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s a n u ~ o n pealtqnu.
~e
nwxrcarouue npu e m ~a&Te.
X p o ~B KonTaK-re c Memm HaxonuTcrr B wcnoii cpene (HCI). Ka~oiiMeTann
6 y n e nOnBCpraT6CX
~
K O ~ ~ O ~ F OnpefleJlLi~e
~H'?
3HaKW ~ O T e H ~ U i 3 J l OMCKMJIOB.
lr
Peme~ue.110 ~a6nnqes n a s e ~ n hi i n a p ~ ~ snemponHblx
b~x
noTeHquanoo HaxoAtiM,
q T O 6onee aKTnBHMM MeTannOM I1BIUI€XCX X p M , H M ~ I O U H ~6onee 0I'p~qaTenb~blfi
noTeHsnan. CnenoeaTenb~o,B 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ m e ~ranbeaHuqecKoM
cn
3 n e ~ e ~ xr ep o ~6 y ~ e ~
quuaTenbHblM s n e ~ l p o ~aoMem
~ , - nonoxmknb~61~.
~JI~KIUOHH
IlDOUeCC:
~I~
(-) Cr / HCl / CU(+)
Cr - 2 e = ~ ? '
2p+2e=~7
Cri ~~H+=c?+H*
B MoneKynxpHoM sWe ro~oo6pa3yro~qa11
peawnn meeT cnenymquii nnfi:
Cr + 2HC1= CrCI2 + Hz
III'MMEP 2. B n u ~ ~ wnepeHarrpRmeHnx
e
peaKLluu BoccTaHoeneHnR oKncnnTeJln Ha
C K O D O C T ~ K O D ~ O ~ U HK
. ~ K
m n e T aManbraMnposaHue anmMuHun Ha cKopocrb ero
KOPp3HH B ~ T M O C ~ ) ~ YC~OBURX?
PH~IX
OKCUK~),
npenoxpmamqeii ero ar nanb~eh~uero
oKucneHnn. Ecnu ~ J ~ O M U Honyc-ru~b
H ~
PaCTBOp COnU pT)TU, TO OH KaK 6onee W H B H ~ I ~M€TUUl
~
6 y ~ BblTeCHIlTb
e ~
ee H 3
pac~aopa:
2A1+ 3Hg(N03 = 2 /d(N03)2= 2AI(N03)3+ 3Hg
B pcsynb~a~epeaKqnu Ha nosepxtioc-ru a r r r o ~ u ~ a nofipa3ye~cn LrsreliKa
~ e m n n u q e c ~ o' fm
i u , mu, Towee, cnnas pryrw u m m ~ u ~- maManbraMa. Ilpn
~ T M O C ~ K P H ~ IYCJlOBUIlX
X
(Bnax~6lfi ~03nyX) Ha nOBepXHOCrki aMaJIbraMbl MMeeCCR
TOHKWI IlJleHKd BJlaTW, B ~ 0 ~ p oPaCTBOpeH
fi
KHCJIOPOn. B O ~ ~ ~ ~ O R ~ B ~ U C ~ C R
B
MKI'ti LIPOl(eCC BOCCl'aHOtlJleHtiR KMCJ1OPOfi;I:
(-) A1 / H 2 0 , 0 2 / Hg (4 )
C x e ~ ~a o p ~ o s n o ~npouecca:
~oro
4
A1 - 3e = A]'+
& + 2 H i 0 +4e=40R3
4AI + 302 + 6 H 2 0 = 4 ~ 1 "+ 120H4 ~ 1+
~ 1' 2 0 H - = 4Al(OH),
1
pryrn. 06pa3ylouanc~ npn TOM p b I x n a R n n e H K a r u n p o l c c w a ~ J I I O M ~ H ~HRe
npefioxpaHRa
ero OT nanb~efirnero o m c n e H n R . n o s m ~ y CKOPOCT~ ~ 0 p p 3 n n
a h 4 a I l b T a M U p O B a l i H O r O aIlK3MHHUR 3HaYUTeJIbHO 6 o n b w e , Y e M .lUCTOrO.
11PMMEP 3. B n w r l ~ n eC W n b l H a CKOpOCTb KODD03UH. B KaKOM U 3 B O W M X p a C T B 6 p O B
6 y n a 6onee K O ~ ~ O ~ H O HYHCOT O ~ ~ Y H Ba)
: NaCI; 6) NaOH; B) N H 4 C I ?
