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Constitutional principles
of the Russian Federation
Leonid V. Smorgunov
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences,
Professor at the Department of Political Governance
1
Topic 1: Constitutional principles
of the Russian Federation
The aim of this topic is to give you the general information
on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, its foundations
and problems of realization.
3
General data on Russia
4
Year
Category
Data
2017
Population
146,8 mln
2017
Territory
17 mln km²
2010
Ethnic groups
200
2015
Religion
70% Orthodox; 5% Muslim
2017
Urban population
74%
2016
GDP per capita
$ 26,5 thousand
2012
Gini coefficient
0,42
The real war for power in October 1993
between the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
and the Supreme Soviet.
Two different principles of power:
a separation of power against
a sovereignty of the Supreme Soviet.
rbcdaily.ru
5
Article 1
The Russian Federation – Russia is a democratic federal
law-bound State with a republican form of government.
The names "Russian Federation"
and "Russia" shall be equal.
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The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
7
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Sovereignty.
8
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Sovereignty.
• Separation of powers.
9
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Sovereignty.
• Separation of powers.
• Constitutional review.
10
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Sovereignty.
• Separation of powers.
• Constitutional review.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
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The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Sovereignty.
• Separation of powers.
• Constitutional review.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
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• Rule of law.
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Rule of law.
• Sovereignty.
• Republicanism.
• Separation of powers.
• Constitutional review.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
13
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Rule of law.
• Sovereignty.
• Republicanism.
• Separation of powers.
• Federalism.
• Constitutional review.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
14
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
• Democracy.
• Rule of law.
• Sovereignty.
• Republicanism.
• Separation of powers.
• Federalism.
• Constitutional review.
• Local self-government.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
15
The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System
16
• Democracy.
• Rule of law.
• Sovereignty.
• Republicanism.
• Separation of powers.
• Federalism.
• Constitutional review.
• Local self-government.
• Priority of human rights and freedoms.
• Separation of religion from the state.
The Russian state symbols
17
References
1. Rbcdaily.ru
2. http://www.kaluga-poisk.ru/novosti-kaluga/zakon/-v-kaluzhskih-shkolahhotyat-otvesti-vremya-na-obyazatelnoe-ispolnenie-gimna-rf
18
Russian Political System
and Regime
Part I
Aleksandr S. Sherstobitov
Candidate of Political Sciences,
Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Governance
19
Key questions
• The relation between institutional design
and political regime?
• Approaches to understand the political regimes
in contemporary world?
• The key factors of the evolution
of Russian political system and regime?
• The contemporary political regime in Russia.
21
Political institutions and regime
Political institutions are organizations and recognized
rules and principles that provide a framework for creation,
enforcement, and application of laws, and determine
[governmental] public policy.
Political regime in a broad context
is the way how political institutions work.
22
Types of Political regimes
• Democratic regimes.
• Hybrid regimes (anocracies?):
–– Oligarchic democracy;
–– Controlled democracy;
–– Electoral democracy.
• Non-democratic regimes.
23
Regimes in the world
Democracy index map of 2016.
Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit.
24
Regimes in the world
Polity IV data series report (2013).
Source: The Polity IV Project.
25
Institutionalization
of Russian political system since 1993
• Constitutional process.
• Implementation of democratic institutions: Constitution, legislature, government,
judicial branch of power, separation of powers, elections, etc.
• Development of new mechanisms of political governance.
• Establishment of party system.
• Development of institutions of civil society.
• Institutionalization of interest groups.
26
Russian Political system
at the Federal level
Legislative Branch of Power
• Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation:
–– Council of Federation:
2 deputies from each unit of federation;
–– State Duma: 450 deputies elected according
to mixed electoral system.
27
Russian Political system
at the Federal level
Executive Branch of Power
• Chair of Government (Prime-Minister).
• Government of the Russian Federation:
–– Ministries of the RF;
–– Federal Services;
–– Federal Agencies.
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Russian Political system
at the Federal level
Judicial Branch of Power
• Constitutional Court.
• Supreme Court:
–– Judicial Colleges.
29
Russian Political system
at the Federal level
Judicial Branch of Power
• Constitutional Court.
• Supreme Court:
–– Judicial Colleges.
Where is the president?
30
References
1. Democracy index map of 2016.The Economist Intelligence Unit.
Available at: http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index
2. Polity IV data series report (2013) The Polity IV Project.
Available at: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
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Russian Political System
and Regime
Part II
Aleksandr S. Sherstobitov
Candidate of Political Sciences,
Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Governance
32
The President
of the Russian Federation
• Guarantor of the Constitution.
