ëîìîíîñîâ îñíîâàë Ìîñêîâñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò.
(2) Àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ èíâåðñèåé ïåðåäàþòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, â êîòîðûõ òàêæå íàðóøåí îáû÷íûé
ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ñëó÷àåâ ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé èíâåðñèè,
ò.å. èçìåíåíèÿ ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ è ïîâåëèòåëüíûõ
ïðåäëîæåíèé):
Mine is a totally different approach. — Ïîäõîä ìîé ñîâåðøåííî äðóãîé.
Ideas he had plenty. — Èäåé ó íåãî áûëî ìàññà.
Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ àäåêâàòíîñòè ïåðåâîäà ÷àñòî ïðèõîäèòñÿ ìåíÿòü ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èç-çà íåñîâïàäåíèÿ ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðû
àíãëèéñêèõ è ðóññêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé è ïðåäëîæåíèé, íàïðèìåð:
I am confident he will benefit from partici pating in this research programme both personally and professionally.
ß óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ïîëó÷èò ïîëüçó îò ó÷àñòèÿ â ýòîé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé ïðîãðàììå êàê â ëè÷íîì, òàê è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîì ïëàíå.
Ïåðåâîä÷èê èìååò ïðàâî ïðèáåãàòü ê èçìåíåíèþ ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ìåíÿòü ïðîñòîå ïðåäëîæåíèå íà ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå èëè
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ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîå, ðàçáèâàòü îäíî ïðåäëîæåíèå íà äâà èëè îáúåäèíÿòü äâà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â îäíî), åñëè ýòî íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ñìûñëà, íàïðèìåð:
They didn’t expect us to come back soon.
Îíè íå îæèäàëè, ÷òî ìû ñêîðî âåðíåìñÿ.
Inflation remains high, it being somewhat lower over time.
Èíôëÿöèÿ îñòàåòñÿ âûñîêîé, õîòÿ ïðè ýòîì îíà íåñêîëüêî ñíèæàåòñÿ ñî âðåìåíåì.
A three-day conference on Chernobyl issues gathered as many
as five hundred delegates from all over the world in late March.
 êîíöå ìàðòà ñîñòîÿëàñü òðåõäíåâíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïî
ïðîáëåìàì ×åðíîáûëÿ.  íåé ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå íå ìåíåå
ïÿòèñîò äåëåãàòîâ èç âñåõ óãîëêîâ çåìíîãî øàðà.
The opening ceremony was delayed. The guests didn’t mind
though.
Öåðåìîíèÿ îòêðûòèÿ çàäåðæèâàëàñü; îäíàêî, ãîñòè íå
âûñêàçûâàëè íåäîâîëüñòâà.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû èçìåíåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé?
2.
Êàêèå âèäû èçìåíåíèé ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûìè?
3.
Ñðàâíèòå ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ.
×òî ïîíèìàåòñÿ ïîä ñìûñëîâûì öåíòðîì âûñêàçûâàíèÿ?
4.
5.
Ãäå â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò íàõîäèòüñÿ ñëîâî, êîòîðîå â îáû÷íîì àíãëèéñêîì ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âûðàæàåò íîâóþ èíôîðìàöèþ?
6.
Êàê ïåðåäàåòñÿ ýìôàçà àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê?
×òî òàêîå èíâåðñèÿ è êàê îíà ïåðåäàåòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà
ðóññêèé ÿçûê?
7.
8.
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 êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ è ñ êàêîé öåëüþ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ çàìåíà ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ?
9.
 ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ èçìåíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé?
10.  êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ïðèåìû ÷ëåíåíèÿ è îáúåäèíåíèÿ ïðåäëîæåíèé?
3.2.
Ïåðåäà÷à àðòèêëÿ
Àðòèêëü (íåîïðåäåëåííûé, îïðåäåëåííûé è “íóëåâîé”, ò.å. åãî
çíà÷èìîå îòñóòñòâèå) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â
àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå àðòèêëÿ â ÷èñòîì âèäå íåò. Èìåþòñÿ ëèøü íåêîòîðûå åãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
 òåàòðå êî ìíå îáðàòèëàñü îäíà äåâóøêà ñ ïðîñüáîé ïîìåíÿòüñÿ ìåñòàìè. Ýòà äåâóøêà õîòåëà ñèäåòü ðÿäîì ñ
ïîäðóãîé.
 ýòîì ïðèìåðå ñîâåðøåííî î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî îäíà — îïðåäåëèòåëü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî äåâóøêà, à íå ÷èñëèòåëüíîå “îäèí”, òî åñòü
ýòî ñëîâî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íåîïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ (a girl). Óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ýòà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ (the girl).
×àùå âñåãî àðòèêëü ïðè ïåðåâîäå îïóñêàåòñÿ. Îäíàêî íåêîòîðûå çíà÷åíèÿ àðòèêëÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå òðåáóþò ïåðåäà÷è ïðè
ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, â ÷àñòíîñòè, êîãäà àðòèêëü èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êàê:
1) ñðåäñòâî âûäåëåíèÿ ñìûñëîâîãî öåíòðà âûñêàçûâàíèÿ, ïðè
ýòîì íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü (îñîáåííî ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì) óêàçûâàåò íà íîâóþ èíôîðìàöèþ, ò.å. ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîäëåæàùåå ñòàâèòñÿ â êîíåö ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (À table was brought. — Ïðèíåñëè ñòîë.), à îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî íîâàÿ
èíôîðìàöèÿ ñîäåðæèòñÿ â äðóãîì ìåñòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (The table was
put in the middle of the room. — Ñòîë ïîñòàâèëè ïîñåðåäèíå êîìíàòû.);
2) íåîïðåäåëåííîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (íåêèé, êàêîé-òî, îäèí), íàïðèìåð:
À passenger was looking for a place to put his bag.
Êàêîé-òî ïàññàæèð èñêàë ìåñòî, êóäà ïîñòàâèòü ñóìêó.
I have found a fellow-student who agreed to help me.
ß íàøåë îäíîãî ñîêóðñíèêà, êîòîðûé ñîãëàñèëñÿ ìíå ïîìî÷ü.
A Mr. Brown has left a message for you.
Âàì îñòàâèë ñîîáùåíèå íåêèé (êàêîé-òî) ã-í Áðàóí.
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3) ÷èñëèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå îäèí:
Babies normally gain a kilogram a month.
Ãðóäíûå äåòè îáû÷íî íàáèðàþò â âåñå [îäèí] êèëîãðàìì
çà [îäèí] ìåñÿö.
4) óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå:
She is the right person to speak to on this matter.
Îíà òîò ÷åëîâåê, ñ êîòîðûì íàäî ãîâîðèòü îá ýòîì.
I’m sure you’ll like the place.
ß óâåðåí, òåáå ïîíðàâèòñÿ ýòî ìåñòî.
He is no longer the Johnson we used to know.
Îí óæå íå òîò Äæîíñîí, êîòîðîãî ìû çíàëè ðàíüøå.
This is an approach not everybody will agree to.
Ýòî òàêîé ïîäõîä, ñ êîòîðûì íå âñå ñîãëàñÿòñÿ.
5) ñðåäñòâî óñèëåíèÿ (ýìôàçû):
It is just an option, not the option we should accept.
Ýòî ëèøü îäèí èç âàðèàíòîâ, à âîâñå íå òîò åäèíñòâåííûé, êîòîðûé íàì ñëåäóåò ïðèíÿòü.
 êà÷åñòâå çàìåíèòåëåé àðòèêëÿ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some
è any, à òàêæå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ:
They took some bread and water with them.
Îíè âçÿëè ñ ñîáîé õëåáà è âîäû.
Is there any tea left?
Åùå åñòü ÷àé (ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü)?
He took his bag and left.
Îí âçÿë (ñâîþ) ñóìêó è óøåë.
Îñîáûå ñëó÷àè ïåðåäà÷è àðòèêëÿ:
The sooner you do it, the better.
×åì ñêîðåå âû ñäåëàåòå ýòî, òåì ëó÷øå.
The process of adaptation proceeds the quicker the sooner
international students start their programme.
Ïðîöåññ àäàïòàöèè ïðîõîäèò òåì áûñòðåå, ÷åì ñêîðåå
çàðóáåæíûå ñòóäåíòû íà÷èíàþò ñâîþ ïðîãðàììó.
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He is a most interesting person.
Îí — èíòåðåñíåéøèé (î÷åíü, à íå ñàìûé èíòåðåñíûé)
÷åëîâåê.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà
ñëó÷àè ïåðåäà÷è àðòèêëÿ:
1.
A new team was formed to develop the project.
2.
The new team was accommodated in the University Inn.
3.
The few objections I have are not aimed at ruining the project.
4.
5.
I’m waiting here for a Dr. Fisher to get the papers.
She is a kind of person you never know what to expect.
6.
The report now seems to be more solid than the one presented
in the previous board meeting.
7.
Following the agreement, a third of the funds cannot be spent
until next July.
8.
9.
Miss Trotwood came on the Friday when David was born.
This is a most serious matter, and it needs to be treated with
care.
10. Many women in the U.S., now in the professions, would be
unable to work without illegal immigrants’ domestic help.
11. The danger of forest fires is the greater the more carelessly
people act when camping.
12. I’m sure they’ve got a motivation for completing the research
before the financing is stopped.
13. Under the circumstances, a courier is the only safe way to send
them a message.
14. A peculiar coalition of business and consumer groups defends
the system.
15. Usually, Taiwan prefers to talk of becoming a “regional operations centre”. However, at a conference in Tai pei earlier this
month, many speakers at long last applied the phrase to the
island’s connection to mainland China.
16. To smooth future international bankruptcies, new rules are
needed.
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3.3.
Ïåðåâîä ãëàãîëîâ â ïàññèâíîì çàëîãå
Ïàññèâíûé (ñòðàäàòåëüíûé) çàëîã ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæàåò ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, íàä êîòîðûì ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå:
He is always asked many questions.
Åìó âñåãäà çàäàþò ìíîãî âîïðîñîâ.
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïàññèâíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãîðàçäî ÷àùå, ÷åì â ðóññêîì, ïîýòîìó ñóùåñòâóåò è áîëüøå ñïîñîáîâ
åå ïåðåâîäà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê.
Ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà ãëàãîëîâ â ïàññèâíîì çàëîãå:
1) ðóññêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çàëîãîì èëè êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì:
America was discovered by Columbus.
Àìåðèêà (áûëà) îòêðûòà Êîëóìáîì.
2) ðóññêèì äåéñòâèòåëüíûì çàëîãîì (÷àùå âñåãî ñ îáðàòíûì
ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ, òî åñòü ñ ïîäëåæàùèì â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ):
America was discovered by Columbus.
Àìåðèêó îòêðûë Êîëóìá.
Ïåðåâîä “Êîëóìá îòêðûë Àìåðèêó” áûë áû íåâåðíûì, òàê êàê
â íåì ñìåùåí ñìûñëîâîé öåíòð îðèãèíàëà: âàæíî ñêàçàòü, êòî îòêðûë Àìåðèêó, à íå ÷òî îòêðûë Êîëóìá.  ïåðåâîäå “Êîëóìá îòêðûë Àìåðèêó” êàê ðàç ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ, ÷òî Êîëóìá îòêðûë èìåííî
Àìåðèêó (à íå Èíäèþ), â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïåðåâîä “Àìåðèêó îòêðûë
Êîëóìᔠêàê ðàç äåëàåò àêöåíò íà òîì, ÷òî Àìåðèêó îòêðûë èìåííî
Êîëóìá (à íå Ìàãåëëàí).
3) ðóññêèìè âîçâðàòíûìè ãëàãîëàìè:
The research was done a few years ago.
Ýòî èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâîäèëîñü íåñêîëüêî ëåò íàçàä.
4) ðóññêèì íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì:
The research was done a few years ago.
Ýòî èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâîäèëè íåñêîëüêî ëåò íàçàä.
It was believed (thought, considered) that
Äóìàëè (ñ÷èòàëè, ïîëàãàëè), ÷òî
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Ïðåäëîãè, ñòîÿùèå ïîñëå àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ â ïàññèâíîì
çàëîãå, ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä ñëîâîì, êîòîðîå â àíãëèéñêîì
ïðåäëîæåíèè âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî:
This article is often referred to.
Íà ýòó ñòàòüþ ÷àñòî ññûëàþòñÿ.
Their conclusions can be relied on.
Íà èõ âûâîäû ìîæíî ïîëîæèòüñÿ.
Ðÿä àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ðóññêèìè
ãëàãîëàìè, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ïðåäëîã íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ:
How is this phenomenon accounted for?
Êàê îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ýòî ÿâëåíèå?
 ÷èñëî ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ âõîäÿò:
bring about
comment on
deal with
listen to
subject to
touch on
âûçûâàòü, îñóùåñòâëÿòü
êîììåíòèðîâàòü
ðàññìàòðèâàòü
ñëóøàòü
ïîäâåðãàòü
çàòðàãèâàòü
 òî æå âðåìÿ íåêîòîðûì àíãëèéñêèì ïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêèå ãëàãîëû ñ ïðåäëîãîì:
The ecli pse was watched by millions of people.
Çà ñîëíå÷íûìè çàòìåíèåì íàáëþäàëè ìèëëèîíû ëþäåé.
Ê òàêèì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ:
address
affect
answer
attack
follow
influence
join
îáðàùàòüñÿ ê
îêàçûâàòü âëèÿíèå íà
îòâå÷àòü íà
íàïàäàòü íà
ñëåäîâàòü çà
âëèÿòü íà
ïðèñîåäèíÿòüñÿ ê
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ïàññèâíîé êîíñòðóêöèåé:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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A new computer has been recently bought for the lab.
It was found that the papers for the conference were printed
double space instead of 1.5.
It is assumed that the partici pants will take care of their accommodation themselves.
The productivity issue has been given special emphasis to in the
meeting.
It was suggested by the commission that the project should be
worked out in the context of the new circumstances.
The construction of new houses in another place is being negotiated with the district authorities.
Nobody has been refused a chance to put forward their ideas
for discussion.
Making decisions is always preceded by a thorough analysis of
the market situation.
They will be shown the draft plan right upon their arrival.
Some new approaches to attracting foreign investments are dealt
with in this paper.
The issues of foreign exchange policy are also touched on in the
report prepared for the board meeting.
The higher inflation rate in the second quarter is accounted
for by the Central Bank’s loan to the government for the needs
of agriculture and housing construction.
The decision of merging the companies was followed by dismissing a few hundred employees.
The economic growth is influenced by a number of factors.
The sooner the unification of exchange rates is completed, the
more smoothly the companies will adapt to new market conditions.
Practically all the enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries
were affected by the financial crisis of 1998.
Social issues will certainly be taken care of by the new management of the company.
An attempt was made to harmonize the legislation of the two
countries right after the presidential elections.
Urgent steps are taken to overcome the consequences of the
disaster.
The denomination of the local currency had been carried out
before a decision on merging the two currencies was passed.
3.4.
Ïåðåâîä èíôèíèòèâà è èíôèíèòèâíûõ
îáîðîòîâ
Àíãëèéñêèé èíôèíèòèâ ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ðóññêîãî
ïî ôîðìå, ôóíêöèÿì è íàëè÷èþ èíôèíèòèâíûõ îáîðîòîâ.
Íåïåðôåêòíûå ôîðìû àíãëèéñêîãî èíôèíèòèâà (Indefinite —
to do <active>, to be done <passive>, continuous — to be doing) îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ïåðôåêòíûõ (Perfect — to have done <active>, to have been
done <passive>; Perfect Continuous — to have been doing) îòíåñåííîñòüþ äåéñòâèÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó è áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè. Ñðàâíèòå:
I’m glad to do (to be doing) this for you.
ß ðàä ñäåëàòü (äåëàòü; ÷òî äåëàþ) ýòî äëÿ òåáÿ.
I might do it later.
Âîçìîæíî, ÿ ñäåëàþ ýòî ïîçæå.
I’m glad to have done (to have been doing) this for you.
ß ðàä, ÷òî ñäåëàë ýòî äëÿ òåáÿ (äåëàþ âñå ýòî âðåìÿ, ò.å.
íà÷àë è ïðîäîëæàþ äåëàòü).
Ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà èíôèíèòèâà â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôóíêöèÿõ:
1. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ðóññêèì èíôèíèòèâîì (íåîïðåäåëåííîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà) èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì:
To solve this problem is very important.
Ðåøèòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó (çàäà÷ó) î÷åíü âàæíî.
Ðåøåíèå ýòîé ïðîáëåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü âàæíûì.
2. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà òàêæå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ
ñ ïîìîùüþ ðóññêîãî èíôèíèòèâà èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, ðåæå — ñ
ïîìîùüþ ãëàãîëà è äååïðè÷àñòèÿ (ñì. 2â):
à)
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî öåëè:
To solve this problem we had to involve experts.
×òîáû ðåøèòü (äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ýòîé ïðîáëåìû) ýòó ïðîáëåìó, íàì ïðèøëîñü ïðèâëå÷ü ýêñïåðòîâ.
The interest rate was raised (so as) to attract customers.
Ïðîöåíòíàÿ ñòàâêà áûëà óâåëè÷åíà äëÿ (ñ öåëüþ) ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âêëàä÷èêîâ (÷òîáû ïðèâëå÷ü âêëàä÷èêîâ).
á) îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ñëåäñòâèÿ (ïîñëå ñëîâ enough, too, so/such as):
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This method is good enough to achieve reliable results.
Ýòîò ìåòîä äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîø, ÷òîáû äîñòè÷ü (îí ìîã
äîñòè÷ü) íàäåæíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ.
They are too young to make such decisions.
Îíè ñëèøêîì ìîëîäû, ÷òîáû ïðèíèìàòü òàêèå ðåøåíèÿ
(äëÿ ïðèíÿòèÿ òàêèõ ðåøåíèé).
The results achieved were so significant as to affect the final
conclusions.
Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû áûëè íàñòîëüêî ñóùåñòâåííûìè, ÷òî ïîâëèÿëè (ìîãëè ïîâëèÿòü) íà îêîí÷àòåëüíûå
âûâîäû.
The workshop was arranged in such a way as to give everybody an opportunity to equally partici pate in it.
Ñåìèíàð áûë îðãàíèçîâàí òàêèì îáðàçîì (òàê), ÷òî ïðåäîñòàâëÿë (ìîã ïðåäîñòàâèòü) âñåì ðàâíûå âîçìîæíîñòè
äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â íåì.
â)
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ óñëîâèé:
He reached the island to discover he had left his fishing rods.
Îí äîáðàëñÿ äî îñòðîâà è îáíàðóæèë, ÷òî çàáûë óäî÷êè.
Hydrogen and oxygen unite to form water.
Âîäîðîä è êèñëîðîä ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ, îáðàçóÿ (è îáðàçóþò)
âîäó.
3.
×àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî:
à) â êîíñòðóêöèè “be + èíôèíèòè┠(â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ìîäàëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ èíôèíèòèâîì (ðåæå — ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì):
The next stage will be to publish the results of the research.
Ñëåäóþùèì ýòàïîì áóäåò îïóáëèêîâàòü (îïóáëèêîâàíèå)
ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ.
The research supervisor is to take care of that this week.
Íàó÷íûé ðóêîâîäèòåëü äîëæåí ïîçàáîòèòüñÿ îá ýòîì íà
ýòîé íåäåëå.
It is to be noted that all the exams will be in writing.
Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âñå ýêçàìåíû áóäóò ïèñüìåííûìè.
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À rainstorm was about to start.
Ñîáèðàëàñü (äîëæíà áûëà íà÷àòüñÿ) ãðîçà.
á)
ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì èëè èíôèíèòèâîì:
They may have already replied him.
Îíè, âîçìîæíî, óæå îòâåòèëè åìó.
He must have known the time of the train’s arrival.
Îí äîëæåí áûë çíàòü âðåìÿ ïðèáûòèÿ ïîåçäà.
â)
â îáîðîòå “èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì” ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
(ïîäðîáíåå — ñì. Èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû):
They are said to be making (to have made) progress.
Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îíè äåëàþò (ñäåëàëè) óñïåõè.
The experiment is unlikely to be completed this week.
Ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ýêñïåðèìåíò áóäåò çàâåðøåí íà ýòîé
íåäåëå.
4.
Îïðåäåëåíèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì
èëè ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì:
The policy to be chosen must be socially oriented.
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà, êîòîðóþ ñëåäóåò âûáðàòü,
äîëæíà áûòü ñîöèàëüíî îðèåíòèðîâàííîé.
The issue to consider next deals with investment policy.
Âîïðîñ, êîòîðûé áóäåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ äàëåå, êàñàåòñÿ
èíâåñòèöèîííîé ïîëèòèêè.
I have a lot of problems to solve (to be solved) now.
Ó ìåíÿ ñåé÷àñ ìíîãî ïðîáëåì, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî ðåøèòü. (Ìíå ñåé÷àñ íåîáõîäèìî ðåøèòü ìíîãî ïðîáëåì.)
The first (second, last) person to come was N.
Ïåðâûì (âòîðûì, ïîñëåäíèì), êòî ïðèøåë, áûë N.
There are many things to be done today.
Ñåãîäíÿ íóæíî (ïðåäñòîèò) ñäåëàòü ìíîãî äåë.
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Óñòîé÷èâîå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå:
For many years to come — Íà ìíîãèå ãðÿäóùèå ãîäû (ãîäû
âïåðåä).
5.
Ââîäíûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
To begin with, I would like to thank you for coming.
Ïðåæäå âñåãî (Âíà÷àëå) ìíå áû õîòåëîñü ïîáëàãîäàðèòü
Âàñ çà òî, ÷òî Âû ïðèøëè.
To be honest, it’s a surprise for me.
Åñëè áûòü ÷åñòíûì (×åñòíî ãîâîðÿ), äëÿ ìåíÿ ýòî íåîæèäàííîñòü.
Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôóíêöèè ââîäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
to antici pate a little
to be sure
to conclude (to sum up)
needless to say
not to mention
to put it in another way
to say nothing of
so to speak
suffice it to say
that is to say
to tell the truth
6.
çàáåãàÿ íåñêîëüêî âïåðåä
íåñîìíåííî
â çàêëþ÷åíèå (ñóììèðóÿ)
ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìååòñÿ
íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î
èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ
íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î
òàê ñêàçàòü
äîñòàòî÷íî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî
òî åñòü
ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ
Äîïîëíåíèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ðóññêèì èíôèíèòèâîì:
We are planning (want) to finish the work today.
Ìû ïëàíèðóåì (õîòèì) çàêîí÷èòü ðàáîòó ñåãîäíÿ.
A number of factors have made us agree to their terms.
Öåëûé ðÿä ôàêòîðîâ çàñòàâèë íàñ ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ èõ óñëîâèÿìè.
7. ×àñòü ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ïîäðîáíåå — ñì. “Èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû”):
We don’t want them to be late.
Ìû íå õîòèì, ÷òîáû îíè îïàçäûâàëè.
Everybody heard him say this.
Âñå ñëûøàëè, êàê îí ýòî ñêàçàë.
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Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôóíêöèÿõ, ïîëüçóÿñü èçëîæåííûìè âûøå ïðàâèëàìè ïåðåâîäà:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
The first step to be taken is to start negotiations.
The inflation rate was not high enough to start paying compensations to workers.
To ensure a steady economic growth, all the macroeconomic
parameters must be involved.
Suffice it to say, the unemployment rate has substantially declined in the free economic zones.
The tendency to increase the amount of benefits paid to the
population is becoming more obvious.
The crops harvested were so big as to be able to store them and
even export part of them.
To unify the exchange rates would be one of the main objectives of the country’s foreign exchange policy.
Poland was the first post-communist country to implement what
later on was called a ‘shock therapy’ in the economic policy.
The type of policy to be followed will be broadly discussed in
the mass media.
To go back again to the first-turn measures, all the circumstances are to be taken into account.
The results of the talks have led us to conclude that cash transactions would prevail over barter.
The terms to be insisted on in the upcoming talks are as follows.
Much more investment is to be attracted to make a considerable
progress in exports.
It is to be remembered that seasonal factors are unlikely to
radically change the situation.
The IMF experts arrived on a regular mission to find that their
recommendations were not followed to the full extent.
They had so much to do in their field of studies.
No one was reported to be missing in action.
He was not quite prepared for the talks, to put it mildly.
Bribes are thought to have been paid to civil servants on a regular basis.
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20. The company needed to restructure its bank debts earlier this
year, but it claims to have already paid off a substantial sum.
Èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû
Ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà àíãëèéñêîãî èíôèíèòèâà â ñîñòàâå èíôèíèòèâíûõ îáîðîòîâ ÷àñòè÷íî óïîìèíàëèñü âûøå. Ðàññìîòðèì îòäåëüíî âñå òðè èíôèíèòèâíûõ îáîðîòà äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû áåçîøèáî÷íî èõ óçíàâàòü â òåêñòå è ïðàâèëüíî ïåðåâîäèòü.
1) Îáîðîò “For + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive”
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîã for îïóñêàåòñÿ, ïðè
ýòîì èíôèíèòèâ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à ñòîÿùåå ïåðåä íèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (ìåñòîèìåíèå) — ïîäëåæàùèì:
For money to be able to work it must be either invested or
deposited in a bank.
Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû äåíüãè ìîãëè ðàáîòàòü, èõ íóæíî âî ÷òîòî âëîæèòü èëè ïîìåñòèòü â áàíê.
Their proposal was reasonable enough for the board to consider it in a meeting.
Èõ ïðåäëîæåíèå áûëî äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçóìíûì, ÷òîáû ñîâåò ðàññìîòðåë åãî íà çàñåäàíèè.
The tendency was for the inflation rate to gradually decline.
Òåíäåíöèÿ çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, ÷òî óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè ïîñòåïåííî ñíèæàëñÿ.
This decision was for her to be made.
Ýòî ðåøåíèå äîëæíà áûëà ïðèíÿòü îíà.
It’s quite possible for them to accept your proposal.
Âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ÷òî îíè ïðèìóò âàøå ïðåäëîæåíèå.
The best decision for us to make at the moment is to wait
and see.
Ñàìîå ëó÷øåå ðåøåíèå, êîòîðîå ìû ìîæåì ïðèíÿòü ñåé÷àñ, ýòî ïîñìîòðåòü, êàê áóäóò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ñîáûòèÿ.
2) Îáîðîò “Complex Object”
Èíôèíèòèâ (áåç ÷àñòèöû to ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ÷óâñòâåííîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ èëè ñ ÷àñòèöåé to ïîñëå äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ) êàê ÷àñòü ñëîæíîãî
äîïîëíåíèÿ (“complex object”) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñêà114
çóåìûì äîïîëíèòåëüíîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (òàêèì îáðàçîì, àíãëèéñêîå ïðîñòîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñî ñëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì
ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñòàíîâèòñÿ ðóññêèì ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííûì):
I saw him pass the paper to the secretary.
ß âèäåë, êàê (÷òî) îí ïåðåäàë äîêóìåíò ñåêðåòàðþ.
We expect the government to provide assistance to the needy
population.
Ìû îæèäàåì, ÷òî ïðàâèòåëüñòâî îêàæåò ïîìîùü ìàëîèìóùèì ñëîÿì íàñåëåíèÿ.
Èíôèíèòèâ to be â ñëîæíîì äîïîëíåíèè ïðè ïåðåâîäå ÷àùå
âñåãî îïóñêàåòñÿ, òàê êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè. Â
ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðóññêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå òîæå áóäåò ïðîñòûì ïî ñîñòàâó:
We considered this decision to be the best one.
Ìû ñ÷èòàëè ýòî ðåøåíèå íàèëó÷øèì.
3) Îáîðîò “Complex Subject”
 îáîðîòå “Complex Subject” (“èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì”) èíôèíèòèâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî è ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ â äâóõ ôîðìàõ — (à) ïàññèâíîé è (á) àêòèâíîé:
(à)
(á)
They are known (were reported) to have won.
Èçâåñòíî (ñîîáùèëè), ÷òî îíè îäåðæàëè
ïîáåäó.
Îíè, êàê èçâåñòíî (êàê ñîîáùèëè), îäåðæàëè
ïîáåäó.
Their team seems to have won.
Êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî èõ êîìàíäà îäåðæàëà ïîáåäó.
Èõ êîìàíäà, êàæåòñÿ, îäåðæàëà ïîáåäó.
Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå âàðèàíòîâ ïåðåâîäà, ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ýòèì îáîðîòîì ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû èëè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ââîäíîãî ñëîâà, ïðè ýòîì èíôèíèòèâ ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ
ñêàçóåìûì (ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå èëè ïðîñòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âî âòîðîì).
 çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñêàçóåìîå
âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì ñîâåðøåííîãî èëè íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà â íàñòîÿùåì, áóäóùåì èëè ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè:
He is unlikely to come today.
Ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îí ñåãîäíÿ ïðèäåò.
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He seemed to be sleeping.
Êàçàëîñü, îí ñïèò.
He is said to have made a good report.
Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí ñäåëàë õîðîøèé äîêëàä.
They are known to have been working on this issue for a year.
Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îíè ðàáîòàþò íàä ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé óæå
ãîä.
Èíîãäà âîçìîæåí ëèøü îäèí èç óêàçàííûõ âûøå ñïîñîáîâ ïåðåâîäà îáîðîòà “Complex Subject”:
They worked out what seemed to be quite a reliable scheme.
Îíè ðàçðàáîòàëè ñõåìó, êîòîðàÿ, êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿëîñü, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âïîëíå íàäåæíîé.
Single currency was considered to be a way out.
Ñ÷èòàëè (ñ÷èòàëîñü), ÷òî åäèíàÿ âàëþòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûõîäîì èç ïîëîæåíèÿ.
Òðóäíûå ñëó÷àè ïåðåâîäà îáîðîòà Complex Object:
There seems to be at least two scenarios of the government’s
actions.
Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñóùåñòâóåò ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå äâà ñöåíàðèÿ
äåéñòâèé ïðàâèòåëüñòâà.
This approach may easily be shown to be far more productive.
Ìîæíî ëåãêî ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ýòîò ïîäõîä (ÿâëÿåòñÿ) ãîðàçäî ïðîäóêòèâíåå.
The new European currency was approved and found to meet
the demands of the EU member nations.
Íîâàÿ åâðîïåéñêàÿ âàëþòà áûëà îäîáðåíà, è îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî
îíà óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ñòðàíû, âõîäÿùèå â Åâðîïåéñêèé
Ñîþç.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû:
1.
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The economic laws are known to be universal.
2.
The employees expected the management of the company to
reconsider the terms of the contract.
3.
For the economic growth to continue a whole set of macroeconomic measures needs to be taken.
The financial crisis appeared to have affected different regions
of the world.
4.
5.
The new method is believed to have given good results.
6.
A new social protection policy is expected to be put into practice already this year.
7.
At the end of the year the statistical data will be found to be in
line with the projections.
8.
The arrival of the technical experts is not likely to change the
general picture of the reforms under way.
9.
They established what is believed to be a solid system of relationshi ps with trade partners.
10. Their attitude to the process of reforms has never been thought
to change so radically.
11. There seems to be a misunderstanding as to the approaches used.
12. Their efforts have not been reported to have resulted in substantial changes.
13. According to recent research, one might expect the purchasing
power of the population to be gradually rising.
14. The only way for companies to avoid double taxation was to
lower their profits.
15. The tendency was for the exchange rate to be slowly stabilized
after the National bank’s interventions.
16. The exchange rate policy was developed earlier this year and
found to be far from being perfect.
Ñäåëàéòå ïåðåâîä ñòàòåé èç çàäàíèÿ 6 Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà
(ðàçäåë 5.1.1.).
3.5.
Ïåðåâîä ïðè÷àñòèÿ è ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòîâ
 çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê
ïðè÷àñòèåì, äååïðè÷àñòèåì èëè ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
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Active
Participle I
doing (research)
ïðîâîäÿ (èññëåäîâàíèå)
ïðîâîäÿùèé
ïðîâîäèâøèé
Participle II
Perfect Participle
having done
ïðîâåäÿ
(èññëåäîâàíèå)
Passive
being done
ïðîâîäèìîå
ïðîâîäèâøååñÿ
done
ïðîâåäåííîå
áóäó÷è ïðîâåäåííûì
having been done
ïîñëå òîãî êàê
áûëî ïðîâåäåíî
 ÷èñëå òðóäíîñòåé ïåðåâîäà àíãëèéñêîãî ïðè÷àñòèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ñëåäóþùèå:
1. Ôîðìà Partici ple II “ïðàâèëüíûõ” ãëàãîëîâ ñîâïàäàåò ñ Past
Simple, òî åñòü closed — çàêðûë è çàêðûòûé.
2. Ïðè÷àñòèå â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñëîâà, ÷òî ìîæåò ñîçäàâàòü òðóäíîñòè åãî óçíàâàíèÿ:
The method developed made it possible to achieve good results.
Ðàçðàáîòàííûé ìåòîä ïîçâîëèë äîñòè÷ü õîðîøèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ.
3.  ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ñî÷åòàíèå àíãëèéñêîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî
è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íîðìàì ñî÷åòàåìîñòè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, åãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïåðåâîäèòü äðóãèìè ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèìè
ñðåäñòâàìè:
There was only one question before him asking whether or
not he accepts the terms offered.
Ïåðåä íèì ñòîÿë òîëüêî îäèí âîïðîñ: ïðèíèìàåò ëè îí
ïðåäëîæåííûå óñëîâèÿ. (Âûðàæåíèå “Âîïðîñ, ñïðàøèâàþùèé ” íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íîðìàì ñî÷åòàåìîñòè ñëîâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå.)
4. Partici ple II â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ áåçëè÷íûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì:
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Asked if the unification of the currencies is going to take place
already this year, the Central bank governor did not give a
straightforward reply.
Íà âîïðîñ î òîì, ñîñòîèòñÿ ëè îáúåäèíåíèå âàëþò óæå â
ýòîì ãîäó, óïðàâëÿþùèé Öåíòðàëüíûì áàíêîì íå äàë
ïðÿìîãî îòâåòà.
5. Ïðè÷àñòèÿ, îáðàçîâàííûå îò àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå íå ñîâïàäàþò ñ ðóññêèìè ïî ïðèçíàêó íàëè÷èÿ/îòñóòñòâèÿ ñëåäóþùèõ çà íèìè ïðåäëîãîâ, òðåáóþò îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå:
The issues touched upon in the report are of great importance.
Çàòðîíóòûå â äîêëàäå âîïðîñû ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå.
The lecture followed by discussion was a great success.
Ëåêöèÿ, çà êîòîðîé ïîñëåäîâàëî îáñóæäåíèå, áûëà î÷åíü
óñïåøíîé.
6. Ïðè÷àñòèÿ, êîòîðûå ñòîÿò íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå â ïðåäëîæåíèè
è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòüþ ñêàçóåìîãî. Ýòî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ èíâåðñèåé, è èõ
ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü, íà÷èíàÿ ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà èëè äîïîëíåíèÿ,
ñòîÿùåãî ïîñëå ïðè÷àñòèÿ, ïîñëå ÷åãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñêàçóåìîå è
â êîíöå — ïîäëåæàùåå:
Attached to the article are tables and graphs.
Ê ñòàòüå ïðèëàãàþòñÿ òàáëèöû è ãðàôèêè.
7. Ïðè÷àñòèÿ, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ââîäíûì ÷ëåíîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó:
Summing up, we must point out the following issues.
Ïîäâîäÿ èòîãè, íåîáõîäèìî âûäåëèòü ñëåäóþùèå ìîìåíòû. (äååïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò);
Åñëè ïîäâîäèòü èòîãè, (íåîïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà
ñ ñîþçîì «åñëè»);
Ïîäâåäåì èòîãè; (îòäåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñî ñêàçóåìûì,
âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â 1-ì ëèöå ìí.÷. ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî
íàêëîíåíèÿ)
Ïåðåâîä îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòîâ
Àíãëèéñêèå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íåñêîëüêèìè ñïîñîáàìè: äååïðè÷àñòíûì
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îáîðîòîì, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì è îòãëàãîëüíûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì ïðè:
Working on this project we found out a lot of interesting things.
Ðàáîòàÿ (Êîãäà ìû ðàáîòàëè) íàä ýòèì ïðîåêòîì, ìû îáíàðóæèëè ìíîãî èíòåðåñíîãî.
Considered in isolation the example does not seem to be that
convincing.
Ïðè èçîëèðîâàííîì ðàññìîòðåíèè (Åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü
èçîëèðîâàííî), ýòîò ïðèìåð íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ òàêèì óáåäèòåëüíûì.
Having completed the preparation, he took a short break.
Çàêîí÷èâ ïîäãîòîâêó, îí ñäåëàë êîðîòêèé ïåðåðûâ.
Having been refrigerated, the melon was very good to eat.
Ïîñëå òîãî êàê äûíþ îõëàäèëè, åå áûëî ïðèÿòíî åñòü.
Ïðîøåäøåå ïðè÷àñòèå given ïåðåâîäèòñÿ “ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè”,
“åñëè èìååòñÿ”:
Given the inflation rate does not exceed 2% per month the
GDP growth could be considered realistic.
Åñëè óðîâåíü ìåñÿ÷íîé èíôëÿöèè íå ïðåâûñèò 2%, ðîñò
ÂÂÏ ìîæíî áóäåò ñ÷èòàòü ðåàëüíûì.
Åñëè ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì ñòîèò ñîþç (when, while, if, unless, until,
once, though, etc.), ýòî íå âëèÿåò ñóùåñòâåííî íà óêàçàííûå âûøå
ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà:
Unless otherwise specified, the time of departure is always the
same.
Åñëè âðåìÿ îòïðàâëåíèÿ îñîáî íå îãîâàðèâàåòñÿ, îíî âñåãäà îäíî è òî æå.
Everybody is innocent until proven guilty.
Íèêòî íå ìîæåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ âèíîâíûì, ïîêà íå äîêàçàíà
åãî âèíà.
Ïåðåâîä ïðè÷àñòíîãî îáîðîòà «Ñëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå»
Ïðè÷àñòèå, êàê è èíôèíèòèâ, ìîæåò âõîäèòü â ñîñòàâ ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ.  òàêîé ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé êîíñòðóêöèè ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
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The people watched the firemen climbing the tallest tower in
the city.
Ëþäè íàáëþäàëè çà òåì, êàê ïîæàðíèêè ïîäíèìàëèñü íà
ñàìóþ âûñîêóþ áàøíþ â ãîðîäå.
Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ èíôèíèòèâíûì îáîðîòîì:
The people saw the firemen climb
Ëþäè âèäåëè, êàê ïîæàðíèêè ïîäíÿëèñü
Ïåðåâîä íåçàâèñèìîãî ïðè÷àñòíîãî îáîðîòà
Íåçàâèñèìûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ýëåìåíòîâ:
ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå + ïðè÷àñòèå (N. or Pron. + Partici ple). Èíîãäà ïåðâûì ýëåìåíòîì ìîæåò áûòü there. Íåçàâèñèìûì
ýòîò îáîðîò íàçûâàåòñÿ ïîòîìó, ÷òî áåç íåãî ïðåäëîæåíèå âïîëíå
ìîæåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü è áûòü ïîëíûì ïî ñâîåìó ñîñòàâó.
Åñëè íåçàâèñèìûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò ñòîèò â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîñëå íåãî âñåãäà ñòîèò çàïÿòàÿ. Åãî ïåðåâîä íà÷èíàåòñÿ
ñëîâàìè òàê êàê, ïîñêîëüêó, êîãäà, êàê òîëüêî, åñëè, à ïðè÷àñòèå
ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
The room being too small, we moved into a larger one.
Òàê êàê (ïîñêîëüêó) ýòà àóäèòîðèÿ áûëà ñëèøêîì ìàëåíüêîé, ìû ïåðåøëè â äðóãóþ.
The work done, we were paid right away.
Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ðàáîòà áûëà ñäåëàíà, ñ íàìè òóò æå ðàññ÷èòàëèñü.
There being too many applicants, the interviews were split into
two days.
Òàê êàê áûëî ñëèøêîì ìíîãî ïðåòåíäåíòîâ, ñîáåñåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñüâ òå÷åíèå äâóõ äíåé.
Weather permitting, the expedition will start tomorrow.
Åñëè ïîãîäà ïîçâîëèò, ýêñïåäèöèÿ îòïðàâèòñÿ çàâòðà.
Åñëè íåçàâèñèìûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò ñòîèò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïåðåä íèì âñåãäà ñòîèò çàïÿòàÿ. Åãî ïåðåâîä íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñî
ñëîâ ïðè÷åì, ïðè ýòîì, è, à; ñàìî æå ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
All the athletes were accommodated in the Olympic village,
their coaches staying in the same blocks.
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Âñåõ ñïîðòñìåíîâ ðàçìåñòèëè â Îëèìïèéñêîé äåðåâíå,
ïðè ýòîì èõ òðåíåðû íàõîäèëèñü â òåõ æå êîðïóñàõ.
Ñòîÿùèé ïåðåä íåçàâèñèìûì ïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòîì ïðåäëîã
with íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ:
We stopped for a few minutes, with our guides continuing to
pack the equi pment.
Ìû îñòàíîâèëèñü íà íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò, à íàøè ïðîâîäíèêè ïðîäîëæàëè óïàêîâûâàòü ñíàðÿæåíèå.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ïðè÷àñòèÿìè è ïðè÷àñòíûìè îáîðîòàìè:
1.
Having established the reasons we can proceed with our regular work in this matter.
2.
When studying market economy we have to understand that
business enterprise is the very heart of private property and
market relationshi ps.
3.
Adam Smith’s works followed by those of Karl Marx and John
Maynard Keynes constitute different approaches known in the
economic thought.
4.
Unless otherwise stated we shall consider only economies in
transition as opposed to the advanced economies.
5.
The articles referred to above deal with the corruption combat
in the developing countries.
6.
It is a common observation that bodies expand when heated.
7.
The part played by the small businesses is hard to overestimate.
8.
Taken together, these factors constitute the main picture of the
financial crisis.
9. I haven’t heard any of those factors mentioned.
10. Shown below are the two trends in comparison.
11. The progress of the reform being slow, the government is determined to continue supporting the needy population.
12. There being no additional foreign financing, the domestic resources had to be relied on.
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13. The loans were granted by the commercial banks, the central
bank strictly monitoring the situation.
14. The focus was made on the quality of goods, the productivity
still falling behind.
15. As pointed out previously, the explanation given is by no means
complete.
16. The exchange rate being fixed, the population has all reasons to
keep their savings in the local currency.
3.6.
Ïåðåâîä ãåðóíäèÿ è ãåðóíäèàëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ
Ãåðóíäèé, êàê èíôèíèòèâ è ïðè÷àñòèå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåëè÷íîé
ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà. Ïî ôîðìå îí ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ ñîâïàäàåò ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî ïðè÷àñòèÿ — Partici ple II):
Gerund:
Active
Passive
Indefinite
Perfect
doing
having done
being done
having been done
Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ïðàâèëüíî ïåðåâîäèòü ãåðóíäèé, íå ïóòàÿ åãî ñ
äðóãèìè ãðàììàòè÷åñêèìè ôîðìàìè, èìåþùèìè îêîí÷àíèå —ing,
íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü åãî îòëè÷èòåëüíûå ïðèçíàêè.
Èòàê, -ing-ôîðìà — ýòî ãåðóíäèé, åñëè îíà:
1) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì (áåç àðòèêëÿ èëè îêîí÷àíèÿ s ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìû èìååì äåëî ñ îòãëàãîëüíûì
ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì):
Smoking is harmful.
Êóðåíèå âðåäíî.
Êóðèòü âðåäíî.
2) ñòîèò ïîñëå ïðåäëîãà, êîòîðûé âñåãäà îòíîñèòñÿ ê ãëàãîëó,
òî åñòü âî ãëàâå óãëà — äåéñòâèå:
On completing the experiment, we decided to consult the supervisor.
Ïî îêîí÷àíèè ýêñïåðèìåíòà (Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê áûë çàêîí÷åí ýêñïåðèìåíò), ìû ðåøèëè ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ ðóêîâîäèòåëåì.
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The results depended on the problem being solved on time.
Ðåçóëüòàòû çàâèñåëè îò òîãî, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà áóäåò ðåøåíà
âîâðåìÿ (îò ñâîåâðåìåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû).
NB: íå ïóòàòü ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì, êîãäà ïðåäëîã îòíîñèòñÿ òîëüêî ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, òî åñòü ðå÷ü
èäåò î ïðèçíàêå:
It all depends on the problem being solved.
Âñå çàâèñèò îò òîãî, êàêàÿ ïðîáëåìà íàõîäèòñÿ â ñòàäèè
ðåøåíèÿ (äîñëîâíî: îò ðåøàåìîé ïðîáëåìû).
3) ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà:
They regretted having told him about it.
Îíè ñîæàëåëè î òîì, ÷òî ðàññêàçàëè åìó îá ýòîì.
 ñïèñîê ãëàãîëîâ, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé, íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè, âõîäÿò ãëàãîëû, âûðàæàþùèå íà÷àëî, ïðîäîëæåíèå
è êîíåö äåéñòâèÿ: start, begin, keep, continue, go on, finish, stop.
Ðÿä ãëàãîëîâ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé, ñòîèò çàïîìíèòü, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ïåðåâîäå ïðåäëîã
îòñóòñòâóåò:
account for
differ in
be interested in
keep from
result from
succeed in
îáúÿñíÿòü
îòëè÷àòüñÿ
èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ
ìåøàòü
ÿâëÿòüñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì
óäàâàòüñÿ, äîáèâàòüñÿ
4) ñòîèò ïîñëå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå:
Do you mind my opening the window?
Âû íå âîçðàæàåòå, åñëè ÿ îòêðîþ îêíî?
His coming late was not a surprise to anyone.
Òî, ÷òî îí ïðèøåë ïîçäíî, íèêîãî íå óäèâèëî.
(Åãî ïîçäíèé ïðèõîä íèêîãî íå óäèâèë.)
My friend’s becoming the prize winner of the contest was a
good news for all of us.
Òî, ÷òî ìîé äðóã ñòàë ëàóðåàòîì êîíêóðñà, ñòàëî äëÿ âñåõ
íàñ õîðîøåé íîâîñòüþ.
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5) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ñëåäóþùèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé:
cannot help — íå ìîãó íå:
I cannot help thinking about it.
ß íå ìîãó íå äóìàòü îá ýòîì.
it is worth (it is worth while) — ñòîèò (÷òî-ëèáî ñäåëàòü):
It’s worth while reading this book (This book is worth reading);
Ýòó êíèãó ñòîèò ïðî÷èòàòü.
It is no use — áåñïîëåçíî, íåò ñìûñëà:
It is no use waiting for him.
Íåò ñìûñëà æäàòü åãî.
Êàê âèäíî èç ïðîâåäåííûõ âûøå ïðèìåðîâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ è
ïåðåâîäà ãåðóíäèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, ñóùåñòâóåò 4 ñïîñîáà ïåðåâîäà
ãåðóíäèÿ:
1)
2)
3)
4)
èìåíåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì;
íåîïðåäåëåííîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà;
äååïðè÷àñòèåì;
ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì â ñîñòàâå ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå ãåðóíäèÿ â ôóíêöèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è îñîáåííîñòè åãî ïåðåâîäà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê.
1) Ïîäëåæàùåå
Implementing market reforms is a lengthy process.
Îñóùåñòâëåíèå ðûíî÷íûõ ðåôîðì — ýòî äëèòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ.
NB: íå ïóòàòü ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì:
Implementing market reforms, it is necessary to keep in mind
social needs of the population.
Îñóùåñòâëÿÿ ðûíî÷íûå ðåôîðìû, íåîáõîäèìî èìåòü â
âèäó ñîöèàëüíûå ïîòðåáíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ.
2) Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå
Would you mind showing us the whole process?
Ïîêàæèòå íàì, ïîæàëóéñòà, âåñü ïðîöåññ.
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Would you mind their showing us the whole process?
Âû íå âîçðàæàåòå, åñëè îíè ïîêàæóò íàì âåñü ïðîöåññ?
Ãåðóíäèé â ôóíêöèè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ avoid (èçáåãàòü), enjoy (íðàâèòüñÿ), excuse (èçâèíÿòü), intend (ñîáèðàòüñÿ, íàìåðåâàòüñÿ), like (ëþáèòü, íðàâèòüñÿ), prefer (ïðåäïî÷èòàòü), prevent (ìåøàòü, ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü), regret
(ñîæàëåòü), try (ïûòàòüñÿ, ñòàðàòüñÿ), withstand (ïðîòèâîñòîÿòü).
3) Äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì
We have succeeded in maintaining productivity level over the
whole period.
Íàì óäàëîñü óäåðæàòü óðîâåíü ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ïåðèîäà.
4) Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî
In establishing a refinance rate it is necessary to take into account a monthly inflation rate.
Ïðè óñòàíîâëåíèè ñòàâêè ðåôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ìåñÿ÷íûé óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè.
5) Îïðåäåëåíèå
There is little probability of financial assistance being provided
this year.
Ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ôèíàíñîâàÿ ïîìîùü áóäåò âûäåëåíà
â ýòîì ãîäó.
Ïåðåâîä ãåðóíäèàëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ
Ãåðóíäèàëüíûé îáîðîò ìîæåò èìåòü äâå ôîðìû è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ
ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì â ñîñòàâå ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî:
1) ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì èëè îáùåì ïàäåæå (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå) + ãåðóíäèé:
Professor Johnson’s (His) presenting a paper at the conference
was not announced until yesterday.
Òî, ÷òî ïðîôåññîð Äæîíñîí (îí) áóäåò âûñòóïàòü ñ äîêëàäîì íà êîíôåðåíöèè, áûëî îáúÿâëåíî òîëüêî â÷åðà. (Åãî
âûñòóïëåíèå ... áûëî îáúÿâëåíî òîëüêî â÷åðà).
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The outcome depends on all the factors being used together.
Ðåçóëüòàò çàâèñèò îò òîãî, ÷òî âñå ôàêòîðû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ (îò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âñåõ ôàêòîðîâ) âìåñòå.
2) ïîäëåæàùåå àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (êîòîðîå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ
íåïîñðåäñòâåííûì ñóáúåêòîì ãåðóíäèÿ) + ãåðóíäèé:
All the former Soviet republics are alike in having their poorly
developed infrastructure.
Âñå áûâøèå ñîâåòñêèå ðåñïóáëèêè ñõîäíû òåì, ÷òî ó íèõ
ñëàáî ðàçâèòàÿ èíôðàñòðóêòóðà.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãåðóíäèåì è ãåðóíäèàëüíûìè îáîðîòàìè:
1.
Calculating consumer price index is part of general statistic procedure.
2.
He could not help telling the results of the negotiations.
3.
It is worth while having all the data together before discussing
them.
4.
Would you mind our taking part in the discussion?
5.
High credit emission in 2nd quarter resulted in the inflation rate
having been considerably raised.
6.
Both the companies are alike in being represented in the European market.
7.
In dealing with statistical data it is necessary to have all the
factors involved.
8.
Upon being shown in tables, the figures were subject to thorough analysis.
There is high probability of their being invited to the congress
as special guests.
9.
10. We’ll probably think of trying another approach in this matter.
11. The manager insisted on all the employees getting bonuses.
12. President Coleman’s being late was accepted with patience.
13. In spite of not having special training, they performed quite
well at all the stages of the experiment.
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14. In addition to being accommodated in double rooms, they were
asked to check out of the hotel four hours before the usual time.
15. They objected to the talks being held without all the parties
represented.
16. Do you think it’s worth while beginning this project without
waiting for the confirmation to arrive?
17. Such result may be accounted for by their having started the
experiment in the middle of the year.
18. Newton’s having discovered the laws of mechanics determined
the development of science for many years to come.
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñòàòüþ èç çàäàíèÿ 7 (ðàçäåë5.1.1).
3.7.
Ïåðåâîä ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ
Ñèíòåòè÷åñêèå ôîðìû
à)
â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ óñëîâèÿ:
If the terms be the same, we’ll most probably have a deal.
Åñëè óñëîâèÿ áóäóò ïðåæíèìè, ìû, âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî, äîãîâîðèìñÿ.
If you were able to come, it would be very nice.
Åñëè áû âû ñìîãëè ïðèäòè, áûëî áû î÷åíü õîðîøî.
If it were not for financial assistance, they wouldn’t be able to
join this project.
Åñëè áû íå ôèíàíñîâàÿ ïîìîùü, îíè íå ñìîãëè áû ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê ýòîìó ïðîåêòó.
á) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé òèïà “it is important, necessary, etc.” è “it was suggested”:
It is important that the terms be observed.
Âàæíî, ÷òîáû óñëîâèÿ ñîáëþäàëèñü.
It was suggested that the agreement be reached in the near
future.
Ïðåäëîæèëè, ÷òîáû ñîãëàøåíèå áûëî çàêëþ÷åíî (çàêëþ÷èëè) â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ.
128
â)
â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ öåëè:
The Central bank initiated interventions lest the exchange rate
be depreciated.
Öåíòðîáàíê ïðåäïðèíÿë èíòåðâåíöèè, ÷òîáû îáìåííûé
êóðñ íå óïàë.
ã)
â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ñðàâíèòåëüíûõ ïîñëå ñîþçà as if:
He offered to pay as if he were able to afford it.
Îí ïðåäëîæèë çàïëàòèòü, êàê áóäòî áûë â ñîñòîÿíèè ïîçâîëèòü ñåáå ýòî.
ä)
ïîñëå ãëàãîëà wish:
I wish these measures were taken at this point of time.
Æàëü, ÷òî ýòè ìåðû ñåé÷àñ íå ïðèíèìàþòñÿ.
I wish they hadn’t talked about it.
Æàëü, ÷òî îíè îá ýòîì çàãîâîðèëè.
Àíàëèòè÷åñêèå ôîðìû
à)
â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ íåðåàëüíîãî óñëîâèÿ:
If they agreed, it would be great.
Åñëè áû îíè ñîãëàñèëèñü, áûëî áû çäîðîâî.
á)
â ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ:
There would be no life without water.
Áåç âîäû íå áûëî áû æèçíè.
â) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ, â òîì ÷èñëå ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé òèïà “it is necessary”:
It is necessary that business education should be part of the
academic curriculum.
Íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû áèçíåñ-îáðàçîâàíèå ñòàëî ÷àñòüþ
óíèâåðñèòåòñêîãî ó÷åáíîãî ïëàíà.
They advised that I should join them.
Îíè ïîñîâåòîâàëè, ÷òîáû ÿ ê íèì ïðèñîåäèíèëñÿ.
ã)
â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ óñëîâèÿ:
If you should decide to join us, please call any time.
Åñëè (âñå-òàêè) òû ðåøèøü ê íàì ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ, ïîæàëóéñòà, çâîíè â ëþáîå âðåìÿ.
129
Ñðåäè ñïîñîáîâ ïåðåâîäà, êðîìå ðóññêîãî ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, îòìåòèì:
•
Àíòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä:
a) I wish she would go with us. — Æàëü, ÷òî îíà íå ïîåäåò
ñ íàìè. (Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ)
b) I wish I could help you. — Æàëü, ÷òî ÿ íå ìîãó òåáå
ïîìî÷ü. (Íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ)
c) I wish they hadn’t done it. — Æàëü, ÷òî îíè ýòî ñäåëàëè.
(Ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ)
•
Íåîïðåäåëåííóþ ôîðìó ãëàãîëà:
It’s time they left (understood ). — Ïîðà áû èì óæå óéòè
(ïîíÿòü ...)
• Ãëàãîë â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì (!) íàêëîíåíèè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íåðåàëüíîãî óñëîâèÿ, êîòîðîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøëîìó:
Had she phoned me a bit earlier [èíâåðñèÿ, ò.å. íåïðàâèëüíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ], I would’ve offered her this job. — Ïîçâîíè îíà ìíå ÷óòü ðàíüøå, ÿ áû ïðåäëîæèë åé ýòó ðàáîòó.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ ñîäåðæàòñÿ
ôîðìû àíãëèéñêîãî ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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If there were only one exchange rate, it would be easier to
perform all export-import transactions.
It is essential that all the parties involved be treated equally.
It is unlikely that the trend should continue in these circumstances.
This would most probably result in another recession.
The market behaves as if no interventions had been made on
the part of the Central bank.
If he were to make this decision, he would not hesitate.
If they hadn’t been warned, nobody would have had any objections.
8.
Unless a technical assistance had been provided, they wouldn’t
have been able to make this report based on updated methodology.
9.
If it hadn’t been for their help, I wouldn’t have been able to
arrive on time.
10. Should the works be finished sooner than planned, there would
be always someone to pay you right away.
11. The situation would have worsened had it not been for the
timely assistance.
12. In order that the prices should not go up, the local producers
were encouraged by the government.
13. It is natural that everybody should get equal chances in the
preparation period.
14. Unless their own candidate were there, we might suggest one
for them.
15. Had the news reached us earlier, we would have given a proper
response.
3.8.
Ïåðåâîä ýìôàòè÷åñêèõ êîíñòðóêöèé
Ýìôàòè÷åñêèå êîíñòðóêöèè âûäåëÿþò òîò èëè èíîé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïóòåì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ:
a) óñèëèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé;
á) îáðàòíîãî ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ;
â) äâîéíîãî îòðèöàíèÿ.
à)
Óñèëèòåëüíûå ñëîâà è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ:
As much as
The unemployment rate reached as much as 15 percent at
that time.
Óðîâåíü áåçðàáîòèöû â òî âðåìÿ äîñòèã íåáûâàëûõ 15 ïðîöåíòîâ.
As early as
As early as in the end of WW II they started using antibiotics.
Óæå â êîíöå âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû ñòàëè ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ
àíòèáèîòèêè.
131
Do
He did show up at the reception.
Îí (âñå)-òàêè ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ïðèåìå.
It is
that (who, which)
It is these characteristics that are important to us.
Äëÿ íàñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò âàæíîñòü èìåííî ýòè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.
It was Francisc Skaryna who printed the first Bible in the
Belarusian language.
Èìåííî Ôðàíöèñê Ñêàðûíà íàïå÷àòàë ïåðâóþ Áèáëèþ
íà áåëîðóññêîì ÿçûêå.
á) Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ðÿäà íàðå÷èé è
ñîþçîâ:
hardly ... when
no sooner ... than
not only but
only
never
nowhere
neither
nor
so
åäâà ... êàê (íå óñïåë ... êàê)
-”íå òîëüêî íî è
òîëüêî
íèêîãäà
íèãäå
è íå; à òàêæå íå
-”à òàêæå; è
Nowhere can this phenomenon be observed better than in a
transitional economy.
Íèãäå íåëüçÿ ëó÷øå íàáëþäàòü ýòî ÿâëåíèå, êàê â ñòðàíå
ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé.
â)
Äâîéíîå îòðèöàíèå:
It is not uncommon to have a few jobs now.
Ñåé÷àñ äîâîëüíî ÷àñòî ðàáîòàþò â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåñòàõ.
The first progress was not made until the end of the year.
Ïåðâûå óñïåõè áûëè äîñòèãíóòû ëèøü â êîíöå ãîäà.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ýìôàòè÷åñêèå îáîðîòû:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
3.9.
The problem does exist, whatever you think about it.
Not only does the government support the needy population,
but it also subsidizes all the agricultural sector.
Related to the market reforms are the issues of privatization
and entrepreneurshi p.
Nor should there be distortions in social policies of the local
governments.
Included in the report are the latest figures submitted by the
statistic board.
Whoever the author of this project may have been he should
have coordinated his actions with the executive bodies.
This option is not improbable in the present situation.
It was not until mid-90 ies that some progress was observed.
It is these facts that drew our special attention.
No sooner had the committee started operating than the first
positive results could be seen.
It was L. Balcerowicz who introduced a “shock therapy” economic policy in Poland in the early 90-ies.
As early as in 1953 the first tractor “Belarus” was assembled in
Minsk.
Strange as it may seem, they were reluctant to learn from native speakers of English.
The economic growth reached as much as 5 percent last year
against 1.1 percent two years ago.
Never was there a greater surplus of the U.S. budget than in
1999.
Ïåðåâîä ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå óñòíîãî èëè ïèñüìåííîãî òåêñòà, íàðÿäó ñ ñîäåðæàíèåì, íåîáõîäèìî òàêæå ó÷èòûâàòü ìîäàëüíîñòü (îòíîøåíèå
âûñêàçûâàíèÿ ê ôàêòàì èëè ñîáûòèÿì).
 ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðåîáëàäàþò ìîäàëüíûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ,
íàïðèìåð: î÷åâèäíî, âåðîÿòíî, íå ìîæåò áûòü, íåîáõîäèìî, âîçìîæíî (íàðÿäó ñ íåêîòîðûìè ãëàãîëàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå, âîçìîæíîñòü, ñîâåò è ò.ä.).
 àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ìîäàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ â îñíîâíîì âûðàæàþòñÿ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ñëåäóåò òà èëè èíàÿ
ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà (ñì. íà÷àëî ðàçäåëà 3.4 «Ïåðåâîä èíôèíèòèâà è
èíôèíèòèâíûõ îáîðîòîâ»).
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 çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî èëè èíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêèå ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
CAN (COULD)
1)
Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ èëè óìñòâåííàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü:
He could run fast when a boy (ìîã, óìåë).
I can hear you well (ÿ ñëûøó òåáÿ õîðîøî — can íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ).
2) Âåæëèâàÿ ïðîñüáà:
Could you wait for me outdoors please? (íå ìîãëè áû âû ).
3) Âîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñèëó îïðåäåëåííûõ
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ: (= BE ABLE TO)
I can /will be able to do next week (ìîãó / ñìîãó).
He could do it himself (ìîã)
4) Çàïðåò:
You can’t smoke here (íåëüçÿ).
5) Ñîìíåíèå, íåäîâåðèå, óäèâëåíèå:
She can’t be sleeping now (Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îíà ñåé÷àñ ñïàëà).
Can they have done it? (Íåóæåëè îíè ýòî ñäåëàëè?).
6)
 ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè:
She could do it if she tried [in the future]
She could have done it if she had tried [in the past] (ìîãëà áû).
7)  âûðàæåíèè can’t help doing:
I can’t help thinking about it (íå ìîãó íå äóìàòü).
MAY (MIGHT)
1) Âîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ (òî æå, ÷òî ìîäàëüíûé
ãëàãîë CAN â çíà÷åíèè ¹3):
He is not very busy now, so he may come any time (ìîæåò)
2) Ðàçðåøåíèå (= BE ALLOWED TO):
You may bring your parents to the concert (ìîæåòå).
(= be allowed: They were /will be allowed to )
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3) Íåóâåðåííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå:
He might be late (Îí, âîçìîæíî, îïîçäàåò).
They may have left (Âîçìîæíî, îíè óøëè).
4) Óïðåê (ñ ïåðôåêòíûì èíôèíèòèâîì):
You might have come earlier (Ìîã áû è ðàíüøå ïðèäòè).
5) Çàïðåò:
You may not open this door (íåëüçÿ, íå ðàçðåøàåòñÿ).
6) Â âûðàæåíèè He might <have fallen> (÷óòü íå <óïàë>).
7) Â ïîæåëàíèÿõ:
May the New Year bring you luck!
Ïóñòü Íîâûé ãîä ïðèíåñåò âàì óäà÷ó!
MUST
1) Äîëã, îáÿçàííîñòü:
He must be there at 9 AM (äîëæåí).
2) Íåîáõîäèìîñòü:
This work must be done right now (íàäî, íåîáõîäèìî ñäåëàòü)
3) Çàïðåò:
You must not ask him about it (íåëüçÿ, íå äîëæåí).
4) Óâåðåííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå (óòâåðæäåíèå):
He must have forgotten about it (Äîëæíî áûòü / î÷åâèäíî /
âåðîÿòíî, îí çàáûë îá ýòîì)
5) Óâåðåííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå (îòðèöàíèå):
He must have failed to see her = Probably he did not see her
(Äîëæíî áûòü / î÷åâèäíî, åìó íå óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ íåé).
HAVE (TO)
1) Âûíóæäåííîñòü:
You will have to come again (ïðèäåòñÿ).
I have to leave (âûíóæäåí).
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2) Îòñóòñòâèå íåîáõîäèìîñòè:
He doesn’t have to pay the registration fee (Åìó íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè )
You didn’t have to ask about it (íå áûëî íåîáõîäèìîñòè).
BE (TO)
1) ×àñòü ïëàíà, äîãîâîðåííîñòü, ÷àñòü ðàñïèñàíèÿ:
The train is to arrive at platform 3 (äîëæåí ïðèáûòü).
You are to complete your project by the end of the year
(äîëæíû çàâåðøèòü).
What time are we to start (äîëæíû íà÷àòü)?
He is to drive a long way (ïðåäñòîèò).
2)
íàÿ):
Íåîñóùåñòâëåííûé ïëàí (ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà — ïåðôåêò-
He was to have done it, but he fell ill (äîëæåí áûë ñäåëàòü,
íî çàáîëåë).
3) Ïðåäíà÷åðòàííîñòü ñóäüáîé:
They were to live a long life (Èì ñóæäåíî áûëî ïðîæèòü äîëãóþ æèçíü).
4) Â âûðàæåíèè What am I to do? (×òî æå ìíå äåëàòü?)
NEED
1) Íåîáõîäèìîñòü:
You need to understand one thing (Òåáå íåîáõîäèìî / Òû
äîëæåí ïîíÿòü )
2) Îòñóòñòâèå íåîáõîäèìîñòè:
You needn’t worry (íå íóæíî, íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè).
You needn’t have worried (íå íóæíî áûëî, íå áûëî íåîáõîäèìîñòè).
3) Äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå:
Need we come there? (= must)
4) Ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë íóæäàòüñÿ:
He needs your help (Îí íóæäàåòñÿ = åìó íóæíà)
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SHOULD
1) Ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ, ñîâåò ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî:
You should be more careful (íàäî, ñëåäóåò).
You should have told us about it (íàäî áûëî, ñëåäîâàëî,çðÿ òû
íå
).
You should follow their line in negotiations (äîëæåí ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ ).
2) Ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ, ñîâåò íå äåëàòü ÷åãî-ëèáî:
You shouldn’t do it yourself (íå ñòîèò, íå ñëåäóåò).
You shouldn’t have done it (çðÿ òû , íå íàäî áûëî, íå ñòîèëî).
3) Òî, ÷åãî ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü:
If the money supply increases, the inflation rate should rise,
too (Åñëè äåíåæíàÿ ìàññà ðàñòåò, óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè òîæå
âîçðàñòàåò).
4)
 çíà÷åíèè åñëè:
Should they need our expertise, we will always help (Åñëè
èì ïîíàäîáèòñÿ )
5) Â âûðàæåíèÿõ: Why should I? (Ñ êàêîé ñòàòè?) How should I
know? (Îòêóäà ÿ çíàþ?).
OUGHT (TO)
Òî æå, ÷òî ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë SHOULD (â çíà÷åíèÿõ ¹1 è 2),
òîëüêî ñ ìåíüøåé íàñòîé÷èâîñòüþ è êàòåãîðè÷íîñòüþ):
They ought to ask permission (Èì ñëåäóåò ñïðîñèòü ðàçðåøåíèå).
They ought to have asked permission (Èì ñëåäîâàëî [áû] ñïðîñèòü ðàçðåøåíèå).
He ought not to be so shy (íå ñëåäóåò).
He ought not to have been so shy (íå ñëåäîâàëî).
WILL
1) Ñèëüíîå âîëåèçúÿâëåíèå (â òîì ÷èñëå â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ íåîäóøåâëåííûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè):
Say hello to your Dad — I will (îáÿçàòåëüíî, íåïðåìåííî).
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The pen won’t (= will not) write (Ðó÷êà íå ïèøåò, ò.å. «íå
õî÷åò» ïèñàòü).
The door won’t open (Äâåðü íå îòêðûâàåòñÿ).
2) Óâåðåííîñòü:
They will know his new address (Îíè íàâåðíÿêà çíàþò åãî
íîâûé àäðåñ).
3) Ïðîñüáà:
Will you call me back (Ïåðåçâîíèòå ìíå).
SHALL
1) Îáåùàíèå ñ îòòåíêîì óãðîçû, ïðåäîñòåðåæåíèÿ:
They shall get a reply tomorrow (ïîëó÷àò íåïðåìåííî)
He shall remember me (Îí çàïîìíèò ìåíÿ)
2) Çàïðîñ íà âûïîëíåíèå äåéñòâèÿ (èíñòðóêöèþ):
Shall I start? (Ìíå íà÷èíàòü?)
3) Íàìåðåíèå èëè îáÿçàòåëüñòâà, çàôèêñèðîâàííûå â þðèäè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòàõ (äîãîâîðàõ):
The parties shall pay the expenses ... (áóäóò / îáÿçóþòñÿ îïëà÷èâàòü ðàñõîäû ).
WOULD
1) Óïîðíîå íåæåëàíèå:
She wouldn’t say what had happened (íè â êàêóþ = íèêàê =
íè çà ÷òî íå õîòåëà ãîâîðèòü).
2) Âåðîÿòíîñòü:
They would be willing to join the talks as well (Îíè, âåðîÿòíî, òîæå çàõîòÿò ó÷àñòâîâàòü â ïåðåãîâîðàõ).
3) Ïîâòîðÿþùååñÿ äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì:
I remember my parents would take us to the country and
would make picnics for us when we were small children (áûâàëî áðàëè íàñ çà ãîðîä è óñòðàèâàëè ïèêíèêè).
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4)
 ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè:
He would do it much better if he followed your advice (Îí áû
ñäåëàë ) [â áóäóùåì].
He would have done it much better if he had followed your
advice (ïåðåâîä òîò æå) [â ïðîøëîì].
DARE
1) Äåðçîñòü â ïîñòóïêàõ:
How dare you talk like that to your parents? (Êàê òû ñìååøü )
2) Íåðåøèòåëüíîñòü:
He dared not approach her = He didn’t dare to approach her
(íå ðåøàëñÿ, íå îñìåëèâàëñÿ).
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×òî òàêîå ìîäàëüíîñòü?
2.
Êàê âûðàæàåòñÿ ìîäàëüíîñòü â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå?
3.
Êàêèå çíà÷åíèÿ (îòòåíêè) àíãëèéñêèõ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ âûøå áûëè âàì èçâåñòíû è êàêèå
ÿâèëèñü íîâûìè äëÿ âàñ?
4.
Êàêóþ ðîëü èãðàåò ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà, ñòîÿùåãî ïîñëå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà?
 ÷åì, íà âàø âçãëÿä, ñîñòîÿò òðóäíîñòè ïåðåâîäà ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê?
5.
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè
íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Óñòàíîâèòå çíà÷åíèå (îòòåíîê) êàæäîãî èç ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ.
1.
The management of the company can hardly have agreed with
the demands of the workers on strike.
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2.
The agreement signed cannot be revised by one party only.
3.
The energy crisis could lead to serious negative developments in
the national economy over the rest of the year.
They could not possibly agree to the terms put forward during
the talks.
4.
5.
They at least might have helped by sending their experts to
provide technical assistance.
6.
Their decision might have been caused by very urgent circumstances.
7.
The employees may not use the Internet for their personal
needs unless they stay after work.
8.
They might want us to take this exam again later this year.
9.
The students need not photocopy the article for the seminar
since it can be found in their economics text-book.
10. I think you should have joined them in their work, as it would
have saved them time.
11. I can’t understand why he should have made this mistake.
12. The employees on strike would not talk to the representatives of
the company management without the labor unions being part
of the talks to back them up.
13. He needn’t have gone that far in his efforts to bring the matter
back for discussion.
14. It could be argued that this measure of overcoming the crisis is
the only reasonable one.
15. The recent statistic data on households should be of great importance for their conclusions.
16. Every dollar counts, and your contribution might become crucial for the whole project.
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×àñòü IV
¨
ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ Ñ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÃÎ ßÇÛÊÀ
ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ
 áîëüøèíñòâå îïóáëèêîâàííûõ êóðñîâ è ïîñîáèé ïî òåîðèè è
ïðàêòèêå ïåðåâîäà äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ, èçó÷àþùèõ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê,
àâòîðû ñ÷èòàþò ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìåþùèìñÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷èòü âíèìàíèå ëèøü íà ïðîáëåìàõ ïåðåâîäà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé.
Ýòî — ïåðâûé è, áåçóñëîâíî, î÷åíü âàæíûé ýòàï ïåðåâîä÷åñêîãî
ó÷åíè÷åñòâà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî â íàøèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïåðåâîä ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåâîäîì íà ðîäíîé ÿçûê, äàííûé
âèä òðàíñôîðìàöèè òåêñòà äëÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå óäîáíûì è åñòåñòâåííûì, ïîñêîëüêó îí ñâîáîäíî âëàäååò êîäîì, ñ ïîìîùüþ êîòîðîãî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ýòîò ïðîöåññ.