Pewe~we.a) B B O ~ H O Mpameope NaCI, B npucyrcrsun UOHOB Cl', O K C H ~ H ~n An e H K a
H a nOBepXHOCTU M e T a n J I a PaCTBOpRtXCfl U HUKe5lb 6 y ~ KaO p p n U p O B a T b C K U C J I O ~ O ~ ~ H O ~
n e n 0 n R p H ~ e ~ 6)
.
B BOnHOM pameope NaOH n n e H K a r n n p o K c n n a H n K e m ,
0 6 n a ~ m q a n OCHOBHMMH C B O ~ ~ C T B P M H , MaJlOpaCTBOpHMa, ll03TOMY K O P P 0 3 U O H H a R
y C T o f i q H B 0 C ~ bHUKenR B 0 3 p a C T a a . B) B BOHHOM P a C T B O p e NH4CI K p o M e HOHOB X J l O p a H a
CKOPOCT~ ~oppo3nn C y q e c r B e H H o we^ n p q e c c ru~ponn3a conn, B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e
K O T o p O r O pH pacreopa w o a u - r c a H n m e 7 (mcnan cpena). C~uxettnepH pacmopa
HwKenb
YCkUIHBatX
OKUCJltiTenbHylo
C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~K U C n O p O n a
NaCI.
IIPMMEP 4. KaTon~axs a ~ u u ~Ma ~
( C ~ ~ B H U CTaH&3pTHble
HeCTOeK, Y e M B P a C T B O p e
nJIaCTHHb1
HaXOnRTCH
B
BOAHOM
T ~ OOTB K O ~ I M ~ W U . ~ H H K O B ~ H
X
PacTBOpe
NaCl
xene3~an
( a ~ Z U l 0 r M O P C K O ~ ~ B O A ~ I ) ti
flOACOeAMHeHbl K B H e l l l H e M y UCTOYHUKY n O C T O R H H O r 0 T o K a : l(WHK0BM
- K (-1, a X e n e 3 H a R
K (+). K a ~ a nW 3 M a C I . H H 3 a U I U q e H a O T K O P P O ~ H U ? 3 a n H l U ~ y~pea B H e H U R K O p p O 3 U O H H O r O
npouecca.
C k e ~ snemonn3a:
a
Fe - 2e = ~ e ~ +
2H20 + 2e = Hz + 20H'
Kt:
Fe + 2 H 2 0 = ~ e + ~20H'
+ + Hz
~ e ~ 20H+ + = Fe(OH)2
An:
HaX0.4II~HXCSBO BnaXHOM rPYHTe.
(-) Zn / H20,02 / F4+)
C x e ~ KOI)~O)OJHOHHOI-O
a
nDouecca:
Zn - 2e = zn2'
2
O2 + 2H20 +4e = 4 0 K
1
2Zn + 0 2 + 2H20 --- 2znzt + 40HIIPMMUP 6. n p ~ ~ e t l e ~3a~OtiO~
kie
Oapaaefl K KOppO3MOHHblM npoqeccahi. CKOPOCT~
K O P ~ O ~ McTann
H
B ~ncnoiicpene 0,2 r/h?*r. 0 6 u m nnouaAb noBepxHocm c~anbtioh
KOlicrpyKUHtl 100 M ~Ka~oii
.
CKJlbl TOK I l Y X H O nPOnYCTWTb YePC3 Cl-dJIbllyl0
KOHCQlYKL(HE0, ' I T O ~ ~I Il O ~ H O C T b f OIIOnaBHTb K O P P O ~ W ?
Pelue~ne.06ruee yMeHbureHue Maccbl cranw 3a 1 vae cocramnm:
'
n o J ~ K O H YOapaue~cnna ToKa, ~ e o 6 x o n n ~Ann
m nonasnetinn ~opposnn,
I = m .FIT 03 nnn I = 20.96500/3600.28 = 19A.
BOnPOCbl M 3A.QA411
4. K a ~ o hu3 ~ c r a n n o c~ ,nonnposa~~oi3
nnn ~cpoxoaa.roRnoncpxtiocrbto, Gyuc~
KOppoAHpOBaTb 6b1c~pec
n noqe~y?
