Абрамова И.О. Африканская миграция

Абрамова И.О. ÀÔÐÈÊÀÍÑÊÀß ÌÈÃÐÀÖÈß: ÎÏÛÒ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ
Ирина Олеговна АБРАМОВА,
заместитель директора Института
Африки РАН, кандидат экономических
наук, доцент. Известный российский
специалист в области исследования
социально-экономических проблем
народонаселения развивающихся стран,
арабист. В 1984 г. закончила социальноэкономический факультет Института
стран Азии и Африки при МГУ
им. М.В. Ломоносова, в 1987 г. – аспирантуру Института Африки
РАН и защитила диссертацию на тему «Социальноэкономические проблемы урбанизации в АРЕ».
Автор более 70 научных работ, опубликованных в России
и за рубежом, в том числе монографий «Интернет и Африка:
параллельные реальности» (2001 г.), «Арабский город на рубеже
тысячелетий» (2005 г.), «Возникающие» и «несостоявшиеся»
государства в мировой экономике и политике» (2007 г.),
«Germany in Africa: reconciling business and development» (2009 г.).
Под руководством Ирины Олеговны Абрамовой подготовлен
альманах «Страны Африки 2002».
Абрамова И.О.
ÀÔÐÈÊÀÍÑÊÀß
Ì È Ã Ð À Ö È ß:
ÎÏÛÒ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÎÃÎ ÀÍÀËÈÇÀ
.
:
2009
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, 2009. – 354 .
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ISBN 978-5-91298-053-4
©
©
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, 2009.
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, 2009.
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…………………………………………………………..
7
……………………………………………………..
12
………….
33
…………………………………….
60
……
70
……………………………………………...
99
………………………..
126
………..
144
…………………………..
163
……………………………...
179
1.
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
,
2.3.
,
-
3.
3.1.
3.2.
4.
4.1.
:
4.2.
4.3.
………..
201
5.
5.1.
…………………………………………
224
5.2.
20006.
240
:
6.1.
…………………..
6.2.
6.3.
. …………………………….
………………………….
260
282
–
……………………………………………………..
303
………………………………………………………
326
Summary ………………………………………………………….
343
……………………………………………………
345
CONTENTS
Introduction ……………………………………………………….
7
Chapter 1. THE DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION
IN AFRICA AS A MIGRATION MOTOR
1.1. Africa’s new role in global demographic processes …………..
12
1.2. Impact of social and demographic changes upon
the economic growth of African countries …………………….
33
Chapter 2. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICAN MIGRATION
2.1. Social and economic causes of African migration …………….
60
2.2. Scale, dynamics and structure of African migration …………..
70
2.3. Assessment of numbers, geographical distribution
and structure of illegal migration from Africa ………………...
99
Chapter 3. AFRICAN MIGRATION AND THE WORLD
LABOR MARKET
3.1. The role of African migration in the development
of human capital of donor and recipient countries ……………..
126
3.2. Social and economic mobility of African population
and problems of education …………………………………….
144
Chapter 4. THE ECONOMY OF MIGRATION:
DEVELOPMENT AND PERSPECTIVES
4.1. Economic model of migration ………………………………...
163
4.2. Remittances of migrants as a component of global
financial flows …………………………………………………
179
4.3. The role of remittances in the social and economic
development of African countries ……………………………..
201
Chapter 5. REGULATION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES
5.1. General principles of migration policies of recipient
countries ……………………………………………………….
224
5.2. Evolution of migration policies of recipient and donor
countries in 2000s …………………………………………….
240
Chapter 6. AFRICAN MIGRATION TO THE EU
COUNTRIES: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD STUDIES
6.1. Export of labor force from Africa to Germany ………………..
260
6.2. African migration to Italy ……………………………………..
282
6.3. Spain as a new center of attraction for African migrants ……...
303
Conclusions ………………………………………………………..
326
Summary …………………………………………………………..
343
Bibliography ………………………………………………………
345
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( .,
: Gross D. Immigration Flows
and Regional Labor Markets Dynamics. Wash., 1998; Rasmussen
H.K. No Entry. Immigration Policy in Europe. Copenhagen, 1997;
Stalker P. Workers without Frontiers: The Impact of Globalization
on International Migration. Boulder, 2000).
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,
(
).
-
–
,
-
,
,
.–
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
90.
,
I
38
.
-
,
.
1990–2000-
.
,
,
.
.
2006 .
1980.
20%,
,
– 52%32.
12%
36%,
.
-
,
,
1992 .
,
50%,
2006 .
60%,
.
2–3%,
,
.
-
,
,
,
(
,
3,5
4
)33,
,
.
15–20%.
-
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
39
,
-
,
.
1990-
.
-
.
.
1980–19901994 .
.,
.
.
-
, 70%
.
50%
34
.
2006 .
2007 .
-
314
20035.
,
.
36
197 2006
.
-
»
.
,
,
,
,
–
,
.
40
-
,
,
,
:
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
1990-
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
50%
,
,
.
(
.
,
20%),
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
(
41
-
,
.),
.
-
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
1990–2007
5%.
.
,
–2
.,
1990-
,
.
,
-
37
3–4%
.
.
(
),
.38
2,9%
-
.
-
.
5%39.
2002
11
2001 .,
42
2003
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
-
,
,
-
,
,
.
5%
.
,
10
7%
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
2008 .
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
«
43
-
»
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
«
»,
,
.
,
(
)
.,
«
».
.
I .
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
:
12
1990–2007 .
45,
– 28,
.
.
10
,
22–24
–
,
,
40
.
44
6,2
. 2003 .
17
-
-
,
.
,
1970-
.
50%
.
70%.
.
-
I .
28%.
,
,
,
41
2–3
.
«
»
,
.
,
(
,
2007 .
).
15
55%,
34%
46
65%42.
41%
38%,
25%
,
1990 .
46%,
-
,
.
6–7
.
-
,
.
,
.
-
: 15–20
43
.
5
45
9
,
-
,
10
(
,
,
)
40.
,
-
(
,
.)
«
»
.
.
,
1980-
,
,
.
.
,
.
199010
.
.
.
2007
.
)
(
( 3
, 7
4).
1990–2007 .
1980).
3
,
,
(6
,
1990–
9
6
-
.
-
44
7
.
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
–
46
-
.
30
– 38,
.
,
– 20.
2
,
2007 .
– 33,
-
,
2000-
.
90
(
,
)45.
– 5–6
5
,
.
30–40%
.
.
.
2006 .
0,4%
,
0,1%46.
,
,
-
.
,
),
,
,
,
10
72
17
,
–
63
c 65
71
3–5
70
-
.
-
.
,
– 68
47
.
67
74
,
.
15–
,
47
20
,
.
1980-
.
2,5%,
-
1,7%.
(0,3%)
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
1995–2000
1,8%.
2000 .
1,84%.
2010 .
1,5%.
.
-
,
,
-
,
75
.(
,
).48
.
1990–2007
.
,
-
–
.
.
,
,
,
48
-
-
,
.
,
-
.
17
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
-
17
1990
2007
.
.
–
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
49
,
-
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
(15–20
,
).
.
,
.
,
,
.
–1.
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
Eviews3.
«
(
)
».
(–0,56) ,
(–0,37).
–0,12,
.
,
.
,
,
(
,
)
50
-
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
–
,
17
–
(0,08).
.
,
, ,
,
-
.
,
.
,
–0,20.
,
-
:
,
.
,
.
,
«
»
:
–0,77,
,
.
.
,
(
.
),
(
)
.
-
-
.
,
-
,
(
)
,
,
,
-
.
«
»
–0,96,
.
51
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
.
«
».
:
–0,05.
«
-
»,
–0,34.
-
,
-
«
»,
–0,47.
,
,
1.
«
(
)
»,
-
«
»
.
.
-
–0,24.
,
.
-
,
,
,
-
.
«
»
–0,62
«
52
-
»
–0,76.
-
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
–
,
,
-
–
,
.
,
,
,
XXI –
XXI
-
.
.
(«
1990–2007
»)
.,
,
-
,
0,23.
.
(0,57
0,45
)
,
.
(–0,07)
-
,
,
(
17
).
(–0,08)
,
,
,
3
2000
2005
.
,
–
,
.
53
-
«
0,89
»
).
,
,
0,99,
.
.
,
-
,
.
-
.
(
.
,
)
-
.
1990–2007
.,
,
:
0,25.
,
,
-
.
«
»
,
0,97.
,
,
.
,
10–20%.
«
1990–2007
»
0,29.
.
0,96,
.
.
,
«
»
.
– 0,96,
0,92,
– 0,88.
0,95
,
54
-
-
1990 .
.
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
?
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
55
-
.
.
,
,
-
–
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
–
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
.
–
-
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
56
-
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
.
1
www.unfpa.org/modules/briefkit/English/ch05.html
Ibid.
3
: The 2007 World Population Data Sheet/ Population Reference
Bureau. Washington, 2007. P. 7–10.
4
.
. ., 1986. . 1. . 56.
5
: U.S. Census Bureau. Global Population Profile: 2002, P. 1–4
The 2007 World Population Data Sheet. P. 7–10.
6
www.geo.1september.ru/2001/19/7.htm
7
African Development Indicators 2002. The World Bank. Washington, 2002.
P. 312.
2
57
8
African Development Indicators 2002. . 313; The 2007 World Population
Data Sheet. P. 7–8.
9
www.census.gov
10
African Development Indicators. P. 312–319.
11
: African Development Indicators. P. 315.
12
www.avert.org/aafrica.htm
13
Ibidem.
14
African Development Indicators. P. 309. The 2007 World Population Data
Sheet. P. 7–8.