Ïåðåâîä ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé (ò.å. ñ ðîäíîãî íà èíîñòðàííûé) — íåèçìåðèìî áîëåå ñëîæíûé ïðîöåññ, ïîñêîëüêó îí òðåáóåò ãëóáîêîãî çíàíèÿ ÿçûêîâûõ è êóëüòóðíûõ ðåàëèé, èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, óâåðåííîñòè â òîì, ÷òî èìåííî òàê ãîâîðÿò ïî-àíãëèéñêè â
äàííîé êîíêðåòíîé ñèòóàöèè.1
Íåîáõîäèìî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ó÷èòûâàòü àäðåñàòà, òî åñòü äëÿ êîãî
ïðåäíàçíà÷åí ïåðåâîäèìûé ìàòåðèàë, ÷òîáû âûáðàòü áðèòàíñêèé
èëè àìåðèêàíñêèé âàðèàíò àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Îäíîé èç ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ îøèáîê â ïèñüìåííîì ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñìåøåíèå îðôîãðàôèè, ñëîâàðÿ, ãðàììàòèêè è ò.ä. ýòèõ äâóõ
íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ âàðèàíòîâ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
Ó÷åò àäðåñàòà ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêæå âûðàæàåòñÿ â âûáîðå ñòèëÿ.
Âî âñåõ ÿçûêàõ ìîæíî âûäåëèòü ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå ïÿòü óðîâíåé, èëè
ñòåïåíåé îôèöèàëüíîñòè.
Åñëè íà÷èíàòü ñ ñàìîãî «âåðõà», òî åñòü ñ ïÿòîãî óðîâíÿ, òî
òàì ðàñïîëîæåí î÷åíü îôèöèàëüíûé, êàíöåëÿðñêèé ñòèëü, êîòîðûé
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ëèøü â þðèäè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòàõ, êîíòðàêòàõ, ïðè âûñòóïëåíèÿõ â ñóäå è ò.ï.
Áîëåå ïîäðîáíî âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé èçëîæåíû
àâòîðîì â êíèãàõ: Â.Ñ. Ñëåïîâè÷. Ïðàêòè÷åñêèé êóðñ ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà
íà àíãëèéñêèé. Ìèíñê: ÁÃÝÓ, 2004; Â.Ñ. Ñëåïîâè÷. Ïåðåâîä (àíãëèéñêèé « ðóññêèé). Ìèíñê: ÒåòðàÑèñòåìñ, 2009.
1.
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Íà ÷åòâåðòîé ñòóïåíüêå íàõîäèòñÿ îôèöèàëüíî-äåëîâîé ñòèëü,
êîòîðûé ïðèìåíèì â îôèöèàëüíîé îáñòàíîâêå, íà ïåðåãîâîðàõ,
ìåæäó ëþäüìè ñ ðàçíûì ñîöèàëüíûì ñòàòóñîì (íà÷àëüíèê — ïîä÷èíåííûé).
 ñåðåäèíå, íà òðåòüåì óðîâíå, ìîæíî ðàñïîëîæèòü íåéòðàëüíûé ñòèëü, êîòîðûé óìåñòåí â ïîâñåäíåâíîì îáùåíèè ñ êëèåíòàìè
ôèðìû è ìàëîçíàêîìûìè ëþäüìè.
Åùå íèæå (íà âòîðîé ñòóïåíüêå) íàõîäèòñÿ íåïðèíóæäåííûé
(íåîôèöèàëüíûé) ñòèëü, èñïîëüçóåìûé ìåæäó ÷ëåíàìè ñåìüè,
äðóçüÿìè, ïðèÿòåëÿìè. Ýòîò ñòèëü èíà÷å ìîæíî íàçâàòü ðàçãîâîðíûì.
Íàêîíåö, ñàìûé íèæíèé «ýòàæ» (óìåñòíåå, ïîæàëóé, åãî íàçâàòü ïîäâàëîì) îòâåäåí ïîä ãðóáûé, âóëüãàðíûé ñòèëü, êóäà, áåçóñëîâíî, îòíîñÿòñÿ ãðóáûå âûðàæåíèÿ, ñëåíã, òàáóèðîâàííàÿ (íåíîðìàòèâíàÿ) ëåêñèêà.
Èòàê, â îáîáùåííîì âèäå ïÿòü óðîâíåé îôèöèàëüíîñòè ñòèëÿ
âûãëÿäÿò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì :
óðîâåíü 5 — î÷åíü îôèöèàëüíûé, êàíöåëÿðñêèé (very formal);
óðîâåíü 4 — îôèöèàëüíûé, èëè îôèöèàëüíî-äåëîâîé (formal);
óðîâåíü 3 — íåéòðàëüíûé (neutral);
óðîâåíü 2 — íåïðèíóæäåííûé, èëè ðàçãîâîðíûé (informal);
óðîâåíü 1 — ãðóáûé, âóëüãàðíûé (rude and vulgar).
Ñìåøåíèå ñòèëåé (îñîáåííî ïîëÿðíûõ) ïðè ïåðåâîäå îäíîðîäíîãî ïî ñòèëþ òåêñòà íåäîïóñòèìî. Êîãäà æå â îðèãèíàëå çâó÷èò ðàçíîñòèëåâàÿ ëåêñèêà, îñîáåííî â ñïîíòàííûõ âûñêàçûâàíèÿõ òåõ èëè
èíûõ ïîëèòèêîâ, òî âûõîäîì èç ïîëîæåíèÿ äëÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà ìîæåò
áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåéòðàëüíîãî èëè â êðàéíåì ñëó÷àå íåïðèíóæäåííîãî (ðàçãîâîðíîãî) ñòèëåé.
Çäåñü óìåñòíî åùå ðàç âñïîìíèòü ïðèìåð, ïðèâåäåííûé â ×àñòè I («Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà») ñ âûñêàçûâàíèåì Í.Ñ. Õðóùåâà
«Ìû âàì ïîêàæåì êóçüêèíó ìàòü». Òàêèå âûñêàçûâàíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê
ôðàçåîëîãèè.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèõ åäèíñòâ íóæíî çíàòü óñòîé÷èâûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, à â ñëó÷àå ñ îáðàçíîé ôðàçåîëîãèåé (èäèîìàìè è ïîñëîâèöàìè) è ðàçãîâîðíûìè âûðàæåíèÿìè äëÿ
äîñòèæåíèÿ àäåêâàòíîñòè ïåðåâîäà, êàê óæå áûëî ñêàçàíî, âïîëíå
ìîæíî ïðèáåãíóòü ê íåéòðàëüíîìó ñòèëþ, åñëè ïåðåâîä÷èê çàòðóäíÿåòñÿ íàéòè àíãëèéñêîå ëåêñè÷åñêîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå.
Õîðîøî, åñëè ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê Æàëü,
÷òî ó ìåíÿ íåò øàïêè-íåâèäèìêè, è ÿ íå ìîãó ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü íà
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ýòîé âñòðå÷å, âàøà ìîìåíòàëüíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ïîçâîëèëà âàì «âûäàòü»,
íàïðèìåð, òàêîé âàðèàíò: I wish I were a fly on the wall and were able
to be present at that meeting. Îäíàêî ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîæíî ïåðåäàòü è íåéòðàëüíûì ñòèëåì: Unfortunately I have no possibility to participate in that meeting.
Ê ÷èñëó ïðèìåðîâ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íåéòðàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå îáðàçíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ ìîæíî áûëî áû äîáàâèòü ñëåäóþùèå:
×åì ÷åðò íå øóòèò
You never can tell. (= There is no telling what could happen.)
Ìíå îò ýòîãî íè æàðêî íè õîëîäíî
It’s all the same to me.
Ãëàâíîå, ÷åãî íóæíî èçáåãàòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå îáðàçíûõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ, ýòî áóêâàëüíîãî ïåðåâîäà, òî åñòü êàëüêè (carbon-paper
translation).  ýòîé ñâÿçè èíòåðåñåí ïðèìåð íåóäà÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà,
êîòîðûé ìîæíî áûëî íàáëþäàòü ïî òåëåâèäåíèþ âî âðåìÿ ïðèåìà
Âëàäèìèðîì Ïóòèíûì ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè Òîíè
Áëýðà â Ïåòåðáóðãå â íà÷àëå 2001 ãîäà. Ãîâîðÿ îá îòíîøåíèè ÷å÷åíñêèõ ñåïàðàòèñòîâ ê ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñèòóàöèè, Ïóòèí âûðàçèë èõ
ïîçèöèþ ñëîâàìè «Íàä íàìè àëëàõ, à ïîä íàìè êîçëû». Ïîíÿòíî,
÷òî êîçëàìè ïðåíåáðåæèòåëüíî íàçûâàëèñü íåâåðíûå (à íå âèä æèâîòíûõ). Îäíàêî â ïåðåâîäå ïðîçâó÷àëî èìåííî goats, è áûëî âèäíî, êàê Òîíè Áëýð ñ óäèâëåíèåì ïîñìîòðåë íà ïåðåâîä÷èêà, òàê
êàê åìó ïðîñòî áûë íåïîíÿòåí ñìûñë âûñêàçûâàíèÿ.
 çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ïåðåâîäèìîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê òåêñòà èëè ñòåïåíè îôèöèàëüíîñòè ñèòóàöèè, â êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò ïðîöåññ óñòíîãî ïåðåâîäà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ïåðåâîä÷èê ïðèáåãàåò ê ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åêèì
ñðåäñòâàì òîãî èëè èíîãî ñòèëÿ ðå÷è. Âîò ïðîñòîé ïðèìåð, â êîòîðîì âûðàæåíà ïðîñüáà êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå ïðèñëàòü äîêëàä:
Îôèöèàëüíîäåëîâîé ñòèëü
I would appreciate if
you would send me
the report at your
earliest convenience.
Íåéòðàëüíûé ñòèëü
Íåïðèíóæäåííûé
(ðàçãîâîðíûé) ñòèëü
Please send me the re- Send me the report
port as soon as pos- real quick, OKay?
sible.
Thanks. [real quick —
U.S.]
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Èíîãäà îôèöèàëüíîñòü ñèòóàöèè ïðè ïåðåâîäå ìîæåò áûòü ïåðåäàíà çà ñ÷åò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýâôåìèçìîâ, êîòîðûå, êàê èçâåñòíî,
«ñìÿã÷àþò óäàð». Õàðàêòåðíûì ïðèìåðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåäà÷à îòòåíêîâ âûðàæåíèÿ óâîëèòü ñ ðàáîòû — îò sack, fire, give the boot äî let
go, terminate, discharge, dismiss.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé íåîáõîäèìî èìåòü
â âèäó, ÷òî äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îôèöèàëüíîñòè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñëîâà ôðàíöóçñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ è ëàòèíèçìû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê äëÿ íåéòðàëüíîãî è íåïðèíóæäåííîãî ñòèëåé õàðàêòåðíû
ñëîâà èç ïîâñåäíåâíîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ. Ñðàâíèòå:
Àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà ôðàíöóçñêîãî
ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ è ëàòèíèçìû /
French derivatives and Latinisms
(îôèöèàëüíî-äåëîâîé ñòèëü)
Îáû÷íûå àíãëèéñêèå ñëîâà /
Plain English words (íåéòðàëüíûé
è íåïðèíóæäåííûé ñòèëè)
request
desire
permit
endeavour
dine
pursue
commence
finalize
maximize
optionalize
operationalize
utilize
familiarize
ask
want
allow
try
eat
follow
begin
finish, complete
increase
allow choice
start
use
make aware
Ìíîãèå íåîïûòíûå ïåðåâîä÷èêè, ñâîáîäíî âëàäåþùèå ðàçãîâîðíûì àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì, ÷àñòî ëþáÿò óïîòðåáëÿòü ãëàãîëû ñ
ïðåäëîãàìè â ïîñòïîçèöèè (phrasal verbs), íàïðìåð: end up with,
set up, find out, hold on.
Ñëåäóåò çíàòü, îäíàêî, ÷òî ýòè ãëàãîëû óìåñòíû ëèøü â íåïðèíóæäåííîì (â êðàéíåì ñëó÷àå, íåéòðàëüíîì) ñòèëå, â òî âðåìÿ
êàê â îôèöèàëüíîì ñòèëå äîëæíû èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ãëàãîëû áåç ïðåäëîãîâ (single verbs).
Ñðàâíèòå ðàçíûå ïî ñòåïåíè îôèöèàëüíîñòè àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû:
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Îôèöèàëüíûé (â ïèñüìåííîé
ðå÷è — àêàäåìè÷åñêèé) ñòèëü
ðå÷è
Íåéòðàëüíûé è íåïðèíóæäåííûé ñòèëè ðå÷è
accumulate
assist
compensate
establish
reduce
increase
create
determine
investigate
fluctuate
raise
eliminate
reject
tolerate
build up
help out
make up for
set up
cut down
go up
come up with
find out
look into
go up and down
bring up
get rid of
turn down
put up with
Àíàëèç ïðèâåäåííîé âûøå ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîé ðàçíèöû â ëåêñè÷åñêîì ñîñòàâå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ïîçâîëèò áåç òðóäà îïðåäåëèòü,
êàêîé èç äâóõ âàðèàíòîâ îòíîñèòñÿ ê áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè îôèöèàëüíîñòè, à êàêîé — ê ìåíüøåé.
1.
2.
The government has made good / considerable progress in solving environmental problems.
We got / obtained encouraging results.
3.
The results of a lot of / numerous different projects have been
pretty good / encouraging.
4.
A loss of jobs is one of the things that will happen / consequences
if the process is automated.
×òî êàñàåòñÿ ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèõ ðàçëè÷èé â ãðàììàòèêå, çíàíèå
êîòîðûõ íåîáõîäèìî ïðè ïèñüìåííîì ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà
íà àíãëèéñêèé, ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü, ÷òî äëÿ îôèöèàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ (â
îòëè÷èå îò íåïðèíóæäåííîãî èëè íåéòðàëüíîãî) õàðàêòåðíû:
1) ïîëíûå, à íå ñîêðàùåííûå ãëàãîëüíûå ôîðìû îòðèöàíèÿ:
won’t
didn’t
can’t
à
à
à
will not
did not
cannot
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2)
èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôîðì îòðèöàíèÿ ñ ìåíüøèì ÷èñëîì ñëîâ:
not . . . any à
no
(The analysis didn’t yield any new resultsàThe analysis yielded
no new results)
not . . . much
à
little
(The government didn’t allocate much funding for the program àThe government allocated little funding for the program)
not . . . many à
few
(This program doesn’t have many viable solutionsàThis problem has few viable solutions)
3) ïàññèâíûé çàëîã âìåñòî ïðåäëîæåíèé â àêòèâíîì çàëîãå ñ
ìåñòîèìåíèåì «âû»:
You can see the results in Table à
in Table 1.
4)
The results can be seen
êîñâåííûå, à íå ïðÿìûå âîïðîñû:
What can be done to lower costs? à We now need to
consider what can be done to lower costs. or We now need to
consider how costs may be lowered.
5)
ñðåäèííàÿ (âíóòðè ãëàãîëüíûõ ôîðì) ïîçèöèÿ íàðå÷èé:
Then the solution can be discarded à The solution can
then be discarded.
The inflation rate decreased slowly à The inflation rate
slowly decreased.
Âîïðîñû òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé âïåðâûå ñèñòåìíî ðàññìàòðåíû â êóðñå1 , ñòðóêòóðà êîòîðîãî âçÿòà çà îñíîâó äàëüíåéøåé ÷àñòè äàííîãî ó÷åáíèêà. Âñëåä çà
óêàçàííûì èñòî÷íèêîì ðóññêèé òåêñò ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ìàòðèöà ïåðåâîä÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì, ðåøàåìûõ â ðóñëå êîììóíèêàòèâíîé ìîäåëè
ïåðåâîäà.
Äëÿ àäåêâàòíîãî ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé íåîáõîäèì ó÷åò ïðåäìåòíîé ñèòóàöèè, êîòîðàÿ îòðàæàåò óïîìèíàåìûå â ðóññêîì òåêñòå ïðåäìåòû è ñâÿçè ìåæäó íèìè. Íàïðèìåð,
Áðåóñ Å.Â. Îñíîâû òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé. Ìîñêâà: Èçä-âî ÓÐÀÎ, 1998.
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ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà ÷åëîâåê “ñèäèò ïîëîæèâ íîãó íà íîãó”, ïî-àíãëèéñêè âûðàæàåòñÿ ñëîâàìè “with one’s knees crossed”, à “ïåíêà íà ìîëîêå” ïåðåäàåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè èíîãî ïîíÿòèÿ — “milk with skin on it”
(Áðåóñ Å.Â., 1998:6).
Êëþ÷åâûì â ïðîöåññå ïåðåâîäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåäà÷à ñìûñëà, ïîýòîìó íå ñòîèò ôèêñèðîâàòü âíèìàíèå íà ïîèñêå çíà÷åíèÿ êîíêðåòíîãî ñëîâà âî ôðàçå. Íàïðèìåð, àíãëèéñêèé âàðèàíò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
Ìíå òðóäíî ýòî ïîíÿòü âïîëíå ìîæåò áûòü òàêèì: I have a difficult
time understanding this. À ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå ñòîë íàõîäîê ïåðåäàåòñÿ êàê
lost and found, òî åñòü âîîáùå ñ ïîìîùüþ äðóãèõ ëåêñè÷åñêèõ è
ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ôîðì.
Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, ïåðåâîä÷èêó íåîáõîäèìî áûòü î÷åíü
âíèìàòåëüíûì äëÿ èçáåæàíèÿ áóêâàëüíîãî, èëè êàëüêèðîâàííîãî,
ïåðåâîäà.
Îñîáåííî ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñëó÷àÿì, êîãäà â ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêîì
ñëîâàðå èìååòñÿ ëèøü îäíî ïîäõîäÿùåå ïî ñìûñëó çíà÷åíèå ñëîâà,
íî îíî-òî è äåëàåò ïåðåâîä íåóäà÷íûì è íåïîíÿòíûì íîñèòåëÿì
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, òàê êàê íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ íàöèîíàëüíûå îñîáåííîñòè è ðåàëèè ñòðàíû.
Íàïðèìåð, â ïðåäëîæåíèè Îíà áûëà èçáðàíà äåëåãàòîì ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî ñúåçäà ó÷èòåëåé ñëîâî ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèé äîëæíî áûòü ïåðåâåäåíî êàê national, ïîòîìó ÷òî èìååòñÿ â âèäó îáùåíàöèîíàëüíûé
ñúåçä, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñëîâî republican óâåäåò àíãëîÿçû÷íîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ â ñòîðîíó è ìîæåò áûòü ïîíÿòî, íàïðèìåð, êàê ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü
ê Ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîé ïàðòèè. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî áûâøèé ñòàòóñ Áåëàðóñè
êàê îäíîé èç ñîâåòñêèõ ðåñïóáëèê íàêëàäûâàåò îòïå÷àòîê íà óïîòðåáëåíèå â ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñëîâà ðåñïóáëèêà êàê republic âìåñòî country èëè nation.
Åùå îäèí ïðèìåð ïîäîáíîãî ðîäà — ñëîâî óþòíûé, êîòîðîå â
ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêîì ñëîâàðå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê cosy. Îäíàêî ýòèì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì ïî-àíãëèéñêè ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü ëèøü êîìíàòó èëè
óãîëîê, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïî-ðóññêè âïîëíå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è “óþòíûé
ãîðîä”. Àíãëèéñêîå ñîîòâåòñòâèå âûñêàçûâàíèþ “Ãîðîä íàì ïîêàçàëñÿ î÷åíü óþòíûì” ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî, íàïðèìåð, ñ ïîìîùüþ âåñüìà ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïàðíûõ ñèíîíèìîâ: “The town seemed to us very nice and attractive”.
Íåîïûòíûé ïåðåâîä÷èê ïîðîé ñòàíîâèòñÿ «çàëîæíèêîì» óñâîåííûõ çíà÷åíèé ñëîâ, íå ó÷èòûâàÿ ïðåäìåòíóþ ñèòóàöèþ, â êîòîðîé îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ. Íàïðèìåð, âñå çíàþò, ÷òî ïëîùàäü (ãîðîäñêàÿ) ïî-àíãëèéñêè — square, è íè ó êîãî íå âûçûâàåò ñîìíåíèÿ
ïðàâèëüíîñòü ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé Trafalgar Square, Red Square, Independence Square è ò.ä. Íî íåêîòîðûå ãîðîäñêèå ïëîùàäè èìåþò êðóã147
ëóþ ôîðìó, è èõ òàê è íàçûâàþò: êðóãëàÿ ïëîùàäü. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî
ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå Round Square íå ìîæåò íå âûçâàòü ñìåõ ó íîñèòåëåé
àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, òàê êàê square — åùå è êâàäðàò, êîòîðûé íå
ìîæåò áûòü êðóãëûì. Çäåñü âïîëíå óìåñòíî âñïîìíèòü î ëîíäîíñêîé ïëîùàäè Ïèêêàäèëëè — Piccadilly Circus, èìåþùåé êðóãëóþ
ôîðìó.
Ðàññìîòðèì åùå îäèí ïðèìåð, êîãäà íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ñèòóàöèþ è øèðîêèé êîíòåêñò ïðè ïåðåâîäå. Êîãäà ìû âåäåì ðå÷ü îá
îò÷èñëåíèè êàêîé-òî ñóììû äåíåã, òî åñòü âû÷èòàíèè åå èç áîëåå
êðóïíîé, åñòåñòâåííî, ìû áåðåì çà îñíîâó ãëàãîë deduct è îò íåãî
îáðàçîâûâàåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå deduction. Íó à êàê áûòü ñ âûðàæåíèåì îò÷èñëåíèÿ â (ïåíñèîííûé ôîíä)? Âåäü deduction — ýòî îò÷èñëåíèå èç ÷åãî-òî, à íå âî ÷òî-òî. Çäåñü ñëåäóåò ðóêîâîäñòâîâàòüñÿ ëîãèêîé äåéñòâèÿ è âìåñòî deductions from óïîòðåáèòü contributions to
(the pension fund).
Äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è ñìûñëà âûñêàçûâàíèÿ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ (à) ñõîäíûå
èëè (á) ðàçëè÷íûå ÿçûêîâûå ñðåäñòâà, íàïðèìåð:
(à)
Ìû ðåãóëÿðíî ÷èòàåì ãàçåòû.
We regularly read newspapers.
(á)
Î äåòÿõ ïîçàáîòèëèñü.
The children were taken care of.
(Àêòèâíàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïåðåäàíà ïàññèâîì)
Ïðèìåðîâ ñî ñõîäíûìè ñðåäñòâàìè âûðàæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå
ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå, ÷åì ñëó÷àåâ, êîãäà ïðèõîäèòñÿ äåëàòü âñåâîçìîæíûå çàìåíû è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè.
Ðàññìîòðèì íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå ñëó÷àè, âûçûâàþùèå
çàòðóäíåíèÿ ó ïåðåâîä÷èêîâ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Íàçîâåì èõ òàê:
ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ, ÂÎÇÍÈÊÀÞÙÈÅ ÏÐÈ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÅ
Ñ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÃÎ ßÇÛÊÀ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ
1. Âûáîð ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàòðóäíèòåëüíûì
äëÿ íà÷èíàþùåãî ïåðåâîä÷èêà.
Âîçüìåì â êà÷åñòâå ïåðâîãî ïðèìåðà ïðåäëîæåíèå, ïðè ïåðåâîäå êîòîðîãî ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü íåñêîëüêî âàðèàíòîâ ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ, ïðè ýòîì èõ âûáîð íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñëîæíîñòè
â ñèëó èõ ñìûñëîâîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè:
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Êîìïàíèè îáåùàþò êðåäèò, ó÷èòûâàÿ (= ïðè óñëîâèè), ÷òî
îíà âåðíåò åãî â òå÷åíèå ãîäà.
Ïîä÷åðêíóòîå âûðàæåíèå ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
ìíîãèìè ñïîñîáàìè, íà÷èíàÿ îò if, íî íå îãðàíè÷èâàÿñü ýòèì, à
èñïîëüçóÿ è äðóãèå âàðèàíòû, íàïðèìåð, on condition that, given that,
taking into account that, as long as.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå âñå ýòè âàðèàíòû
ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîçíà÷íûìè, ïîýòîìó îíè âñå â ðàâíîé ñòåïåíè ìîãóò
áûòü çàäåéñòâîâàíû â ïåðåâîäå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
The company is promised a loan if (= on condition that = given
that = taking into account that = as long as) it repays it within
a year.
Ñëîæíåå ñäåëàòü âûáîð ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, êîãäà èçâåñòíûå íàì ñèíîíèìû íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîçíà÷íûìè (òàêèõ ñëó÷àåâ íà ñàìîì äåëå áîëüøèíñòâî), à ôàêòè÷åñêè
ìû èìååì äåëî ñ ðàçíûìè àíãëèéñêèìè ñëîâàìè, êîòîðûå ïî-ðóññêè âûðàæåíû îäíèì ñëîâîì.
Óäà÷íûì ïðèìåðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðóññêèé ãëàãîë îöåíèâàòü.  çíà÷åíèè áûòü ïðèçíàòåëüíûì — (to) appreciate; â çíà÷åíèè äàâàòü
îöåíêó — ýòî (to) assess, evaluate; íàêîíåö, â çíà÷åíèè óñòàíàâëèâàòü öåíó (òîâàðà) — ýòî (to) price.
À òåïåðü ó âàñ åñòü âîçìîæíîñòü îöåíèòü êà÷åñòâî ïåðåâîäà îòðûâêà èç èíòåðâüþ ïèñàòåëÿ Âàñèëÿ Áûêîâà «Áåëîðóññêîé Äåëîâîé
Ãàçåòå» (¹ 180 çà 2002 ã.), îïóáëèêîâàííîãî â àíãëîÿçû÷íîé ãàçåòå
“The Belarus Today” ¹ 45, 2002 ã. Èòàê, ñðàâíèì îðèãèíàë è ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê (êóðñèâ â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ äàí àâòîðîì íàñòîÿùåãî êóðñà):
«Áåëîðóññêàÿ Äåëîâàÿ Ãàçåòà»
(¹ 180, 2002 ã., ñòð. 14)
“The Belarus Today”
(¹ 45, 2002, p. 7)
— Êàê áû âû îöåíèëè ñåãî-
— How do you appreciate the
present state of Belarus literature
äíÿøíåå ñîñòîÿíèå áåëîðóññêîé ëèòåðàòóðû
Âû óæå ñìîãëè äëÿ ñåáÿ ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà
àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íóæíî áûëî èñïîëüçîâàòü ãëàãîë assess âìåñòî
appreciate.
Ãëàâíàÿ òðóäíîñòü â âûáîðå àíãëèéñêîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ äëÿ íà÷èíàþùåãî ïåðåâîä÷èêà ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé
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ÿçûê çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî îí óâåðåí â åäèíñòâåííîì ñóùåñòâóþùåì âàðèàíòå èñêîìîãî ðóññêîãî ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.
 êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ðàçáåðåì ïåðåâîä òðåõ ðóññêèõ ñëîâ: (1)ïîëåçíûé, (2)äåëî è (3) èíîñòðàííûé
(1) Íè ó êîãî íå âûçûâàåò ñîìíåíèÿ, ÷òî «ïîëåçíûé» ïî-àíãëèéñêè — useful. È äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ïîëåçíàÿ ðàáîòà — useful work;
ïîëåçíûå çíàíèÿ — useful knowledge è ò.ä.
Îäíàêî, åñëè ìû ãîâîðèì î òîì, ÷òî îâîùè è ôðóêòû ïîëåçíû
èëè ïëàâàòü ïîëåçíî, òî åäèíñòâåííûé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà — healthy,
ïîòîìó ÷òî useful ïðåäïîëàãàåò èñïîëüçîâàíèå â îïðåäåëåííûõ öåëÿõ.
Äàëåå, åñëè ìû èìååì â âèäó, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê èëè ÷åé-òî ñîâåò
îêàçàëñÿ ïîëåçíûì, òî çäåñü óìåñòíî óïîòðåáèòü àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî
helpful.
Íàêîíåö, â ðÿäå ðóññêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé ïîëåçíûé èìååò è äðóãèå àíãëèéñêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
ïîëåçíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ
ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå
ïîëåçíàÿ æèëàÿ ïëîùàäü
ïîëåçíàÿ ïëîùàäü
ïîëåçíàÿ ìîùíîñòü
ïîëåçíîå äåéñòâèå (ìàøèíû)
ïîëåçíàÿ íàãðóçêà
ïîëåçíîå ïðèìåíåíèå
÷åì ìîãó áûòü ïîëåçåí?
valuable information
minerals (mineral resources)
actual living space
usable area
available capacity
efficiency
working load
beneficial use
(how) can I help you?
(2) Òåïåðü ðàññìîòðèì ñëîâî «äåëî». Êàçàëîñü áû, íè÷åãî, êðîìå
business, çäåñü íàì íå ìîæåò ïîäîéòè. Îäíàêî ïðåäëîæåíèå Ó ìåíÿ â
ãîðîäå äåëà â ïåðåâîäå áóäåò I’ve got some errands to do in town. Òî æå
ñëîâî errands íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Îí
óøåë ïî äåëàì.
(3) Ñî ñëîâîì «èíîñòðàííûé» ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
âîîáùå íå äîëæíî áûòü ïðîáëåì, ïîñêîëüêó ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà â øêîëå â íàñ áóêâàëüíî «âïå÷àòàëè» ñëîâî
foreign (â ïðàâîïèñàíèè êîòîðîãî, êñòàòè, î÷åíü ëåãêî ñäåëàòü îøèáêó). Ìû ñâîáîäíî óïîòðåáëÿåì åãî â òàêèõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿõ, êàê
Ìèíèñòåðñòâî èíîñòðàííûõ äåë (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) èëè èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè (foreign languages). Îäíàêî íåðåäêî â ïåðåâîäå íà
àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïðèõîäèòñÿ ó÷èòûâàòü ôàêòîð ìåæêóëüòóðíîé êîììóíèêàöèè. Èìåííî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ñî ñëîâîì èíîñòðàííûé.
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 ÑØÀ äëÿ ìíîãèõ æèòåëåé (íàïðèìåð, ìåêñèêàíöåâ, êèòàéöåâ, âüåòíàìöåâ è ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé äðóãèõ ýòíè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï) àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåðîäíûì, èíîñòðàííûì.  ñèëó âñå áîëåå
ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîé ïîëèòêîððåêòíîñòè, ó÷èòûâàÿ íåêîòîðûé îòðèöàòåëüíûé îòòåíîê ñëîâà foreign, ÷òîáû íå îáèäåòü ýòè ñëîè íàñåëåíèÿ, àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê êàê èíîñòðàííûé ïîëó÷èë íàçâàíèå English as
a second language, ñîêðàùåííî ESL, à ëþáîé èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê - a
second language, èëè 2L.
Äàëåå, èñõîäÿ èç òåõ æå ñîîáðàæåíèé, èíîñòðàííûå ñòóäåíòû â
àìåðèêàíñêèõ óíèâåðñèòåòàõ (à èõ êîëè÷åñòâî äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîå)
íàçûâàþòñÿ international students.
Íàêîíåö, äëÿ èììèãðàöèîííîé ñëóæáû ÑØÀ èíîñòðàííûé ãðàæäàíèí íàçûâàåòñÿ ñëîâîì alien.
Âåëèê ñîáëàçí ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûì ñëîâîì â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êîòîðîå, îäíàêî, ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ëèøü â îäíîì èëè íåñêîëüêèõ, íî íå âî âñåõ
çíà÷åíèÿõ ðóññêîãî ñëîâà, êîòîðîå íóæíî ïåðåâåñòè. Âîçüìåì äëÿ
ïðèìåðà ñëîâî ïðàêòèêà.
Êîíå÷íî æå, åñòü àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî practice, êîòîðîå ïîäõîäèò
â òàêîì êîíòåêñòå, êàê ïðàêòèêà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÷åãî-ëèáî èëè íåîáõîäèìà ïðàêòèêà (òðåíèðîâêà) äëÿ çàêðåïëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà. Îäíàêî äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ñòóäåí÷åñêàÿ ïðàêòèêà íà ïðåäïðèÿòèè íóæíî äðóãîå àíãëèéñêîå ñëîâî — internship (÷òî-òî âðîäå
èíòåðíàòóðû).
Îñîáåííî âåëèêà âåðîÿòíîñòü èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé íåâåðíîãî âàðèàíòà ñðåäè ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ è ñëóæåáíûõ ñëîâ.
Íàïðèìåð, â âîïðîñàõ Êàê òû äóìàåøü? Êàê îí âûãëÿäèò? âìåñòî how èñïîëüçóåòñÿ what:
What do you think?
What does he look like?
À âîïðîñ Êàê ïîÿâèëñÿ çàìûñåë ýòîé êíèãè? ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè, ïîìåíÿâ åãî ñòðóêòóðó: Where does the idea of the book come
from?
Ñëîâî êàê èìååò åùå äâà àíãëèéñêèõ ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ — as è like,
êîòîðûå ÷àñòî ïóòàþò:
Êàê è âñå îñòàëüíûå ðåñïóáëèêè áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ, Áåëàðóñü ñòîëêíóëàñü ñ ìíîãèìè ýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè ïðîáëåìàìè.
Like all the other FSU republics, Belarus faced numerous
economic problems.
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Êàê íàì ñêàçàëè, â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ íå ïðåäâèäèòñÿ
ñóùåñòâåííûõ ïåðåìåí.
As we were told, no major changes were expected in the near
future.
Íàêîíåö (ïîñëåäíåå ïî ñ÷åòó, íî íå ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðè âûáîðå
àíãëèéñêîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ), ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî
ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê èç íàáîðà ñèíîíèìè÷åñêèõ ñëîâ
è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé ïðåäïî÷òåíèå îòäàåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ÷àñòîòíûì â
ÿçûêå, íàïðèìåð:
ïîñëåäñòâèÿ — implications, repercussions (÷àùå, ÷åì consequences);
ñîáûòèÿ — developments (÷àùå, ÷åì events);
íàèáîëåå ïðèåìëåìûé êàíäèäàò — the least unacceptable candidate (÷àùå, ÷åì the most acceptable candidate).
2. Îäíà è òà æå ïðåäìåòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìîæåò
áûòü ïî-ðàçíîìó âûðàæåíà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. Íàïðèìåð, èñõîäíàÿ
è êîíå÷íàÿ ôîðìû ìîãóò îáúåäèíÿòüñÿ îòíîøåíèåì ïðîöåññ — ðåçóëüòàò (äåéñòâèå — ïðèçíàê):
Îí íåðâíè÷àë.
He was nervous.
Ýòî âûçûâàåò îòâðàùåíèå.
This is disgusting.
3. Èñïîëüçóåìûå ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîëû ìîãóò áûòü ñâÿçàíû ïðè÷èííî-ñëåäñòâåííûìè îòíîøåíèÿìè, ïðè ýòîì
ïðè÷èíà è ñëåäñòâèå ìîãóò ìåíÿòüñÿ ìåñòàìè1 :
Ýòî âûçûâàåò íåïðèÿçíü îáùåñòâåííîñòè. [ïðè÷èíà]
This turns the public against them. [ñëåäñòâèå]
Ìû ðàñøèðÿåì ïðàâà ìåñòíûõ îðãàíîâ. [ñëåäñòâèå]
We are giving more rights to local government bodies. [ïðè÷èíà]
4. Ñòàðàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ (òåìà) â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîìåùàåòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à íîâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ (ðåìà) — â êîíöå
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îíè ïîìåùà1
Ýòîò è ðÿä äðóãèõ ïðèìåðîâ äàííîãî ðàçäåëà ïðèâîäÿòñÿ èç óêàçàííûõ âûøå
“Îñíîâ òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé” (Áðåóñ Å.Â.
1998).
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þòñÿ âñåãäà â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, íî îòëè÷àþòñÿ àðòèêëÿìè (íåîïðåäåëåííûé èëè íóëåâîé ïåðåä ðåìîé è îïðåäåëåííûé ïåðåä òåìîé):
 êîìíàòó ïðèíåñëè áîëüøîé ñòîë.
A big table was brought to the room.
Ïîñëå âîéíû ïðîèçîøëà îïðåäåëåííàÿ ïåðåîöåíêà öåííîñòåé.
The early post-war period saw a reappraisal of values.
(Â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì âðåìåíè, êðîìå ãëàãîëà see,
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ òàêæå ãëàãîëû witness, signal, bring about.)
Èíóþ ïîçèöèþ çàíÿëà Ôðàíöèÿ.
A different stand was taken by France.
5. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ îáðàòíûì ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ
äîïóñêàåòñÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ è äîïîëíåíèé â àíãëèéñêîå ïîäëåæàùåå (à), à â ñëó÷àå ñ ïðîñòûì ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì —
èñïîëüçîâàíèå îáîðîòà there is è ôîðìàëüíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî it (á):
(à)
Ê ïëàíàì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè îòäåëüíûõ
ðåãèîíîâ îí îòíîñèëñÿ ðåçêî îòðèöàòåëüíî.
Economic independence for individual regions was viewed by
him as a very dim prospect.
(á)
Ïðîâîäèëñÿ ðåãóëÿðíûé îáìåí äåëåãàöèÿìè.
There was a regular exchange of delegations.
Óêîðåíèëèñü ñâÿçè â îáëàñòè êóëüòóðû.
It has become standard practice to maintain cultural ties.
6. Ïåðåâîä íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé òðåáóåò
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ àêòèâíûõ è ïàññèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé:
Áåç íà÷àëà ïðîöåññà ïðèâàòèçàöèè íåâîçìîæíî îñóùåñòâèòü äðóãèå ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ.
If you don’t start the privatization process, you will not be able to
implement other macroeconomic reforms.
7.
Ïåðåâîä êîíñòðóêöèé ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì:
à)
ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèå ìîæåò áûòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíî â îòäåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå:
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Óñèëèÿ ïðîôñîþçîâ íàïðàâëåíû íà îêàçàíèå ïîìîùè
íàèáîëåå íóæäàþùèìñÿ.
The unions are working towards providing assistance to the
most needy population.
á)
â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ðóññêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî ïðè ïåðåâîäå îïóñêàåòñÿ, à â êà÷åñòâå ïîäëåæàùåãî
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ àíãëèéñêîå îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå:
Åæåãîäíî ñòðàíà ýêñïîðòèðóåò îêîëî 100 ìèëëèîíîâ
òîíí ñûðîé íåôòè.
Annual exports of crude oil amount to about 100 million
tons.
â)
ðóññêèå îòãëàãîëüíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â ðîëè âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ àíãëèéñêèì èíôèíèòèâîì èëè ãåðóíäèåì:
äîïîëíåíèå:
Íåäàâíèå ïåðåìåíû ïîáóäèëè ñòðàíû Öåíòðàëüíîé è
Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû ê âñòóïëåíèþ è àêòèâíîìó ó÷àñòèþ â åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ.
Recent changes have prompted Central and East European
countries to enter and actively participate in the European
organizations.
îïðåäåëåíèå:
Áåëàðóñü îäíà èç ïåðâûõ ïîääåðæàëà èäåþ ñîçäàíèÿ
áåçúÿäåðíûõ çîí.
Belarus was one of the first to support the idea of creating
nuclear free zones.
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî:
ÎÎÍ ìíîãî ñäåëàëà äëÿ ñáëèæåíèÿ ïîçèöèé ñòîðîí â
äàííîì êîíôëèêòå.
The United Nations has done much to bring the parties in
this conflict closer together.
8. ×ëåíåíèå âûñêàçûâàíèé ïðè ïåðåâîäå, òî åñòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ðóññêîãî âûñêàçûâàíèÿ â äâà èëè áîëåå â àíãëèéñêîì òåêñòå:
Íàì áû õîòåëîñü îñîáî îòìåòèòü íåîáõîäèìîñòü ðàñøèðåíèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ êîíòàêòîâ.
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What we’d like to emphasize is that we need to expand our
international contacts.
Êðóïíûé âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííûé ïîòåíöèàë è çíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå, êîòîðûì ðàñïîëàãàëè ÑØÀ, äàâàëè èì âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîèçíåñòè âåñêîå ñëîâî äëÿ îáóçäàíèÿ àãðåññîðîâ.
The United States wielded great military and industrial power
and had considerable influence. This gave it an ample possibility
for sounding a stern warning to curb the aggressors.
9. Îáúåäèíåíèå âûñêàçûâàíèé (êîìïðåññèÿ) ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé:
Îòâåò íà ýòîò âîïðîñ èìååò ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå.
Îí âàæåí íå òîëüêî äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ ìåñòà è ðîëè ïðîôñîþçîâ â æèçíè îáùåñòâà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ.
The importance of this fundamental question goes beyond the
aim of elucidating the place and role in the public life today.
Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî èçûñêèâàåò äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ýêñïîðòíûå
ðåñóðñû, ÷òîáû çàðóáåæíûå ïàðòíåðû ìîãëè âîññòàíîâèòü äîâåðèå ê çàêëþ÷åííûì ñ íàìè äîãîâîðàì.
The government is seeking extra export revenues to bring back
the confidence of our overseas partners in the agreements we
have signed.
 ïîñëåäíåì ïðèìåðå èñïîëüçîâàí øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé
ïðèåì îáúåäèíåíèÿ âûñêàçûâàíèé ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà
íà àíãëèéñêèé — çàìåíà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî öåëè
èëè ðåçóëüòàòà â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íà àíãëèéñêèé èíôèíèòèâíûé îáîðîò.
10. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé íåîáõîäèìî óñòàíîâèòü êëþ÷åâîå ñëîâî è ñìûñë îïðåäåëÿþùåãî ñëîâà â êîíòåêñòå,
÷òîáû íàéòè åãî àíãëèéñêèé ýêâèâàëåíò:
“Ìèöóáèñè” èëè “Äæåíåðàë Ìîòîðç” íå ïîä÷èíÿþòñÿ íè
ïðåçèäåíòó, íè èìïåðàòîðó. Îíè ïîä÷èíÿþòñÿ òîëüêî ýêîíîìèêå è þðèäè÷åñêèì çàêîíàì äàííîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà.
Mitsubishi or General Motors don’t answer to the President or
Emperor. They operate according to the economic laws and the
legislation in general of the appropriate country.
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Âûáîð äàííûõ àíãëèéñêèõ ýêâèâàëåíòîâ äåëàåòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå
ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ âàðèàíòîâ â òîëêîâîì (àíãëî-àíãëèéñêîì) ñëîâàðå.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñâîáîäíûõ ñî÷åòàíèé ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ëåêñè÷åñêèå è ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ, íàïðèìåð:
Îí ïîäíÿë ðóêó. — He raised his hand.
Îí âçÿë ðåáåíêà íà ðóêè. — He took the child in his arms.
(Êîíêðåòèçàöèÿ, èëè ñóæåíèå)
Âñå íàëîãè äîëæíû ïîñòóïàòü â ìåñòíûé áþäæåò. — All
taxes should go to local budgets.
(Ãåíåðàëèçàöèÿ, èëè ðàñøèðåíèå)
Âñå æåëàþò èçìåíåíèÿ äåë ê ëó÷øåìó. — Everybody wishes
improvements.
(Êîìïðåññèÿ, èëè ëåêñè÷åñêîå ñâåðòûâàíèå)
 óñëîâèÿõ ñâîáîäíîé ïðîäàæè àêöèè ìîãóò áûòü ñêóïëåíû êåì óãîäíî. — In a free market, shares can be bought out
by anyone.
(Ìåòîíèìè÷åñêèé ïåðåâîä, îñíîâàííûé íà ñìåæíîñòè ïîíÿòèé â èñõîäíîì ÿçûêå è ÿçûêå ïåðåâîäà)
11. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ðóññêèõ ñâÿçàííûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé (ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ) ïî âîçìîæíîñòè íàäî ñòðåìèòüñÿ ïåðåäàòü èõ èäèîìàòè÷íîñòü, à åñëè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ôðàçåîëîãèçì â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îòñóòñòâóåò, òî ìîæíî îãðàíè÷èòüñÿ íåéòðàëüíûì âàðèàíòîì:
Êðûòü áûëî íå÷åì, îñòàëñÿ òîëüêî îäèí àðãóìåíò — îïûò.
I didn’t have a leg to stand on (= There was nothing I could
say); my last line of defence was practice.
Îí âûçâàë ìåíÿ íà ïîëíóþ îòêðîâåííîñòü è ïðÿìî âûâåðíóë ìåíÿ íàèçíàíêó.
He got a full confession out of me and turned me inside out.
12. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèõ òåêñòîâ äîïóñòèìî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñðåäñòâ ýêñïðåññèâíîé ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è è íåîáõîäèìûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé (ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ èäèîìàòè÷íîñòü ïåðåâîäà):
à)
èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåìàòè÷åñêîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî, âûðàæåííîãî
ìåñòîèìåíèåì we äëÿ êîíêðåòèçàöèè è ñîçäàíèÿ îòòåíêà
èñêðåííîñòè:
Ïðè ñàìîôèíàíñèðîâàíèè óñòîé÷èâûå ïîçèöèè íà ìèðîâîì ðûíêå ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåïðåìåííûì óñëîâèåì.
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To be really cost effective, we must have a good footing in
the world market.
á)
ãðóïïà ñêàçóåìîãî èñõîäíîãî (ðóññêîãî) âûñêàçûâàíèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì àíãëèéñêèì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, à
ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì:
Òåïåðü îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ ñâîáîäà áûñòðî ñîñòàðèëà “ñìåëûå” ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ.
Now, with freedom at home, the boldest works of literature
age with amazing speed.
â)
èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãëàãîëîâ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè (ïîñëåëîãàìè) âìåñòî “êíèæíûõ” ãëàãîëîâ ñ öåëüþ ñîçäàíèÿ ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîãî ýôôåêòà ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè îôèöèàëüíîñòè (îá ýòîì óæå
ãîâîðèëîñü âûøå â ñâÿçè ñ âîïðîñîì î ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîé
ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ïåðåâîäèìûõ âûñêàçûâàíèé) :
êîìïåíñèðîâàòü
îòâåðãàòü
ïîääåðæèâàòü
ïðèìèðÿòüñÿ
make up for (âìåñòî compensate)
turn down (âìåñòî reject)
stand behind (âìåñòî support)
put up with (âìåñòî tolerate) è ò.ä.
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïðèìåðû ñîõðàíåíèÿ ýêñïðåññèâíîñòè
ïðè ïåðåâîäå çà ñ÷åò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçãîâîðíîé ëåêñèêè:
Öåíû íà íåôòü áóäóò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ èñõîäÿ èç òåêóùèõ
ìèðîâûõ öåí.
Oil prices will be pegged to current world prices (äîñëîâíî: çàôèêñèðîâàíû íà óðîâíå, ïðèâÿçàíû).
Ïî÷åìó èìåííî ñåé÷àñ ýòà ñîöèàëüíàÿ áîëåçíü ïðîãðåññèðóåò?
Why is this social disease getting worse?
ã)
èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðèåìà àíòîíèìè÷åñêîãî ïåðåâîäà:
Ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî íå ñëèøêîì ìíîãî çíà÷èò äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ.
This fact has little relevance for further development.
Îíè îòðèöàëè íàñòîÿùåå çà ñ÷åò áóäóùåãî.
They preferred future to the present.
ä)
èçáåæàíèå â ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïàññèâíîãî çàëîãà ñ öåëüþ ñíèæåíèÿ îôèöèàëüíîñòè ñòèëÿ:
157
Ýòî ïîíÿòíî êàæäîìó ýêîíîìèñòó.
Every economist understands it.
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî óêàçàííûå âûøå äâåíàäöàòü ñëó÷àåâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íûå òðóäíîñòè ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé, íå îõâàòûâàþò âñåãî êðóãà ïðîáëåì
äàííîé îáëàñòè.
Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå íàâûêîâ ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé — ïðîöåññ äëèòåëüíûé, ïðîèñõîäÿùèé ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ áåñêîíå÷íûì ïðîöåññîì îñâîåíèÿ ÿçûêà. Çäåñü íåò ïðåäåëà ñîâåðøåíñòâó. Íåñîìíåííî îäíî: êîëè÷åñòâî âðåìåíè, ïðîâåäåííîãî çà èíòåðåñíåéøåé òâîð÷åñêîé ðàáîòîé ïåðåâîäà, è îáúåì ýòîé ðàáîòû
îáÿçàòåëüíî ïåðåéäóò â êà÷åñòâî ïåðåâîäà.
?
Âîïðîñû äëÿ ñàìîêîíòðîëÿ
1.
×åì îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïðîöåññ ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé è ïî÷åìó îí ñ÷èòàåòñÿ áîëåå ñëîæíûì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïåðåâîäîì ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé?
2. ×òî òàêîå ïðåäìåòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ è êàêîâî åå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ
ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé?
3. ×òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå âàæíûì äëÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé?
4. Êàêèì îáðàçîì ïðè ïåðåâîäå ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ àäðåñàò?
5. Çà ñ÷åò êàêèõ ÿçûêîâûõ ñðåäñòâ ñíèæàåòñÿ (ïîâûøàåòñÿ)
óðîâåíü îôèöèàëüíîñòè âûñêàçûâàíèÿ?
6. Êàêîâî ñîîòíîøåíèå ñìûñëà è çíà÷åíèÿ êîíêðåòíîãî ñëîâà ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé?
7.  ÷åì îïàñíîñòü áóêâàëèçìà (êàëüêèðîâàííîãî ïåðåâîäà)?
Ïðèâåäèòå ïðèìåðû.
8. Êàêèå ÿçûêîâûå ñðåäñòâà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è
ñìûñëà?
9. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êàêèõ ÿçûêîâûõ ñðåäñòâ âëå÷åò çà ñîáîé âñåâîçìîæíûå çàìåíû è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ?
10.  êàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âûáîð ëåêñè÷åñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ âûçûâàåò
òðóäíîñòè ó íà÷èíàþùåãî ïåðåâîä÷èêà?
11. Ïðèâåäèòå ïðèìåðû, êîãäà îäíà è òà æå ïðåäìåòíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìîæåò áûòü ïî-ðàçíîìó âûðàæåíà
â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.
158
12. Êàêèì îòíîøåíèåì ìîãóò áûòü ñâÿçàíû èñïîëüçóåìûå ïðè
ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ðóññêèå è àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû?
13. ×òî íàçûâàåòñÿ òåìîé è ðåìîé?
14. Êàêîâû îñîáåííîñòè ïåðåâîäà ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ îáðàòíûì
ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ?
15. ×òî íóæíî ó÷èòûâàòü ïðè ïåðåâîäå ðóññêèõ áåçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê?
16.  ÷åì ñîñòîÿò îñîáåííîñòè ïåðåâîäà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
ðóññêèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ñ îòãëàãîëüíûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè?
17. ×òî òàêîå ÷ëåíåíèå è îáúåäèíåíèå êàê ñïîñîáû ïåðåâîäà
ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé?
18. ×òî íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïðè ïåðåâîäå
ñâîáîäíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé? Êàêèå ëåêñè÷åñêèå è ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðè ýòîì ìîãóò ïðîèñõîäèòü?
19.  ÷åì ñîñòîÿò îñîáåííîñòè ïåðåâîäà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
ðóññêèõ ôðàçåîëîãèçìîâ (ñâÿçàííûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé)?
20. Êàêèå ïðèåìû è ñðåäñòâà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà
àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïóáëèöèñòè÷åñêèõ òåêñòîâ?
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çàäàíèå
À.
Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ïðèìåðû ïåðåâîäà ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé íà
àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê è îïðåäåëèòå, êàêèå èç âûøåïåðå÷èñëåííûõ îñîáåííîñòåé èëè òðóäíîñòåé ïåðåâîäà çäåñü ïðèñóòñòâóþò:
1.
Îí èçâèíèëñÿ, ñêàçàâ, ÷òî åãî ÷àñû îïàçäûâàþò.
He apologized saying that his watch was slow.
2.
Ïîñêîëüêó ñòàðàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà óòðàòèëà æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü, íàäî íå îòêëàäûâàÿ ñîçäàâàòü íîâóþ.
A new economic system has to be urgently built, since the old
one no longer works.
3.
Âî âñåì ìèðå äèêòàòîðû òåðïÿò êðàõ.
All over the world dictators fall.
Ýêîíîìèêà è ïîëèòèêà íåðàçðûâíû.
The economy and politics go hand-in-hand.
4.
5.
Ëèøü çíàòîêè ìîãóò íàéòè îòëè÷èÿ îò ïîäëèííûõ âàãîíîâ
ôèðìû “Áðåø”, çàêóïëåííûõ â Àíãëèè â 1907 ãîäó.
159
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
160
Only the experts could see the difference between this and the
Bresh trams brought from England in 1907.
Íàïðàâëåíèå âûáðàíî ïðàâèëüíîå.
We are heading in the right direction.
 ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû áûñòðî ðàçâèâàþòñÿ ìàëûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ.
Recent years saw a rapid development of small businesses.
Çà ïðîøåäøèå äåñÿòü ëåò áûë ïðîâåäåí ðÿä èññëåäîâàíèé
â ýòîé îáëàñòè.
The past decade has brought about a number of investigations
into this field.
Âîêðóã ýòîé ïðîáëåìû âñåãäà áûëî ìíîãî ñïîðîâ.
This problem has always been the subject of debate.
Íà âíåøíåì ðûíêå áîëüøèì ñïðîñîì ïîëüçóþòñÿ ýòè òîâàðû.
There is a great demand for these goods in the foreign market.
Î á ý ò î ì øåë ðàçãîâîð íà ïîñëåäíåì çàñåäàíèè.
This was the theme of the last meeting.
Îñîáåííî ñòðàäàþò îò ñåãîäíÿøíåé áåçðàáîòèöû ìîëîäûå ëþäè, âïåðâûå ïîïàäàþùèå íà ðûíîê òðóäà.
The hardest hit are the first-time job seekers.
Èñõîäÿ èç òðåáîâàíèé æèçíè, íàäî ïî-íîâîìó âçãëÿíóòü íà
íåêîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ è êîíöåïöèè.
Life prompts us to take a new look at some ideas and concepts.
Ðàñòåò ÷èñëî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ âûñøåé êâàëèôèêàöèè. Ýòî
ëþäè, áåç êîòîðûõ ðàçâèòèå ñîâðåìåííîé ýêîíîìèêè ïðîñòî íåâîçìîæíî.
We have a growing number of highly skilled specialists. Without
them today’s economy would simply be incapable of development.
Ïîâûøåíèå íàëîãîâ, ðîñò öåí, ñîêðàùåíèå ïðîèçâîäñòâà è
çàäåðæêè ñ âûïëàòîé çàðïëàòû ïîâëåêëè çà ñîáîé çíà÷èòåëüíîå ïîíèæåíèå óðîâíÿ æèçíè íàñåëåíèÿ.
Increased taxes, soaring prices, reduced production and delayed
wages considerably lowered people’s living standards.
Ïðîâåäåíèå ïåðåãîâîðîâ ïî ýòîìó êðóãó âîïðîñîâ íå òîëüêî
æåëàòåëüíî, íî è íåîáõîäèìî.
Negotiations on these issues are not only desirable but necessary.
Ýòî ãîâîðèò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ðîñòà ïðîèçâîäñòâà è ñîêðàùåíèÿ áåçðàáîòèöû.
This points to the necessity of keeping production growing and
bringing down unemployment.
18. Îäíîñòîðîííèé óïîð íà âîåííóþ ñèëó â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå îñëàáëÿåò äðóãèå êîìïîíåíòû íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè.
If a country relies exclusively on military might, it will in the final
analysis undermine other aspects of its own security.
19. Òàêîé, íà ïåðâûé âçãëÿä, ïëþñ äëÿ ýêîíîìèêè îáåðíóëñÿ
ìèíóñîì — ðåçêèì íàðàñòàíèåì êðèçèñíûõ ÿâëåíèé.
At first sight this seemed an economic victory. But it further deepened the crisis.
20. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðûå ïîëîæèòåëüíûå ñäâèãè â ðÿäå ñåêòîðîâ, ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ â öåëîì îñòàåòñÿ î÷åíü ñëîæíîé.
Some sectors have achieved certain improvements, but the economic situation as a whole is very complicated.
21. Ïðîöåññ “ôåìèíèçàöèè” íàåìíîãî òðóäà — àáñîëþòíûé è
îòíîñèòåëüíûé ðîñò æåíñêîé ÷àñòè ýêîíîìè÷åñêè àêòèâíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ — çàñëóæèâàåò îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ.
The number of women in the active population has grown in real
and absolute terms. The process known as feminization of labour
deserves special attention.
22. Âñå ÷àùå è âñå ãðîì÷å ìû ãîâîðèì î ãëóáèííûõ ïðè÷èíàõ
òîðìîæåíèÿ ðåôîðì è, êîíå÷íî, ìû õîòèì óáåäèòüñÿ â
äîáðîñîâåñòíîñòè ïðîåêòàíòîâ.
We are becoming ever more outspoken in analyzing the profound factors that slow down reforms, and naturally we want to
find out whether the designers acted in good faith.
23. Ìû ñåé÷àñ ñòîèì íà ðàçâèëêå äîðîã.
We are now at crossroads.
24. Ïëîõî ðàáîòàþùåìó ïðîèçâîäñòâó óäîáíî âèíèòü ñìåæíèêîâ.
It’s convenient for a loss-making company to blame suppliers for
its own fault.
25. Ãåðìàíèÿ çàíèìàåò îäíî èç âåäóùèõ ìåñò ïî ýêñïîðòó îïòè÷åñêèõ ïðèáîðîâ.
Germany is a key exporter of optical instruments.
26. Ñíîâà âñå óïèðàåòñÿ â ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ìîäåëü.
Again we return to the economic model.
27. Íå ñòðåìÿñü îñîáåííî ê ïîïóëÿðíîñòè, Ñòàíèñëàâ Øàòàëèí, èçâåñòíûé ðóññêèé ýêîíîìèñò, îòíîñèëñÿ ê òåì, êòî
äàæå â ñàìîé ñëîæíîé ñèòóàöèè íå ïîçâîëÿåò ýìîöèÿì çàõëåñòíóòü ðàññóäîê.
161
A man, who steered clear of the limelight, Stanislav Shatalin, a
well-known Russian economist, applied a business-like approach
to analysis of the most complex of situations.
28. Íàèáîëåå íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíî îáñòîèò äåëî ñ ìåðàìè ïî
âûïóñêó òîâàðîâ íàðîäíîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ.
The hardest hit is the consumer goods production.
29. Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ ñòðàí ñóùåñòâåííî
îñëîæíÿåòñÿ, à íåðåäêî ïîëíîñòüþ ïàðàëèçóåòñÿ ïîä âëèÿíèåì òàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê óõóäøåíèå óñëîâèé îáìåíà íà
ìèðîâîì ðûíêå, îãðîìíàÿ âíåøíÿÿ çàäîëæåííîñòü è óæåñòî÷åíèå óñëîâèé ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ êðåäèòîâ.
Economic growth of the developing countries has been severely
impeded, if not paralyzed due to such factors as the deteriorating terms of exchange in the world markets, a vast foreign debt
and restrictions imposed on credits.
30. Áîëüøèíñòâî èç ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ïðîãðàìì ëåæàò ìåðòâûì
ãðóçîì.
Most of the programs offered lie on the shelves collecting dust.
Á.
Èçó÷èòå íà÷àëî ðàçäåëà 5.2. ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÓÌÀ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ («Ïåðåâîä ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé») è ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ïîãðåøíîñòè íåóäà÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà èíôîðìàöèîííîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ î
ïðîâåäåíèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê.
Â.
Ñäåëàéòå ïî ÷àñòÿì çàäàíèå 1 ðàçäåëà 5.2.Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà, â êîòîðîì äàåòñÿ ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðóññêîé è àíãëèéñêîé âåðñèé
ñòàòüè Åãîðà Ãàéäàðà «Óðîêè ðîññèéñêîãî êðèçèñà äëÿ ñòðàí ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé».
Ã.
Èñõîäÿ èç ïðèíöèïà «îò áîëåå ïðîñòîãî ê áîëåå ñëîæíîìó»
ïîïûòàéòåñü ñäåëàòü ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñòàòüè èç çàäàíèÿ
2 â ðàçäåëå 5.2. Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà, ãäå â êîëîíêå ñïðàâà äàíû
êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà.
Ä.
Âûñòóïèòå â êà÷åñòâå ðåäàêòîðà ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà
àíãëèéñêèé è ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå äâå âåðñèè ïåðåâîäà, ïðåäëîæåí162
íûå â çàäàíèè 3 ðàçäåëà 5.2.Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà. Çàòåì ïðèñòóïèòå ê âûïîëíåíèþ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ çàäàíèé ïî ïåðåâîäó ñ ðóññêîãî
ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé èç ïîñëåäóþùèõ çàäàíèé (4 — 8) ðàçäåëà 5.2.
Ïðàêòèêóìà ïåðåâîäà.
Å.
Ïîïûòàéòåñü ïðîâåñòè â êëàññå ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèþ, ãäå âàì
ïðèäåòñÿ âûñòóïèòü â ðîëè ïåðåâîä÷èêîâ âîïðîñîâ è îòâåòîâ (íà
ìàòåðèàëå èíòåðâüþ ñ Î.Â. Ìåëüíèêîâûì, äèðåêòîðîì Äåïàðòàìåíòà ïî óïðàâëåíèþ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì èìóùåñòâîì Ìèíèñòåðñòâà
ýêîíîìèêè ÐÁ â àíàëèòè÷åñêîì áþëëåòåíå Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé Ôèíàíñîâîé Êîðïîðàöèè «Ìàëûé è ñðåäíèé áèçíåñ â Áåëàðóñè»
Íå çàáûâàéòå, ÷òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå äëèííûõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé
ñëåäóåò ïîéòè ïî ïóòè èõ äðîáëåíèÿ íà äâà èëè áîëåå àíãëèéñêèõ.
Èòàê, òåìà ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèè — «Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ â Ðåñïóáëèêå
Áåëàðóñü».
– Do you believe sectoral ministries and other state agencies have
an excessive say in adopting
privatization decisions? Can this
hinder the privatization process as
any state agency is averse to seeing
its sphere of influence contract?
– ß áû íå áûë çäåñü êàòåãîðè÷íûì.
Åñòü îðãàíû óïðàâëåíèÿ, êîòîðûå
ïîíèìàþò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, êîíöåðí
«Áåëíåô-òåõèì».
Òåì íå ìåíåå, íåêîòîðûå ðóêîâîäèòåëè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îðãàíîâ áîÿòñÿ ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è íå âèäÿò
ñõåì óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè â
íîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ. ()
– Do you think if the enterprise
director receives some privileges in
the course of privatization, the effectiveness of the newly-privatized
company will increase?
163
controlling stake
Corporatization
– Íàñêîëüêî ÿ çíàþ, â Áåëàðóñè,
â îòëè÷èå îò Ðîññèè, íåò ðóêîâîäèòåëåé, êîòîðûå áû èìåëè áîëååìåíåå ñåðüåçíûé ïàêåò àêöèé. Õîðîøî ýòî èëè ïëîõî — äðóãîé âîïðîñ.  ýòîì åñòü êàê ïëþñû, òàê
è ìèíóñû. (... )
Êîíå÷íî, íå âñåãäà ðóêîâîäèòåëü,
êîòîðûé èìååò êîíòðîëüíûé ïàêåò,
áóäåò ýôôåêòèâíûì ñîáñòâåííèêîì. Íî ìû ýòó ñèòóàöèþ ðàññìàòðèâàåì ñ äðóãîé ïîçèöèè: íå ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíîãî ñîáñòâåííèêà, à ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ìåíåäæìåíòà íà ñâîþ ñòîðîíó. Ñåé÷àñ
ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íå õîòÿò èäòè íà ðåôîðìèðîâàíèå, ïîñêîëüêó ðóêîâîäèòåëü â ïðîöåññå àêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ
íèêàê íå çàùèùåí. Åãî óâîëÿò — è
èùè ïîòîì ðàáîòó
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, åñëè íå ïðåäîñòàâèòü ðóêîâîäèòåëÿì ëüãîòû, îíè
ñòàíóò òîðìîçîì íà ïóòè ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî
íå áóäóò âèäåòü èíòåðåñà è íåîáõîäèìîñòè â ýòîì ïðîöåññå. (...)
– How will the President’s statement about domestic investors enjoying some advantages in the process of privatization be realized?
Talking to the business community
on October 19, 2001, Mr. Lukashenko pledged that a portion of
shares would be set aside for
Belarusian entrepreneurs. He went
on to say that Belarusian investors
are to get at least 20 per cent of
the shares.
–  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ áåëîðóññêèì çàêîíîì î ïðèâàòèçàöèè (âñå) èíâåñòîðû èìåþò îäèíàêîâûå ïðàâà.
Íî ÷òîáû âûïîëíèòü óêàçàíèÿ
164
Department on state property management
tenders, biddings
took out leases for premises
petrochemical companies
– The 2002 state budget stipulates
that privatization proceeds should
amount to 100 billion Belarusian
Rubles. In 2001 they equalled BRB
1.6 bn.What companies will generate that much cash?
investors (shareholders)
Ïðåçèäåíòà, Äåïàðòàìåíò ïî óïðàâëåíèþ ãîñèìóùåñòâîì ðàçðàáàòûâàåò îïðåäåëåííûå ïîäõîäû.
Ìîæíî ïîñòóïèòü àíàëîãè÷íî òîìó,
êàê ïîñòóïèëè íåêîãäà â Ðîññèè, ãäå
óêàçàìè ïðåçèäåíòà Åëüöèíà êðóã
ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ èíâåñòîðîâ, ó÷àñòíèêîâ àóêöèîíîâ, áûë îãðàíè÷åí.
(...) Ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ðàçíûå ïîäõîäû.  ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðåäëîæåíî ðàçðåøèòü áåëîðóññêèì èíâåñòîðàì,
êîòîðûå âçÿëè ïîìåùåíèÿ â àðåíäó,
âûêóïèòü èõ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ
ëåò. Ýòî òîæå ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü
êàê ëüãîòû.
Íî âàæíî ïðè ýòîì âèäåòü ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ñìûñë. Åñëè æå ìû ãîâîðèì îá àêöèîíèðîâàíèè ïðåäïðèÿòèé áåëîðóññêîé íåôòåõèìèè, òî
çäåñü ãîâîðèòü î ëüãîòàõ äëÿ îòå÷åñòâåííîãî èíâåñòîðà ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî. (...)
ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò
ïîñòóïëåíèÿ (âûðó÷êà)
–Åñëè áóäåò ðåôîðìèðîâàíà ïåðâàÿ
«øåñòåðêà» ïðåäïðèÿòèé áåëîðóññêîé íåôòåõèìèè — «Íàôòàí»,
«Ïîëèìèð», «Àçîò», «Áåëøèíà»,
ñâåòëîãîðñêîå è ìîãèëåñêîå «Õèìâîëîêíî», òî ïî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûì
îöåíêàì ìû óæå â ïðîöåññå ïðîäàæè àêöèé ÷ëåíàì òðóäîâîãî êîëëåêòèâà íàïîëîâèíó âûïîëíèì ñâîè
îáÿçàòåëüñòâà. Ñåé÷àñ ñîñòàâëÿåòñÿ
ñïèñîê ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ àêöèîíåðîâ.
Íàñêîëüêî ÿ çíàþ, àêòèâíîñòü ñðåäè íèõ âûñîêàÿ.
– What other large and mediumsize enterprises will come up for
privatization?
165
is under way
is not yet on the agenda
budget proceeds (revenues)
a one-time payment
give a boost to the national economy
–  ýòîì ãîäó òàêæå íàìå÷àåòñÿ àêöèîíèðîâàòü «Ãîðèçîíò» è ãðîäíåíñêîå «Õèìâîëîêíî». Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ ðàáîòà óæå âåäåòñÿ. ×òî
êàcàåòñÿ ÌÀÇà, òî ïîêà ðå÷ü î íåì
íå èäåò. Íàäî, ÷òîáû ïðåäïðèÿòèå
ñîçðåëî è ÷òîáû îòðàñëåâîå ìèíèñòåðñòâî ïîíèìàëî, çà÷åì ýòî
íóæíî.
Õî÷ó ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ïîñòóïëåíèÿ â áþäæåò — ýòî åäèíîâðåìåííûå ïîñòóïëåíèÿ. Ãîðàçäî âàæíåå ñ
ïîìîùüþ ïðèâàòèçàöèè îáåñïå÷èòü ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå
ïðåäïðèÿòèé è îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýêîíîìèêè. ()
– Do you think the introduction of
the golden share was a sensible step?
joint stock companies
– «Çîëîòàÿ àêöèÿ» ñóùåñòâóåò âî
ìíîãèõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ. Ó íàñ îíà
ïðèíÿòà â 18 àêöèîíåðíûõ îáùåñòâàõ, ñîçäàííûõ íà áàçå ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèõ óíèòàðíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé.
Ýòî íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî, ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî ñ 1990 ãîäà â Áåëàðóñè
ðåôîðìèðîâàíî 4585 ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ. () Ìû ïðåäëàãàåì
ââîäèòü åå íà ñòðàòåãè÷åñêè âàæíûõ îáúåêòàõ è ëèøü â òîì ñëó÷àå,
åñëè äîëÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà â àêöèîíåðíîì îáùåñòâå ìåíüøå 25%.
– The current legislation also provides that the golden share can be
introduced only at the strategically
important companies.
to promote their own interests
166
– Äà, íî íà ïðàêòèêå ìû íàáëþäàåì ïîïûòêè îòðàñëåâûõ ìèíèñòåðñòâ ââîäèòü «çîëîòóþ àêöèþ»
èñõîäÿ èç âåäîìñòâåííûõ èíòåðåñîâ.
Ê ïðèìåðó, åñëè, ïî ìíåíèþ îò-
ðàñëåâîãî ìèíèñòåðñòâà, ðóêîâîäèòåëü àêöèîíåðíîãî îáùåñòâà ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåóïðàâëÿåìûì.
Íî ìû íå ñòîðîííèêè òàêèõ ïîäõîäîâ è ïðåäëàãàåì, ÷òîáû îñîáîå
ïðàâî [= «çîëîòàÿ àêöèÿ»] ââîäèëîñü
ëèøü ïî ðåøåíèþ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà.
– Why are you in such a hurry?
Late last year the Draft Law “On
Privatization”, which envisages a
civilized procedure of introducing
the golden share, was passed in
the first reading.
get down the provisions of the Decree
“On the Special Right (Golden
Share) of the State to Participate in
the Management of Joint Stock
Companies”
– Õî÷ó ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ïåðåñìîòð
óñëîâèé ââåäåíèÿ «çîëîòîé àêöèè»
ãîòîâèòñÿ äàâíî. (...) Ïîêà òðóäíî
ñêàçàòü, êîãäà áóäåò ïðèíÿò íîâûé
çàêîí î ïðèâàòèçàöèè. (...) Ïîýòîìó, ÷åì áûñòðåå ìû îòêîððåêòèðóåì îòäåëüíûå íîðìû óêàçà [Ïðåçèäåíòà «Îá îñîáîì ïðàâå («çîëîòîé
àêöèè») ãîñóäàðñòâà íà ó÷àñòèå â
óïðàâëåíèè àêöèîíåðíûìè îáùåñòâàìè»], òåì ëåã÷å áóäåò è «ïðîõîæäåíèå» çàêîíà. (...)
– Does it make sense to introduce
the golden share in joint stock
companies where munici pal governments have a stake?
to increase the efficiency of company
management
(are) sole employers
– «Çîëîòàÿ àêöèÿ» íà ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ êîììóíàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè
ìîæåò ââîäèòüñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ìåñòíûõ îðãàíîâ âëàñòè. Ýòî ðåøåíèå
íàäî ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñ ïîçèöèè ýôôåêòèâíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ. Ê ïðèìåðó, åñòü
îáúåêòû êîììóíàëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãðàäîîáðàçóþùèìè.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ãîñóäàðñòâî äîëæíî âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ
ýòèì ïðàâîì, íàïðèìåð, êîãäà ðå÷ü
167
to ensure that social security (safety)
net is preserved
èäåò î ñîõðàíåíèè ñîöèàëüíûõ ãàðàíòèé. (...)