5. K ~ Kannflm-r Heo,qHopoAHocrn c~pyk-rypb~n cowam MeTanna ria cr-o
10. BOA^ H e A C M C T B ~ C TH a U I l o M k i H l l f i U a X C I l p H 1 1 0 t l b l ~ e H ~ 0 Tf ie M l l C p a 7 y J E . f l 0 q e M y
npn n o l l m a H n n R BODY NaCl a n l o ~ n ~ u Hf ai q n l i a e T ~ o p p o n n p o s z r b ?B pacreope K a K n x
coneFi NaCl n s l n N ~ ~ 0 c1~ 1o p o c ~~ ob p p o 3 n nAl s b ~ l u e ?
I I . 1 1 0 ' 4 e M y X e J l C J O , M e l i e C ~ K T M B H ~MI e~T a~R n , K O P P O A t i P Y e T B ~ T M O C L $ ~ ~ H M X
YCnOBURX 6 b 1 c ~ p e e~ J I I O M M H W I ?C
~ ~ B HK OUp pT0 3 W
~OHHyIO
NaCI.
Y C T O ~ ~ ~ H B 3TUX
C K TM
~ elXJUIOB
B ~ H C T OB ~
o n~e U B BOAHOM p a C T B O p e
I i p o l l e c c ,ul.rlnrnpol!alinH
( H ~ C ~ I I I ~ ~I I IO~B H
~ PCX H O C T HM e r m n a
15. K ~ K H MMClOfiaMCI
H
16. K a T o n ~ b l h Mnll
l~
20. K a ~ n eH3
anm~nrine~)?
MOXHO C 0 3 A a T b H a IIOBCPXHOCTU M e T a J l n a 3 u n T H b l e C ~ O H ?
aHOAHblMH IlLUIRlOTCH AJlR
mene3a IIOKpbSrHH
U3
Zn,Ni,Sn,Cr?
M e U H RBJIXtOTCII ~an6oilce KOppO3MOHHO
(20% - 80% CU, o c r a r l b l i o e Zn); 6 p o ~ 3 a :( 9 0 % C ~+ 10%Sn);
20% Ni)
I I p H B C ~ C H H b I X CWqaBOB
Y C T O ~ ~ L ( H B ~ I MJ H
l X?r y H b :
~ e n b x t i o p (80%
:
24.
LyAeT
Cu -i
n n xes~esoK O P ~ W H O H H O y c ~ o i i r u ~B oB O A H ~ I Xpansopax NaCl,
Cu(N03)2,
N i C 1 2 ? 3 a l l H l I l k i ~ CCXeMbl K O p p o 3 H O I i H b I X I I p o ~ C C C O B .
25. K a ~ o i M3
i M m J I O B , Ije U n n Mg, 6 y ~ e T6onee KOppo3).10HHO CTOeK npn pH>7?
26. Kopponnpyer JlH M e n b a B O A H ~ I X pacrnopax HCI, N I - 1 4 O H B npncyTcrsuu
28.
I I o ~ l c ~u yO ~ ~ C K ~ ~ C J ~ n ~o i t~e O
xeneso
X ~ ~nH
p a KOr n a l c c K n l i e K o p p o n n p y e r ,
a . r ~ o c + c p ~ i ~ , r xy w l o s n s r x
cttopwrb
~0ppo3nn
a u
X ~ J I C ~~H ~~ ' I W . I . ~ J I I , H ~ '~? ~ I I ) ~ I ~ I H . I . ~
B 0 3 M O X H b l e CXCM bl KOPP03CIOH HMX IIPOUCCCOB.
29. K ~ UIIWHK)T
K
H a CKOpOCTb KOppO3WCI UUHKa I ~ p t i M C C l i C'U, I'b, Fe?
30. K a ~ n e I l p O ~ e C C b l npO'reKaIOT i l p t i K O p p 0 3 H H OQHHKOHaHHOI.0 X e J l e 3 a C
HaPYrUeH HblM IlOKPblTWeM B BOAHOM P a C T B O p e NaCl cl B a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e~ C
p ~ lO iB Hb Hl X ~?
C O C E ~ B ~CXehibl
T C KOPP03UOHHblX TaJlbBaHW'IeCKCIX 3JleMeH'COB. K a ~ y t oP O J l b H r p a e T
n p n c y T c T e n e B B o n e xnopwa H ~ T ~ H X ?
