Administrative sources of statistics on migration. An overview UNECE CES

1
UNECE CES
Workshop ion statistics in international migration
Minsk 28-29 May 2015
Administrative sources of statistics on
migration. An overview
Olga Chudinovskikh MSU / HSE
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Advantages of administrative statistics
• Data can be collected continuously (and not with a
considerable time interval, as in traditional censuses).
• Higher is the level of reliability of the information
collected on migrants, because most of records are
proven with documents and can be verified (e.g. date and
place of birth, place of previous residence, citizenship).
• The major advantage of statistics based on administrative
sources is a relatively low cost.
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The main types and sources of administrative data on international migration in the
country: arrival and departure, flows and stocks
Arrivals
Population registers
and foreigners,
traditional (in the region)
systems of population
registration at the place
of residence, admin.
practices related to
different categories of
migrants (employment,
training, asylum)
Data collected at the
borders
Visa statistics and
consular registration
Info on registration of arrival in
a place of residence (stay),
issued residence permits,
work permits,
international students
(stocks and flows)
Statistics of passport control
Immigration and similar cards
Entry visas
Departures
Data on de-registration from
the place of residence and
place of stay.
Migrant workers – information
of recruiting agencies.
Students, retiring abroad
(within the framework of
intergovernmental
agreements)
Exit visas
Statistics of passport control
emigration and similar cards
Data on registrations at consulates
abroad,
The "Golden rule" of migration statistics : each migrant should be counted twice - the
first time in the country of previous residence, second in the country of destination
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The administrative systems with function of registration of the
population by place of residence or stay
Source
The population registers
(centralized or not)
Registers of foreigners
Administrative
registration at place of
residence and place of
stay
Тdata type
Flows:
migrants,
registered
or
deregistered
from the
register within a certain
period of time.
Main disadvantages - non-Declaration of the event of
arrival or departure, the time lag between migration and
accounting registers, errors
Stocks:
resident
population (those born
abroad,
foreigners,
persons with immigrant
backgrounds)
for
a
certain
time
are
permanently
or
temporarily residing in the
country
The situation in the CIS :
although the registers are
established in some countries,
statistics on flows is still mainly
based on paper carriers
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Register based statistics . Norway experience / Immigrants and population with foreign
background ( up to grandparents’ origin )
Population by
immigrant category
and country
background.
Born in
Immigrant Norwegia
Norway to s
n-born to
Norwegia
immigrant
n-born
parents
parents
Foreignborn with
one
Norwegia
n-born
parent
Total
4046190
669380
135583
34513
Poland
2250
90962
8462
255
Sweden
31898
36887
2229
6552
Lithuania
28
35901
3404
40
Somalia
27
27333
10298
10
Germany
12416
24611
2554
2471
Iraq
49
21965
8695
20
Denmark
30482
19973
1763
3896
Pakistan
1078
19219
15973
118
Philippines
975
19076
2022
826
Russia
456
16803
2611
190
Iran
205
16608
3712
37
Thailand
376
16555
759
844
Eritrea
169
14741
2393
20
United Kingdom
14981
14294
829
3748
Иммигранты
у родителей-иммигрантов,
Vietnamи лица, родившиеся в Норвегии
536
13701
8360
81
на 1 января 2015 года. (Immigrants and Norwegian – born to Immigrants parents)
Norwegia
n-born
with one
foreignborn
parent
242217
5159
36909
857
738
14377
1089
30417
5035
8000
3351
2402
6796
311
19577
1953
Foreignborn to
Norwegia
n-born
parents
Statistics
37919
65
5417
1
7
868
12
1293
20
633
212
35
390
103
1229
201
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Special systems of immigration control, issuance of permits
…….
• Systems
processing
information on issued
residence permits , work
permits (etc.), asylum,
citizenship, visas,
international students ,
•Law enforcement
•regularization campaigns
Limitations: citizens of some
countries are not subject to
accounting . Possible multiple
counting. It is not always possible
to allocate
the number of documents,
procedures or migrants ?
Flows
Stocks
Flows of applications
and decisions
(approved and
rejected), issued
permits – to work, to
reside , foreign
students’ entries to
universities , etc.
Stocks (if applicable) of
permit holders, of foreign
workers and students on a
certain date
The situation in the CIS –
there are agencies that
perform these functions,
but
the availability of statistics
depends on the type of
documents or procedures
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Variables: the basis of migrants’
characteristics
• The population registers – a lot of variables and it is
possible to link information about the migrant with the
other registers with the help of the ID number
• Registers of foreigners – a sufficient number of
variables, including the grounds for entry and stay
As a rule administrative systems (not registers) includes
information on place of birth and nationality
Data collected at borders - passport control – limited
information ,
Cards –situation differs in terms of variables diversity (as
a rule – not that many)
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Data on selected
types of migration
Labour migration
• In-migration
work permits, work visas , employers’ reports ,
a separate segment of information on labour migration migration of professionals, the number of foreigners and
the number of persons with diplomas from foreign
educational institutions
Data reflecting the contribution of migrants to the economy,
demography, etc.
Data on labour out- migration – rare examples of
successful practices (Philippines)
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Statistics on asylum and refugees : the report of Finland . At a global level UNHCR
•
•
Отчеты и база данных Верховного комиссариата ООН
по вынужденным мигрантам
Учет ходатайств , решений и лиц, проживающих в
статусе беженца / вынужденного переселенца
•Считается, что учитываются
все, кто должен быть учтен. Но,
есть вопросы по учету
ходатайств.
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Visa statistics
A number of countries
publish detailed reports
on the types of visas
that allows to see the
structure of the flows immigration and non immigration by purpose
of entry
Mainly – flows
USA Visa office report
Limitations if visa-free regime
prevails .