– Do you think that local governments are independent enough
to pass privatizations decisions?
authority
executive committees
in terms of
are empowered to adopt these decisions
devise = work out = design
are not particularly keen to take the
initiative
– Ñ÷èòàþ, ÷òî ó íèõ äîñòàòî÷íî ïîëíîìî÷èé, ÷òîáû ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî ïðèíèìàòü ïîäîáíûå ðåøåíèÿ.
Ïðàâäà, ñåé÷àñ ïîñòóïàþò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îò èñïîëêîìîâ ñ ïðîñüáîé
ðàñøèðèòü èõ âëèÿíèå â ÷àñòè ïðèâàòèçàöèè. Íî åùå ðàç õî÷ó çàìåòèòü, ÷òî òàêèìè ïîëíîìî÷èÿìè ìåñòíûå îðãàíû âëàñòè óæå îáëàäàþò.
Íèêòî èì íå çàïðåùàåò ðàçðàáàòûâàòü ñâîè, áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûå ñõåìû ïðîäàæè ïðåäïðèÿòèé êîììóíàëüíîé ñôåðû. Çäåñü ÿ íå âèæó íèêàêèõ ïðîáëåì. Äðóãîå äåëî, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå îðãàíû ìåñòíîé âëàñòè ðàáîòàþò ñ îãëÿäêîé íà ðàñïîðÿæåíèÿ
ðåñïóáëèêàíñêèõ îðãàíîâ âëàñòè. (...)
– What new features does the new
draft law on privatization contain?
bringing denationalization
in
compliance with the Civil Code
harmonizing the legislation
The law specifies the procedure
168
– Íåîáõîäèìîñòü ïðèíÿòèÿ íîâîé
ðåäàêöèè çàêîíà âûçâàíà ïðèâåäåíèåì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà â îáëàñòè ðàçãîñóäàðñòâëåíèÿ è ïðèâàòèçàöèè â
ñîîòâåòñòâèå ñ Ãðàæäàíñêèì êîäåêñîì, à òàêæå óíèôèêàöèåé ñ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè.
 çàêîíå óòî÷íåí ïîðÿäîê ïðîâåäåíèÿ
ðàçãîñóäàðñòâëåíèÿ è ïðèâàòèçàöèè
(...), îïðåäåëåíû ïîëíîìî÷èÿ ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ è (ðÿäà) îðãàíîâ â ïåðèîä ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ â ÎÀÎ èëè åãî ïðîäàæè. Êðîìå òîãî, óñèëåíû òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ïîêóïàòåëþ ãîñèìóùåñòâà,
stock exchange
was limited to leased companies
Êðîìå òîãî, óñèëåíû òðåáîâàíèÿ ê
ïîêóïàòåëþ ãîñèìóùåñòâà, êàñàþùèåñÿ ñâîåâðåìåííîé îïëàòû åãî ñòîèìîñòè (...).
 ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ýòèì äîêóìåíòîì
÷èñëî ñïîñîáîâ ïðèâàòèçàöèè â Áåëàðóñè çíà÷èòåëüíî âîçðîñëî. Òåïåðü áóäåò íå 3, à 12 âàðèàíòîâ ïðîäàæè ãîññîáñòâåííîñòè. Ñðåäè íîâûõ ñïîñîáîâ
— ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ àêöèé íà Áåëîðóññêîé
ôîíäîâîé áèðæå, ïðåäóñìîòðåí âûêóï
ãîñïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ÷ëåíàìè êîëëåêòèâà
(ðàíüøå ýòîò ñïîñîá êàñàëñÿ ëèøü
àðåíäíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ).
Êðîìå òîãî, ïðåäëîæåí âàðèàíò ïðîäàæè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ïóòåì ïðÿìûõ ïåðåãîâîðîâ. Ýòî î÷åíü âàæíî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà íà îáúåêò ïðåòåíäóåò òîëüêî îäèí ïîêóïàòåëü. Ïðàâäà, ïðîöåäóðó òàêîé ïðîäàæè åùå ïðåäñòîèò ðàçðàáîòàòü. (...)
Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî â ýòîì çàêîíå íåò íè÷åãî ðåâîëþöèîííîãî. À íàì è íå íàäî
íè÷åãî ðåâîëþöèîííîãî. Íàäî ëèøü
óñòðàíèòü òî, ÷òî ìåøàåò íîðìàëüíîìó ïðîöåññó ïðèâàòèçàöèè, à òàêæå
ðàñøèðèòü ñïîñîáû ïðèâàòèçàöèè.
169
×àñòü V
¨
ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÓÌ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ
Ýòà ÷àñòü ïóáëèêóåìîãî êóðñà ïåðåâîäà ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ðàçäåëîâ ñ ïðàêòè÷åñêèìè ìàòåðèàëàìè äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî íà
ðóññêèé è ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé.  îáîèõ ðàçäåëàõ äàþòñÿ êîììåíòàðèè, ñîäåðæàùèå íàèáîëåå òèïè÷íûå îøèáêè, ñòàòüè ñ ïåðåâîäàìè äëÿ àíàëèçà è îáñóæäåíèÿ äîñòîèíñòâ è íåäîñòàòêîâ ïîñëåäíèõ, à òàêæå ñòàòüè äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè “ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ”.
5.1. Ïåðåâîä ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé
Õîðîøèé ïåðåâîä ÷àùå âñåãî íå çàìå÷àåòñÿ ÷èòàòåëåì. Ïðèâëåêàþò âíèìàíèå ëèøü ïåðåâîä÷åñêèå íåóäà÷è (ëÿïñóñû), êîòîðûå
âûçâàíû ðÿäîì ïðè÷èí:
–
–
íåñîáëþäåíèåì íîðì ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà;
îáèëèåì áóêâàëèçìîâ;
–
ïåðåíîñîì ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð èç àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà
â ðóññêèé;
–
ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèìè ïîãðåøíîñòÿìè;
–
íåóìåíèåì ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñëîâàðåì.
Âíèìàòåëüíîìó ÷èòàòåëþ, êîòîðûé âëàäååò àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì, äàæå íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè èìåòü ïåðåä ñîáîé îðèãèíàë, ÷òîáû
óâèäåòü îãðåõè â ïåðåâîäå. Ðàññìîòðèì äëÿ ïðèìåðà îòðûâîê èç
èíòåðâüþ, êîòîðîå äàë “Áåëîðóññêîé Äåëîâîé Ãàçåòå” ñîâåòíèê
Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà Äæîí Äîíàëäñîí (ñòàòüÿ Î.Òîìàøåâñêîé “Çà
êàæäûì êðåäèòîì ÑØÀ âèäÿò ñâîé èíòåðåñ” â íîìåðå çà 4îêòÿáðÿ
1999ã.; î÷åâèäíî, èíòåðâüþ áûëî çàïèñàíî íà äèêòîôîí è çàòåì
ïåðåâåäåíî àâòîðîì ñòàòüè).
« Áîëüøèíñòâî àìåðèêàíöåâ õîòÿò âèäåòü êîíêðåòíóþ
ïîëüçó â òåõ ñôåðàõ, êîòîðûå îíè ÷åðåç Âñåìèðíûé áàíê
ïîääåðæèâàþò — â ñôåðå îáðàçîâàíèÿ, îðãàíèçàöèè áà170
çîâîé ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè.1 Îíè õîòÿò áûòü óâåðåííûìè,
÷òî âñå áîëüøå ëþäåé ìîæåò íàñëàæäàòüñÿ2 õîòÿ áû ñàìûìè ïðîñòûìè äîñòèæåíèÿìè ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêè,
êîòîðûå åñòü ó àìåðèêàíöåâ. Èì õî÷åòñÿ, ÷òîáû è ó äðóãèõ áûëî òî æå ñàìîå.3 Íà ìîé âçãëÿä, ñåãîäíÿ Àìåðèêà
ïîíèìàåò, êàêèìè ìîãóò áûòü ïîñëåäñòâèÿ íåèíâåñòèðîâàíèÿ4 â ðàçâèâàþùèåñÿ ñòðàíû. Åñòü íåìàëî ëþäåé, êîòîðûå ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî áþäæåò äîëæåí ôèíàíñèðîâàòü òîëüêî íóæäû ÑØÀ. Åñòü è ïîëèòèêè, êîòîðûå ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî
íóæíî äóìàòü òîëüêî î ñâîåé ñòðàíå, ôèíàíñèðîâàòü òîëüêî àìåðèêàíñêèå äåëà.5 Êñòàòè, î÷åíü ìíîãèå àìåðèêàíöû ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî íà âíåøíåå èíâåñòèðîâàíèå èäåò ãîðàçäî áîëüøèé ïðîöåíò áþäæåòíûõ ñðåäñòâ, ÷åì ýòî åñòü6
íà ñàìîì äåëå.
Íî ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî àìåðèêàíöåâ âåðÿò7 , ÷òî
ðûíêè ïåðåðàñòàþò íàöèîíàëüíûå ðàìêè, ÷òî ðûíîê
ðàñòåò â ãëîáàëüíûõ ìàñøòàáàõ. Åñëè ðûíêè ñòðàíû îòêðûòû, òî ýòî õîðîøî íå òîëüêî äëÿ ýòèõ ñòðàí, íî è äëÿ
ÑØÀ. Ðàçóìíîå èíâåñòèðîâàíèå â íèõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ õîðîøåé
èäååé.8 ß äóìàþ, ìû äîñòèãëè îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðîãðåññà
1
Íàðóøåíèå óñòîé÷èâîãî ñî÷åòàíèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, âûçâàííîå êàëüêèðîâàíèåì àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà basic.
2
Íåïðàâèëüíûé âûáîð çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà enjoy. Êðîìå íàñëàæäàòüñÿ, ñëîâàðü äàåò
åùå îäíî çíà÷åíèå: ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ (íàïðèìåð, to enjoy the rights — ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ
ïðàâàìè).
3
Ïðîòèâîðå÷èå ïðåäûäóùåìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, ïîñêîëüêó àìåðèêàíöû ïîëüçóþòñÿ äàëåêî íå ñàìûìè ïðîñòûìè äîñòèæåíèÿìè ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêè, ïîýòîìó òî æå ñàìîå ¯ íåóìåñòíîå âûðàæåíèå â äàííîì êîíòåêñòå.
4
Ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïîãðåøíîñòü, âûçâàííàÿ àíãëèéñêèì ñëîâîì non-investment.
Ìîæíî áûëî óïîòðåáèòü ïðèäàòî÷íîå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå “åñëè íå áóäåò
èíâåñòèöèé”.
5
Çäåñü ïåðåâîä÷èê ÿâíî ïåðåñòàðàëñÿ. Íå àìåðèêàíñêèå äåëà (businesses), à àìåðèêàíñêèé áèçíåñ èëè àìåðèêàíñêèå êîìïàíèè.
6
Ëèøíèå ñëîâà, ïåðåíåñåííûå èç ñòðóêòóðû àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, than it is in reality).
7
Íå âåðÿò, à ñ÷èòàþò èëè ïîëàãàþò. Îïÿòü (êàê è ñëîâîì enjoy) â ïåðåâîäå
èñïîëüçîâàëîñü çíà÷åíèå, êîòîðîå “íà ñëóõó” âìåñòî äðóãèõ, êîòîðûå äàåò
ñëîâàðü. Íåëèøíå íàïîìíèòü ïðîñòóþ èñòèíó: áåç ñëîâàðÿ ðàáîòàåò ëèøü ñàìîóâåðåííûé è (èëè) ëåíèâûé ïåðåâîä÷èê.
8
Åùå îäíà êàëüêà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî âûðàæåíèÿ
is a good idea. Íè î êàêîé èäåå
çäåñü ðå÷ü íå èäåò. Ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè â äàííîì ñëó÷àå.
171
â îáúÿñíåíèè àìåðèêàíñêîé àóäèòîðèè1 íåîáõîäèìîñòè
òàêîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ. Ìåæäó ïðî÷èì, ýòî ãîâîðèò â
ïîëüçó òîãî, ÷òî ìû ãîâîðèì2 íå êàê àìåðèêàíöû èëè
ïðåäñòàâèòåëè êàêîé-ëèáî äðóãîé íàöèè3 , à êàê ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ÷èíîâíèêè — ñîòðóäíèêè îðãàíèçàöèè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåé ìíîãèå ñòðàíû. Êîãäà ìû îáúÿñíÿåì äåÿòåëüíîñòü Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà àìåðèêàíöàì, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü
ìû îáúÿñíÿåì èì, ÷òî ìû äåëàåì â òåõ ñòðàíàõ, êîòîðûå
áåðóò â äîëã.4 Ìû õîòèì îáúÿñíèòü, ÷òî òî, ÷òî ìû äåëàåì — ýòî íå âûáðàñûâàíèå äåíåã íà âåòåð. Ëþäÿì, êîòîðûå ïîëó÷àþò äåíüãè, íå íóæíà ìèëîñòûíÿ, èì íóæíà
âîçìîæíîñòü èçìåíèòü ñâîþ æèçíü. È ýòî çàñòàâëÿåò5
ëþäåé öåíèòü òó ðàáîòó, êîòîðóþ ìû ïðîâîäèì â ýòèõ
ñòðàíàõ.
Ìû ðàññêàçûâàåì àìåðèêàíöàì î òîì, êàêèå áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû ñâÿçè.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ìû ñòðåìèìñÿ,
÷òîáû ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ÑØÀ ðàáîòàëè âìåñòå6 ñ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè ñòðàí-ïîëó÷àòåëåé ïîìîùè. Ýòî íåîáõîäèìî è äëÿ
òîãî, ÷òîáû áûëà ñäåëàíà íàøà ðàáîòà. Â èäåàëå ìû õîòåëè
áû áûòü çà êàäðîì — ÷òîáû ÷àñòíûé ñåêòîð äåëàë ñâîå
äåëî, à ïðàâèòåëüñòâî — ñâîå.  ðåçóëüòàòå òàêîé ïîëèòèêè ñòðàíû-ïîëó÷àòåëè ïîìîùè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ äîíîðàìè. È
ïîìîãàþò ðàáîòàòü ñ òåìè ñòðàíàìè, êîòîðûå íå ïðîöâåòàþò».
1
Ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïîãðåøíîñòü, âûçâàííàÿ áóêâàëüíûì ïåðåíîñîì çíà÷åíèÿ
ñëîâà audience. Ïðîùå áûëî áû íàïèñàòü “àìåðèêàíñêèì ãðàæäàíàì èëè àìåðèêàíöàì”.
2
Íåæåëàòåëüíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äâàæäû îäèí ãëàãîë â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Çäåñü ïîäîøëî áû “âûñòóïàåì”.
3
È ñíîâà íåâåðíûé âûáîð çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà, ñïðîâîöèðîâàííûé óæå èçâåñòíûì
íàì ÿâëåíèåì “ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ ïåðåâîä÷èêà” (ñì. ×àñòü 2 äàííîãî êóðñà “Ëåêñè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà”). Nation ãîðàçäî ÷àùå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ êàê ñòðàíà,
íàðîä.
4
Ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè îïðàâäàííûì çäåñü áûë áû âàðèàíò “êîòîðûì ïðåäîñòàâëÿþòñÿ êðåäèòû”.
5
Çäåñü íå èäåò ðå÷ü î òîì, ÷òî êòî-òî êîãî-òî çàñòàâëÿë. Ýòî íåóäà÷íî âûáðàííîå äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ñëîâî áóêâàëüíî ïåðåíåñåíî èç àíãëèéñêîãî make people value,
ñìûñë êîòîðîãî: äàåò ëþäÿì âîçìîæíîñòü îöåíèòü.
6
Î÷åâèäíî, èìååòñÿ â âèäó ñîòðóäíè÷àëè, à íå ðàáîòàëè âìåñòå. Ñòèëèñòè÷åñêàÿ îøèáêà. Îñòàâøèåñÿ äâà âûðàæåíèÿ èç ïðèâåäåííîãî èíòåðâüþ, âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì, òàêæå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèì ïîãðåøíîñòÿì ïåðåâîäà.
172
 ïåðåâîäàõ ñ àíãëèéñêîãî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê èíòåðâüþ, òåìàòèêà êîòîðûõ èíòåðåñóåò ëèøü ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â òîé èëè èíîé îáëàñòè,
íåîáõîäèìî áûòü îñîáåííî âíèìàòåëüíûì ê òåðìèíàì. Ïðîàíàëèçèðóåì íåêîòîðûå ìåñòà èç èíòåðâüþ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ÌÂÔ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü Ìàðêà Õîðòîíà («Áåëîðóññêàÿ ãàçåòà», 30 îêòÿáðÿ 2000ã.):
... Ïîýòîìó, ñîáñòâåííî ãîâîðÿ, Áåëàðóñü íå èìååò ñîãëàøåíèÿ stand-by.
... Ðå÷ü î stand-by ìîæåò èäòè ëèøü òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå,
êîãäà ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ... îêàæóòñÿ óñïåøíûìè.
Âûøå (â ÷àñòè âòîðîé äàííîãî êóðñà) óæå îòìå÷àëîñü, ÷òî â
ðóññêîì òåêñòå äîëæíî áûòü âñå íàïèñàíî ïî-ðóññêè èëè, êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå, äàâàòüñÿ â äâóõ âàðèàíòàõ. Äàæå åñëè íåò ýêâèâàëåíòà
òåðìèíó stand-by, ìîæíî äàòü åãî â òðàíñêðèïöèè (ñòýíä-áàé) è
ïðè ïåðâîì óïîìèíàíèè ïîÿñíèòü, ÷òî îí îáîçíà÷àåò.
Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî àíãëîÿçû÷íàÿ òåðìèíîëîãèÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âàëþòíîãî ôîíäà — ýòî ñâîåîáû÷íûé æàðãîí, êîòîðûé ïîíÿòåí äàëåêî íå âñåì ýêîíîìèñòàì-íîñèòåëÿì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Òåì áîëåå åñòü íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ïîÿñíåíèÿõ. È åùå ñ îäíèì òàêèì òåðìèíîì âðîäå òàê è ïîñòóïèëè â ïóáëèêàöèè óêàçàííîãî èíòåðâüþ:
... Â íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ, ê ïðèìåðó, â Ëèòâå, ìîíåòàðíûé
ðåæèì ïîçâîëÿåò ñ áîëüøîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ ïðåäñêàçûâàòü êóðñ íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòû. Â Ëèòâå äåéñòâóåò âàëþòíîå óïðàâëåíèå (currency board)...
Îäíàêî äàëåå â òåêñòå èíòåðâüþ óæå ôèãóðèðóåò òîëüêî àíãëèéñêèé âàðèàíò ýòîãî òåðìèíà:
... Îäèí èç ïðåäëàãàåìûõ âàðèàíòîâ ñòàáèëèçàöèè áåëîðóññêîãî ðóáëÿ — ïðèâÿçêà ÷åðåç currency board ê ðîññèéñêîìó... .
... Êîãäà ãîâîðÿò î currency board, íàäî îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ: «Ãîòîâû ëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâî è êîììåð÷åñêèå áàíêè
ðàáîòàòü áåç êðåäèòîâ öåíòðàëüíîãî áàíêà?» ...
... Òàê ÷òî currency board — êðàñèâûé äåâèç, íî Áåëàðóñü
íå ãîòîâà ê âîïëîùåíèþ åãî â æèçíü ...
Êñòàòè, ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêîãî ðîäà èíòåðâüþ íåîáõîäèìî âîîðóæèòüñÿ ñïåöèàëüíûìè ñëîâàðÿìè, à â äàííîì ñëó÷àå — Ãëîññàðèåì ÌÂÔ, êîòîðûé äàåò çíà÷åíèå òåðìèíà currency board êàê âàëþòíûé ñîâåò (êîìèòåò), ìåõàíèçì âàëþòíîãî ñîâåòà.
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Çàäàíèå 1
Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ïåðåâîä òåêñòà ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ëåêñè÷åñêèå è ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ïðèåìû ïåðåâîäà.
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK IN BELARUS
(ïðåäîñòàâëåíî ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâîì Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà â Áåëàðóñè)
1. The World Bank started working with the Government of Belarus
in 1992. The first project was to improve the environment, and it focused on improved forest management in the Belavezhskaya Pushcha
nature reserve. From that time the
World Bank has assisted with an
economic rehabilitation loan, institution building, forestry development, phase-out of zone-depleting
substances, and a number of technical assistance projects supporting
areas such as legal reform, procurement, social safety net, public education, macroeconomic assistance
and others.
1. Âñåìèðíûé áàíê íà÷àë ðàáîòàòü
ñ Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì Áåëàðóñè â 1992
ãîäó. Ïåðâûé ïðîåêò áûë íàïðàâëåí íà óëó÷øåíèå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Åãî çàäà÷à çàêëþ÷àëàñü â ïîâûøåíèè êà÷åñòâà óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñíûìè ðåñóðñàìè íà áàçå çàïîâåäíèêà
Áåëîâåæñêàÿ ïóùà. Ïîñëå ýòîãî Âñåìèðíûé áàíê îêàçûâàë ïîääåðæêó
Áåëàðóñè â âèäå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ çàéìîâ (ðåàáèëèòàöèîííûé è èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûé, íà ðàçâèòèå ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà), ãðàíòîâ (íà âûâîä èç
ïðèìåíåíèÿ îçîíîðàçðóøàþùèõ âåùåñòâ), à òàêæå â âèäå ïðîåêòîâ
òåõíè÷åñêîé ïîìîùè â òàêèõ îáëàñòÿõ êàê ðåôîðìà ïðàâîâîé ñèñòåìû,
ãîñçàêóïêè, ñèñòåìà ñîöèàëüíîé ïîìîùè, íàðîäíîå îáðàçîâàíèå, ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèå êîíñóëüòàöèè è ò.ä.
2. Currently preparatory work is going ahead for a pilot project to save
energy in schools and hospitals. The
total value of loans approved from
1993 to date has been about $170
million, and grant financing secured
by the World Bank from other
sources has been about $10 million.
2. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ðàáîòà ïî ïîäãîòîâêå ïèëîòíîãî ïðîåêòà ïî ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèþ
â øêîëàõ è áîëüíèöàõ. Îáùèé îáúåì çàéìîâ, âûäåëåííûõ â ïåðèîä ñ
1993 ãîäà ïî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 170 ìëí. äîëëàðîâ, à
ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå â âèäå ãðàíòîâ,
ïîëó÷åííûõ Âñåìèðíûì áàíêîì èç
äðóãèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ, ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 10 ìëí. äîëëàðîâ.
3. No new loans were approved after 1994 apart from a $1 million
3. Ïîñëå 1994 ãîäà íîâûå çàéìû íå
âûäåëÿëèñü, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì $1ìëí.
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preparation loan in 1998 for the
energy efficiency project. Several
loans under preparation were suspended in 1995 and 1996 — private enterprise finance, petroleum
development, and flood control on
the Pri pyat river. The first of these
was suspended because of policy
disagreements, and the second two
were cancelled because the Government decided not to go ahead
with them.
â 1998 ãîäó íà ïîäãîòîâêó ïðîåêòà
ïî ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèþ. 1995 è 1996
ãîäàõ áûëà ïðåêðàùåíà ïîäãîòîâêà
íåñêîëüêèõ çàéìîâ: ôèíàíñîâîé
ïîääåðæêè ÷àñòíîãî ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâà, ðàçâèòèÿ íåôòÿíîé îòðàñëè, ïðîòèâîïàâîäêîâîé çàùèòû â
áàññåéíå ðåêè Ïðèïÿòü. Ðàáîòà íàä
ïåðâûì çàéìîì áûëà îñòàíîâëåíà
èç-çà ðàçíîãëàñèé â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
ïîëèòèêå, à âòîðûå äâà áûëè îòìåíåíû èç-çà ðåøåíèÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà
èõ íå áðàòü.
4. In June 1997 the World Bank
and the Government signed an
agreement (the Memorandum of
Understanding — MoU) on a broad
reform program as a basis for the
resumption of the lending program.
4. Â èþíå 1997 ãîäà Âñåìèðíûé áàíê
è ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ïîäïèñàëè ñîãëàøåíèå (Ìåìîðàíäóì î âçàèìîïîíèìàíèè — ÌîÂ) î âñåñòîðîííåé ïðîãðàììå ðåôîðì — îñíîâå äëÿ âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ êðåäèòíîé ïîääåðæêè.
5. However, none of the most important reforms that were set out
in the MoU have been undertaken.
As a result, in April 1998 a high level
World Bank Operations Committee suspended the preparation of
new projects in Belarus. The MoU’s
most important provisions concerned: (i) exchange rate liberalization; (ii) price decontrol; (iii)
credit restraint; (iv) phase-out of
subsidies, and (v) privatization.
5. Îäíàêî íå áûëà ïðîâåäåíà íè
îäíà èç ñàìûõ âàæíûõ ðåôîðì, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â ÌîÂ.  ðåçóëüòàòå â
àïðåëå 1998ã. îïåðàöèîííûé êîìèòåò Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà, ÷ëåíàìè êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðóêîâîäèòåëè âûñøåãî çâåíà, ïðèîñòàíîâèë ïîäãîòîâêó íîâûõ ïðîåêòîâ äëÿ Áåëàðóñè. Ê
íàèáîëåå âàæíûì ïîëîæåíèÿì ÌîÂ
îòíîñÿòñÿ: (à) ëèáåðàëèçàöèÿ îáìåííîãî êóðñà; (á) îòìåíà ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ öåí; (â) îãðàíè÷åíèå êðåäèòíîé ýìèññèè; (ã) ïîñòåïåííàÿ
îòìåíà ñóáñèäèé; (ä) ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ.
6. No substantive action in these
key areas has been taken. The
economy remains subject to as tight
or even tighter controls over the
exchange rate and prices. Credit
growth has continued with accompanying inflation and currency instability, and subsidies have remained as large as before.
6.  ýòèõ êëþ÷åâûõ îáëàñòÿõ íå áûëî
ïðèíÿòî íèêàêèõ ñóùåñòâåííûõ ìåð.
 ýêîíîìèêå ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ æåñòêîå
è âñå áîëåå óæåñòî÷àþùååñÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèå îáìåííîãî êóðñà è öåí.
Ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ ðîñò êðåäèòíîé ýìèññèè, ñîïðîâîæäàþùèéñÿ èíôëÿöèåé è íåñòàáèëüíîñòüþ âàëþòû, à
îáúåì ñóáñèäèé îñòàëñÿ òàêèì æå,
175
Privatization has progressed very
slowly and then largely in the small
scale sector.
êàê è ðàíüøå. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò î÷åíü ìåäëåííî è, â îñíîâíîì, â ñåêòîðå ìàëûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé.
7. The economy has grown quite rapidly in the past two years; the Government has stated that this is a sign
that the policies are working. The view
of the World Bank, however, is that
while this is a real achievement, it has
been mainly the result of bringing idle
capacity back into operation and reopening old markets in Russia. It has
not been backed by fundamental enterprise reforms and has been accompanied by a worsening trade deficit,
loss of foreign exchange reserves and
declining profitability.
7. Ýêîíîìèêà ðîñëà äîâîëüíî áûñòðî â ïîñëåäíèå äâà ãîäà. Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñ÷èòàåò ýòî äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïðîâîäèìîé
ïîëèòèêè. Îäíàêî, ïî ìíåíèþ
Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà, íåñìîòðÿ íà
òî, ÷òî ýòî ðåàëüíîå äîñòèæåíèå,
â åãî îñíîâå, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ëåæèò ââåäåíèå â ñòðîé ïðîñòàèâàâøèõ ìîùíîñòåé è âîçîáíîâëåíèå
ðàáîòû íà ïðåæíèõ ðîññèéñêèõ
ðûíêàõ. Ðîñò íå ïîäêðåïëåí ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûìè ðåôîðìàìè ïðåäïðèÿòèé è ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèåì äåôèöèòà òîðãîâëè, ñîêðàùåíèåì âàëþòíûõ ðåçåðâîâ è ñíèæåíèåì ðåíòàáåëüíîñòè.
8. Investment has been inadequate,
and little progress in new techniques
or new products has been made,
which would make Belarus competitive in the world market. Yet these
are the indispensable ingredients of
long term economic growth without
which production assets will deteriorate and the economy will stagnate
after a time.
8. Íåäîñòàòî÷åí îáúåì èíâåñòèöèé, íåâåëèê ïðîãðåññ â îñâîåíèè
íîâîé òåõíîëîãèè è íîâûõ èçäåëèé, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè
Áåëàðóñè íà ìèðîâîì ðûíêå. Âñå
ýòî — íåçàìåíèìûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå
äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî
ðîñòà, áåç êîòîðûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå ôîíäû áóäóò ðàçðóøàòüñÿ, è
ñî âðåìåíåì íà÷íåòñÿ ñòàãíàöèÿ
ýêîíîìèêè.
9. This lack of product development
and competitiveness is one of the reasons for the diversion of export trade
from the West to the Russian market.
The Russian market will absorb
Belarus’ products because of tariff
protection, traditional loyalties, and
because Belarus accepts barter payment, which other suppliers do not.
9. Îòñóòñòâèå íîâîé ïðîäóêöèè è
íåêîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòü — îäíà
èç ïðè÷èí ïåðåîðèåíòàöèè ýêñïîðòà ñ çàïàäíûõ ðûíêîâ íà ðîññèéñêèå. Ðûíîê Ðîññèè ïîãëîùàåò
áåëîðóññêóþ ïðîäóêöèþ â ñèëó òàðèôíîé çàùèòû, òðàäèöèîííîãî
ïîñòîÿíñòâà, à òàêæå ïîòîìó, ÷òî
Áåëàðóñü ñîãëàñíà íà îïëàòó áàðòåðîì, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ ïîñòàâùèêîâ.
176
10. But this situation cannot last.
Russian consumers will sooner or
later switch to cheaper or higher
quality products from East Asia or
the West.
10. Îäíàêî, ïîäîáíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ íå
ìîæåò ïðîäîëæàòüñÿ. Ðàíî èëè
ïîçäíî ðîññèéñêèå ïîòðåáèòåëè
ïðåäïî÷òóò áîëåå äåøåâóþ è áîëåå êà÷åñòâåííóþ ïðîäóêöèþ Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè èëè Çàïàäà.
11. Investment and innovation cannot be sufficient because profits are
down, local savings are too low, and
foreign investment in Belarus is
among the lowest per capita in the
FSU [former Soviet Union].
11. Èç-çà íèçêîé ïðèáûëè èíâåñòèöèè è èííîâàöèè îñóùåñòâëÿþòñÿ â íåäîñòàòî÷íîì îáúåìå. Íèçîê óðîâåíü ñáåðåæåíèÿ íàñåëåíèÿ, à ïî óðîâíþ èíîñòðàííûõ èíâåñòèöèé íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ Áåëàðóñü çàíèìàåò îäíî èç ïîñëåäíèõ ìåñò ñðåäè ðåñïóáëèê áûâøåãî Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà.
12. The reason why investment is
not taking place is because of inflation and currency instability and because the controls on the market
have caused money to flee out of
the country and foreign investment
to be discouraged.
12. Èíâåñòèöèè íå ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ
èç-çà èíôëÿöèè è íåñòàáèëüíîñòè
âàëþòû, à òàêæå ïî òîé ïðè÷èíå,
÷òî ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ðûíêà âûçûâàåò
îòòîê äåíåã èç ñòðàíû è íå ñòèìóëèðóåò èíîñòðàííûå èíâåñòèöèè.
13. It is quite possible that a revival
of investor confidence in Belarus
could bring back into the economy
large sums of money that are currently placed outside, and solve
both the current account deficit and
the investment difficulties that face
the country. However, that revival
of confidence depends on reforms.
13. Âïîëíå âîçìîæíî, ÷òî âîññòàíîâëåíèå äîâåðèÿ èíâåñòîðîâ ê
Áåëàðóñè ïîìîæåò âåðíóòü â ñòðàíó áîëüøèå ñóììû äåíåã, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çà åå
ïðåäåëàìè, è ðåøèòü èìåþùèå
ìåñòî â ñòðàíå ïðîáëåìû êàê äåôèöèòà òåêóùåãî ñ÷åòà, òàê è èíâåñòèöèé. Îäíàêî âîññòàíîâëåíèå
äîâåðèÿ çàâèñèò îò ðåôîðì.
14. The World Bank stands ready to
assist Belarus by resuming lending
as soon as substantial progress has
been made in the reform areas. This
resumption is not based on political considerations, but on economic
ones.
14. Âñåìèðíûé áàíê ãîòîâ îêàçàòü
ïîääåðæêó Áåëàðóñè, âîçîáíîâèâ
êðåäèòîâàíèå, êàê òîëüêî áóäåò
äîñòèãíóò ñóùåñòâåííûé ïðîãðåññ
â îñóùåñòâëåíèè îñíîâíûõ ðåôîðì.
Âîçîáíîâëåíèå ïîìîùè çàâèñèò îò
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ, à íå îò ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ.
15. When the World Bank first
started lending to FSU republics, it
15. Êîãäà Âñåìèðíûé áàíê âïåðâûå íà÷àë ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü çàéìû
177
was to support economic transition.
This meant first and foremost the
liberalization of markets to encourage creativity, innovation and development.
ðåñïóáëèêàì áûâøåãî Ñîâåòñêîãî
Ñîþçà, çàäà÷à ñîñòîÿëà â ïîääåðæêå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè. Ïðåæäå âñåãî ýòî îçíà÷àëî ëèáåðàëèçàöèþ ðûíêîâ ñ öåëüþ ñòèìóëèðîâàíèÿ òâîð÷åñòâà, èííîâàöèé è ðàçâèòèÿ.
16. These types of liberalizing reforms have been entered into over
virtually the entire world during the
last 30 years, and they have been
responsible for increasing the
world’s wealth and prosperity. The
World Bank wants to see the
economy of Belarus succeed and
believes that these reforms are essential. It is hoped that reforms will
soon permit operations to be resumed and expanded.
16. Â ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò ïîäîáíûå
ëèáåðàëèçàöèîííûå ðåôîðìû ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ ñòðàíàõ ìèðà. Èìåííî îíè ñïîñîáñòâóþò îáåñïå÷åíèþ áëàãîñîñòîÿíèÿ è
ïðîöâåòàíèÿ â ìèðå. Âñåìèðíûé
áàíê æåëàåò âèäåòü ýêîíîìèêó Áåëàðóñè óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàþùåéñÿ è
ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ýòè ðåôîðìû èìåþò
îñíîâîïîëàãàþùåå çíà÷åíèå. Íàäååìñÿ, ÷òî ðåôîðìû âñêîðå ïîçâîëÿò âîçîáíîâèòü è ðàñøèðèòü äåÿòåëüíîñòü áàíêà â Áåëàðóñè.
Çàäàíèå 2
Ñîïîñòàâüòå îðèãèíàë òåêñòà ñ ïåðåâîäîì, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå
íà ïðîèçâåäåííûå çàìåíû â ëåêñè÷åñêîì ñîñòàâå è ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðå ïðåäëîæåíèé.
(Ïðåäîñòàâëåíî Ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâîì ÌÂÔ â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü)
General Considerations in the Orga- Îáùèå ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî
nization of a Central Bank in a Mar- îðãàíèçàöèè öåíòðàëüíîãî áàíêà â óñket-Based Economy
ëîâèÿõ ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêè
(Prepared by the Monetary and Ex- (Ïîäãîòîâëåíî Óïðàâëåíèåì ïî êðåchange Affairs Department of the In- äèòíî-äåíåæíûì è âàëþòíûì âîïðîternational Monetary Fund)
ñàì Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî âàëþòíîãî
ôîíäà)
1. All the former republics of the Soviet Union, even including those
which are not presently committed
to issuing their own currency, have
plans to establish full-fledged cen178
1. Âñå áûâøèå ðåñïóáëèêè Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà, âêëþ÷àÿ è òå, êîòîðûå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå íàìåðåíû âûïóñêàòü ñîáñòâåííóþ âàëþòó,
èìåþò ïëàíû ïî îðãàíèçàöèè ïîë-
tral banks. This note endeavors to
provide some preliminary, and necessarily general, thoughts concerning the organizational structure of a
modern central bank for these countries, as well as for others which
may have a similar background.
íîöåííûõ öåíòðàëüíûõ áàíêîâ. Äàííûé äîêóìåíò ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêîé
âûñêàçàòü íåêîòîðûå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå è, â ñèëó ýòîãî, îáùèå ñîîáðàæåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî îðãàíèçàöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû ñîâðåìåííîãî öåíòðàëüíîãî áàíêà äëÿ ýòèõ ñòðàí è
äðóãèõ ñòðàí ñ ïîäîáíîé ïðåäûñòîðèåé.
2. The object is to present a “stylized” descri ption of the organization and structure of a central bank,
in part to highlight some issues and
princi ples to be kept in mind in
making organizational decisions and
provide a conceptual framework or
“illustrative model” to guide actual
decisions.
2. Â íàøó çàäà÷ó âõîäèò «ñòèëèçîâàííîå» îïèñàíèå îðãàíèçàöèè è
ñòðóêòóðû Öåíòðîáàíêà îò÷àñòè ñ
òåì, ÷òîáû âûñâåòèòü ðÿä âîïðîñîâ
è ïðèíöèïîâ, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî
èìåòü â âèäó ïðè ïðèíÿòèè îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ ðåøåíèé, è äàòü êîíöåïòóàëüíóþ îñíîâó èëè «èëëþñòðàòèâíóþ ìîäåëü» êàê îðèåíòèð äëÿ ôàêòè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé.
3. The appropriate organization and
structure of a specific central bank
will depend upon the social, political, and economic circumstances of
each country. Moreover, the appropriate structure will change over
time, as certain functions assume
greater or lesser importance.
3. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ è
ñòðóêòóðà êîíêðåòíîãî Öåíòðîáàíêà çàâèñèò îò ñîöèàëüíûõ, ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé
ñòðàíû. Áîëåå òîãî, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ìåíÿåòñÿ ñ òå÷åíèåì
âðåìåíè, ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê çíà÷åíèå îòäåëüíûõ ôóíêöèé óñèëèâàåòñÿ èëè îñëàáåâàåò.
4. The basic objective of a central
bank for an independent country is
generally considered to be the maintenance of the external and internal stability of the domestic currency.
4. Îñíîâíîé çàäà÷åé öåíòðàëüíîãî
áàêà íåçàâèñèìîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü ïîääåðæàíèå âíåøíåé
è âíóòðåííåé ñòàáèëüíîñòè íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòû.
5. In the case of the countries of
the Former Soviet Union (FSU)
this objective may need to be qualified, since some of these may opt
to issue their own currency, while
others may opt to remain as members of a ruble area.
5. Â îòíîøåíèè ñòðàí áûâøåãî
ÑÑÑÐ ýòà çàäà÷ó, âåðîÿòíî, íóæíî
óòî÷íèòü, òàê êàê íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ
ìîãóò ïðèíÿòü ðåøåíèå î âûïóñêå
ñîáñòâåííîé âàëþòû, â òî âðåìÿ êàê
äðóãèå ïîæåëàþò îñòàòüñÿ â ðóáëåâîé çîíå.
179
6. The freedom of action of the
countries which do issue their own
currency may well be more circumscribed than they believe. In addition, there are important functions
of a central bank which apply,
whether or not there is an independent currency.
6. Ñâîáîäà äåéñòâèé ñòðàí, êîòîðûå
ðåøàò âûïóñêàòü ñâîþ âàëþòó, ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ êóäà áîëåå îãðàíè÷åííîé, ÷åì îíè ïðåäïîëàãàþò.  äîïîëíåíèå ê ýòîìó çàìåòèì, ÷òî ðÿä âàæíûõ ôóíêöèé Öåíòðîáàíêà ñóùåñòâóåò íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, åñòü ó ñòðàíû ñîáñòâåííàÿ äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà
èëè íåò.
7. Besides the primary objective
mentioned above, a subsidiary objective, which is often mentioned,
is that the central bank should try
to ensure the soundness of the financial system and the effective
functioning of the payments system;
although in some countries the task
of supervising the banks is the responsibility of a separate institution.
7. Ïîìèìî óïîìÿíóòîé âûøå ãëàâíîé çàäà÷è, ÷àñòî íàçûâàåòñÿ çàäà÷à äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ: Öåíòðîáàíê äîëæåí îáåñïå÷èòü íàäåæíîñòü ôèíàíñîâîé ñèñòåìû è ýôôåêòèâíîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ñèñòåìû ïëàòåæåé;
õîòÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ êîíòðîëü
çà äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ áàíêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïðåðîãàòèâîé ñïåöèàëüíîãî ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ.
8. The traditional functions of a
central bank are typically considered
to be: (i) to act as the bank of currency issue); (ii) to aid the government in designing and implementing monetary policy, including
managing exchange rates and international reserves; (iii) to be the
banker to the banks, including
lender of last resort; (iv) to organize, supervise, and, if necessary,
administer the payments clearing
and settlements system; and (v) to
be the banker/fiscal agent/financial
adviser/public debt manager to the
Government.
8. Òðàäèöèîííûìè ôóíêöèÿìè öåíòðàëüíîãî áàíêà ñ÷èòàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå: (i) âûñòóïàòü â ðîëè áàíêàýìèòåíòà äåíåæíûõ çíàêîâ; (ii) îêàçûâàòü ïðàâèòåëüñòâó ïîìîùü â ðàçðàáîòêå è ïðîâåäåíèè äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé ïîëèòèêè, âêëþ÷àÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèå îáìåííîãî êóðñà è óïðàâëåíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè ðåçåðâàìè;
(iii) áûòü áàíêèðîì áàíêîâ, â òîì
÷èñëå êðåäèòîðîì ïîñëåäíåé èíñòàíöèè; (iv) îðãàíèçîâûâàòü, êîíòðîëèðîâàòü è ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè
óïðàâëÿòü ñèñòåìîé êëèðèíãà, ïëàòåæåé è ðàñ÷åòîâ; è (v) áûòü äëÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà áàíêèðîì / ôèñêàëüíûì
àãåíòîì / ôèíàíñîâûì ñîâåòíèêîì
/ óïðàâëÿþùèì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì
äîëãîì.
9. In addition to these 5 basic functions, central banks may also perform the following 3 functions: (i)
act as economic advisor to the Government and to the Parliament; (ii)
9. Â äîïîëíåíèå ê ýòèì ïÿòè îñíîâíûì ôóíêöèÿì, Öåíòðîáàíê ìîæåò
òàêæå âûïîëíÿòü ñëåäóþùèå 3 ôóíêöèè: (i) âûñòóïàòü â ðîëè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñîâåòíèêà ïðàâèòåëüñòâà è
180
supervise financial institutions, particularly banks; and (iii) print the
currency. Although it is not uncommon to have institutions other than
the central bank to supervise banks
and print the currency.
ïàðëàìåíòà; (ii) îñóùåñòâëÿòü íàäçîð çà ôèíàíñîâûìè ó÷ðåæäåíèÿìè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, áàíêàìè; (iii) ïå÷àòàòü äåíüãè. Õîòÿ îáû÷íî åñòü è
äðóãèå îðãàíèçàöèè, êðîìå öåíòðîáàíêà, êîòîðûå îñóùåñòâëÿþò íàäçîð çà áàíêàìè è ïå÷àòàþò äåíüãè
10. In order to operate the above
areas, appropriate support services
will be needed, including central
bank accounting and internal audit,
primary data collection and processing, vault management, security,
and administration (including personnel and training).
10. Äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ áàíêîì óêàçàííûõ ôóíêöèé íåîáõîäèìû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ñëóæáû, çàíèìàþùèåñÿ áóõó÷åòîì è
âíóòðåííåé ðåâèçèåé, ñáîðîì è
îáðàáîòêîé ïåðâè÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè, óïðàâëåíèåì õðàíèëèùàìè,
îáåñïå÷åíèåì áåçîïàñíîñòè è àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè âîïðîñàìè, âêëþ÷àÿ ïîäáîð è ïîäãîòîâêó êàäðîâ.
11. There will inevitably be debate
concerning the weight to be attached to some of the above functions and their appropriateness. In
particular, in numerous countries
there has been debated concerning:
(i) the desired degree of independence of the central bank in carrying out the major functions and,
as a subsidiary question, the extent
to which it should be given autonomy in designing and carrying
out exchange rate policy; and (ii)
whether supervision of banks
should be carried out by the central
bank or by a quasi-independent authority. (...)
11. Íåèçáåæíî áóäóò âîçíèêàòü ñïîðû îòíîñèòåëüíî çíà÷åíèÿ è íåîáõîäèìîñòè íåêîòîðûõ èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ôóíêöèé.  ÷àñòíîñòè, âî
ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ âåëèñü äåáàòû ïî
ïîâîäó (i) æåëàåìîé ñòåïåíè íåçàâèñèìîñòè Öåíòðîáàíêà â âîïðîñàõ
âûïîëíåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ôóíêöèé è
âûòåêàþùåé îòñþäà ñòåïåíè åãî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå è
ïðîâåäåíèè ïîëèòèêè îáìåííîãî
êóðñà; è (ii) êîíòðîëÿ çà äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ áàíêî⠗ äîëæåí ëè åãî
îñóùåñòâëÿòü Öåíòðîáàíê èëè êâàçè-íåçàâèñèìûé îðãàí. (...)
12. One of the main arguments for
independence is that it provides a
barrier against short term political
pressure that may arise especially
when policy makers have face reelection frequently. However, independence has to be balanced by
accountability if independence is to
be sustained. A central bank which
12. Îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ àðãóìåíòîâ
â ïîëüçó íåçàâèñèìîñòè áàíêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî îíà îáåñïå÷èâàåò çàùèòó îò èìåþùåãî êîíúþíêòóðíóþ
ïîäîïëåêó ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî äàâëåíèÿ,
êîòîðîå ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü îñîáåííî òîãäà, êîãäà ðóêîâîäñòâî ÷àñòî
ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç ïðîöåäóðó ïåðåèçáðàíèÿ. Îäíàêî äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû íå181
is dominated by the Government,
while superficially attractive for the
political authorities, may be ineffective, particularly in an inflationary
environment.
çàâèñèìîñòü áûëà óñòîé÷èâîé, åå
íåîáõîäèìî ñáàëàíñèðîâàòü ïîäîò÷åòíîñòüþ. Öåíòðîáàíê, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ ïîä ïîñòîÿííûì êîíòðîëåì
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü
ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûì äëÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî ðóêîâîäñòâà, ìîæåò ðàáîòàòü íåýôôåêòèâíî, îñîáåííî â óñëîâèÿõ
èíôëÿöèè.
13. Two of the main arguments
against independence are, first, that
monetary policy and fiscal policy
need to be coordinated and, second,
that elected officials must, in the last
analysis, be held responsible for the
success or failure of macroeconomic
policy and hence should be able to
direct this policy.
13. Äâóìÿ îñíîâíûìè âîçðàæåíèÿìè ïðîòèâ íåçàâèñèìîñòè ÿâëÿþòñÿ: 1) íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñêîîðäèíèðîâàííîñòè äåíåæíî-êðåäèò-íîé è
ôèñêàëüíîé ïîëèòèêè; 2) îáÿçàííîñòü èçáðàííûõ îôèöè-àëüíûõ ëèö
îòâå÷àòü çà óñïåõ èëè ïðîâàë ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì îíè äîëæíû èìåòü âîçìîæíîñòü íàïðàâëÿòü ýòó ïîëèòèêó.
14. The tendency in recent years has
been to try to ensure a greater degree of independence than was previously the case and to provide
greater transparency in cases where
the government wishes to overrule
the central bank. In part, this may
be a reaction against the inflation of
the 1970s and early 1980s with
greater emphasis on the need for,
and advantage of, price stability and
the credibility of monetary and exchange policies.
14. Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû íàáëþäàëàñü
òåíäåíöèÿ ê îáåñïå÷åíèþ áîëüøåé,
÷åì ïðåæäå, ñòåïåíè íåçàâèñèìîñòè Öåíòðîáàíêà è áîëåå øèðîêîé
ãëàñíîñòè â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ïðàâèòåëüñòâî õî÷åò óñòàíîâèòü íàä
íèì ñâîå ãîñïîäñòâî. Îò÷àñòè ýòî
ìîæåò áûòü ðåàêöèåé íà èíôëÿöèþ
70-õ è íà÷àëà 80-õ ãîäîâ ñ áîëüøèì
óïîðîì íà íåîáõîäèìîñòü è ïðåèìóùåñòâà ñòàáèëüíîñòè öåí è äîâåðèÿ
íàñåëåíèÿ ê äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé è
âàëþòíîé ïîëèòèêå.
Çàäàíèå 3
Èçó÷èòå àíãëèéñêóþ è ðóññêóþ âåðñèè ñòàòüè èç æóðíàëà «Ôàéíýíñ ýíä äåâåëîïìåíò», êîòîðûé èçäàåòñÿ Ìåæäóíàðîäíûì âàëþòíûì ôîíäîì íà íåñêîëüêèõ ÿçûêàõ. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òåðìèíû, èñïîëüçóåìûå â ñòàòüå. Àíàëèç è ñîïîñòàâëåíèå îáåèõ âåðñèé —
õîðîøàÿ ïðàêòèêà â ðàáîòå ïåðåâîä÷èêà. Åñëè ó Âàñ åñòü ñâîé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà íåêîòîðûõ ìåñò ñòàòüè, íå áîéòåñü ïîñïîðèòü ñ îïóá182
ëèêîâàííîé ðóññêîé âåðñèåé.  ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, çàéìèòå àêòèâíóþ
ïîçèöèþ â ñðàâíèòåëüíîì àíàëèçå àíãëèéñêîé è ðóññêîé âåðñèé.
Âàø ãëàâíûé ñïðàâî÷íèê â âîçìîæíîì ñïîðå — ñëîâàðü.
Time to Rethink Privatization
in Transition Economies?
Âðåìÿ ïåðåîñìûñëèòü ïðèâàòèçàöèþ
â ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé?
(Finance & Development)
by John Nellis
(Ôàéíýíñ ýíä äåâåëîïìåíò)
Äæîí Íåëëèñ
(Senior Manager of the Enterprise
Group in the World Bank’s Private Sector Development Department)
(ñòàðøèé ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ðàçâèòèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïîðàçâèòèþ ÷àñòíîãî ñåêòîðà Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà)
1. Privatization has won the day
in transition ... or has it? Where
have privatization efforts — particularly those in Central and
Eastern Europe and the former
Soviet Union — succeeded, where
have they failed, and how can these
countries best pursue further
privatization?
1. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ îäåðæàëà ïîáåäó â
ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé ...
èëè íå îäåðæàëà? Â êàêèõ ñòðàíàõ,
îñîáåííî â Öåíòðàëüíîé è Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è â áûâøåì Ñîâåòñêîì
Ñîþçå, îíà áûëà óñïåøíîé, à â êàêèõ ïîòåðïåëà íåóäà÷ó, è êàê ýòèì
ñòðàíàì ëó÷øå ïðîâîäèòü äàëüíåéøóþ ïðèâàòèçàöèþ?
2. Privatization appears to have
swept the field and won the day.
More than a hundred countries, on
every continent, have privatized an
estimated 75,000 state-owned companies. Assessment after assessment
has concluded that privatization
leads to improved performance of
divested companies and that privately owned firms outperform
state-owned enterprises. This has
been conclusively proved in industrial and middle-income countries,
and there is increasing evidence
that privatization yields positive
results in lower-income and transition countries as well.
2. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ, êàê ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ïîëó÷èëà øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îäåðæàëà ïîáåäó. Áîëåå ñòà
ñòðàí íà âñåõ êîíòèíåíòàõ ïðèâàòèçèðîâàëè ïðèìåðíî 75000 ãîñïðåäïðèÿòèé. Ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå îöåíêè
ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî îíà âåäåò ê ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè îò÷óæäåííûõ
êîìïàíèé è ÷òî ÷àñòíûå ôèðìû
èìåþò áîëåå âûñîêèå ïîêàçàòåëè,
÷åì ãîñïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. Ýòî áûëî îêîí÷àòåëüíî äîêàçàíî â ïðîìûøëåííî
ðàçâèòûõ ñòðàíàõ è ñòðàíàõ ñî ñðåäíèì óðîâíåì äîõîäîâ, è ïîñòóïàåò
âñå áîëüøå ñâåäåíèé î òîì, ÷òî ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ äàåò ïîëîæèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû â ñòðàíàõ ñ áîëåå íèçêèìè
äîõîäàìè è â ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé
ýêîíîìèêîé.
183
3. In the transition countries, the
evidence of good results comes
mainly from Central and Eastern
Europe and the Baltic states. Evidence — early and fragmentary,
but impossible to ignore — from
farther east — Armenia, Georgia,
Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic,
Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, and
Ukraine — shows less promising
results:
Private ownershi p often does not
lead to restructuring (that is, making changes to position a firm to survive and thrive in competitive markets).
Some partially state-owned firms
perform better than private companies.
In some countries, there are few differences in performance between
(wholly) state-owned and privately
owned firms.
In other countries, there are clear
performance improvements only in
those very few firms sold to foreign
investors.
What is the explanation for these
poorer results, and what should the
affected transition governments, and
those who assist them, do to improve these results?
3. Â ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé ñâèäåòåëüñòâà ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ îáíàðóæèâàþòñÿ â
îñíîâíîì â Öåíòðàëüíîé è Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå è â ãîñóäàðñòâàõ Áàëòèè. Îïûò ñòðàí, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ
äàëåå íà âîñòîê (Àðìåíèè, Ãðóçèè,
Êàçàõñòàíà, Êûðãûçñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè, Ìîëäîâû, Ìîíãîëèè, Ðîññèè
è Óêðàèíû), óêàçûâàåò íà ìåíåå îáíàäåæèâàþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû; õîòÿ
ýòîò îïûò èìååò ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûé
è íåïîëíûé õàðàêòåð, åãî íåâîçìîæíî èãíîðèðîâàòü.
×àñòíàÿ ñîáñòâåííîñòü ÷àñòî íå âåäåò ê ðåñòðóêòóðèçàöèè (òî åñòü îñóùåñòâëåíèþ èçìåíåíèé, êîòîðûå
ïîçâîëèëè áû ôèðìå âûæèòü è ïðîöâåòàòü íà ðûíêàõ, ãäå ñóùåñòâóåò
êîíêóðåíöèÿ).
Íåêîòîðûå ÷àñòè÷íî ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ôèðìû èìåþò áîëåå âûñîêèå
ïîêàçàòåëè, ÷åì ïðèâàòèçèðîâàííûå êîìïàíèè.
 íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ ïî÷òè íåò ðàçëè÷èé â ïîêàçàòåëÿõ (ïîëíîñòüþ)
ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ è ÷àñòíûõ ôèðì.
 äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ óëó÷øåíèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé äîáèëèñü òîëüêî òå íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ôèðìû, êîòîðûå áûëè
ïðîäàíû èíîñòðàííûì èíâåñòîðàì.
Êàê îáúÿñíèòü ýòè õóäøèå ðåçóëüòàòû, è ÷òî íóæíî ñäåëàòü ïðàâèòåëüñòâàì ñòðàí ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé è òåì, êòî îêàçûâàåò èì
ïîìîùü, ÷òîáû óëó÷øèòü ýòè ðåçóëüòàòû?
4. Russia’s privatization experience
illustrates the problems. The mass
privatization program of 1992-94
transferred ownershi p of more than
15,000 firms through a distribution
of ownershi p vouchers.A worrisome
4. Îïûò ïðèâàòèçàöèè â Ðîññèè
ñëóæèò èëëþñòðàöèåé ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ïðîáëåì. Ïî ïðîãðàììå ìàññîâîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè 1992-94 ãã. ïðàâà
ñîáñòâåííîñòè íà áîëåå ÷åì 15000
ôèðì ïåðåøëè ÷åðåç ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
184
result of this program was that “insiders” — managers and workers
combined — gained control of an
average of about two-thirds of the
shares of privatized firms. Still, by
the fall of 1994, hopes were modestly high that privatization would
lead the way toward rapid transition to a market economy.
ïðèâàòèçàöèîííûõ âàó÷åðîâ. Òðåâîæíûì ðåçóëüòàòîì ýòîé ïðîãðàììû áûëî òî, ÷òî «èíñàéäåðû» (ðóêîâîäèòåëè è ðàáîòíèêè ïðåäïðèÿòèé âìåñòå âçÿòûå) ïîëó÷èëè êîíòðîëü ïðèìåðíî íàä äâóìÿ òðåòÿìè
àêöèé ïðèâàòèçèðîâàííûõ ôèðì.
Îäíàêî, åùå ê îñåíè 1994 ãîäà âûñêàçûâàëèñü “óìåðåííî âûñîêèå”
íàäåæäû, ÷òî ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ îòêðîåò
ïóòü ê áûñòðîìó ïåðåõîäó ê ðûíêó.
5. Financial disci pline would, it
was antici pated, start to force secondary trading in shares of insiderdominated companies and introduce outside ownershi p, and transparent and sound methods would
be used to privatize the half or
more of industries still in state
hands.
5. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî ôèíàíñîâàÿ
äèñöèïëèíà âûíóäèò íà÷àòü âòîðè÷íóþ òîðãîâëþ àêöèÿìè êîìïàíèé,
â êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðóþò èíñàéäåðû,
÷òî ïîçâîëèò ïðèäòè ñîáñòâåííèêàì
èçâíå, à ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ ïîëîâèíû
èëè áîëåå ïðåäïðèÿòèé, îñòàþùèõñÿ â ðóêàõ ãîñóäàðñòâà, áóäåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ òðàíñïàðåíòíûìè è
îáîñíîâàííûìè ìåòîäàìè.
6. This, by and large, did not happen. First, insiders — particularly
the workers in the newly privatized
firms — deeply feared outside ownershi p and a loss of control (and
jobs). Second, because the financial and physical conditions of
many firms were unattractive, not
many outsiders were interested in
acquiring their shares. Third, there
was an acute lack of defined property rights, institutional underpinnings, and safeguards for transparent secondary trading; this further
discouraged outside investors.
Fourth, various Russian governments failed to put in place supporting policies and institutions —
such as hard budget constraints,
reasonable taxes and services, and
mechanisms to permit and encourage new business entrants — that
6. Ýòîãî â öåëîì íå ïðîèçîøëî. Âîïåðâûõ, èíñàéäåðû (îñîáåííî ðàáîòíèêè âíîâü ïðèâàòèçèðîâàííûõ
ôèðì) ñåðüåçíî îïàñàëèñü ñîáñòâåííèêîâ èçâíå è ïîòåðè êîíòðîëÿ
(è ðàáîòû). Âî-âòîðûõ, ïîñêîëüêó
ôèíàíñîâîå è ìàòåðèàëüíî-òåõíè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå ìíîãèõ ôèðì íå
áûëî ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûì, íå ìíîãèå
ëèöà èçâíå áûëè çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â
ïðèîáðåòåíèè àêöèé. Â-òðåòüèõ, âî
ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè íå áûëè ÷åòêî îïðåäåëåíû, èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ îñíîâà íå îáåñïå÷èâàëà ñòàáèëüíîñòè, à ãàðàíòèè
òðàíñïàðåíòíîé âòîðè÷íîé òîðãîâëè îòñóòñòâîâàëè; ýòî ÿâëÿëîñü äîïîëíèòåëüíûì òîðìîçîì äëÿ èíâåñòîðîâ èçâíå. Â-÷åòâåðòûõ, ðàçëè÷íûå ïðàâèòåëüñòâà â Ðîññèè íå
ñìîãëè âíåäðèòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùóþ
ïîëèòèêó è èíñòèòóòû, ïîääåðæè185
might have channeled enterprise activity to productive ends.
âàþùèå ýòîò ïðîöåññ, íàïðèìåð,
ââåñòè æåñòêèå áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ, ðàçóìíûå íàëîãè è óñëóãè, à òàêæå ìåõàíèçìû, äîïóñêàþùèå è ïîîùðÿþùèå ïîÿâëåíèå
íîâûõ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé, êîòîðûå ñìîãëè áû ïåðåîðèåíòèðîâàòü
ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íà ïðîäóêòèâíûå
öåëè.
7. Worse was to come: a donor-led
effort to persuade the Russian government to sell at least a few large
firms using transparent and credible
“case-by-case” methods produced
few results. Much of the second wave
of privatization that did take place —
in particular, the “loans-for-shares”
scheme, in which major Russian
banks obtained shares in firms with
strong potential as collateral for loans
to the state — turned into a fraudulent shambles, which drew criticism
from many, including supporters of
the first, mass phase of Russian
privatization.
7. Îäíàêî, õóäøåå áûëî âïåðåäè:
ïðåäïðèíèìàâøèåñÿ ïî èíèöèàòèâå äîíîðîâ ïîïûòêè óáåäèòü
ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Ðîññèè ïðîäàòü ïî
êðàéíåé íåñêîëüêî êðóïíûõ
ôèðì, èñïîëüçóÿ òðàíñïàðåíòíûå
è çàñëóæèâàþùèå äîâåðèÿ ìåòîäû «èíäèâèäóàëüíîãî ïîäõîäà» íå
äàëè áîëüøîãî ðåçóëüòàòà. Âî ìíîãîì âòîðàÿ âîëíà ïðèâàòèçàöèè,
â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïî ñõåìå «îáìåíà
êðåäèòîâ íà àêöèè», ïðè êîòîðîé
âåäóùèå ðîññèéñêèå áàíêè ïîëó÷àëè àêöèè ôèðì, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ñóùåñòâåííûé èíòåðåñ äëÿ èõ
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå çàëîãîâîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ êðåäèòîâ ïðàâèòåëüñòâó, ïðåâðàòèëàñü â ìîøåííè÷åñêóþ îïåðàöèþ, âûçâàâøóþ
çíà÷èòåëüíóþ êðèòèêó, â òîì ÷èñëå ñî ñòîðîíû ñòîðîííèêîâ ïåðâîãî, ìàññîâîãî ýòàïà ðîññèéñêîé
ïðèâàòèçàöèè.
8. Others concluded that not just the
second phase of privatization but the
whole approach was wrong: that it
should have been preceded (not accompanied) by institution building;
and that the proper way forward
would be to concentrate on strengthening the structures of the state, especially mechanisms to manage public firms.
8. Äðóãèå ïðèøëè ê âûâîäó, ÷òî
íå òîëüêî âòîðîé ýòàï ïðèâàòèçàöèè, íî è âåñü ïîäõîä áûë íåâåðíûì; ÷òî ïðèâàòèçàöèè äîëæíî
áûëî ïðåäøåñòâîâàòü èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî; è ÷òî íà
áóäóùåå íåîáõîäèìî ñîñðåäîòî÷èòü óñèëèÿ íà óêðåïëåíèè ñòðóêòóð ãîñóäàðñòâà, â îñîáåííîñòè ìåõàíèçìîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè.
186
9. ... In many transition countries,
mass and rapid privatization turned
over mediocre assets to large numbers of people who had neither the
skills nor the financial resources
to use them well. Most high-quality assets have gone, in one way
or another (sometimes through
the “spontaneous privatization”
that preceded official schemes,
sometimes through mani pulations
of the voucher schemes, and perhaps most often and acutely in the
nonvoucher second phases), to the
resourceful, agile, and politically
well-connected few, who have
tended not to embark on the restructuring that might have justified their acquisitions of the assets. In many instances where ordinary citizens managed to obtain
and hold minority blocks of shares
in high-quality firms, they have
been induced to turn over these
shares to others at modest prices or
have seen — without warning or
much subsequent explanation — the
value of their minority shares fall to
nothing.
9. ... Âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé áûñòðàÿ ìàññîâàÿ
ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ ïðèâåëà ê òîìó, ÷òî
ïîñðåäñòâåííûå ïî ñâîåìó êà÷åñòâó
àêòèâû áûëè ïåðåäàíû áîëüøîìó
÷èñëó ëèö, êîòîðûå íå îáëàäàëè íà
êâàëèôèêàöèåé, íè ôèíàíñîâûìè
ðåñóðñàìè äëÿ èõ ýôôåêòèâíîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûõ àêòèâîâ áûëà ïåðåäàíà
òåì èëè èíûì ñïîñîáîì (èíîãäà
ïîñðåäñòâîì «ñïîíòàííîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè», êîòîðàÿ ïðåäøåñòâîâàëà
îôèöèàëüíîé ïðîöåäóðå, à èíîãäà
ïîñðåäñòâîì ìàíèïóëèðîâàíèÿ âàó÷åðíîé ïðîöåäóðîé, íî, âåðîÿòíî,
íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ïóòåì ðåøèòåëüíûõ
äåéñòâèé â õîäå âòîðîãî, íåâàó÷åðíîãî ýòàïà) íåìíîãî÷èñëåííîé
ãðóïïå ïðåäïðèèì÷èâûõ, ïðîâîðíûõ
è îáëàäàþùèõ øèðîêèìè ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè ñâÿçÿìè ëèö, îáû÷íî íå çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ðåñòðóêòóðèçàöèåé,
êîòîðàÿ ìîãëà áû îïðàâäàòü ïðèîáðåòåíèå èìè àêòèâîâ. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îáû÷íûå ãðàæäàíå ñóìåëè ïîëó÷èòü è óäåðæàòü íåáîëüøèå ïàêåòû àêöèé âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûõ ôèðì, èõ âûíóæäàëè ïåðåäàâàòü
ýòè àêöèè äðóãèì ëèöàì ïî íèçêîé
öåíå, èëè èõ íåáîëüøèå ïàêåòû àêöèé ïàäàëè â öåíå äî íè÷òîæíî íèçêîãî óðîâíÿ.
10. These outcomes have been
most pronounced where the posttransition state structures have been
weak and fractured, allowing parts
of the government to be captured
by groups whose major objective
is to use the state to legitimate or
mask their acquisitions of wealth.
(Poor outcome can also occur
when stronger governments fail to
create a modicum of prudential
10. Òàêîé ðåçóëüòàò íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî
âñòðå÷àëñÿ â ñòðàíàõ, â êîòîðûõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ñòðóêòóðû ïîñëå îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ïåðåõîäà áûëè ñëàáûìè è ðàçäðîáëåííûìè, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿëî îïðåäåëåííûì ãðóïïàì çàõâàòûâàòü íåêîòîðûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå
îðãàíû, ïðåñëåäóÿ ñâîþ ãëàâíóþ
çàäà÷ó: èñïîëüçîâàòü ãîñóäàðñòâî ñ
öåëüþ óçàêîíèòü èëè çàìàñêèðîâàòü
ïðèîáðåòåíèå áîãàòñòâ. (Íåáëàãîïðè187
regulation for financial and capital
markets.)
The international financial institutions must bear some of the responsibility for these outcomes, because
they requested and required transition governments to privatize rapidly
and extensively, assuming that private ownershi p would, by itself,
provide sufficient incentives to shareholders to monitor managerial behavior and encourage firms’ good
performance.
ÿòíûé èñõîä âîçìîæåí òàêæå â ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà áîëåå ñèëüíîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî íå îáåñïå÷èâàåò ìèíèìàëüíîå ïðóäåíöèàëüíîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ôèíàíñîâûõ ðûíêîâ è ðûíêîâ êàïèòàëà.)
Îïðåäåëåííóþ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà
ñòîëü íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûé èñõîä
äîëæíû íåñòè è ìåæäóíàðîäíûå
ôèíàíñîâûå îðãàíèçàöèè, ïîñêîëüêó îíè ïðîñèëè èëè òðåáîâàëè, ÷òîáû ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ñòðàí
ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé îñóùåñòâëÿëè áûñòðóþ øèðîêóþ ïðèâàòèçàöèþ, ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ÷àñòíàÿ
ñîáñòâåííîñòü ñàìà ïî ñåáå îáåñïå÷èò äîñòàòî÷íûå ñòèìóëû àêöèîíåðàì äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ïîâåäåíèåì ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ôèðì è áóäåò
ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü âûñîêèì ýêîíîìè÷åñêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ôèðì.
11. ... In many transition countries
with weak institutions, privatization’s
promise has not been fulfilled. Some
therefore argue that the best course
of action for such countries is to
postpone further privatization until
competitive forces and an enabling
institutional/governmental framework
are in place. With regard to what has
already been done, there have been
calls for renationalization of some
or many divested firms, with the intention of undoing the damage inflicted and managing these assets
more in the public interest, through
greater state involvement — possibly with these firms being “reprivatized” at some later date.
11. ... Âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé, èìåþùèõ
ñëàáóþ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíóþ ñòðóêòóðó, âûãîäû îò ïðèâàòèçàöèè íå
áûëè ðåàëèçîâàíû. Ïîýòîìó íåêîòîðûå óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî îïòèìàëüíûì ðåøåíèåì äëÿ òàêèõ ñòðàí
áûëî áû îòëîæèòü äàëüíåéøóþ
ïðèâàòèçàöèþ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå
íà÷íóò äåéñòâîâàòü ñèëû êîíêóðåíöèè è íå áóäåò ñîçäàíà íåîáõîäèìàÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà
è ñòðóêòóðà ãîñîðãàíîâ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ óæå ïðîäåëàííîé ðàáîòû, òî
ðàçäàâàëèñü ïðèçûâû ïðîâåñòè ðåíàöèîíàëèçàöèþ ÷àñòè èëè áîëüøèíñòâà îò÷óæäåííûõ ôèðì ñ öåëüþ ëèêâèäàöèè ïðè÷èíåííîãî èì
óùåðáà è îáåñïå÷åíèÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ
ýòèìè àêòèâàìè â áîëüøåì ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè èíòåðåñàìè ïîñðåäñòâîì áîëåå øèðîêîãî ó÷àñòèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà, ïðè
188
âîçìîæíîñòè «ïîâòîðíîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè» ýòèõ ôèðì íà íåñêîëüêî áîëåå ïîçäíåì ýòàïå.
12. ... It is time to rethink privatization, but only in those transition
countries where history, geography
and politics have resulted in seemingly laudable economic policies
producing clearly suboptimal outcomes. In Russia and elsewhere, too
much was expected of privatization.
But admissions of error should not
be overdone. When it can carried
out correctly, privatization is clearly
the right course of action. ... One
must continually ask what was and
is the alternative to privatization. It
is not clear that Russia would be
better off today had it not undertaken the mass privatization program of 1992–94.
12. ... Ïðèøëî âðåìÿ ïåðåîñìûñëèòü
ïðèâàòèçàöèþ, íî òîëüêî â òåõ ñòðàíàõ, â êîòîðûõ â ñèëó èñòîðè÷åñêèõ,
ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ è ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, íåñìîòðÿ íà êàæóùóþñÿ ïðàâèëüíîñòü ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè, ðåçóëüòàòû íå áûëè íàèëó÷øèìè.  Ðîññèè è â äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ îò
ïðèâàòèçàöèè æäàëè ñëèøêîì ìíîãîãî.
Îäíàêî íå ñëåäóåò ïåðåóñåðäñòâîâàòü
â ïðîöåññå ïðèçíàíèÿ îøèáîê. Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ, êîãäà èìåþòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ åå ïðàâèëüíîãî ïðîâåäåíèÿ, áåçóñëîâíî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåðíûì
íàïðàâëåíèåì äåÿòåëüíîñòè. ... Ñëåäóåò ïîñòîÿííî ñòàâèòü âîïðîñ î
òîì, êàêîâà áûëà è êàêîâîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ àëüòåðíàòèâà ïðèâàòèçàöèè. Íå
î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî Ðîññèÿ áûëà áû â ëó÷øåì ïîëîæåíèè ñåãîäíÿ, åñëè áû
îíà íå îñóùåñòâèëà ïðîãðàììû ìàññîâîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè 1992–94 ãîäîâ.
13. So, in sum, privatization is the
generally preferred course of action,
but its short-term economic effectiveness and social acceptability
depend on the institutional underpinnings of capitalism. If these underpinnings are missing but government is effectively working toward
their construction or reinforcement, then delaying privatization
until the government’s efforts have
born fruit might be the optimal
course of action. Hungary and Poland offer cases in point.
13. Èòàê, â öåëîì, ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì äåéñòâèé, íî êðàòêîñðî÷íàÿ
ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ îòäà÷à îò íåå è åå ñîöèàëüíàÿ ïðèåìëåìîñòü çàâèñÿò îò
íàëè÷èÿ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé áàçû
êàïèòàëèçìà. Åñëè òàêàÿ áàçà îòñóòñòâóåò, íî ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ðàáîòàåò
íàä åå ñîçäàíèåì èëè óêðåïëåíèåì,
çàäåðæêà ïðèâàòèçàöèè äî òåõ ïîð,
ïîêà óñèëèÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà óâåí÷àþòñÿ óñïåõîì, ìîæåò áûòü îïòèìàëüíûì ðåøåíèåì. Õàðàêòåðíûìè
ïðèìåðàìè ìîãóò ñëóæèòü Âåíãðèÿ
è Ïîëüøà.