15
The 2007 World Population Data Sheet. P. 7–8.
16
Ibidem.
17
www.avert.org/aafrica.htm
18
: African Development Indicators 2002. P. 313; The 2007
World Population Data Sheet. P. 7–8.
19
Ibid. P. 311.
20
: African Development Indicators. P. 322.
21
Philippe Fragues. State Policies and the Birth’ Rate in Egypt: from socialism
to liberalism // Population and Development Review. Vol. 23. 1. 1997. P. 27.
22
www.unchs.org
23
The 2007 World Population Data Sheet. P. 11.
24
The 2007 World Population Data Sheet. . 7; African Development Indicators
2002. P. 313.
25
Ibidem.
26
Ibid. P. 272.
27
Africa Renewal. United Nations Department of Public Information. N.Y.
Vol. 19, No. 4, January 2006, P. 16.
28
www.ilo.org
29
2007 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau. Wash.,
2007. P. 7.
30
: U.S. Census Bureau. Global Population Profile: 2002. Table
A-4. P. 1.
31
World Bank. World Development Report 2007. Wash., 2007. P. 132.
32
African Development Indicators 2006. The World Bank. Wash., 2006.
P. 15–18.
33
Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration 2006. Wash., 2006. P. 90.
34
Country Profile. Algeria. L., 2007. P. 10.
35
Egyptian Federation of Industries. Annual Report. Cairo, 2007. P. 22.
36
Country Profile. Tunisia. L., 2006. P. 18.
37
Country Profile. Algeria. P. 17.
38
Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exterieur. Annual Report 2006. Casablanca,
2007. P. 27.
58
39
African Development Indicators 2006. The World Bank. Wash., 2006. P. 19.
2007 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau. Wash.,
2007. P. 7–10.
41
.
. ., 2005. . 51.
42
www.unchs.org/education/country
43
2007 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau. Wash.,
2007. P. 7–10.
44
Ibidem.
45
Ibid. P. 7.
46
Ibid. P. 11.
47
Ibidem.
48
: www.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau, International Data
Base.
40
2
2.1.
,
,
,
-
,
.
-
.
.
,
.
. 2.1.1
1985
2008
.
2.1.1
1985–2008
(
.)
.1
.)
(%)
1985
105
4,8
2,2
1990
120
5,3
2,3
1995
164
5,7
2,9
2000
175
6,0
2,9
2007
185
6,6
2,8
2008
200
6,8
3
60
,
2007 –
(
190–200
2008 .
,
,
)2.
3%
(
,
,
.
30%
), 20% –
-
.
-
,
30–40
.
,
-
.
,
–
,
,
,
-
,
.
.
42
-
,
-
3
.
–
.
,
,
.
,
2006 .
80%
2007
4
1,8
.
(
445
.
-
).
.
,
,
1,9
.
-
.
61
.
2.1.1.
.)5
(2006–2007
(
,
,
,
-
,
),
.
,
,
–
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
2006–2007
,
,
.
,
.
2007 .
42
.
. 2.1.2.
(2007 .)6.
62
.
-
,
.
1990-
«
.
»
: «
,
»,
», «
», «
», «
»,
»
«
.
-
7
.
,
.
-
.
,
–
,
:
(
;
-
);
–
–
–
–
;
;
;
;
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
7
63
8
.
-
– 1995 .
– 2007 .
. 2.1.3.
1995 2007 . (
. 2.1.4.
1995 2007
.(
.
.)9.
.
.)10.
64
,
.
600
,
-
,
-
,
.
,
.
. 2.1.2
-
,
2007
.
2.1.2
(2007 .)11
60%)
-
-
12
6,2
),
1,3
(23%
,
),
13%
(
–
65
,
,
).
(
-
,
,
,
200
.
,
25
2005 .
-
.,
,
3%
30
.
–
-
13
.
.
-
.
–
,
–
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
(
,
).
60%
,
40%
»,
6
.
.
49
–
, 16
–
14
.
10–15
,
.
,
,
-
2000–2005
.
.
,
.
1,6%,
.
5,3
,
95%
,
25
-
100%.
,
3%
.
5–6
66
2,5–
1–2
-
.
20
,
,
.
,
794
1,1
2025 .
2000 .
2050 .15
2
-
,
3
2004 .
3,4
2010
.
.
40
,
,
.
,
40
.,
38
2
–
.
,
16
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
,
1994
10
2004 .
,
28
17
.
,
,
.
,
5
,
30–40%
.
, 20–25%
,
18
.
,
-
«
»
.
-
.
67
1975 .
41
,
-
6619.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
(
,
),
,
-
.
.
20–30%
),
2–3
(
(
,
,
,
,
-
)20.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
68
,
«
»
-
.
.
,
),
.
(
.
,
.
45
.
20
10–30
-
80
,
–
.
1/4
2004 .
-
.
(
,
),
2003 .
,
,
2006 –
,
.
;
–
.
,
,
2004 . –
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
2002 .
3,3
69
–
30%
.
,
15
(
2005 .,
)
.
-
2921
.
2.2.
,
–
.
:
,
.
,
,
,
(
)
.
.
«
.
(
»
,
)
(
-
)
,
(
22
)
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
–
,
–
,
–
–
-
.
,
-
,
.
.
70
-
,
.
-
,
»,
.
,
.
,
,
;
,
–
,
–
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
«
).
(
»
,
,
-
–
,
(
,
),
,
–
(
,
),
(
,
,
)
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
-
(
,
,
,
.
104
.
71
.).
2004,
,
2004, 10
-
,
6–15,
2004
.
.
3
2002
,
,
-
,
23
.
,
-
,
.
,
«
,
-
».
(
).
-
.
,
-
.
–
,
.
,
,–
.
-
.
,
2000 .
.
» (Migration for Development in
159
,
,
Africa) 2000 .
,
.
,
,
,
.
72
-
.
,
24
,
.
80
.
-
,
.
.
.
101
2000 .,
,
.
1,6%
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
24
5754
2005 .
-
, 750
25
80
.
,
.
-
,
.
.
-
,
.
.
1990-
.
450
.
.
26
.
-
73
,
,
,
.
,
300
-
.
–
27
.
,
-
,
.
(
,
,
).
-
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
70-
.
,
80-
2,7
.
-
.
,
.
(
28
.
74
,
),
–
803/4
.
.
-
.
.
70-
.
.
1973–1990
.
40%29.
– 80
.
,
-
,
.
,
–
(
»
).
,
«
».
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
40%30,
.
,
.
-
,
-
.
.
.
20
1966 .
.
.
,
.
75
,
300
-
1970-
.
,
.
45735 1971 .
38606
1991 .
28210
,
1991 . 10861
31
.
.
2001 .,
,
29557
.,
6
1971 .
60716
. 2004
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
10–15
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
.
–
.
1964 . – 400
.
.,
1
., 2004 . – 1,2
:
1981 . – 871
32
.
.,
1991 . –
-
,.
1982 .
90.,
«
»
,
76
-
,
,
.
1999 .
.
.
2–2,5
),
500
20–30
(25–30%
1–1,5
.
, 200
33
.
.
, 60
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
-
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
77
.
(
30%),
-
10%
.
-
,
.
:
,
,
2001
2004
15,6%,
53,7%34.
,
,
.
,
),
.
70-
.
90-
.
,
-
,
«
»
1
.
,
.
.
.
(
)
,
)
.
78
-
–
–
-
.
.
,
,
-
:
-
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
(
)
.
–
,
–
,
,
.
97%
, 68%
47%
35
,
,
),
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
;
–
.
–
.
79
,
.
2003 .
,
36
3
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
(
35
-
),
–
.
-
:
13%,
,
– 24%,
– 26,6%
30,2%
,
37
.
,
.
,
. 2.2.1.
2.2.1
%
22,57
,
.
6,5
5,6
5,64
7,9
18,08
1,9
80
%
0,01
2,4
(
,
.)
,
,
29,4
100,0
: www.oecd.org
. 2.2.1.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
?
2.2.2
,
,
,
%
8,1
12,0
11,0
9,0
11,3
10,0
1,5
6,9
0,5
13,0
1,0
81
%
15,7
100
: www.oecd.org
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
(
50%)
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
,
7
38
.
,
-
2.
,
.
82
2.2.3
1995
-
%
-
2006
.(
.
.)39
1995
10
0,42
25
1,6
12,4
49,4
2006
20,1
3,7
23,6
3,2
24,7
75,3
1995
447,5
0,44
504,1
154,4
8,2
1114,6
2006
685,6
2,1
1036,9
260,6
15,9
2000,2
1995
2,5
0,67
73,1
27,8
14,8
118,9
2006
21,5
1,6
343,7
88,9
65,6
521,3
846
2620
3263
6200
423
2938
5,8
2,9
34,2
32,3
28,1
17,7
1995
17,7
1,89
81,9
26,4
13,5
141,4
2006
13,6
3,5
108,4
23,3
10,7
159,5
1995
17,8
2,9
65,8
0,9
1,6
89,0
2006
46,3
7,3
511,3
1,6
2,5
569,0
1995
2,9
0,27
140,6
3,3
7,7
154,9
2006
3,9
0,52
168,5
4,1
11,1
186,1
7174
6751
637
3820
1284
1601
2,0
2,4
13,9
14,9
12,1
11,6
-
-
%
-
83
, ,
2,72
,
,
.40 (
).
(46,5%),
,
.
42%
-
,
,
,
-
.
2.2.4
(2007 .)41
%
.
.)
.
