Methodical overview.

It`s interesting and important to know.
Modern methods of teaching English.
Methodical overview.
An overview.
Each teaching method is based on a particular vision of understanding the language or the
learning process, often using specific techniques and materials used in a set sequence.

The main methodologies are listed below in the chronological order
of their development:

Direct Method
– discovering the importance of speaking

Grammar Translation
– the classical method

Audio-lingualism
– the first modern methodology

Humanistic Approaches
– a range of holistic methods applied to language learning

Communicative Language Teaching – the modern standard method

Principled Eclecticism

and others …
– fitting the method to the learner, not the learner to the method
The grammar-translation method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO14GvgOXfM
The grammar-translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical
(sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar-translation classes, students
learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and their native
language. Advanced students may be required to translate whole texts word-for-word. The method has two main goals: to
enable students to read and translate literature written in the target language, and to further students’ general intellectual
development.
There are two main goals to grammar-translation classes. One is to develop students’ reading ability to a level where they
can read literature in the target language. The other is to develop students’ general mental discipline. As V. Mallison put it:

1.
The main principles on which the grammar translation method is based are the following:
Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best possible manner.
2.
The phraseology and the idioms of the target language can best be assimilated in the process of
interpretation.
3.
The structures of the foreign languages are best learned when compared and contrast with those of first
language.
The direct method https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBF1Xs3EwtI
The direct method of teaching, sometimes called the natural method. Not limited to but often used in teaching
foreign languages, the method refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. It was
established in Germany and France around 1900.

Characteristic features of the direct method are:
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o teaching concepts and vocabulary through pantomiming, real-life objects and other visual materials
o teaching grammar by using an inductive approach (i.e. having learners find out rules through the presentation of
adequate linguistic forms in the target language)
o centrality of spoken language (including a native-like pronunciation)
o focus on question-answer patterns.