14. The heart of the matter is
whether and how privatization can
14. Ãëàâíûé âîïðîñ — ìîæåò ëè
áûòü îñóùåñòâëåíà ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ è
189
be achieved where governments are
unwilling or incapable. The necessary
long-term course of action is to support measures enhancing governments’ will and capacity (assuming
that one knows what these are). The
reasonable short-term course of action is probably to push ahead with
case-by-case and tender privatization
and reprivatization with the international assistance community, in
hopes of producing some success stories to emulate.
êàêèì îáðàçîì, åñëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâà íå õîòÿò èëè íå ìîãóò åå ïðîâîäèòü. Íåîáõîäèìûì äîëãîñðî÷íûì
íàïðàâëåíèåì äåéñòâèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïîääåðæàíèå ìåð ïî óêðåïëåíèþ
âîëè è ðàñøèðåíèþ âîçìîæíîñòåé
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà (ïðè òîì ïðåäïîëîæåíèè, ÷òî íàì èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îíè
ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿþò). Êðàòêîñðî÷íûì ðàçóìíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì äåéñòâèé, âåðîÿòíî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîâåäåíèå èíäèâèäóàëüíîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè íà îñíîâå òåíäåðîâ, à òàêæå
ïîâòîðíîé ïðèâàòèçàöèè â ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè êðóãàìè, îêàçûâàþùèìè ïîìîùü, â
íàäåæäå íà îïðåäåëåííûå êîòîðûå
ìîæíî áûëî áû ïîâòîðèòü â äðóãèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ.
5.1.1. Ïåðåâîä áðèòàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ
Çàäàíèå 1
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîìåùåííóþ íèæå ñòàòüþ, âûïèøèòå çíà÷åíèÿ
ñëîâ, âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì, à çàòåì ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå è ñðàâíèòå äâå âåðñèè ïåðåâîäà ýòîé ñòàòüè, ñäåëàííûå ñòóäåíòàìè ôàêóëüòåòà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé Áåëîðóññêîãî
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, è îòðåäàêòèðóéòå èõ.
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ôðàçåîëîãèçìû gain without pain, live off
the fat, blow the whistle, grin and pare è ìåòàôîðó look like a flashing
amber light.
UK TRADE
The Financial Times
1. The idea that the
UK economy might
be able to gain without pain suffered a reverse yesterday.
190
1. Â÷åðà áûëà ïîêîëåáëåíà óâåðåííîñòü â
òîì, ÷òî áðèòàíñêàÿ
ýêîíîìèêà áóäåò ïðîäîëæàòü ðàñòè.
1. Ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì,
÷òî ýêîíîìèêà Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ëåãêî ñïðàâèòñÿ ñ íûíåøíèìè ïðîáëåìàìè, áûëî â÷åðà îïðîâåðãíóòî.
2. First, the Confederation of British
Industry’s (CBI) Industrial Trends survey
showed that manufacturers were more pessimistic about exports
than at any time in the
last 18 years.
2. Âî-ïåðâûõ, êàê âûÿâèëî èññëåäîâàíèå
òåí-äåíöèé â ïðîìûøëåí-íîñòè Êîíôåäåðàöèè áðèòàíñêîé ïðîìûøëåí-íîñòè (ÊÁÏ),
çà ïîñëåäíèå 18 ëåò
íàáëþäàåòñÿ íàèâûñøàÿ ñòåïåíü ïåññèìèçìà îòíîñèòåëüíî ýêñïîðòà.
2. Âî-ïåðâûõ, èññëåäîâàíèå Ñîâåòà áðèòàíñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè (ÑÁÏ) òåêóùèõ
òåíäåíöèé â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ïîêàçàëî,
÷òî áðèòàíñêèå ïðîèçâîäèòåëè çà ïîñëåäíèå
18 ëåò íèêîãäà íå áûëè
íàñòðîåíû ñòîëü ïåññèìèñòè÷íî â îòíîøåíèè
áóäóùåãî áðèòàíñêîãî
ýêñïîðòà.
3. Then, as if to confirm these fears, official figures showed a
rapid widening of the
trade deficit from
£ 600m in January to
£1.7bn in February.
3. Ðàñòóùèå îïàñåíèÿ
ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ è
îôèöèàëüíûìè äàííûìè, ïîêàçûâàþùèìè áûñòðîå óâåëè÷åíèå äåôèöèòà òîðãîâîãî áàëàíñà ñ 600 ìëí.
ô.-ñò. â ÿíâàðå äî 1,7
ìëðä. ô.-ñò. â ôåâðàëå.
3. Êðîìå òîãî, êàê áû
ïîäòâåðæäàÿ äàííûå
îïàñåíèÿ, îôèöèàëüíàÿ ñòàòèñòèêà îòìå÷àåò çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò
äåôèöèòà òîðãîâîãî
áàëàíñà ñ 600 ìëí. ô. ñò.
â ÿíâàðå äî 1,7 ìëðä. ô.
ñò. â ôåâðàëå.
4. The rise in the deficit was, to be sure,
partly caused by special
factors; and over six
months the volumes of
both imports and exports have been little
changed. Even so, the
CBI survey makes the
latest trade data look
very much like a flashing amber light.
4. Ðàçóìååòñÿ, ðîñò äåôèöèòà áûë ÷àñòè÷íî
îáóñëîâëåí îñîáûìè
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàìè; çà
øåñòü ìåñÿöåâ îáúåìû
èìïîðòà è ýêñïîðòà
ìàëî èçìåíèëèñü. Òåì
íå ìåíåå, èññëåäîâàíèå ÊÁÏ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò
ïîñëåäíèå äàííûå ïî
áðèòàíñêîé âíåøíåé
òîðãîâëå ñîâñåì â äðóãîì ñâåòå.
4. Íåñîìíåííî, ðîñò
äåôèöèòà òîðãîâîãî
áàëàíñà áûë ÷àñòè÷íî
âûçâàí îñîáûìè ôàêòîðàìè, è, êðîìå òîãî,
çà ïîñëåäíèå 6 ìåñÿöåâ
èçìåíèëèñü íå òîëüêî
îáúåìû ýêñïîðòà, íî è
èìïîðòà. Òåì íå ìåíåå,
àíàëèç ÑÁÏ ïîñëåäíèõ
ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ
î âíåøíåé òîðãîâëå
Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè âûçûâàåò ñåðüåçíîå áåñïîêîéñòâî.
5. For much of last
year, the resilience of
UK trading performance in the face of a
steep rise in the value
of sterling presented
5. Áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ïðîøëîãî ãîäà âñåõ óäèâëÿëà ñòàáèëüíîñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ âíåøíåé
òîðãîâëè Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíîì
5. Âÿëîñòü âíåøíåé
òîðãîâëè Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, â ïðîøëîì ãîäó,
íà ôîíå óêðåïëÿþùåãî ñâîè ïîçèöèè ôóí191
something of a puzzle.
Had British industry
become more competitive during the 1990s?
Or was it living off the
fat at big export margins
achieved after the collapse of sterling in 1992?
ðîñòå êóðñà ôóíòà
ñòåðëèíãîâ. Íåóæåëè
áðèòàíñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ñòàëà â 90-å
ãîäû áîëåå êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîé? À, ìîæåò áûòü, îíà âñå åùå
æèëà çà ñ÷åò êðóïíûõ
ïðèáûëåé îò ýêñïîðòà,
ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïàäåíèÿ êóðñà
ôóíòà ñòåðëèíãîâ â
1992 ãîäó?
òà ñòåðëèíãîâ âûãëÿäèò äîâîëüíî ñòðàííî.
Ñòàëà ëè áðèòàíñêàÿ
ïðîìûøëåííîñòü áîëåå êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîé â òå÷åíèå 90-õ
ãîäîâ? Èëè æå îíà
“ïðîåäàëà” îãðîìíûå
ïðèáûëè, ïîëó÷åííûå
åþ ïîñëå îáâàëà ôóíòà ñòåðëèíãîâ â 1992
ãîäó?
6. In either case, it was
argued, manufacturers
could withstand the
stresses of high interest
rates and a strong pound
better than some of
their apologists suggested. However, the
trends survey, which
has been a reliable indicator in the past, now
points decisively downwards.
6. Êàê áû òî íè áûëî,
ðàíüøå óòâåðæäàëîñü,
÷òî ïðîìûøëåííîñòü
ñìîæåò âûäåðæàòü äàâëåíèå âûñîêèõ ïðîöåíòíûõ ñòàâîê è ñèëüíîãî ôóíòà ñòåðëèíãîâ
ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå, ÷åì
ïðåäïîëàãàëè ìíîãèå
åå ëîááèñòû. Îäíàêî,
âûøåóïîìÿíóòîå èññëåäîâàíèå, â ïðîøëîì óæå äîêàçàâøåå
ñâîþ íàäåæíîñòü, òåïåðü îêîí÷àòåëüíî óêàçûâàåò íà âåðîÿòíûé
ñïàä.
6.  ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, íåò
ñîìíåíèé â òîì, ÷òî
ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ìîãëè
áû ñïðàâèòüñÿ è ñ
âûñîêèìè ïðîöåíòíûìè ñòàâêàìè, è ñ
âûñîêèì êóðñîì ôóíòà ñòåðëèíãîâ, ïðè÷åì
äàæå óñïåøíåé, ÷åì
ïðåäïîëàãàþò èõ çàùèòíèêè. Îäíàêî,
ïðåäñòàâëåííîå èññëåäîâàíèå òåêóùèõ
òåíäåíöèé, êîòîðîå
âñåãäà áûëî íàäåæíûì èíäèêàòîðîì ñîáûòèé â ïðîøëîì,
äîêàçûâàåò ñîâåðøåííî îáðàòíîå.
7. Expectations for total orders, exports and
domestic business are
now much more pessimistic than a year ago,
and the outlook has deteriorated since January.
This survey accords with
recent official data which
suggest that the longpredicted slowing of the
economy has begun.
7. Îæèäàíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî îáùåãî îáúåìà
çàêàçîâ, ýêñïîðòà è
âíóòðåííåãî ñïðîñà òåïåðü ãîðàçäî áîëåå ïåññèìèñòè÷íû, ÷åì ãîä
íàçàä, è ïåðñïåêòèâû
íà÷èíàÿ ñ ÿíâàðÿ âñå
âðåìÿ óõóäøàþòñÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ
ñîâïàäàþò ñ íåäàâíî
îïóáëèêîâàííûìè
7. Îæèäàíèÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ çàêàçîâ, ðîñòà ýêñïîðòà è âíóòðåííåãî ðûíêà ñåé÷àñ
íàìíîãî ïåññèìèñòè÷íåå, ÷åì â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Ñ ÿíâàðÿ
ýòîãî ãîäà ñèòóàöèÿ
ñòàëà åùå õóæå. Óïîìÿíóòîå âûøå èññëåäîâàíèå ïîäòâåðæäàåò
192
îôèöèàëüíûìè äàííûìè, óêàçûâàþùèìè íà
íà÷àëî çàìåäëåíèÿ
ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà,
ïðîãíîçèðîâàâøåãîñÿ
óæå äàâíî.
íåäàâíèå îôèöèàëüíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î òîì,
÷òî ðàíåå ïðåäñêàçàííûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé
ñïàä íà÷àëñÿ.
8. Preliminary data for
gross domestic product
in the first quarter
showed a slight deceleration; the growth of retail sales has slowed significantly; growth of the
money supply has eased;
and unemployment may
be falling less fast.
8. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ
îöåíêà âàëîâîãî âíóòðåííåãî ïðîäóêòà â
ïåðâîì êâàðòàëå âûÿâèëà íåáîëüøîå çàìåäëåíèå ðîñòà. Ïðè
ýòîì çíà÷èòåëüíî çàìåäëèëñÿ ðîñò ðîçíè÷íîãî òîâàðîîáîðîòà,
íåìíîãî ñíèçèëàñü
ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà äåíåæíîé ìàññû, à ñíèæåíèå
óðîâíÿ áåçðàáîòèöû
èäåò óæå íå òàê áûñòðî, êàê ðàíüøå.
8. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå
äàííûå ïî ÂÂÏ â ïåðâîì êâàðòàëå òåêóùåãî ãîäà ïîêàçàëè íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå óìåíüøåíèå; ðîñò ðîçíè÷íîé òîðãîâëè çíà÷èòåëüíî çàìåäëèëñÿ;
ñíèçèëîñü óâåëè÷åíèå
äåíåæíîé ìàññû; âîçìîæåí ðîñò áåçðàáîòèöû.
9. In short, the Bank of
England’s tight money
policy may at last be
working in the way it
must, by squeezing the
suppliers of tradable
goods and services. Does
this mean that the Bank
should now blow the
whistle and declare, as
the CBI suggests, that
i n t e r e s t r a t e s have
reached their peak?
9. Â îáùåì, ïîõîæå,
÷òî æåñòêàÿ äåíåæíàÿ
ïîëèòèêà Áàíêà Àíãëèè ñòàëà, íàêîíåö,
ïðèíîñèòü îæèäàåìûå
ðåçóëüòàòû: óñèëèâàåòñÿ äàâëåíèå íà ïîñòàâùèêîâ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíûõ òîâàðîâ è óñëóã.
Îçíà÷àåò ëè ýòî, ÷òî
Áàíêó òåïåðü ñëåäóåò
çàñâèñòåòü â ñâèñòîê è
îáúÿâèòü, êàê ïðåäëàãàåò ÊÁÏ, ÷òî ïðîöåíòíûå ñòàâêè äîñòèãëè ñâîåãî ïèêà?
9. Âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî,
÷òî æåñòêàÿ äåíåæíàÿ
ïîëèòèêà Áàíêà Àíãëèè ñìîæåò íàêîíåö
çàðàáîòàòü òàê, êàê
îíà è äîëæíà: ñíèçèòü
ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðîäàâàåìûõ òîâàðîâ è óñëóã. Çíà÷èò ëè ýòî, ÷òî
ñåé÷àñ Áàíêó ñëåäóåò
çàçâîíèòü âî âñå êîëîêîëà è îáúÿâèòü, êàê
è ïðåäïîëàãàåò ÑÁÏ,
î òîì, ÷òî ïðîöåíòíûå ñòàâêè äîñòèãëè
ñâîåãî ïèêà?
10. Probably not. For
domestic demand is still
buoyant; and, despite
their protests, manufacturers still enjoy healthy
export margins. Mean-
10. Âåðîÿòíî, íåò. Âåäü
íà âíóòðåííåì ðûíêå
ïîêà
íàáëþäàåòñÿ
îæèâëåíèå ñïðîñà, à
ïðîèçâîäèòåëè, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðîòåñòû
10. Âîçìîæíî, íåò.
Ñïðîñ íà âíóòðåííåì
ðûíêå îñòàåòñÿ âûñîêèì, è íåñìîòðÿ íà
ïðîòåñòû, ïðîèçâîäèòåëè âñå åùå “íàñëà193
while productivity improvements remain
low.
ïðîòèâ ïîëèòèêè Áàíêà
Àíãëèè, âñå åùå èìåþò
ïðèëè÷íóþ ïðèáûëü îò
ýêñïîðòà. Ìåæäó òåì,
óëó÷øåíèå ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè ïðîäîëæàåò
èäòè ìåäëåííûìè òåìïàìè.
æäàþòñÿ” âûñîêèìè
ïðèáûëÿìè îò ýêñïîðòà. Ìåæäó òåì,
ðîñò ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè íåçíà÷èòåëåí.
11. Yesterday’s survey
showed that despite
this poor performance, there has been
a sharp drop in the
forecast expenditures
on product and process innovation —
and on training.
11. Â÷åðàøíåå èññëåäîâàíèå ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðîáëåìû ñ
ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòüþ,
íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå ïðîãíîçèðóåìûõ
ðàñõîäîâ íà óëó÷øåíèå
òîâàðîâ è òåõíîëîãèé, à
òàêæå íà îáó÷åíèå ïåðñîíàëà.
11. Â èññëåäîâàíèè
ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïðîèçîøëî çíà÷èòåëüíîå
ñíèæåíèå ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ çàòðàò íà îæèäàåìûå ðàñõîäû ïî
óëó÷øåíèþ ïðîäóêöèè è ïîäãîòîâêå êàäðîâ.
12. The weakening of
sterling during April
may seem to promise
a little respite, but the
last thing which the
UK economy needs at
the top of its cycle is
a collapse of sterling.
The Bank will need to
sit tight until companies show better control of their costs: industry must grin and
pare it.
12. Ìîæåò ïîêàçàòüñÿ,
÷òî àïðåëüñêîå îñëàáëåíèå ôóíòà ñòåðëèíãîâ
îáåùàåò ïðîìûøëåííîñòè íåáîëüøóþ ïåðåäûøêó. Îäíàêî, ïàäåíèå íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòû —
ýòî ïîñëåäíåå, â ÷åì íóæäàåòñÿ áðèòàíñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà, íàõîäÿñü íà
âåðøèíå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî öèêëà. Áàíêó Àíãëèè
ïðèäåòñÿ ïðîâîäèòü æåñòêóþ ïîëèòèêó, ïîêà
êîìïàíèè íå óëó÷øàò
êîíòðîëü íàä ñâîèìè èçäåðæêàìè: ïðîìûøëåííîñòü ñêàëèò çóáû, íî åé
ïðèäåòñÿ ýòî ñäåëàòü..
12. Îñëàáëåíèå ôóíòà
ñòåðëèíãîâ â àïðåëå
ìîæåò ïðèíåñòè íåêîòîðîå îáëåã÷åíèå, íî
îáâàë ñòåðëèíãà — ýòî
ïîñëåäíåå, ÷òî íóæíî
ñåé÷àñ áðèòàíñêîé
ýêîíîìèêå, íàõîäÿùåéñÿ íà âåðõó öèêëà.
Áàíêó Àíãëèè ïðèäåòñÿ ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ
íûíåøíåãî æåñòêîãî
êóðñà äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà
êîìïàíèè íå óëó÷øàò
êîíòðîëü çà ñâîèìè
ðàñõîäàìè — ïóñòü
ñêðåïÿ ñåðäöå, íî
ïðîìûøëåííîñòü
äîëæíà ñîêðàòèòü èõ.
Çàäàíèå 2
Ïðî÷èòàéòå àíàëèòè÷åñêèå îáçîðû ñèòóàöèè â ýêîíîìèêå è
ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè Ðîññèè, Áåëàðóñè è Ïîëüøè
194
çà 2000 ã (“Business Central Europe. The Annual 2000”). Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà èäèîìàòè÷åñêèå âûðàæåíèÿ è äðóãèå èíòåðåñíûå äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ìåñòà, âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì. Ñäåëàéòå ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé ïåðåâîä òåêñòîâ.
RUSSIA
Economy. The economy is in a good/bad news situation. Cataclysm
has been avoided. The rouble maintains its mysterious stability; and production figures are chugging upwards again after the calamitous drops of
1998. Many observers even forecast modest GDP growth after a rise in
world oil prices. Even better, the government has committed itself to a
series of reforms — including hard budgetary constraints, better tax collection and bank restructuring — in order to meet the terms of a new $4.5
billion loan from the IMF.
But the apparent recovery is equivocal, not least because official
economic figures should be taken with a heavy pinch of salt. Much of the
apparent rise in production is the result of windfall gains for exporters
from devaluation. Among the population, conditions have steadily worsened. While production has gone up, domestic consumption has slumped.
The average monthly wage is now below $70 — down over one-third in
real terms year on year. And unemployment is creeping up, to as high as
18% by some measures.
And if the government’s reform’s commitment to the IMF sounds a
little familiar, that’s because it’s been promised before. Discussion with
the IMF still revolves around the absolute basics of tax and bank reform.
These are measures that should have been tackled before the crisis, and
certainly not postponed after it.
Business. The crisis looked likely to knock Russian business back
into the Dark Ages. In fact, it had little effect. Indeed, 1999 has seen rising
movement, both foreign and domestic, in Russian production — largely
a defensive strategy against the falling rouble. Firms such as America’s
Ford, Switzerland’s Nestle and France’s Danone are stepping up investment in Russian factories, rather than relying on imports. And that
has to be good both for the economy and for Russian business culture.
Such investments are largely opportunistic, and they certainly don’t
mean that Russia has become respectable. Businessmen, especially foreign ones, have just given up waiting for the new laws and regulations
that are needed to make Russia a decent place to make business. So they’ve
decided to push on regardless. But if 2000 is to bring any general improvements for the average Russian, it will come from ground-level developments like these. Politicians certainly won’t help.
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BELARUS
Economy. One of the main reasons that Russia may be wary about
swallowing up its western neighbour is the sheer scale of Belarus’s economic woes. Mr. Lukashenko does his best to cover up the problems by
selective use of statistics, but the fact is that his economic policies don’t
work.
Inflation is the biggest headache, and looks like ending 1999 at around
200% thanks to extremely loose credit policies.
In an attempt to prevent inflation, the government has imposed a
system of price controls which in turn creates severe shortages of most
staple goods. (...)
It’s hard to blame Mr. Lukashenko completely. His through-the-looking-glass economic policies have at least served to maintain almost universal employment and affordable utility and housing prices for his voters.
And Russia has connived in the process: by effectively agreeing to act as a
dumping ground for low-quality, cheap Belarusian goods, Russia has
destroyed any motivation to restructure the industrial base and look for
new markets to the west. Belarus may not return to being part of Russian
sovereign territory, but as far as economics is concerned, the Soviet
structure is still firmly in place.
POLAND
Economy. With the 1998 Russian crisis slashing cross-border trade
by 40%, the Polish economy faces a rocky time in 2000. Cross-border
trade with Russia will tumble further following EU demands that Poland
tighten border controls. That’s one reason why recent surveys show that
just 46% of respondents favour EU membershi p, compared to 70% two
years ago.
Still, while economic prospects for 2000 aren’t exactly rosy, they
could hardly be called bad, either. Growth should accelerate to 5%, from
3.5% in 1999, while increased privatization revenues will help fund
both the struggling budget and social security reform.
Business. There are some good business reasons why the Polish
economy is faltering. Laggardly privatization (40% of industrial workers
are still employed by state firms) means that communist-era companies
are an increasing drag on the wider economy. The coal sector alone lost
$800 million in 1999, for example, and the government’s own economic plans accept that rapid growth can’t be sustained until the country’s
unproductive mines and steell mills are sold off.
Still, some long-delayed privatizations were carried out in 1999,
including Bank Pekao, LOT airline and the Polski Koncern Naftowy oil
196
conglomerate. That will continue in 2000, when state companies worth
some $4 billion should be sold.
That should allow the government to focus on providing a better
environment for Poland’s uncompetitive private sector, where big improvements in labour efficiency and quality are still needed.
Increasingly, the bigger private companies are accepting the fact
that they can only survive with a foreign partner. But most Poles work for
2.5 million small companies that produce nearly half of GDP. They remain backward, and largely incapable of competing internationally. If
Poland wants to carry on growing, that must change.
Çàäàíèå 3
Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñ àíàëèòè÷åñêîé ñòàòüåé î ïîëèòè÷åñêîé è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè íà Óêðàèíå, îïóáëèêîâàííîé â åæåãîäíèêå
«Business Central Europe. The Annual 2000». Óêàæèòå ñëó÷àè èñêàæåíèÿ ñìûñëà, áóêâàëèçìîâ è íåñîáëþäåíèÿ íîðì ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà â
ïðèâåäåííîì ïåðåâîäå. Ñäåëàéòå ñâîé âàðèàíò ïåðåâîäà ñòàòüè.
1. Politics. Ukraine, a fertile land
with 50 million well-educated
people on the edge of the world’s
largest integrated market, is a crisis-ridden country with huge potential. Which is exactly what it
was in 1991.
1. Ïîëèòèêà. Óêðàèíà, ïëîäîðîäíàÿ
çåìëÿ ñ 50-ìèëëèîííûì âûñîêîîáðàçîâàííûì íàñåëåíèåì íà ãðàíèöå
ñàìîãî áîëüøîãî ìèðîâîãî èíòåãðèðîâàííîãî ðûíêà, îõâà÷åííàÿ êðèçèñîì ñòðàíà ñ îãðîìíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Èìåííî ýòî áûëî â 1991 ãîäó.
2. The only silver lining in 1999
was that this young democracy
escaped a Communist comeback.
Acrimonious presidential campaigns overrode all other concerns
for the whole year. In the end,
President Leonid Kuchma, a slow
reformer, received another fiveyear term in office, crushing his
Communist rival Petro Symonenko in the second round of voting. Parliament, packed with
presidential challengers, did its
best to frustrate Mr. Kuchma’s ambitions.
2. Åäèíñòâåííûì ïðîñâåòîì â 1999
ãîäó áûëî òî, ÷òî þíàÿ äåìîêðàòèÿ
èçáåæàëà âîçâðàòà êîììóíèçìà. Ðåçêàÿ èçáèðàòåëüíàÿ êîìïàíèÿ Ïðåçèäåíòà çàòìèëà âñå îñòàëüíûå äåëà íà
öåëûé ãîä.  êîíöå êîíöîâ, ïðåçèäåíò Ëåîíèä Êó÷ìà, ìåäëåííûé ðåôîðìàòîð, ïîëó÷èë âòîðîé ïÿòèëåòíèé ñðîê ïðåçèäåíòñòâà, ðàçáèâ ñâîåãî êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîïåðíèêà
Ïåòðà Ñèìîíåíêî âî âòîðîì êðóãå
ãîëîñîâàíèÿ. Ïàðëàìåíò, çàïîëíåííûé áðîñàþùèìè âûçîâ ïðåçèäåíòó, äåëàë âñå, ÷òîáû ðàññòðîèòü àìáèöèè Êó÷ìû.
197
3. The gridlock between president
and parliament, worse than last year,
has been bad news for impatient
Westerners and Ukrainians who argue that the country can’t wait any
more time in its halting transition to
a free market. Mr. Kuchma has ruled
over one of the biggest economic
declines ever experienced in
Ukraine.
3. Ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèå ïðåçèäåíòà è
ïàðëàìåíòà, îáîñòðèâøååñÿ â ýòîì
ãîäó, ÿâèëîñü ïëîõîé íîâîñòüþ äëÿ
íåòåðïåëèâûõ çàïàäíûõ æèòåëåé
Óêðàèíû è óêðàèíöåâ, êîòîðûå
óòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî ñòðàíà íå ìîæåò
áîëüøå òðàòèòü âðåìÿ â çàòÿíóâøåìñÿ ïåðåõîäå ê ñâîáîäíîìó
ðûíêó. Ã-í Êó÷ìà ïðàâèò âî âðåìÿ îäíîãî èç ñàìûõ áîëüøèõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñïàäîâ, êîãäà-ëèáî
èñïûòàííûõ Óêðàèíîé.
4. After re-election, he promised to
get a pro-reform majority in parliament and turn the country around.
But he can’t keep his promises without an overhaul of the country’s incompetent government.
4. Ïîñëå ïåðåèçáðàíèÿ îí îáåùàë
ïîëó÷èòü ïðîðåôîðìàòîðñêîå
áîëüøèíñòâî â ïàðëàìåíòå è óëó÷øèòü ïîëîæåíèå â ñòðàíå. Íî îí
íå ìîæåò âûïîëíèòü ñâîå îáåùàíèå áåç ðåâèçèè ðåøåíèé, ïðèíèìàåìûõ íåêîìïåòåíòíûì ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì.
5. Economics. First the good news:
Ukraine weathered the 1998 financial disaster in the region well. The
hryvnia lost half of its value over the
year, but expectations were much
worse than reality.
5. Ýêîíîìèêà. Ïåðâàÿ õîðîøàÿ
íîâîñòü: Óêðàèíà ïåðåíåñëà ôèíàíñîâûé êðèçèñ 1998 ãîäà. Ãðèâíà ïîòåðÿëà ïîëîâèíó ñâîåé ñòîèìîñòè çà ãîä, íî îæèäàíèÿ áûëè
íàìíîãî õóæå äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè.
6. Production volumes have mostly
been restored and foreign capital has
not fled the country. Credit goes to
the government, which devalued
gradually and postponed foreign debt
payments.
6. Îáúåìû ïðîèçâîäñòâà â îñíîâíîì âîññòàíîâèëèñü, è èíîñòðàííûé êàïèòàë íå óøåë èç ñòðàíû.
Çàñëóãà ïðèíàäëåæèò ïðàâèòåëüñòâó, êîòîðîå ïîñòåïåííî äåâàëüâèðîâàëî è îòëîæèëî ïëàòåæè çà
èíîñòðàííûé äîëã.
7. The bad news is that the fears of a
radical leftist becoming president
have halved foreign direct investment
flows and slowed privatisation to a
crawl pre-election. That could change
if Mr. Kuchma moves quickly and decisively to halt subsidies to loss-making state-owned industry. That will
increase unemployment, but it will
7. Ïëîõàÿ íîâîñòü — ýòî òî, ÷òî
ñòðàõè ëåâîãî ðàäèêàëà, ñòàâøåãî
ïðåçèäåíòîì, óìåíüøèëè ïðÿìûå
èíâåñòèöèîííûå ïîòîêè è çàìåäëèëè ïðèâàòèçàöèþ â ñâÿçè ñ òÿíóùèìèñÿ âûáîðàìè. Ýòî ìîãëî áû
èçìåíèòüñÿ, åñëè Êó÷ìà áûñòðî
îòìåíèò ñóáñèäèè íåñóùåé ïîòåðè ãîñïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Ýòî óâå-
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stop draining the budget and reduce
some of the rampant corruption,
which has fed the capital flight.
ëè÷èò áåçðàáîòèöó, íî îñòàíîâèò
óòå÷êó áþäæåòà è íåñêîëüêî óìåíüøèò ðàçðîñøóþñÿ êîððóïöèþ, êîòîðàÿ ïðèâåëà ê îòòîêó êàïèòàëà.
8. Another immediate task is to deal
with foreign debt payments, which
will be a staggering $3bn in 2000,
with a third of that due in the first
quarter. Little chance then that the
government predictions of Ukraine’s
first-ever incidence of GDP growth
will come true.
8. Äðóãàÿ ñðî÷íàÿ çàäà÷à — ýòî ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû âíåøíåãî äîëãà.
Êîòîðûé ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê îøåëîìëÿþùåé öèôðå 3 ìëðä. äîëëàðîâ â
2000 ãîäó, ïðè÷åì òðåòü åãî äîëæíà
áûòü ïîãàøåíà â ïåðâîì êâàðòàëå.
Øàíñû òîãî, ÷òî ïðîãíîçû ïðàâèòåëüñòâà íàñ÷åò ïàäåíèÿ óðîâíÿ
ÂÂÏ ñáóäóòñÿ, î÷åíü ìàëû.
9. Business. The devalued hryvnia
has helped many Ukrainian companies. Local goods kicked imported
ones off the shelves, benefiting
food-processors the most.
9. Áèçíåñ. Äåâàëüâèðîâàííàÿãðèâíà ïîìîãëà ìíîãèì óêðàèíñêèì
êîìïàíèÿì. Ìåñòíûå òîâàðû âûìåñòèëè èìïîðòíûå ñ ìàãàçèííûõ ïîëîê è ïðèíåñëè ïðèáûëü ïèùåâîé
ïðîìûøëåííîñòè áîëüøå âñåõ.
10. That was the only consolation
for Ukrainian businesses in 1999.
Corruption, red tape and tax burden still stifle businesses and deter
foreign investment. Heavy taxes
mean businesses are forced into
under-the-table deals. So the government unleashes the tax police on
to the country’s few remaining entrepreneurs, in an attempt to collect some taxes. In short, Ukrainian
enterprises continue their struggle
to find a place within a stifling business environment.
10. Ýòî áûëî åäèíñòâåííûì
óòåøåíèåì óêðàèíñêèõ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé â 1999 ãîäó. Êîððóïöèÿ,
áþðîêðàòèÿ è íàëîãîâîå áðåìÿ âñå
åùå äàâÿò ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé è
óäåðæèâàþò èíîñòðàííûé êàïèòàë.
Áîëüøèå íàëîãè âûíóæäàþò áèçíåñìåíîâ óõîäèòü â ïîäïîëüå. Ïîýòîìó
ïðàâèòåëüñòâî íàïðàâëÿåò íàëîãîâóþ ïîëèöèþ ê îñòàâøèìñÿ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëÿì äëÿ ñáîðà íàëîãîâ.
Îäíèì ñëîâîì, óêðàèíñêèå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ïðîäîëæàþò áîðîòüñÿ çà
ìåñòî â óäóøàþùåé áèçíåñ ñðåäû.
11. There should be an increase in
foreign direct investment in 2000.
Many foreign companies put their
plans on hold this year, waiting to
see who would become president.
But that is unlikely to help
Ukraine’s small businesses, which
are in desperate need of cash injections.
11.  2000 ãîäó äîëæíû óâåëè÷èòüñÿ ïðÿìûå èíîñòðàííûå èíâåñòèöèè. Ìíîãèå èíîñòðàííûå êîìïàíèè
ïðèäåðæàëè ñâîè ïëàíû â ýòîì ãîäó
ïåðåä âûáîðàìè ïðåçèäåíòà. Íî ýòî
âðÿä ëè ïîìîæåò ìàëîìó óêðàèíñêîìó áèçíåñó, êîòîðûé îò÷àÿííî íóæäàåòñÿ â äåíåæíîé èíúåêöèè.
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12. And even with the elections won,
politics will continue to dominate
Ukrainian business prospects. The
hope is that president can tackle the
opposition-dominated parliament and
reshuffle his government, otherwise
Ukraine will remain a crisis-ridden
country with great potential for many
years to come.
12. È äàæå ñ ïîáåäîé íà âûáîðàõ
ïîëèòèêè áóäóò ïðîäîëæàòü äîìèíèðîâàòü íàä óêðàèíñêèìè äåëîâûìè ïåðñïåêòèâàìè. Íàäåæäà â
òîì, ÷òî ïðåçèäåíò ñìîæåò ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ îïïîçèöèîííûì ïàðëàìåíòîì è ïåðåãðóïïèðîâàòü ïðàâèòåëüñòâî; èíà÷å, Óêðàèíà îñòàíåòñÿ îõâà÷åííîé êðèçèñîì ñòðàíîé ñ îãðîìíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì íà
ìíîãèå ãîäû
Çàäàíèå 4
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ïîìåùåííóþ íèæå ñòàòüþ, âûïèøèòå íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ åå ïîíèìàíèÿ òåðìèíû è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, îáðàòèâ âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî âûäåëåíî êóðñèâîì.  ñòàòüå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ àááðåâèàòóðà OECD. Åñëè â ñêîáêàõ íå óêàçûâàåòñÿ çíà÷åíèå, òî ýòî
ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ñîêðàùåíèå, è ñòóäåíò-ýêîíîìèñò äîëæåí åãî
çíàòü.
Íàéäèòå çíà÷åíèå ñëåäóþùèõ àòðèáóòèâíûõ ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé
(N+N), êîòîðûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â òåêñòå ñòàòüè:
tax revenues
tax base
tax yields
tax competition
tax rates
tax efficiency
tax haven(s)
tax reforms
tax paying world
tax free jurisdiction
tax convention
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïåðâîå ïðåäëîæåíèå â 3-åì àáçàöå, ãäå
ôîðìàëüíîå äîïîëíåíèå it íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (ñì. ðàçäåë 2.1.4. Ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà).
Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ åãî àäåêâàòíîñòè.
GOOD AND BAD
“The Financial Times”
1. Globalisation poses an undeni-
able threat to the tax revenues of
states in the developed world. Yet as
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1. Ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íåñîìíåííóþ óãðîçó íàëîãîâûì ïîñòóïëåíèÿì ðàçâèòûõ ñòðàí. Òåì íå
the OECD secretariat points out
in its new report on harmful tax
competition, it has also prompted
tax reforms that have broadened the
tax base while reducing tax rates.
This has minimised tax-induced
distortions to trade and investment.
ìåíåå, êàê îòìå÷àåòñÿ â íîâîì îò÷åòå ñåêðåòàðèàòà ÎÝÑÐ î íåãàòèâíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèÿõ íàëîãîâîé êîíêóðåíöèè, ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ òàêæå ñòèìóëèðîâàëà íàëîãîâûå ðåôîðìû, óâåëè÷èâøèå íàëîãîâóþ áàçó, ïðè ýòîì
ñíèçèâ ñòàâêè íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ. Ýòè
ìåðû ñâåëè ê ìèíèìóìó ïåðåêîñû â
òîðãîâëå è èíâåñòèðîâàíèè, âûçâàííûå ðàçëè÷èÿìè â íàëîãîîáëîæåíèè.
2. The fear that corporation tax
yields will be driven down to zero
by harmful tax competition is also
not wholly justified by the numbers. Taxes on corporate income
within OECD have remained remarkably constant as a percentage
of GDP over the past 20 years.
Why, then, the deep anti pathy,
especially in Brussels, towards tax
competition?
2. Ñòàòèñòèêà íå ïîäòâåðæäàåò è
îïàñåíèé, ÷òî ãóáèòåëüíàÿ íàëîãîâàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñâåäåò ê íóëþ äîõîäû íåêîòîðûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ îò âçèìàíèÿ êîðïîðàòèâíîãî íàëîãà.  òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ äâóõ äåñÿòèëåòèé
áþäæåòíûå äîõîäû ãîñóäàðñòâ ÎÝÑÐ
ïî ýòîé ñòàòüå áûëè â âûñøåé ñòåïåíè ñòàáèëüíûìè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê
ðàçìåðó ÂÂÏ. Îòêóäà æå òàêîå ñèëüíîå íåïðèÿòèå íàëîãîâîé êîíêóðåíöèè, îñîáåííî â Áðþññåëå?
3. One answer is that governments
are finding it increasingly difficult
to persuade citizens to finance high
levels of public spending through
higher taxation. They are thus
more sensitive to the potential loss
of marginal tax revenue. It is no
coincidence that the most vocal
states on this score tend to be the
ones whose spending takes a very
high share of GDP.
3. Îäíà èç ïðè÷èí çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â
òîì, ÷òî ïðàâèòåëüñòâàì âñå ñëîæíåå óáåæäàòü ãðàæäàí ïëàòèòü áîëüøå íàëîãîâ äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ ãîñðàñõîäîâ. Ïîýòîìó
ýòè ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ñòàíîâÿòñÿ âñå
áîëåå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûìè ê ïîòåíöèàëüíîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ ïðåäåëüíûõ
íàëîãîâûõ ïîñòóïëåíèé. Íåñëó÷àéíî
ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó ãðîì÷å âñåõ ïîäàþò ãîëîñ òå ñòðàíû, â êîòîðûõ ãîñðàñõîäû çàíèìàþò î÷åíü áîëüøóþ
äîëþ ÂÂÏ.
4. More fundamentally, the fear
that tax rates will be bid downwards
by global competition is, at least
in the long run, well founded. The
yield from capital taxes has certainly been eroded in some countries as a result of such pressure.
And the preferential reliefs accorded
4. Åñëè óãëóáèòüñÿ â àíàëèç, òî âèäíî, ÷òî îïàñåíèÿ ñíèæåíèÿ íàëîãîâûõ ñòàâîê ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ãëîáàëüíîé êîíêóðåíöèè äîñòàòî÷íî
îáîñíîâàííû — ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå,
íà äîëãîñðî÷íîì ýòàïå. Äîõîäû îò
íàëîãà íà êàïèòàë â íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ äåéñòâèòåëüíî áûëè ïîäîðâàíû
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to debt as against equity in all
OECD countries ensures that corporation tax is becoming increasingly voluntary as corporate financiers urge tax efficiency on their clients.
êîíêóðåíöèåé ñî ñòîðîíû áîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ íàëîãîâûõ ðåæèìîâ. Ïðè
ýòîì ëüãîòíûå íàëîãîâûå îñâîáîæäåíèÿ, ïðåäîñòàâëÿåìûå êîìïàíèÿì ñ îïðåäåëåííûì óðîâíåì ñîáñòâåííûõ è çàåìíûõ ñðåäñòâ, ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî íàëîãîîáëîæåíèå êîðïîðàöèé ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå ïðîèçâîëüíûì, â òî âðåìÿ êàê êîðïîðàòèâíûå ôèíàíñèñòû ïðèçûâàþò ñâîèõ êëèåíòîâ ê ïîâûøåíèþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ.
5. The question, then, is how to
retain beneficial tax competition
while minimising distortions. And
the OECD report rightly eschews
any assault on generalised competition over tax rates, preferring to
focus on tax havens and on preferential reliefs that admit low or no
taxation on specific kinds of income.
5. Òîãäà âîïðîñ â òîì, êàê ñîõðàíèòü áëàãîïðèÿòíóþ íàëîãîâóþ êîíêóðåíöèþ, ïðè ýòîì ñâåäÿ ê ìèíèìóìó åå íåãàòèâíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ.
Î÷åíü õîðîøî, ÷òî îò÷åò ÎÝÑÐ âîçäåðæèâàåòñÿ îò ëþáûõ íàïàäîê íà
íàëîãîâóþ êîíêóðåíöèþ âîîáùå,
ïðåäïî÷èòàÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷èòüñÿ íà
îôøîðíûõ çîíàõ è ëüãîòíûõ íàëîãîâûõ ðåæèìàõ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèõ
î÷åíü íèçêîå íàëîãîîáëîæåíèå èëè
äàæå åãî îòñóòñòâèå â îòíîøåíèè
îïðåäåëåííûõ âèäîâ äîõîäîâ.
6. In the interests of fiscal neutrality, preventing the use of tax concession to bribe internationally mobile activities towards a given jurisdiction is clearly desirable. Note,
though, that the losers from tax
competition are often those countries that have been slow to reform
inefficient systems. Public choice
theorists would argue, too, that
havens also provide a useful discipline to prevent predatory states
resorting to extreme taxation.
6. Èíòåðåñû ôèñêàëüíîãî íåéòðàëèòåòà ÿâíî òðåáóþò ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íàëîãîâûõ ëüãîò
òåìè ñòðàíàìè, êîòîðûå ñòàðàþòñÿ
òàêèì ñïîñîáîì ïðèâëå÷ü ìîáèëüíûå â ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ìàñøòàáå
âèäû õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
Îòìåòèì, îäíàêî, ÷òî â ðåçóëüòàòå
íàëîãîâîé êîíêóðåíöèè ïðîèãðûâàþò îáû÷íî òå ñòðàíû, êîòîðûå ìåäëÿò ñ ðåôîðìèðîâàíèåì íåýôôåêòèâíûõ íàëîãîâûõ ñèñòåì. Ê òîìó
æå, ñïåöèàëèñòû â îáëàñòè òåîðèè
îáùåñòâåííîãî âûáîðà óòâåðæäàþò,
÷òî îôôøîðíûå çîíû èãðàþò âàæíóþ ðîëü, íå ïîçâîëÿÿ ïîïóëèñòñêèì ïðàâèòåëüñòâàì ïðèáåãàòü ê
êðàéíå æåñòêîìó è íåâûãîäíîìó äëÿ
áèçíåñà íàëîãîîáëîæåíèþ.
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7. The OECD’s call for countries
to terminate tax conventions with
the worst tax havens is probably pious. As well as a bolt hole, havens
provide a conduit between tax free
jurisdictions, for example in the
Middle East, and the tax paying
world. But if the report helps bring
a little more transparency and fairness to the system, it will have done
well.
7. Íàâåðíîå, íåìíîãî ëèöåìåðåí
ïðèçûâ ÎÝÑÐ ê ñâîèì ñòðàíàì-ó÷àñòíèöàì ðàçîðâàòü ñîãëàøåíèÿ îá
èçáåæàíèè äâîéíîãî íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ ñ ñàìûìè êðóïíûìè îôôøîðíûìè çîíàìè. Ïîìèìî ôóíêöèé íàëîãîâîãî óáåæèùà, îôôøîðíûå
çîíû âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèè ñâîåîáðàçíîé ñâÿçóþùåé íèòè ìåæäó áåçíàëîãîâûìè çîíàìè, íàïðèìåð,
áëèæíåâîñòî÷íûìè, è îñòàëüíûì,
èñïðàâíî ïëàòÿùèì íàëîãè, ìèðîì.
Íî åñëè îò÷åò ÎÝÑÐ ïîìîæåò ïðèâíåñòè â ñèñòåìó íåìíîãî ïðîçðà÷íîñòè è ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè — çíà÷èò,
âñå áûëî ñäåëàíî íå çðÿ.
Çàäàíèå 5
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïîìåùåííóþ íèæå ñòàòüþ. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà
çàãîëîâîê è ïåðåäà÷ó èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ, êîòîðûå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â òåêñòå ñòàòüè. Çà êîíñóëüòàöèåé îáðàòèòåñü ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðàçäåëàì ïåðâîé ÷àñòè äàííîãî êóðñà (2.2.3. è 2.1.5.). Ñîñòàâüòå ñëîâàðü
ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé, âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì.
MUCH ADO ABOUT LENDING
(The Financial Times)
FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ALONE NO LONGER DICTATE
AID STRATEGY FOR RUSSIA, say Edward Ball and John Lloyd.
1. The International Monetary Fund does not, for once, hold all
the bargaining chips. Negotiators are in Moscow this week to thrash out a
tough credit plan with the Russian government, without which no western aid can flow. But they know that the west is determined to start
releasing funds soon, no matter what kind of agreement is reached or
whether it can be implemented.
2. Financial considerations alone no longer dictate the west’s aid
strategy to the former Soviet Union, much to the IMF’s dismay. Officials from the Group of Seven (G7) industrialised countries say they are
determined not to see a repeat of last year, when only $1bn of an original
$24bn aid package was disbursed because the Russian government was
unable to meet the IMF’s tough financial conditions.
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3. “The G7 did a lousy job last year,” admitted one senior G7
official. “A good opportunity was lost because the IMF tried to nail down
too many details. We are determined not to see that happen again.”
4. At their meeting in Tokyo four weeks ago, the G7 foreign and
finance ministers announced a headline figure of nearly $44bn of assistance to Russia over the next year from the IMF, the World Bank and in
bilateral aid. (Both the IMF and the World Bank receive the bulk of their
funding from the G7.) But the ministers told the Fund to dispense with
its normal practice of waiting for a track record of financial disci pline
before releasing aid.
5. Instead, they instructed the IMF to offer each of the former
Soviet republic fast disbursing aid — labelled a “systemic transformation
facility” — half of which would be paid immediately to any government
demonstrating a “credible” reform strategy. For Russia this facility will
provide $3bn. The IMF was also told to begin to disburse to Russia a
further $4bn in standby loans by, at the latest, October 1, and preferably before July G7 summit in Tokyo. The World Bank is being pressed to
lend about $4bn during its next fiscal year, which runs from next month
to June 1994.
6. The recent Tokyo meeting posed a problem for both the bank and
the fund — and potentially a crisis of authority. According to a senior bank
official, the G7’s command that the bank and the IMF must come to an
agreement with the Russians is “unprecedented in the annals of the bank
or the fund, in any country. Nothing is remotely comparable”.
7. Another bank official said that ”the danger is that our reputation
and our expertise will be debauched. We are big organisations which
have built up a large body of expertise. Now we are being told: just do it.
What happens to morale? And what about those countries which also
didn’t meet the criteria we set and didn’t get the money? You can’t bet
there is a lot of screaming going on behind the walls in Washington.”
8. Life had already become increasingly uncomfortable for the IMF,
even before these new pressures were applied. “Last year,” said one IMF
official, “was a disaster. But it has been a disaster not just for Russia, but
for the IMF itself.” At the root of the west’s difficulties is Russia’s failure
to meet the stringent targets set down for the recei pt of the aid. (...)
9. The IMF argues that its inability to lend more is the result of the
Russian government’s financial profligacy, not excessive caution. Mr.
Michelle Camdessus, the IMF managing director, wrote recently in the
daily Russian newspaper Izvestia that the fund could not lend money to
inflation-wracked Russia only to see it leave the country as investors took
flight from a falling rouble.
10. Since those remarks, the west has had a change of heart. First,
western governments, seeing reform stagger and sometimes go into re204
verse last year, have become more aware of the consequences of failure.
President Clinton illustrated the shift in attitude in a speech on April 1:
“If Russia’s reforms turn sour, if it reverts to authoritarianism or disintegrates into chaos, the world cannot afford the strife of the former Yugoslavia replicated in a nation as big as Russia.”
11. Second, the Clinton administration has been influenced by western advisers to the Russian government, who have, at times, mounted a
ferocious critique of what they term the passivity and alleged incompetence of the IMF. Professor Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard University, who
has led this attack, says the IMF has proved incapable of thinking tactically and continued to view aid as a reward for success, rather than a precondition. “The IMF has refused to agree realistic targets which take into
account the amount of available foreign financing, “ he said.
12. ... G7 officials rebut the suggestion that aid will now, in practice,
be unconditional. “We have focused conditionality, not weakened it,“
said Mr. Lawrence Summers, assistant secretary for international affairs
at the U.S. Treasury. Nonetheless, growing tensions between the G7 and
the international financial institutions remain and cannot be dismissed
over strategy. (...) “G7 officials do not believe that it is appropriate to
lend regardless of what is going on in Russia,” he added. “But the task
now is to push the Russians to do the right thing. We cannot wait to
negotiate every ‘i’ and every ‘t’.”
Çàäàíèå 6
Ñäåëàéòå ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä ïîìåùåííîé íèæå ñòàòüè. Îáúåì
ðåôåðàòèâíîãî ïåðåâîäà — îäíà íàáðàííàÿ íà êîìïüþòåðå ñòðàíèöà (èíòåðâàë — 1,5; øðèôò — 12) èëè 2 ñòðàíèöû íàïèñàííîãî îò
ðóêè òåêñòà.
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà çàãîëîâîê ñòàòüè. Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî çàãîëîâîê ñòàòüè ïåðåâîäèòñÿ â êîíöå ðàáîòû, êîãäà ÿñíû âñå äåòàëè è
íþàíñû. Äëÿ ñïðàâîê ïðîñìîòðèòå ðàçäåë «Ïåðåâîä çàãîëîâêîâ».
LONDON WELCOMES THE RUSSIANS WHO CAME
IN FROM THE COLD
(The Financial Times)
Gillian Tett assesses the impact of the big spenders
from the former Soviet Union
In Davos, Switzerland Mr. Boris Fyodorov, the former Russian
finance minister, observes that “flats bought by Russians are helping the
London property market very much”.
205
Nearby, a Swiss banker notes that there is a “huge cash business
coming out of Russia — no one knows where it is going”.
Meanwhile, on London’s Bond Street an exclusive jeweller is delighted by the surge it has seen in Russian customers.
Two years after the collapse of the Soviet Union a new breed of
Russian business person — and Russian money — is beginning to arrive
in Western capitals. The scale of the capital flight is startling.
Last year official assets from the former Soviet Union held by Western
banks doubled to almost $18bn, with about $4.4bn of this held in London. Much of this is accounted for by Russian businesses and banks but
anecdotal evidence suggests that some significant fortunes held by Russia’s
new elite are hidden away in these accounts. In London alone at least
£50m worth of property is estimated to have been purchased by buyers
from the former Soviet Union in the past two years, some by companies
and some by newly rich individuals.
Mr. Nikolai Chetvertakov, a former employee at the Russian trade
delegation in London and now a business consultant, said: “Many Russian businessmen are buying homes in London. They come to rest and to
work.” He said that London was a favoured haven for three reasons: the
high value Russians attach to the English language and education system; its position as a financial centre; and above all, its proximity to the
metal, mineral and oil exchanges — an area which has proved lucrative
for both legal and illegal Russian exporters in the past.
Although the influx is tiny compared to the 1970s spending sprees of
the Middle East’s oil-rich it is presenting both an opportunity and a
problem for London financial institutions which fear that some of the
money might be from less-than-reputable sources.
Russians themselves are keen to minimise this threat, arguing that
criminal money forms only a fraction of funds arriving in the West. But
the chaotic nature of the Russian legal system means that distinguishing
the legal from the illegal is often extremely difficult.
Meanwhile, as bankers point out, most of the money arriving in
London is doing so by locally legitimate means.Russian regulations sti pulate that Russians can only open offshore bank accounts with the Russian
Central Bank’s permission, and restrict most Russian companies from
exporting their hard currency profits or investing them overseas.
Russian businesses and individuals are usually able to circumvent
this by setting up a joint-venture or overseas company subject to local
law. (...)
Some buyers have been Russian companies, operating as joint-ventures out of London or an offshore base. The Russian Rosal trading
group provides a typical example. A British-Russian joint-venture based
206
in Monaco for tax purposes, the company trades in metals from the
Siberian ore and has bought properties in London for the use of its
employees. (...) Mr. Nick Gilchrist, of Lassmans estate agents, which has
sold about five properties to Russians around £1m mark, recently sold a
£1m property to a Russian business family from St. Petersburg. Mr. Gilchrist
said: “They were wanting a family home because they are putting their
daughter through further education here.” He added that the family
arrived with a beautiful collection of Russian antiques. (...)
Mr. Ivan Samarin, Russian expert at Sotheby’s, said that whereas
five years ago “there would have been no Russian buyers at the auctions
of Russian art, now there might be up to a dozen”. (...)
Russians have also been spending money on education. Oakley Hall
school in Cirencester, Gloucestershire launched an advertising campaign
in Russia last year. It attracted 18 Russian pupils at £7,335 a year each.
Fee payments are made in a range of hard currencies, using an
“innovative” system, according to Mr. Rawlinson, the school’s headmaster. One set of parents paid through both a German and an American
bank. And although Mr. Rawlinson turned away one suspicious parent
who arrived at the school with cash in hand, he is confident that the
business can expand, with about 100 pupils projected to arrive at a range
of British private schools next year under a scheme being established by
Mr. Rawlinson.
Çàäàíèå 7
Ïðî÷èòàéòå è ïåðåâåäèòå ñòàòüþ èç ãàçåòû «Ôàéíýíøë Òàéìñ»,
ïîïîëíèâ ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ãåðóíäèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê (íàéäèòå â òåêñòå ñòàòüè ãåðóíäèé ñðåäè äðóãèõ ing-ôîðì, âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì).
HOW BRITAIN SHOULD TACKLE ITS RECESSION
By George Osborne (The Financial Times)
1. As heads of government gather this week at to discuss the economic crisis, I am sure all will agree that greater international cooperation is needed. What we require is positive action to address the world
economic downturn and new architecture to ensure future global imbalances are better managed. Also needed is greater understanding of the
massive regulatory and budgetary failures closer to home. Blaming the
bankers does not amount to a policy.
2. We need solutions to address J.K. Galbraith’s wry observation
that a feature of any bubble is the tendency of markets and governments
207
to believe they have ended history; that some new technological or political or demographic change justifies what would previously have been
seen as excess.
3. Nowhere was this tendency greater than in Britain during what
is now dubbed “the age of irresponsibility”. Gordon Brown, chancellor
of the exchequer throughout the period, even claimed he had “abolished boom and bust”. The result was not just a disastrous failure to curb
growing levels of personal debt in the UK, which had reached the highest
level recorded in any large economy by last year.
It also meant the Labour government ran the highest budget deficit
of any leading western country. It is little wonder that last week the
International Monetary Fund joined the European Commission in predicting that Britain would suffer a deeper recession than any of our
competitors.
4. So our response must be both international and domestic.
First, monetary policy remains the princi pal tool for stimulating
demand and we must make sure nothing impedes the ability of central
banks to deliver a sustained and substantial interest rate cut – preferably
in a coordinated way. The 1.5 percentage point cut in the Bank of England
base rate was passed on by a number of banks, but the process was hardly
smooth. This suggests the transmission mechanism remains fragile. It is
worth actively considering reducing the cost of the guarantees on term
lending that seem costly compared to other countries.
5. Second, international regulation must be improved. Basel II is
too pro-cyclical. The British Conservative party leader, David Cameron,
has for almost a year argued that it must be re- formed and that we need
counter-cyclical capital adequacy rules as a means of managing asset
prices and trying to prevent future bubbles. In Britain we have proposed a
new debt responsibility mechanism, which would return to the Bank its
role in calling time on excessive debt across the system.
6. Third, the position of the IMF must be strengthened. Mr. Brown
has called for it to become a global “early warning system” but the truth
is that the IMF and others issued countless early warnings, such as the
IMF’s in September 2006 of the dangers of the overvalued UK housing
market. We need a more formal system to ensure that they cannot be so
easily brushed off.
7. Fourth, we need proper regulation of areas of the global financial system that have gone, in effect, unregulated. This must include
credit rating agencies. We need colleges of regulators, not new supranational regulators as some in the European Union propose. And London
has the potential to lead the world in exchanges for derivatives and
other complex products that will help to reduce counterparty risk.
208
8. Finally, every country must consider what fiscal policy can do to
help. Those that have prudently built surpluses in the good years are in a
much stronger position than Britain. We will create an independent Office for Budget Responsibility to make sure we do indeed fix the roof
when the sun is shining.
9. Today, we must let the automatic stabilisers function. But as Lord
Burns, former permanent secretary at the Treasury, warned last week,
borrowing beyond that without being clear how the bills would be paid
would be “very dangerous at this point”. “We begin from a position of a
structural deficit. Adding to that structural deficit can only increase the
problems subsequently,” he said. I agree.
10. Spending our way out of recession will not work. Targeted tax
cuts would help but they must be properly funded. Any tax cuts must not
permanently increase the structural deficit and must be combined with a
strategy to reduce it over time. If they are not, Britain’s international
credibility will be further imperilled, future generations will be burdened
with even more debt and a recovery would be threatened by the prospect
of large tax rises. We would be sowing the seeds of the next crisis.
Çàäàíèå 8
Ïðî÷èòàéòå êîðîòêóþ ñòàòüþ èç áðèòàíñêîãî æóðíàëà «Ýêîíîìèñò». Âûïèøèòå íåçíàêîìûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ. Äîáàâüòå â ñâîé
ñïèñîê èäèîì âûðàæåíèå, âûäåëåííîå êóðñèâîì.
Ñäåëàéòå àííîòàöèîííûé ïåðåâîä (3-4 ïðåäëîæåíèÿ) ïðåäëàãàåìîé ñòàòüè Ñòàòüÿ îñíîâàíà íà ãåðìàíñêèõ ðåàëèÿõ, ïîýòîìó â
íåé âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íåìåöêèå íàçâàíèÿ è ñîêðàùåíèÿ. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà çàãîëîâîê ñòàòüè, êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé àëëþçèþ
íà öèòàòó èç Áèáëèè (â ñîâðåìåííîé ðåäàêöèè: “Six days you shall
labour and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the
Lord and God”, Exodus, 20: 9-10 — «Øåñòü äíåé ðàáîòàé, è äåëàé
âñÿêèå äåëà òâîè; à äåíü ñåäüìûé — ñóááîòà Ãîñïîäó Áîãó òâîåìó»).
SIX DAYS SHALT THOU SHOP
(The Economist)
In one way or another, the world is full of laws intended to save
people from their own base instincts. It is illegal in most countries to take
even “soft” drugs. In Britain, most pubs still close at 11pm. And in Germany, the law tries to stop you shopping more than you ought.
Later this year, however, the vice of consumerism may become
easier to indulge. On August 28th, all but three of Germany’s 16 states
agreed on a proposal to relax the country’s Ladenschlussgesetz, or shop209
closing law. This would allow shops to stay open until 10pm on weekdays, instead of 8pm, the limit since 1996, and until 8pm on Saturdays,
instead of 4pm. Save four times a year. Sundays would stay sacred —
except in tourist spots, health resorts or places of pilgrimage. Clearly,
holiness has its limits.
After its probable approval next month by the Bundesrat, the upper
house of parliament, in which the states are represented, the proposal
will go to the Bundestag, the lower house. Its chances are good, but
success is not assured.
On the minus side, the ruling coalition is led by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), which has traditionally had close links with the
trade unions, and may yet have cold feet over the reform. The unions,
with the churches, are adamantly against a relaxation of the law. Before
the last federal general election in 1998, says Christiane Zerfass of the
NBV union which counts 250,000 shop workers among its 460,000
members, the SPD promised no new deregulation. “We will go on strike,”
she says, “if there is any sign that the promises from 1998 won’t be
kept.”
On the positive side, however, the government has lately been burnishing its pro-market credentials. In July, it forced an important tax
reform through the Bundesrat. Pension reforms are now being prepared.
Reform of the shop-hours laws would be another trophy.
Relaxation would probably be popular. Last autumn, Ifo, a research
institute, found that 45% of shoppers would like to do away with all
restrictions between Monday and Saturday, while 36% would not; 46%
would like some loosening of the Sunday ban, with 44% against. In fact,
there is already a good deal of disrespect for the Sabbath. You can buy
victuals [vitlz] (at a premium) and newspapers at garages and railway
stations. More brazen breaches of the rules, mainly in the east, have
proved a hit. There’s no saving some people.
Çàäàíèå 9
Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñî ñòàòüåé èç æóðíàëà «Ýêîíîìèñò». Âûïèøèòå
çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé, âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì. Ñäåëàéòå ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè è îáñóäèòå âàðèàíòû ïåðåâîäà íà
çàíÿòèè. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåíîñíûé ñìûñë çàãîëîâêà ñòàòüè.
FUELLING RUSSIA’S ECONOMY
(The Economist)
1. They pretend to pay us, we pretend to work. This half serious
summary of communist economics contained a kernel of truth: for Soviet
210
workers, the freedom to pilfer and dawdle made up, to some extent, for
empty shelves and wretched wages. Like other illusions, it served a purpose for a while, though that could not last. Since the Soviet collapse, a
different sort of illusion about the Russian economy has been cultivated
in western capitals as well as in Moscow: “You Russians pretend to be
creating a law-based, market-friendly liberal democracy. We westerners
pretend to believe you — and what’s more, we pay you for it.”
2. This new fiction has also served a purpose. By fostering a climate of
determined optimism, both the American and the Russian governments
persuaded voters and sceptical legislators that the promised land of prosperity and reform was just round the corner. That was politically expedient.
But whatever its virtues, the post-communist illusion was likewise doomed
to be shattered — if only because Russians and Americans had different
expectations about the “promised land”. Americans were led to believe
that, for an outlay of a few billion dollars, Russia could be transformed
into a country in their own image: open to American business and cooperative with American di plomacy. Russians were encouraged to think
they could enjoy the benefits of a market economy without the hard slog;
and that economic strength would enable them to flex their muscles,
and defy America, on the world stage.
3. Any remaining illusions about the efficacy of western reform in
Russia have been evaporating over the past few weeks with exceptional
speed. Soon there may be nothing left of them, and Russian-western
relations will have to be rethought from scratch. The final blow could be
the broadening probe by America’s federal authorities into one of the
largest money-laundering scandals they have ever uncovered: the apparent use of accounts at the Bank of New York, as well as at several
European banks, to process about $10 billion in ill-gotten Russian gains.
The authorities also want to know whether the Bank of New York was
one of the chain of banks through which at least $200m may have been
diverted from credits granted to Russia by the International Monetary
Fund.
4. This follows the acknowledgement by the Russian central bank
that it channelled tens of billions of dollars, including money received
from the IMF, into a shadowy offshore company in Jersey — which then
speculated in a lucrative government-bond market that the central bank
was supposed to be regulating. The IMF’s admission that “we were lied
to” by the Russian central bank about the location of $1 billion in foreign
exchange reserves in 1996 has done nothing to allay the suspicion that
worse had happened both before and after.
5. ... Western governments should be prepared to take responsibility
for whatever emergency aid they give to Russia rather than force the
211
IMF to engage in games of make-believe. A policy based explicitly on
saving Russia from self-destruction carries risks too: it creates an incentive
for Russian rulers to engineer situations that are fractionally disastrous,
and then extort credits from the West. But if western governments suspect
the Russian government of playing this game, they should voice their
suspicions — and make sure the Russian electorate gets the message. That is
better than conspiring with the Kremlin to deceive voters in both countries.
Çàäàíèå 10
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñòàòüè èç ãàçåòû «Ôàéíýíøë Òàéìñ» îáðàòèòå
âíèìàíèå íà ìíîãîçíà÷íûå ñëóæåáíûå ñëîâà.
CLOSE TO THE WIND: RUSSIA’S OLIGARCHS
By Catherine Belton (The Financial Times)
1. Oleg Deri paska, Russia’s richest man, who had made his money
in metals, in August 2008 was in the middle of a nickel take-over battle.
but was taking time to throw a party on board for Britain’s political and
business elite. () As part of his tussle for control of Norilsk Nickel, the
world’s biggest nickel miner, Mr Deri paska was considering floating his
UC Rusal aluminium producer in London. Drinks with friends in high
places could surely do no harm.
2. But that was the calm before the storm. In just two months, the
tens of billions of dollars Mr. Deri paska was playing for have been
obliterated in Russia’s stock market rout. Norilsk Nickel is worth less than
one-quarter of its $40bn summer valuation and Mr Deri paskafaces the
possible forced divestment of his stake. But what had been Russia’s biggest industrial empire “is starting to look like a house of cards”, says one
person close to Rusal. “[Mr. Deri paska’s] people think they have a lot of
options. But they are starting to run out . . . Every billion counts. It is going
to be very close run.”
3. Mr Deri paska is not alone. The global credit crisis has wi ped an
estimated $230bn off the peak $300bn total value of stocks held by Russia’s
oligarchs. Others who have lost paper fortunes in the market’s slide include Roman Abramovich and Alisher Usmanov, the respective backers
of London’s Chelsea and Arsenal soccer clubs.
4. But those who, like Mr. Deri paska, raised tens of billions of
dollars by pledging shares as collateral are in the most precarious position. In a reverse of the 1990s privatisations, when oligarchs dictated
terms of the sell-off to a weak state, now the cash-rich government is in
212
a position to decide the fates of the country’s most highly leveraged businessmen. Setting the stage for the biggest redistribution of property since
the 1990s, the Kremlin has set aside $50bn to refinance the foreign loans
of strategic enterprises such as Mr. Deri paska’s Rusal.
5. If Mr.Deri paskafails to land an extension of the waiver or astate
bail-out by the October 31 deadline set by the banks, he could face
defaults on another nearly $10bn in loans Rusal owes to foreign banks.
People with knowledge of the situation say the banks would prefer to
extend the waiver to give time for VEB, the state-owned development
bank, to provide refinancing, which may not come before November.
But with 100 per cent approval required from creditors, there are still
risks.
6. Mr. Deri paska has already been forced to divest stakes in two
foreign holdings to meet demands by foreign banks. Other debts are
stacking up. Rusal says it has persuaded the billionaire, Mikhail Prokhorov,
to allow it to defer a $700m tranche it owes him for buying his 25 per
cent stake in Norilsk. Basic Element, Mr. Deri paska’s holding company,
does not disclose the total level of its debts. But by at least one account,
Mr. Deri paska borrowed to the hilt. “We bought this and then we bought
that,” says a former business partner. “If he bought something he would
immediately pledge it as collateral and borrow money for something else.
This is how he built up turnover.” Alexander Temerko, former vicepresident of Yukos, the defunct energy group, says: “Everything is fine
when the market is growing. But this system of loans generating more
loans is very dangerous when the market falls.”
7. Basic Element denies it has any problems with liquidity, saying it
does not intend to hand over any more shares to creditors. It managed to
raise €500m in refinancing from co-shareholders in order to keep its 25
per cent stake in Strabag, the Austrian construction company, following
a call by banks for more collateral. But the leverage that went into building Mr. Deri paska’s empire, via which he controls 90 per cent of the
country’s aluminium output, is symptomatic of a borrowing boom by
Russia’s richest men. The hundreds of billions of dollars raised on Russian collateral helped make Moscow one of the world’s most expensive
cities, in a country where the average wage is still only about $700 a
month. “This was part of the expanding wealth gap,” says Chris Weafer
from the Moscow-based Uralsib investment bank. “The growth of highend restaurants and clubs and the purchasing of west end apartments in
London is a reflection of that.” (...)
8. Of the oligarchs, however, Mr Deri paska stands out. He had
cultivated close ties to Vladimir Putin, the former president and current
prime minister, by promising to help rebuild Russia. Basic Element took
213
the lead on the construction programme for the 2014 Sochi winter Olympics and Mr Deri paskapledged to invest up to $3bn a year in rebuilding
Russia’s roads, airports and other infrastructure – a commitment that
added to his debt. One market partici pant says Mr. Deri paska “flew too
close to the sun both on a political and economic level”, adding: “He is
the public face of Sochi’s problems with rising costs.” (...)
9. A battle is still being waged in the government over what to do
with the shares VEB will take as collateral in return for bail-out loans.
But even with refinancing from the state, Rusal could face problems
paying off government loans when they fall due. A London High Court
case brought by Michael Cherney, a controversial figure in Russia’s 1990s
aluminium industry, involving a 20 per cent stake in Rusal also threatens
the oligarch’s reputation.
10. Mr Deri paskaonce told the FT he would surrender Rusal if the
state asked him to. “If the state says we need to give it up, we’ll give it
up,” he said. “I don’t separate myself from the state. I have no other
interests.” He now says that line was a joke. Soon it might not be.
Çàäàíèå 11
Ñäåëàéòå ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé ïåðåâîä ïîìåùåííîé íèæå ñòàòüè èç æóðíàëà «Ýêîíîìèñò», çàòðàãèâàþùóþ ñôåðó ôèíàíñîâ è
ýêîíîìèêè. Ïîïîëíèòå ñâîé ñëîâàðü ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ è
âûðàæåíèé, êîòîðûå â òåêñòå ñòàòüè âûäåëåíû êóðñèâîì.
NEW OPTIONS FOR THE POOR?
(The Economist)
1. Is the world ready for a World Commodities Organisation? Such
an idea did not seem ludicrous to John Maynard Keynes, one of the
main forces behind the creation of the World Bank and the IMF five
decades ago. At that time, he wanted a sister institution to bring order to
volatile commodity markets. Keynes failed then, but plans are afoot to
revive a version of his dream. Given the bleak history of such schemes,
that seems surprising. Motivated by the noble aim of helping the poorest
countries, groups ranging from the European commission to the IMF to
various United nations agencies have set up “commodities stabilisation”
funds. Most have fallen foul of market forces, and failed.
2. At first blush, the World Bank’s latest initiative, known as the
International Task Force on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries (ITF), promises to be different. Though populated by the
usual international agencies, the ITF has also attracted the interest of
214
private firms, such as Cargill, a grain trader, and Crédit Lyonnais, a
bank with a big commodity-finance arm. Nawal Kamel, the group’s leader,
insists that the ITF has learned from earlier attempts to mani pulate the
markets: “As the Chinese say, don’t push against the water.”
3. Instead, says the ITF, it wants to help small producers gain
access to financial techniques, such as put options, in order to secure a
minimum price for their harvests. If farmers can do that, they need not
rely on usurious money-lenders: local banks will be more willing to lend
them money at reasonable rates, so they can invest in pesticides and
equi pment, and so, virtuously, on.There are obvious snags: small farmers are often unaware or suspicious of such instruments, and lack the
money to buy them. Counterparties are deterred by the tiny volumes they
want to trade, and by their uncertain creditworthiness.
4. The ITF aims to help poor farmers to overcome such obstacles,
without forming a bloated new bureaucracy or spending huge sums to
fight the market. It hopes to achieve this through “capacity-building” and
training, in farmers’ co-operatives and similar organisations. What about
up-front cash to buy options? Ah, subsidies would be required, comes
the answer. And credit risk? We would help vouch for them, is the reply.
5. So how much will this nimble, market-friendly venture cost? A
tidy sum, it turns out. Figures as high as $1.5 billion over five years were
mentioned when this proposal was presented to the World Bank’s board
recently. Insiders say that the ITF team was rapidly bundled out of the
room, and asked to put together a more realistic plan. The group is now
planning pilot projects in countries such as Uganda, and hopes to return
to the board by the end of the year. (...)
Çàäàíèå 12
Ïåðåâåäèòå ñòàòüþ î ïðîáëåìå ýëåêòðîííîé òîðãîâëè â Êèòàå,
îïóáëèêîâàííóþ â æóðíàëå «Ýêîíîìèñò». Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà
èäèîìàòè÷åñêîå âûðàæåíèå, ïîìåùåííîå â çàãîëîâîê ñòàòüè.
FROM SCRATCH
(The Economist)
1. With the ratio of Internet hype to reality in China so high, its web
entrepreneurs are under pressure to add a twist to their marketing pitches.
For many, the favoured approach is to explain that operating online in
China is somehow different from that in the West — and that only they
understand quite how.