2720
41,7
1930
29,6
(46,5%)
(12,2%)
(9,7%)
(9,7%)
(6,9%)
(6,6%)
(60,4%)
(22,5%)
(2,1%)
14,9
(64,4%)
(14,4%)
(8,2%)
780
11,9
(10,9%)
(7,3%)
(4,9%)
(4,4%)
(4,2%)
(3,0%)
120
1,99
6520
100
970
(11,6%)
84
(10,8%)
(9,4%)
2,
1,93
. (
30%
).
-
–
60%
,
.
,
-
15,7%
.
64%
15%
,
-
.
(Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics),
3,4
:
1,9
, 1,5
–
,
,
80%
:
(38,6%),
(13,3%),
(11%),
(7,1%).
20%
,
,
42
,
,
,
,
.
. 2.2.4
,
6
–
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
-
1995
,
( . 2.2.1).
,
,
,
(
,
)
,
(
,
. 2.2.2
2003 .
43
5,6%
,
60%
.
85
,
54%
2.2.3).
-
. 2.2.1.
1995
2007
*
2007*
.(
. 2.2.2.
45
*.
2007
.
86
.
.)44.
-
,
,
.
,
1982
2003
.
-
,
44,4%46
,
.
,
-
,
)
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
. 2.2.3
.
.
-
87
65
1997–1998 .
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
90-
1– 4- .
,
.
– 2- ,
-
,
.
,
-
1991
2007
.
16
.
115
.
.
47
48
.
,
164
.
86
.
, 81%
-
.
-
,
,
,
.
77%
,
.
1990
2007
.
-
,
25,4%.
-
2000 . 2,4%49.
. 15,3%
.
1985–1990 .
88
-
,
.
1990–2000
1-
.
2005–2007
.
.
,
2007
2000
.
,
:
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
75%
,
2007
1995
72%
.
,
217
.
-
.
-
.
,
3-
1998
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
2000-
.
22
66%50
.
,
– 4400.
78
.
1985 .
-
.
199042
.
2600
.
89
,
. 1985
81-
1995
.
,
– 7-
4- .
,
(340
.
.),
,
(1012
,
.
).
2004–2006
76
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.,
,
,
-
2006 .
130
.
.
.
,
:
2002 .
14
.
.
.
2006 .
,
,
,
.
21%
.
2005 .
15-
,
,
200
,
.
.
51
.
:
2005 .
41%
60%.
1991, 2000 2001
1996
1985, 1986,
.
23%
90
500
,
.
,
.
.,
2002
2001
1,1
.,
52
2,2%
.
1995–2006
.,
-
.
,
9-
,
.
,
-
.
1986
2000
.
2002 .
,
,
-
.
,
.
.
2002
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
.
1991
2002
.
11
.
,
,
,
,
.
91
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
.
. 2006 .
53
, 23
.
, 13,6
.
6
.
,3
.
1995
2006 .
3
.
1990 .
,
81
.
.
70
.
2001 .
11
2,6
.
34
.
.
.
.
, 12
.
.
142
2006 .
.
90-
.
,
2006-
,
.
2000–2007
,
.
,
-
:
,
.
,
,
,
155%.
,
.
1985 .
,
169
.
,
2002 .
2006 –
.
.,
1990-
.
1-
.
92
2006 .
(160
.
.)
2-
,
1993 . – 4- .
,
-
1999 2000
.
,
2006
2000–
.
4,1
– 3,8
.
.
.
,
.,
10
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
(
,
,
,
).
,
,
,
«
»,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
(CEPS),
93
,
-
,
1,5–3
,
-
.
4,5–6
.
.
,–
,
-
,
–
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
20%,
,
30%54.
,
(
,
,–
)
-
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
–
CEPS,
1%
120
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
XX .
94
-
,
VIP-
–
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
90-
.
,
,
«
»
,
.
-
1999 .
(
)
.
.
55
5
20
7,5
,
.
.
.
.
.
30–60
,
2
.
1
,
,
.
.
25
.
-
,
– 40,2%56,
:
– 49,8%
– 41,3%,
.
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
:
– 42%,
– 14%,
– 7%
58
.
95
37%57,
-
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
–
,
,
,
–
.
. 2.2.4.
(1975–2005
96
.)59.
-
-
.
,
,
–
«
-
».
,
.
50%
.
–
-
50%
.
-
,
.
–
–
–
.
.
,
,
,
)
.
-
(
,
,
.
-
,
.
–
,
,
.
-
,
,
(
,
),
,
,
(
).
97
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
98
,
,
,
-
,
-
;
,
(
)
.
2.3.
,
–
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
.
:
,
-
(
,
),
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
:
99
-
.
-
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
60
. 2.3.1.
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
.
-
,
,
100
–
-
,
–
.
200
–
-
61
.
20%.
,
1990-
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
1975 .
2,5
.
,
500
,
-
.62,
.
.
6
63
8
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
1
64
,
,
,
,
.
300
–
200
.
100
1
.
500
.
.,
,
.,
-
65
.
-
.
,
,
101
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
100
.
120
(ICMPD),
.
.
(
,
35
.–
,
ICMPD,
10
,
,
,
10
.
.).
,
-
.
,
,
-
.
.
2005 .
.
31000
)–
2005
700
-
2006 .
(
6
.
.
,
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
102
-
,
«
-
».
,
-
:
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
120
70–80%
.
65
,
, 20–30% –
,
,
-
.
.
,
(
,–
(
),
-
).
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
103
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
-
.
,
240
«El Pais»,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
66
.
–
.
(
240
),
.
,
,–
.
–
.
,
.
104
-
67
. 2.3.2.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
. .
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
68
.
,
900
.
10
105
,
69
.
,
2006
5
2007
,
70
,
10
.
–
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
–
-
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
-
71
.
«
» (MA ),
4600
, 130
72
.
-
,
.
(
106
,
,
,
.)
-
(
),
.
.
(
),
.
.
–
.
,
-
,
.
.
,
,
(
).
-
,
,
,
«Times of Malta»,
700
7
.
2007 .
.
-
73
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
»,
-
, «...
107
,
«
-
,
».
,
«
»,
,
.
,
-
–
.
,
,
,
.
(
)
,
,
;
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
(
.) –
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
(
–
-
).
(
,
,
),
-
,
.
,
,
.
108
.
,
.
,
.
.
-
,
.
.
–
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
,
–
,
,
113
,
).
,
,
. 60%
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
–
.
,
300
.
:
.
.
-
,
,
.
.
,
109
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
74
( .
) .
.
,
(
,
),
,
,
-
.
75
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
76
.
,
,
.
.
,
-
,
(
.
.
–
),
).
(
,
-
–
.
,
,
77
.
2004 .
34
.,
2006 .
57600
. 2005 .
., 2007 . – 60300
,
,
110
29
.
.
-
.
.
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
-
.
.
1
-
.
OOH,
5–7
.
78
.
(
-
47,5%)79
.
,
.
,
700
.
.
4
-
.
,
111
-
,
,
:
%
15,7
13,1
12,8
(
9,2
7,3
)
7,0
6,0
4,9
4,5
3,8
3,1
12,6
100
: AMERM-Afvic Study (2007), with EU support.
,
40%
–
-
,
,
.
,
,
«
»
(failed states)80.
,
-
.
,
,
–
–
,
-
.
,
.
112
,
-
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
-
),
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
–
,
.
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:
-
,
,
, )
,
,
,
, )
-
,
.
.
,
,
« -
,
»,
.
,
,
,
113
,
-
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
(
,
,
),
.
,
114
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
-
,
.
2002 .
).
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
–
-
,
.
,
,
(
,
,
-
),
,
.
.
115
-
(
,
),
,
,
,
.
,
1990-
.
,
500
,
,
-
.
,
,
(
-
?
-
).
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
116
,
-
,
.
.
-
,
.
.
.
,
1996
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
«
»,
.
,
,
,
(
,
,
,
).
,
117
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
?
,
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
30
.
.
81
.
1970.
1980–
100
.
70%
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
1980-
.
,
.
200
.
1990-
.
-
1986 .
1989 .
317
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
1992 .
.
700
118
.
-
,
.
«
.
»,
1997 .
1990-
333
.
.–
.
(
),
336
1998 .
.
.
1999 . «
,
,
20%
.
–
,
,
441
-
»
440
.
.
.
,
2007 .
.
2.3.1
,
,
.)82
.
1991 .
,
2000-
1995 .
2000 .
2007 .
58,3
90,9
58,9
85,1
142,7
122,4
131,1
198
93,4
319,7
135,4
137,3
6
7,3
3,9
5,5
7,8
5,4
5
15,3
308,2
545,7
334,3
441,2
.(
80%)
119
.
,
-
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
2007
.
1989–
-
6,3
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
-
,
-
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
120
,
-
.
,
-
.
,
–
.
,
,
-
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
1990-
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
(
,
,
-
),
,
.
121
-
.
(
,
),
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
-
-
«
»
,
.
1
2
– www.un.org
.
3
– wwwwds.worldbank.org
.
5
SOPEMI, Trends of International Migration. OECD, Paris, 2007.
6
World Population Policies 2007, United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, 2008.
7
:«
», CDMG
(2000) 11rev,
, 2000.
8
.
9
World Population Policies 2007, United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, 2008.
10
Ibidem.
11
SOPEMI, Trends of International Migration. OECD, Paris, 2007.
12
Migration Policy Institute // Migration Information Source. December 2007.
13
www.gsim.org
14
Ibid.
15
www.unfpa.org/modules/briefkit/English/ch05.html
16
www.worldbank.org
17
Africa Renewal. United Nations Department of Public Information. N.Y.
Vol. 19, No. 4, January 2006. P. 16.
4
122
18
www.ilo.org
Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration. The World Bank. Wash., 2006. P. 6.