31. O U W H K O B ~ H H ~LIIM O M e A H e H a R X e n e 3 H b l e ILJlalXHHbl C HapYUreHHblMH flOKPblTWIMW
HaXOflTCR BO B J l m H O M B03AYXe. Ha K ~ K O
H3 ~N l a l X k i H IIOHBrlTCFi pxal3'4Lil4a? C ' o c T a B b ~ e
CXGMbl
KOPP03WOHHblX
raRbMHUYeCKUX
3neMeHTOB
3allHUIWTe
W
YpaBHeHHR
n p O T e K a l O l 4 W X p~aKu&ifi.
32. ~ J I I O M ~ H HllJlaCTkiHa
C ~
B K O H T C~ ~ ~m e 3 ~ 0 HaXOlVlTCH
i i
B M O P C K O ~ BOAe. C
~ a ~ o, qiein o n n p u s a q n e i i n p o T e K a e T KOPPO~WH?3 a n u ~ 1 ny~pea e ~ e ~ pea~qnii.
in~
33. K ~ IKl p O T e K a t T K O P P 0 3 W I I t j ' l K e ~ ~ MeAW
k
C H a p y r U e H H b l M IlOKPbITHeM B K H C ~ O ~
CpeAe W B ~ T M O C $ ~ ~ H ~ C
I X~ O B H X XK? a ~ o 5M ~ T a l T J lnOnBepCaeTCX KOPPO~HCI? C ' O C T ~ B ~ T ~
CXeMbl KOPP03WOHHblX ~aJIbBiLHWYeCKUX3nGMCHTOB W 3aIlHUH'Ce peaKUHki
34. O ~ ~ H C HnH
O qT
eM
~y, U H K O B O e
a H k i K e J l e B W AOJIXCHO 6 ~
IIOpWCTblM,
3 a U n T H O e nOKpblTlle
CMOUIH~IM?
~
b
H a CTaJlIz M O X e T 6b1Tb
C O C I ~ ~CXeMbl
B ~ T ~KOPPO3WOHHbIX
n p O q e C C O B J&IUl~ T M O U $ ~ P H M X ~ c J I o B u ~ ~ .
35. K ~ KD p O T e K a e T KOPP0311R XPOMKPOBaHHOTO CTaJlbHOCO kl3AeJlUH C H a p y l l l e H H b I M
wcnofi n B ~ e f i ~ p m ~cpenax?
o i i 3 a n n u n ~ Ke O P P O ~ U O H H ~nI p~o q e c c b r .
36. Ka~ofiH 3 M e T a n n O B n O A B e p r a e T C H KOPP03HH, eCJLU H H K W P O B a H H a R CTaJlbHaR
AeTLLJlb C HaPYUre+blM
n O K p b I T U e M HaXOnHTCH B K U C J ~ O cpene?
~
C o c T a H b ~ eCXeMy
n o q m m e M B
KOPP03HOHHOrO TaJIbBaHHlleCKOrO 3 n e M e H T a H 3 ~ W l l l H R
peaKULiH.
37.
C p e n e . K a ~ o i iMeTaJln
3 a q n u e ~ ~ eo ~~ m n e ?
n3 pacrsopos: c y n b 4 m a nnn xrropuna M e a n , ~ H H K6onee s H e p r n r H o
b ? Y ~ U T ~ I S 'IT0
~ R , B p e 3 y n b E 3 T e r U A p O ~ U 3 a cone5 C p e n a m n X e T C X
H W K e n b B KOHTaK-Ce
C MeAblO HaXOAUTCH B KUcJIofi
n o n B e p r a e T c 2 KOPPO~UH? K a ~ a n
peaqnx n p o T e K a e T H a
38. B
KaKoM
BblTeCHXeT ~ e n
.
cna6o~ncnofi,C O c T a B b T e CXeMbl
39. O ~ ~ H C Hn OHY eTM~y B, M
KOPp3HOHHblX lIpo4eCCOB.
e
m KOHTaK-ra C T a n H C &rlH)MHHHehl B 0 3 H H K a e T R3BeHHaR
KOpP03HX FlJltoMHHHH. 3 a n H U l n T e KOPP03ROHHble n p o U e C C b 1 AJlX E f T h l ~ ~ ~ e ycno~tifi.