2. Not all of this is guff. There is at least one very real difference
from West. In rich countries, the Internet takes industries that have been
215
developing for decades, if not centuries, and makes them more efficient; in China, many of those industries have never existed, so the
Internet helps to create them from scratch. The prize for the winning
business models might thus go to those who pioneer not the new economy,
but the old.
3. Consider, for instance, the travel industry. Americans and Europeans take for granted long and sophisticated supply chains that enable
them to walk into a travel agency and buy the cheapest ticket to, and
hotel room in, the destination of their choice. The Internet, to them,
only promises to move some links in that chain online.
4. Not so in China. Travel used to be either off-limits or simply
unaffordable. So even as the budding middle classes now form the first
queues for tickets to the Terracotta Army, the country still has no travel
industry to speak of. A few state enterprises claim to be “agencies”, but in
fact only sell guided package tours to a small number of destinations.
Individual travellers seeking bespoke itineraries are on their own: there
is, for instance, no catalogue or database of room prices for China’s
4,500 star-rated hotels.
5. This seems odd to Neil Shen, a worldly thirty something man
from Shanghai with a degree from Yale. A former head of Deutsche
Bank’s Chinese bond business, in 1999 he set up one of China’s first
travel brands, ctri p.com, awebsite in Chinese and English where visitors
can read travel reviews and book air tickets or hotel rooms.
6. But getting the business ready has involved painstaking work.Ctri p
has 20 employees ringing up hotels (3,000 so far) to build the nation’s
first room-price database. It plans to do the same for air tickets. Since
China lacks proper credit-card and express-mail industries, Mr. Shen has
signed up local milkmen to collect cash at customers’ doors.
7. This sort of meticulous, first-time data collection is spawning
entire service industries. From medicine and hospitals to restaurants and
movie tickets, says Judy Pan at the Boston Consulting Group, China has
studiously avoided consolidating information. It was only last year that
the first Chinese Yellow Pages telephone business directory was published.
8. The new trend goes far beyond the pooling of data. Take the
office-supplies industry. Thousands of small stores and state-owned companies in China make pencils, rulers and staples. But there is no “procurement” industry (wholesalers, logistics networks and so on) connecting them with customers.
9. In this case, it was four Chinese, who met at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, who decided to do something about it. They
founded Asia.EC.com, China’s first vertically integrated procurement
216
firm. At the user’s end there is a website, but behind this stretches an
entire supply chain: AsiaEC has produced China’s first comprehensive
catalogue of office supplies, both on paper and online. It has the warehouses and does the wholesaling. It even leases the trucks that deliver the
goods and extends trade finance.
10. What is noteworthy about Ctri p, AsiaEC and their kind is not
that they have good websites, but that they are setting out to build businesses that have been evolving over decades elsewhere. “Whether it’s
online or offline doesn’t matter,” Mr. Shen says. “It’s really about starting new industries.”
Çàäàíèå 13
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ èç áðèòàíñêîé ãàçåòû «Ãàðäèàí» è ïåðåâåäèòå åå, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî âûïèñàâ àíãëèéñêèå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå è ôèíàíñîâûå òåðìèíû, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ äëÿ âàñ íîâûìè.
SAME OLD MEDICINE FOR THE NEW EUROPE
(The Guardian)
The IMF’s regime for indebted states is still rooted in free-market
dogma, writes Heather Stewart
1. Budapest has been transformed over the past decade from a downat-heel haven of post-Communist nostalgia to a lively and prosperous
metropolis on the Danube, with smart restaurants and stylish urban
apartments. Yet Hungary last week became the latest country forced to
take a $25bn rescue package from international donors, as it was driven
to the brink of bankruptcy by the credit crunch.
2. Little more than a year ago, City investment banks were holding
glitzy seminars extolling the virtues of emerging Europe as a one-way bet
on the benefits of catch-up capitalism, and cash was flooding into the
region. Now, the former darlings of the international markets are lining
up for handouts. Hungary’s rescue has been the largest, but it is not
alone. Iceland has already received help; Ukraine and Belarus are in
negotiations with the IMF; and, in another extraordinary move, the US
Federal Reserve last week offered to provide dollars in exchange for local
currency to cash-strapped central banks in South Korea, Mexico, Brazil
and Singapore.
3. The speed at which these various financial lifeboats have been
launched reveals a deep international fear: that the jarring shock suffered
by investors around the world will force them to bail out of all but the
safest markets, draining credit from vulnerable countries. That could even
217
mean the aftershocks of the financial crisis are felt as far away as Africa —
and as the IMF rides to the rescue in central Europe, anti-poverty campaigners are becoming increasingly alarmed that the fate of the world’s
poor will be forgotten in the maelstrom.
4. The managing director of the World Bank warns that the progress
many African countries have made over the past decade could be at risk.
‘We are worried that the financial crisis will compound other crises:
food, fuel, fertiliser. These are hitting poor countries, and hitting Africa
particularly hard,’ she says. ‘It could come into the African continent
through various channels: through a squeeze on credit and liquidity —
some countries were about to come to the markets to raise money for
infrastructure projects.
5. ‘The other route is exports: with recession in the US and Europe, we expect that demand will fall off for exports, and that will really
have an impact.’ Even as the credit crunch continues to ravage overstretched banks, she urges governments in the West to exhort their domestic investors to hold their nerve, and continue looking for risky but
profitable opportunities overseas. ‘One message is, encourage your private sector to make investments that sustain for the long term: you need
to encourage them to stay the course,’ she says.
6. For the time being, though, the focus is on Eastern Europe —
and the size of the bailout to Hungary has put the IMF firmly back in
business. After several years of rare calm in the world economy, it has
found its role once again. Controversy is already raging about the conditions countries have been forced to meet to unlock IMF cash. The fund
faced fierce criticism after the Asian financial crisis of the late Nineties
for imposing political straitjackets on the countries it helped.
7. Iceland has had to shove its interest rates up to 18 per cent,
having cut them as recently as a fortnight ago. That should help to underpin its currency, the krona, whose plunge has made the country’s vast
foreign debts harder to afford. But, in the short term, it will exacerbate
borrowers’ difficulties.
8. In Belarus, meanwhile, the government is reportedly under pressure to privatise its banking sector: precisely the opposite course of action
taken by the US and Britain, where billions of dollars of public cash
have been spent nationalising all or part of many battered banks. In
Hungary, drastic budget cuts are part of the IMF package. Romania is
rumoured to have turned down IMF help because the government was
unwilling to sign up to sharp reductions in public spending. (...)
9. Laszlo Andor, Hungarian director of the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development, says ironically, the downturn now in
store could help Budapest to meet the strict targets for joining the Euro218
pean single currency. ‘It might be a step back, but it might be a push
forward: we could end up with a low deficit, low inflation and low
interest rates. It’s what nobody would have wanted — we could meet the
Maastricht criteria, but only by going through a depression.’ (...)
10. Hungarians who have dealt with the IMF for decades say they
detect at least some softening in its stance; but as much of eastern Europe is plunged into deep recession by the after-effects of the credit
crunch, public resentment at the influence of the Bretton Woods institutions could grow to be just as powerful and long-lasting as in the crisisdriven Asian economies of the late-1990s.
Çàäàíèå 14
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ èç ëîíäîíñêîé «Òàéìñ» è ïåðåâåäèòå åå íà
ðóññêèé ÿçûê.
POSTCARD FROM THE EDGE OF THE FINANCIAL ABYSS
By Garry Duncan (The Times)
1. It has been a long, wearying weekend that the world’s most powerful financial officials will likely live to regret. This was the moment
when they peered into the abyss of global financial cataclysm — and then
decided to take a step closer to the edge. It may yet live in infamy. With
the eyes of the world upon them and the bedrock of the global financial
system crumbling under their feet, finance ministers from the big Western economies decided that this was the ideal moment to show resolve
only to remain irresolute; to decide only to stay undecided. It is the
mother of all bungles.
2. The world and its economic leaders last gazed, terrified, at impending economic catastrophe on the present scale ahead of the Great
Depression of the Thirties. Then, as now, they bungled the pressing call
for determined and concerted action. In the summer of 1933, as economic events spiralled out of their control, governments met in London
to agree a response. The meeting collapsed and so, too, did the global
economy. The American and German economies were to shrink by 50
per cent and unemployment across the developed world soared to almost a third of the workforce, remaining in double-digit percentages
throughout the next decade.
3. We do not — yet — confront such disaster, yet the contrast
between the result of the past weekend’s crisis meetings in Washington
and what might have been is telling. After the failure of 1933, it took
another decade of economic trauma for the West to be galvanised into
action. In 1944, the Bretton Woods Agreement created a coherent system
219
of global economic co-operation that provided the foundations for two
decades of lasting recovery and unprecedented prosperity.
4. After Bretton Woods, John Maynard Keynes, who led the talks,
said: “All of us here have the greatest sense of elation. All in all, quite
extraordinary harmony has prevailed. As an experiment in international
co-operation, the conference has been an outstanding success.” There
was no trace of elation on the drawn faces of finance ministers and
central bank governors after the past weekend’s unedifying efforts in
Washington.
5. A veneer of harmony — in the form of a statement from the
Group of Seven (G7) leading Western economies that staked out a
coordinated set of agreed princi ples for tackling the turmoil — merely
papered over the failure to produce tangible, immediate measures to
end the mayhem.The princi ples ticked the right boxes on the policy steps
that governments must take: bolstering the solvency of the global banking system; restoring liquidity to end the paralysis of markets for lending
between the banks; reassuring bank depositors with appropriate guarantees of their deposits; and acting through a coordinated, if not collective, approach.
6. This was necessary but far from sufficient. It leaves the fate of the
Western economies hanging on bit-by-bit national measures based on
these relevant but vague princi ples. That falls far short of the concrete
and coherent global strategy that was needed from the past weekend and
still carries the clear danger of allowing the consequences of the steps
taken nationally to spill over countries’ borders in a destabilising way.
7. It is said that there are three kinds of organisations: those that
make things happen, those that watch things happen — and those that
wonder: “What happened?” Over the weekend the G7 put itself in the
second category. It may well end up in the third in only a few days.
8. Why has this drastic failure of leadershi p happened? The causes
seem to come down to a dismal combination of caution, cowardice and
incomprehension. Astoundingly, some, though not all, of the big players
seem yet to grasp the compelling urgency of events, nor are they diagnosing correctly the threat that the world confronts. In Europe, in particular, some countries and their leaders continue to engage in a fingerpointing blame game, looking to the United States.
9. This is not only counterproductive but also wholly misunderstands the roots of the global emergency. Sure, the folly of US sub-prime
mortgages — lending to poor Americans with inadequate resources —
was a catalyst for the crisis. Granted, Washington’s decision to allow
Lehman Brothers to collapse and pay the price of its own recklessness
inflamed events and hastened the moment of maximum danger that we
face today.
220
10. Yet these shattering events were only symptoms, not the ultimate source, of where we are now. The roots of the crisis can be traced
back well beyond American banks’ dodgy lending to, at the heart of the
issue, a decade or more in which a global tide of extraordinarily cheap
money fuelled a credit binge across the West, inflating the financial bubble
that is now bursting with such calamitous results.
11. Deeper still, that deluge of liquidity and its results were created
by vast imbalances in the global economy alongside lax monetary policy
that the G7’s leadershi p spent the decade debating, and pledging to
end, while opting to do little or nothing in practice. Now, having sown
the fair wind of all that cheap money, they are reaping the whirlwind of
economic disaster. Finger-pointing in these circumstances is as irresponsible as it is puerile.
12. However, there still is hope and, curiously, it comes from Britain. The bold crisis plan assembled by Alistair Darling and Mervyn King,
the Governor of the Bank of England, to take ownershi p stakes in the
UK’s banks, “recapitalising” the banking system while moving to unfreeze markets with a temporary guarantee for banks’ fundraising, is
rapidly being accepted as the only effective cure for a worldwide economic affliction that could otherwise prove terminal. (...) In 1923, as the
Depression loomed, Keynes cautioned: “Economists set themselves too
easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that
when the storm is long past, the ocean is flat again.” This is not the time
for bland reassurances that we will get through this storm and return to
plain sailing. It is a minute to midnight. The time to act is now.
5.1.2. Ïåðåâîä àìåðèêàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ
Çàäàíèå 1
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ, îïóáëèêîâàííóþ â ãàçåòå «Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò».
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ñâîáîäíûå è
ñâÿçàííûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, à òàêæå íà ñïîñîáû ïåðåäà÷è àíãëèéñêèõ èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ, âûäåëåííûõ æèðíûì øðèôòîì.
RUNNING ON EMPTY: GM’s FATE IS DEBATED
Bankruptcy Filing Is Not an Option, Company Says
By Kendra Marr and Sholnn Freeman (The Washington Post)
1. As General Motors burns through cash, edging its way toward
possible financial collapse, a growing number of analysts have said bank221
ruptcy might be inevitable. GM insists such a move is out of the question,
and as the debate roils, people on both sides point to two past scenarios
for lessons.
2. One is a story of success. Several major U.S. airlines have operated
under Chapter 11 bankruptcy provisions. United Airlines has been through
it. US Airways and Continental Airlines filed twice. Both Delta Air Lines
and Northwest Airlines, which are in the process of combining operations, emerged from bankruptcy court protection last year. Labor contracts were renegotiated, and everyone, from baggage handlers to pilots,
took pay cuts. Yet through it all, travelers continued to book tickets to fly.
3. But another was a disaster. Daewoo Motor — South Korea’s
equivalent of Chrysler — could not stay afloat during the Asian financial
crisis. In 2000, burdened by $16 billion in debt, it filed for bankruptcy.
About 7,000 workers lost their jobs, and many suppliers buckled. Daewoo
was sold off in pieces to other automakers, including GM. Because GM’s
purchase did not include Daewoo’s U.S. distribution network, many dealers
lost their franchises. Its global brand all but disappeared.
4. GM said it is trying to stave off such a fate. The automaker’s plight
is one reason House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said the House
would convene next week to vote on a plan to rush $25 billion in loans to
the ailing industry.
Without a loan, GM is in danger of running out of cash. It is going
through $2.3 billion a month, up from $1 billion a month earlier this
year. The automaker is taking a variety of steps to conserve cash — including scaling back production, cutting jobs and benefits, putting divisions up for sale. It still expects to have barely the minimum amount of
money necessary to operate its business through the end of the year. Next
year looks even bleaker.
5. GM is lobbying for enough money to tide it over until 2010,
when it shifts the multibillion dollar annual cost of retiree health benefits to an independent trust as part of an agreement with its labor
unions. In the meantime, it is exploring all options to prevent a bankruptcy filing.
“We’re convinced that the consequences of bankruptcy would be
dire and extend far beyond General Motors, and therefore, we are
going to take every action we possibly can to avoid it,” GM chairman
and chief executive G. Richard Wagoner Jr. told investors Friday after he
reported that GM burned through $6.9 billion in the third quarter.
6. A GM bankruptcy would reverberate through the U.S. economy,
GM supporters contend. One in 10 American jobs is related to auto
manufacturing. Automakers are the biggest buyers of U.S.-manufactured
steel, aluminum, iron, copper, plastics, rubber and electronics.
222
Tens of thousands of suppliers and dealers depend on the automakers.
Bankruptcy could push suppliers into bankruptcy as well, hurting other
automakers that depend on them for similar parts.
7. A failure at GM, which represents about half of the U.S. auto
industry, could eliminate 2.5 million jobs and $125 billion in personal
income in the first year, according to a report published last week by the
Center for Automotive Research. In three years, the government’s tax loss
could total more than $108.1 billion.
“On a strictly cash basis, it’s less expensive to keep industry moving
than have it shut down,” said Dave Cole, chairman of the Center for
Automotive Research.
8. A bankruptcy filing could scare off buyers worried about who
would honor warranties and supply parts when repairs are needed.
Earlier this year, a CNW Marketing Research survey of new car
buyers found that 80 percent would avoid a bankrupt automaker. In a
market full of alternatives, there is little allegiance to Detroit’s automakers,
said Art Spinella, president of CNW Marketing Research.
Others, however, argue that bankruptcy would not be nearly as
traumatic as Detroit insists.
9. Under the protection of bankruptcy, GM could trim health and
pension benefits, whose costs have been dragging down Motor City’s
cost competitiveness versus foreign automakers. The process would allow
GM to shrink its network of dealershi ps, overriding state laws that would
otherwise make such a reduction an expensive headache.
GM could then take steps to retool plants and slash unprofitable
brands. If all these terms could be arranged ahead of time, in a prepackaged bankruptcy, GM could soldier on without ski pping abeat, analysts
said.
10. Rod Lache of Deutsche Bank said in a note last month that
many U.S. auto suppliers could survive bankruptcies of the Detroit Three
but that their long-term earning power would significantly weaken.
Michael E. Levine, a former senior airline executive and a lecturer
at New York University School of Law, said troubled airlines often move
quickly when they file for bankruptcy to honor their frequent-flier
commitments and find money to pay their credit card processing bills.
Similarly, he said a bankrupt GM would probably seek to honor its vehicle warranties and make sure financing for car purchases was still
available.
11. Levine, who has worked as a consultant for bankrupt airlines,
said American consumers can handle bankruptcy of a large iconic U.S.
company, just as they overcame the fear that an airline bankruptcy
would lead to smaller budgets for maintenance or safety.
223
“It is quite possible the auto industry is not thinking in truly contemporary terms,” he said. “Consumers have lived through a lot of bankruptcies over the last 10 or 20 years. A couple of generations ago, the
word bankruptcy meant liquidation. Now it very often means reorganization. That can be quite transparent from a consumer perspective.”
Çàäàíèå 2
Íèæå ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îòðûâîê èç ðå÷è Àëàíà Ãðèíñïàíà, áûâøåãî ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ Ôåäåðàëüíîé ðåçåðâíîé ñèñòåìû ÑØÀ, êîòîðóþ
îí ïðîèçíåñ 13 èþíÿ 2000 ãîäà íà êîíôåðåíöèè ïî âîïðîñàì ýêîíîìèêè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêèé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â Íüþ-Éîðêå. Òåêñò
ðå÷è ïðåäîñòàâëåí àãåíòñòâîì Ðåéòåð.
Âûïèøèòå íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ, â
òîì ÷èñëå âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì. Ïîïîëíèòå ñâîé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ
ïî èçó÷àåìîé ñïåöèàëüíîñòè.
ALAN GREENSPAN’S SPEECH ON PRODUCTIVITY
(before a conference of the New York Association
for Business Economics)
1. This afternoon, bearing my old business economist credentials, I
would like to discuss productivity from delving into the microeconomic
details of our current business environment. I believe the gains from this
approach are likely to be greater than those from efforts to squeeze
additional insight out of a limited number of macroeconomic statistics.
2. Until recently, much of the professional debate on the performance of productivity centered on whether there had been any meaningful acceleration of nonfarm business sector output per hour — a standard measure of aggregate productivity. That there has been some underlying improvement in the growth of aggregate productivity is now generally
conceded by all but the most skeptical. The discussion has shifted to the
extent and nature of that acceleration. A great deal of the evidence offered by the partici pants in this debate focuses on examinations of very
aggregative measures of productivity. However, while the application of
sophisticated filtering techniques, cyclical adjustment procedures and
other statistical tools to the analysis of aggregate productivity may improve our understanding in some respects, these approaches ultimately
have significant limitations.
3. Only when data are disaggregated can we reasonably hope to tie
productivity performance directly to business practices in our offices, on
224
our plant floors, and through our distribution channels. Evidence developed at this level, recalibrated to an economywide scale, is, for reasons
that I will discuss, more persuasive than that offered by the aggregate
figures. Both the extent of the acceleration we are experiencing and the
forces that underlie this improvement can be brought into sharper focus
using a disaggregated approach.
4. To make any headway toward understanding productivity trends,
one must first understand the data. In that regard, disaggregation often
uncovers troubling implications of the underlying data that are not immediately obvious. For example, separating nonfarm business sector output
per hour into nonfinancial corporate, financial corporate, and
noncorporate sectors has revealed disquieting problems with the measurement of productivity, especially in the noncorporate sector.
5. This Thursday, the Commerce Department will release data on
output by industry, or “gross product originating,” which will allow this
decomposition to be updated to more fully reflect the benchmark revision to the national income and product accounts (NIPA) published last
fall. Taken at face value, the pre-revision data suggested that the level of
noncorporate output per hour was no higher in the late 1990s than it
had been in 1985. Indeed, the data pointed to falling levels of productivity
for many years in such industries as construction and medical, legal,
and business services — areas that are important in the noncorporate
sector. These statistics, however, are wholly at variance with our casual
day-by-day experiences. (...)
6. None of the available measures of productivity are without drawbacks. But I prefer to focus greater attention on the productivity measure
for the nonfinancial corporate sector, which accounts for some 70% of
total nonfarm business product. (...) The remainder, while far from perfect, may provide a better representation of productivity developments in
the economy. (...)
7. Substantial increases in U.S. capital investment and the accompanying faster growth of our capital stock relative to labor input — socalled capital deepening — explain a large part of the pickup in underlying growth in output per hour over the past five years, irrespective of
how measured. But there has also been a marked step-up in the growth of
so-called multifactor productivity (MFP). MFP is, of course, that portion of labor productivity that cannot be explained by other identifiable
inputs into the production process. To a significant extent, MFP captures
technological and managerial advance. These influences are very difficult
to quantify, and we can only indirectly check that the resulting performance of other economic measures conform with our judgments about
225
underlying efficiency gains in the production of specific goods and services.
8. There is considerable evidence at the microeconomic level that
companies have continued to reap ample returns on capital outlays. In
that regard, the rate of return on capital has been well maintained in
recent years, despite the huge expansion of the capital stock. This conclusion runs counter to our usual expectation that increased supply brings
down the marginal product of capital and is certainly consistent with
some continuing improvement in multifactor productivity. (...)
9. Because the future is never entirely predictable, risk in any business action committed to the future — that is, virtually all business actions — can be reduced but never eliminated. Information technologies
are reducing the degree of uncertainty and, hence, risk. In short, information technology raises output per hour in the total economy principally by reducing hours worked on activities needed to guard productive
processes against the unknown and the unantici pated. (...) The expanding opportunities for E-commerce are already changing the relationshi p
between businesses and consumers. (...) Not all technologies, information or otherwise, increase productivity — that is, output per hour —
by reducing the inputs necessary to produce existing products. Some technologies bring about new goods and services with above-average value
added per work hour. The dramatic advances in biotechnology, for example, are significantly increasing a broad range of productivity-expanding efforts in areas from agriculture to medicine.
10. In summary then, most of the gains in the level and the growth
rate of productivity in the United States since 1985 appear to have been
structural, largely driven by irreversible advances in technology and its
application — irreversible in the sense that knowledge once gained is
almost never lost. To be sure, some of the increase in output per hour
may well reflect cyclical rather than structural changes. Output can be
stretched beyond sustainable capacity for a time, raising measured output
per hour. And, on the other side, a cyclical slowing in demand is not
usually matched by a prompt scaling back of employment, resulting in a
temporary decline in output per hour or, at best, a significant slowing in
its growth rate.
Çàäàíèå 3
Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ íèæå ñòàòüÿ èç «Óîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíåë» òàêæå ïîñâÿùåíà ïðîáëåìå ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè òðóäà. Ñäåëàéòå óñòíûé ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè, óáåäèâøèñü, ÷òî âû çíàåòå çíà÷åíèÿ âûäåëåííûõ êóðñèâîì ñëîâ.
226
PRODUCTIVITY DROPPED OVERALL IN 2ND QUARTER
But Hourly Work Output Rose in Manufacturing,
Labor Department Says
(The Wall Street Journal)
by Paulette Thomas Staff Reporter of the Wall Street Journal
WASHIGTON — Overall productivity fell in the second quarter, but
continued to rise in manufacturing, revised government statistics showed.
The Labor Department said productivity, or output per hour of
work, declined at a revised 2.5% annual rate in the nonfarm business
sector in the second quarter. Previously, the department estimated that
productivity dropped at 1.2% pace during the period. Productivity rose at
2.9% rate in the first quarter.
“I’m still encouraged by the overall trend,” said Steven Roach, senior economist at Morgan Stanley & Co. He warned that quarterly productivity reports are volatile and sometimes unreliable. A decline in service-sector productivity accounted for the decline, but isn’t separately
calculated in the report.
A similar downward blip occurred in the first quarter of 1993, but
was followed by a strong rebound in the second half of the year, he noted.
Second-quarter productivity remains 2.3% above the 1993 second quarter. “It’s still an encouraging increase at this stage in the business-cycle
expansion,” he added.
The revised report also showed stronger signs of inflation than the
previous estimate. Unit labor costs for nonfarm business rose at a 3.4%
seasonally adjusted annual rate over the previous quarter; that originally
had been reported as a 2% rate of increase. Year on year, however, unit
labor costs are up just 0.7%. But factory wages don’t appear to be under
pressure: Unit labor costs in manufacturing fell at a 5.8% rate in the
revised report, compared with a previously reported 5.2% rate of decline.
Productivity also continues to increase in manufacturing. The revised report showed a 4.5% rate of increase in manufacturing productivity, compared with a 3.8% rate of increase.
For the quarter, output grew at a 2.9% rate and a number of hours
worked increased at a 5.8% pace. During the first quarter, output increased at a 5.5% rate, and hours worked rose at a 2.6% clip.
Çàäàíèå 4
Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ äëÿ ïèñüìåííîãî ðåôåðàòèâíîãî ïåðåâîäà ñòàòüÿ
èç æóðíàëà «Òàéì» ïîäíèìàåò òåìó òåñíîé ñâÿçè ïîëèòèêè è ýêîíîìèêè. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì ñëîâà è âû227
ðàæåíèÿ. Íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê æàðãîíó ôîíäîâîé áèðæè. Â
òåêñòå ñòàòüè èìåþòñÿ ñëó÷àè ýìôàçû, íàïðèìåð: “The generals on
Wall Street do love war” èëè “ ... if it does happen ...” Äëÿ ñïðàâîê:
×àñòü 3. Ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà, ðàçäåë 3.8.
 ðåôåðàòèâíîì ïåðåâîäå, îáúåì êîòîðîãî íå äîëæåí ïðåâûøàòü îäíó ñòðàíèöó, îòìåòüòå íàèáîëåå ÿðêèå ïðèìåðû òåìû äàííîé ñòàòüè.
WALL STREET GOES TO WAR
(TIME)
by Daniel Kadlec (TIME’s Wall Street columnist)
Like presidential approval ratings, stock prices tend to inflate when
the U.S. engages in armed conflicts. Look no further than the tireless bull
market that we enjoy today. It began in 1991 when the U.S. drove Saddam
Hussein and his Iraqi army out of Kuwait. The first allied air raids came
on January 17 of that year and sent the Dow Jones industrial average
soaring 4.6% in a day. By mid-march the Dow had jumped 20%.
Yes, sir! The generals on Wall Street do love a war. There’s nothing
like the smell of smart bombs in the morning — as long as they’re ours —
to arouse feelings of invincibility. And what better frame of mind for
dialing one’s broker and cheerfully picking up 100 shares of Boeing or
Lockheed Martin? With Saddam the Sequel possibly only hours away, I
guess it’s no shocker that the market has hit new highs for the first time in
six months.
Be warned, though, that a Saddam II, if it does happen, would be
nothing like the original — at least not in the stock market. When the
Gulf War began, the U.S. was in the throes of a banking crisis and sli pping into recession. Saddam was bent on hanging on to his oil-rich conquest. Stocks were down, and oil prices had briefly doubled to $40 per
bbl [barrel]. There was a lot of fight for. This time around, stocks are high
and oil is low. The economy is on a historic roll. And Saddam isn’t strong
enough to upset any of that greatly; he is merely being defiant. Where is
the market’s upside?
Once a U.S.-led attack starts — if the situation should get that far —
Wall Street is counting on a swift allied victory that would destroy Saddam’s
“germ factories” and perhaps even take out the tyrant himself. The generals on Wall Street are so certain of the outcome that in their minds
they’ve already won the war and held the ticker-tape parade. And that’s
just the point. “There’s a lot of room for disappointment,” notes Tom
McManus, a market strategist in Katonah, N.Y. “People have forgotten
how easily things can go wrong.” What if we don’t quickly knock out
Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction?
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Any measure of failure could upset the markets. For example, today’s
benign inflation and low interest rates are partly the result of cheap oil
prices. And Wall Street expects that a defeated Iraq would be allowed to
flood the world oil to raise money to rebuild , which is one reason the
price of crude oil has slumped since October from $23 to $16 per bbl.
But would Iraq be treated with such kindness if an allied mission were
unsuccessful? Doubtful. Such an outcome could reverse psychology in
the oil market and send prices higher, stoking inflation and squeezing
stocks and bonds.
Yes, success in the Persian Gulf would vindicate all those market
patriots bidding up share prices. But because it is so widely expected,
success would merely maintain the status quo — not inspire a whole new
bull market. And for those who worry about a bungle, stocks of defense
contractors, oil producers and oil services companies would be good hedges.
Remember, those generals on Wall Street wear suits, not battle fatigues.
They don’t really know a thing about war.
Çàäàíèå 5
Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñ ïîäáîðêîé èç äâóõ ñòàòåé ãàçåòû «Óîëë Ñòðèò
Äæîðíåë», â êîòîðûõ îáñóæäàåòñÿ äèíàìèêà èçìåíåíèÿ âàëîâîãî
âíóòðåííåãî ïðîäóêòà, îäíîãî èç ñóùåñòâåííûõ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé.
Ïðè ïåðåâîäå îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåäà÷ó èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, íàçâàíèé ôèðì è êîìïàíèé. Äëÿ ñïðàâîê îáðàòèòåñü ê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåìó ðàçäåëó ×àñòè 2 äàííîãî êóðñà (2.1.5). Ïîïîëíèòå ñâîé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ âûäåëåííûìè êóðñèâîì ñëîâàìè è
âûðàæåíèÿìè. Ïîìíèòå î òîì, ÷òî ñëîâàðü äàåò èñõîäíóþ ôîðìó
ñëîâà.
ECONOMISTS EXPECT 3RD-QUARTER GROWTH
TO BE MORE SLUGGISH THAN ANTICIPATED
(The Wall Street Journal)
By Lucinda Harper
1. WASHINGTON — Many economists now expect the current
quarter to be abit more sluggish than they first antici pated.Their outlook
has been damped by the Commerce Department’s revised estimate Friday that the economy grew at a 3.8% pace in the second quarter. That
reading is up from an initial estimate from 3.7% and is stronger than the
first quarter’s growth rate of 3.3%. many analysts had expected more,
however, with some looking for a revised growth rate as high as 4.4% in
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the second quarter. But consumer spending, where many expected added
strength to show in the revised government numbers, remained quite
anemic. In addition, the largest upward revisions came in inventories,
which were already high in the original report last month.
2. Some economists worry that the large built-up in stockpiles, combined with weak spending, means many firms will sit right until those
excess inventories are depleted. “That could slow economic growth considerably,” says Sung Won Sohn, chief economist of Norwest Corp. in
Minneapolis. Mr. Sohn expects growth to rise at a 2.5% rate in the third
quarter but says it could be as low as 2.0%.
3. Bruce Steinberg, senior economist for Merrill Lynch & Co.,
says gross domestic product, the value of goods and services produced in
the U.S., could rise at less than a 2.0% rate this quarter. Robert Dederick,
chief economist of Northern Trust Co., forecasts growth of 2.6% now,
less than the 2.9% he though before. However, industrial production
increased in July and a survey of purchasing managers suggested the manufacturing sector was the strongest it had been in six years, suggesting the
growth has not slowed so dramatically.
4. Many economists still believe the second-quarter buildup in inventories was intentional despite sluggish demand. Companies had depleted their stockpiles to such low levels that they had to rebuild or risk
losing sales. But regardless of firms’ intentions, “It is unlikely that the
inventory’s growth we saw in the second quarter will be repeated in the
third,” said Alan Gayle, chairman of the economic advisory committee
of the American Bankers’ Association.
5. Financial markets, in the odd way they see things, regarded the
small upward division in GDP as very good news. The markets have been
looking for signs that the economy isn’t working too fast and possibly
stirring up inflation pressures. The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished
51.16 points to close at 3881.05 Friday, and the benchmark 30-year
Treasury bond rose 23/32 to end at 1007/32. The government’s report
also said after-tax corporate profits grew at a 7.4% annual rate in the
second quarter. Paul Mastroddi, general director of U.S. economic research for Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., said the strong showing was
bounce back after profits declined at a 3.8% rate in the first quarter due to
the Northridge earthquake in California. Financial companies bore the
brunt of those losses, due to insurance payments. Nonfinancial firms were
able to boost profits in the second quarter by pushing through price increases, Mr. Mastroddi said.
6. Separately, the University of Michigan’s report on its August
consumer sentiment index was said to have shown a decrease to 91.7 from
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the 92.6 reading in its preliminary report at midmonth, according to
market sources who have seen the report. Consumer expectations and
views about current conditions both fell.
GDP REVISED UPWARD FOR 2ND QUARTER
(The Wall Street Journal,)
By Christopher George
1. WASHIGTON — Updated figures for second quarter economic
growth, combined with an unexpected rise in new-home sales for August, underscored the momentum of the economy. But some economists
cautioned that they are expecting slower showings in both areas in coming months. Gross domestic product — the total value of goods and services produced in the country — was up 4.1% in the second quarter, a
slight increase from the previous estimate of 3.8%, the Commerce Department said. The upward revision was due mostly to new information
on the increase of farm inventories, now put at 7.5% up from an original
estimate of 4.6%.
Growth in Inventory
2. Some economists said large inventory growth in the second
quarter — total business inventories rose at an annual rate of $59.2bn,
up from $25.4bn in the first period — presaged a slowdown for GDP in
the third quarter, as businesses sit tight on built-up supplies. “Some of
the inventory growth in the second quarter was due to fast growth in
imports,” said Daniel Bachman, senior economist at the WEFA Group,
an economic advisory concern in Pennsylvania. “But recent factors, such
as caution on the part of retailers, should cause inventories to fall off.”
Ed Yardeni, and economist at C.J. Lawrence Corp., predicted that
third-quarter inventories would grow but at half the pace of the second
quarter and would be a drag on the coming GDP figures.
Çàäàíèå 6
Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ è ïåðåâîäà ñòàòüÿ èç ãàçåòû «Êðèñ÷åí Ñàéåíñ Ìîíèòîð» çàòðàãèâàåò ïðîáëåìó ãëîáàëèçàöèè ðûíêà
öåííûõ áóìàã, â ÷àñòíîñòè, îáëèãàöèé. Ñäåëàéòå òðè âèäà ïåðåâîäà
äàííîé ñòàòüè — ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé, ðåôåðàòèâíûé è àííîòàöèîííûé. Ïîìíèòå, ÷òî ñ óìåíüøåíèåì îáúåìà ïåðåâîäà íàèáîëåå
ñëîæíàÿ çàäà÷à — âûáðàòü ãëàâíîå. Íå çàáóäüòå î ïîïîëíåíèè ñâîåãî ñëîâàðÿ òåðìèíîâ. Óáåäèòåñü â òîì, ÷òî âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì
ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ âõîäÿò â âàø àêòèâíûé ñëîâàðü.
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GLOBAL BONDS GAIN LUSTER
FROM HIGHER INTEREST RATES
(The Christian Science Monitor)
By Guy Halverson
1. NEW YORK — Most people know about the advantages of overseas stocks. And investors know that it can be wise to own a mix of equities
and fix-income products. But only in recent years have average Americans
begun to explore the world of overseas bonds — mainly through mutual
funds.
2. Global bonds funds offer diversification — offsetting risks in the
US bonds market. Moreover, the interest income and total return (including share-price gains) from overseas bonds can represent “very good
value”, says Dayle Christensen, co-portfolio manager of Walburg Pincus
Fund in New York.
3. For the reasons, Mr. Christensen points to Europe, where the
bulk of the fund assets he manages is invested. Continental Europe has
slow economic growth, tight central bank supervision over money supply
growth, and low inflation — all signals of a climate favorable to bonds.
4. This has brought unusually steep spreads between posted interest
rates and inflation rates. Put another way, “real” (inflation adjusted)
interest rates are high compared with those in the United States. The
pattern is most visible in Germany, but extends to much of Europe and
even part of Asia.
5. In Germany, 10-year government bonds have been yielding about
6 percent. Subtract inflation running at about 2 percent, and you have
real interest rates slightly more than 4 percent. That real rate is well above
the 2.5 percent rate in the US for government bonds of 10 years or
longer.
6. “Over the next few months, the economic backdrop appears to
be more favorable [for fixed-income investments] in Europe than in the
US,” Christensen says. He suggests selective buying of overseas bonds,
but cautions that “you have to keep an eye on how central banks and
overseas governments deal with their fiscal and monetary policies.” Policy
that results in higher inflation would be bad news for bonds.
7. Christensen also sees opportunities in the Pacific Rim. His fund is
putting about 15 percent of its portfolio in Asia, buying convertible bonds
with yield ranging from 1 to 3 percent above US government bonds yield.
(Convertible bonds can be converted at a sti pulated price into common
stock.)
8. Bond experts, while not necessarily touting overseas bonds, concede that auction may now be in order regarding the US bond market,
232
particularly long bonds, given uncertainties about interest rates. “I’m not
suggesting that 1996 is going to be a repeat of 1994 [when the US bond
market collapsed], but the risks in the market have clearly risen,” says
Raye Kanzenbach, senior portfolio manager at Insight Investment Management in Minneapolis. He says interest rates on long bonds could inch
up, casing the value of those held in portfolios to decline. Thus, he
suggests that investors cut back the average maturities in the US-bond
portfolio to “shorter time frames.”
9. Global bonds may represent an important form of diversification
for older, conservative investors who put a lot of money into fixedincome products, says Mark Wright, a bond expert at Morningstar Inc.,
a mutual-fund rating firm in Chicago.
10. Overseas bonds are useful for people “saving for retirement,”
says Richard Hawkins, portfolio manager of the MFS World Governments Fund, offered by Massachusetts Financial Services in Boston. “On
a valuation basis,” overseas bonds now “look more attractive than US
bonds.”
11. There are two ways of buying overseas bonds: individually,
through a broker, or through a mutual fund. If you buy a bond through a
broker, you will pay a commission. In addition to weighing interest rate
and credit risk, you will also have to track the impact of currency fluctuations, which affect the underlying value of your bond product. Or you
can buy bonds through a mutual fund, where fund managers do the tracking.
12. Some funds use futures contracts and options to insulate the
fund from the impact of shifts in the value of a currency — a strategy
known as “hedging”. But hedging can be expensive, sometimes costing
up to 5 percent of a fund’s assets. A fund’s prospectus will identify hedging policies. There can be advantages to either approach.
13. “The case for buying overseas bond funds is that overseas bonds
will often perform differently than the US bond market,” Mr. Wright says.
That does not always happen. In 1994, when the US bond market plummeted, so did many overseas bond markets. “Financial markets are increasingly interlinked,” he notes.
14. Still, Wright says the case for diversification has been underscored by recent favorable returns from abroad. For the last six months of
1995, the global bond funds tracked by Morningstar had a total return of
6.91 percent, compared with 5.82 percent for funds investing in general
US corporate issues. Over the last decade, global bonds averaged 8.35
percent annual returns, versus 9.25 for US corporates and 7.98 for US
government bonds.
233
15. Global bond funds have taken off in popularity. At the end of
1995, there were some 145 global bond funds, with assets of $33.4 billion, up from 37 such funds and $12.4 billion in 1990.
Çàäàíèå 7
Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñî ñòàòüåé èç ãàçåòû «Óîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíåë», â
êîòîðîé ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ âçàèìîñâÿçü ìåæäó óðîâíÿìè áåçðàáîòèöû, çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòû è èíôëÿöèè. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì ïðè÷àñòíûå è èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû (ñì. ×àñòü 3 äàííîãî êóðñà «Ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû ïåðåâîäà»).
WAGE PRESSURES AND INFLATION STAY IN CHECK
(The Wall Street Journal)
By Lucinda Harper
1. WASHINGTON — For academic economists, two specters arise
when unemployment falls to around 6%: wage increases and inflation
that eventually could threaten business expansion. But so far, in this
economic recovery, things haven’t been so scary. In August, the Labor
Department said, the unemployment rate was unchanged at 6.1% of the
work force, marking the fourth month in a row that joblessness has been at
a level generally viewed as sparking wage increases and higher prices. But
wage pressures are virtually absent from the picture; the latest unemployment rate shows that average hourly earnings in the nonfarm sector rose
just 0.2% last month and were up only 2.5% from a year ago, a bit lower
than the inflation rate. The number of jobs grew by 179,000 last month,
with gains being mostly in the service industries.
2. What gives? For one thing, economists say, it’s too soon for
wages to start picking up. Despite isolated cases of wage increases, they
say wage pressures aren’t likely to appear in a broad way until early next
year. “There is usually a lag time between a low unemployment rate and
inflation problems,” says Paul Mastroddi, managing director of U.S.
economic research for Morgan Guarantee Trust Co. But analysts say
that even given a lag time, wage pressures are still quite low. Unit labor
costs, which take productivity into account, are usually rising at a 5.2%
annual rate, 13 quarters into a recovery. But at that stage in this recovery — this year’s second quarter — they increased at only 0.4%, says
Stephen Roach, senior economist for Morgan Stanley & Co.
3. Many economists say international competition, low job security
and weak union bargaining power have all helped to hold wage increases
down. Mr. Roach notes that much of the job growth of recent months,
234
strong as it has been, has been concentrated in temporary-help service
firms, restaurants and retailers. “That’s just not where wage pressures are
going to start,” he says. Wages usually go up first at manufacturing,
transportation and finance companies, he says.
4. Labor Secretary Robert Reich says, “There’s still some slack in
the labor market. Eight million people are out of work, and several
hundred thousand more are discouraged about finding jobs.” But these
mitigating forces may not be at work for much longer, especially with
strong increases in new jobs. “The bargaining balance is about to shift to
labor, given the advanced stage of the cycle and the scarcity of skilled
workers,” says Gene Sherman, director of research for M.S. Schapiro &
Co. Indeed, problems are popping up in certain areas of the country. The
Federal Reserve, small-business associations and employment agencies
have noted labor shortages — particularly in the Midwest, which is
about the strongest economic region of the country. Mr. Mastroddi notes
that wages in the government’s employment-cost index have risen in a
range of 3%-3.5% in the Midwest. That compares with 2%-2.5% two
years ago.
5. This rise in wages in the Midwest puts a hole in the argument that
international competition will help keep labor costs low. The heart of
U.S. manufacturing beats in the Midwest, with large companies such as
Caterpillar Inc. and General Motors Corp. doing a large amount of exporting. “This is the place that should be affected most by international competition,” Mr. Mastroddi says. “And already, this is where we are seeing
wages accelerate.” He says that although wages are still quite tame in the
South, another strong spot, “this may be the next area to pick up.”
6. Factories added 32,000 jobs in August after hardly adding in July.
With several indicators suggesting the manufacturing sector is slowing, many
analysts expected factories to add far fewer workers. As usual, much of
the employment growth last month was in the service sector, which
added 123,000 jobs. Retailers added no jobs at all last month, after adding 100,000 in July. Construction employment dropped.
Çàäàíèå 8
Ïîìåùåííàÿ íèæå ñòàòüÿ èç æóðíàëà «Ôàéíýíñ ýíä äåâåëîïìåíò», êîòîðóþ íàïèñàë Äæîí Îäëèíã-Ñìè, äèðåêòîð Âòîðîãî
Åâðîïåéñêîãî Óïðàâëåíèÿ ÌÂÔ, çàòðàãèâàåò ïðîáëåìó ïîñëåäñòâèé àçèàòñêîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî êðèçèñà äëÿ ñòðàí áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ.
Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè ôèíàíñîâ è
áàíêîâñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è, â îòëè÷èå î ãàçåòíûõ ïóáëèêàöèé,
åå ñòèëü îòëè÷àåòñÿ áîëüøåé àêàäåìè÷íîñòüþ, à ìíîãèå ïðåäëî235
æåíèÿ — ñëîæíîé ñòðóêòóðîé.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ñòàòüÿ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ
âìåñòå ñ ïåðåâîäîì, ñäåëàííûì îäíèì èç ñòóäåíòîâ ôàêóëüòåòà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ îòíîøåíèé ÁÃÝÓ.
Ïðîàíàëèçèðóéòå òåêñò ïåðåâîäà ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ åãî àäåêâàòíîñòè è ïðè íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñäåëàéòå ðåäàêòîðñêóþ ïðàâêó. Íå çàáóäüòå ïîïîëíèòü ñâîé ñëîâàðü íîâûìè òåðìèíàìè è âûðàæåíèÿìè.
HOW HAS THE ASIAN CRISIS AFFECTED COUNTRIES
OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION?
(Finance & Development)
By John Odling-Smee, Director if the IMF’s European II Department
1. The impact of the Asian crisis on
most countries of the former Soviet
Union was widespread but relatively
modest. Disturbances transmitted by
capital markets were largely muted
because, as a group, countries in the
region have accumulated relatively
little foreign debt (with most borrowing centralized by the government) and because domestic capital markets are relatively small, with
only modest linkages to international
markets.
1. Âëèÿíèå àçèàòñêîãî êðèçèñà íà
ðåñïóáëèêè áûâøåãî Ñîâåòñêîãî
Ñîþçà áûëî ïîâñåìåñòíûì, íî îòíîñèòåëüíî ñëàáûì. Êîëåáàíèÿ,
ïåðåäàâøèåñÿ ÷åðåç ðûíêè êàïèòàëà, áûëè â îñíîâíîì ñãëàæåíû.
Ýòî ïðîèçîøëî ïîòîìó, ÷òî â öåëîì äëÿ ñòðàí äàííîãî ðåãèîíà õàðàêòåðíà íåáîëüøàÿ âíåøíÿÿ çàäîëæåííîñòü (êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé âíåøíèé äîëã), à
âíóòðåííèå ðûíêè êàïèòàëà îòíîñèòåëüíî ìàëû è íå èìåþò òåñíîé ñâÿçè ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûìè
ðûíêàìè.
2. The trade impact took place
largely through the fall in oil prices,
which affected primarily the oil exporters (mainly Russia). The loss of
export markets in Asian countries
with substantially devalued has yet
to be felt, but is not expected to be
a major factor for most countries.
Overall, the main impact has been
to adversely affect access to, and increase the costs associated with, borrowing on international capital markets. Nevertheless, growth for countries of the former Soviet Union is
expected to rise.
2. Âëèÿíèå êðèçèñà íà òîðãîâëþ
ïðîÿâèëîñü â îñíîâíîì â ïàäåíèè
öåí íà íåôòü, êîòîðîå çàòðîíóëî
ëèøü ýêñïîðòåðîâ íåôòè (ãëàâíûì
îáðàçîì, Ðîññèþ). Ïîòåðÿ ðûíêîâ
ñáûòà â àçèàòñêèõ ñòðàíàõ, ãäå ïðîèçîøëà ñóùåñòâåííàÿ äåâàëüâàöèÿ
âàëþò, åùå ïðîÿâèòñÿ, íî äëÿ
áîëüøèíñòâà ñòðàí ýòî âðÿä ëè ñòàíåò ñåðüåçíûì ôàêòîðîì. Â öåëîì
ãëàâíûìè ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè êðèçèñà
ñòàëè çàòðóäíåíèå äîñòóïà ê çàèìñòâîâàíèþ íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ðûíêàõ êàïèòàëà, è ðîñò èçäåðæåê,
ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïîäîáíûì çàèìñòâî-
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âàíèåì. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îæèäàåòñÿ
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò ñòðàí áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ.
3. However, in Russia and Ukraine,
both of which had been actively
borrowing on international capital
markets, substantial pressures on
domestic financial markets have
developed as a direct result of contagion from Asia, which may have
long-term consequences for the
transition process in these countries.
3. Îäíàêî, â Ðîññèè è íà Óêðàèíå
âîçíèêëî ñóùåñòâåííîå äàâëåíèå íà
âíóòðåííèé ôèíàíñîâûé ðûíîê â
ðåçóëüòàòå àçèàòñêîãî êðèçèñà, ïîñêîëüêó îáå ýòè ñòðàíû ïðîâîäèëè
ïîëèòèêó àêòèâíîãî çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ
íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ðûíêàõ êàïèòàëà. Ïîäîáíîå äàâëåíèå ìîæåò èìåòü
äîëãîñðî÷íûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ íà ïðîöåññ ïåðåõîäà ê ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêå.
4. The authorities in Russia successfully defended the exchange rate by
raising interest rates sharply, increasing reserve requirements on
foreign exchange deposits, and intervening in the foreign exchange
and treasury bill markets.
4. Ðóêîâîäñòâî Ðîññèè óñïåøíî çàùèùàëî êóðñ ðóáëÿ ïóòåì ðåçêîãî
óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïðîöåíòíûõ ñòàâîê è
òðåáîâàíèé ê ðåçåðâàì ïî âêëàäàì
â âàëþòå è èíòåðâåíöèé íà ðûíêàõ
êàçíà÷åéñêèõ îáëèãàöèé.
5. A new exchange rate policy,
which became effective on January1, 1998, has accommodated a
larger fluctuation margin to reduce
the risk of speculative attacks. Once
the authorities had demonstrated
their willingness to raise interest
rates to defend the ruble, speculative pressures subsided, allowing
rates to move to more sustainable
levels.
5. Íîâàÿ âàëþòíàÿ ïîëèòèêà, âñòóïèâøàÿ â äåéñòâèå ñ 1 ÿíâàðÿ
1998 ã., ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò ðàñøèðåíèå âàëþòíîãî êîðèäîðà ñ öåëüþ
ñíèæåíèÿ ðèñêà ñïåêóëÿòèâíûõ àòàê
íà ðóáëü. Êàê òîëüêî ïðàâèòåëüñòâî
ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàëî ãîòîâíîñòü
ïîäíÿòü ïðîöåíòíûå ñòàâêè äëÿ ïîääåðæàíèÿ êóðñà ðóáëÿ, ñïåêóëÿòèâíîå äàâëåíèå íà ðûíîê óìåíüøèëîñü, à îáìåííûé êóðñ çàôèêñèðîâàëñÿ íà áîëåå óñòîé÷èâîì óðîâíå.
6. The more recent attack on the
ruble, which started in mid-May
1998, was due more to internal
policy weaknesses — especially
poor fiscal performance — than to
a reassessment of emerging markets
following the Asian crisis.
6. Íåäàâíèå àòàêè íà ðóáëü, íà÷àâøèåñÿ â ñåðåäèíå ìàÿ 1998ã., ïðîèñõîäèëè â îñíîâíîì èç-çà ñëàáîñòè ôèñêàëüíîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ, à
íå èç-çà íåäîâåðèÿ èíâåñòîðîâ ê
ñòðàíàì ñ ðàçâèâàþùåéñÿ ðûíî÷íîé
ýêîíîìèêîé âñëåäñòâèå àçèàòñêîãî
êðèçèñà.
237
7. Inadequate fiscal adjustment in
Ukraine led to reliance on official
short-term borrowing, which
hightened the country’s vulnerability to adverse external developments.
As the Asian crisis developed, exchange market pressures started to
build and forced the authorities to
defend the exchange rate by widening the exchange rate band and increasing both interest rates and reserve requirements.
7. Íåàäåêâàòíîå ôèñêàëüíîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå íà Óêðàèíå ïðèâåëî ê
òîìó, ÷òî ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñòàëî ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà êðàòêîñðî÷íûå çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ. Ýòî â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü ñäåëàëî ñòðàíó áîëåå ïîäâåðæåííîé íåãàòèâíûì âíåøíèì òåíäåíöèÿì. Ïî
ìåðå ðàçâèòèÿ àçèàòñêîãî êðèçèñà
ñòàëî óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ äàâëåíèå íà
âàëþòíûé ðûíîê, ÷òî çàñòàâèëî âëàñòè ïîääåðæèâàòü îáìåííûé êóðñ
ïóòåì ðàñøèðåíèÿ âàëþòíîãî êîðèäîðà è óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïðîöåíòíûõ ñòàâîê è ðåçåðâíûõ òðåáîâàíèé.
8. These measures, together with
additional external borrowing undertaken in early 1998 to shore up reserves, were insufficient to stem
speculative pressures, and the central bank consequently had to tighten
monetary policy.
8. Ýòè ìåðû, íàðÿäó ñ äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè âíåøíèìè çàèìñòâîâàíèÿìè,
ïðåäïðèíÿòûìè â íà÷àëå 1998 ã. ñ
öåëüþ ïîääåðæàòü ðåçåðâû íà îïðåäåëåííîì óðîâíå, íå ñìîãëè íåéòðàëèçîâàòü ñïåêóëÿòèâíûå äàâëåíèÿ íà ðûíîê. Â ðåçóëüòàòå Öåíòðîáàíêó ïðèøëîñü ïðîâîäèòü áîëåå
æåñòêóþ äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíóþ ïîëèòèêó.
9. The differences among the
region’s countries in the severity of
interest rate and equity price movements illustrate the importance of
sound domestic macroeconomic and
structural policies in limiting their
vulnerability to contagion from international financial markets.
9. Ðàçëè÷èÿ â âåëè÷èíå ïðîöåíòíûõ
ñòàâîê è äèíàìèêå ôîíäîâîãî ðûíêà â ñòðàíàõ äàííîãî ðåãèîíà íàãëÿäíî ïîêàçûâàþò âàæíîñòü ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñåðüåçíîé ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè è ñòðóêòóðíûõ ðåôîðì äëÿ îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïîäâåðæåííîñòè ýòèõ ñòðàí âëèÿíèþ ìèðîâûõ
ôèíàíñîâûõ ðûíêîâ.
10. In Russia and Ukraine, weak follow-through in the implementation
of structural and financial sector
reforms, substantial dependence on
short-term government borrowing,
and (in Russia) a large fiscal deficit
caused, in part, by chronically weak
government revenues largely explain
the intensity of the impact of the
10. Â Ðîññèè è íà Óêðàèíå íèçêàÿ
ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñòðóêòóðíûõ è ôèíàíñîâûõ ðåôîðì, ñèëüíàÿ çàâèñèìîñòü îò êðàòêîñðî÷íîãî
çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ è (â Ðîññèè) çíà÷èòåëüíûé äåôèöèò áþäæåòà, âûçâàííûé õðîíè÷åñêèì íåâûïîëíåíèåì
åãî äîõîäíîé ÷àñòè, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé ñòîëü ñèëüíîãî âëèÿíèÿ àçè-
238
Asian crisis on them. The crisis has
exposed many policy shortcomings
in the region and made more apparent the need to address them
urgently.
àòñêîãî êðèçèñà. Êðèçèñ âûÿâèë
ìíîãèå íåäîñòàòêè ïîëèòèêè, ïðîâîäèìîé â ðåãèîíå, è ñäåëàë áîëåå
î÷åâèäíîé íåîáõîäèìîñòü èõ ñðî÷íîãî óñòðàíåíèÿ.
Çàäàíèå 9
Ïåðåâåäèòå ïîìåùåííûå íèæå òðè ñòàòüè èç åâðîïåéñêîãî èçäàíèÿ «Óîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíåë», îòðàæàþùèå òåìàòèêó ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé è ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â òðåõ ðåãèîíàõ ìèðà.
Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà íàöèîíàëüíûå îñîáåííîñòè ñòðàí, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ìåñòîì äåéñòâèÿ â äàííûõ ñòàòüÿõ.
1. McDONALD’s FRANCHISEES OBTAIN MORE LEEWAY
Other Restaurant Concepts Are Now Fair Game
Fast-Food Giant Branches Out
By Jennifer Ordonez, staff reporter
A long-held prohibition against McDonald’s franchisees operating
other restaurant concepts is about to end.
McDonald’s Corp. said it agreed to allow one veteran franchisee to
operate as many as three Chi potle Mexican Grill restaurants in the Dayton, Ohio, area.
McDonald’s last year acquired amajority stake in Chi pottle, aDenver eatery chain specialized in overstuffed burritos.
The Oak Brook, Illinois, hamburger company also said it has identified other McDonald’s franchisees to operate a small number of Boston Market and Donatos Pizza restaurants, two other brands McDonald’s
recently acquired.
McDonald’s franchisees, concerned about growth opportunities in a
saturated fast-food market, have long expressed interest in operating
additional brands, something McDonald’s prohibits.
The test could determine the extent to which the franchisees will be
allowed to operate more than one restaurant brand, the company said,
but the trials will proceed slowly.
Franchisees of Burger King, a unit of Diego PLC, and Wendy’s
International Inc.’s Wendy’s are allowed to operate other restaurant concepts, including some belonging to competitors.
McDonald’s operators typically haven’t been allowed to operate any
other retail business — not even, say, automotive stores. The number of
239
McDonald’s they operate tends to be limited, too. Few McDonald’s
franchisees have more than 12 units.
Ben Scott Jr., a Dayton-area franchisee whose family operates nine
McDonald’s, will take over at least two Chi potle restaurants. Mr. Scott
was chosen because he “runs great McDonald’s restaurants.” Said a company spokesman, adding that specifics of the operating agreement were
still being worked out.
“Hundreds of operators expressed interest to be considered to work
with other brands,” said Brad Task, a McDonald’s spokesman. “This is
just the first. There will be others.”
Growth is a sensitive topic for the company. In recent years,
McDonald’s has opened fewer hamburger restaurants in an attempt to
alleviate franchisee concern that new locations were si phoning off sales
from existing ones.
New concepts offered a potential way to grow beyond the golden
arches, so the company acquired Donatos, Boston Market and its Chi potle
stake.
The growth potential for the other concepts would appear deeper
than that for the hamburger chain.
While there are more than 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants in the
U.S., Boston Market, Chi potle and Donatos combined have fewer than
1,000 sites.
Some industry observers say new units of any brand owned by
McDonald’s won’t be of any significant help to franchisees looking for
continued growth.
2. RUSSIA STRENGTHENS TIES WITH FORMER REPUBLICS
New Group Will Focus on Law Enforcement
Associated Press
ALMATY, Kazakhstan — The leaders of Russia and four other
former Soviet republics agreed to form an organization aimed at integrating their economies and boosting trade.
Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus had previously formed a customs union to revive trade ties that were severed with
the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The five nations’ leaders agreed to rename the organization the Eurasian Economic Community, and extend its activity to strengthening external borders and forming joint law-enforcement units to battle smuggling and drug-trafficking.
Russia is already assisting Tajikistan with joint border patrols considered necessary to stem drug and arms smuggling across the volatile
border with Afghanistan.
240
Russian President Vladimir Putin said that “the main thing is to
settle questions of collective security and the main goal is to settle the
issues peacefully.” The members of the community should jointly battle
problems including “terrorism, drug smuggling, and the illegal export of
weapons and aggressive nationalism,” Mr. Putin said.
According to the leaders’ joint statement, the Eurasian Economic Community will establish a common payment system and will provide equal
access to foreign investment in all the member-countries. It will also
coordinate the countries’ relations with the World Trade Organization.
“We have worked out a model for integrating our states,” Kazak President Nursultan Nazarbayev told the gathered leaders. He called the new
group “a new model close to the European Council and other international organizations.” Belarusian President Aleksander Lukashenko said
the new organization should significantly boost trade in the region, and
specifically that it should bring down high Russian cargo tariffs.
“Belarus now exports about 50% of its products to the West because
there are no obstacles hindering the free movement of cargo,” he was
quoted as saying by the Interfax news agency.
Mr. Putin and several of the other leaders were scheduled to travel to the
Kyrgyz capital Bishkek today for a summit on bolstering military cooperation. Russia and several former Soviet republics in Central Asia have
been rattled by Islamic insurgencies and alarmed by the Taliban’s recent
advances in Afghanistan.
3. STOCKS IN GREECE DROP ON POLITICAL UNREST
By K. Papadopoulous
ATHENS — Greek stocks fell in slow trade, as the market was
dragged down by a sharp decline in telecommunications supplier Intracom
and poor sentiment attributed to political unrest.
Traders said there was a lack of fresh interest because of deteriorating
sentiment amid talk of political unrest.
A general strike paralyzed transport in Athens, while post offices,
banks, utility offices and most courts were also closed around Greece as
unions opposed government plans to restructure the labor market. Airline travelers were left stranded and government offices were closed. Hospitals only handled emergency cases.
Unions are fighting government plans to shake up Greece’s labor
market with proposed changes including capping overtime and giving
employers flexibility in setting work hours.
Buses, trolleys and, for the first time, Athens’ new subway were
closed. Operations at the airport were limited with Olympic Airways flying
only a few routes. Intercity trains also carried out limited tri ps.
241
The government insists its plans will combat high unemployment,
currently about 11%. But unions say the changes will undermine job
security. They are also seeking a reduction of civil servants’ workweeks to
35 hours without pay reduction.
The protests have brought pressure on the Socialist government,
which is planning to push through the unpopular reforms ahead of
Greece’s entry into the European Union’s common currency January 1st.
All this turmoil left the outlook of most sectors mixed.
Among telecoms, Intracom was hurt after and international brokerage house lowered its recommendation on the stock. Intracom slid 4% to
11,065 drachmas (32.60 euros).
By contrast, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization was unchanged at 7,190 drachmas, Panafon rose five drachmas to 3,630 drachmas.
EFG Eurobank Ergasias was the only bank share that went against the
negative current, gaining 1.2%, or 125 drachmas, to 10,980 drachmas.
In contrast, Alpha Bank dropped 1.4%, 200 drachmas, to 14,250 drachmas.
Çàäàíèå 10
Ñäåëàéòå ïåðåâîä (ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé è/èëè ðåôåðàòèâíûé)
ïîìåùåííîé íèæå ñòàòüè, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì óñòîé÷èâûå âûðàæåíèÿ.
U.S. INSISTS DOLLAR POLICY REMAINS UNCHANGED
Treasury Chief Set Conditions for Euro Rescue
(The Wall Street Journal Europe)
By Michael M. Phillips and G. Thomas Sims (staff reporters)
1. PRAGUE — The U.S. finally joined Europe in attempting to
rescue the beleaguered euro, but Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers
wants everyone to know that boosting the 11-nation common currency
doesn’t mean he’s abandoning the strong-dollar policy that has been a
mainstay of Clinton administration economic policy for the past five
years.
In the first U.S.-supported intervention in currency markets since
Mr. Summers became secretary, the U.S., Europe, Japan, Britain and
Canada bought euros Friday, stopping — at least for one day — the 21month-old currency tailspin.
The euro had fallen to 85,73 U.S. cents Friday morning, and was
already rising when the Group of Seven major industrialized nations
and the European Central Bank intervened, pushing the currency up to
90,40 cents. By late trading in New York, the euro had sli pped a bit, to
87,84 cents.
242
2. The intervention came 15 years to the day after G-7 economic
officials met at the Plaza Hotel in New York and agreed, successfully, to
push down the U.S. dollar. But U.S. officials prefer parallels to the June
1998 U.S. move to help Japan boost the yen, which left the dollar in a
strong position against the currencies of other major trading partners.
For the moment, Mr. Summers seems to have pulled off his tightrope
walk, if investor reaction is any guide. The dollar rose Friday against the
yen, trading at 108.03 yen compared with 106.67 yen late Thursday.
The G-7 said it acted out of “shared concern about the potential
implications of recent movements in the euro for the world economy.”
But Mr. Summers made sure the Europeans agreed that their announcement would say that the action took place “at the initiative of the European Central Bank,” a loud hint that the U.S. is willing to help, but
doesn’t want to undermine its strong-dollar stance.
3. The administration credits that dollar policy for helping restrain
inflation, attracting foreign investors and preventing the red-hot American economy from glowing white. Plus, the U.S. economic team was undoubtedly eager to avert any possibility — however small — that an
official move to boost the euro at the dollar’s expense might spark a
larger flight from the greenback by investors worried about the huge U.S.
trade deficit.
4. After a meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors
in Prague Saturday, French Finance Minister Laurent Fabius argued
the move should reassure those in policy circles and financial markets
dismayed at the contradictory signals European officials have sent during
the euro’s steady descent from a high of around $1.18 shortly after its
creation in January 1999. “This all shows us the statements of Europeans
can’t be taken lightly,” Mr. Fabius said.
5. Mr. Summers’ decision to join the European action, taken in
consultation with Federal Reserve Chairman Lan Greenspan, added the
credibility that markets craved. And G-7 officials made clear they were
willing to intervene again if circumstances warranted.
“The real surprise is that the U.S. was on board,” said Joahim Fels,
a Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. economist in London. “And that
makes me very confident that the move will be effective in putting a floor
under the euro both against the dollar and the Japanese yen. It was the
right move at the right time.”
6. The Europeans, loath to seem like a charity case, spread the word
against financial meetings in Prague that the U.S. agreed to their request
because the Clinton team believe the weak euro presents a threat to the
U.S. stock market. Several American companies, including Intel Corp.,
have blamed the euro’s fall for disappointing profits.
243
A German Finance Ministry official, who asked not to be named,
said he believed Intel’s profit warning late Thursday and the fall in U.S.
stock markets the following day “helped make the point.”
“The U.S. realized that they have to have a balanced policy, a strongdollar policy, but they also have to take into account profits and equity
markets, and what the euro could do to them,” he said.
7. Actually the decision had been taken hours before the Intel news
went public. And while U.S. officials weighed those broad considerations,
their choice appears based mostly on a belief that the global economy
would be better off if Europe — because of its economic importance —
had a more stable and stronger currency and if their policy makers acted
in a way that inspired confidence instead of confusion.
“The U.S. is seen in Europe as anti-euro,” said economist Rudi
Dornbusch of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Not supporting the currency would confirm everything the Europeans believe about
the U.S.”
8. The big test of whether the central banks have succeeded comes
when market open this morning. Wim Duisenberg, president of the ECB,
talked of an “orderly reversal” of the euro’s movements, while other G-7
officials were more vague about what constitutes victory and stressed that
the important thing was to signal investors that government won’t stand
aside indefinitely.
“If you stabilize it, that’s a good thing; if you reverse some of it, that
could be construed as a good thing,” said one senior G-7 official. “Nobody is under the illusion that such an action by the central bank is going
to dictate the exchange rate.”
The Europeans began talking about intervention Sept. 9 at a gathering in Versailles, France, and then began courting the U.S. early last week.
U.S. officials launched a series of conference calls among themselves to
figure out whether it made sense to join in, should the Europeans ask. (...)
Çàäàíèå 11
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ èç àìåðèêàíñêîé ãàçåòû «Êðèñ÷åí Ñàéåíñ
Ìîíèòîð» è ïåðåâåäèòå åå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, îáðàùàÿ âíèìàíèå íà
ïåðåâîä ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ.
CHINA AIMS TO END PESSIMISM WITH $586 BILLION
ECONONIC STIMULUS PACKAGE
The money may not jump-start enough domestic spending, but signals to world leaders that China is engaged in resolving the global financial crisis.
244
By Peter Ford (The Christian Science Monitor)
1. Beijing — The $586 billion economic stimulus package that China
announced Sunday may not be quite as large as it seemed at first sight,
but it dramatizes just how seriously the authorities in Beijing take the
threat of a slowdown in the wake of the international financial crisis.
On the face of it, the package of tax cuts, higher public spending,
and easier credit constitutes the largest such stimulus in history. Some of
the money, though, had already been budgeted and some may even
already have been spent, analysts say.
2. The announcement, however, “is a very clear demonstration of
political intent to lean heavily into the wind of pessimism that has gri pped
China in recent weeks,” says Daniel Rosen, an expert on the Chinese
economy with the Rhodium Group in New York.
The new policy also gives President Hu Jintao something to show
fellow world leaders at the Group of 20 summit in Washington Saturday
as they seek ways out of the financial crisis.
3. “We must implement the measures to ensure fast and stable economic development,” Premier Wen Jiabao told government leaders on
Monday, according to state TV. “They are not only the needs of our
own development but also our biggest contribution to the world.”
Stock markets initially jumped on news of the package, in the hope
that if China’s economy continues to grow, it might help other nations
weather the expected global recession by offering a market for their
exports.
4. The stimulus package is designed to offset the effects of falling
exports and a property slump on China’s own economy, by boosting
investment and consumption at home. That, the government says, should
keep the world’s fastest-growing economy on a “steady and relatively
fast” growth track despite the gloomy international climate.
5. The State Council, China’s cabinet, said it would target spending over the next two years on low-income housing, rural infrastructure,
water and electricity supplies, technological innovation, and recovery
from disasters such as the May 12 earthquake in Sichuan Province.
6. If the plan is implemented, its focus on projects benefiting China’s
poorer citizens, rather than on traditional large-scale industrial development, would reinforce the government’s policy of building a “harmonious society” that bridges the current gap between rich and poor.
7. In that sense, the State Council said, the crisis offers “a new
opportunity” to speed industrial restructuring. “The short-term goal is to
ensure that growth continues. The longer-term aim is to rebalance the
economy and redress inequalities,” explains Arthur Kroeber, who heads
Dragonomics, a Beijing-based economic analysis firm.
245
8. With few details available about how the government will disburse the money, or where exactly it will come from, the package’s
main purpose now is “psychological management,” says Mr. Kroeber. “In
the consumer sector ... people are not spending much,” he says. “They
are uncertain about the future so they are locking up their wallets.”
9. Though much of the money in the package may have already
been planned, says Mr. Rosen, Sunday’s announcement “is important
economically ... because it moves government spending and governmentdirected investment up the timetable dramatically. They are going to put
it out as fast as possible.”
Çàäàíèå 12
Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ è ïåðåâîäà ïðîáëåìíàÿ ñòàòüÿ î êîððóïöèè, íàïèñàííàÿ ïðîôåññîðîì Ðîáåðòîì Êëèòãààðäîì, äåêàíîì ôàêóëüòåòà ïîñòäèïëîìíîé ïîäãîòîâêè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â îáëàñòè íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ è îïûòíî-êîíñòðóêòîðñêèõ ðàáîò (ÍÈÎÊÐ) [research and development] èç ã. Ñàíòà-Ìîíèêà, øòàò Êàëèôîðíèÿ, ÑØÀ, ââèäó çíà÷èòåëüíîãî îáúåìà ñíàáæåíà ðÿäîì êëþ÷åé â ïðàâîé êîëîíêå, êîòîðûå óñêîðÿò ïðîöåññ ðàáîòû íàä ïåðåâîäîì. Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ óñòíîãî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîãî, à òàêæå ïîëíîãî ïèñüìåííîãî èëè ðåôåðàòèâíîãî ïåðåâîäà.
SUBVERTING CORRUPTION
By Robert Klitgaard
(Finance & Development)
1. The focus of countries’ anticorruption
efforts typically begins with consciousness raising, shifts to making governments
less susceptible, and then addresses the
problem of corrupt systems. When this
third stage is reached, what measures can
governments, concerned citizens, and
others take to subvert entrenched corruption?
2. Almost four decades ago, the political scientist Colin Leys asked “what is
the problem about corruption?” Following a line that might remind one of the
sociologist Roberton Merton, or the political philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli,
Leys argued that corruption has its func246
ïîâûøåíèå îáùåñòâåííîãî ñîçíàíèÿ;
ïðîâåäåíèå èçìåíåíèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà óìåíüøåíèå
óÿçâèìîñòè ãîñîðãàíîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ;
ïîäîðâàòü êîððóìïèðîâàííûå
ñèñòåìû;
Ñëåäóÿ äîâîäàì, âåñüìà íàïîìèíàþùèì ... ;
Ëåéñ óòâåðæäàë ... ;
tions, even benefits. Under awful conditions, bribery and its close relatives
may be socially and just privately beneficial. The political scientist Samuel
Huntington chimed in: “In terms of
economic growth the only thing worse
than a society with a rigid, overcentralized, dishonest bureaucracy is one
with a rigid, overcentralized, honest
bureaucracy.”
3. These scholars had a point. But
nowadays it is easier for us, sensitized by both passionate denunciations
and econometric estimates, to reel off
some of the costs. Systemic corruption distorts incentives, undermines
institutions and redistributes wealth
and power to the undeserving. When
corruption undermines property
rights, the rule of law, and incentives to invest, economic and political development are cri ppled. Even
Huntington pointed out that “a society in which corruption is already
pervasive, however, is unlikely to be
improved by more corruption.”
4. Since Huntington wrote those
words in 1968, the fight against corruption has progressed. We have experienced a first stage of anticorruption efforts, where consciousness is
raised about the existence and harms
of corruption. In many countries,
there seems to be a sea change in public opinion, as elections are increasingly fought in terms of what to do
about corruption.