Priciples:
1.
Classroom instructions are conducted exclusively in the target language.
2.
Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading and writing
are introduced in intermediate phase.
3.
Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-
answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.
4.
Grammar is taught inductively.
5.
New teaching points are introduced orally.
6.
Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught by
association of ideas.
7.
Both speech and listening comprehensions are taught.
8.
Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.
9.
Student should be speaking approximately 80% of the time during the lesson.
10.
Students are taught from inception to ask questions as well as answer them.
Audio-lingual method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqd7OdJoLn0
The audio-lingual method, Army Method, or New Key, is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages.
It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained
through a system of reinforcement—correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait
would receive negative feedback.
This approach to language learning was similar to another, earlier method called the direct method. Like the direct
method, the audio-lingual method advised that students be taught a language directly, without using the students' native
language to explain new words or grammar in the target language. However, unlike the direct method, the audio-lingual
method didn’t focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drilled students in the use of grammar.
Applied to language instruction, and often within the context of the language lab, this means that the instructor would
present the correct model of a sentence and the students would have to repeat it. The teacher would then continue by
presenting new words for the students to sample in the same structure. In audio-lingualism, there is no explicit grammar
instruction—everything is simply memorized in form. The idea is for the students to practice the particular construct until they
can use it spontaneously. In this manner, the lessons are built on static drills in which the students have little or no control on
their own output; the teacher is expecting a particular response and not providing that will result in a student receiving
negative feedback.
Communicative language teaching
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AazPkAD-65w
CLT is usually characterized as a broad approach to teaching, rather than as a teaching method with a clearly defined set
of classroom practices. As such, it is most often defined as a list of general principles or features.
 One of the most recognized of these lists is David Nunan’s (1991) five features of CLT:
1.
An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.
2.
The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.
3.
The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the learning process
itself.
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4.
An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom
learning.
5.
An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom.
These five features are claimed by practitioners of CLT to show that they are very interested in the needs and desires of
their learners as well as the connection between the language as it is taught in their class and as it used outside the
classroom. Under this broad umbrella definition, any teaching practice that helps students develop their communicative
competence in an authentic context is deemed an acceptable and beneficial form of instruction. Thus, in the classroom CLT
often takes the form of pair and group work requiring negotiation and cooperation between learners, fluency-based activities
that encourage learners to develop their confidence, role-plays in which students practise and develop language functions,
as well as judicious use of grammar and pronunciation focused activities.
In the mid 1990s the Dogma 95 manifesto
influenced language teaching through the Dogme language teaching movement, who proposed that published materials can
stifle the communicative approach. As such the aim of the Dogme approach to language teaching is to focus on real
conversations about real subjects so that communication is the engine of learning. This communication may lead to
explanation, but that this in turn will lead to further communication.
Natural approach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neEbtBDuuMc
The natural approach method was developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early
1980s.
It aims to foster naturalistic language acquisition in a classroom setting, and to this end it emphasises communication, and
places decreased importance on consciousgrammar study and explicit correction of student errors. Efforts are also made to
make the learning environment as stress-free as possible. In the natural approach, language output is not forced, but allowed
to emerge spontaneously after students have attended to large amounts of comprehensible language input.
The natural approach has become closely associated with Krashen's monitor model, and it is often seen as an
application of the theory to language teaching. Despite this perception, there are some differences, particularly Terrell's view
that some degree of conscious grammar study can be beneficial. The syllabus focuses on activities which Terrell sees as
promoting subconscious language acquisition. He divides these activities into four main areas: content activities, such as
learning a new subject in the target language; activities which focus on personalizing language, such as students sharing
their favourite music; games; and problem-solving activities.
Total physical response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkMQXFOqyQA
Total physical response (TPR) is a language-teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor emeritus
of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. In TPR,
instructors give commands to students in the target language, and students respond with whole-body actions.
The method is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching. Listening serves a dual purpose; it is
both a means of understanding messages in the language being learned, and a means of learning the structure of the
language itself. Grammar is not taught explicitly, but is induced from the language input.
Asher developed TPR as a result of his experiences observing young children learning their first language. He noticed
that interactions between parents and children often took the form of speech from the parent followed by a physical response
from the child. Asher made three hypotheses based on his observations: first, that language is learned primarily by listening;
second, that language learning must engage the right hemisphere of the brain; and third, that learning language should not
involve any stress.
Suggestopedia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrYC5nrPXVA
Suggestopedia (USA English) or Suggestopaedia (UK English) is a teaching method developed by the Bulgarian
psychotherapist Georgi Lozanov. It is used in different fields, but mostly in the field of foreign language learning. Lozanov
has claimed that by using this method a teacher's students can learn a language approximately three to five times as quickly
as through conventional teaching methods.
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Suggestopedia has been called a "pseudo-science". It strongly depends on the trust that students develop towards the
method by simply believing that it works.
The theory applied positive suggestion in teaching when it was developed in the 1970s. However, as the method
improved, it has focused more on “desuggestive learning” and now is often called “desuggestopedia.” Suggestopedia is a
portmanteau of the words “suggestion” and “pedagogy". A common misconception is to link "suggestion" to "hypnosis".
However, Lozanov intended it in the sense of offering or proposing, emphasising student choice.
Silent way https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWSLtlwZ5X8
The Silent Way is a language-teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a
teaching technique. It is not usually considered a mainstream method in language education. It was first introduced in
Gattegno's book Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools: The Silent Way in 1963. Gattegno was skeptical of the
mainstream language education of the time, and conceived of the method as a special case of his general theories of
education.
The method emphasises the autonomy of the learner; the teacher's role is to monitor the students' efforts, and the
students are encouraged to have an active role in learning the language. Pronunciation is seen as fundamental; beginning
students start their study with pronunciation, and much time is spent practising it each lesson. The Silent Way uses a
structural syllabus, and structures are constantly reviewed and recycled. The choice of vocabulary is important, with
functional and versatile words seen as the best. Translation and rote repetition are avoided and the language is usually
practiced in meaningful contexts. Evaluation is carried out by observation, and the teacher may never set a formal test.
Conclusion:
An experienced professional language teacher always adopts the Principled Eclecticismapproach, deciding
on the most suitable techniques and applying the most appropriate methodology for that learner’s specific
objectives, learning style and context.
Internet @ Online Sources:
http://teachingenglish.org.us/think/methodology/internet.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvOIbDI2fro
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiTsduRreug
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jobpF4c-1NI
Richards, Jack C. Communicative Language Teaching. 5 April 2008.
<http://www.phil.muni.cz/elf/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=88013 >.
Henson, Kenneth T. “Teaching Methods: History and Status.” Teaching methods:
Designs for learning. Vol.1, pp2-5, of Theory into Practice. Jstor. 5 Mar 2013.
<http://www.jstor.org/view/00405841/ap050091/05a00030/0 >.
Literature:
Richard J.C, Rogers T.S. Approaches and Methods in language
Teaching/Cambridge university press,- 2014.
Djalolov J. Teaching English Methods. Tashkent, 2015.
Brougter G. Teaching English as a foreign language. 2013.
Dj. Yuldashev. New pedagogical technology. Primary
Education,2014.
«Progress is impossible without change, and those who
cannot change their minds cannot change anything.»
George Bernard Shaw
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