20
Stalker P. Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on
international migration. N.Y., 2000. P. 59.
21
Human Rights Watch World Report. 2005. Africa: overview –
www.hrw.org/wr.Africa html
22
.
//
2002. ., 2002.
. 60–62.
23
Exploitation and Abuse of Children Migrants Workers. Booklet 4. ILO, 2004.
P. 15–16.
24
www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Benin.html
25
www.hrw.org/wr.Africa
26
www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burkina.html
27
Ibid.
28
www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Nigeria.html
29
Stalker P. Op. cit. . 236.
30
International migration policies. . 154.
31
www.gov.bw
32
www.libia-olafur.com
33
www.edt.it/lonelyplanet/microguide/text/054
34
www.indexmundi.com/es/libia
35
C. de Wenden. L'immigration en Europe. P., 1999. . 32.
36
www.ilo.org
37
Regional Challenges of West African Migration. African and European
Perspectieves. OECD. 2009. P. 107.
38
World Population Policies 2007, United Nations, Department of Economic
and Social Affairs.
39
The Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International
Migration – www.carim.org
40
European Commission – MEDA Programme, Mediterranean migration 2006–
2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e-texts/CARIM-AR2007
41
The Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International
Migration – www.carim.org/
42
– www.worldbank.org
43
Black R. Making Migration More “Development-Friendly”: Temporary
Mobility Schemes. Written evidence to the House of Commons International
Development Committee, February 2004.
44
European Commission – MEDA Programme, Mediterranean migration 2006–
2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e-texts/CARIM-AR2007
45
European Commission – MEDA Programme, Mediterranean migration 2006–
2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e-texts/CARIM-AR2007
19
123
46
Ibidem.
European Commission – MEDA Programme, Mediterranean migration 2006–
2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e-texts/CARIM-AR2007
48
Ibidem.
49
Boubakri H. 2001. Le Maghreb et les nouvelles configurations migratoires
internationales: mobilité et réseaux // Correspondances. No. 68. P. 8–15.
50
Boubakri H. 2001. Le Maghreb et les nouvelles configurations migratoires
internationales: mobilité et réseaux // Correspondances. No. 68. P. 8–15.
51
African Bank for Development, African Development Report, African Bank
for Development, Abidjan, 2006/
52
– www.worldbank.org
53
European Commission – MEDA Programme, Mediterranean migration 2006–
2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/e-texts/CARIM-AR2007
54
– www.worldbank.org
55
.
//
,7
2002.
56
.
//
,
9,
2004.
57
John Word Andersen. The Washington Post,
26
2004.
58
– www.worldbank.org
59
– www.worldbank.org/womenmigration
60
– www.worldbank.org
61
(2008
).
62
Harris N. (2004) Migration without borders: The economic perspective.
Discussion Paper, UNESCO, Paris.
63
World Migration Report 2008. International Organization for Migration.
64
Ibidem.
65
Ibid.
66
www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228236.stm
67
International Organization for Migration (2007) World Migration 2006:
Managing Migration, Challenges and Responses for People on the Move. IOM.
68
www.ru.nl/socgeo/html/files/migration/migration5.pdf
69
www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6228236.stm
70
UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007. United Nations
Development Programme.
71
www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_4295000/4295750.stm
72
www.map.ma/eng/sections/imp_general/security_forces_arre3411/view
73
www.timesofmalta.com/core/article.php?id=267628&hilite=illegal+migrants
74
Hassen Boubakri. Transit migration between Tunisia, Libya and Sub-Saharan
Africa: study based on Greater Tunis, 2004, Council of Europe – www.coe.int
75
Ibidem.
76
BBC, «Egyptians risking all to enter Europe», 2.07.2007.
47
124
77
David van Moppes. (2006) The African Migration Movement: Routes to
Europe. 17.05.2007.
78
International Migration Report 2006: A Global Assessment. United Nations.
N.Y., 2009. P. 24.
79
Ibid. P. 5.
80
.:
.,
.,
. «
» «
»
.
., 2007.
81
2002
– www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home
82
2008
– www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home
3
3.1.
.
-
,
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,
.
,
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.
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-
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126
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10%
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129
,
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(48% –
65% –
).
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,
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2
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134
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(
. 3.1.1).
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3
1.
2.
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3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
135
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
300%4
,
.
-
,
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-
.
8
.
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-
.
10
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136
.
,
,
-
2
.
3.1.2
1960–2020
1960
1970
1980
1990
.)6
.(
2000
2007
20107
20208
2,99
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(2000–2007
2000 ., 2,4% –
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1999 .
,
2007
.)
(1,8%
2007 .)9,
2006 ., 2,3% –
,
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.
,
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30%10
,
,
. 1,85
.
(
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2,4%,
–
,
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137
-
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138
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.
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,
.
11,5%
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,
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-
.
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12
.
10%
-
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0,2%,
0.
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,
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.
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.
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11,5
181
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1
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14
.
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.
(
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.
,
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15
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,
15
2050 .
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–
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,
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140
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1000
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1998
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,
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,
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–
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(
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79,8% (2,5%)
63,7% (2,8%)
: Kapur D. Remittances: The New Development Mantra? / D. Kapur.
NY, Geneva: UNCTAD, 2004. (G-24 DPS 29).
.
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18
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3.2.2
(2007 .)
-
-
-
--------
488 7012
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108927 37488 36286 25489 22270 8536 5051 3217 2905 1233 48611 300013
: www.unesco.org, www.oecd.org
150
. 3.2.2
,
12
-
,
.
,
(15138
(9471
,
(14123
.),
.).
.),
(10677
.)
-
.
(36,3%
(12,5%),
),
(8,5%)
(7,4%).
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,
:
12%
,
,
.
.
,
,
–
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,
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.
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,
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.
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»
2000
.
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-
.
,
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,
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.
,
.
151
2007 .
19
.
,
-
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),
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-
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,
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,
,
(13,8%).
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,
-
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.
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,
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-
.
.
,
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.
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,
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,
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,
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17
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21
.
,
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,
.
,
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55000
22
2007
.
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),
(
-
(
-
,
(
15
).
.
1000
2000
.
2007
14854
2006–
12%23.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
–
,
,
.
(Makerere University),
1922
.
,
,
,
«
»
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»,
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.
,
,
–
–
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
153
.
-
,
,
.
,
40%.
,
10%
1990 .,
150
,
(
60%
).
,
-
2015 .
,
,
168
.
,
38
,
,
,
,
24
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
47%
.
,
, 58%
75%
.
,
,
,
.
29%
,
, 24% –
25
.
,
.
32%,
– 33%.
,
.
,
,
,
,
154
-
31%,
33,8
– 32,6%.
26
.
,
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.
,
29,1% –
30,5% (
32,4% –
),
16,9% (
17,6% –
15,9% –
2
-
),
,
27
.
,
,
.
,
.
«
»
,
,
,
.
-
,
.«
»
,
.
,
,
,
1960–1974 .
1800,
1975–
1984 . – 4400, 1985–1987 . – 23000, 1990–1995 – 28000,
1996–2006 –
35000
.
,
1960–2006 .
600
.
(30%
)28.
,
4%,
155
-
40%
.
50%,
– 67,5%,
– 55,9%,
– 63,3%,
– 56,2%
-
– 52,5%29.
30%)
,
.
2004
,
,
,
2000
16000
,
.
.
600
,
50
,
-
,
,
30
.
,
30–40
.
,
20
,
,
.
,
.
,
, 29%
34%
-
31
.
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
(
44,5%)
,
.
156
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
–
I .
,
-
.
,
«
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.
,
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,
,
-
.
.
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.
,
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.
.
.
,
,
-
.
«
»
,
.
157
-
5
,
-
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
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,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
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.
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
,
2–3
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
158
-
,
.
25%
32
.
-
,
-
.
:
1.
,
-
,
.
-
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
2.
-
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
10%
5–7
.
3.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
159
,
,
-
-
,
.
.
4.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
«
».
-
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
«
».
5.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
–
,
,
,
«
,
»
«
,
».
-
,
.
6.
,
,
.
,
.
,
160
-
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
1
World Economic and Social Survey 2004. International Migration. N.Y.: UN,
2004. P. 138.
2
International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, 2007.
Washington, DC.
3
Münz R. Migrants, labor markets and integration in Europe: a comparative
analysis. Regional Report for the Global Commission on International Migration
(GCIM). Working paper. Regional Hearing on Europe. Budapest, 2004.
4
– www.worldbank.org
5
CIA World Factbook 2008 – www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/
6
Ibidem.
7
2010
.
8
.
9
– www.worldbank.org
10
CIA World Factbook 2008, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/
11
– www.www.wds.worldbank.org/external/
default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/04/18/000334955_20080418061657/R
endered/INDEX/433370NWP08070Box327357B01PUBLIC1.txt
12
«
».
,
«
»,
-
161
.
,
,
,
-
.
Münz R., Straubhaar T., Vadean F., Vadean N. The Costs and Benefits of
European Immigration. Hamburg, 2006. Institute of International Economics
(HWWI) Policy Report 3. P. 46.
14
Ratha D. Workers’ Remittances: n Important and Stable Source of External
Development Finance // Global Development Finance. Wash. DC: WB, 2003.
15
C. Keeton Strayhorn. Undocumented Immigrants in Texas: A Financial
Analysis of the Impact to the State Budget and Economy. Special Report. Texas,
Dec. 2006. Exhibit 18. P. 20.
16
Park E. Robert. Human Migration and the Marginal Man. In: The Classic
Essays on the Culture of Cities. Ed. Richard Sennett. New York: AppletonCentury-Crofts, 1969. P. 138.