A visa is not always followed by
a trip
Multiple entry visa - 1 visa – a
few trips
Almost is not
available in CIS
countries
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Консульский учет
• Matters, because the state must know
the number of citizens in case of
emergencies and during the
elections. In some countries, citizens
are charged with the requirement to
notify the Consulate of stay in the
country for more than a certain time,
• to better estimate emigration from the
country of previous permanent
residence (citizenship)
Not always reflects emigration
There is no clear mechanism to
monitor the registration
In many countries – voluntary
registration
The number of
persons
registered
within a period
and stock of
residents
(permanent or
temporary)
citizens at the
end of the
period
flows and
stocks
CIS - consular
statistics is a rare
exception
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Administrative data collected at the borders
Type of data
• Registration on the basis of
passport control
Distribution , collection and
processing of special cards
(migration, passenger)
Administrative practice on the
identification of cases of
illegal border crossing ,
overstay , fraud documents
•flows only
• number of border crossings - the entry and
exit within a certain time period
the number of persons entering the country for
different purposes, types of visas
the number of persons detained for various
violations of the procedure of entry and exit
Basic limitations: most of the
movements are the trips, not the people,
no count at the internal borders of the
community of States (Schengen)
CIS – a some
data is
published at a
regular basis
Example – FRONTEX report (quarterly)
4.1. Задержания при попытках
незаконного пересечения границ
4.2. Маршруты
4.3. Нелегальный въезд
4.4. Выявление посредников (для
незаконного пересечения границ)
4.5. Отказы во въезде
4.6. Возвращения
4.7. Незаконное пребывание, убежище
и миграция внутри Шенгенской
зоны
4.8. Подделка документов
4.9. Другие незаконные действия на
границе
4.10 Пассажиропоток
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Border cards
• Generally filled out on arrival, in a number of countries Flows
and at on exit as well
As a rule, addressed to foreigners, in some countries
to the nationals as well
All passengers or separate groups (there are
exceptions)
The development can be continuous and selective
Different degrees of use in the world as a source of
data. Can be the basis or an additional element of the
In CIS – some
national system of data collection on migration
countries only,
statistics – a rare
practice
the complexity of processing , if the card is not in
machine-readable format or not filled
immediately in electronic form, re-entry possible
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Border-card based research , USA
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Administrative data on demographic
events with migrants
• The number of children born to persons who were
themselves born abroad or have a different nationality
(foreign-born / foreign)
The number of marriages with foreigners, (and divorces)
The number of deaths of migrants
Based on these data, an assessment is made of the
contribution of migrants to the demographic process of
the country of reception (and its regions)
In countries having a long experience with population
registers, this information is one of the traditional
segments of population statistics
Undocumented migration
Illegal entry
Overstay
Illegal work
Use all possible sources, the data are often combined.
The method is chosen based on data availability.
Census data and sample surveys , as well as The number of detentions at the border
Data on detentions and administrative sanctions against undocumented
migrants , expulsions, etc.
Regularization campaigns data
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Limitations of administrative data
• Migrants or documents (procedures), change of status or
migration?
The underestimation (non-declaration of migration) ,
Many types of registrations are addressed only to
nationals of third countries,
Multiple nationality affects the completeness and structure
of flows and stocks
The human impact on the correctness of information
(completeness and lack of errors)
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Possible departmental affiliation of administrative sources
NSA
Min of labour
Migration service
MOI
MFA
Ministry of Justice
Population register (or similar system of electronic
registration of population in your country, if any)
Register of foreigners (or similar system of electronic
registration of foreigners)
Tax service
Min of education
Civil records service
Border control service
Customs service
Min of health
National health insurance system
National social security system (Pension funds etc.)
Depending on the specific
activity and the flows and
stocks
The situation in the CIS
area: the data is
available only if the
functions of the Ministry
include reporting to NSA on
labour and educational
migration or registration by
place of residence
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Administrative agencies and Statistics agency.
• NSA has access to the database of personal data the
Transfer of information from the administrative source in
NSA
The Agency develops and publishes its reports
independently
An example of the interaction of the Immigration and NSA
of Australia: (referring to statistics based on cards filled
out at the border)
Note: On 1 October, DIBP transitioned to a new provider of passenger card processing services. As part
of this transition, systems were developed to ensure data is captured from cards with a high level of
accuracy. Errors in these systems have been identified which have resulted in the required levels of
accuracy not being met.
DIBP and the ABS are working closely together to manage the issues and minimise the delays to the
provision of overseas arrivals and departures data to the ABS.
The Secretary of DIBP has requested a report on the cause of these errors, correction of the errors
including process improvements to ensure they do not occur again and assurance that required levels of
accuracy will be achieved in future. http://www.immi.gov.au/pub-res/Pages/statistics/overseas-arrivalsand-departures.aspx
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Содержание квартального отчета МВД
Соединенного Королевства «Статистика
иммиграции»
Отчет мигр. Службы Канады http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2013/permanent/03.asp
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Спасибо за внимание!
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Что отражают административные данные по миграции?
Категория учета
поток прибывших и
выбывших за
период
численность
мигрантов
(документов?) с
актуальным статусом
на опр. Дату
Лица, зарегистрированные/ снятых с учета по
месту пребывания и месту жительства
Виды на жительство (+ обращения, отказы по
соответствующим заявлениям)
Разрешения на работу (документы или
физ.лица),
отчеты (уведомления) от работодателей о
найме иностранцев,
Предоставление убежища
Регистрация демографических событий,
происшедших с мигрантами
Выданных и продленных виз,
Консульский учет в загранучреждениях
Штрафные меры в отношении мигрантов,
нарушивших законодательство на территории
страны
Результаты кампаний по регуляризации
недокументированных мигрантов и т.д.
Международные студенты
Предоставление гражданства,
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