5. We have progressed to a second
large of anticorruption measures,
which adds systems analysis to consciousness raising. Civil service reforms
are moving beyond “capacity building” to emphasize information, in-
Ê äàííîìó ìíåíèþ ïðèñîåäèíÿëñÿ ... ;
Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ... ;
êîñíàÿ;
äîëÿ èñòèíû;
ñòàâøèì áîëåå âîñïðèèì÷èâûìè
ïîñëå ñòðàñòíûõ ðàçîáëà÷åíèé è
ýêîíîìåòðè÷åñêèõ îöåíîê;
èçâðàùàåò ñòèìóëû;
â ïîëüçó íåäîñòîéíûõ;
âðÿä ëè ìîæåò áûòü óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíî çà ñ÷åò åùå áîëüøåãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êîððóïöèè;
ñàì ôàêò ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ êîððóïöèè è íàíîñèìûé åþ âðåä;
ðåçêèé ïåðåâîðîò â îáùåñòâåííîì
ñîçíàíèè;
âñå â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè;
Ìû ïîäîøëè ê ... ;
Ðåôîðìèðîâàíèå ñèñòåìû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ñëóæáû; çà ðàìêè
«ñîçäàíèÿ ïîòåíöèàëà»;
247
centives, and competition. Research is
moving beyond perceptions of corruption to studies of where in government
and markets the vulnerabilities to corruption lie.
We now need to learn and do more in
a third stage of anticorruption activities. What can be done if consciousness raising and prevention have failed,
if corruption has become the norm,
and if political will cannot be counted
on? How can systemic corruption be
subverted?
çà ðàìêè îáùèõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé;
ðàñïîëîæåíû óÿçâèìûå äëÿ êîððóïöèè ìåñòà;
ïðîôèëàêòèêà;
áîðîòüñÿ;
“Normal” to systemic corruption
6. Consider a real example, stri pped
down and renamed to protect its identity. PHS is the part of a country’s
health ministry that distributes pharmaceuticals and health services to the
poor. There are eligibility cards and
subsidies, supply chains and special
health posts, and lots of contracting
and procurement. Corruption has always existed in PHS. But suddenly
things get worse.
The country’s president is involved in
a scandal unrelated to PHS. He may be
impeached. Parliament forms a committee to investigate. The president and
his party try to influence the committee. A relative of the committee chairman is named the director of PHS.
Other new appointments in PHS are
from the same region as the committee chairman.
Îò «íîðìàëüíîé» ê ñèñòåìíîé
êîððóïöèè;
íå óêàçûâàÿ íèêàêèõ îòëè÷èòåëüíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê è èñïîëüçóÿ
âûìûøëåííîå íàçâàíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ îò îãëàñêè;
óäîñòîâåðåíèÿ, äàþùèå ïðàâî íà
îáñëóæèâàíèå;
ïîäðÿäíàÿ è çàêóïî÷íàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü;
7. Procurement becomes deeply corrupted. Competitive bidding, once the
norm in 90% of procurement contracts, is used in less than half. The
other half are declared “emergencies”
and are let without competition
through PHS’s regional offices. In the
words of one official, “Many of these
ñèñòåìà çàêóïîê;
êîíêóðñíûå òîðãè;
248
îêàçûâàåòñÿ çàìåøàííûì;
íàçíà÷åíèÿ (äîëæíîñòè);
people decide which firms will get the
contract and then both manage the
project and are responsible for auditing it.”
Even when procurement is competitive, abuses spread. Contract specifications are tailored to enhance the
chances of favored suppliers. Cost overruns are approved in exchange for
bribes.
8. Politicization undercuts external
controls. The president’s party installs
a compliant individual as the new director of the supreme audit agency. The
attorney general, the president’s old
friend, is unwilling to pursue sensitive
cases.
As the corruption in PHS grows, organizational chaos ensues. The manual
of procedures is abandoned. Eligibility
cards are allocated through extortion
and fraud. Theft becomes widespread,
and medicines disappear. Some files
disappear, then many more, so that
even if investigations or audits are
started, there are often no records. No
one is sure if contracts have been let
or if funds are available. As a result,
more contractors are not paid. Delays
and further rounds of corruption follow. Eventually, suppliers charge
higher prices or retire from this market, leading to less competition and
further opportunities for corruption
and inefficiency. An honest auditor
finds a PHS warehouse full of televisions, champagne glasses, and so forth.
PHS free-falls into financial collapse.
Health care for the poor disintegrates.
Action in normal circumstances
ñ öåëüþ óâåëè÷åíèÿ øàíñîâ;
ïåðåðàñõîä ñðåäñòâ;
îñëàáëÿåò;
íàçíà÷àåò ñâîåãî ÷åëîâåêà;
íå æåëàåò âîçáóæäàòü «ãðîìêèå»
äåëà;
âîçíèêàåò;
ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîöåäóðíûì âîïðîñàì çàáðîøåíî;
âûìîãàòåëüñòâî è ìîøåííè÷åñòâî;
îò÷åòíîñòü;
áûë ëè çàêëþ÷åí äîãîâîð;
ïîâûøàþò öåíû èëè óõîäÿò;
ñêëàä;
âõîäèò â ðåæèì ñâîáîäíîãî ïàäåíèÿ; ðàçâàëèâàåòñÿ;
9. What can be done? At the second
stage of fighting corruption, a variety
of measures can be taken to prevent
corruption.
249
Agents (that is, public officials) are
selected on the basis of competence
and honesty.
Incentives are structured to reward
projects and purchases with excellent results. Penalties are exacted from
those who give or receive bribes.
A variety of mechanisms are used to
gather to gather information about the
possibilities of corrupt behavior at
each stage of its development — information ranging from bidding patterns to comparative costs to the
lifestyles of the individuals involved.
Competition is encouraged.
Official discretion is circumscribed —
for example, by conducting objective studies of, and specifying clear
criteria for, government procurement
and other administrative practices.
The moral costs of corruption behavior are sometimes emphasized
through codes of conduct, publicity
campaigns, and the encouragement
of reputations for probity by the firms
involved.
10. But because corruption has become systemic, PHS has suffered
breakdown in all these areas.
... When systems are so thoroughly
corrupted, there may be little, if any
political will to reform them. Calling
for better agents, improved incentives, better information, more competition, less official discretion, and
higher economic and social costs is
well and good. But who is going to
listen? Who is going to act? The usual
anticorruption remedies may not
work. Now what?
ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå äîëæíîñòíûå
ëèöà;
ïîñòðîåíèå ñèñòåìû ñòèìóëîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ;
ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ øòðàôíûì ñàíêöèÿì;
îò (íà÷èíàÿ ñ) ñõåì ïðîâåäåíèÿ
òîðãîâ; ñîïîñòàâèìûå öåíû;
ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ëèöà;
îãðàíè÷åíèå ñâîáîäû äåéñòâèé
îôèöèàëüíûõ âëàñòåé;
óêàçàíèå ÷åòêèõ êðèòåðèåâ;
ìåòîäû;
êîäåêñû (íîðìû) ïîâåäåíèÿ, ðåêëàìíûå êàìïàíèè;
ïîðÿäî÷íîñòü;
ïîòåðïåëà íåóäà÷ó;
ãëóáîêî;
òðåáîâàíèÿ î (íàçíà÷åíèè)
çä. — áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûå ñòèìóëû;
õîðîøè è ïðàâèëüíû;
ñðåäñòâà áîðüáû ñ êîððóïöèåé;
Analogy of disease
11. Consider an imperfect but suggestive analogy. Corruption is like a
250
íàâîäÿùàÿ íà ðàçìûøëåíèÿ;
disease pandemic. It is a problem in
every country, and especially prevalent and damaging in a few. The social
consequences are at many levels, including economic. Finally, the contagious disease is difficult to combat,
and it may adapt itself to efforts to
defeat it.
What might be called the first stage
of reacting to either corruption or
disease is a raising of consciousness.
In a number of recent books corruption is attributed to bad attitudes regarding authority and probity. The
political culture is a pernicious sort of
“privatization of the State,” the informal and illicit private use of government by the political class and its
allies.
12. The cure for corruption? Moral
renovation, cultural change, an elevation of consciousness. The problem with this advice is practical. We
know little about how to engineer a
moral renovation, so we also work at
other levels.
A second stage of reacting to disease
or corruption emphasizes prevention:
keep healthy bodies free of contagion.
The anticorruption measures described above, from selecting better
agents to raising the economic and
social costs of corruption, are derived
from this approach.
çàðàçíàÿ;
ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà åå
óíè÷òîæåíèå;
îïàñíûé;
íåçàêîííûé;
ñîþçíèêè;
èñöåëåíèå;
ïîâûøåíèå ñîçíàòåëüíîñòè;
Ìû â íåäîñòàòî÷íîé ìåðå çíàêîìû ñ îðãàíèçàöèåé ïðîöåññà ìîðàëüíîãî îáíîâëåíèÿ ;
äàííûé ïîäõîä ïîñëóæèë îñíîâîé
äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè (ìåð);
Analyzing and attacking corrupt
systems
13. But what if corruption has already
become embedded? When prevention
has failed, a third stage of fighting corruption is also needed, one that goes
after the disease. New questions arise.
In addition to strengthening government institutions, the task is now to
óêîðåíèëàñü;
251
weaken corrupt institutions. This is difficult but not impossible. “To engage
in corruption,” law professor Phili p
Heymann notes, “a government official and a private party have to identify each other as potential corrupt
partners, and find a way to reach an
agreement, and then deliver what
each has promised without being detected. Each of these steps can be extremely difficult, for in each there
are vulnerabilities to detection.”
14. The corrupt system itself should
be analyzed from beginning to end.
For example, how are corrupt buyers
and sellers found and matched? How
do they make and enforce their implicit contracts? What footprints does
their illicit transaction create, and
what steps do they take to cover them
up?
Then, countermeasures should be designed. For example, how might undercover agents be introduced to the
system in order to disrupt it? Who
are the disaffected in the corrupt system, and how may they be induced
to defect? How might corrupt contracts be exposed, undercut, or destabilized? How might disinformation
be injected into the corrupt system to
create false impressions, schisms, distrust, and risk?
15. With these questions in mind, let
us return to the case of PHS. How
might the corrupt coalition of the
president, the congressional committee, the contractors, the political appointees, and PHS be subverted? Here
are a few ideas.
Disseminate information that the corrupt system would like to keep hidden.
252
äëÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ àêòà êîððóïöèè;
óâèäåòü äðóã â äðóãå;
âûïîëíèòü (êàæäûé) ñâîå îáåùàíèå è íå áûòü ðàçîáëà÷åííûì;
óÿçâèìûå ìåñòà;
íàõîäÿòñÿ è ñõîäÿòñÿ;
çàêëþ÷àþò è îáåñïå÷èâàþò âûïîëíåíèå ñâîèõ íåãëàñíûõ äîãîâîðîâ;
ïðîòèâîïðàâíàÿ ñäåëêà;
êàê âíåäðèòü â ñèñòåìó òàéíûõ
ñîòðóäíèêîâ;
ðàçðóøèòü; íåäîâîëüíûå;
ïîáóäèòü ïåðåéòè íà äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó;
îáíàðóæèòü; îñëàáèòü;
ñ öåëüþ ñîçäàíèÿ ëîæíûõ âïå÷àòëåíèé, âíåñåíèÿ ðàñêîëà, íåäîâåðèÿ è îùóùåíèÿ ðèñêà;
íàçíà÷åíöû;
Some corrupt appointees have grown
rich. Purchases of houses and cars and
other forms of conspicuous consumption can be documented and shared
with the press.
The prices of various goods and services can be compared with prices before the erosion of PHS, with prices
in the private sector, and with prices
in neighboring countries. All these
comparisons reveal PHS’s current
corruption.
One can give information to, and then
work with, the firms that could potentially compete for PHS’s business,
as well as with associations of industry leaders, auditors, and lawyers.
Pressure points can thereby be found
and exploited to push for change.
Organized extortion for PHS eligibility cards can be undermined by
using undercover agents, confidential exit interviews, and video cameras.
16. In both Italy and New York, successful efforts against organized crime
have subverted the Mafia’s culture of
secrecy. Crucial have been such measures as using undercover agents,
planting electronic surveillance devices, and inducing key insiders to
become state witnesses. Also, misinformation and “dirty tricks” have been
used to create distrust among the
Mafiosi — for example, planting false
rumors that someone was a turncoat
or catalyzing animosity among various factions. Could similar steps be
imagined in PHS or, more broadly,
in the national government?
áðîñàþùååñÿ â ãëàçà ïîòðåáëåíèå;
ðàçëîæåíèå;
êîòîðûå ìîãëè áû ñòàòü ïîòåíöèàëüíûìè ó÷àñòíèêàìè êîíêóðåíòíîé áîðüáû çà ïðàâî ïîñòàâîê â
Ïè-Ýé÷-Ýñ;
áîëåçíåííûå òî÷êè;
äëÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ïåðåìåí;
âûìîãàòåëüñòâî â ñâÿçè ñ;
ñêëîíåíèå âàæíåéøèõ ÷ëåíîâ
âíóòðåííåé ñòðóêòóðû ìàôèè ê
âûñòóïëåíèþ â êà÷åñòâå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñâèäåòåëåé;
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ëîæíûõ ñëóõîâ;
ïåðåáåæ÷èê;
ðàçæèãàíèå âðàæäû ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè ãðóïïèðîâêàìè;
17. These are interesting possibilities — but who might undertake
them? The list of potential actors is
253
long: citizens’ groups, including Transparency International; the press; religious groups; business groups, which
realize that, viewed as a whole, business loses from systemic corruption;
and international organizations. Sometimes a congressional committee can
be the catalyst, at other times a supreme audit authority or a ministry of
justice or a police department. Even
within a corrupted agency, the infection is never complete, and given the
opportunity, people ranging from secretaries to technicians to long-term civil
servants may be valuable sources of information about exactly how the corrupt system functions.
Ideally, third-stage anticorruption efforts will bring together all these actors to subvert systemic corruption.
îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Òðàíñïýðåíñè Èíòåðíýøåíë»
âûñøèé ðåâèçèîííûé îðãàí;
ãîññëóæàùèå èç ÷èñëà âåòåðàíîâ;
ñâîäÿò âîåäèíî âñåõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ
áîðüáû ñ ñèñòåìíîé êîððóïöèåé;
Where is systemic corruption
most severe?
18. Systemic corruption can worsen
as various forms of central government
control break down or recede. One example is when a state collapses in the
face of unrest or postcommunist
trauma, being replaced in part by organized crime and corruption. Another
example — less dramatic but perhaps
more widespread — is what happens
when federal functions devolve upon
localities and munici palities.
In our new book, Corrupt Cities,
Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, Lindsay
Parris, and I note that around the
world, local governments are susceptible to systemic corruption. Compared
with national governments, munici pal
administrative systems are usually
weaker. Pay scales for professionals are
lower, leading on average to lowerquality personnel. The risks of coop254
ïî ìåðå ðàçðóøåíèÿ èëè îñëàáëåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ êîíòðîëÿ ñî ñòîðîíû öåíòðàëüíîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà;
ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì áåñïîðÿäêîâ;
ïåðåõîäÿò ê ìåñòíûì è ìóíèöèïàëüíûì îðãàíàì óïðàâëåíèÿ;
ïîäâåðæåíû;
îïëàòà òðóäà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ;
tation by elites or populists are higher.
In the hands of unscrupulous opportunists or idealists unable to manage, city governments can easily become the sites of petty tyrannies, systemic corruption, or both.
19. Even in rich countries, the
threats are real. The substance and
style of city management are changing in ways that promise better governance but simultaneously offer
more opportunities for corruption.
“Many of the recent changes in local government,” the Audit Commission of the United Kingdom asserts,
“have been away from centralized
controls and tight financial regimes
and have increased the risks of fraud
and corruption occurring.” According to one estimate, provincial governments in Japan have 3 times more
officials than the national government but produce 15 times the reported number of corruption cases
and 4 times the number of arrested
officials. In New York City, the cost
of past corruption in school construction alone is measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Publicprivate partnershi ps, correctly considered the wave of the future, can
mutate into systemic corruption.
20. No wonder local corruption is a
topic of increasing concern. The Chilean policy analyst Claudio Orrego
points out that “all the objectives that
have been established for the reform
of the munici pal sector (increasing
their legitimacy and democratization, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their services, and increasing citizen partici pation), can
be summarized as part of this broader
íåäîáðîñîâåñòíûå;
ñóòü;
Ðåâèçèîííàÿ êîìèññèÿ;
ïðîèñõîäèò âíå ðàìîê;
ïàðòíåðñòâà ñ ó÷àñòèåì ãîñóäàðñòâà è ÷àñòíûõ ñòðóêòóð;
ÿâëåíèå;
óêðåïëåíèå èõ çàêîííîñòè;
ýôôåêòèâíîñòü è äåéñòâåííîñòü;
255
goal: strengthening accountability.”
When corruption does become systemic, as it did in PHS, the usual
anticorruption measures are inefficient.
Not obsolete, to be sure: there will
always be a need to raise consciousness about corruption’s costs, and to
make the institutions of state and
market less vulnerable to corruption.
But we also need new thinking about
new models of action by new sorts of
actors that can facilitate joint efforts
to subvert corruption.
Ýòî íå îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî (îíè) óñòàðåëè;
ñîçäàòü áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ.
Çàäàíèå 13
Ïðî÷èòàéòå è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñòàòüþ èç àìåðèêàíñêîé ãàçåòû «Êðèñ÷åí Ñàéåíñ Ìîíèòîð»
WANTED: NEXT GROWTH ENGINE FOR U.S. ECONOMY
High-tech, healthcare, energy, or factory goods could rev up
a year from now.
By Mark Trumbull (The Christian Science Monitor)
1. With the US economy now in outright contraction, it’s clear
that steering a course through the credit crisis will set the stage for another big job after that: reviving growth.
One after another in the past decade, important economic engines
have sputtered and then stalled: an Internet boom, homes and mortgages, commodities. Long-invincible US consumers are now retrenching
in the face of debt burdens and a weak job market.
2. Where will new growth come from, and when?
The possibilities include technology, healthcare, energy, and manufactured goods — possibly all of the above. But don’t hold your breath
for the word “boom” to be attached to any sector. It may take a year or
more for a new job engine to get started.
3. In fact, after one big stimulus package offered only passing relief
to the economy this year, the next government effort to restore growth
should target specific industries with long-term potential, not just put
money into the hands of consumers, some economists say.
“That would be a huge change” from traditional recession-fighting
efforts, says Robert Atkinson, president of the Information Technology
and Innovation Foundation in Washington. But “this is ...
256
4. The immediate problem is a recession, but the recovery may hinge
on how the economy copes with long-run problems that range from the
cost of healthcare to global competition in knowledge-based industries.
“We can no longer afford a ‘consumption-based’ stimulus package
that leaves the nation with little to show after consumers spend the
money,” Mr. Atkinson’s group argues in a new report.
Different stimulus
5. Whereas the mid-year stimulus package of 2008 focused on taxrebate checks for millions of consumers, he proposes a range of spending
plans that have both immediate and longer-term benefits.
Targets for federal spending or tax credits would include:
•
•
•
•
•
Universities that build new research infrastructure.
Consumers and businesses that buy energy-efficient equi pment.
Healthcare providers that deploy information technology to cut
costs.
Computers and Internet access for low-income families.
Businesses investing in information technology.
6. Such measures would give a quick boost to the gross domestic
product, but also lay the groundwork for larger goals, such as an economy
less burdened by energy and healthcare costs.
Even after the milder US recession of 2001, it took time for the
technology sector to hand the baton to a new engine of growth — which
turned out to be home construction and mortgage finance.
This time, the economic problems run deeper. Many forecasters say
additional government stimulus is needed in some form — as well as
ongoing steps to repair the damaged financial sector.
7. Gary Shilling, an economist who owns a forecasting firm in Springfield, N.J., warns that working through a glut of homes for sale, and
new help for homeowners hit by falling home values, is just the start.
The recession will also hit banks with losses from credit-card debts,
commercial real estate loans, and junk bonds, he predicts.
Where the financial sector for years had been an important engine
of US growth, this represents a sharp reversal.
“It is going to reduce growth considerably for the long run,” Mr.
Shilling says.
Waiting for growth sectors
8. Although a recovery may start slowly and not necessarily soon,
new catalysts for growth will eventually emerge, investment strategists say.
257
“We continue to view this period of extreme volatility as an opportunity to search for the next wave of growth stories,” Richard Bernstein,
Merrill Lynch’s chief investment strategist, wrote in an Oct. 15 report to
clients.
“The manufacturing side of the Health Care sector (biotech, life
sciences, and devices) is delivering traditional growth,” the report notes.
9. Alan Lancz, who runs his own investment management firm in
Pittsburgh, also sees biotechnology as a growth engine.
Like Atkinson, he says the economy stands to benefit in tough times
from companies that help Americans boost their productivity – whether
it’s at a hospital or an industrial firm.
“Productivity is going to be such a key,” he says, and many of
America’s high-tech firms are global leaders that could emerge from this
downturn stronger.
Energy sector as economic spur
10. Energy stocks have plunged along with oil prices, but that sector, too, may hold promise, Mr. Lancz says. For one thing, oil prices
may head back up at some point. More broadly, under a new US president the search for energy security could spur investment that creates
jobs in both traditional and alternative fuel sources.
A global economic downturn puts America’s export of manufactured goods, such as industrial equi pment, at risk. But exports, too,
could be a source of strength in the next expansion, some economists say.
The reason: Developing nations have just hit a speed bump, not the
end of their road.
11. As of last week, economists at Merrill Lynch predicted that
emerging market nations will post 5.4 percent economic growth next
year, down from a peak of 7.9 percent in 2007. They see China growing at
8.6 percent, buoyed in part by its own stimulus program including new
infrastructure spending.
“We want to hook into that fast growth” overseas, not just for today
but for the long term, says Timothy Taylor, managing editor of the
Journal of Economic Perspectives in St. Paul, Minn. “For all its difficulties, globalization is a really big thing to embrace.”
12. Eventually, US consumers will get back on their feet – once
the credit markets and job markets start functioning normally again,
predicts Rajeev Dhawan, an economist at Georgia State University in
Atlanta.
But for now, with a squeeze on both domestic and global consumers, “you’re not going to see a decent amount of job growth” he says.
258
Çàäàíèå 14
Ïðî÷èòàéòå è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñòàòüþ èç àìåðèêàíñêîé ãàçåòû «Ëîñ-Àíäæåëåñ Òàéìñ» î êîíêóðåíöèè êîìïàíèé,
âûïåêàþùèõ áóáëèêè. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà êóëüòóðíûå ðåàëèè,
ó÷åò êîòîðûõ ïðè ïåðåâîäå èìååò áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå.
THE BAGEL: AN L.A. STORY
By Judith Kane Jeanson (The Los Angeles Times)
Two competitors, Brooklyn Bagel Bakery and Western Bagel, have
been wooing delis and patrons with their hearth- versus pan-baked styles
for more than half a century.
1. “Most people choose the bagel they grew up with,” says Richard
Friedman, and for most Southern Californians, whether they know it
or not, that means the choice is bagels made either by Friedman or his
oldest competitor. (...)
Though there is a wealth of Jewish delis in Southern California,
most of the best-known buy their bagels from either Friedman’s 55year-old Brooklyn Bagel Bakery or Steve Ustin’s 61-year-old Western
Bagel. If you eat at Nate ‘n Al, Langer’s, Art’s or Factor’s delis, you
prefer Brooklyn’s bagels. If you prefer Brent’s or Mort’s, you’re a Western Bagel person.
2. Certainly there are other bagel bakeries in the area, including
the Bagel Broker in the Fairfax District and the kosher Bagel Factory
outlets on the Westside and in Torrance. And there are a few delis that
bake their own, including Junior’s and Canter’s. But judging by the
sheer numbers of bagels delivered every day to L.A.’s biggest delis, the
two bagel giants have been defining our bagel appetites for decades.
3. Brent’s Deli in Northridge has been keeping Western Bagel busy
for 41 years. At 3 p.m. on a Tuesday, Brent’s parking lot is so crowded
there’s a valet service. Owner Ron Peskin, wearing a vibrant yellow aloha
shirt, points out family members at work in the restaurant as he explains
how this and the Westlake Village location together go through 700
dozen bagels a week.
Nate ‘n Al in Beverly Hills gathers crowds that can wait up to an
hour for a menu that features Brooklyn’s bagels. The deli buzzes with
show business “meets,” friends table-hopping and conversations continuing from yesterday or last week.
4. The Mendelson brothers who run the deli, Mark, 43, and David,
40 — grandsons of Al Mendelson, who with Nate Reimer started the
259
deli in 1945 — figure their bagel order from Brooklyn Bagel has been in
the multi ple thousands per week.
This is where the “Jewish pacifier” — a bagel on a string for teething
tots — was popularized by the late Kaye Coleman, a Nate ‘n Al waitress
for 37 years. At Coleman’s funeral, Larry King, a Nate ‘n Al regular,
delivered her eulogy and all the attendees wore bagels on strings around
their necks in her honor. (Her uniform is displayed in a frame on a
restaurant wall.)
5. Friedman is not a stickler for a particular-size bagel and does not
have aproblem tweaking his reci pe here and there to suit acustomer, but
he has been raised in a strict bagel-making tradition. Sitting in his glassenclosed office looking out over his Brooklyn Bagel factory, the scene
does not appear to have changed much in five decades.
It’s a vision right out of a California noir movie. He is a self-avowed
workaholic, a devoted bagel maker who starts work most days at 5:30
a.m., continuing on with that “good reci pe” created by his grandfather
in New York and passed on to his father and then to him.
Setting the standard
6. Louis Friedman, Richard’s grandfather, was a founding member
of New York’s International Beigel Bakers Union in 1927 and membershi p required aunion sponsor and along, unpaid apprenticeshi p.A bagel
could not be made outside this union and its strict baking rules. Bagels
were all handmade and a baker could be identified by his signature work.
”Definitely, good bagel making springs from that union,” says Sanford
Brody, the 77-year-old owner of the 35-year-old Bagel Factory, which
bakes only kosher bagels.
7. Richard’s father, Seymour, went through the union ranks and in
1953 brought the reci pe west, opening Brooklyn Bagel Bakery on West
Adams Boulevard. He relocated to the current location on a very
unglamorous stretch of Beverly Boulevard in 1965. Richard officially took
the reins in 1981.
Ustin, 60, the very businesslike owner of Western Bagel, based in
Van Nuys, oversees a different sort of bagel empire. Western’s operations
include 10 retail shops along with the wholesale deliveries to major
delis, as well as shi pping to stores and markets as far away as Japan and
France.
Western, Ustin says, was established by his father, Dave, in 1947,
when Los Angeles was a “bagel wasteland.” It now can produce 60,000
bagels an hour, he says.
8. A good bagel is essential to a good deli and patrons have definite
opinions about what satisfies. “Nate ‘n Al must have a real New York
260
bagel,” Mark Mendelson says. “Our customers know the difference.”
Brooklyn’s Friedman interprets that as a hearth-baked (baked right on
the bottom of the oven) water bagel with a dense, rich, chewy texture
and slightly crisp crust.
9. Brent’s Peskin, however, prefers the Western pan-baked (baked
in the oven on sheets) — creating a lighter, softer bagel. His bestsellers
are water, onion and sesame, and he admits that it would be difficult for
him to serve a bagel he doesn’t like “and that would include a cranberry
or a chocolate chi p.”
A matter of trust
10. Art’s Delicatessen can’t get enough sesame seed bagels. Harold
Ginsburg, 47, Art’s son, says that Brooklyn pan-bakes the restaurant’s
bagels and, in addition to the sesame, his customers go for the onion,
water and poppy seed.
There is a tremendous loyalty between these bagel bakers and their
big deli clients. Friedman says, “It’s more like a partnershi p; customers
have needs. I must fill them, even antici pate them.”
5.2.
Ïåðåâîä ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé
Àíàëîãè÷íî ïðåäûäóùåìó ðàçäåëó Ïðàêòèêóìà, íà÷íåì ñ àíàëèçà ïðèìåðîâ íåóäà÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ïîïóòíî
îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïåðåâîä÷èêó ïðèõîäèòñÿ èíîãäà ðåäàêòèðîâàòü ðóññêèé òåêñò, ïðåæäå ÷åì ïåðåâåñòè åãî íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê âî èçáåæàíèå âñÿêèõ íåñóðàçèö.  ýòîé ñâÿçè ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè òàêîé ïðèìåð.  ïèñüìå îôèöèàëüíîãî ëèöà â àäðåñ çàðóáåæíîé îðãàíèçàöèè
áûëà âûðàæåíà áëàãîäàðíîñòü «çà ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå îòíîøåíèå ê ãðóïïå
ïîñòðàäàâøèõ ãðàæäàí íàøåé ñòðàíû». Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â òåêñòå ïèñüìà
íåîáõîäèìî áûëî çàìåíèòü ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå íà ÷åëîâå÷íîå, à â ïåðåâîäå
óïîòðåáèòü ñëîâî humane, à íå human. À â ðåêëàìíîì ïðîñïåêòå
èçâåñòíîãî ìóçûêàëüíîãî êîëëåêòèâà, êîòîðûé íåîáõîäèìî áûëî
ïåðåâåñòè íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îòìå÷àëîñü, ÷òî â åãî êîìïîçèöèÿõ
«âñåãäà åñòü áîæåñòâåííîå è ÷åëîâå÷íîå».  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåâîä÷èêó
òàêæå ïðèøëîñü ðåäàêòèðîâàòü îðèãèíàë è óïîòðåáèòü ñëîâî “human” — ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå.
Ïåðâûé ïðåäëàãàåìûé äëÿ àíàëèçà òåêñò ïåðåâîäà — ýòî îòðûâîê èç èíôîðìàöèîííîãî ñîîáùåíèÿ î ïðîâåäåíèè ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè, êîòîðîå áûëî ðàçîñëàíî íà ðóññêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ ïîòåíöèàëüíûì ó÷àñòíèêàì. Íåóäà÷íûå ìåñòà â ïåðåâîäå âûäåëåíû êóðñèâîì è ïðîêîììåíòèðîâàíû â òðåòüåé êîëîíêå.
261
(... ) International
Sakharov Environment
University, ( ...) University of Surrey (Great
Britain) (... )
Èñêàæåíî íàçâàíèå èíñòèòóòà: International
Sakharov Institute of Radioecology.
 ðóññêîì òåêñòå íàçâàíèå
áðèòàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, ñëåäóÿ òðàäèöèîííîé
òðàíñëèòåðàöèè (ñì. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé ñëîâàðü ïðîô.
Â.Ê. Ìþëëåðà), äîëæíî
áûòü Ñóððåé.
(...) â ðàìêàõ ðåãèî- within the frame of the
íàëüíîé ïðîãðàììû Regional Academic
à ê à ä å ì è ÷ å ñ ê î ã î Program
ïàðòíåðñòâà (REAP)
(...)
ïðàâèëüíî: framework;
îðôîãðàôèÿ ñëîâà ïðîãðàììà â ïåðåâîäå äàíà â
àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå,
õîòÿ ñðåäè îðãàíèçàòîðîâ
êîíôåðåíöèè — òðè áðèòàíñêèõ è íè îäíîãî àìåðèêàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà
(äàëåå ïî òåêñòó ïåðåâîäà
äàåòñÿ áðèòàíñêàÿ îðôîãðàôèÿ, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèìåðîì íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè).
(... ) ïðîâîäÿò êîíôåðåíöèþ «Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå îáðàçîâàíèå è ïàðòíåðñòâî»
(...) invite to attend the
conference “International Education and
Partnerships”
«âîëüíûé ïåðåâîä» âìåñòî
are holding;
ôîðìà ìíîæ. ÷èñëà (partnerships) ïðèäàåò ñëîâó
äðóãîå çíà÷åíèå: òîâàðèùåñòâà êàê ôîðìà ìàëîãî
áèçíåñà.
(... ) Êîíôåðåíöèÿ
ïðèçâàíà ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü îáñóæäåíèþ
ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî
îïûòà ðàáîòû ïðîåêòîâ REAP, âûðàáîòêå ïðåäëîæåíèé ïî
äàëüíåéøåìó ðàçâèòèþ ïàðòíåðñòâà âóçîâ, áèçíåñà, ñîâåð-
The conference will
provide the discussion
and dissemination of
the positive experience
of REAP projects,
(...) contribute to the
development of partnershi p and networking of the universities,
businesses and the im-
The conference is (called)
to promote (...);
îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü
íåóìåñòåí, òàê êàê ñëîâî
discussion äàíî â îáùåì
ñìûñëå;
ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå (dissemination) — óäà÷íîå ñëîâî,
õîòÿ â òåêñòå îðèãèíàëà
åãî íåò;
(... ) Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé èíñòèòóò ïî ðàäèîýêîëîãèè èì.
À.Ä. Ñàõàðîâà, (... )
Óíèâåðñèòåò Ñýððè
(Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ)
(...)
262
øåíñòâîâàíèÿ îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîãðàìì è ïîäãîòîâêè
êàäðîâ äëÿ íóæä è
çàïðîñîâ ðûíî÷íîé
ýêîíîìèêè.
provement of academic programmes for
training specialists for
the needs of market
economy.
â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè äâà îäíîðîäíûõ ÷ëåíà (ñêàçóåìûå), êîòîðûå
äîëæíû áûòü ñîåäèíåíû
ñîþçîì (as well as, ðàç óæ
and âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ðàç);
íà ýòîò ðàç îðôîãðàôèÿ
programmes — áðèòàíñêàÿ
(óìåñòíî, íî íåïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî);
ðóññêîìó ñëîâó «êàäðû»
åñòü ïðÿìîé ýêâèâàëåíò â
àíãëèéñêîì — cadres.
 ðàìêàõ êîíôåðåí- The activities of three Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, section —
öèè áóäóò ðàáîòàòü sections are planned. ýêâèâàëåíò ñëîâà ñåêöèÿ,
íî íà êîíôåðåíöèÿõ îáû÷òðè ñåêöèè:
íî ïðîâîäÿò panel discussions.
Ñåêöèÿ 1. Îáðàçîâà- Section 1. Educational
for
òåëüíûå ïðîãðàììû p r o g r a m m e s
äëÿ ìàëîãî è ñðåäíå- SMEs.
ãî áèçíåñà.
Panel 1. Àááðåâèàòóðà
SMEs çäåñü óìåñòíà
(small-and-medium-size
enterprises).
Ñåêöèÿ 2. Îáó÷åíèå Section 2. Foreign
èíîñòðàííûì ÿçû- Language Training for
êàì äëÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ Specific Purposes.
öåëåé.
Panel 2. Çäåñü âñå ïîñòàâëåíî ñ íîã íà ãîëîâó:
Âî-ïåðâûõ, ñëîâî training
â ýòîì êîíòåêñòå ëó÷øå
çàìåíèòü íà teaching; âîâòîðûõ, èç äàííîãî ïåðåâîäà ñëåäóåò, ÷òî îáó÷àþò
íå àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó äëÿ
ñïåöèàëüíûõ öåëåé, à íà
èíîñòðàííîì ÿçûêå ãîòîâÿò ê ñïåöèàëüíûì öåëÿì.
Section 3. Study and
Training
Abroad:
Problems, Experience, Prospects.
We invite the theses of
Panel 3. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå
study â åäèíñòâ. ÷èñëå çíà÷èò èçó÷åíèå, èññëåäîâàíèå,
à íå îáó÷åíèå (äîïóñòèìî
studies). Çäåñü âïîëíå ìîæ-
Ñåêöèÿ 3. Îáó÷åíèå è
ïîäãîòîâêà çà ðóáåæîì:
ïðîáëåìû,
îïûò, ïåðñïåêòèâû.
( ...) Îðãêîìèòåò
263
êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíèìàåò òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ
è âûñòóïëåíèé äëÿ
ïóáëèêàöèè â ñáîðíèêå êîíôåðåíöèè
äî 5 íîÿáðÿ 2000 ã.
reports at the Confer- íî áûëî îáîéòèñü îäíèì
ence by November 5, ñëîâîì training.
2000.
Ýòî äàæå «âîëüíûì ïåðåâîäîì» íåëüçÿ íàçâàòü. Âîïåðâûõ, ãëàãîë invite îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëþäÿì, à íå ê
íåîäóøåâëåííûì ïðåäìåòàì;
âî-âòîðûõ, íàëèöî êàëüêèðîâàíèå òåðìèíîâ ïðè
ïåðåâîäå: theses — äèññåðòàöèè (îáû÷íî íà ñîèñêàíèå ñòåïåíè ìàãèñòðà) à
òåçèñû — abstracts;
reports — äîêëàäû â ôîðìå îò÷åòà, à äîêëàäû íà
êîíôåðåíöèè — papers èëè
presentations.
â-òðåòüèõ, î ïóáëèêàöèè
â ñáîðíèêå àíãëîÿçû÷íûé
÷èòàòåëü âîîáùå íè÷åãî
íå óçíàë.
Çàäàíèå 1
Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñî ñòàòüåé Åãîðà Ãàéäàðà, äèðåêòîðà Èíñòèòóòà
ýêîíîìèêè ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà (â 1992 ã. — ãëàâà ïðàâèòåëüñòâà
Ðîññèè), îïóáëèêîâàííîé â æóðíàëå «Ôèíàíñû è ðàçâèòèå» è âíèìàòåëüíî èçó÷èòå àíãëèéñêèé âàðèàíò ñòàòüè. Ñðàâíåíèå îðèãèíàëà
ñ ïåðåâîäîì — âàæíûé ýòàï ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ ïåðåâîä÷åñêîãî îïûòà,
îñîáåííî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ ðîäíîãî ÿçûêà íà èíîñòðàííûé. Îòìåòüòå
íàèáîëåå èíòåðåñíûå, ñ Âàøåé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, ìåñòà ïåðåâîäà. Ïîïîëíèòå ñâîé ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêèé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ.
ÓÐÎÊÈ ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÃÎ ÊÐÈÇÈÑÀ ÄËß ÑÒÐÀÍ Ñ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÍÎÉ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÎÉ
LESSONS OF THE RUSSIAN
CRISIS FOR TRANSITION
ECONOMIES
Èç-çà ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûé îãðàíè÷åíèé è ñëàáîãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî êîíòðîëÿ Ðîññèÿ îêàçàëàñü íà
ãðàíè ãèïåðèíôëÿöèè. Óðîê, êîòîðûé èç ýòîãî ìîæíî èçâëå÷ü,
Soft budget constraints and weak administrative controls brought Russia to
the brink of hyperinflation. The lesson
is to disinflate rapidly and to impose
hard budget constraints quickly.
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çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â íåîáõîäèìîñòè áûñòðîé äåçèíôëÿöèè è ââåäåíèÿ æåñòêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé.
Åãîð Ãàéäàð
1. Êàêèå óðîêè ìîãóò áûòü èçâëå÷åíû èç ðîññèéñêîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî
êðèçèñà äðóãèìè ñòðàíàìè ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé? ß áû ìîã ïîäîéòè ê ðàñêðûòèþ äàííîé òåìû,
ïðåäñòàâèâ ìíîæåñòâî ïîäðîáíîñòåé î âàëþòíûõ êóðñàõ, ïðîöåíòíûõ ñòàâêàõ è áþäæåòíîé ïîëèòèêå
èëè, ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, âûçâàëî áû
áîëüøèé èíòåðåñ, ñîîáùèâ ïîäðîáíîñòè îá îøèáêàõ, äîïóùåííûõ
ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì Ðîññèè, ðîññèéñêèì öåíòðàëüíûì áàíêîì, è ýòî
òàê, äàæå ÌÂÔ. ß, îäíàêî, íå ñòàíó ýòîãî äåëàòü, à ñîñðåäîòî÷óñü
âìåñòî ýòîãî íà ïðîáëåìå ìÿãêèõ è
æåñòêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé.
Ìÿãêèå áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ
2. Ïîíÿòèå ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé, îçíà÷àþùåå, ïî ñóòè,
îòñóòñòâèå ôèíàíñîâîé ïîäîò÷åòíîñòè ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ïðåäïðèÿòèé,
áûëî âïåðâûå ðàçðàáîòàíî íåñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèìè ýêîíîìèñòàìè ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì â ðàìêàõ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû. Íà
ìîé âçãëÿä, èñïîëüçîâàíèå äàííîãî òåðìèíà â îòíîøåíèè ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñòðàí ñ ïåðåõîäíîé è ïîñòñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ýêîíîìèêîé ñîâåðøåííî óìåñòíî.
3.  ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ïîëíîìî÷èÿ ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ
íå èìåëè íè÷åãî îáùåãî ñ òåì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè ïðåäïðèÿòèå ðåíòàáåëüíûì èëè íåò. Ìÿãêèå áþäæåòíûå
îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ÿâëÿëèñü îáû÷íî ñëåäñòâèåì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî áþäæåòíîãî ïðîöåññà, ãäå ñîîáðàæåíèÿ ýô-
Yegor Gaidar
1. What lessons does the Russian
financial crisis hold for other
economies in transition? I could approach the topic by providing an
avalanche of details about exchange
rate, interest rate, and budgetary
policies, or, perhaps more interesting, details about errors committed by the Russian government the
Russian central bank, and, yes,
even the IMF. I will not do so, however, but will instead focus on the
problem of soft and hard budget
constraints.
Soft budget constraint
2. The concept of the soft budget
constraint — essentially a lack of financial accountability by enterprise
managers — was first elaborated by
nonsocialist economists for enterprises under the socialist system.
The application of the term to enterprises in transition economies
and in postsocialist economies is,
in my view, entirely appropriate.
3. Under the socialist system, the
authority of the enterprise manager
had nothing to do with whether or
not the enterprise was profitable.
The soft budget constraint was normally the result of a state budget process far removed from considerations of efficiency or profit.
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ôåêòèâíîñòè èëè ïðèáûëè áûëè
êðàéíå äàëåêè.
4. Â óñëîâèÿõ ðûíêà, â ñèëó òîãî
÷òî ïðèáûëü ñîñòàâëÿåò ñàìóþ ñóòü
ïîëíîìî÷èé ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ, ìÿãêèå
áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðåäêîñòüþ è âñåãäà íîñÿò âðåìåííûé õàðàêòåð. Ðûíî÷íàÿ ýêîíîìèêà îñíîâàíà íà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî
æåñòêîé áþäæåòíîé äèñöèïëèíå.
Ìåíåäæåðà, áåçðàçëè÷èå êîòîðîãî ê áþäæåòíûì ñîîáðàæåíèÿì äîâîäèò ïðåäïðèÿòèå äî áàíêðîòñòâà, áûñòðî ïîñòèãàåò íåïðèÿòíàÿ
ó÷àñòü.
4. Under market conditions, because profits are the very essence of a
manager’s authority, the soft budget
constraint is rare and always temporary. The market economy is founded
on very tough budgetary disci pline.
A manager whose indifference to
budgetary considerations allows an
enterprise to fall into bankruptcy suffers a swift and unpleasant fate.
Æåñòêèå àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå
îãðàíè÷åíèÿ
Hard administrative constraint
5. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, â óñëîâèÿõ
ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ìÿãêèå
áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ñîñóùåñòâîâàëè ñ æåñòêèìè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè. Ïîñêîëüêó êàæäîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå áûëî ÷àñòüþ âñåîáúåìëþùåé èåðàðõèè,
ãîñóäàðñòâî îñóùåñòâëÿëî æåñòêèé
êîíòðîëü çà íàçíà÷åíèåì ðóêîâîäèòåëåé è îáåñïå÷èâàëî âûïîëíåíèå èìè ïîñòàâëåííûõ çàäà÷,
âêëþ÷àÿ äîñòèæåíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ
ñîöèàëüíûõ öåëåé.
5. On the other hand, under the socialist system, soft budget constraints
coexisted with hard administrative
constraints. Since each enterprise was
part of a comprehensive hierarchy, the
state exercised rigid control over the
appointment of managers and made
sure that they fulfilled the tasks assigned to them, including the
achievement of wide-ranging social
aims.
6. Îäíàêî, ñ íà÷àëîì ðàçâàëà òîòàëèòàðíûõ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìîâ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûé êîíòðîëü çà ðóêîâîäèòåëÿìè ïðåäïðèÿòèé òàêæå ïðåêðàòèëñÿ. Íà îïðåäåëåííîì ýòàïå ðàçâèòèÿ âñåõ
ïîñòñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàí ýòî
ÿâëåíèå ïðèâåëî ê ôàòàëüíîìó ñî÷åòàíèþ ìÿãêîãî áþäæåòíîãî êîíòðîëÿ è ìÿãêîãî èëè íåñóùåñòâóþùåãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî êîíòðîëÿ.
6. When, however, the totalitarian
socialist regimes began to disintegrate, administrative control over the
enterprise managers also fell apart. In
some stage of development in all
postsocialist economies this phenomenon led to a fatal combination of
soft budget controls and soft or nonexistent administrative controls.
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7. ×òîáû ïîíÿòü ïîëîæåíèå ðóêîâîäèòåëåé â ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå, ïîïûòàéòåñü ïðåäñòàâèòü
ñåáå ýêîíîìèêó, â êîòîðîé âëàäåëüöó ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íåò íóæäû
áåñïîêîèòüñÿ â ñëó÷àå îòñóòñòâèÿ
ó ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ïðèáûëè. Îí çíàåò,
÷òî ñëàáûé èòîãîâûé ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò êîìïåíñèðîâàí ñ ïîìîùüþ
ðàçëè÷íûõ áþäæåòíûõ äîãîâîðåííîñòåé, íàïðèìåð, ñóáñèäèé, êðåäèòîâ íà ëüãîòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ è âîçìîæíîñòè äîïóñòèòü íàêîïëåíèå
çàäîëæåííîñòè ïî íàëîãàì áåç íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé. Ïðåäñòàâüòå ñåáå, ÷òî ýòî îçíà÷àëî áû
äëÿ îáùåé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðûíî÷íîãî ìåõàíèçìà!
7. To understand the attitude of managers in the socialist system, try to
imagine an economy in which an enterprise owner has no need to be concerned when the enterprise fails to
turn a profit. He knows that a weak bottom line will be compensated by various budgetary understandings, such
as subsidies, loans on easy terms, and
the possibility of allowing tax arrears
to build up without untoward consequences. Imagine what this would
mean for the general efficiency of the
market mechanism!
8. Âî-ïåðâûõ, ýòî îçíà÷àëî áû,
÷òî îáû÷íûå ðûíî÷íûå èíñòðóìåíòû ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ
îò ïëîõî ôóíêöèîíèðóþùèõ íåýôôåêòèâíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ê áîëåå
ýôôåêòèâíûì ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì íå
ðàáîòàþò. Ðûíî÷íàÿ äèñöèïëèíà
áûëà áû ñâåäåíà íà íåò.
8. First, it would mean that the usual
market instruments for redistributing
resources from poorly functioning, inefficient enterprises to better functioning, efficient ones would not work.
The disci pline of the market would
be rendered ineffectual.
9. Âî-âòîðûõ, ïîñêîëüêó ìÿãêèå
áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íåñîâìåñòèìû ñî ñïðàâåäëèâîé è ýôôåêòèâíîé íàëîãîâîé ñèñòåìîé, íàëîãîâûå îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ïðåäïðèÿòèé
ñòàëè áû íà ïðàêòèêå îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íå íàëîãîâûì çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì, à óñëîâèÿìè äîãîâîðà, çàêëþ÷åííîãî â ðåçóëüòàòå ïåðåãîâîðîâ
ìåæäó ïðåäïðèÿòèåì è âëàñòÿìè.
Òàêèå ïåðåãîâîðû íåèçáåæíî âåäóò ê êîððóïöèè.
9. Second, because soft budget constraints are incompatible with an equitable and efficient tax system, the
enterprise’s tax obligation would be
determined in practice not by tax law
but by the terms of a contract negotiated between the enterprise and the
state authorities. Such negotiations invariably lead to corruption.
Íàèõóäøåå ñî÷åòàíèå
Worst of both worlds
10. Êàê ÿ òîëüêî ÷òî îòìåòèë,
ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ïîñò-êîììóíèñòè÷åñêèå ñòðàíû ñòîëêíóëèñü ñ ïðî-
10. As I just mentioned, practically
all post-communist countries have experienced problems with this combi267
áëåìàìè, ïðîèñòåêàþùèìè èç ïîäîáíîãî ñî÷åòàíèÿ ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûé îãðàíè÷åíèé è ìÿãêèõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. Êàêîâî ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó ýêîíîìèêîé
«ðûíî÷íûõ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ»
ñòðàí äî íà÷àëà ïðîâåäåíèÿ ñåðüåçíîé ðåôîðìû è íà ïîñò-êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîì ýòàïå? Äî íà÷àëà ðåôîðì íà ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ïðåäïðèÿòèé æåñòêî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿëàñü ñèñòåìà òîòàëèòàðíîãî ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî êîíòðîëÿ. Îíè äîëæíû áûëè
âåñòè ñåáÿ äîëæíûì îáðàçîì. Îíè
äîëæíû áûëè äåìîíñòðèðîâàòü,
÷òî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëîÿëüíûìè ÷ëåíàìè
ïàðòèè.
nation of soft budget constraints and
soft administrative constraints. What
is the difference between “market socialist” economies before the start of
serious reform and in the post-communist reality? Before the reforms,
enterprise managers were firmly under a system of totalitarian political
control. They had to behave. They had
to show that they were loyal members of the party.
11. Òàêæå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, âåðíî è
òî, ÷òî ìíîãèå ðóêîâîäèòåëè çàïóñêàëè ðóêó â êàññó ïðåäïðèÿòèé,
îáîãàùàÿ ñåáÿ è ñâîè ñåìüè. Îäíàêî, ñóùåñòâîâàëè ïðåäåëû ïîäîáíûõ íàðóøåíèé. Ïðåäïðèÿòèå
ïî-ïðåæíåìó äîëæíî áûëî âûïîëíÿòü òðåáîâàíèÿ öåíòðàëüíîãî ïëàíà è îáåñïå÷èâàòü áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå
ñâîèõ ðàáîòíèêîâ. Íåèñïîëíåíèå
îñíîâíûõ óïðàâëåí÷åñêèõ îáÿçàííîñòåé ðàññìàòðèâàëîñü áû êàê
íàðóøåíèå ðóêîâîäèòåëåì êîíòðàêòà ñ ïîëèòè÷åñêèì èñòåáëèøìåíòîì. Ýòî ïðîñòî íå ïðàêòèêîâàëîñü è ìîãëî èìåòü ñåðüåçíûå
ïîñëåäñòâèÿ äëÿ ïðîâèíèâøåãîñÿ
ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ.
11. It is also unfortunately true that
many managers skimmed off funds
from the enterprises, enriching themselves and their families. There were
limits to such transgressions, however. The enterprise still had to meet
the requirements of the central plan
and still had to provide for the welfare of its workers. Failure to carry out
fundamental managerial duties would
be regarded as breaking the manager’s
contract with the political establishment. This was simply not done and
could result in serious repercussions
for the offending manager.
12. Ïîñëå êðàõà êîììóíèçìà òîòàëèòàðíûé ðåæèì ñî âñåìè ñâîèìè ñîöèàëüíûìè è àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè ïðåêðàòèë ñóùåñòâîâàíèå. Çàòåì ñëàáûå
áþäæåòíûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ñëàáûìè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè ïîâëåêëè
12. After the crash of communism,
the totalitarian regime, with all its
social and administrative restraints,
ceased to exist. Then, the combination of soft budget constraints and soft
administrative constraints produced
most undesirable consequences for
the enterprises, for society, and for
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êðàéíå íåæåëàòåëüíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ äëÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, îáùåñòâà è
ýêîíîìèêè â öåëîì. Ïîäîáíîå ðàçâèòèå ñîáûòèé áûëî àáñîëþòíî
ïðåäñêàçóåìûì ñ ó÷åòîì ñîöèàëüíûõ óñëîâèé, ñëîæèâøèõñÿ ïîñëå
ðàçâàëà òîòàëèòàðíîãî ðåæèìà.
the economy as a whole. These developments were entirely to be expected, given the social environment
that emerged after the breakup of
the totalitarian regime.
13. Ïî÷åìó? Âî-ïåðâûõ, â ñèëó
ìèðîâîççðåíèÿ, ãëóáîêî óêîðåíèâøåãîñÿ çà 70 ëåò ñîöèàëèçìà.
Îòíþäü íå ÿâëÿÿñü îáîñîáëåííûìè ñóáúåêòàìè, ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü â êà÷åñòâå ñîñòàâíîé
÷àñòè ãîñóäàðñòâà, ïðîäóêòà ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé èíäóñòðèàëèçàöèè. Êàê ìîæíî áûëî íàêàçûâàòü
òî èëè èíîå ïðåäïðèÿòèå íà òîì
áàíàëüíîì îñíîâàíèè, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå êàêîãî-òî âðåìåíè îíî íå
ìîãëî âûïîëíÿòü ñâîèõ íàëîãîâûõ
îáÿçàòåëüñòâ? Ýòî áûëî áû àáñóðäíî: äîëã ãîñóäàðñòâà — çàáîòèòüñÿ
î ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ, à íå íàîáîðîò.
13. Why? First, because of a mindset deeply ingrained over 70 years
of socialism. Far from being distinct
entities, enterprises were regarded as
part of the state, a result of socialist
industrialization. How could an enterprise be disci plined on the trivial
grounds that for a time it was unable
to fulfill its tax obligations? It would
be absurd: the duty of the state was
to provide for the enterprise, not the
other way around.
14. Âî-âòîðûõ, ïîñêîëüêó ðóêîâîäèòåëè ïðåäïðèÿòèé ÿâëÿëèñü ÷àñòüþ ñîöèàëüíîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû
òîòàëèòàðíîãî îáùåñòâà, îíè íè÷åì íå îòëè÷àëèñü îò äðóãèõ äîëæíîñòíûõ ëèö ãîñàäìèíèñòðàöèè.
Îíè âìåñòå ïîñåùàëè óíèâåðñèòåò, âìåñòå ðàáîòàëè, îáùàëèñü
äðóã ñ äðóãîì. Îíè òàêæå ìîãëè
âñòóïàòü â ñãîâîð äðóã ñ äðóãîì.
Åñëè òîëüêî íå ñóùåñòâîâàëè êîìïåíñèðóþùèå ïîëèòè÷åñêèå è
ïðàâîâûå çàùèòíûå ìåõàíèçìû (à
â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå òàêîâûõ
áûëî íåìíîãî), ïîäîáíîå ñî÷åòàíèå ñëàáîãî áþäæåòíîãî êîíòðîëÿ, ñëàáîãî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîãî
êîíòðîëÿ è êóìîâñòâà ïîðîæäàëî
íåýôôåêòèâíóþ, çàñòîéíóþ è
÷ðåçâû÷àéíî êîððóìïèðîâàííóþ
ñðåäó.
14. Second, because enterprise managers were part of the social infrastructure of the totalitarian society,
they were in no way different from
other officials in state administration. They had gone to university together, they worked together, they
socialized with one another. They
could also collude together. Unless
they were countervailing political and
legal safeguards — and over the past
decade there have been few — this
combination of feeble budgetary controls, weak administrative controls,
and “old boy” cronyism engendered
an inefficient, stagnant, and extremely corrupt environment.
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Ìåðû ïî èñïðàâëåíèþ ïîëîæåíèÿ
Remedies
15. ×òî ìîãëî áû èçìåíèòü äàííóþ
ñèòóàöèþ? Êàêèå ñèëû ìîãëè áû
ïîäòîëêíóòü ýêîíîìèêó ê óæåñòî÷åíèþ îãðàíè÷åíèé äëÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèé? Ïåðâîå íåîáõîäèìîå óñëîâèå — ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû îãðîìíûõ áþäæåòíûõ äèñáàëàíñîâ è èçáûòêà äåíåæíîé ìàññû, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîå íàñëåäèå ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ýïîõè.
Ñòðåìëåíèå ÷àñòè ïîëèòè÷åñêîé
ýëèòû ñîáëþñòè çàïàäíûå íîðìû
ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñòàáèëèçàöèè
òðåáóåò çàìåäëåíèÿ òåìïîâ äåíåæíîé ýìèññèè, ñîêðàùåíèÿ áþäæåòíîãî äåôèöèòà è óñòðàíåíèÿ ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé (âêëþ÷àÿ êðàéíå æåñòêóþ ïîçèöèþ â îòíîøåíèè çàäîëæåííîñòè ïî íàëîãàì).
15. What could change this situation? What forces could nudge the
economy in the direction of tighter
restraints on the enterprises? The
first prerequisite is to deal with the
huge budget imbalances and monetary overhang that remain as the
macroeconomic legacy of the socialist era. Aspirations on the part of the
political elite to confirm to Western
norms of macroeconomic stabilization require a slowdown in the rate
of monetary creation, a reduction in
the budget deficit, and the elimination of the soft budget constraints
(including a very hard stand against
tax arrears).
16. Â òàêèõ ñòðàíàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé
Åâðîïû, êàê Âåíãðèÿ è Ïîëüøà,
îêàçàâøèõñÿ â àíàëîãè÷íîé ñèòóàöèè, ãäå óêàçàííûå óñòðåìëåíèÿ
áûëè ïîäêðåïëåíû ïðèâåðæåííîñòüþ ýëèòû âñòóïèòü â Åâðîïåéñêèé
Ñîþç, ïðàâèòåëüñòâà íà ðàííåì
ýòàïå ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà ðåøèòåëüíî è áûñòðî óñòàíîâèëè äëÿ
ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñåðüåçíóþ, åñëè íå
ñêàçàòü æåñòêóþ, ôèíàíñîâóþ äèñöèïëèíó. Èõ ðåøèìîñòü áûëà òàêîâà, ÷òî óæå â íà÷àëå ïåðåõîäíîãî
ïåðèîäà îíè ñìîãëè èçæèòü óêîðåíèâøóþñÿ òðàäèöèþ ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé.
16. In Central European countries,
such as Hungary and Poland, that
found themselves in a similar situation, and where these aspirations
were reinforced by the elite’s commitment to join the European
Union, governments acted resolutely and quickly to impose serious, not to say harsh, financial disci pline on enterprises during the
early stage of the transition. Their
resolution was such, that they were
able to eradicate the institutionalized cultures of the soft budget constraint soon after the transition began.
17. ×åøñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èíòåðåñíûé ïðèìåð, ïîñêîëüêó ñðåäè âñåõ ñîöèàëèñòè÷å-
17. The Czech Republic provides
an interesting example because, of
all the socialist countries, it found
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ñêèõ ñòðàí åå ôèíàíñîâîå ïîëîæåíèå íà ìîìåíò ðàçâàëà ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ýêîíîìèêè îêàçàëîñü íàèëó÷øèì è îñòàâàëîñü ïðî÷íûì â
ïåðâûå ãîäû ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà.
Ïîääàâøèñü ÷óâñòâó ñàìîóñïîêîåííîñòè â ðåçóëüòàòå ñâîèõ ôèíàíñîâûõ ïðåèìóùåñòâ, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî íå ñòàëî âñåðüåç äîáèâàòüñÿ óæåñòî÷åíèÿ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé
â îòíîøåíèè ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðåâîçíîñèìóþ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü
×åøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî çàòÿíóëî ñ íà÷àëîì ðåñòðóêòóðèçàöèè, äîïóñòèâ ñîõðàíåíèå â
ïåðâûå òðè ãîäà ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé â îòíîøåíèè êðóïíûõ ãîñïðåäïðèÿòèé è ïðèíÿâ çàêîí î áàíêðîòñòâå ëèøü â 1993 ãîäó.  ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîé çàäåðæêè òðè öåííûõ ãîäà
äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ áûëè ïîòåðÿíû.
itself in the best financial condition
at the moment of the crash of the
socialist economy, and its financial
condition remained strong during the
first years of transition. Lulled into
complacency as a result of its financial advantages, the government
failed to push seriously to harden
budget constraints on enterprises.
Despite the Czech Republic’s
vaunted macroeconomic efficiency,
the government delayed restructuring, allowing the large state enterprises to continue to enjoy soft budget constraints during first three years
of transition and implementing a
bankruptcy law only in 1993. The result of the delay was the loss of three
precious years of development.
18.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ â
ïîñò-ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàíàõ
íåîòäåëèìà îò ìèêðîýêîíîìèêè.
Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ íå ìîæåò ïðîäâèãàòüñÿ âïåðåä áåç áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé íà óðîâíå ïðåäïðèÿòèé
è îáùåé ðåîðãàíèçàöèè íåýôôåêòèâíûõ îïåðàöèé.  Ðîññèè, ðàçóìååòñÿ, ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà â ïåðâûå ãîäû ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà áûëà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ñëàáîé, â îñíîâíîì, èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ
ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî êîíñåíñóñà è ðàçîáùåííîñòè ïîëèòè÷åñêîé âëàñòè (î
÷åì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò áóðíàÿ èíôëÿöèÿ â ýòè ãîäû). Íåäîñòàòî÷íûå
áþäæåòíûå è äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíûå
îãðàíè÷åíèÿ íà ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîì óðîâíå ñî÷åòàëèñü ñ íåäîñòà-
18. In the majority of cases, macroeconomic stabilization in the postsocialist countries is inseparable from
the microeconomy. Stabilization cannot go forward without budgetary restraint at the enterprise level and a
wholesale restructuring of inefficient
operations. In Russia, of course,
macroeconomic policy during the
first years of transition was extremely
weak, mainly because of a lack of political consensus and a division of
political power (as evidenced by
rampant inflation during those years).
Inadequate budgetary and monetary
constraints at the macroeconomic
level combined with inadequate budgetary constraints at the enterprise
level.
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òî÷íûìè áþäæåòíûìè îãðàíè÷åíèÿìè íà óðîâíå ïðåäïðèÿòèé.
Ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå áþäæåòà
Financing the budget
19. Êî âðåìåíè ïðåäïðèíÿòîé â Ðîññèè ïîïûòêè äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé
ñòàáèëèçàöèè èíôëÿöèÿ ïðèâåëà ê
ñîêðàùåíèþ êàññîâûõ îñòàòêîâ è
ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñêëþ÷èëà âîçìîæíîñòü ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ áþäæåòíûõ
äåôèöèòîâ. Íàñåëåíèå èçíåìîãàëî îò
ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîé èíôëÿöèè. Ñ ìîìåíòà êðóøåíèÿ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé
ýêîíîìèêè ñèòóàöèÿ âåñüìà ïåðåìåíèëàñü è ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëà î áåçðàññóäñòâå îòêëàäûâàíèÿ ðåôîðì.
19. By the time monetary stabilization was attempted in Russia, inflation had eroded cash balances
and made the financing of budget
deficits all but impossible. People
were sick of the prolonged inflation.
The situation was quite different
from what it had been at the moment of the collapse of the socialist economy and demonstrated the
folly of delaying reform.
20. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîêðàùåíèÿ äåíåæíûõ îñòàòêîâ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì èíôëÿöèè îòíîøåíèå äåíåã ê ÂÂÏ
îêàçàëîñü çíà÷èòåëüíî íèæå, ÷åì â
ñëó÷àå, åñëè áû ïîïûòêà ïðîâåäåíèÿ äåôëÿöèîííîé ïîëèòèêè áûëà
ïðåäïðèíÿòà ðàíüøå. Êðîìå òîãî,
ñâîáîäíîå íàêîïëåíèå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè çàäîëæåííîñòè ïî íàëîãàì òàêæå ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî ñîêðàùåíèþ
áþäæåòíûõ ïîñòóïëåíèé. Áðîñèòü
âûçîâ ýòîé óêîðåíèâøåéñÿ ïðàêòèêå è òåì áîëåå èçìåíèòü åå áûëî
êðàéíå òðóäíî.
20. The erosion of monetary balances by inflation made the ration
of money to GDP much lower
than it would have been if
disinflation had been attempted at
an earlier stage. Moreover, the freedom of enterprises to accumulate
tax arrears also contributed to an
erosion of budgetary recei pts.It was
very difficult to challenge, let alone
change, this firmly established
habit.
21. Ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðàâèòåëüñòâà çàèìñòâîâàòü íà âíóòðåííåì ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå äëÿ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ
äåôèöèòà êðàéíå îãðàíè÷èâàëàñü íåäîñòàòêîì êàññîâûõ îñòàòêîâ â ýêîíîìèêå. Åãî áþäæåòíûå äîõîäû áûëè
íèçêèìè êàê â àáñîëþòíîì âûðàæåíèè, òàê è â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äîõîäàìè
òåõ ñòðàí ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé,
â êîòîðûõ ïðîöåññ ðåôîðì áûë íà÷àò ðàíüøå. È, êàçàëîñü, îíî íå áûëî
ñïîñîáíî ïðèíÿòü çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî
î ðåçêîì ñîêðàùåíèè ðàñõîäîâ, íå-
21. The government’s ability to
borrow in the domestic Russian
market to finance the deficit was
severely limited by the lack of cash
balances in the economy. Its budgetary revenues were low, both absolutely and relative to revenues in
those transition economies that had
begun the reform process earlier.
And it seemed unable to legislate
the drastic cuts in expenditures necessary for monetary stabilization.
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îáõîäèìîì äëÿ äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé
ñòàáèëèçàöèè.
22. Â ïåðèîä ñ 1995 ãîäà ïî ïåðâóþ
ïîëîâèíó 1998 ãîäà ïðàâèòåëüñòâî
âåëî áîðüáó ïðîòèâ íåæåñòêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé íà óðîâíå
ïðåäïðèÿòèé, îãðîìíûõ áþäæåòíûõ äèñáàëàíñîâ íà ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîì óðîâíå è ñëàáîé äåíåæíîêðåäèòíîé ïîëèòèêè. Åìó óäàëîñü
óæåñòî÷èòü äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíóþ ïîëèòèêó, îäíàêî îíî ïðîäîëæàëî
áèòüñÿ íàä ìèêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè
è ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè áþäæåòíûìè ïðîáëåìàìè.
22. Between 1995 and the first half
of 1998, the government struggled
against easy budgetary restraints at
the enterprise level, huge budgetary
imbalances at the macroeconomic
level, and weak monetary policy. It
succeeded in tightening monetary
policy, but it continued to struggle
with its microeconomic and macroeconomic budgetary problems.
23. Â 1995-1998 ãîäû ïðîáëåìà ñîáèðàåìîñòè íàëîãîâ íå ÿâëÿëàñü
ïðîáëåìîé íàëîãîâîé àäìèíèñòðàöèè â îáû÷íîì ñìûñëå. Ýòî áûëà
ñêîðåå ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ áîðüáà âîêðóã
òîãî, â ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ ñóùåñòâî
ôîðìèðóþùåéñÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
ñèñòåìû, äîëæíà ëè îíà ñòàòü ñèñòåìîé, â êîòîðîé âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ
ìåæäó ãîñóäàðñòâîì è ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè áóäóò ðåãóëèðîâàòüñÿ çàêîíîì èëè ñîõðàíèòñÿ ïðåæíÿÿ ïðàêòèêà, îñíîâàííàÿ íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî âëèÿíèÿ è ëè÷íûõ êîíòàêòîâ.
23. During 1995-98, the problem of
tax collection was not a problem of
tax administration in the usual sense.
It was more a political struggle about
what constituted the essence of the
emerging economic system, whether
it was to be a system in which the
relationshi p between the state and
the enterprises was to be regulated
by law or whether it would be business as usual, based on political influence and personal contacts.
24. Ðåçóëüòàòîì ýòîé áîðüáû ñòàëî, ÿ áû ñêàçàë, ïîëóðàâíîâåñèå,
ïðè êîòîðîì áþäæåòíûé äåôèöèò
ñòàáèëèçèðîâàëñÿ íà óðîâíå ïðèìåðíî 6% èëè 7% ÂÂÏ; îäíàêî, äëÿ
ñîêðàùåíèÿ äàííîãî ïîêàçàòåëÿ îòñóòñòâîâàëà äîñòàòî÷íàÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ïîääåðæêà. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â
äîëãîñðî÷íîé ïåðñïåêòèâå äåôèöèòû ïîäîáíûõ ìàñøòàáîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ
ýêîíîìè÷åñêè íåïðèåìëåìûìè.
Îíè ìîãóò, âåðîÿòíî, ñîõðàíÿòüñÿ
îäèí èëè äâà ãîäà, îäíàêî çàòåì
24. The result of the struggle was
what I would call a semi-equilibrium
in which the budget deficit was stabilized at around 6 or 7 percent of
GDP, but there was not enough political support to reduce this figure.
Obviously, deficits of this magnitude
are unsustainable in the long run.
They can continue perhaps for a year
or two, but then the government
must either cut expenditures and restructure the interface between the
state and the enterprises or forget
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ïðàâèòåëüñòâî äîëæíî ëèáî ñîêðàòèòü ðàñõîäû è ïåðåñòðîèòü âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ãîñóäàðñòâà è ïðåäïðèÿòèé
èëè îòêàçàòüñÿ îò èäåè äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé ñòàáèëèçàöèè. Âûáîð ÿñåí.
about monetary stabilization. The
choice is clear.
Íûíåøíèå îïàñíîñòè
Present dangers
25. Êàðäèíàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ôèíàíñîâîãî êëèìàòà ñ
1997 ãîäà ñîçäàåò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ îïàñíîñòü äëÿ ðîññèéñêîé ýêîíîìèêè ñ
åå ñëàáîé ôèíàíñîâîé ïîëèòèêîé.
Áóäó÷è íåñïîñîáíûì ñîêðàòèòü áþäæåòíûé äåôèöèò, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî
Ðîññèè èñïûòûâàåò êðàéíèå çàòðóäíåíèÿ ñ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèåì äåôèöèòà öåëèêîì çà ñ÷åò çàèìñòâîâàíèé ó
ÌÂÔ è Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î åùå áîëüøèõ òðóäíîñòÿõ
èçûñêàíèÿ êîììåð÷åñêèõ êðåäèòîâ
äëÿ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ äåôèöèòà. Åãî
ñïîñîáíîñòü ïîëó÷àòü êîììåð÷åñêèå
çàéìû çàâèñèò îò êîëåáàíèÿ íàñòðîåíèÿ íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ôèíàíñîâûõ
ðûíêàõ.
25. Radical changes in the international financial climate since
1997 have posed a considerable
threat to the Russian economy
with its weak financial policies.
Unable to reduce the budget deficit, the Russian government is
finding it extremely difficult to finance the gap entirely by borrowing from the IMF and the World
Bank. Needless to say, it is experiencing even more difficulty in finding commercial credits to finance
the deficit. Its ability to borrow
commercially depends on swings
in the mood of the international
financial markets.
26. Åñëè ýòè ðûíêè íàñòðîåíû îïòèìèñòè÷íî è íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ïîäúåìå, òî âîçíèêàåò îïðåäåëåííàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü äëÿ ìàíåâðèðîâàíèÿ, îäíàêî â ñëó÷àå èçìåíåíèÿ íàñòðîåíèé
çàåìùèê îêàçûâàåòñÿ â î÷åíü ñåðüåçíîé ëîâóøêå. Èíîñòðàííûå èíâåñòîðû êðàéíå îñòåðåãàþòñÿ ðèñêîâàòü
â óñëîâèÿõ íåïðåäñêàçóåìîé ïîëèòèêè â îòíîøåíèè îáìåííîãî êóðñà:
äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ êàïèòàëîâ íåîáõîäèì òðàíñïàðåíòíûé è ñòàáèëüíûé
îáìåííûé êóðñ. Åñëè âàëþòíûå ðèñêè íå õåäæèðóþòñÿ, òî ïðèòîêà êàïèòàëîâ íå ïðîèñõîäèò.
26. If these markets are optimistic and expansive, there is some
breathing space, but if the mood
changes, the borrower is caught
in a very serious trap. Foreign investors are extremely wary of taking chances with an unpredictable
exchange rate policy: to attract
capital, you must have a transparent and stable exchange rate. Capital inflows will not occur if currency risks are not hedged.