17
06-02-0283 « :
».
308
124
20 25
.
–
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
18
www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=186993&Cr=educat&Cr1
19
Open Doors. (2008). Report for International Educational Exchange. N.Y.
2008. P. 23.
20
www.stats.oecd.org/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DIOC_OCCUPATION
_DET
21
www.unesco.org; www.oecd.org
22
Department of Education. HEMIS Data, South Africa (June 2008).
23
Said M.E., Kamel M.M. Egypt. Chapter in African Higher Education: The
International Dimension. Cairo, 2008. P. 89.
24
www.unesco.org
25
www.stats.oecd.org/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DIOC_OCCUPATION
_DET
26
: www.stats.oecd.org/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=
DIOC_ OCCUPATION_DET
27
:
.
28
www.wdsbeta.worldbank.org
29
Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration. The World Bank. Wash., 2006. P. 91.
30
www.gsim.org
31
Global Economic Prospects. P. 78.
32
:
06-02-0283 «
:
».
13
4
:
4.1.
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
.
,
;
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
163
.
,
,
-
,
.
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240
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206
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.
-
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. 4.2.1.
.
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2007 . – 75%14.
,
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15
.
180
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2007
,
.,
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,
181
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2007 .
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.
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.
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,
,
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-
. 4.2.3).
1990 .
,
2007 . –
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,
,
–
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19,2%,
,
,
,
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-
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,
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-
2/3
. 4.2.4).
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,
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182
. 4.2.3.
,
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.,
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.,
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2004 .
20
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.
.,
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. 4.2.5).
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,
2007
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,
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-
-
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. 4.2.6).
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,
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2006 .
2007 .
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,
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2006 .
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,
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).
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-
.
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,
,
,
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-
.
,
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)
187
.
,
.
10
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,
–
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2007
–
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200
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.
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.
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2006 .
,
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.
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.
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,
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.
20%.
–
-
,
,
2007
2006 .
43
.
,
.
–
,
188
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.
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.
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.
. 4.2.7.
,
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,
.
21
.
2006 .
–
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189
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.
,
. 4.2.8.
,
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-
, %22.
:
,
,
-
,
;
,
.
190
2001
2005 .
7%.
-
-
,
.
20
. 82%
.
135
51%
–
,
,
, 1990
2006
8%.
.
.
,
.
,
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-
«
».
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-
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,
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191
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.
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.
.
192
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.
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194
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195
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Celent.
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,
.
,
,
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.
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196
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.
197
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. (
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64
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.
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198
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199
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200
4.3.
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,
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tances)
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,
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,
.
-
,
,
,
.
2007
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.
, 318
-
,
1990
2006
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26
.
240
)
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,
-
.
.
202
.
,
,
.
2006
,
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208
,
,
44%
.
,
221
.
).
,
3
-
,
,
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27
.
,
,
.
-
1990 .
55%,
2007 . – 75%28.
60%,
4.3.1
(
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
.
)
2007
2002–2007
29
35
39
47
53
58
97%
14
17
21
29
35
39
175%
28
35
41
49
57
60
115%
-
-
-
203
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2002–2007
15
20
23
24
27
28
86%
24
30
29
33
40
44
81%
5
6
8
9
10
11
116%
116
144
161
191
221
240
107%
-
-
: www.worldbank.org
. 4.3.1
,
-
2007 .),
-
.
(25%
(24%),
(18%).
(175%
5
),
(116%)
-
(115%).
,
,
,
5
.
,
2002 .
,
4,6%
,
11
.
(4,3%
2007 .).
,
-
.
,
.
204
2007 .
32,808
.
1
.
20%, .
.
-
3,7%
.
5%
29
.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural
Development),
,
2007 . 38,611
-,
,
.
(11
3,5
,
-
2007 .),
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
IFAD
,
IFAD,
– 17,614
,
45
70%30.
.
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–
-
.
10,399
.
27%
.
. (15,3%),
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5,929
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– 1,979
.
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-
,
–
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
205
,
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:
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,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
(
,
,
-
,
-
.
:
2000–2007 .
3,5%,
2007 . –
5%,
.
206
-
4.3.2
2007 .
.
.
%
5399
4,7
851
6,6
3537
3,4
286
8,6
391
34,2
282
1,6
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769
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-
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5,8
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7,5
168
11,6
6,4
184
22,8
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1,8
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142
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356
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969
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60
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102
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565
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267
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149
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137
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73
4,9
77
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-
-
790
313
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642
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-
207
.
.
%
411
37,9
591
4,4
2690
5929
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355
24,1
89
3,4
0,6
263
5,5
1489
507
8,2
1979
87
17,0
38611
IFAD
%
2007
5
.
. 4.3.2,
10%
,
(24,1%),
(17%),
(10,7%).
(37,9%),
(22,8%),
(12,5%),
,
-
.
(34,2%),
(21,1%),
(11,6%)
.
,
(6116
(5397
.).
.),
(3637
,
.),
(5399
.)
.),
(1559
,
,
,
9.
,
,
,
,
208
,
-
.
,
2007 .
-
,
,
44
1177
.
.
.
,
.
2007 . 27%32.
(
)
38,7
.
-
,
– 38,6
.
34,2
20,997
,
,
-
.,
.
1,6
.
.
2007 . 73%
2007 .
4,5
17,6
(
),
– 53
2006–2007 .
.,
.33
2007 .
.,
-
.
78%,
– 67%34.
,
-
.
,
.
?
,
209
-
(
(
-
)
).
,
,
.
-
,
2008 .,
,
,
,
-
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
2006 .
,
,
.
,
« -
»
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
10%
3,5%.
,
210
-
6%,
–
7%35.
–
8%,
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11%,
–
5%,
-
,
.
-
,
,
36
,
25%)
(
,
(
50%)
.
,
,
«
»
.
»
«
,
2,2
»
«
,
»
–
.
-
–
–
.
.
,
,
,
,
20%
(
167
.
)
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
37
.
,
,
–
,
,
,
.
211
-
20%
38
.
,
-
,
.
–
–
,
.
39
.
-
,
,
,
.
?
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,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
40
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
212
-
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
-
,
.
(
,
)
.
,
.
,
,–
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
-
,
213
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
«
».
20%
15
,
,
,
–
10%.41.
1960–2005
–
-
,
.
(30%
,
)42.
4%,
40%
-
.
50%,
– 67,5%,
– 55,9%,
-
– 63,3%,
– 56,2%
–
43
52,5% .
(
30%)
,
,
.
600
,
2000
20 000
,
,
,
,
2006 .
.
50
,
,
,
30–40
.
.
-
44
.
.
,
,
,
214
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
20%
-
.
,
,
Western Union
.
-
,
0,25–1,25%
.
,
,
.
,
–
-
,
,
.
,
(
70%
)
.
,
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.
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100
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First Rand Bank
Celpay –
46
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
1950-
-
.
,
–
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
3
219
.
,
10
-
.–
17
.
.
,
47
.
,
10–15
,
-
,
-
.
–
.
,
,
-
,
«
,
»
40%48.
-
–
.
2008 .
.
,
–
–
49
.
,
-
,
.
,
2008 .
-
,
.
-
, .
,
.
220
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
1
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Political Economy. 70 (October 1962). P. 80–93.
2
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3
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4
Greenwood Michael J. Internal Migration in Developed Countries. In Mark R.
Rosenzweig and Oded Stark, editors. Handbook of Population and Family
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5
Brueckner Jan K. Welfare Reform and the Race to the Bottom: Theory and
Evidence // Southern Economic Journal. 66 (January 2000): 505–525.
6
DaVanzo Julie. Repeat Migration in the United States: Who Moves Back and
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552–559.
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Chiswick Barry R. The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of ForeignBorn Men // Journal of Political Economy. 86 (October 1978): 897–921.
9
Borjas George J. Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of
Immigrants // Journal of Labor Economics. 3 (October 1985): 463–489.
10
Borjas George J. The Economics of Immigration. Journal of Economic
Literature 32 (December 1994): 1667–1717.
11
Altonji Joseph G. and Card David. The Effects of Immigration on the Labor
Market Outcomes of Less-Skilled Natives. In John M. Abowd and Richard B.
Freeman, editors. Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1991. P. 201–234.
221
12
Borjas George J., Richard B. Freeman and Lawrence F. Katz. How Much Do
Immigration and Trade Affect Labor Market Outcomes? Brookings Papers on
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13
Borjas George J. The Economic Benefits from Immigration // Journal of
Economic Perspectives. 9 (Spring 1995): 3–22.
14
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15
Ibid. P. 16.
16
Ibid. P. 18.
17
Mohapatra S., Ratha D., Xu Z., Vijayalakshmi K. M. Remittance Trends 2006
Migration and Development Brief 2. Development Prospects Group, Migration and
Remittances Team. Wash. DC: WB, 2007. P. 27.
18
Dilip Ratha, Sanket Mohapatra, Vijayalakshmi K.M., Zhimei Xu. Migration
and Remittance Factbook 2007. P. 34.
19
Ibid. P. 42.
20
Ibid. P. 47.
21
Mohapatra S., Ratha D., Xu Z., Vijayalakshmi K. M. Remittance Trends 2006
Migration and Development Brief 2. Development Prospects Group, Migration and
Remittances Team. Wash. DC: WB, 2007. P. 34.
22
Ibid. P. 38.
23
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:
//
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www.ilo.org
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IMF. Balance of Payment Manual, 5 ed. 1995, Wash., DC. P. 75, 82, 84.
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www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
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28
www.migration.ucdavis.edu/Data/remit.on.www/remittances.html
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www.ifad.org/events/remittances
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.,
: Azam P., Gubert F. Migrants’ Remittances and the
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V. 15. Issue 2. P. 426–462; Konseiga A. New Patterns in Human Migration in West
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IFAD World Bank 2007 .