• Issues decrees.
• Nominates Judges of the Constitutional Court
and Supreme Court.
• Nominates Chairs of Government
and Central Bank.
• Chief Commander.
• Determines objectives in domestic policy.
• Represents RF in international relations.
34
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
35
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
• President has the veto right.
36
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
• President has the veto right.
• President can issue decrees that are obligatory for the Government.
37
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
• President has the veto right.
• President can issue decrees that are obligatory for the Government.
• The decrees are not the laws but their function as next to laws normative acts.
38
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
• President has the veto right.
• President can issue decrees that are obligatory for the Government.
• The decrees are not the laws but their function as next to laws normative acts.
• In case governmental normative acts are in contradiction with the Constitution,
federal laws or the decrees of the president he has the right to revoke these acts.
39
Super-Presidential Power: legislative process
• President has the right of legislative initiative.
• President has the veto right.
• President can issue decrees that are obligatory for the Government.
• The decrees are not the laws but their function as next to laws normative acts.
• In case governmental normative acts are in contradiction with the Constitution,
federal laws or the decrees of the president he has the right to revoke these acts.
• President has the right to dissolve State Duma in case it disapproves President’s nominee
for the position of Chair of Government three times in a row.
40
Super-Presidential Power: executive process
• President:
–– Ministry of Defense;
–– Ministry of International Relations;
–– Ministry of Interior (Police);
–– Ministry of Emergency Situations;
–– Federal Security Service;
–– Intelligence Service;
–– National Guard Service.
41
• Chair of Government:
–– Economic bloc
(finances, economic development,
transport, telecommunications, etc.);
–– Social bloc
(science and education,
health care, etc.).
Key question at this point
• There were three different Presidents in Russian Federation.
The first experience of super-presidency can be found
during Yeltsin's presidency in 1996–1999.
However, just Vladimir Putin is considered
to be the one who obtained super-presidential power.
• Even though Dmitry Medvedev’s term was between
Putin’s terms, he was not the Super-President. Why?
42
The “Vertical of Power”
• “Party of Power” that got majority in State Duma:
–– “Yedinstvo” + “Fartherland – All Russia” = United Russia;
–– Withdrawal of oligarchs from political decision-making;
–– Federal districts, control of Governors’ elections
and nominations;
–– Consolidation of elites;
–– Policy of stabilization
(economic growth and redistribution of rent);
–– Reprivatization of the key industrial assets.
43
Approaches to describe contemporary
political regime in Russia
• Controlled democracy.
• Electoral authoritarianism.
• Soft authoritarian governance.
44
Russian Federalism:
Economy, Politics, Culture
Kirill A. Neverov
Candidate of Political Sciences,
Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Governance
45
Subjects of the Russian Federation
47
Federal Districts
of the Russian Federation
48
Political Culture in Russia:
Traditions and Forms
Anna V. Volkova
Doctor of Political Science,
Associate Professor at the Department of Political Governance
49
Kremlin-oriented Political Culture
The Kremlin
of Nizhny Novgorod
Built in the years 1500–1511
51
Kremlin-oriented Political Culture
The Kremlin in Moscow
Built in the years 1482–1495
52
Autocracy in proverbs
• Even the worst Tsar is better than “Semiboyarshina”
(seven boyars).
• The world doesn’t live without God,
the Land is not ruled without Tsar.
• Russia without Tsar is like a widow
and the nation without Tsar is like an orphan.
• Tsar is good, boyars are bad.
53
Attitude to laws in proverbs
• The law is a pole (beam, shaft), you can turn it as you want.
• The law is like a drawbar of a cart,
it points wherever you turn it to.
• The court is straight, but the judge is crooked.
• Do not be afraid of a law – be afraid of a judge.
• New lords, new laws.
• If the pocket is empty, the judge is deaf.
54
Riots and Protest Tradition
“Salt riot” was a reaction to Russia's tax reform in 1648.
It was the biggest city riot in Moscow in XVII century.
“Salt riot”
Artist: Lissner, E., 1938
55
Riots and Protest Tradition
“Copper riot” was a reaction to the financial crisis
in 1662 and the financial and taxis reforms:
silver coins were replaced by copper coins.
“Insurrection In Kolomenskoye”
(“Copper riot”)
Artist: Lissner, E., 1938
56
Riots and Protest Tradition
In the picture all stages of the riot are shown.
The Kremlin is in the centre. The Tsar is a key figure.
“Copper riot”
Artist: Butorin, D. N.