p ~ b l ~
40. ~ e n e 3 0 ,IIOKpblTOe CBHHQOM H a X O m T C H BO M a X H O M r p y H T e . K ~ K6 y n e ~
npki H a p y U l e H K U 4CJlOCTHOCTH ~ o K P ~ I T H H K~TOAOM
?
ctnu aHOnOM
6yne~
~ c e ~ l eB
s o0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a s ~ l e i iranbmonape?
c~
41. M e A b H e BblTeCHHeT BOAOFXlA W3 p a C r B O p O B M C n O T . O A H ~ Ke COn H K M ~ A H O ~
n n a c m e , onyue~aofiB K Z I C ~ O T ~n,p u K o c H y T b c x ~ H H K O B O R n a n o q ~ o i i , TO H a M e m
Ha'iUHaeTCH 6j'p~WB b I A e ~ e H H eBO&OpOJla. ~ O Y ~ M Y ?
42. B b r n e n e ~ n eB o n o p o n a H a n n a c T n H e n3 s n n o r o x e n c r l a , o n y q e ~ ~ o Bf ip a c T B o p
I I p O T e K a T b KOPPO~AX
C O J I X H O ~KHCJlOTbl,
~
I l p O T e K a e T AOcTaTO'IHO M e m e H H O . C ~ o p o c r bB b l n e n e H U H B O n O p O A a
3HaLLUTeJlbHO BO3paCTaeT, e C n U
Xene30 6 y n e ~HaXOAHTbCR
H ~ M ~ H H ~ OKa~oii
C ~ ? H 3 MeTFlJlJIOB
I2
U KOHTaKTC C UUHKOM.
6yna K O ~ ~ O A H ~ O B ~ T ~ ?
q10
~,
43.
Y r w ~ ~ e BC
m
JIWIH
' HY
06bnc~n~e
n 0, l l e M y
C MeAblO
IlCpeHaIIpRXCHHR
peaKuww
eocmtloanetiwn Bonopona,
e m KOPP03WI0, a KOHTaKT
aMaJlbmMHpOBaHHe UWHKa pC3KO CHMXatT
- y ~ l H ' i H B a ~3?a n ~ l l I W T eKOPP03HOHHble npOUeCCbl.
44. I I o ' i e ~ yKOHTaKT C H H K a e M YCHnHBaeT KOPP03HlO UHHKa B KHcJIoE cpene? Ha
KaKOM MeTaRne W
nX
l BblneJleHHe B O ~ ~ O ~ O LB( ~KOHTaKFe
?
C KaKHM MeTannOM, M K M e M
UW
I
nnam~oii,UHHK K o p p o n n p y e T 6 b 1 c r p e e ?
45. Kax
W W R a KOHTaKT C HWKeJIeM,
KOPPOJHW o n o B a B Kwcnblx
46. H H K ~ JOIW~H b
CBWHUOM W MenbH) @a3fleJlb~0)
cpenax? 3anuun~ec x e M u
H a CKOPOCTb
K O ~ ~ O ~ W O Hnpoueccos.
H ~ X
M e m e H H O Bblnt3MeT BOnOpOn H3 KHCJIOT. n 0 q e h 4 y
BblfleJIeHuR BOnOpoAa H a HHKeJle pe3KO BO3paCraeT, eCnH OH HaXO-R
CKOpOCTb
B KOHTaUTK2 C
r n o~
~ w c n ~ a c mn? o r e ~ yBblneneHne sonopona wne~
w~ene?
47.B KOHTaKTe C KaKWM W3 MeTannOB, Pb W n W Fe, UWHK %nee KOPP03WOHHO H ~ C T Q e KB
K a ~ o i ~i
UHHKOM?
e ~ a nnpn
n
npenMylqemBeHHo Ha ~
~ o p c ~ oBone?
i i OTXT n a i i ~ eIla oc~iooa~iww
nalilrwx: I ~ ~ ) ~ ? = - T ) ~ $ '
48. n o r e ~ y npn. c c n e ~ w e ~ o i KOPPO3HH
4
CKOPOCT~ p a 3 p y u e H w g M e T a n n a co
BpeMeHeM y e e n w r n s a e ~ c ~ ?