33
:
www.oecd/dac/stats
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:
www.unctad.org
35
www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
36
2005–2008 .
316
25
35
,
,
.
–
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
37
www.entrepreneurnewsonline.com/2007/08/diaspora_remitt.html
222
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Azam P., Gubert F. Migrants’ Remittances and the Household in Africa…
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.,
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//
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www.ilo.org
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www.wdsbeta.worldbank.org
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Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration. The World Bank. Wash., 2006, P. 91.
44
www.iom.int
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www.ifad.org
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www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com
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www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
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49
www.alernet.org/thenews/
5
5.1.
,
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.
.
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:
–
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,
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57%.
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,
225
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8%
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.
29%
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-
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1997 .,
24
90%
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227
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229
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11
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15
231
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2008 .,
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2007 .
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-
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MEDA (Mediterranean Economic Development Area –
).
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238
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CARIM –
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8
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.
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.
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.
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)
.
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.
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251
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254
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,
257
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1990.
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.,
-
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»
.
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,
934
2000–2006 .,
,
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»(
,
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-
.
,
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;
258
;
»
;
-
.
1
Secure Borders, Safe Haven: Integration with Diversity in Modern Britain. Cm
5387, London, Home Office, 2002.
2
See website of National Statistics Online – www.www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/
nugget.asp?id=260. In 2001, 480000 people arrived in the UK to live for at least a
year; 308000 left to live elsewhere.
3
European Commission. Communication from the Commission on Immigration,
Integration and Employment. COM (2003)336 Final. See also A. Rudiger and
S. Spencer, 'Meeting the Challenge: Equality, Diversity and Cohesion in the
European Union', paper presented to European Commission/OECD conference on
'Economic and Social Aspects of Migration', Brussels, 21–22 Jan. 2003.
4
Ibidem.
5
JO L 81 du 21.3.2001, p. 1.
( ) 851/2005 (JO L 141 du 4.6.2005, p. 3)
6
Journal officiel des Communautés européennes L 318 du 5.12.2002, p. 1 et
p. 17.
(OJ L 318 5.12.2002, p. 1 and p. 17; ABL L 318 vom
5.12.2002. S. 1 und S. 17).
7
BBC «Key facts: Africa to Europe migration» 04/06/2007
8
Mediterranean migration 2006–2007 report – www.eui.eu/RSCAS/etexts/CARIM-AR2007.pdf
9
World Bank – www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
10
.
:
– www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2007/17-07-07.htm
11
.
12
,
.
13
USAID, 2006. Mediterranean migration 2006–2007 report. P. 33.
14
Development Prospects Group, Ratha and Shaw (2007) – www.worldbank.
org/prospects/migrationandremittances
15
William J. Carrington and Enrica Detragiache. How Extensive is the Brain
Drain? Finance and Development, June/1999. Mediterranean migration 2006–2007
report. P. 37.
6
:
6.1.
(
1970-
.)
-
.
70–80-
.
–
-
(
,
,
(
,
,
)
),
,
80-
,
,
,
-
.
.
80%1.
90-
.
.
-
,
,
,
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»
,
1
.
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
(
260
–
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-
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,
.
,
.
,
.
,
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26
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– 300–350
.
261
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.,
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,
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.
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,
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.
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.,
0,4%
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(
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– 2,1%,
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,
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5%
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-
,
),
90-
– 2,6%,
, 2,8%
4
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20–30
-
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,
.
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»
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,
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.
,
262
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»
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
30%
,
,
-
, ,
»
«
–
,
.
6.1.1
(%)
1984
2007
1.
22
14
5
4
2.
36
38
12
10
3.
18
20
17
20
4.
.
1984
2007
14
24
42
50
5.
7
3
14
10
6.
2
1
10
6
: Rheinisch – Westfalisches Institut fu r Wirtschaftsforschung. 2007,
S. 51.
(58% 1984 .
. 6.1.1,
52% 2007 .)
,
(14% 2007 .)
263
-
.
-
.
–
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.
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,
1984 .
,
,
–
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,
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4
.
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.
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-
«
,
,
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,
.
8
(
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8
.
),
.
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-
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
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.
264
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,
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.
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2007 .)
%
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(
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1085765
616282
362708
310432
288115
188975
132625
128713
113623
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26,3
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1,8
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2030788
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7398036
100
2, 2008, S. 8.
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-
6,
.
–
,
.
265
–
-
–
4%,
-
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,
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.,
,
,
.
,
5
–
.
-
,
,
,
,
«
»,
.
,
,
90-
.
1991
3
2001 .
5
.
-
,
.
6.1.3
(
1
2001 .)
%
81450
24000
17000
14000
4697
2643
109927
253717
: Auslander in Deutschland.
266
2, 2008, S. 8.
32,0
9,4
6,7
5,5
1,9
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100
. 6.1.3,
,
.
2007 .
-
56,5%
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
50
100
-
.
6
.
3
:
1.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
2.
,
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
.
-
,
.
3.
,
-
,
.
,
.
267
–
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-
,
.
.
,
. 85%
–
).
-
(
50%
10
:
2300
–
– 6000
.,
,
,
1500
.,
9500
.,
– 3300
.,
–
-
,
.
,
-
,
7
.
1900
.
2000
.
1965 .,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
.
2–3
8
.
,
-
,
,
.
–
2007 .
268
15
.
-
.
25
.
,
2007 .
.
2007 .
14
.
.,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
10
4000
2000
-
9
.
.
,
70-
.
–
,
.
–
.
.
.
-
1962 .
.
70-
.
.
.
,
1974 .
10
.
2007 .
1991 .
–
9000
17200
.
,
.
,
-
,
45%,
-
.
80%
70%11.
–
.
74%.
269
,
-
,
26%.
– 81%
– 76%,
39%,
,
– 34%.
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
.
-
,
,
-
.
,
,
.,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
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,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
10%.
:
.
270
,
-
.
,
-
,
.
«Nur zur Begleitung des Ehegattens» (
).
,
,
.
,
–
-
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.
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,
,
20–30
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.
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.
,
.
,
,
.
,
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.
.
,
.
,
,
11
,
,
,
.
271
2001
-
3
.
–
.
1981 .
,
,
.
16
,
(
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10%.
,
(
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.
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,
.
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5
,
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,
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-
,
4
11
.
.
4
.
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,
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.
,
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-
,
272
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.
.
.
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.
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:
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,
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2.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
,
.
.
,
-
.
,
,
1973 .
-
.
.
274
,
-
,
(
)
.
.
1984 .
«
»
10,5
40
.
.
,
-
.
,
1
1991
-
.
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
1991 .
.
,
-
.
,
.
«
»
1998 .
-
,
,
.
1
2000 .
,
.
2000 .
«
-
»
,
275
.
1973 .,
,
.
,
,
-
2000 .
,
-
.
«
13
.
-
:
–
,
;
–
.
,
-
2000 .
.
–
tering Integration»),
,
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,
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«
» («Structuring Immigration – Fos2001 .,
,
,
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.
:
,
,
;
.
:
276
(1)
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-
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;
,
;
18
,
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,
;
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;
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.
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,
.
20
.
.
,
–
.
-
,
.
,
-
:
.
.
,
,
277
-
.
-
:
,
-
,
,
,
.
;
;
;
.
,
-
–
1
,
,
,
.
2002 .
-
:
-
,
;
;
,
;
.
278
.
-
,
(
).
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–
,
,
-
.
4
.
-
,
.
2000 .
-
«
»,
.
,
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-
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(
)
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(
.
)
.
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,
22
1
2003
2002 .
.
,
.
(Asyl)
,
.
279
,
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-
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16-
,
).
.
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,
,
.
.
.
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,
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.
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.
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.
-
.
12
(
-
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)
,
.
,
,
,
.
280
,
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,
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.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
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,
,
,
.
.
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,
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.
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,
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«
,
.
,
,
.
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.
281
,
14
,
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-
.
»
.
6.2.
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,
-
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
«
»
,
-
.
–
-
(
).
,
.
282
.
1990
-
,
2006 .
50%15.
,
«
»,
«
»
-
–
(30–40
(
)
)
.
1950-
.
,
,
(
),
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.
.
60–70-
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
.
3–4
,
,
.
,
30
194016
.
.
20
1970.
283
.
10
90-
100–150
15–10
,
,
,
,
.
,
20
.
,
.
17–25
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
69%
29% –
,
17
50%
.
–
,
.
,
,
284
-
.
.
150
2004 .
.
,
– 230
– 2000
– 120
.,
.,
.
.,
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18
.
.
,
»
– 200
.,
.,
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,
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,
.
,
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,
,
.
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,
,
,
. .
,
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,
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.
.
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.
,
.
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,
,
.
.
,
,
-
–
,
,
.
,
–
.
100
285
,
60-
.,
.
,
70-
.
.
-
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
1973 .
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
1980-
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
1980.
(95309),
286
,
.
1986 .
(91466
.)
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-
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-
,
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,
.
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1990 . (
« -
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.
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.
1990 .,
1990 . 145812
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1989 .
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.)21.
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.
I .
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,
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1990-
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.
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1997
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1990
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,
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. – www.dex1.tsd.unifi.it/altrodir/devianza/dibello/
nav.htm?cap1.htm
*
(
)+
.
. 6.2.1
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.
,
1990-
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.
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.
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,
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288
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–
. 6.2.2,
.
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.
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.
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4
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), 2 –
(
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,
.
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-
-
23
.
,
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.
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),
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,
(10%).