27. Â ïåðèîä ñ îñåíè 1997 ãîäà ïî
àâãóñò 1998 ãîäà ðîññèéñêîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñòîÿëî ïåðåä âûáîðîì ìå-
27. Between the autumn of 1997
and August 1998, the Russian government faced a choice between
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æäó äâóìÿ âîçìîæíûìè ñòðàòåãèÿìè. Ïåðâàÿ ñîñòîÿëà â òîì, ÷òîáû ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü íàëè÷èå ó
íåãî ïîëèòè÷åñêîé âîëè ê óæåñòî÷åíèþ áþäæåòà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñâîèõ îòíîøåíèé ñ
êðóïíûìè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè, íàïðèìåð, íåôòåãàçîâîãî ñåêòîðà,
ïóòåì ââåäåíèÿ æåñòêèõ áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé. Âòîðàÿ ñâîäèëàñü ê êàïèòóëÿöèè è îòêàçó îò ïîïûòêè ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ïðîâåäåíèþ
àíòèèíôëÿöèîííîé ïîëèòèêè. Ê
ñîæàëåíèþ, ïîïûòêà óæåñòî÷èòü
áþäæåòíóþ ïîëèòèêó íå ïîëó÷èëà äîñòàòî÷íîé ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ïîääåðæêè. Ðåçóëüòàò áûë íåèçáåæåí:
ïðîäîëæåíèå ìÿãêèõ áþäæåòíûõ
îãðàíè÷åíèé, íåæåñòêîé áþäæåòíîé ïîëèòèêè è íåæåñòêîé äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé ïîëèòèêè.
two possible strategies. The first was
to demonstrate that it had the political will to tighten the budget by reforming its relationshi p with large
enterprises, such as those in the oil
and gas sectors, through the imposition of hard budget constraints. The
second was to give up, abandoning
the attempt to promote anti-inflation
policies. Unfortunately, the attempt
to tighten budgetary policy received
insufficient political support. The result was inevitable: the continuation
of soft budget constraints, soft budget policy, and soft monetary policy.
28. Êàê ïîêàçàëè ïåðâûå øàãè íîâîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, ñôîðìèðîâàííîãî â ñåíòÿáðå 1998 ãîäà, îíî
òàêæå áåçîãîâîðî÷íî îòäàåò ïðåäïî÷òåíèå íåæåñòêîé áþäæåòíîé
àëüòåðíàòèâå.  ÷åì ñîñòîÿëè ýòè
ïåðâûå øàãè? Âî-ïåðâûõ, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî çàêëþ÷èëî íàëîãîâûå ñîãëàøåíèÿ ñ êðóïíåéøèìè íàëîãîïëàòåëüùèêàìè Ðîññèè, èíñòèòóöèàëèçèðîâàâ òàêèì îáðàçîì
ïðàêòèêó óñòàíîâëåíèÿ íàëîãîâûõ
îáÿçàòåëüñòâ íà îñíîâàíèè ñîãëàøåíèÿ, à íå çàêîíà. Âî-âòîðûõ,
îíî èíñòèòóöèàëèçèðîâàëî òàêæå
ñèñòåìó äåíåæíûõ çà÷åòîâ, ïîçâîëèâ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì âíîñèòü íàëîãè â íàòóðàëüíîì âèäå è ñïèñàâ
çàäîëæåííîñòü ñ ïðåäïðèÿòèé
ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ñåêòîðà.
28. The first steps of the new government formed in September 1998
showed that it, too, very much preferred the soft budget alternative What
were these first steps? First, it negotiated tax agreements with the largest
Russian taxpayers, thus institutionalizing the practice of defining tax obligations not by law, but by agreement. Second, it also institutionalized
a system of monetary offsets by allowing enterprises to pay taxes in kind
and by forgiving the debts of enterprises in the agricultural sector.
29. Ýòî íå èçîëèðîâàííûå èíèöèàòèâû. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòüþ îá-
29. These are not isolated initiatives.
They are part of comprehensive policy
275
ùåé ïîëèòèêè (äàæå åñëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ýòîãî íå ïðèçíàåò), íàïðàâëåííîé ïî ñóòè ñâîåé íà òî,
÷òîáû ïîçâîëèòü ýëèòå ñîõðàíèòü
êîíòðîëü çà öåííûì èìóùåñòâîì è
ïðîäîëæàòü óïðàâëÿòü ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè, íåâçèðàÿ íà óðîâåíü èõ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ãîñóäàðñòâî ðàñïëà÷èâàåòñÿ ïî ñ÷åòàì.
Èìåííî ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò â Ðîññèè â
ïîñëåäíèå ïÿòü ìåñÿöåâ.
(even if the government does not
recognize it) whose essence is to
enable an elite to retain control
over valuable properties, regardless of their level of efficiency,
while the state picks up the tab.
This is what has been happening
in Russia during the past five
months.
Ðåêîìåíäàöèè
30.  çàêëþ÷åíèå ÿ õîòåë áû
ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü ðÿä óðîêîâ èç ðîññèéñêîãî îïûòà.
· Åñëè ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà áîëüøå íå ôóíêöèîíèðóåò, òî ïðàâèòåëüñòâó ñëåäóåò êàê
ìîæíî áûñòðåå ïîïûòàòüñÿ îñóùåñòâèòü äåçèíôëÿöèþ. Îòëîæåííàÿ äåçèíôëÿöèÿ áóäåò çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå áîëåçíåííîé.
· Åñëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñòîèò ïåðåä
íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ îòñðî÷êè äåçèíôëÿöèè, åìó ñëåäóåò ðàäèêàëüíî ñîêðàòèòü áþäæåòíûé
äåôèöèò.
· Ñëåäóåò îòêàçàòüñÿ îò èëëþçèé
î âîçìîæíîñòè ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ äåôèöèòà ñ ïîìîùüþ êðàòêîñðî÷íîãî ïîðòôåëÿ.
· Ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü çàâèñèìîñòü
ðåæèìà îáìåííîãî êóðñà îò èçìåíåíèé öåí íà ñûðüåâûå òîâàðû.
· Cëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü, ÷òî óæåñòî÷åíèå áþäæåòíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé
èìååò âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå íå òîëüêî äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ áþäæåòíûõ
äîõîäîâ, íî òàêæå äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ
óñëîâèé äëÿ ðàáîòû ðûíî÷íûõ
ìåõàíèçìîâ è, òàêèì îáðàçîì,
ïîâûøåíèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîñòè
ýêîíîìèêè.
A word of advice
30. In conclusion, I would draw a
number of lessons from the Russian experience:
· If the socialist economy no
longer functions, the government should try to disinflate
as rapidly as possible. A delayed
disinflation will be much more
painful.
· If the government is confronted with delayed disinflation, it should cut budget deficit radically.
· The illusion of being able to
finance the deficit out of a
short-term portfolio should be
abandoned.
· Consideration should be given
to the vulnerability of the exchange rate regime to changes
in commodity prices.
· It should be understood that
hardening the budget constraint is important not only
for raising budget revenues but
also for allowing market
mechanisms to work and thus
for increasing the efficiency of
the economy.
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Çàäàíèå 2
Ñäåëàéòå ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè Êàòåðèíû Ñóõîâîé «Ñ çàéìîì ïðèäåòñÿ ïîäîæäàòü», îïóáëèêîâàííîé â «Áåëîðóññêîé ãàçåòå», îïèðàÿñü
íà êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ, âûäåëåííûå êóðñèâîì è ïîìåùåííûå â ïðàâîé êîëîíêå. Îçíàêîìüòåñü ñ âàðèàíòîì ðåôåðàòèâíîãî ïåðåâîäà ñòàòüè íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ïîìåùåííûé âñëåä çà òåêñòîì ñòàòüè.
1. Ïîë Ñèãåëüáàóì, äèðåêòîð îòäåëà ñòðàí Óêðàèíû è Áåëàðóñè, è
Ðóò Áàõìàåð, èñïîëíèòåëüíûé äèðåêòîð Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà, íåäàâíî îçíàêîìèëè îáùåñòâåííîñòü ñ
áàíêîâñêîé «Ñòðàòåãèåé ïîìîùè
Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü».
Paul Siegelbaum; division;
2. Áàíêîâñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè Ñîâìèíó ïî óëó÷øåíèþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò íèñêîëüêî íå èçìåíèëèñü. Ïî ìíåíèþ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ÂÁ,
ðåæèì ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ öåí, òîðãîâûõ íàäáàâîê ïî-ïðåæíåìó íå áëàãîñêëîíåí ê ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì, çàòðóäíÿåò ïðîäàæó òîâàðîâ â ñòðàíå è
ñòèìóëèðóåò èõ âûâîç â Ðîññèþ,
ñîçäàâàÿ òîâàðíûé äåôèöèò â ñàìîé Áåëàðóñè.
Council of Ministers;
on the improvement;
over the recent years;
3. Êðåäèòíàÿ ýìèññèÿ ïðîäîëæàåò îêàçûâàòü èíôëÿöèîííîå äàâëåíèå, äåëàÿ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå ýêîíîìèêè óáûòî÷íûì. Òîëüêî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå ïðîâåäåíèå ðåôîðì,
ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ, èñïðàâëåíèå ðåæèìà îáìåííîãî êóðñà è äðóæåëþáíîå îòíîøåíèå ê ÷àñòíîìó áèçíåñó ñïîñîáíû ïðèâëå÷ü èíâåñòîðîâ
â ñòðàíó.
4. Ï. Ñèãåëüáàóì ïðèçíàëñÿ, ÷òî
åìó ëè÷íî ïðèõîäèòñÿ ðàçúÿñíÿòü
ïîçèöèþ áàíêà áåëîðóññêîìó ïðàâèòåëüñòâó â ÷åòâåðòûé ðàç. Äèïëîìàòè÷íî îòìåòèâ íåêîòîðûå ïî-
Ruth Bachmayer; executive director;
made it public (publicized)
according to the WB experts;
trade mark-ups;
unfavorable (unfriendly);
makes the sales of goods difficult;
encourages;
shortage of goods within Belarus;
put an inflationary pressure thus
turning the economy’s financing into
loss-making one;
consistent;
exchange rate regime;
attract;
Having di plomatically pointed out;
277
ëîæèòåëüíûå óñèëèÿ ïî ëèáåðàëèçàöèè âàëþòíîãî ðûíêà, îí âûñêàçàë
ïîæåëàíèÿ â äîñòèæåíèè áîëåå âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè ïðîãðåññà.
efforts on liberalizing a foreign exchange (forex) market;
5.  ïðàâèòåëüñòâå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü,
íå âïîëíå ïîíèìàþò, ïî÷åìó Áåëàðóñü îêàçàëàñü åäèíñòâåííîé ñòðàíîé
ÑÍÃ, íå ïîëó÷èâøåé íè îäíîãî çàéìà çà ïîñëåäíèå òðè ãîäà (äðóãèå ñòðàíû ïîëó÷èëè êðåäèòû íà îáùóþ ñóììó áîëåå $1 ìëðä. äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè 90
ïðîåêòîâ).
in its turn;
6. Åñëè ïîíà÷àëó è âîçíèêàëè ñïîðû
îòíîñèòåëüíî ïðîãðàììû ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ðåôîðì â ñòðàíå, (...) òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ Áåëàðóñü, ïî ìíåíèþ
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, ãîòîâà ïðèíÿòü çàéìû
äëÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ äâóõ íàèáîëåå ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ ïðîåêòî⠗ ïðîåêòà ïî
ðàçâèòèþ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâà è ïðîåêòà ïî ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèþ â ñîöèàëüíîé ñôåðå.
arguments regarding (concerning);
7. Òåì áîëåå, ÷òî ÂÁ ïðèçíàë ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå äîñòèæåíèÿ Áåëàðóñè â
1996-97 ãã., ïðèíöèïèàëüíî èçìåíèâ
ïîäõîäû ê ïðèâàòèçàöèè êðóïíûõ
ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, à òàêæå ñîãëàñèëñÿ ñ ìíåíèåì î íåâîçìîæíîñòè «îáâàëüíîé» ëèáåðàëèçàöèè öåí
áåç ðàçðàáîòêè ïðîãðàììû ñîöèàëüíîé çàùèòû ìàëîîáåñïå÷åííûõ ñëîåâ
íàñåëåíèÿ.
8. ... Ïî ñëîâàì Ï.Ñèãåëüáàóìà, ðàññ÷èòûâàòü íà çàéìû îò ÂÁ ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Áåëàðóñè ñìîæåò òîëüêî ïîñëå
ïîëó÷åíèÿ çàéìà ÌÂÔ â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû êîìïåíñàöèîííîãî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ (CCFF). Â
ýòîì ñëó÷àå è Âñåìèðíûé áàíê ãîòîâ
âûäåëèòü êðåäèò â ðàçìåðå $25 ìëí. è,
îöåíèâ åãî îñâîåíèå, ïðåäîñòàâèòü
åùå îäèí — â òîì æå îáúåìå.
278
[not] a single loan over the past
three years;
for the implementation;
on the development of business
(entrepreneurshi p);
approaches to large-scale industrial privatization;
an overnight price liberalization;
developing a program of social
protection (a social safety net) for
the needy population;
Belarus’ government won’t be
able to count on the WB loans
until it gets the IMF loan within
the framework of CCFF (Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility);
extend (grant, issue);
utilization;
9. Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî ìèññèÿ ÌÂÔ
óæå òðèæäû èçó÷àëà âîçìîæíîñòü
ïðåäîñòàâëåíèÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâó ÐÁ
êðåäèòà CCFF. Ïîñëåäíèé âèçèò çàâåðøèëñÿ ïåðåäà÷åé ïåðâîìó âèöåïðåìüåðó Â. Äîëãîëåâó î÷åðåäíîãî
ïåðå÷íÿ ìåð ïî ïðîâåäåíèþ ñòðóêòóðíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé.
First deputy Prime Minister;
list of measures on the implementation of structural reorganization;
10. Ïî ñëîâàì èíôîðìèðîâàííîãî
èñòî÷íèêà, ìíîãèå âûäâèíóòûå
ÌÂÔ òðåáîâàíèÿ (...) ïîòðåáîâàëè
äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ êîíñóëüòàöèé ñ
ÌÂÔ. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ðåøåíèå î
ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè Áåëàðóñè êðåäèòà
CCFF îòêëàäûâàåòñÿ äî ëó÷øèõ âðåìåí.
an informed source;
11. Âñåìèðíûé áàíê íàìåðåí äîæèäàòüñÿ ýòèõ ñàìûõ âðåìåí, ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàâøèñü íà ïðîñâåòèòåëüñêîé è îáðàçîâàòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ïî ñëîâàì Ð.Áàõìàåð, áàíê áóäåò ïðîâîäèòü ñåìèíàðû, ó÷åáó ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, à òàêæå èçó÷èò âîçìîæíîñòè ðàñøèðåíèÿ ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà
â ñîöèàëüíîé ñôåðå.
intends;
focusing on educational and training activities;
12. «Âñåìèðíûé áàíê íå ïîêèíåò
Áåëàðóñü íè ïðè êàêèõ ðàçíîãëàñèÿõ», çàÿâèë åå êîëëåãà Ï. Ñèãåëüáàóì. Áîëåå òîãî, áàíê íàìåðåí ñäåëàòü âñå âîçìîæíîå äëÿ àêòèâèçàöèè ñâîåé ðàáîòû â Áåëàðóñè. (...)
is put off (postponed) until better
times;
conduct;
whatever discord there may be;
Ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä (Summarized translation)
Recently, Paul Siegelbaum and Ruth Bachmayer, senior World
Bank officials, promulgated the bank’s strategy of financial assistance to
Belarus. Just as a few years ago, the bank now argues that business-unfriendly price regulation and pro-inflationary credit expansion should be
replaced with reforms in privatization, foreign exchange policy and business-friendly environment. According to Mr. Siegelbaum, the government should hurry up with forex liberalization.
279
Meanwhile, the government of Belarus, the only CIS state having
no loans for three years running, maintains the country’s eligibility to
raise loans for business development and energy saving projects, is supported by the World Bank’s recognition of Belarus’ economic achievements and the bank’s changing views on large-scale industrial privatization
and price liberalization. However, it is only after Belarus receives the
IMF’s CCFF loan that the World Bank will be able to extend a $25m loan
followed by a second one like this upon evaluating its utilization. The
latest IMF requirements make it necessary for the government to further consult with the IMF.
The World Bank is not going to leave Belarus. At this point, it will
focus on educational and training activities. It also intends to move its
representative office closer to the government and resume the position
of resident-representative in the country as of July-August.
Çàäàíèå 3
Ñäåëàéòå àíàëèç äâóõ âàðèàíòîâ ïåðåâîäà èíòåðâüþ, êîòîðîå
äàë «Áåëîðóññêîé äåëîâîé ãàçåòå» ãëàâà ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâà Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü.  ñëó÷àå, åñëè Âû íå ñîãëàñíû
íè ñ îäíèì èç ïðèâåäåííûõ âàðèàíòîâ (èõ àâòîðû — ñòóäåíòû, è â
ïåðåâîäàõ èíîãäà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ îøèáêè), ïðåäëîæèòå ñâîþ âåðñèþ
ïåðåâîäà.
Ýôôåêò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ
Âåðîíèêà ×åðêàñîâà
Effect of Presence
Effect of Presence
By Veronica Cherkasova
Veronika Cherkasova
1. Âñåìèðíûé áàíê —
îäíà èç íåìíîãèõ ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ñòðóêòóð, êîòîðàÿ íå ïðåêðàòèëà îêàçàíèå ïîìîùè Áåëàðóñè. Ñóììû, ïðàâäà, íåâåëèêè, íî áàíê âñåìè ñèëàìè ïûòàåòñÿ ñîõðàíèòü â íàøåé ñòðàíå
«ýôôåêò ïðèñóòñòâèÿ».
Íà âîïðîñû «ÁÄû îòâå÷àåò ãëàâà ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâà Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà â Áåëàðóñè
Ñåðãåé Êóëèê.
1. The World Bank is
one of the few world organizations that has not
stopped its assistance to
Belarus. The sums are not
big, though, but the bank
is out for keeping the
“effect of presence” in
our country. What for?
On the questions of
BDG answers the World
Bank resident-representative in Belarus Serge
Kulik.
1. The World Bank is
one of international organizations which has
not discontinued rendering aid to Belarus. The
amount of aid is not
large, but the Bank is
doing its best to maintain the “effect of presence” in our country.
Why? Sergey Kulyk, the
head of the WB’s representative office in
Minsk, is answering the
BDG’s questions.
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2. — Âî âðåìÿ ñâîåãî
íåäàâíåãî âèçèòà â
Ìèíñê äèðåêòîð îòäåëà ÂÁ, êóðèðóþùåãî
Áåëàðóñü è Óêðàèíó, ãí Ëþêà Áàðáîííå îòìå÷àë, ÷òî åñëè íàìåòèâøèéñÿ ïðîãðåññ â
îáëàñòè ýêîíîìèêè è
âàëþòíîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðîäëèòñÿ áëèæàéøèå íåñêîëüêî ìåñÿöåâ, Âñåìèðíûé
áàíê ìîæåò âîçîáíîâèòü ñâîþ ïîìîùü Áåëàðóñè. Êàêîâû ïåðñïåêòèâû ïîëó÷åíèÿ
íîâûõ çàéìîâ?
2. — During the recent
visit to Minsk, the director of the department of Belarus and the
Ukraine of the World
Bank Mr. Luka Barbonne
has noticed that if the
indicated progress in the
sphere of economy and
foreign exchange regulations will continue
during the following
couple of months, the
World Bank can resume
its’ assistance to Belarus.
What are the prospects
to get a new loan?
2. — During his recent
visit to Minsk, Mr. Luka
Burboni, the head of the
WB’s department for
Belarus and Ukraine,
pointed out that if the
started progress in the
field of economy and financial regulation goes
on for another couple
of months, the WB can
restore its aid to Belarus.
What are the perspectives of getting new
loans?
3. — ß íå ñëó÷àéíî ãîâîðèë î òîì, ÷òî ìû
ñåé÷àñ ñòàðàåìñÿ ñîçäàòü ñèñòåìó ìîíèòîðèíãà ëèáåðàëèçàöèè
îáìåííîãî êóðñà. Óíèôèêàöèÿ êóðñî⠗ ýòî
íå åäèíîâðåìåííûé
ïðîöåññ, ïîä íåþ ïîíèìàåòñÿ øèðîêèé
êîìïëåêñ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, êîòîðûå ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ñîâìåñòíî Íàöèîíàëüíûì áàíêîì è
ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì Áåëàðóñè.
3. It’s not by chance
that I have mentioned
that we are trying to create a monitoring system
of exchange rate liberalization. The unification
of exchange rates is not
a one-time process, it
implies a whole package
of measures that is being carried out by the
National Bank and the
government of Belarus.
3. I have not accidentally been speaking
about our endeavors to
create a system of monitoring for the process of
liberalization of exchange rate. A unification of exchange rate is
not a matter of instant
implementation; it is
understood as a broad set
of measures which are
jointly carried out by the
National Bank and the
government of Belarus.
4. Ïîýòîìó íàøà çàäà÷à — ïðîâåñòè èíâåíòàðèçàöèþ âñåõ óñëîâèé îáìåíà íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòû íà
èíîñòðàííóþ è ïîñìîòðåòü, êàêèìè áóäóò ñîâìåñòíûå øàãè
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà è Íà-
4. That is why our task
is to carry out the calendar of all the conditions of currency convertibility and see what
will be the joint efforts
of the government and
the National Bank in
making the national
4. That is why our objective is to perform an
inspection of all national-to-foreign currency exchange procedure conditions and to
see what the joint efforts
of the government and
NBB will be towards
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öèîíàëüíîãî áàíêà ïî
ïðèâåäåíèþ â öèâèëèçîâàííûå ðàìêè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòû, à òàêæå õîæäåíèÿ, îáðàùåíèÿ è îáìåíà èíîñòðàííîé âàëþòû íà òåððèòîðèè Áåëàðóñè.
currency function in
civilized frames and
foreign exchange —
circulate and be converted on the territory
of Belarus.
adjustment of foreign
currency for its circulation and convertibility in
Belarus.
5. ×åì ãëóáæå ìû ðàññìàòðèâàåì ýòó ïðîáëåìó, òåì áîëüøå ïîíèìàåì, ÷òî îäíèìè ëèøü
ìîíåòàðíûìè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿìè óíèôèêàöèþ îáìåííîãî êóðñà íå
îñóùåñòâèòü. Çäåñü íóæåí öåëûé êîìïëåêñ
ìåð, êîòîðûé áóäåò
âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ ëèáåðàëèçàöèþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, îãðàíè÷åíèå èëè äàæå îòìåíó öåíîâîãî êîíòðîëÿ, ðåîðãàíèçàöèþ ñèñòåìû áóõãàëòåðñêîãî
ó÷åòà.
5. The close we consider this problem, the
better we understand
that only monetary
methods cannot complete the unification of
exchange rates. The
package of measures
which includes liberalization of economic
activity, limitation or
even setting aside price
control, reorganization
of the accounting system is needed.
5. The more profoundly
we approach this problem, the more it becomes clear that the
unification cannot be
reached by solely monetary methods. A whole
set of measures is
needed here. It includes
the liberalization of economic activities, the restraint or even abolishment of price control,
the reorganization of the
book-keeping system.
6. Ïîýòîìó, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïðîöåññ óíèôèêàöèè áóäåò ñîñòîÿòü èç
äâóõ ÷àñòåé, îäíà èõ êîòîðûõ âêëþ÷èò â ñåáÿ
÷èñòî ìîíåòàðèñòñêèå
ìåòîäû, âòîðàÿ — ìåòîäû ñòðóêòóðíûå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå. Ìû áóäåì
âíèìàòåëüíåéøèì îáðàçîì îòñëåæèâàòü äèíàìèêó ýòîãî ïðîöåññà,
÷òîáû ïðèñòóïèòü ê
ïîäãîòîâêå ñîâìåñòíûõ
ïðîåêòîâ òîãäà, êîãäà
îí ïðèìåò íåîáðàòèìûé
õàðàêòåð.
6. That is why the process of unification will
consist of two parts —
the first will include
purely monetary methods and the second will
include both structural
and economic methods.
We will carefully keep
track of the dynamics of
this process to initiate
the preparation of joint
projects at the moment
when it becomes irreversible.
6. That is why the unification process will
probably be composed of
two parts: one of them
will merely include the
monetary methods,
whereas the second part
will include structural
and economic methods.
We will thoroughly scrutinize the dynamics of
the process in order to
get down the preparation of the joint projects
when the process becomes non-rever-sible.
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7. Ïðè÷åì ìû íå ñîáèðàåìñÿ äîæèäàòüñÿ
êàêîé-òî îïðåäåëåííîé äàòû, à áóäåì ïðèñòóïàòü ê ïîäãîòîâêå
íîâûõ ïðîåêòîâ, êàê
òîëüêî óâèäèì, ÷òî
ðàçâèòèå èäåò â ïðàâèëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.
7. We are not going to
wait for a particular date
but we’ll start developing
the new projects as soon
as we’ll see that the evolution is going the right
way.
7. Besides, we are not
going to wait for a certain date, but we’ll get
down to the preparation
as soon we see that the
course is moving in the
right direction.
8. — Íî, îòñëåæèâàÿ
äèíàìèêó, âû íå ìîæåòå íå çàìåòèòü ïîñëåäíèõ íîâîââåäåíèé
ïðàâèòåëüñòâà - óâåëè÷åíèÿ íà 10% îáúåìîâ
îáÿçàòåëüíîé ïðîäàæè
âàëþòû, ââåäåíèÿ ëèöåíçèðîâàíèÿ ïîñðåäíè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
Êàê âû ðàñöåíèâàåòå
ýòè øàãè?
8. But tracing the dynamics, you cannot help
noticing the latest
government’s innovations, for example, surrender requirements increase by 10% and licensing intermediate
trade.
How do you estimate
these steps?
8. But scrutinizing the
course, you will have to
reckon with such
government’s innovations as a 10% increase
of surrender requirement and licensing the
intermediary activities.
How do you assess
these steps?
9. — Îäíîçíà÷íî îòðèöàòåëüíî. Ìîæíî
ïîíÿòü, äëÿ ÷åãî ýòî
ñäåëàíî, íî ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ òàêèìè øàãàìè
íåëüçÿ.
9. Only as negative. It
can be understood, we
cannot agree with such
steps.
9. Definitely as negative. It is possible to understand what for it is
done, but it is impossible to accept these
steps.
– Êàê âû îöåíèâàåòå
ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðîåêòîâ Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà,
îñóùåñòâëÿåìûõ â Áåëàðóñè?
– How do you estimate – How do you assess
the efficiency of the World the effectiveness of the
Bank projects in Belarus? World Bank’s projects
which are being carried
out in Belarus?
10. Â ñàìîì áàíêå âåäåòñÿ íåìàëî äåáàòîâ
íà ýòó òåìó. Ìíîãèå
àíàëèòèêè ñ÷èòàþò,
÷òî ïðîåêòû íå äîñòèãàþò òåõ öåëåé, íà êîòîðûå áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû. Íàäî ñêàçàòü,
÷òî íàø áàíê íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷èñòî ôèíàíñî-
10. There are many discussions of this topic in
the Bank itself. Many analysts consider the
projects not reaching the
aims they were oriented
at. First of all, it is the
institution of development, not just a purely
financial one.
10. In the Bank itself
there is plenty of debates on this issue.
Many analysts reckon
that the projects do not
achieve the goals set. It
must be noted that our
bank is not solely a financial establishment,
but first of all it’s an in283
âûì ó÷ðåæäåíèåì, ýòî
â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü — ó÷ðåæäåíèå ðàçâèòèÿ.
stitution of development.
11.  îáû÷íûõ êîììåð÷åñêèõ áàíêàõ ôèíàëüíîé ÷àñòüþ êàêîãîëèáî ïðîåêòà ñ÷èòàåòñÿ
ïîëó÷åíèå ïðèáûëè. Â
íàøåì æå áàíêå êàæäûé ïðîåêò äîëæåí
ñòàòü âåñîìûì âêëàäîì
â ýêîíîìèêó ãîñóäàðñòâà, à òà îáëàñòü, íà êîòîðóþ ïðîåêò áûë íàïðàâëåí, äîëæíà ïîñëå
åãî îêîí÷àíèÿ ñòàòü ñàìîïîääåðæèâàþùåé.
Ìû ñ÷èòàåì, ÷òî íàøà
çàäà÷à íå îáåñïå÷èòü
ñòðàíó äåíüãàìè, à íàó÷èòü åå ýòè äåíüãè çàðàáàòûâàòü.
11. In ordinary commercial banks the goal
of any project is gaining
profit. In our bank every
project has to be a substantial contribution to
the country’s economy.
The target sphere has to
be self-sufficient upon
the completion of the
project. We think that
our task is not to supply
money to the country,
but to teach it how to
earn this money.
11. For commercial
banks, gaining profit is
an ultimate goal of any
project. For our bank,
however, each project
becomes a significant
investment in the
country’s economy,
and the sphere of its
implementation must
become self-supporting.
We believe that our
goal is not to provide a
country with money,
but to teach it how to
earn money.
12. — Èìååò ëè òîãäà
ñìûñë îêàçûâàòü ïîìîùü Áåëàðóñè âîîáùå?
12. — Does it make any
sense to provide assistance to Belarus at all?
12. — Is there any
sense to aid Belarus at
all?
— Íàøà òî÷êà çðåíèÿ
(è îíà ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ
ðóêîâîäñòâîì) çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî, ïîñêîëüêó Áåëàðóñü áûëà
è îñòàåòñÿ ÷ëåíîì Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà, íàì
íàäî ïîñòàðàòüñÿ ñäåëàòü âñå âîçìîæíîå äëÿ
òîãî, ÷òîáû ñòðàíà ìîãëà ðåàëèçîâàòü ñâîå
÷ëåíñòâî, íå îùóùàÿ
íèêàêîé äèñêðèìèíàöèè.
— Our point of view
(and it is supported by
our headquarters) is
that since Belarus was
and remains a membernation of the World
Bank, we have to do all
possible to help the
country realize it’s
membershi p without
feeling any discrimination.
— Our viewpoint
(which is shared by our
management) is as follows: as Belarus has
been and still is a member-state of the World
Bank, we must try to
do our best to help the
country realize its
membershi p without
any discrimination.
13. Õîòÿ, äåéñòâèòåëü- 13. Though sometimes
íî, èíîãäà êàæåòñÿ: íó it does seem: why to
çà÷åì ëîìàòü êîïüÿ, ãå- break a lance, heroically
13. Though sometimes
it really seems there is
no need to break spears
284
ðîè÷åñêè ïðåîäîëåâàÿ
ïðåïÿòñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå
ïîñòîÿííî âîçíèêàþò
ó íàñ íà ïóòè? Âåäü òî
æå ââåäåíèå 10%-íîé
íàäáàâêè ê îáÿçàòåëüíîé ïðîäàæå âàëþòû
ïðîèçîøëî â ìîìåíò
ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â Áåëàðóñè ìèññèè ÌÂÔ, êîòîðàÿ, êñòàòè, âåëà ïåðåãîâîðû îá îòìåíå
îáÿçàòåëüíîé ïðîäàæè
âàëþòû âîîáùå
overcoming obstacles
that always appear on
our way?
Even a 10% rise of surrender requirement
happened when the
IMF mission was working in Belarus negotiating the abolishment of
surrender requirement.
and heroically overcome the barriers
emerging before us. The
very imposing of a 10%
increase of surrender
requirement occurred
right at the moment
when the IMF mission
was in Minsk negotiating the total abolishment of surrender requirement.
14. Ýòî ïàðàäîêñàëüíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ: î äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ 10% ñòàëî
èçâåñòíî, êîãäà ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ÌÂÔ ôàêòè÷åñêè ñèäåëè çà ñòîëîì ïåðåãîâîðîâ ñ ãíîì Ïðîêîïîâè÷åì
Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìîÿ òî÷êà çðåíèÿ, êîòîðóþ
ðàçäåëÿþò è êîëëåãè, è
ìîå íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå
ðóêîâîäñòâî, — ìû íå
äîëæíû òåðÿòü íèòü,
êîòîðàÿ íàñ ñâÿçûâàåò
ñ Áåëàðóñüþ êàê ñ ÷ëåíîì íàøåé îðãàíèçàöèè.
14. It’s a paradoxical
situation: the introduction of an additional
10% rise became known
when the IMF representatives were sitting at the
table of negotiations
with Mr. Prokopovich
Nevertheless, my point
of view shared by my
colleagues and my direct
authorities is that we
shouldn’t loose the
thread that connects us
with Belarus as a member of our organization.
14. It is quite a paradox:
an additional 10% increase was introduced
exactly when the IMF
experts were in the
meeting with Mr.
Prokopovich [the governor of the National
Bank]. And yet, my
viewpoint, which is
shared by my colleagues
and my direct management, is that we should
not lose connection
with Belarus as a member-state of our organization.
15. Ïîýòîìó ìû ñòàðàåìñÿ ñîñðåäîòî÷èòüñÿ
íà òåõ îáëàñòÿõ, ãäå
âñòðå÷àåì ïîëíîå ïîíèìàíèå è ãäå ìîæåì
ïðîäîëæàòü ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî, íåñìîòðÿ íà
ñëîæíûå ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ.
15. That is why we try
to concentrate on the
spheres where we find
full understanding and
can continue partnershi p in spite of difficult
macroeconomic conditions.
15. That is why we try
to focus on the fields
where we have a complete understanding and
where we can keep cooperation despite of
hard macroeconomic
conditions.
— Î êàêèõ îáëàñòÿõ
èäåò ðå÷ü?
— What spheres do you
mean?
— What spheres are
meant?
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— Ýòî, ïðåæäå âñåãî,
ñîöèàëüíûé ñåêòîð, ïîñêîëüêó ìû ïðåêðàñíî
ïîíèìàåì, ÷òî ðåàëüíûå çàðïëàòà è ïåíñèÿ
ó íàñåëåíèÿ ïîñòîÿííî
ñíèæàþòñÿ, è â ñòðàíó
ïðèõîäèò áåäíîñòü. À
ïîòîìó ìû îòñëåæèâàåì
ïðîöåññû, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â ñîöèàëüíîé ñôåðå, ÷òîáû áûòü ãîòîâûìè â ñëó÷àå çàïðîñà áåëîðóññêîé ñòîðîíû îêàçàòü ïîëíîìàñøòàáíóþ
êàê íàó÷íóþ, òàê è ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ ïîääåðæêó.
— First of all, this is a
social sector, because
we clearly understand
the real wages and pensions of citizens are
constantly declining,
and poverty comes to
the country. That is why
we are tracing the processes that occur in the
social sphere to be
ready to give scientific
and practical support
in case Belarus requests us.
— This is a social sector in the first place,
because we realize well
that with real salaries
and pensions shrinking, poverty is coming
to the country. And
that is why we are
keeping an eye on the
social developments in
order to be prepared
to provide a full-scale
support to the Belarusian side at its request.
Çàäàíèå 4
Ñäåëàéòå ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé ïåðåâîä ñòàòüè, ïîäãîòîâëåííîé êîíñàëòèíãîâîé ãðóïïîé «ÞÍÈÒÅл. Ïîä êàæäûì àáçàöåì â
êâàäðàòíûõ ñêîáêàõ äàí ñëîâàðü ïîä÷åðêíóòûõ ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé.
ÇÎËÎÒÎÉ ÂÅÊ ÀÌÅÐÈÊÀÍÑÊÎÉ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÈ
1. Îáíàðîäîâàííûå â ïðîøëóþ ïÿòíèöó äàííûå î ðîñòå ÂÍÏ
ÑØÀ íå ïðîñòî ïîäòâåðäèëè, ÷òî àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà èäåò
âïåðåä øèðîêèìè øàãàìè, íî äàæå ïîðàçèëè áîëüøèíñòâî íàáëþäàòåëåé. Òåìï ïðèðîñòà ÂÍÏ â 4-ì êâàðòàëå ñîñòàâèë 5,6%, â òî
âðåìÿ êàê âñå îæèäàëè öèôðû â ðàéîíå 4%.
[GNP, gross national product; is moving ahead at high speed;
the growth rate; accounted for 5,6%]
2. Ñòîëü âûñîêèé ïîêàçàòåëü ðîñòà äåìîíñòðèðóåò, ÷òî àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ýêîíîìèêà ñóìåëà èçâëå÷ü âûãîäó èç ðåäêîãî äëÿ ìèðîâîé ýêîíîìèêè ñî÷åòàíèÿ âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ ïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ñòðàíå è
ñòàãíèðóþùèõ (íåñìîòðÿ íà âûñîêèé ñïðîñ) öåí. Èíôëÿöèÿ â 4-ì
êâàðòàëå ñîñòàâèëà ëèøü 0,8%, ñíèçèâøèñü ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1% â 3ì êâàðòàëå 1998 ãîäà. Óðîâåíü èíôëÿöèè â ñòðàíå ñåé÷àñ ñàìûé
íèçêèé ñî âðåìåí ïðåçèäåíòà Ýéçåíõàóýðà.
[growth index; benefit from; inflation rate; since President
Eisenhower’s time]
286
3. Êîìïàíèè èíâåñòèðóþò âñå áîëüøå äåíåã â ðàçâèòèå è â
ñðåäñòâà ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ïðè âûñîêîé ñòîèìîñòè îïëàòû òðóäà è íèçêîì óðîâíå áåçðàáîòèöû êîðïîðàöèè ïðåäïî÷èòàþò âêëàäûâàòü äîëëàðû â òåõíîëîãèè, à íå íàíèìàòü íîâûõ ðàáî÷èõ è ñëóæàùèõ. Â
äåêàáðå îáúåì èíâåñòèöèé â ñðåäñòâà ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðåâûñèë ïîêàçàòåëü äåêàáðÿ 1997 ãîäà íà 16,7%. Ðîñò èíâåñòèöèé ïðèâîäèò ê
áûñòðîìó ðîñòó îáúåìîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Âîçðîñøåå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñäåðæèâàåò ðîñò öåí. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èíâåñòèöèè â íîâûå òåõíîëîãèè îïðàâäûâàþò ñåáÿ.
[means of production; with high cost of labor payment; instead of hiring new employees; exceeded the 1997 December
index; price rise; are quite appropriate]
4. Äëÿ óñïåøíîãî îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ äàííîé ñòðàòåãèè â äàëüíåéøåì íåîáõîäèìî ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ðàñòóùåå ïîòðåáëåíèå. Äîìàøíèå õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ ïîòðåáëÿþò ñåé÷àñ îêîëî 2/3 ïðîèçâåäåííûõ â ñòðàíå òîâàðîâ è ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâîé ìîùíåéøåãî âíóòðåííåãî ðûíêà â ñòðàíå. Ðîñò ïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ïðÿìî ñâÿçàí ñ ðîñòîì ôîíäîâîãî ðûíêà. Ïîäúåì ðûíêà àêöèé ïðèíåñ àìåðèêàíñêèì ÷àñòíûì èíâåñòîðàì çà ïîñëåäíèå ÷åòûðå ñ íåáîëüøèì
ãîäà îêîëî 5 òðëí. äîëëàðîâ ïðèáûëè. Äîëÿ âëîæåíèé â àêöèè â
ñáåðåæåíèÿõ äîìàøíèõ õîçÿéñòâ âûðîñëà äî èñòîðè÷åñêè ìàêñèìàëüíûõ çíà÷åíèé. Âèäÿ, êàê ðàñòåò ñòîèìîñòü ïîðòôåëåé àêöèé
àìåðèêàíöû íà÷àëè ðàñõîäîâàòü íà ïîòðåáëåíèå ïî÷òè âñå ñâîè òåêóùèå äîõîäû.
[proportionally growing consumption; households; stock market; equity market; profit; investment in stock; savings; portfolios; current incomes]
5. Ïîòåíöèàëüíàÿ îïàñíîñòü êîëåáàíèé ôîíäîâîãî ðûíêà ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî íàñåëåíèå â îäèí ìîìåíò ìîæåò ñíèçèòü ïîòðåáëåíèå, åñëè ðûíîê àêöèé óïàäåò. Âûñîêèé ñïðîñ íà âíóòðåííåì ðûíêå ñòàë äâèãàòåëåì âîñüìèëåòíåãî ðîñòà àìåðèêàíñêîé ýêîíîìèêè.
Åãî ïîääåðæàíèå — âàæíåéøåå óñëîâèå èçáåæàíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñïàäà. Åñëè ñïðîñ ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàì ñíèçèòñÿ, ñðåäñòâà,
âëîæåííûå â îãðîìíîì êîëè÷åñòâå â ðàçâèòèå ïðîèçâîäñòâà, îáåðíóòñÿ äëÿ êîìïàíèé ïîòåðÿìè.
[fluctuations; overnight; demand; driving force; maintenance;
avoiding an economic recession; for some reasons]
6. ×ðåçìåðíîå èíâåñòèðîâàíèå íà äàííîì ýòàïå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî öèêëà, êîãäà ýêîíîìèêà, âîçìîæíî, ïðåîäîëåâàåò ñâîþ
287
âåðøèíó, áåñïîêîèò ìíîãèõ àíàëèòèêîâ. Ïðèðîñò ÂÍÏ íà 5,6% â
ãîäîâîì èçìåðåíèè çà 4-é êâàðòàë âûçûâàåò àíàëîãèè ñ ñèòóàöèåé
â ßïîíèè íà÷àëà 80-õ. Êîìïàíèè ñ ëåãêîñòüþ íàõîäèëè ñðåäñòâà
äëÿ íîâûõ ïðîåêòîâ è èíâåñòèöèé, ïðîèçâîäñòâî áûñòðî ðîñëî. Ñïðîñ
â ýêîíîìèêå íà êàêîì-òî ýòàïå îòñòàë îò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ñòðàíà
îêàçàëàñü â êðèçèñå ïåðåïðîèçâîäñòâà, ïåðåøåäøåì çàòåì â ãëóáîêóþ è ïðîäîëæèòåëüíóþ ðåöåññèþ. Íåáîñêðåáû ãîäàìè ñòîÿëè ïóñòûìè, îáîðóäîâàíèå âàëÿëîñü áåç äåëà â çàâîäñêèõ öåõàõ, à áàíêè,
íå ñïîñîáíûå âåðíóòü âûäàííûå êðåäèòû, íà÷àëè ïðÿòàòü ñâîè îãðîìíûå óáûòêè â îôøîðíûõ çîíàõ. ßïîíèÿ òàê äî ñèõ ïîð è íå
ñìîãëà âíîâü âåðíóòüñÿ ê ôàçå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà.
[excessive; business cycle; is a matter of concern for analysts;
on a year-to-year basis; the early 80-ies; funds; lagged behind; machinery was scattered all over in the factory shops;
issued/extended loans]
Çàäàíèå 5
Ñäåëàéòå ïîëíûé ïèñüìåííûé è ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä èíòåðâüþ, êîòîðîå äàë «Áåëîðóññêîé äåëîâîé ãàçåòå». ïðåäñòàâèòåëü
ÌÂÔ â Ëèòâå è Áåëàðóñè Ìàðê Õîðòîí.
 èíòåðâüþ ã-í Õîðòîí ñðàâíèë ñèòóàöèþ â Ëèòâå è Áåëàðóñè:
1. Ýòî íå òàê ïðîñòî ñðàâíèâàòü. Åñëè âû â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ
ïîñåùàëè Ëèòâó, òî âû ìîãëè çàìåòèòü, ÷òî äàëà ñâîè ïëîäû èçáðàííàÿ ýòîé ñòðàíîé âàëþòíàÿ [exchange] ïîëèòèêà. Â 1994 ãîäó
áûëè âûáðàíû î÷åíü ñòðîãèå [stringent] äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíàÿ [monetary] è âàëþòíàÿ ñèñòåìû. Áûëî ðåøåíî íå ïå÷àòàòü äåíüãè, íå
ïîäêðåïëåííûå äîëëàðîâûìè çàïàñàìè [reserves]; âàëþòíûå êóðñû
[exchange rates] áûëè çàôèêñèðîâàíû.
2.  ðåçóëüòàòå â Ëèòâå óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïîëíîñòüþ ñòàáèëüíàÿ âàëþòà. Íàâåðíîå, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ñåãîäíÿ ëèòîâñêàÿ âàëþòà òàêàÿ æå ñòàáèëüíàÿ, êàê è äîëëàð.  òå÷åíèå 5 ëåò â Ëèòâå î÷åíü
íèçêàÿ èíôëÿöèÿ, à â ýòîì ãîäó îíà ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ñîñòàâèò
íîëü ïðîöåíòîâ. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî ýòî ñåðüåçíî ïîâëèÿëî íà ïðèòîê
[inflow] â ñòðàíó èíâåñòèöèé. Äîõîä â Ëèòâå ñîñòàâëÿåò ïîðÿäêà USD
4 òûñÿ÷ â ãîä íà ÷åëîâåêà. Ýòî ãëàâíûé ýëåìåíò ïåðåìåí. Ìîæíî
ñïîðèòü, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî òàêàÿ ñèñòåìà íå ïîäõîäèò äëÿ
Áåëàðóñè, íî åå ðåçóëüòàòû õîðîøî âèäíû íà ïðèìåðå Ëèòâû. Äëè288
òåëüíàÿ ñòàáèëüíîñòü âàëþòû, ñòàáèëüíîñòü öåí ïðèâëåêàþò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî èíâåñòèöèé; â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñòóò äîõîäû íàñåëåíèÿ.
3. — Êàê âû ñ÷èòàåòå, ïî÷åìó â Ëèòâå è Áåëàðóñè ñòîëü ðàçëè÷íàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ? Âåäü íå òàê äàâíî îíè âõîäèëè â îäíó
ñòðàíó.
Ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ìíîãèõ ôàêòîðàõ. Íî âñå æå, ìíå êàæåòñÿ,
çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü ñûãðàëà âàëþòíàÿ ïîëèòèêà â îáîèõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñåêòîðîâ ýêîíîìèêè Ëèòâû ïðèñóòñòâóþò èíîñòðàííûå êîìïàíèè. Åñòü èíâåñòèöèè è â áàíêîâñêîì ñåêòîðå. Çíà÷èòåëüíûå ñðåäñòâà âëîæåíû â ïèùåâóþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. Èíîñòðàííûå èíâåñòèöèè ïðèñóòñòâóþò â òåëåêîììóíèêàöèè è ýíåðãåòèêå [energy sector]. Áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî èíîñòðàííûõ èíâåñòèöèé
â Ëèòâå ñîçäàåò ðàçíèöó ìåæäó áåëîðóññêîé è ëèòîâñêîé ýêîíîìèêîé [pl.: economies].
4. — Êàê â ýòîé ñâÿçè âû ìîæåòå îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ïîëèòèêó â Áåëàðóñè — ê ïðèìåðó, âàëþòíóþ è äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíóþ?
 ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî íåäåëü ïðîèçîøëè êîå-êàêèå èçìåíåíèÿ. Íî ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî â öåëîì äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíàÿ, ôèñêàëüíàÿ
è âàëþòíàÿ ïîëèòèêà [pl.: policies] îñòàëàñü ïðåæíåé. Îíà íàïðàâëåíà íà äîñòèæåíèå ïðîìûøëåííîãî ðîñòà. Ýòîò ðåçóëüòàò äîñòèãàåòñÿ íà íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ, íî ïîòîì íà÷èíàåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèå èíôëÿöèè. È îíà ðàñòåò î÷åíü áûñòðî. Êîãäà èíôëÿöèÿ äîñòèãàåò òàêîãî
óðîâíÿ, êàê â Áåëàðóñè çà ïîñëåäíèå 2-3 ãîäà, ýòî î÷åíü íåãàòèâíûé ôàêòîð äëÿ èíâåñòèöèé. Ïî ìíåíèþ ôîíäà, ïîëèòèêà â ýòèõ
îáëàñòÿõ äîëæíà áûòü èçìåíåíà.
5. — Ìîæåò áûòü, âû ïîäðîáíåå ðàññêàæåòå î ðåêîìåíäàöèÿõ,
êîòîðûå áûëè äàíû Áåëàðóñè âî âðåìÿ íîÿáðüñêîãî âèçèòà â Ìèíñê
ìèññèè ôîíäà?
– Ñïåöèàëèñòû èçó÷èëè ïðîåêò áþäæåòà [draft budget] íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä è ïðåäëîæèëè âìåñòî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ áþäæåòíîãî äåôèöèòà ïðèîáðåòàòü áóìàãè [purchase securities] Íàöèîíàëüíîãî áàíêà.
Íåîáõîäèìî èçûñêèâàòü áîëüøå âîçìîæíîñòåé äëÿ âíóòðåííåãî
ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ, à òàêæå ïðèâëåêàòü áîëüøå âíåøíåãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ. Îäíà èç âîçìîæíîñòåé — äåëàòü ýòî ÷åðåç ïðèâàòèçàöèþ.
Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî Áåëàðóñü íà÷íåò ïåðåãîâîðû ñî Âñåìèðíûì áàíêîì î âîçìîæíîñòè îêàçàíèÿ ïîìîùè äëÿ ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ áþäæåòà. Áûëî òàêæå ìíîãî ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî ïîâîäó äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé
289
ïîëèòèêè. Ê ïðèìåðó, â ïðîãðàììå ïðàâèòåëüñòâà çàïëàíèðîâàí
ïðèðîñò äåíåæíîé ìàññû [money supply] 4-5% â ìåñÿö. Ôîíä ðåêîìåíäóåò ñíèçèòü ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü [index; figure] äî 2-3%. Íàöèîíàëüíîìó áàíêó ðåêîìåíäîâàíî óíèôèöèðîâàòü ðûíîê âàëþòû.
6. — Îáñóæäàëè ëè âû ñ áåëîðóññêèì ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ïðåäñòîÿùóþ äåíîìèíàöèþ áåëîðóññêîãî ðóáëÿ?
— Ìû íå îáñóæäàëè ýòîò âîïðîñ. Íî ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî â öåëîì
äåíîìèíàöèÿ ïîëåçíà â ñòðàíàõ, ãäå áûëà âûñîêàÿ èíôëÿöèÿ. Äåíîìèíàöèÿ äàåò õîðîøèé ýôôåêò, åñëè ñòðàíà óæå ñòàáèëèçèðîâàëà ñâîþ äåíåæíóþ åäèíèöó.  Áåëàðóñè ïîêà íåëüçÿ ãîâîðèòü î ñòàáèëèçàöèè.  íîÿáðå èíôëÿöèÿ ñîñòàâèëà 14%. Äî òîãî êàê íà÷àëèñü
ïåðâûå øàãè â îáëàñòè ëèáåðàëèçàöèè, áûëî ñèëüíîå äàâëåíèå íà
âàëþòíûé ðûíîê. Ðåêîìåíäàöèÿ ìèññèè çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, ÷òî
áåëîðóññêîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî äîëæíî èçìåíèòü äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíóþ è
ôèñêàëüíóþ ïîëèòèêó, çàìåäëèòü èíôëÿöèþ, îáëåã÷èòü ðåãóëèðîâàíèå âàëþòíîãî ðûíêà, ïðåæäå ÷åì ïðîâîäèòü äåíîìèíàöèþ.  òàêîì ñëó÷àå äåíîìèíàöèÿ ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ïîëîæèòåëüíîìó ýôôåêòó.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå îíà ìîæåò åùå áîëüøå ïîäòîëêíóòü ñòðàíó ê èíôëÿöèè.
7. — Êàê âû ìîæåòå ïðîêîììåíòèðîâàòü æåëàíèå áåëîðóññêîãî
ðóêîâîäñòâà ïîëó÷àòü äåøåâûå ýíåðãîíîñèòåëè èç Ðîññèè?
– ... Èìåÿ äîñòóï ê äåøåâûì ýíåðãîíîñèòåëÿì [energy], ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íå äóìàþò î òîì, ÷òîáû óìåíüøàòü ýíåðãîåìêîñòü [energy
consumption] è ïîâûøàòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâà [production
efficiency]. Òàê ÷òî ñ ýòèì íàäî áûòü îñòîðîæíûì. Â êîíöå êîíöîâ,
íå íóæíî áûòü çàâèñèìûì îò äåøåâûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ïîñêîëüêó â îäèí
ïðåêðàñíûé äåíü îíè ìîãóò ñòàòü íåäîñòóïíûìè, è ýòî ñòàíåò øîêîì äëÿ áåëîðóññêîé ýêîíîìèêè.
8. — Ìîæåòå ëè âû ñðàâíèòü ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå, êîòîðîå ÌÂÔ
ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò Ëèòâå è Áåëàðóñè?
– Òðè áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâà íå òàê äàâíî äîãîâîðèëèñü ñ ÌÂÔ
ïî ïîâîäó ïðîãðàìì ñòýíä-áàé [on stand-by arrangement]. Åùå ðàíüøå ýòè òðè ñòðàíû çàÿâèëè î òîì, ÷òî íå áóäóò èñïîëüçîâàòü äåíüãè, ïðåäîñòàâëåííûå ÌÂÔ. Äîãîâîðåííîñòü î ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè êðåäèòà ñòýíä-áàé íóæíà èì êàê îïðåäåëåííûé çíàê. Íà ïðîøåäøåé
íåäåëå â Âèëüíþñå ðàáîòàëà ìèññèÿ ÌÂÔ. Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî Ëèòâà
ïîëó÷èò çàåì â 80 ìëí. äîëëàðîâ, íî ñòðàíà ðàññ÷èòûâàåò íå èñïîëüçîâàòü ýòè äåíüãè, õîòÿ âïðàâå áóäåò äåëàòü ýòî.  Áåëàðóñè, êàê
âû çíàåòå, ìèññèÿ ôîíäà áûëà â íîÿáðå. Âîçìîæíîñòü ïðåäîñòàâëå290
íèÿ êðåäèòà äàæå íå îáñóæäàëàñü. Åñëè íà÷àòûå øàãè ïî ëèáåðàëèçàöèè âàëþòíîãî ðûíêà è óæåñòî÷åíèþ [tightening] äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíîé ïîëèòèêè ïðîäîëæàòñÿ, òî ìîæåò âîçíèêíóòü áàçà äëÿ íà÷àëà äèñêóññèé ïî ïîâîäó ïðîãðàììû äëÿ Áåëàðóñè.
Çàäàíèå 6
Ïðî÷èòàéòå îòðûâîê ñòàòüè Ìàðèíû Ãóëÿåâîé èç «ÁåëÃàçåòû»
î ïðîáëåìàõ ðåàëèçàöèè áåëîðóññêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå è ïåðåâåäèòå åãî â ôîðìå ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèè, âûïèñàâ çàðàíåå êëþ÷åâûå òåðìèíû è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ.
ÊÒÎ ÑÊÀÆÅÒ CHEESE?
«Áåëîðóññêèé ñûð íåêîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáåí, öåíó íóæíî ñíèæàòü»
1. Ôèíàíñîâûé êðèçèñ ìîæåò áëàãîïðèÿòíî ñêàçàòüñÿ íà ðåàëèçàöèè áåëîðóññêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå. Ïî
îöåíêå ãëàâû ÎÎÎ «Òîðãîâûé äîì «Ëþáàíñêèé» (òîâàðîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ñåòü Ëþáàíñêîãî ñûðçàâîäà, Ìèíñêàÿ îáë.) Þëèÿ Àáðàìîâè÷à, «â óñëîâèÿõ ñíèæåíèÿ ïîòðåáëåíèÿ äîðîãèõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ
ìû äîëæíû ìàêñèìàëüíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ýòó âîçìîæíîñòü äëÿ óêðåïëåíèÿ ñâîèõ ïîçèöèé íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå».
Êîððåñïîíäåíòó «ÁåëÃàçåòû» Þëèé ÀÁÐÀÌÎÂÈ× ðàññêàçàë
î êîíúþíêòóðå öåí íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå ñûðà è ýêñêëþçèâíîì
ïîäõîäå ê åãî ýêñïîðòó â Ìèíñêîé îáëàñòè.
2. — Êàêîâà öåíîâàÿ íèøà áåëîðóññêîãî ñûðà íà ðîññèéñêîì
ðûíêå?
— Íèøà áåëîðóññêîãî ñûðà - ñàìûé äåøåâûé ñåãìåíò, è â ýòîé
êàòåãîðèè îí êîíêóðèðóåò î÷åíü óñïåøíî, ÷òî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ îïòèìàëüíûì ñîîòíîøåíèåì öåíû è êà÷åñòâà. Íàøè ñûðû ïðèñóòñòâóþò è â áîëåå âûñîêîì ñåãìåíòå, íî èõ äîëÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ýêîíîì-êëàññîì.  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ íàñ ñèëüíî ñòàëè òåñíèòü àðãåíòèíñêèå ñûðû, ïî öåíå îíè óæå ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê áåëîðóññêèì, è êîãäà ïåðåä ïîêóïàòåëåì ñòîèò âûáîð, êàêîé ñûð êóïèòü, îí áóäåò ñäåëàí â ïîëüçó àðãåíòèíñêîãî. Íåâûñîêèå öåíû
îáúÿñíÿþòñÿ ñåáåñòîèìîñòüþ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ñûðà: åñëè ó íàñ äâàäöàòü ÷åëîâåê íà êîðîâó, òî òàì âñå íàîáîðîò.
3. — Âû ñòàëêèâàåòåñü ñ ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèåì ñî ñòîðîíû ðîññèéñêèõ ïåðåðàáîò÷èêîâ ìîëîêà?
— Íåò.  îòíîøåíèè ñûðà Ðîññèÿ ïîêà íå â ñîñòîÿíèè îáåñïå÷èòü ïîòðåáíîñòè ñâîåãî ðûíêà.  êàæäîì ðîññèéñêîì ðåãèîíå åñòü
291
íåñêîëüêî ñûðçàâîäîâ, íî îíè ìîãóò îòðåàãèðîâàòü íà ñïðîñ òîëüêî â ñåçîí «áîëüøîãî» ìîëîêà.
4. — Óæå îêîëî ãîäà áåëîðóññêèå ñûð è ìàñëî ðåàëèçóþòñÿ íà
áèðæå. Êàê âû îöåíèâàåòå ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýòîãî èíñòðóìåíòà?
—  ïðîøëîì ãîäó, êîãäà ãðÿíóë ìèðîâîé ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûé
êðèçèñ, êîãäà öåíû ðîñëè íà âñå, áèðæà ñûãðàëà ñâîþ ïîëîæèòåëüíóþ ðîëü. Çà ïîëòîðà ìåñÿöà öåíà 1 êã ñûðà æèðíîñòüþ 45% âûðîñëà ñ $3,5 äî $6,8. Íî â ïðîøëîì ãîäó äåéñòâîâàëè åùå è èíäèêàòèâíûå öåíû, óñòàíîâëåííûå ãîñîðãàíàìè, íèæå êîòîðûõ ïðîäàâàòü
áûëî íåëüçÿ. Îñåíüþ ïðîøëîãî ãîäà òîðãè ôàêòè÷åñêè îñòàíîâèëèñü íà îòìåòêå $5,8, íî äâå ôèðìû ïðîäîëæàëè áîðüáó, è â èòîãå
öåíà âûðîñëà åùå íà $1. È ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì òîðãîâ èíäèêàòèâíàÿ
öåíà áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà íà îòìåòêå $6,8. Íî ïî ýòîé öåíå óæå íèêòî
íå áðàë!
5. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü âñå çàâîäû óñòàíîâèëè ýòó öåíó, íî
ïðîäàæ íå áûëî — ïî $6,8 íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå ïðîäàâàëñÿ íåìåöêèé ñûð! À ïîñêîëüêó íà 99% ïîòðåáèòåëü íàøåãî ñûðà - ðîññèéñêèé ðûíîê, âñå êðóïíûå ðîññèéñêèå äèñòðèáóòîðû ñêàçàëè:
ïîêóïàéòå ñàìè çà òàêèå äåíüãè! Ïîòîì âûÿñíèëîñü, ÷òî îäíà ðîññèéñêàÿ êîìïàíèÿ ïðîñòî ðåøèëà íà ïîëòîðà ìåñÿöà èñêëþ÷èòü
Áåëàðóñü èç èãðû, ÷òîáû ïðîäàòü çàïàñû íåìåöêîãî ñûðà.
6.
— Ïðè÷èíîé ìîæíî íàçâàòü ãîñðåãóëèðîâàíèå öåí íà áèðæå?
—  òî âðåìÿ ãîñóäàðñòâî óñòàíîâèëî òàêîé ïîðÿäîê ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåíû, êîòîðûé èñêëþ÷àë ãèáêîñòü. Çàòî âñå ÷èíîâíèêè õëîïàëè â ëàäîøè: ó íàñ ïîÿâèëàñü ñâîÿ «áåëàÿ íåôòü», íà êîòîðóþ
òàê ðàñòóò öåíû! Íî â òîé êîíêðåòíîé ñèòóàöèè ðîñò öåí ñòàë âñåãî
ëèøü ñëåäñòâèåì ãîñðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ è èíòåðåñîâ îïðåäåëåííûõ êîìïàíèé. Âåäü ýòî áûë ñàìûé ñåçîí, òîëüêî ïðîäàâàé! À öåíà çàìåðëà, ïîñêîëüêó òàêîâ óñòàíîâëåííûé ïîðÿäîê. È âûéòè ñ áîëåå íèçêîé öåíîé íå ðàçðåøàëè.
Ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî âëèÿíèå ãîñóäàðñòâà âñå-òàêè äîëæíî áûòü
ìåíåå ñèëüíûì. Ñëåäèòü çà ïðàâèëàìè èãðû - äà, íî öåíà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñïðîñîì.
7.
— Êàê ðàçâèâàëàñü ñèòóàöèÿ?
— Êîãäà ñêîïèëèñü îãðîìíûå îñòàòêè (âåäü ïðàêòè÷åñêè êàæäûé ñûðçàâîä â ñâîåì ðàéîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ áþäæåòîîáðàçóþùèì), öåíó
âñå-òàêè ðàçðåøèëè ñíèçèòü äî óðîâíÿ ðåàëüíîé - îêîëî $5,6.
 èþëå íûíåøíåãî ãîäà ñèòóàöèÿ ïîâòîðèëàñü: íåñìîòðÿ íà òî,
÷òî öåíû íà áèðæå óæå íå ðåãëàìåíòèðîâàëèñü, âñå æå áûëî «ðå292
êîìåíäîâàíî» óñòàíîâèòü íèæíþþ ïëàíêó â $4,5 ïðè ðåàëüíîé öåíå
â $4,1. Âñå çàâîäû âûøëè íà áèðæó ñ öåíîé $4,5 è òàê ñ íåé è
ïðîñòîÿëè ÷óòü áîëüøå ìåñÿöà. Ýòî áûëî î÷åíü ïëîõî, ïîòîìó ÷òî
êà÷åñòâî áåëîðóññêîãî ñûðà çàâèñèò îò ñåçîíà.
8. Åñòü ðàçíèöà, èç êàêîãî ìîëîêà îí ïðîèçâåäåí - ëåòíåãî
èëè çèìíåãî, êîãäà êîðîâà ïàñåòñÿ íà ïàñòáèùå èëè êîãäà ñòîèò â
ñòîéëå è åñò ÷òî äàäóò. Ê ñëîâó, ñåé÷àñ ñàìûé âêóñíûé ñûð: â ýòî
âðåìÿ ãîäà áåëîðóññêèé ñûð íå óñòóïàåò ïî êà÷åñòâó çàïàäíûì àíàëîãàì. Áîëåå òîãî, îêòÿáðüñêèé ñûð íåêîòîðûõ íàøèõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé íå óñòóïèò äàæå íåìåöêîìó «Òèëüçèòåðó».
9. Íå çíàþ, íàñêîëüêî ýòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè,
íî áóäòî áû òàêóþ âûñîêóþ öåíó ðåêîìåíäîâàëè òîëüêî ïîòîìó,
÷òî íóæíî áûëî îáåñïå÷èòü ðåàëèçàöèþ ðîññèéñêèõ ñûðîâ.
 èòîãå åñëè ìû êàê äèñòðèáóòîðû ïðîñòî íå çàðàáîòàëè äåíåã,
òî â êàêîì ïîëîæåíèè îêàçàëèñü çàâîäû? Íà âñåõ áåëîðóññêèõ ñûðçàâîäàõ ñêîïèëîñü ïîðÿäêà 8 òûñ. ò ñûðà. Ýòî î÷åíü ïðèëè÷íûé îáúåì, ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî ñðåäíèé áåëîðóññêèé çàâîä åæåìåñÿ÷íî âûïóñêàåò ïîðÿäêà 300-500 ò.
10. Êðîìå áèðæè, ñóùåñòâóåò åùå äâà ìåõàíèçìà ðåàëèçàöèè.
Ïåðâûé — ïîñòàâêè â ðàìêàõ ñîãëàøåíèÿ ìåæäó ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì
Ìîñêâû è Áåëàðóñè, êîòîðûì îïðåäåëåí ïåðå÷åíü äèñòðèáóòîðîâ,
çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ â äåïàðòàìåíòå ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûõ ðåñóðñîâ
Ìîñêâû. Ìîãèëåâñêàÿ è Ãðîäíåíñêàÿ îáëàñòè áëàãîäàðÿ òîìó, ÷òî
ðóêîâîäñòâî îáëàñòíûõ ìÿñîìîëïðîìîâ ãèáêî ñðåàãèðîâàëî íà ñèòóàöèþ, ñìîãëè ðåàëèçîâàòü ñâîþ ïðîäóêöèþ. Â Ìèíñêîé îáëàñòè
ðóêîâîäñòâî ìÿñîìîëïðîìà ÷åòêî âûïîëíÿëî óêàçàíèå, è âåñü îáúåì ñûðà ñòîÿë íà áèðæå â îæèäàíèè ïîêóïàòåëåé.
11. Õîòÿ ìîæíî áûëî, êàê ýòî äîêàçàëè äðóãèå ðåãèîíû, ïûòàòüñÿ ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü â ðàìêàõ ñîãëàøåíèÿ è ÷åðåç ñîáñòâåííóþ
òîâàðîïðîâîäÿùóþ ñåòü - åùå îäèí êàíàë ðåàëèçàöèè. Ãîä íàçàä
íàøà êîìïàíèÿ ïåðâîé â Ìèíñêîé îáëàñòè ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ëþáàíñêèì ñûðçàâîäîì ðåøèëè ñîçäàòü â Ìîñêâå òîðãîâûé äîì ñ äîëåé
çàâîäà â 51% — ñîãëàñíî áåëîðóññêîìó çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâó, äåéñòâóþùåìó ïðè îðãàíèçàöèè òîâàðîïðîâîäÿùåé ñåòè.
12.
— Ïî÷åìó âîçíèêëà ýòà èäåÿ?
— Ìû çíàëè, ÷òî ïîÿâèòñÿ áèðæà, è, ÷òîáû íå çàâèñåòü îò íåå
ïîëíîñòüþ, ðåøèëè ñîçäàòü ñâîþ ñåòü. Âîïðîñ íå òîëüêî â ãîñðåãóëèðîâàíèè. Ñåãîäíÿ â Ðîññèè ëåãêî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàòü ôèðìó-îäíî293
äíåâêó, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò íå óïëàòèòü ÍÄÑ è íèçêîé öåíîé îáðóøèòü
ðûíîê. Íó è çàðàáîòàòü, êîíå÷íî. Ïîñ÷èòàéòå: åñëè â ñðåäíåì ìàøèíà ñûðà ñòîèò $80 òûñ., òî 10% ÍÄÑ - ýòî $8 òûñ. À åùå è ïðèáûëü ñ ðåàëèçàöèè.
13.
— Êàê ìîæíî èçáåæàòü òàêîé ñèòóàöèè?
— Ìîæíî ïîòðåáîâàòü çàëîã 10%. Íî äàëåêî íå âñå íà ýòî èäóò.
Ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, ÷òî ÿ äîëæåí èç îáîðîòà èçûìàòü ñóììó â äâîéíîì
îáúåìå ÍÄÑ! Íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î äîâîëüíî äîëãîé è íåóäîáíîé ïðîöåäóðå âîçâðàòà çàëîãà. Ïîýòîìó òîâàðîïðîâîäÿùàÿ ñåòü ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò åùå îäèí êàíàë ðåàëèçàöèè, ïîçâîëÿþùèé èñêëþ÷èòü ñèòóàöèè
ñ ëåâûìè íåïëàòåëüùèêàìè ÍÄÑ. Íàì áûëè âûäåëåíû êâîòû, è ìû
íà÷àëè ðàáîòàòü. Îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ðàáîòû ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî öèôðàì: ïî îôèöèàëüíîé ñòàòèñòèêå ÃÓ «Ìèíîáëìÿñîìîëïðîì», çà 9
ìåñÿöåâ óäåëüíûé âåñ äîëè ýêñïîðòà íàøåãî òîðãîâîãî äîìà â îáùåì îáúåìå ýêñïîðòà çàâîäà ñîñòàâèë 70,2%.
14. Íî ïîòîì íà÷àëèñü ïðîáëåìû. Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ïðàêòè÷åñêè ó êàæäîãî çàâîäà áûëà ñâîÿ êîìïàíèÿ-äèñòðèáóòîð, íåêîòîðûå ïî íàøåìó ïðèìåðó íà÷àëè îðãàíèçîâûâàòü ñâîþ òîâàðîïðîâîäÿùóþ ñåòü. Íî íåäàâíî Ìèíîáëìÿñîìîëïðîì ïî íàøåìó îáðàçöó ðåøèëî ñîçäàòü â Ðîññèè îäèí òîðãîâûé äîì, ó÷ðåäèòåëÿìè êîòîðîãî â äîáðîâîëüíî-ïðèíóäèòåëüíîì ïîðÿäêå âûñòóïèëè âñå ïåðåðàáîò÷èêè îáëàñòè. Âñÿ ïðîäóêöèÿ äîëæíà ýêñïîðòèðîâàòüñÿ òîëüêî ÷åðåç îäíó ñòðóêòóðó — ÎÎÎ «Ìèíñêîáëïðîäóêò», çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííîå â Ìîñêâå.
15.
— Êàê âû îöåíèâàåòå åå ýôôåêòèâíîñòü?
— ß î÷åíü íå óâåðåí â åå «ðàçâîðîòëèâîñòè». Ñîãëàñíî âûäåëåííûì êâîòàì, â IV êâàðòàëå Ìèíñêîáëïðîäóêò äîëæåí ïðîäàòü 8
òûñ. òîíí. Â äåíü îí äîëæåí ðåàëèçîâûâàòü ïÿòü ìàøèí ñûðà. ß íå
ïðåäñòàâëÿþ, êàê îíè ýòî áóäóò äåëàòü, êàêîé øòàò ñîòðóäíèêîâ
äîëæåí áûòü, íàñêîëüêî äîëæíà áûòü ðàçâèòà ëîãèñòèêà. Åñëè íàø
òîðãîâûé äîì íèêîãäà íå òðåáîâàë îò çàâîäà îòñðî÷êè ïëàòåæà, òî
ðóêîâîäèòåëü Ìèíîáëìÿñîìîëïðîìà äîáèâàåòñÿ îò çàâîäîâ îòñðî÷êè ïëàòåæà äëÿ Ìèíñêîáëïðîäóêòà íà ìåñÿö!
Ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, ÷òî, êðåäèòóÿ Ìèíñêîáëïðîäóêò, çàâîäû îñòàþòñÿ áåç òîâàðà è áåç äåíåã.
Íî, ñàìîå ãëàâíîå, çà÷åì? Íè â îäíîé îáëàñòè òàêîãî íåò,
ïîòîìó ÷òî î÷åâèäíî: òàêèå ìîíñòðû, ïåðåæèòêè ÑÑÑÐ, ýôôåêòèâíî ðàáîòàòü íå ñìîãóò.
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16.
Êàê â ýòèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ äåéñòâóåò âàø òîðãîâûé äîì?
— Ïîñêîëüêó ìû íå ïîëó÷èëè êâîò, òî âûíóæäåíû ïîêóïàòü
ñûð íà áèðæå. Ýòî òîæå ñâÿçàíî ñ îïðåäåëåííûìè âîïðîñàìè. Ìû
âåäü ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñòðàõóåì èíòåðåñû çàâîäà îò ôèðì-îäíîäíåâîê,
íåïëàòåëüùèêîâ ÍÄÑ. Äëÿ ýòîãî âûñòàâëÿåòñÿ êðóïíûé ëîò — â
ðàçìåðå 40 ò, 100 ò. Çà 100 ò ìîæåò çàïëàòèòü òîëüêî áîëüøàÿ êîìïàíèÿ: ñóììà ñîñòàâëÿåò $400 òûñ. Íî ñëîæíîñòü ñâÿçàíà åùå è ñ îñîáåííîñòÿìè íûíåøíåãî ñåçîíà — ôèíàíñîâûì êðèçèñîì. Êóðñ äîëëàðà ðàñòåò — ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ðàñòåò è öåíà áåëîðóññêîé ïðîäóêöèè, ïðèâÿçàííàÿ ê äîëëàðó. Ñåãîäíÿ áåëîðóññêèé ñûð íåêîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáåí, öåíó íóæíî ñíèæàòü.