Palekh, 1935
57
Riots and Protest Tradition
“Strelets” (shooter) is a solder of the elite (tsars’)
troop or guardsmen. These troops were powerful
in Moscow State in XVI–XVII centuries.
There were two “Streletskiy riots” (1682 and 1698)
in Moscow. In 1698 it was organized against
Peter I and was cruelly suppressed by him.
“The morning of the Streltsy execution”
Artist: Surikov, V. I., 1881
58
Riots and Protest Tradition
Being a Holy fool was a form
of socio-political protest in XVI–XVII centuries.
“Boyarynya Morozova”
Holy fool (the fragment)
Artist: Surikov, V. I., 1887
59
Political humor as an important part of civilian protest
Maslenitsa fest.
The buffoons (skomorokhi)
are singing “chastushki” (sung couplets).
Buffoons (Skomorokhi) –
Russian medieval actors.
60
Political humor as an important part of civilian protest
Russian buffoons often criticized
the Tsar, priests and boyars.
“Puppeteers”
Artist: Hodov, V. M.
Palekh, 1980
61
Political humor in contemporary Russia
“Kukly” (“Dolls”) was a very popular satirical program
on the television channel “NTV” in 1994–2002.
Dolls “Putin”, “Yeltsin” and “Gorbachev”
62
Russian political humor in Facebook
“Usy Peskova” (Peskovs’ Mustache)
and Politicana.ru D. Pescov
is a press secretary of President.
63
Political humor as an important part of civilian protest
in contemporary Russia
The journalist interviews a demonstrator
with toy ducks. They remind about
the film dedicated to fancy residences
of the Prime minister with a special house
for his ducks.
The forbidden political meeting
against corruption
Moscow, March 26, 2017
64
Russian democratic traditions
Veche was a public council in Russian
cities in the XV century.
“Veche”
Artist: Hodov, V. M.
Palekh, 1984
65
Russian democratic traditions
“Zemskiy Sobor” (The Assembly of the Land)
was convened by the Tsar for discussing
some political and economical issues.
The Assemblies included the representatives
of the main social groups (except peasants)
and met in Moscow in XVI–XVII centuries.
“Zemskiy Sobor”
Artist: Ivanov, S. V.
1908
66
Russian political culture
December 24, 2011, Moscow.
The biggest protest in Russia in the last 20 years.
More then 100 000 participants on Sakharov Avenue
protested against the results of the parliament election.
67
Development of political culture
in contemporary Russia
• Traditions.
• Contemporary political practice reflected in formal
and informal institutions.
• Foreign experience and impact of democratization.
68
References
1.
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12.
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16.
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Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/nizhny-novgorod-kremlin-city-buildings-sunset-555898906
Kremlin, Red Square, Moscow https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/kremlin-fortress-center-moscow-main-sociopolitical-594311048
E. Lissner, “Salt riot” , 1938 http://all-russia-history.ru/salt-riot-foto-1
E. Lissner, “Insurrection In Kolomenskoye” (“Copper riot”), 1938 http://all-russia-history.ru/copper-riot-foto-1
Butorin D.N., “Copper riot”, Palekh, 1935 https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/ussr-circa-1976-postcard-printed-shows-94888642
Surikov V.I., The morning of the Streltsy execution, 1881 http://extremethings.net/image/nH
Surikov V.I., “Boyarynya Morozova”, 1887http://www.russianartgallery.org/famous/surikov_morozova.htm
Maslenitsa fest. The buffoons https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/orel-russia-february-26-2017-maslenitsa-589107440
Hodov V.M., “Puppeteers”, Palekh, 1980 http://theatre-artefact.spb.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/%D0%92%
D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0
%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-1980.jpg
Dolls “Putin”, “Yeltsin” and “Gorbachev.” “Kukly” (“Dolls”) http://theatre-artefact.spb.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/
%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-1980.jpg
Political humor in Facebook : “Usy Peskova” (Peskovs’ Mustache) https://www.facebook.com/SANDYMUSTACHE/?fref=ts
Political humor in Facebook: Politicana.ru https://www.facebook.com/PoliticanaRu/?fref=ts
The meeting against corruption https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/image-photo/moscow-26-march-2017-forbidden-political-609474908
Hodov V.M., “Veche”, Palekh, 1984 http://palekh.narod.ru/h/hodov/hodvm_60.jpg
Ivanov S.V., “Zemskiy Sobor”, 1908 https://regnum.ru/pictures/2190397/76.html
The protest meeting in Moscow, December 2011https://www.shutterstock.com/ru/imagephoto/moscow-december-24-100-thousands-protest-91399358
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