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.
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),
.
-
290
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,
,
,
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,
-
,
24
.
2002 .
189
.
,
-
,
2003 .
,
,
1995
1998
.
1990,
,
-
.
.
25
1
.
,
,
.
,
(33,3%
2002 .),
(18,8%),
15,9%
(29%),
3%
51,4%
,
,
.
,
48,6%
.
(55–56%).
,
,
,
26
,
.
291
,
-
2005 .,
(35,8%),
.
–
,
,
,
-
,
.
.27
,
2005 .
0,8%,
,
212000
-
.
.
,
-
«
»(
).
2005 .
60000
.
-
189/2002
.
-
,
,
15000
.
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
,
.
,
292
-
,
.
-
.
.
1960.
1950- –
-
.
, 1960-
.
-
,
.
-
,
:
,
1990.
.
20–30%
,
28
.
-
,
.
143
1981 .
.
,
,
1974 .
.
1986 .
.
,
.
1986–1988
,
293
.
.
-
1990 .
,
.
,
-
.
1997 .,
–
-
.
1998 .
40,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
2001 .
,
2002 .
,
1998
.
189,
-
:
-
,
2002 .
,
,
;
-
;
.
,
.
294
-
,
,
-
,
.
:
(
-
);
(
);
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-
);
.
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.
:
–
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–
;
–
);
–
,
21
.
(
)
:
(
,
,
);
295
-
,
,
;
(
);
(
(
,
,
)
).
,
-
1998 .
.
20
,
104
(
.
:
,
-
);
(
);
(
);
,
-
.
: 52,2%
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-
.
,
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,
,
2005
.
2005 .
30901
,
50%
,
,
296
-
2006 .,
.
10%
,
,
.
,
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,
.
-
,
.
.
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
-
.
.
1990-
.
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,
.
.
.
29
.
-
1990 .
1995 .
10%
-
,
244492
.
,
-
286 1998 .
.
297
,
30.07.2002 (
199,
,
189
),
173
26.08.2002
286/1998,
,
,
,
,
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-
,
-
.
.
30
:
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;
,
,
60
,
6
;
4
10
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1
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;
6
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);
–
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5
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6
,
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.
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.
15
2004 .
241
,
,
14.09.2004.
,
31
.
,
,
,
.
,
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(
60%
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10
50
)
),
-
.
: 13,8%
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.
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,
-
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,
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.
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.
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.
).
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(
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-
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.
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,
,
-
.
,
.
,
.
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,
,
.
.
(
-
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.
300
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,
-
),
),
–
.
,
,
.
(12,1%
).
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
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»,
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,
33
),
.
,
,
,
1990-
-
,
.
(1990 .).
.
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-
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,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
301
-
.
,
,
-
,
.
-
,
.
2800
-
.
,
.
.
,
,
2004 .
,
3,4%
9,1%
.
,
1
10
14%
-
500
.
(
)34.
,
(
,
),
,
-
.
,
,
-
:
,
»,
;
302
,
;
,
.
-
,
(
);
,
;
,
-
,
,
,
,
35
.
6.3.
–
–
.
.
.:
,
1905–1913
,
. 1,5
-
.
624
.
1946–1958 .
. 1960303
.
-
,
.
1975
.
1958
1975
,
.
300
-
.
1960
2
,
,
-
.
,
–
,
36
.
(1,5
,
2
)
.
,
1980-
.
-
,
,
.
«
.
200
.
»
1975 .
.
25
1
2,5% 40-
,
.
2008 .
3,98
5,22
.,
,
1,24
,
-
.
2008 .
-
11,3% 4637
.
1,4% –
2006 ., 1,1% –
,
2007 .
1,9% –
.
2,1% 2005 .,
2008 .
-
,
,
,
.
.
304
-
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
1980–1990
,
,
1970-
.
,
,
1980-
.,
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
14
,
.
,
–
,
.
198
.(
2008 .
-
,
.
,
38
) .
. 1981 .
1999 . –
800
1999 .
6,5
.
. 6.3.1
.
305
6.3.1
1999–2006
1999
2000
2001
2002
161870 199782 234937 282432
-
.
2003
2004
2005
2006
333770
386958
493114
543721
27263
27888
33758
39013
57593
71245
82533
90906
- 26854
26481
29314
32412
36654
42928
50765
58126
24693
28693
36143
45815
56086
71881
85745
99526
16290
16610
20412
27937
43347
56193
82412
86921
13627
24702
48710
71238
107459
137369
204348
225504
12933
30878
84699 115301
174289
221549
357065
376233
9943
13847
15240
20081
23785
27532
35437
39433
8120
10034
10910
12902
14598
17524
26866
30242
7774
11051
11553
14765
16889
19343
27678
28560
6517
8143
11342
12817
15814
23617
34600
48031
5126
7843
14322
15584
17645
18072
28707
29668
5082
10983
24856
33705
54688
83372
192134
211325
4214
3292
5111
6996
9721
11248
17338
19074
3013
5244
9953
15495
24369
32244
56329
60174
1621
3764
4071
4592
5354
5723
7712
7843
1283
1748
3344
4995
7053
11467
50738
52587
1077
3537
9104
14861
21579
27461
49812
52760
333507 434520 607779 770941 1020693 1265732 1883333 2120808
: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntas Sociales. Secretaria de Estado de
Immigrasion y Emigrassion, Anuario estadistico de Extranjeria, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006.
306
. 6.3.1,
48,5%
-
.
1999 .
2006 . – 25,6%.
,
-
,
,
543721
. 2006 .
– 376233
.
17,7%
2006 .,
–
(225504
.
10,6%
),
–
(211325
.
9,9%).
,
,
1999 .
7%
1999 . (23552
) 4,4% 2006 . (94910
.).
(1,9%
),
(1,3%),
(0,9%)
.
,
,
,
,
,
. 2008 .
17,2%
,
–
71,8%
,
, 12,3%
.
,
,
,
,
80%
.
17
(22%),
,
6
,
(19%),
(5%)
(16%),
(4,5%).
,
11,3%,
– 17, 9%,
– 16,7%,
307
(12%),
,
20,8%,
– 15,9%,
-
– 15,7%
,
11,6%
– 13,6%.
13,7
.
,
,
–
,
-
,
39
.
75%
.
2008 . 14,7%,
(5%). 88%
3
-
.
,
25%
-
, 20% –
, 17% –
, 15% –
40
.
,
, 24% –
62%
, 9% –
41
.
-
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
1100
,
1984 .
,
,
4100
1993 .
.
12600
.
5–10
.
1989 .
-
.
60–70%
.
2000-
.
,
,
5
308
.
(80%
-
).
2005 .
-
,
,
,
-
.
10–15
2007–2008 .
.
,
–
.
,
11
,
42
.
.
8
-
,
,
.
,
2007 .
.
21%
43
.
,
-
,
.
.
,
,
,
1,5–1,6
.,
44
–
.
–
–
,
.
,
,
,
200
.
.,
,
45
7–8
.
,
(T. Barbulo),
16
2009 .,
–
.
80%
,
309
,
,
,
15% –
,
,
,
-
.
40%
.
–
,
.
,
.
123
2006–2009 .
,
,
-
,
(
,
),
–
,
,
.
.
-
:
1.
– 58
– 18
2.
.
,
–9
– 21
,
–6
– 11
.
5
123
,
.
.
3.
,
4.
– 28
– 26
.
1
4
.
(30(23-
),
).
52
5.
,
,
.
6. 84
.
7
9
–3
,
-
.
68%
310
-
7.
(51%)
, 63
,
.
8. 112
(93%)
.
.
9.
-
.
10.
?» 43
«
11.
«
–
, 67
–
,
.
?» 112
(91%)
.
12.
?» 76
«
(62%)
13.
«
–
, 23
–
-
,
.
?» 32
-
, 27 –
,
14.
.
«
?» 101
85
(82%)
,
.
50
15.
100
,
.
16
.
«
?» 28
(27%)
,
73
–
,
.
16.
?» 31
(37%) –
«
(25%)
,
, 45
,
,
. 38
,
.
17.
«
?» 86
(70%)
,
, 22
(18%)
.
311
-
18.
«
(63%)
–
, 25 –
?» 68
-
,
.
19.
107
«
(87%)
–
, 14
–
,
?»
-
.
20.
«
?» 21
–
, 42 –
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
–
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
30
,
,
-
,
.
,
-
,
.
1990-
.
(Sistema Integral
-
de Vigilancia Exterior, SIVE),
,
,
,
,
312
.
,
.
,
2005 .
2004 .,
2006 .
.
.
14-
-
,
,
-
,
.
2006–2007
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
6.3.2
,
-
1993
4952
4952
1994
4189
4189
1995
5287
5287
1996
7741
7741
313
-
1997
7348
7348
1998
7031
7031
1999
7178
875
8053
10,86
2000
16885
2387
19272
12,38
2001
14405
4112
18517
22,20
2002
6748
9756
16504
59,11
2003
9794
9382
19176
48,92
2004
7425
8426
15851
53,15
2005
7066
4715
11781
40,02
2006
6976
31106
38082
81,68
2007
4342
8600
12942
66,45
: The 2007 Report of the Andalusien Human Right Association.
Seville. 2008. P. 32–33.
,
2000-
.
-
.
,
2003 .
,
2006 .,
31106
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
(
,
,
.
,
.
,
. 6.3.3,
,
.
314
),
-
6.3.3
2000
-
9353
2001
2002
2003
2004
13327 16034 12493
2005
2006
2007
7440
7091
6023
15056
13100 15363 23851 17252 21140
9469
6954
24409
26427 31397 36344 26605 28580 16560 12977
: Interior
Surveillance. Rabat.