49. Mar~wesmw m e n e 3 ~ a r r n n a m w H b l , H a x o m q w e c R B BonHoM pacrsope NaCI,
nOflCWnWHeHbl K WCrO'lHHKY HOCTORHHOI.0 TOKX Mg K (-), a Fe K (+). K a K a H3 WlaCTWH
3 a u n l u e H a OT K O P P O ~ W C
~?
o c r a s b ~ ec x e M y KO~POJHOHHUX npoueccos.
50.C T ~ J I ~ H
KOHCrPYKUWR
~R
HBXOAWTCR B
npW ee
KOPPO~W~'?
K
~ K
W3MeHWTCH
M O P C K O ~Bone.
Kame 11pO~eCCblnpOTCKalOT
K O P P O ~ W O H H ~ nPOI1eCC,
I~~
eCnH K K O H C r P Y W H H
n p n c o c n w l i w r b UWHKOB~Iii r ~ p o ~ e m o p ?
51 .
MCI'OJ.
UJIR
3aUWTbl C T a J l b ~ o f i KOHCrPyKUW W
OT KOPPO3WH HCnOJlb30BXilH I C a T O a ~ b l i i
'ICM OH 3 a K n ~ > ' l a e ~ ~ K
Ra
? ~we
IlpOUeCCbl 1lpM 3TOM ~ ~ K . K ~ K ) T ?
52.K a ~ ~ a t i b lMeTOfl3alllWTbl
ii
IlaPOBblX KOTnOB OT KOPP03WH 3aKJUOYaeTCR B TOM, 'IT0
onHwM n 3 3 ~ 1 c ~ r p o naknReTcR
o~
caM
or en, a npyroii
KoTna. I l o n a e a c ~ b ~repes
ii
~ a ~ y ct woc r e ~ y
c n a 6 b l i i TOK
3 n e l r r p o n n o ~ e r u a a c neHy.rpw
n o n a m a K O ~ ~ O ~ H HK )a. K ~ i ni 3
~ n e ~ r p o n ow nn o r e M y R m a e r c m ~ a m ~ o ~ ?
53.X e n e s ~ mKOHC~P)~KUWR, H ~ X O A R W ~ C I I B ~ o p c ~ o one,
i i ~ e p ~ I0
e rK r M e T a n n a B
r0.4. K a ~ o i CWJlbl
i
TOK tlW0 nOAaTb H a KOHCTPYKUWK) npki K ~ T O ~ H3O
W~
WTe, r m 6 b 1
llOnHOCTbK3 IlOnaBWTb KOPPO~WH)?
54. K a n ~ w i Bi
KOHTaKTe C
cepe6po~HaXOAWlCR B K H C ~ OCpene.
~ ~
K a ~ y mC W y TOKa
ecnn 3 a 2 raca ee pa60~bls h l n e n n n o c b 0,2 n
naeT 0 6 p a 3 y m u a ~ c ~
ravbealionapa,
Bo~o~o&~
CKOJI~KO
?
lQaMM0B MCTaRlla n p H 3ToM O K H C ~ H ~ O C ~ ?
55. Xenesl~arr n n a m w H a Ha ~ o 3 ~ y xnpn
e
~ b r c o ~ o Ti ei M n e p a T y p e o t c u c n R a c a c
o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ nHea ~ee n o s e p x H o c r w o K c w n a F e 2 0 3 . 3a 3 q a c a M a c c a n n a m n H N n n o u a n b l o
Iu2y e e n w r w n a c b H a 10r. P ~ C C ' I H T C~ p~e. n~H m l o c ~ o p o m bK O ~ ~ O S W H .
56. C i a n b ~ o i i6 a ~ m os ~a ~ i o n ~Kcw~c n o p o n o M c n p n M e c b m naporr BOA~I. q c p e 3
I l e K O T o p W BpeMR KOJIH.leCTB0 KtfCJlOpOna B HeM YMeHbUlHJlOCb H a 0,1 n. P ~ c c ~ H T ~ T
CKOJlbKO rpaMMOB MeTanJla I l p H 3TOM llp0pC!i3I.WpoB~0?
3allHcaTb CXeMy KOpp03WOHHOrO
npouecca.
13
(H.Y.). C K Q ~ ~ rPaMMOB
KO
iLlllOMHHWR npH J r o M OKHU~HS~OC~'?
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