17. Îäíàêî áóêâàëüíî íà äíÿõ íà çàñåäàíèè Ìèíîáëìÿñîìîëïðîìà áûëî ñêàçàíî: ïðîäàâàòü ïî $4,1-4,15, õîòÿ ðåàëüíàÿ öåíà îêîëî $4, åñëè íå $3,95. Íî òàêîé öåíû íåò íà áèðæå! Íóæíî èçî
âñåõ äåðæàòüñÿ çà ñâîþ äîëþ íà ðîññèéñêîì ðûíêå è ñíèæàòü öåíó.
Ïàäàþò â öåíå âñå çàïàäíûå ñûðû — è â ñèëó êðèçèñà, è âîîáùå
èç-çà ñíèæåíèÿ ìèðîâîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ìîëî÷íîé ïðîäóêöèè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðîøëûì ãîäîì. Ñåãîäíÿ íåêîòîðûå ïîçèöèè áåëîðóññêîãî ñûðà ïî öåíå ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê íåìåöêîìó ñûðó «ãàóäà». Êàêîé ñûð
âîçüìóò â ýòîé ñèòóàöèè: íàø èëè èõ? Êîíå÷íî, èõ! Ïîýòîìó íóæíî
î÷åíü áûñòðî è ãèáêî ðåàãèðîâàòü íà ñèòóàöèþ — âîçìîæíî, ñíèçèòü çàêóïî÷íûå öåíû íà ìîëîêî, êàê ýòî ñäåëàëè â Ãåðìàíèè.
Çàäàíèå 7
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ À. Àðîíîâà èç «Èçâåñòèé» è ñäåëàéòå ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê îáúåìîì íå áîëåå 100 ñëîâ.
Ïîïîëíèòå ñâîé ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ.
ÇÈÌÀ ÅÙÅ ÍÅ ÍÀÑÒÓÏÈËÀ, À ÖÅÍÛ «ÇÀÌÅÐÇËÈ»
1. Íà ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííîì ðûíêå - ïåðâûå “çàìîðîçêè”. Ñòðåìÿñü íå äîïóñòèòü ïðåäíîâîãîäíåãî âñïëåñêà èíôëÿöèè, ìåñòíûå
âëàñòè óñòàíàâëèâàþò ìàêñèìàëüíóþ òîðãîâóþ íàöåíêó íà ñîöèàëüíî çíà÷èìûå ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ. À êîå-ãäå è âîâñå çàêëþ÷àþò ñ
ó÷àñòíèêàìè ðûíêà ìîðàòîðèé î íåïîâûøåíèè öåí. Âàì ýòî íè÷åãî
íå íàïîìèíàåò?
2. Ñ ìîìåíòà, êîãäà â Ðîññèè çàêîí÷èëàñü “çàìîðîçêà” öåí íà
ñàìîå âàæíîå ïðîäîâîëüñòâèå, ïðîøëî áîëåå ïîëóãîäà. Íî ÷èíîâíèêè ïî-ïðåæíåìó ñ÷èòàþò ýòó ìåðó “âîëøåáíîé ïàëî÷êîé”,
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ñïîñîáíîé “çàêîëäîâàòü” èíôëÿöèþ. Òàê, â êîíöå ïðîøëîãî ìåñÿöà àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ Íèæíåâàðòîâñêà çàêëþ÷èëà ñ ðèòåéëåðàìè äîãîâîð î íåïîâûøåíèè öåí äî êîíöà òåêóùåãî ãîäà. Ïîä “çàìîðîçêó” ïîïàëè íå òîëüêî “ñîöèàëüíûå” õëåá è ìîëîêî, íî è êîëáàñà,
÷àé, îâîùè ...  ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, êðóïíûå ñåòè Ïåíçû ïîäïèñàëè ñîãëàøåíèå, óñòàíàâëèâàþùåå ôèêñèðîâàííóþ (5%) íàöåíêó íà 15
áàçîâûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ.  ñïèñîê âîøëè òàêèå “äåëèêàòåñû”,
êàê ñëèâî÷íîå ìàñëî è ìàêàðîíû.
3. Ïîäîáíûå äîãîâîðåííîñòè äåéñòâóþò è â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ,
íî íå àôèøèðóþòñÿ. Âåäü “çàìîðîçêà” öåí ìîæåò âûçâàòü íåäîâîëüñòâî Ôåäåðàëüíîé àíòèìîíîïîëüíîé ñëóæáû (ÔÀÑ). Íàïðèìåð,
ëåòîì ýòîãî ãîäà àíòèìîíîïîëüùèêè óæå “ðàçìîðîçèëè” öåíû â
Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå öåíîâîé ìîðàòîðèé ïî èíèöèàòèâå ìåñòíîé âëàñòè áûë îáúÿâëåí áåññðî÷íûì. Äà è âîîáùå, “çàìîðîçêà”
öåí ïðèðàâíèâàåòñÿ ÔÀÑ ê ñãîâîðó, çà ÷òî ïîëàãàåòñÿ øòðàôîâàòü
è ÷èíîâíèêîâ, è êîìïàíèè.
4. Ó àíòèìîíîïîëüùèêî⠗ áîëåå “òîíêèå” ìåòîäû ðàáîòû ñ
ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿìè è ñåòåâèêàìè. Îíè ðåãóëÿðíî ñîáèðàþòñÿ çà “êðóãëûì ñòîëîì” è âûÿñíÿþò, îïðàâäàííî ëè ðàñòóò öåíû. È èíîãäà
ïîëó÷àåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ïîãîâîðèòü, íî è äîãîâîðèòüñÿ. Òàê, íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå Íèæåãîðîäñêîå óïðàâëåíèå ÔÀÑ ñîçâàëî ìîëî÷íèêîâ
è õëåáîïåêîâ è ïîïðîñèëî èõ ïðèäåðæàòü öåíû. Ïðîèçâîäèòåëè ïîîáåùàëè óìåðèòü ñâîè àïïåòèòû, íî òîëüêî äî íà÷àëà 2009 ãîäà.
Ïîòîì âûðàñòóò òàðèôû íà ýëåêòðîýíåðãèþ, ãàç è âîäó. À çíà÷èò, è
ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ ïîäîðîæàþò.
5. Âïðî÷åì, ïîäîðîæàþò èëè íåò — ýòî åùå áîëüøîé âîïðîñ.
Ñåãîäíÿ íè ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿì, íè òîðãîâöàì íå âûãîäíî çàäèðàòü
öåíû. Ïðîáëåìû ñ áàíêîâñêèìè êðåäèòàìè âûíóæäàþò ó÷àñòíèêîâ
ðûíêà óäåëÿòü áîëüøå âíèìàíèÿ èíòåðåñàì ïîòðåáèòåëÿ. Èíà÷å íå
ïðèäåò, íå êóïèò, ïåðåäóìàåò. Íåêîòîðûå ñåòè äàæå äîáðîâîëüíî
ñíèæàþò òîðãîâóþ íàöåíêó íà ñàìûå õîäîâûå òîâàðû. Âî-ïåðâûõ, ðåêëàìà. Âî-âòîðûõ, — äåíüãè, êîòîðûå ñåé÷àñ íåãäå “çàíÿòü”, êðîìå
êàê â êîøåëüêå ïîêóïàòåëÿ.
6. ×òî æå êàñàåòñÿ “çàìîðîçêè” è ïðî÷èõ íåïîïóëÿðíûõ ìåð,
òî îíè óæå äîêàçàëè ñâîþ íåýôôåêòèâíîñòü. Íà êàêîå-òî âðåìÿ ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííàÿ èíôëÿöèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíî “çàìèðàåò” íà ìåñòå. Íî
ïîòîì íà÷èíàåò íàâåðñòûâàòü óïóùåííîå. Äîñòàòî÷íî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî â
I êâàðòàëå 2008 ãîäà õëåá ïîäîðîæàë íà 8,3%, à ðàñòèòåëüíîå
ìàñëî — íà 6,6%. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â ýòî âðåìÿ â Ðîññèè äåéñòâîâàë ìîðàòîðèé î íåïîâûøåíèè öåí.
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Çàäàíèå 8
Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê îòðûâîê èç èíòåðâüþ âèöåïðåìüåðà è ìèíèñòðà ôèíàíñîâ Ïîëüøè [âïîñëåäñòâèè — ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ ïðàâëåíèÿ Íàöèîíàëüíîãî áàíêà Ïîëüøè]Ëåøåêà Áàëüöåðîâè÷à (Leszek Balcerowicz).
1. Êàêîâû ñîñòàâëÿþùèå óñïåõà Ïîëüøè íà ïóòè ðåôîðì ê
ðûíêó?
— Äëÿ àíàëèçà ëþáîãî òðàíñôîðìàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà ïîëåçíî
èñïîëüçîâàòü äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòóþ ñõåìó, ñîñòîÿùóþ èç ñëåäóþùèõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Âî-ïåðâûõ, ñòàðòîâûå óñëîâèÿ, êîòîðûå áûëè
óíàñëåäîâàíû ðåôîðìàòîðàìè. Âòîðîé ýëåìåíò — ýòî óñëîâèÿ
ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðåôîðì, âêëþ÷àÿ âíåøíèå è âíóòðåííèå ôàêòîðû.
Òðåòèé ýëåìåíò — êîíêðåòíàÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà.
Äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðåôîðì íåîáõîäèìà äîñòàòî÷íàÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ
ñòàáèëüíîñòü. Åñëè â ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå äîìèíèðóþò êëàíû, òî âðÿä ëè óäàñòñÿ ðåàëèçîâàòü ðàöèîíàëüíóþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ ñòðàòåãèþ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, åñëè íåò ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
ñòàáèëüíîñòè, òðóäíî äîáèòüñÿ ñáàëàíñèðîâàíèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî
ïîëÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîèñõîäèò âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêòîðîâ â ïåðåõîäíîì îáùåñòâå.
2. Ìíîãèå ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî Ïîëüøå áîëüøå äðóãèõ ïîâåçëî ñî ñòàðòîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè. Ó âàñ áûëî ÷àñòíîå ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî, ëþäè
íå çàáûëè, ÷òî òàêîå ñîáñòâåííîñòü.
— Ïîëüñêèé óñïåõ íåëüçÿ îáúÿñíèòü óíàñëåäîâàííûìè õîðîøèìè óñëîâèÿìè. Äàâàéòå ïîñìîòðèì íà íàñëåäñòâî, êîòîðîå
äîñòàëîñü ïîëüñêèì ðåôîðìàòîðàì: ïîëíûé áóêåò íåýôôåêòèâíîé ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ýêîíîìèêè, èñêàæåííàÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà, ñåðüåçíåéøèå ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêèå äèñáàëàíñû, ãèïåðèíôëÿöèÿ. Óñëîâèÿ áûëè ãîðàçäî õóæå, ÷åì â ×åõîñëîâàêèè è Âåíãðèè. Äà, íàì óäàëîñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ñîêðàòèòü
âíåøíèé äîëã, ïîòîìó ÷òî ó íàñ áûëà ðàöèîíàëüíàÿ, êîìïëåêñíàÿ ïðîãðàììà ñèñòåìíûõ ðåôîðì, â êîòîðóþ ïîâåðèëè íàøè
êðåäèòîðû. (...) Ñåëî íå ñòàëî âàæíûì ïîçèòèâíûì ôàêòîðîì.
(Îíî) áûëî î÷åíü ðàçäðîáëåííûì è ñîöèàëèçèðîâàííûì, åãî
îáúåì ñîñòàâëÿë âñåãî 5% ÂÂÏ. Ïîýòîìó ìèôîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ óòâåðæäåíèå î òîì, ÷òî óñïåøíûå ðåôîðìû â Ïîëüøå ñîñòîÿëèñü áëàãîäàðÿ òîìó, ÷òî â ñòðàíå ñîõðàíèëîñü ÷àñòíîå ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî.
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3. Âû è âàøà êîìàíäà ñìîãëè íå òîëüêî îáåñïå÷èòü áûñòðûå
ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðåôîðìû, íî è èçìåíèòü ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ ñèñòåìó
ïîëüñêîãî îáùåñòâà
— ß îòâå÷àë çà âûðàáîòêó ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñòðàòåãèè è çà åå
ïðîäâèæåíèå êàê ðàç â ïåðåëîìíûé ïåðèîä. (...) Íàäî áûëî
îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ: ÷òî ìû õîòèì ïîëó÷èòü â ðåçóëüòàòå òðàíñôîðìàöèé? Ìû ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî íàäî ñòðîèòü òàêóþ ìîäåëü, êîòîðàÿ áû îáåñïå÷èëà ñòàáèëüíûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðîñò è ñîçäàíèå ðàáî÷èõ ìåñò. (...) Î÷åâèäíîé ìåðîé â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè
áûëà ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ. Íåîáõîäèìî áûëî îòäåëèòü ãîñóäàðñòâî îò
ýêîíîìèêè ÷åðåç ïðîçðà÷íóþ çàêîíîäàòåëüíóþ ñèñòåìó: íèêàêèõ ïðåôåðåíöèé, ðàâíûå óñëîâèÿ õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ — îäèíàêîâûå, ïðîñòûå ïðàâèëà èãðû äëÿ âñåõ.
4. Îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïåðåõîäíîé ñèñòåìû — ñàìà
ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà. Çäåñü åñòü ðÿä ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ âîïðîñîâ: êàê áûñòðî ïðîâîäèòü ðåôîðìû, íàñêîëüêî êîìïëåêñíûìè îíè
äîëæíû áûòü? Ñòðàòåãèÿ, êîòîðóþ âûáðàëè íåêîòîðûå ñòðàíû —
çàìåäëåíèå ðåôîðì, îòêëàäûâàíèå èõ íà ïîòîì — áûëà áåçíàäåæíîé. Ðàçóìíàÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ çàêëþ÷àëàñü â áûñòðîì ïðîäâèæåíèè îäíîâðåìåííî ïî íåñêîëüêèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì, ïðåîäîëåâàÿ èíåðöèþ
ñòàðîé ñèñòåìû. Åå ñóòü — ïðåäîñòàâëåíèå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñâîáîäû
÷åëîâåêó, êîòîðûé è ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé ðûíêà.
5. Êàêîâû áûëè îñíîâíûå ïðîáëåìû íà÷àëà 90-õ? Ïî÷åìó ïàäåíèå ÂÂÏ â Ïîëüøå îêàçàëîñü íàèìåíüøèì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ñòðàíàìè ðåãèîíà?
— Ïîëüøà ïîòåðÿëà 50 ëåò ïðè ñîöèàëèçìå. Ñ 1989ã. ìû íà÷àëè
ðåôîðìû è ñìîãëè îáåñïå÷èòü ïÿòèïðîöåíòíûé ðîñò ÂÂÏ áåç
ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî êðèçèñà. Âòîðîé âûçî⠗ èíôëÿöèÿ. Âî
âðåìåíà ñîöèàëèçìà áûëà áîëüøàÿ ñêðûòàÿ áåçðàáîòèöà, íî
èçìåíåíèÿ â çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâå ïðèâåëè ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó åå ñíèæåíèþ è ðîñòó ÷èñëà îôèöèàëüíî íåðàáîòàþùèõ. (...)  ðåçóëüòàòå ðûíî÷íûõ ðåôîðì ìû ïîëó÷èëè ãîðàçäî áîëåå ÷èñòóþ ïðèðîäó. Íàøà ýêîíîìèêà ñòàëà ãîðàçäî ìåíåå ýíåðãîåìêîé, íî íå
ïîä äàâëåíèåì ïàðòèè «çåëåíûõ», à ïî ëîãèêå ïîñòðîåíèÿ ðåàëüíûõ ðûíî÷íûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ. Î÷åðåäíûå ïðîáëåìû — ðåãèîíàëüíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ, ñâÿçü ìåæäó öåíòðîì è ðåãèîíàìè,
ðàäèêàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå äîõîäíîé ÷àñòè ìåñòíûõ è öåíòðàëüíîãî áþäæåòîâ.
6. Êîíå÷íî, íåîáõîäèìî ïðèíÿòèå öåëîãî êîìïëåêñà ìåð äëÿ
îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñòàáèëèçàöèè, ïðîâåäåíèå ïåðåãîâîðîâ ñ ÌÂÔ, Âñåìèðíûì áàíêîì è äðóãèìè ïàðòíåðàìè. Áþä298
æåòíûé äåôèöèò, äîðîãèå äåíüãè, ïîëèòèêà äîõîäî⠗ íà âñå íàäî
íàõîäèòü îòâåòû. Âòîðûì âàæíûì ýëåìåíòîì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ïîëèòèêè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèáåðàëèçàöèÿ, ò.å. ñíÿòèå òîðãîâûõ è àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ áàðüåðîâ, îòìåíà îãðàíè÷åíèé ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ öåí.
Òðåòèé ýëåìåíò ðåôîðì — ïðîâåäåíèå ãëóáîêèõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé. Äîëæíû áûòü èçìåíåíû èíñòèòóòû è ìåõàíèçìû ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñî ñòîðîíû ãîñóäàðñòâà.
Áàíêè äîëæíû ñòàòü áàíêàìè, öåíà — öåíîé.
Ýòè èçìåíåíèÿ áûëè îñóùåñòâëåíû â Ïîëüøå â òå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ ëåò òðàíñôîðìàöèé, ÷òî ïðèâåëî ê òîìó, ÷òî ïàäåíèå ÂÂÏ
áûëî ñàìûì íèçêèì â ðåãèîíå. Ó íàñ áûëî íåñêîëüêî ïðàâèòåëüñòâ
çà ýòè ãîäû, íî ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå íàïðàâëåíèå ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íå
ìåíÿëîñü. (...)
7. Êàêîâû îñíîâíûå óðîêè, êîòîðûå ìîæíî èçâëå÷ü èç ïîëüñêîãî îïûòà ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðåôîðì?
— Íå íàäî âïàäàòü â îò÷àÿíèå ïî ïîâîäó ñòàðòîâûõ óñëîâèé è
ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî íàñëåäñòâà. Àêöåíò íà ýòè ôàêòîðû — ïóñòàÿ
òðàòà âðåìåíè. Âñÿ ýíåðãèÿ äîëæíà áûòü ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà íà âûðàáîòêå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñòðàòåãèè. Íàäî èìåòü âèäåíèå áóäóùåé ñèñòåìû. Ìîíåòàðíûå ìåðû ðàáîòàþò äàæå â ïåðåõîäíîé
ýêîíîìèêå. Ïðè ýòîì íåò çàìåíû ôèñêàëüíîé äèñöèïëèíå. Íåëüçÿ íè÷åì çàìåíèòü ñòðóêòóðíûå ðåôîðìû. Òðåòüåãî ïóòè íå ñóùåñòâóåò, è ëåãêèõ ðåøåíèé íå áûâàåò. Òà æå ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ,
ïîìèìî ÷èñòî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî, èìååò ïîëèòè÷åñêèé àñïåêò. Â
ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì ïëàíå ìû ïîëó÷àåì ðîñò ýôôåêòèâíîñòè, â
ïîëèòè÷åñêîì — ïàäåíèå ñïðîñà íà ïîêðîâèòåëüñòâî ãîñóäàðñòâà. Òî åñòü îäíîâðåìåííî ìû èìååì äâå ðåôîðìû.
8. Åñëè âû áóäåòå æäàòü, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî íàñåëåíèÿ è ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ïàðòèé âûñêàæåò ñâîå îäîáðåíèå ïðåäëîæåííîé âàìè ïðîãðàììû, òî âû íèêîãäà íå íà÷íåòå ïðîöåññ òðàíñôîðìàöèé. Åñëè
áû ìû íå íà÷àëè àêòèâíî äåéñòâîâàòü, à æäàëè, òî ïîãðÿçëè áû â
äèñêóññèÿõ è íèêîãäà íè÷åãî íå äîáèëèñü. È ýòî â óñëîâèÿõ äåìîêðàòèè. Ñêîðîñòü è ïðàâèëüíî âûáðàííîå íàïðàâëåíèå äâèæåíèÿ —
ýòî êëþ÷è ê óñïåõó. (...)
Çàäàíèå 9
Ïðî÷èòàéòå ñòàòüþ èç åæåíåäåëüíèêà «Áåëîðóñû è ðûíîê» è
ñäåëàéòå ðåôåðàòèâíûé ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê îáúåìîì äî
200 ñëîâ. Ñîñòàâüòå ñïèñîê êëþ÷åâûõ ñëîâ è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé ñ èõ
ïåðåâîäîì íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê.
299
«ÑÌÅØÍÛÅ» ÏÎØËÈÍÛ
Óêðàèíà ãðîçèò ïðèíÿòü îòâåòíûå ìåðû â îòíîøåíèè Áåëàðóñè
â ñâÿçè ñ ââåäåíèåì òàìîæåííîé ïîøëèíû íà óêðàèíñêóþ êàðàìåëü.
Àëåñü ÑÅÐÆÀÍÎÂÈ×
1. Óêðàèíñêàÿ ñòîðîíà ñ÷èòàåò òàìîæåííûå ïîøëèíû, ââåäåííûå áåëîðóññêèì ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì â îòíîøåíèè óêðàèíñêîé êàðàìåëè, íåîáîñíîâàííûìè.  òåëåôîííîé áåñåäå ñ êîðð. “ÁД ïðåçèäåíò êîíäèòåðñêîé êîðïîðàöèè Roshen Âÿ÷åñëàâ Ìîñêàëåâñêèé
ïîä÷åðêíóë, ÷òî áåëîðóññêàÿ ñòîðîíà íå äîêàçàëà âèíó óêðàèíñêèõ
ïîñòàâùèêîâ. Íà âîïðîñ êîðð. “ÁД, â ÷åì áåëîðóññêàÿ ñòîðîíà
îáâèíÿëà óêðàèíñêèõ êîíäèòåðîâ, Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé îòâåòèë: “Â òîì,
÷òî ìû âûòåñíÿåì áåëîðóññêîãî ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ”.
2. Íàïîìíèì, 21 àâãóñòà âñòóïèëî â ñèëó ðåøåíèå î ââåäåíèè
àíòèäåìïèíãîâûõ ïîøëèí íà óêðàèíñêóþ êàðàìåëü. Àíòèäåìïèíãîâàÿ ïîøëèíà íà êàðàìåëü, íå ñîäåðæàùóþ êàêàî, ñîñòàâèëà
11,76%, íà êàðàìåëü, ñîäåðæàùóþ êàêàî, — 23,9%.
Ââåäåíèþ ïîøëèí ïðåäøåñòâîâàëî äîâîëüíî äëèòåëüíîå àíòèäåìïèíãîâîå ðàññëåäîâàíèå, íà÷àòîå åùå â äåêàáðå 2006 ãîäà.  ïîÿñíåíèè ê ôàêòó ââåäåíèÿ ïîøëèíû ïðåññ-ñëóæáà Ìèíèñòåðñòâà
èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Áåëàðóñè îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî “ðåøåíèå î ââåäåíèè ïîøëèíû áûëî ïðèíÿòî â ñâÿçè ñ óñòàíîâëåíèåì ïðè÷èííî-ñëåäñòâåííîé ñâÿçè ìåæäó äåìïèíãîâûì èìïîðòîì è ìàòåðèàëüíûì óùåðáîì îòðàñëè áåëîðóññêîé ýêîíîìèêè, ïðîèçâîäÿùåé àíàëîãè÷íûé
òîâàð”.
3. Òàê, â ïåðèîä ðàññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðè ñíèæåíèè ïîòðåáëåíèÿ
êàðàìåëè íà 8% îáúåì ïðîèçâîäñòâà êîíäèòåðñêîé îòðàñëè óìåíüøèëñÿ íà 32%, îáúåì ðåàëèçàöèè — íà 26%. Ñîãëàñíî èíôîðìàöèè
ÌÈÄà, ïðîèçîøëî ñíèæåíèå çàãðóçêè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ìîùíîñòåé íà 29%, óâåëè÷åíèå îáúåìà òîâàðíûõ çàïàñî⠗ íà 48%, óìåíüøåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðñîíàëà, çàíÿòîãî â ïðîèçâîäñòâå è ðåàëèçàöèè êàðàìåëè, — íà 22%, ñíèæåíèå ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè òðóäà —
íà 5%, à îáúåìîâ èíâåñòèöèé — íà 12%. Òåìï ðîñòà ñåáåñòîèìîñòè
áåëîðóññêîé êàðàìåëè îïåðåæàë òåìï ðîñòà öåíû íà äàííóþ ïðîäóêöèþ.
4. Ñîãëàñíî äàííûì áåëîðóññêîé ñòàòèñòèêè, çà ãîä (ñ èþëÿ
2007 ïî èþëü 2008 ãã.) öåíû íà êîíäèòåðñêèå èçäåëèÿ ïîäíÿëèñü
íà 15,7%. Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìî ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî öåíû íà îäèí èç
îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ êîíäèòåðñêèõ èçäåëèé — ìîëîêî — ïîäñêî÷èëè çà òîò æå ïåðèîä íà 31,8%. Êàê óòâåðæäàþò â ÌÈÄå, èìåííî
300
ðàñòóùèé äåìïèíãîâûé èìïîðò ìåøàë öåíàì íà ïðîäóêöèþ áåëîðóññêèõ êîíäèòåðñêèõ ôàáðèê ðàñòè. Âìåñòå ñ òåì öåíû íà ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿõ (à âñå êðóïíûå êîíäèòåðñêèå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ,
çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ÎÀÎ “Èâêîí”, êîíòðîëèðóþòñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâîì) íå
ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ñîãëàñíî ðûíî÷íîé êîíúþíêòóðå, à ðåãóëèðóþòñÿ
ñâåðõó. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî âñòóïèòü â îòêðûòóþ è
ðàâíîïðàâíóþ áîðüáó ñ óêðàèíñêèì ïðîèçâîäèòåëåì íà ñîáñòâåííîì ðûíêå íàøè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ïîêà íå ñìîãëè è âðÿä ëè ñìîãóò â
áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ.
5. Äàæå íåñìîòðÿ íà íåáîëüøîé ðîñò öåí, çà ïåðèîä ïðîâåäåíèÿ àíòèäåìïèíãîâîãî ðàññëåäîâàíèÿ äîëÿ áåëîðóññêîé êàðàìåëè
â îáúåìå ïîòðåáëåíèÿ äàííîãî òîâàðà â Áåëàðóñè ñíèçèëàñü íà 17
ïðîöåíòíûõ ïóíêòîâ ïðè îäíîâðåìåííîì ðîñòå îáúåìîâ èìïîðòà
êàðàìåëè èç Óêðàèíû â 3 ðàçà è óâåëè÷åíèè åå äîëè â îáúåìå ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñ 8 äî 23%.
6.  áåñåäå ñ êîðð. “ÁД Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé ïîäòâåðäèë ôàêò
ðîñòà èìïîðòà óêðàèíñêîé êàðàìåëè.
“Ïîñëå ââåäåíèÿ àíòèäåìïèíãîâîé ïîøëèíû íà óêðàèíñêóþ
êàðàìåëü â Ðîññèè (ïîøëèíà áûëà ââåäåíà â 2006 ãîäó è ñîñòàâèëà
20% — ïðèì. À.Ñ.) ìû íà÷àëè öåëåíàïðàâëåííî ðàáîòàòü íà Áåëàðóñü”, — îáúÿñíèë ïðè÷èíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïîñòàâîê êàðàìåëè â Áåëàðóñü Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé.
Ïî ìíåíèþ ïðåçèäåíòà Roshen, ââåäåíèå àíòèäåìïèíãîâûõ
ïîøëèí âûãîäíî êàê ìèíèìóì äâóì áåëîðóññêèì ïðåäïðèÿòèÿì. È
Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé íå èñêëþ÷àåò, ÷òî çà íèìè êòî-òî ñòîèò.
7. Ìåñÿö íàçàä â áåëîðóññêîì ìåäèàïðîñòðàíñòâå ïîÿâèëàñü
èíôîðìàöèÿ î æåëàíèè Roshen ïðèéòè íà áåëîðóññêèé ðûíîê â
êà÷åñòâå íå ïðîäàâöà, à ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ.  îòäåëüíûõ ÑÌÈ ýòî ðàññìàòðèâàëîñü êàê âîçìîæíàÿ ïðè÷èíà ââåäåíèÿ àíòèäåìïèíãîâûõ
ïîøëèí.
 îòâåò íà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé âîïðîñ êîðð. “ÁД Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé íå ñòàë îòðèöàòü, ÷òî èìåòü ñîáñòâåííûé çàâîä â Áåëàðóñè
áûëî áû íåïëîõî. Îäíàêî, ïî åãî ñëîâàì, äëÿ ýòîãî ñåé÷àñ íåò
íèêàêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé.
“Âûáèðàòü-òî íå èç êîãî”, — ïîäìåòèë Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé.
8. Ñåãîäíÿ âñå ãëàâíûå èãðîêè áåëîðóññêîãî êîíäèòåðñêîãî
ðûíêà èìåþò õîçÿåâ. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ñîáñòâåííîãî çàâîäà íà òåððèòîðèè Áåëàðóñè, òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòî î÷åíü ðèñêîâàííî, è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü — ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà,
ñ÷èòàåò ïðåçèäåíò Roshen. Êðîìå òîãî, Roshen íå óñòðàèâàåò è îáú301
åì áåëîðóññêîãî ðûíêà, êîòîðûé íà äàííûé ìîìåíò ñîñòàâëÿåò 6
òûñ. òîíí â ìåñÿö.
Òåì íå ìåíåå ïîñëå ââåäåíèÿ àíòèäåìïèíãîâûõ ïîøëèí Roshen
íå ñîáèðàåòñÿ óìåíüøàòü îáúåìû ïîñòàâîê ïðîäóêöèè. Êðîìå òîãî,
Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé íå òåðÿåò íàäåæäû íà îòìåíó ïîøëèí.
9. Â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ êîìïàíèÿ íàìåðåíà ïîäàòü èñê â óêðàèíñêèé ñóä è ïîïûòàòüñÿ äîáèòüñÿ îòìåíû ïîøëèí. Åñëè â ñóäå
óêðàèíñêîé êîðïîðàöèè íå óäàñòñÿ äîêàçàòü ñâîþ ïðàâîòó, òî îíà
áóäåò äîáèâàòüñÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ îòâåòíûõ ìåð â îòíîøåíèè áåëîðóññêèõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé.
“ß íå õîòåë áû ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ, êàêèå ýòî áóäóò ìåðû”, —
ñêàçàë Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé, äîáàâèâ, ÷òî îáúåì ïîñòàâîê áåëîðóññêèõ
êîíäèòåðñêèõ èçäåëèé â Óêðàèíó áëèçîê ê íóëþ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî,
âîçäåéñòâîâàòü ñèììåòðè÷íûìè ìåðàìè íà áåëîðóññêèõ êîëëåã íåò
îñîáîãî ñìûñëà.
10. Ëèøü â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà îí ñîîáùèë, ÷òî êàæäûé âòîðîé
òðàêòîð â Óêðàèíå — áåëîðóññêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. “Âåäü ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî òàêèì îáðàçîì óùåìëÿþòñÿ ïðàâà óêðàèíñêèõ ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé òðàêòîðîâ”, — çàìåòèë Â. Ìîñêàëåâñêèé.
Îäíàêî åñëè ââåäåííûå Áåëàðóñüþ ïîøëèíû Roshen íàçûâàåò
“ñìåøíûìè” äàæå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðîññèéñêèìè, òî â ñëó÷àå ïðèìåíåíèÿ îòâåòíûõ ìåð áåëîðóññêèì ýêñïîðòåðàì ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ
ñîâñåì äî ñìåõà.
11. Êîíäèòåðñêàÿ êîðïîðàöèÿ Roshen ÿâëÿåòñÿ äî÷åðíåé êîìïàíèåé ïðîìûøëåííîé ãðóïïû “Óêðïðîìèíâåñò”, ïðèíàäëåæàùåé
ñåìüå âåñüìà âëèÿòåëüíîãî óêðàèíñêîãî ïîëèòèêà è áèçíåñìåíà —
“ñàõàðíîãî áàðîíà” Ïåòðà Ïîðîøåíêî. Ñàìî íàçâàíèå êîíäèòåðñêîé êîðïîðàöèè Roshen îáðàçîâàíî îò ôàìèëèè ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà.
Ï. Ïîðîøåíêî èçâåñòåí â Óêðàèíå øèðîòîé îõâàòà ñâîèõ ñôåð
âëèÿíèÿ. Îí êîíòðîëèðóåò êîíäèòåðñêóþ îòðàñëü, ñàõàðíûå è àâòîìîáèëüíûå çàâîäû, íåêîòîðûå áàíêè. Íà äàííûé ìîìåíò îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäñåäàòåëåì Íàáëþäàòåëüíîãî ñîâåòà Íàöèîíàëüíîãî áàíêà
Óêðàèíû.
12. Êðîìå òîãî, Ï. Ïîðîøåíêî âõîäèò â áëîê “Íàøà Óêðàèíà —
Íàðîäíàÿ ñàìîîáîðîíà” è èìååò âëèÿíèå íà ïðåçèäåíòà Óêðàèíû
Âèêòîðà Þùåíêî, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ êóìîì Ïîðîøåíêî (â 2000
ãîäó ó íåãî ðîäèëèñü áëèçíåöû, êðåñòíûì îòöîì êîòîðûõ ñòàë
Þùåíêî).
Ïî äàííûì òàìîæåííîé ñòàòèñòèêè, âî âíåøíåòîðãîâîì îáîðîòå ñ Áåëàðóñüþ Óêðàèíà çàíèìàåò òðåòüå ìåñòî ïîñëå Ðîññèè è
Íèäåðëàíäîâ. Ïî èòîãàì ïîëóãîäèÿ ýêñïîðò ïðîäóêöèè â ýòó ñòðàíó
ñîñòàâèë ïî÷òè 1,5 ìëðä. USD. Ïðè ýòîì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïåðâûì
302
ïîëóãîäèåì ïðîøëîãî ãîäà ýêñïîðò â Óêðàèíó âûðîñ â 2,6 ðàçà, ÷òî
ïî òåìïàì ðîñòà ñîïîñòàâèìî ñ ðîñòîì èìïîðòà óêðàèíñêèõ êîíôåò â Áåëàðóñü.
Çàäàíèå 10
Ïðî÷èòàéòå òðè ìàòåðèàëà èç «ÁåëÃàçåòû», îïóáëèêîâàííûå â
ðóáðèêå «Ïðàâèëà èãðû» è ïåðåâåäèòå èõ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ñîñòàâèâ ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ.
1.
ÊÎÇËßÊΠÍÅ ÑÎÃËÀÑÅÍ
Íà÷àëüíèê ãëàâíîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ íàëîãîâîé ïîëèòèêè Ìèíôèíà
Àëåêñàíäð Êîçëÿêîâ íå ñîãëàñåí ñ îöåíêîé ñòðàíû ïî èíäèêàòîðó «Óïëàòà íàëîãîâ» â èññëåäîâàíèè Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà è ÌÔÊ â Doing Business 2009, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîé Áåëàðóñü çàíÿëà ïîñëåäíåå ìåñòî â ñïèñêå
èç 181 ñòðàíû ìèðà, ñîîáùàåò «Èíòåðôàêñ-Çàïàä».
«Åñòü ñóáúåêòèâíûå è îáúåêòèâíûå íåäîðàáîòêè â ìåòîäîëîãèè,
ïî êîòîðîé Âñåìèðíûé áàíê ïðîâîäèë îöåíêó óðîâíÿ íàëîãîâîé ñèñòåìû â Áåëàðóñè, — çàÿâèë Êîçëÿêîâ. — Ïðè îöåíêå ñèñòåìû íàëîãîâ è
íàëîãîâîé íàãðóçêè íå ó÷èòûâàëèñü èçìåíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå óæå ïðîèçîøëè â 2008ã. è êîòîðûå áóäóò ó íàñ ðåàëèçîâàíû ñ 2009ã.».  ÷àñòíîñòè,
îí íàïîìíèë, ÷òî ñ 2009ã. ñòàâêà ñáîðà â ôîíä ïîääåðæêè ñåëüõîçïðîèçâîäèòåëåé ñíèæàåòñÿ äî 1% ñ âûðó÷êè, èç-ïîä íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ âûâîäèòñÿ àêòèâíàÿ ÷àñòü îñíîâíûõ ôîíäîâ, ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ðàäèêàëüíàÿ ðåôîðìà ïîäîõîäíîãî íàëîãà, êîòîðûé áóäåò óïëà÷èâàòüñÿ ïî ôèêñèðîâàííîé ïëîñêîé øêàëå 12%.
«Âñå ýòè ôàêòû, â ò.÷. ââåäåííûå ñ 1 àïðåëÿ 2008ã. óïðîùåíèÿ
óïëàòû çåìåëüíîãî íàëîãà è íàëîãà íà íåäâèæèìîñòü, íå íàøëè îòðàæåíèÿ â èññëåäîâàíèè, ÷òî ïîâëèÿëî íà îöåíêó ñèòóàöèè ñ íàëîãàìè,
ïî êîòîðîé Áåëàðóñü çàíÿëà, êàê è â ïðîøëîì ãîäó, ïîñëåäíåå, 181-å
ìåñòî â ìèðå», — çàÿâèë Êîçëÿêîâ.
Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, ñóáúåêòèâíûì ôàêòîðîì, îêàçàâøèì âëèÿíèå
íà ìåñòî Áåëàðóñè â ðåéòèíãå ïî íàëîãàì, ñòàë «íåïðàâèëüíûé ïîäõîä â òîì, ÷òî â êà÷åñòâå ýêñïåðòîâ áûëè ïðèãëàøåíû áóõãàëòåðû
ìàëûõ è ñðåäíèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, êîòîðûå èìåþò íåäîñòàòî÷íûé óðîâåíü îáðàçîâàíèÿ è êâàëèôèêàöèè». «Ïðîáëåì ìíîãî, íóæíî ðàáîòàòü
íàä ìåòîäîëîãèåé», — ïîñîâåòîâàë Êîçëÿêîâ ýêñïåðòàì èç Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà.
2.
×ÀÐÊÀ ÂÑËÅÄ ÇÀ ØÊÂÀÐÊÎÉ
Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî íàìåðåíî ñ 2009ã. çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîâûñèòü öåíû íà
êðåïêèå àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè çà ñ÷åò ïîâûøåíèÿ àêöèçîâ è óâåëè÷èòü
303
âûïóñê êà÷åñòâåííûõ âèí, ñîîáùèë «Ïðàéì-ÒÀÑÑ» ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ïðîôèëüíîãî âåäîìñòâà, êîììåíòèðóÿ ïîñòàíîâëåíèå Ñîâìèíà N1315, íàïðàâëåííîå íà óæåñòî÷åíèå ìåð ïî áîðüáå ñ ïüÿíñòâîì è àëêîãîëèçìîì.
«Áóäåò ïðîðàáàòûâàòüñÿ âîïðîñ ïåðåñìîòðà ñòàâîê àêöèçîâ íà
2009ã. â ñòîðîíó èõ óâåëè÷åíèÿ. Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò óâÿçûâàíèå ñòàâîê àêöèçîâ è öåí íà àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè êðåïîñòüþ
ñâûøå 28% ñ òåìïàìè ðîñòà ñðåäíåé çàðïëàòû, ïàðàìåòðàìè èíôëÿöèè è ðîñòîì çàêóïî÷íûõ öåí íà çåðíî.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ àêöèçû è
öåíà íà ýòó ïðîäóêöèþ íèæå òåìïîâ èõ ðîñòà», — ñêàçàë ñîáåñåäíèê àãåíòñòâà. «Ðîçíè÷íûå öåíû íà êðåïêèå àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè äîëæíû áûòü çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå íûíå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ, ÷òîáû èõ ïîòðåáëåíèå áûëî áîëåå óìåðåííûì. Ýòî íåíîðìàëüíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, êîãäà áóòûëêà âîäêè åìêîñòüþ 0,5 ë â äâà-òðè ðàçà äåøåâëå êèëîãðàììà ìÿñà.
Îïûò äðóãèõ ñòðàí â áîðüáå ñ àëêîãîëèçìîì ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êðåïêèå
àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè íå äîëæíû áûòü äåøåâûìè. Â òî æå âðåìÿ íå
ñòàâèòñÿ öåëü «çàäàâèòü» ïðîèçâîäñòâî. Áóäóò ïðîâîäèòüñÿ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷åòû, ñ òåì ÷òîáû íàéòè îïòèìàëüíûé âàðèàíò óðîâíÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ñòàâîê àêöèçîâ è öåí íà ýòó ïðîäóêöèþ», — îòìåòèë ÷èíîâíèê.
Ïî åãî ñëîâàì, äî êîíöà íûíåøíåãî ãîäà ñòàâêè àêöèçîâ íà àëêîãîëüíóþ ïðîäóêöèþ, âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî, ïåðåñìîòðåíû íå áóäóò.
 òî æå âðåìÿ, ïî ìíåíèþ ñîáåñåäíèêà àãåíòñòâà, ê ïîâûøåíèþ öåí íà êðåïêèå àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè ñëåäóåò ïîäõîäèòü âçâåøåííî, ïîñêîëüêó ðîñò öåí íà ýòó ïðîäóêöèþ ìîæåò ñòèìóëèðîâàòü ðîñò òåíåâîãî îáîðîòà àëêîãîëÿ. «Ñåé÷àñ öåíà íà âîäêó â Áåëàðóñè ñîïîñòàâèìà ñ óðîâíåì öåí íà ýòó æå ïðîäóêöèþ â Ðîññèè è íà
Óêðàèíå. Ïðè ñóùåñòâåííîì óâåëè÷åíèè ðîçíè÷íûõ öåí íà âîäêó â Áåëàðóñè íà âíóòðåííèé ðûíîê âíîâü íà÷íåò ïîñòóïàòü â ãèãàíòñêèõ
ìàñøòàáàõ ðîññèéñêàÿ è óêðàèíñêàÿ âîäêà, àëêîãîëüíûå ñóððîãàòû,
óâåëè÷èòñÿ ñàìîãîíîâàðåíèå. Áëàãîå ïî ñâîåé ñóòè íàìåðåíèå ñäåëàòü
êðåïêèå àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè ìåíåå äîñòóïíûìè ìîæåò èìåòü êðàéíå íåãàòèâíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ», — ñêàçàë ÷èíîâíèê.
Ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì òàêæå ïðåäóñìîòðåíî âíåñòè â çàêîí î ãîñðåãóëèðîâàíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà è îáîðîòà àëêîãîëüíîé ïðîäóêöèè èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàþùèå çàïðåùåíèå ïðîäàæè ëèöàì ìîëîæå
21 ãîäà àëêîãîëüíîé ïðîäóêöèè, êðîìå íàïèòêîâ áðîæåíèÿ (êâàñ,
êóìûñ, êåôèð, ïèâî) ñ îáúåìíîé äîëåé ýòèëîâîãî ñïèðòà îò 0,5%
äî 7%.
3.
ÐÓÁËÜ ÈÄÅÒ ÍÀ ÑÌÅÍÓ ÄÎËËÀÐÓ
Ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð Ðîññèè Âëàäèìèð Ïóòèí, âûñòóïàÿ íà ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì ôîðóìå â Ñî÷è, âûðàçèë íàäåæäó, ÷òî íåôòåãàçîâûé ñåêòîð
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Ðîññèè ïî íåêîòîðûì âèäàì ñäåëîê ïåðåéäåò â ðàñ÷åòàõ íà ðóáëè. «ß
î÷åíü íàäåþñü, ÷òî íàøè êîìïàíèè áóäóò ïåðåõîäèòü íà ðàñ÷åòû â
íàöèîíàëüíîé âàëþòå. Âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå, íåôòåãàçîâûé ñåêòîð ìîã
áû ýòî ñäåëàòü ïî íåêîòîðûì âèäàì ñäåëîê. Â ñàìîì äåëå, êàê-òî
ñòðàííîâàòî çâó÷èò, ÷òî ìû ïðîäàåì ãàç, ñêàæåì, â Áåëàðóñü, çà
äîëëàðû», — ñêàçàë Ïóòèí.
Ïî åãî ñâåäåíèÿì, «Ãàçïðîì» óæå ïðåäëîæèë íåêîòîðûì ñâîèì êîíòðàãåíòàì ïåðåéòè íà ðàñ÷åòû â ðóáëÿõ ñ 2009ã. Ãëàâà êîìïàíèè «Ëóêîéë» Âàãèò Àëåêïåðîâ òóò æå ïîñïåøèë çàÿâèòü â ïðÿìîì
ýôèðå òåëåêàíàëà «Âåñòè», ÷òî â 2009ã. åãî êîìïàíèÿ ìîæåò ÷àñòè÷íî ïåðåéòè íà ðàñ÷åòû â ðóáëÿõ. Íî ïåðåâåñòè âñå ðàñ÷åòû çà ïîñòàâêè ïðîäóêöèè íà ðóáëè â ñëåäóþùåì ãîäó áóäåò ñëîæíî. «Ìû
òàêèå ïåðåãîâîðû âåäåì, íî ýòî çàâèñèò íå òîëüêî îò íåôòÿíûõ êîìïàíèé, íî è îò êîíòðàãåíòîâ, êîòîðûå ðàáîòàþò íà ìèðîâîì ðûíêå
ýíåðãîíîñèòåëåé», — ïîÿñíèë Àëåêïåðîâ. Ïðè ýòîì îí äîáàâèë, ÷òî
íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü õåäæèðîâàíèå, ñòðàõîâàíèå ðèñêîâ è äðóãèå
ôàêòîðû. Èñ÷èñëåíèå íåôòè, ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, â áëèæàéøåé ïåðñïåêòèâå ñîõðàíèòñÿ â äîëëàðàõ, êîòîðûå ïîòîì áóäóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ â ðóáëè.
Çàòî íîâîèñïå÷åííûå íåçàâèñèìûå ðåñïóáëèêè Àáõàçèÿ è
Þæíàÿ Îñåòèÿ, çàêëþ÷èâ äîãîâîð î äðóæáå ñ Ðîññèåé, ñðàçó ïðèçíàëè, ÷òî â êà÷åñòâå åäèíîãî ïëàòåæíîãî ñðåäñòâà íà ñâîåé òåððèòîðèè ñîáèðàþòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü ðóáëü.
ÇÀÄÀÍÈÅ 11
Âûïîëíèòå ïåðåâîä ïîäáîðêè èç äåñÿòè ñòàòåé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ, îïóáëèêîâàííûõ â åæåíåäåëüíèêå «ÁåëÃàçåòà». Ñîñòàâüòå ñëîâàðü òåðìèíîâ.
1. ÒÎÂÀÐÎÎÁÎÐÎÒ ÁÅÇ ÎÏÒÈÌÈÇÌÀ
Òîâàðîîáîðîò ìåæäó Áåëàðóñüþ è Óêðàèíîé ïåðåæèâàåò ðåçêèé ñïàä. Îá ýòîì çàÿâèë íà ïðåññ-êîíôåðåíöèè â Ìèíñêå ðóêîâîäèòåëü òîðãîâî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ìèññèè ïîñîëüñòâà Óêðàèíû â Ìèíñêå Ïåòðî Ëàéøåâ.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó äâóõñòîðîííèé òîâàðîîáîðîò
ìåæäó Áåëàðóñüþ è Óêðàèíîé äîñòèã ðåêîðäíûõ $5,3 ìëðä. Óêðàèíà
âûøëà íà òðåòüå ìåñòî ñðåäè âíåøíèõ òîðãîâûõ ïàðòíåðîâ Áåëàðóñè ïîñëå Ðîññèè è Ãîëëàíäèè. Íî óæå çà ïåðâûå äâà ìåñÿöà 2009ã.
òîâàðîîáîðîò ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñòðàíàìè óïàë áîëåå ÷åì â 2 ðàçà.
 ÿíâàðå ýòîãî ãîäà âçàèìíûé òîâàðîîáîðîò ñîñòàâèë $137 ìëí. —
ýòî ïàäåíèå â 2,5 ðàçà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðîøëîãîäíåé öèôðîé â
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$349 ìëí. Ïî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûì ñâåäåíèÿì, â ôåâðàëå òîâàðîîáîðîò
ìåæäó Óêðàèíîé è Áåëàðóñüþ ñîñòàâèë $195 ìëí. — çà òîò æå ïåðèîä 2008ã. îí äîñòèã $415 ìëí. Òîâàðîîáîðîò ðåçêî óïàë ïðåæäå âñåãî
çà ñ÷åò ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ è äðóãèõ áþäæåòîîáðàçóþùèõ îòðàñëåé ýêîíîìèêè.
2. ÊÐÈÇÈÑ ÏÎÌÎÃ
Èç-çà ïàäåíèÿ ìèðîâûõ öåí íà ýíåðãîíîñèòåëè, Áåëàðóñü ïîëó÷èëà äîïîëíèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íà ìîäåðíèçàöèþ ñâîèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé.
Îá ýòîì çàÿâèë ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð íà çàñåäàíèè ïðåçèäèóìà Ñîâìèíà, ñîîáùàåò Ïðàéì-Òàññ. «Â 2011ã. ìû äîëæíû áûëè èìåòü ãàç çà
$400 çà 1 òûñ. êóá. ì. Íî ïîìîã ôèíàíñîâûé êðèçèñ — ñåãîäíÿ ïàäàþùàÿ öåíà íà ãàç. Ñíîâà ïîÿâèëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü, ÷òîáû ìû ìîäåðíèçèðîâàëè ñîáñòâåííóþ ýêîíîìèêó». Ïðè ýòîì ïðåìüåð îòìåòèë, ÷òî íå
óäîâëåòâîðåí äåéñòâèÿìè ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ïðåäïðèÿòèé è ìåñòíûõ
âëàñòåé â Áåëàðóñè ïî óñêîðåííîé ìîäåðíèçàöèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà.
«Ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâíîñòü è ýêîíîìèÿ ðåñóðñî⠗ ýòî ñåãîäíÿ âàæíåéøèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Íî ìíå êàæåòñÿ, âû íåäîïîíèìàåòå,
÷òî ñåãîäíÿ ïðîèñõîäèò. ×åðåç ãîä ñíîâà áóäåò ðàñòè öåíà íà íåôòü,
è âû ïðèäåòå â ïðàâèòåëüñòâî è ñíîâà ñêàæåòå: çà ðåñóðñû ìû ïëàòèòü íå ìîæåì, ïîòîìó ÷òî èìååì ñòàðûå òåõíîëîãèè», — ñêàçàë
ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð.
3. ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂÈÒÅËÜ ÌÂÔ ÂÎÇÂÐÀÙÀÅÒÑß
Ïîñëå ÷åòûðåõëåòíåãî ïåðåðûâà ÌÂÔ âîññòàíîâèë â Áåëàðóñè
äîëæíîñòü ñâîåãî ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ. Ê ðàáîòå â ýòîé äîëæíîñòè ïðèñòóïèëà Íàòàëèÿ Êîëÿäèíà, êîòîðàÿ ðàíåå ðàáîòàëà ñòàðøèì ýêîíîìèñòîì Åâðîïåéñêîãî äåïàðòàìåíòà ÌÂÔ, ñîîáùàåò
ÁåëàÏÀÍ.
Ïî ñëîâàì Íàòàëüè Êîëÿäèíîé, âëàñòè Áåëàðóñè è ðàíåå îáðàùàëèñü ê ôîíäó ñ ïðåäëîæåíèåì âîçîáíîâèòü äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ. Òîë÷êîì ê ïðèíÿòèþ ÌÂÔ ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî
ðåøåíèÿ ïîñëóæèëî ïîäïèñàíèå ñ âëàñòÿìè ïðîãðàììû, êîòîðàÿ
ïîääåðæèâàåòñÿ êðåäèòîì stand-by íà $2,46 ìëðä.
C 29 àïðåëÿ ïî 13 ìàÿ â Ìèíñêå áóäåò ðàáîòàòü ìèññèÿ ÌÂÔ
ïî îáçîðó ðåàëèçóåìîé áåëîðóññêèìè âëàñòÿìè ïðîãðàììû. Ãðóïïó
ýêñïåðòîâ âîçãëàâèò Êðèñòîôåð Äæàðâèñ — íîâûé ãëàâà ìèññèè
ôîíäà ïî Áåëàðóñè. Îíà ïðîâåäåò îöåíêó âûïîëíåíèÿ ìåð, çàëîæåííûõ â ïðîãðàììå. Ïî èòîãàì âèçèòà ìèññèÿ ïðåäñòàâèò îò÷åò â
øòàá-êâàðòèðå ÌÂÔ â Âàøèíãòîíå, çàòåì îí äîëæåí áûòü îáñóæäåí Ñîâåòîì äèðåêòîðîâ ÌÂÔ. Ïîñëå ýòîãî áóäåò ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå
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î ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè ëèáî îòêàçå â âûäåëåíèè ñëåäóþùåãî òðàíøà. Ïî
îðãàíèçàöèîííûì ïðè÷èíàì ýòî ïðîèçîéäåò íå ðàíåå èþíÿ.
4. ÌÎÆÅÒ, È ÄÀÄÓÒ
Ãðóïïà ýêñïåðòîâ Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì ñòàðøåãî ýêîíîìèñòà Ëîóðåíñà Áóòîíà 7-21 àïðåëÿ áóäåò ðàáîòàòü â
Áåëàðóñè íàä ïîäãîòîâêîé âîçìîæíîãî çàéìà íà öåëè ðàçâèòèÿ
(ÇÖÐ) (Development Policy Loan).
 õîäå âèçèòà ýêñïåðòû Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà ïðîâåäóò âñòðå÷è ñ
ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè îðãàíîâ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ, äåëîâûõ è
àêàäåìè÷åñêèõ êðóãîâ, à òàêæå ñ äðóãèìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè-äîíîðàìè. Çàéìû íà öåëè ðàçâèòèÿ ïðåäîñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé íåñâÿçàííîå ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå áþäæåòà â ïîääåðæêó âçàèìíî ñîãëàñîâàííîé ïðîãðàììû ðåôîðì, íàöåëåííîé íà äîñòèæåíèÿ ðÿäà êîíêðåòíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàçâèòèÿ. ÇÖÐ ïðåäïîëàãàþò îòíîñèòåëüíî áûñòðîå âûäåëåíèå ôèíàíñîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ â îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ýòàïîâ ïîñëå
âûïîëíåíèÿ çàåìùèêîì ñîãëàñîâàííûõ óñëîâèé âûäåëåíèÿ òðàíøà.
Ïîäãîòîâêà ÇÖÐ ïðîõîäèò â òåñíîé êîîðäèíàöèè ñ äðóãèìè äîíîðàìè è, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ÌÂÔ.
5. ÊÎÍÜßÊ È ÒÐÀÊÒÎÐÀ ÍÀ $50 ÌËÍ.
Áåëîðóññêî-àðìÿíñêèé òîâàðîîáîðîò ìîæåò áûòü óâåëè÷åí äî
$50 ìëí â ãîä. Îá ýòîì ñîîáùèë ìèíèñòð ýêîíîìèêè Áåëàðóñè Íèêîëàé Çàé÷åíêî. «$50 ìëí. — ýòî òà öèôðà, ñ êîòîðîé ìû ìîæåì
íà÷èíàòü ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî ìû ÷åãî-òî äîñòèãëè. Íî ïîêà ìû ñóùåñòâåííî íåäîðàáàòûâàåì», — ñêàçàë Í. Çàé÷åíêî ïîñëå öåðåìîíèè
ïîäïèñàíèÿ ïðîòîêîëà 7-ãî çàñåäàíèÿ ìåæïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîé áåëîðóññêî-àðìÿíñêîé êîìèññèè ïî òîðãîâî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîìó ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó.
 õîäå çàñåäàíèÿ ìåæïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîé êîìèññèè áûëè îïðåäåëåíû íàïðàâëåíèÿ, ãäå áåëîðóññêàÿ è àðìÿíñêàÿ ñòîðîíû, ïî ñëîâàì ìèíèñòðà, «ìîãóò äîáàâèòü» äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ òîâàðîîáîðîòà.
Áåëîðóññêàÿ ñòîðîíà ìîæåò ïîñòàâëÿòü â Àðìåíèþ àâòîìîáèëè,
òðàêòîðà, êàðüåðíóþ òåõíèêó è çàï÷àñòè ê íèì. Òàêæå êîìèññèåé
îáñóæäàëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ â Àðìåíèè ñîâìåñòíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ èëè ñáîðî÷íîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ìèíè-òðàêòîðîâ è äðóãîé
ñåëüõîçòåõíèêè, ïîëüçóþùåéñÿ ñïðîñîì íà àðìÿíñêîì ðûíêå. Ñòîðîíû äîãîâîðèëèñü äîïîëíèòåëüíî ïðîðàáîòàòü âîçìîæíîñòè óâåëè÷åíèÿ ïðèñóòñòâèÿ àðìÿíñêîé ïðîäóêöèè íà áåëîðóññêîì ðûíêå, â ÷àñòíîñòè, êîíüÿêà.
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6. ÄÐÓÆÁÀ ÁÅÇ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÉ
Áåëàðóñü ñ÷èòàåò íåïðèåìëåìûì ââåäåíèå íà òåððèòîðèè Ñîþçíîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà êàêèõ-ëèáî âçàèìíûõ îãðàíè÷åíèé â òîðãîâëå,
êîòîðûå îñëàáëÿþò ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Îá ýòîì
ñîîáùèë èñòî÷íèê â áåëîðóññêîé äåëåãàöèè, ñîïðîâîæäàþùåé
Àëåêñàíäðà Ëóêàøåíêî âî âðåìÿ ðàáî÷åãî âèçèòà â Ðîññèþ. «Òàêàÿ
íåäàëüíîâèäíàÿ ïîçèöèÿ áóäåò íà ïîëüçó òîëüêî ñòðàíàì-ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿì êîíêóðèðóþùåé ïðîäóêöèè è ìîæåò â äàëüíåéøåì ïðèâåñòè ê ïîòåðå ðûíêîâ ñáûòà ïðîäóêöèè âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè ïåðåðàáîòêè», — îòìåòèë ñîáåñåäíèê. Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, â óñëîâèÿõ ñíèæåíèÿ ïîêóïàòåëüíîé ñïîñîáíîñòè íà òðàäèöèîííûõ äëÿ äâóõ ñòðàí
ðûíêàõ ñáûòà íåîáõîäèìî êîíñîëèäèðîâàòü óñèëèÿ ïî ïîääåðæàíèþ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòè íàöèîíàëüíûõ ýêîíîìèê, ñîîáùàåò
ÁÅËÒÀ. «Âûïîëíåíèå òàêèõ ïîëîæåíèé ïëàíà, êàê ó÷àñòèå â ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ çàêóïêàõ, ðàâíûé äîñòóï ê ðàçëè÷íûì ñõåìàì áàíêîâñêîãî êðåäèòîâàíèÿ è ìåðàì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïîääåðæêè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ
êëþ÷åâûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ ïîñòóïàòåëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèê Áåëàðóñè è Ðîññèè», — äîáàâèë ÷èíîâíèê.
7. ÁÅËÀÐÓÑÜ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÅÒ
ÏÐÎÁËÅÌ
ÎÒ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ
Ìàòåðèàë ñ òàêèì çàãîëîâêîì îïóáëèêîâàëà àìåðèêàíñêàÿ íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ The Jamestown Foundation. Ìèññèÿ
ôîíäà — èíôîðìèðîâàíèå î ñîáûòèÿõ è òåíäåíöèÿõ â îáùåñòâàõ,
êîòîðûå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêè èëè òàêòè÷åñêè âàæíû äëÿ ÑØÀ è êîòîðûå
çà÷àñòóþ îãðàíè÷èâàþò äîñòóï ê òàêîé èíôîðìàöèè.
 ñòàòüå ðàçâåèâàþòñÿ îïòèìèñòè÷åñêèå ïðîãíîçû ïî ïîâîäó ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýêîíîìèêè ðåñïóáëèêè, ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåìûå áåëîðóññêèìè
ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè êðóãàìè. Âîçìîæíî ëè, ÷òîáû ñòðàíà íå áûëà
çàòðîíóòà ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ðåöåññèåé, êîòîðàÿ òàê ñèëüíî ñêàçûâàåòñÿ íà å¸ ñîñåäÿõ, òàêèõ êàê Ïîëüøà, Óêðàèíà, Ðîññèÿ? Áåëîðóññêîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî â ñâîèõ ïðîãíîçàõ áàëàíñèðóåò íà òîíêîé ãðàíèöå ìåæäó ìèôîì è ðåàëüíîñòüþ, óòâåðæäàåò The Jamestown Foundation.
8. ÄÅÂÀËÜÂÀÖÈß ÊÀÊ ÎÑÍÎÂÀ ÑÒÀÁÈËÜÍÎÑÒÈ
Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå çàäà÷è Áåëàðóñè óñëîæíÿþòñÿ, íî ñòðàíà â ñîñòîÿíèè ñ íèìè ñïðàâèòüñÿ. Òàêîå çàÿâëåíèå ðàñïðîñòðàíèëà ïðåñññëóæáà ÌÂÔ ïî èòîãàì âèçèòà â Ìèíñê åãî ìèññèè âî ãëàâå ñ
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Êðèñîì Äæàðâèñîì, ïåðåäàåò ÈÒÀÐ-ÒÀÑÑ. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè
Ìèíñê óæå ïîëó÷èë îò ÌÂÔ îêîëî $800 ìëí. èç ñòàáèëèçàöèîííîãî êðåäèòà ($2,46 ìëí.). Îñòàëüíàÿ ÷àñòü äîëæíà áûòü ïðåäîñòàâëåíà
â òå÷åíèå áëèæàéøåãî ãîäà ïðè óñëîâèè áëàãîïîëó÷íîãî çàâåðøåíèÿ åæåêâàðòàëüíûõ îáçîðîâ âûïîëíåíèÿ ïðîãðàììû.
 ÷èñëå âàæíûõ ïóíêòîâ áåëîðóññêîé àíòèêðèçèñíîé ïðîãðàììû
ãëàâà ìèññèè ÌÂÔ îòìåòèë äåâàëüâàöèþ ðóáëÿ è ðàáîòó ïî äîñòèæåíèþ ñáàëàíñèðîâàííîñòè áþäæåòà. Ïî ñëîâàì Êðèñà Äæàðâèñà,
«ýòà ðàáîòà çàêëàäûâàåò ïðî÷íóþ îñíîâó äëÿ ìàêðîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé
ñòàáèëüíîñòè ðåñïóáëèêè». «Ìû âåðèì, ÷òî Áåëîðóññèÿ, ïðîâîäÿ ïðàâèëüíóþ ïîëèòèêó, ñìîæåò ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ òåìè âûçîâàìè, êîòîðûå
ïåðåä íåþ ñòîÿò», — çàÿâèë îí.  êîíöå àïðåëÿ ìèññèÿ ÌÂÔ âî
ãëàâå ñ Êðèñîì Äæàðâèñîì âåðíåòñÿ â Ìèíñê äëÿ ïåðâîãî îáçîðà
õîäà âûïîëíåíèÿ ïðîãðàììû, ïîääåðæèâàåìîé Ôîíäîì.
9. ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÝÍÅÐÃÈß MADE IN BELARUS
Äî÷åðíåå ïðåäïðèÿòèå ÐÀÎ ÅÝÑ Ðîññèè â Ëèòâå, ÇÀÎ Energijos
Realizacijos Centras, íà÷àëî èìïîðò ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè èç Áåëàðóñè. Çà
ìàðò 2009ã. Ëèòâà èìïîðòèðîâàëà ïåðâûå 85 òûñ. êâò-÷. Èìïîðò ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè ïðîâîäèòñÿ ñîãëàñíî ðàííåé äîãîâîðåííîñòè Energijos
Realizacijos Centras ñ “Áåëýíåðãî”. Âñÿ ýëåêòðîýíåðãèÿ áûëà ðåàëèçîâàíà äëÿ áàëàíñèðîâàíèÿ ëèòîâñêîé ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû,
ñîîáùàåò àãåíòñòâî Regnum.
Ïî òðåáîâàíèþ ÅÑ Ëèòâà îáÿçàíà ïðåêðàòèòü ðàáîòó Èãíàëèíñêîé ÀÝÑ â 2009ã. Ñîâìåñòíàÿ ñòðîéêà ÀÝÑ Ëèòâû, Ýñòîíèè, Ëàòâèè è Ïîëüøà ïëàíèðóåòñÿ çàâåðøèòü ê 2018ã., ïåðåãîâîðû ìåæäó
ó÷àñòíèêàìè ïðîåêòà çàòÿãèâàþòñÿ. Ïîñëå çàêðûòèÿ ÈÀÝÑ, Ëèòâà
áóäåò âûíóæäåíà ïîêóïàòü ýëåêòðîýíåðãèþ ó âîñòî÷íûõ ñîñåäåé:
ñîåäèíåíèå ýëåêòðîñèñòåìû Ëèòâû ñ Çàïàäíîé è Ñåâåðíîé Åâðîïîé ïîêà íå ïîñòðîåíî.
10.  ÐÎÇÍÈÖÓ — ÁÅÇ ËÈÖÅÍÇÈÈ
Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Áåëàðóñè ðàññìàòðèâàåò âîçìîæíîñòü îòìåíû
ëèöåíçèðîâàíèÿ ðîçíè÷íîé òîðãîâëè. Èñêëþ÷åíèå ñîñòàâÿò òîëüêî
àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè è òàáà÷íûå èçäåëèÿ. Òàêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîäåðæèòñÿ â ðàçðàáîòàííîì Ìèíýêîíîìèêè ïðîåêòå óêàçà «Î ëèöåíçèðîâàíèè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ äåÿòåëüíîñòè», ñîîáùàåò ÁÅËÒÀ
ñî ññûëêîé íà çàììèíèñòðà ýêîíîìèêè Àíäðåÿ Òóðà. Ïðîåêò ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò êîìïëåêñíîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ñôåðû ëèöåíçèðîâàíèÿ. Îí
ïîäãîòîâëåí â ðàìêàõ ïëàíà ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ëèáå309
ðàëèçàöèè óñëîâèé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Êðîìå ðîçíè÷íîé
òîðãîâëè ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îòìåíèòü ëèöåíçèðîâàíèå äåÿòåëüíîñòè âðåìåííîãî (àíòèêðèçèñíîãî) óïðàâëÿþùåãî â ïðîèçâîäñòâå ïî äåëó
îá ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé íåñîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè (áàíêðîòñòâå) è ëèöåíçèðîâàíèå äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî çàãîòîâêå è ïåðåðàáîòêå äðåâåñèíû. Òàêèì
îáðàçîì, êîëè÷åñòâî âûäàâàåìûõ â Áåëàðóñè ëèöåíçèé äîëæíî
ñîêðàòèòüñÿ ïðèìåðíî íà 40%. Ýòî ïðîèçîéäåò ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì
çà ñ÷åò ñóáúåêòîâ õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ, çàíÿòûõ â ñôåðå ðîçíè÷íîé
òîðãîâëè.
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ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÓÅÌÀß ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
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Â.Â. Àêóëåíêî è äð. Àíãëî-ðóññêèé è ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêèé
ñëîâàðü «ëîæíûõ äðóçåé ïåðåâîä÷èêà». Ìîñêâà: Èçäàòåëüñòâî «Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ», 1969.
Àíäðèàíîâ Ñ.Í., Ñîðîêèíà Ë.Í. Ó÷åáíèê ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî
ïåðåâîäà. Ìîñêâà: Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 1961.
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Àðèñòîâ Í.Á. Îñíîâû ïåðåâîäà. Ìîñêâà: Èçäàòåëüñòâî
ëèòåðàòóðû íà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ, 1959.
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Áàðõóäàðîâ Ë.Ñ., Æóêîâà Þ.È., Êâàñþê È.Â., Øâåéöåð À.Ä.
Ïîñîáèå ïî ïåðåâîäó òåõíè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû (àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê). Ìîñêâà: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1967.
Áåëîñòîöêèé Þ.Ã., Áóëãàêîâà Ë.Í., Äÿòëîâà Ñ.Â. è äð. Ïîñîáèå ïî ïåðåâîäó: ðóññêèé — àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ìîñêâà:
Ðóññêèé ÿçûê, 1990.
Áîëõîâèòèíîâ Â.Â., Ñèëüâàíîâè÷ È.È. Ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå ïî ïðàêòèêå ïåðåâîäà (àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê)
äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ IV êóðñà ïåðåâîä÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà. Ìèíñê:
ÌÃÏÈÈß, 1981.
Áðåóñ Å.Â. Îñíîâû òåîðèè è ïðàêòèêè ïåðåâîäà ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íààíãëèéñêèé. Ìîñêâà: Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÓÐÀÎ,
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Âëàõîâ Ñ., Ôëîðèí Ñ. Íåïåðåâîäèìîå â ïåðåâîäå. Ìîñêâà: Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 1980.
Ãðèãîðîâ Â.Á. Êàê ðàáîòàòü ñ íàó÷íîé ñòàòüåé. Ìîñêâà:
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Ãóòíåð Ì.Ä. Ïîñîáèå ïî ïåðåâîäó ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà
íà ðóññêèé îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ òåêñòîâ. Ìîñêâà:
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14. Äîêøòåéí Ñ.ß., Ìàêàðîâà Å.À., Ðàäîìèíîâà Ñ.Ñ. Ïðàêòè÷åñ-êèé êóðñ ïåðåâîäà íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû
(Àíãëèé-ñêèé ÿçûê). Ìîñêâà: Âîåíèçäàò, 1973.
15. Åðìîëîâè÷ Ä.È. Èìåíà ñîáñòâåííûå. Òåîðèÿ è ïðàêòèêà
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íà ðóññêèé. Ìîñêâà: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1986.
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22. Êîìèññàðîâ Â.Í., Êîðàëîâà À.Ë. Ïðàêòèêóì ïî ïåðåâîäó
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23. Êîìèññàðîâ Â.Í., Ðåöêåð ß.È., Òàðõîâ Â.È. Ïîñîáèå ïî ïåðåâîäó ñàíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé. ×àñòü I. Ëåêñèêîôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû ïåðåâîäà. Ìîñêâà: Èçäàòåëüñòâî ëèòåðàòóðû íà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ, 1960.
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315
ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
 â å ä å í è å ....................................................................................... 3
×àñòü I.
ÎÁÙÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ ..................................................... 5
×àñòü II.
ËÅÊÑÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ .................................... 13
2.1. Ïåðåâîä ñëîâ ........................................................................ 13
2.1.1. Óñòàíîâëåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâà......................................... 13
2.1.2. Èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà è “ëîæíûå äðóçüÿ”
ïåðåâîä÷èêà ................................................................................ 16
2.1.3. Íåîëîãèçìû ....................................................................... 24
2.1.4. Ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ñëîâà ......................................... 39
2.1.5. Ïåðåäà÷à èìåí ñîáñòâåííûõ è íàçâàíèé (òðàíñêðèïöèÿ,
òðàíñëèòåðàöèÿ, ïåðåâîä) ......................................................... 49
2.1.6. Àìåðèêàíèçìû .................................................................. 58
2.2. Ïåðåâîä ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèé ................................................... 67
2.2.1. Ñâîáîäíûå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ............................................ 67
2.2.2. Ñâÿçàííûå (ôðàçåîëîãè÷åñêèå) ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ .......... 71
2.2.3. Ïåðåâîä çàãîëîâêîâ ......................................................... 82
2.3. Ëåêñè÷åñêèå òðàíñôîðìàöèè ïðè ïåðåâîäå .................. 93
×àñòü III.
ÃÐÀÌÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ .......................... 100
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
316
Èçìåíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè ïåðåâîäå ..... 100
Ïåðåäà÷à àðòèêëÿ .............................................................. 103
Ïåðåâîä ãëàãîëîâ â ïàññèâíîì çàëîãå .......................... 106
Ïåðåâîä èíôèíèòèâà è èíôèíèòèâíûõ îáîðîòîâ ....... 109
Ïåðåâîä ïðè÷àñòèÿ è ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòîâ ................ 117
Ïåðåâîä ãåðóíäèÿ è ãåðóíäèàëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ ............ 123
Ïåðåâîä ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ............... 128
Ïåðåâîä ýìôàòè÷åñêèõ êîíñòðóêöèé ............................. 131
Ïåðåâîä ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ........................................ 133
×àñòü IV.
ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ Ñ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÃÎ ßÇÛÊÀ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ................ 141
×àñòü V.
ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÓÌ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ ............................................................. 170
5.1. Ïåðåâîä ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé ..................... 170
5.1.1. Ïåðåâîä áðèòàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ................................... 190
5.1.2. Ïåðåâîä àìåðèêàíñêèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ............................... 221
5.2. Ïåðåâîä ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé ..................... 261
Ð å ê î ì å í ä ó å ì à ÿ ë è ò å ð à ò ó ð à ......................................... 311
317
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