Ministry,
9353
Department
of
Migration
and
Border
. 6.3.3,
,
-
,
.
2003 .,
36
.
,
,
-
2007 .
5
3,4
,
2003
2002 ., 2,7
2007 .
3
.
–
,
,
,
-
,
,
2004
2008 .
1800
-
.
,
,
-
.
«
»
(International
315
Organisation for Migration),
2006 .
,
(Africa Plan 2006–2008),
.
,
,
(
),
,
,
,
.
:
2007 .
,
–
60%,
,
-
25%.
,
1980,
.
.
.
1990-
.
-
,
1996 .
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
.
1500
2005 .,
,
-
, 14
.
,
-
,
.
1993 .,
1990-
.
,
.
2000-
:
.
( 2006 . – 16700
2008
. – 15700
).
316
.,
2007
.
-
-
.
:
2006 .,
2001 .,
– 2007 .
2001 .
,
,
(2004 .),
,
(2003 .),
(2007 .),
(2006 .),
(2008 .)46.
,
-
.
1985, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2001
2005 .
2005 .
691655
«
(
).
» (normalización), 578375
-
,
,
.
,
«
.
»
,
,
.
.
,
,
47
,
.
2005 .
,
» («rooted»).
.
-
,
,
«
,
,
-
,
.
-
,
317
.
,
2008 .,
.
,
,
2008 .
2008 .
.
20%.
,
.
,
–
-
.
3
19
.
(
,
,
,
),
.
2009 .
-
.
(Consejo de Estado) (Consejo Económico Social),
(Consejo General del Poder Judicial).
,
Sectorial de Immigración)
migrantes).
(Conferencia
(Foro de los In,
,
,
.
:
1.
,
318
;
-
.
18
,
,
,
(pareja de hecho).
.
,
5
65
).
,
(
-
16-
,
.
2.
,
40
60
.
10
3.
,
,
.
4.
:
10000
,
6000
–
300
,
,
500
60000
100000
,
.
-
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
10001
.
,
100000
,
-
,
.
5.
5
10
,
319
.
-
.
1
1
.
6.
,
(Centros de Internamiento).
,
.
,
.
48
.
,
18
-
.
CSIF
,
"
-
"
,
,
.
,
,
.
–
-
,
,
,
.,
-
.
.
.
,
.
,
49
.
,
,
,
,
,
11,3%
-
9,1%
2009 .
2009 .
320
-
50
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
-
,
200
.
.
2009 .
,
,
,
.
3–
,
,
5%.
,
-
(5–7%).
,
,
-
.
,
),
.
,
.
-
,
(
).
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
321
,
–
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
–
.
:
1.
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
2.
,
,
,
.,
(
1954
31
,
.
3.
–
,
322
2007 .
)51.
,
-
,
,
.),
(
)
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
4.
,
–
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
-
.
1
. ., 1987. . 323
I
.
1999/2000.
. . 2000. . 214–215.
3
.
. 21.04.2002.
4
I
. . 218–219.
5
Santel B. Integriert oder randstandig? Zur wirtschaftlichen Situation von
Einwanderen in Deutschland. In. IZA. 1. 2002. S. 24 (Bonn).
6
.
: Uihlein H. Menschen in der Illegalitaet – ein vernachlaessigtes
Problem. In: IZA. 1. 2002. S. 41.
7
Ausländer in Deutschland. Berlin, 2001. Nr. 3. S. 7.
8
Regulierung und Wechsel Beziehungen zum Arbeitsmarkt, SAMPF,
Arbeitspapier Nr. 6/01, Zentrum fur Sozialpolitik der Universitat Bremen, S. 12-13.
2
323
9
Ausländer in Deutschland. Nr. 2. 2001. S. 10.
Neues Deutschland. 03.04.1975.
11
Ausländer in Deutschland. Nr. 2. 2001. S. 14.
12
Uilein H. Menschen in der Illegalität – ein vernachlässigtes Problem. In: IZA,
Münster. Nr 1. 2002. S. 40.
13
Veysel Oezcan. German Immigration Law Clears Final Hurdle, 2002 –
www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=51
14
,
.
.
,
2002
17
,
1996
.
.
.
,
.
17
.
.
2
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
«
»
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
. .
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
«
»,
,
.
15
www.ilo.org
16
www.census.org
17
www.sis.gov.com.
18
OECD. Trends in International Migration. Paris, 2005. P. 87.
19
www.liceoberchet.it/ricerche/geo4d_03/Africa1/flussi_migratori.htm
20
Ibidem.
21
L’immigrazione straniera: indicatori e misure di integrazione. A cura di
Antonio Golini. Bologna, 2006. P. 145.
22
www.mclink.it/com/itnet/euromed/med2/med2.htm#G23
23
Fondazione per le iniziative e lo studio sulla multietnicita – ISMU –
www.ismu.org
24
www.mclink.it/com/itnet/euromed/med2/med2.htm#G23
10
324
25
Krauss D.R. Geografie dell’immigrazione. Napoli, 2005. P. 67
Ibid. P.109
27
Ibid. P.112.
28
.
//
:
/
. .
. ., 2002. . 134.
29
.
30
. 199.
173 26.08.2002.
31
. 216, 14.09.2004.
32
Ibid. . 78.
33
www.dex1.tsd.unifi.it/altrodir/devianza/dibello/nav.htm?cap1.htm
34
www.minwelfare.it
35
«Il corriere della sera», 17.05.04. P. 1.
36
Kreienbrink A. Zwischen Kontrolle und Nutzenerwaegungen: Spanische
Auswanderungspolitik gegenueber Lateinamerika im 19 und 20. Jahrhundert. In:
Jahrbuch fur Geschichte Lateinamericas. V. 42. 2005. S. 145–169.
37
Focus Migration. Country Profile: Spain. Hamburg. No. 6, August 2008. P. 2.
38
El Pais, 22.12.2000.
39
,
(Instituto Nacional de Estadistica) 2008 .
40
.
41
West African Mobilities and Migration Policies of OECD Countries. OECD.
2008. P. 67.
42
El Pais. 13.07.2009.
43
Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntas Sociales. Secretaria de Estado de
Immigrasion y Emigrassion, Anuario estadistico de Extranjeria. 2008.
44
El Pais. 19.02.2008.
45
Ibidem.
46
West African Mobilities and Migration Policies of OECD Countries. OECD.
2008. P. 49–50.
47
Focus Migration. Country Profile: Spain. Hamburg, 2008. No. 6. P. 8.
48
El Pais. 24.09.2009.
49
www.csif.org
50
El Pais. 24.09.2009.
51
Santel B. Integriert oder ranständig? In: IZA. Nr. 1. 2008. Münster, S. 24.
26
.
-
,
-
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
2007 .
200
25
.,
,
.
33
3%
-
.
-
–
.
.
–
–
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
)
.
60%
,
40%
«
.
.
326
»,
49
, 16
–
6
–
-
1
.
10–15
,
.
,
,
.
«
»
«
-
»
«
»
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
2000–2007
5,3
.
.
2000–2007
. 1,6%,
.
95%
,
,
25
100%.
-
,
2,5–3%
.
,
3,2
.
2007 .
3,4
2010
.
40
,
.
40
,
.,
38
2
–
.
,
327
,
-
,
.
(25%),
20%),
-
–
–
(15%).
)
(
-
10%2.
–
,
,
,
«
»
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
–
.
-
,
.
.
1975 .
41
,
663.
,
-
.
,
.
,
-
,
(
,
),
,
328
.
-
.
20–30%
),
2–3
(
(
,
,
,
,
4
,
).
,
-
.
,
-
,
.
.
,
),
.
(
.
,
.
45
.
20
10–30
-
80
,
–
.
1/4
2007 .
.
;
–
,
.
.
,
329
-
,
-
.
.
2007 .,
17
,
30-
(
5
)
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
–
,
–
,
–
–
-
.
,
-
,
.
.
-
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
«
).
(
»
,
-
–
,
(
,
),
,
–
(
,
,
),
(
,
.
330
,
)
,
-
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
-
(
,
,
(
,
,
,
,
,
),
.).
-
,
-
.
7090-
.
.
.
,
,
«
»
1
.
,
.
.
-
(
.
)
,
(
)
–
–
.
331
.
-
.
,
,
-
.
.
,
:
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
(
-
.
)
.
–
,
–
,
,
.
97%
6
,
),
.
,
, 68%
47%
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
;
–
.
–
.
,
332
.
,
.
2007
7
.
,
-
3,5
,
,
.
,
(
35
-
),
–
.
,
.
»
-
,
,
,
-
.
,
.«
»
,
.
1960–2007 .
,
)8.
(30%
,
-
4%,
40%
50%,
-
.
– 67,5%,
– 55,9%,
– 63,3%,
– 56,2%
9
– 52,5%.
(
,
30%)
,
10
.
,
,
333
,
30–40
.
-
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
.
15%,
–
5%.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
(13,5%),
(23%),
(4,5%).
(6%)
2007 .
38,6
,
11
.
,
-
.
,
10–15%
,
2–3
12
,
.
,
20%
,
,
13
.
,
334
.
-
«
»
:
10
.,
.
,
,
-
,
35%.
70%
,
,
-
,
,
,
14
.
–
.
,
,
,
.
,
0,25–1%
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
,
(
).
-
,
.
,
»
.
,
-
.
,
.
-
,
-
,
,
.
335
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
,
15
3
15
5
,
.
,
.
(13,9
100–120
.
,
35
).
-
.–
16
.
.
40
-
2007 .
.
.
.
-
20%
,
2005–2007
.
.
50
,
17
.
,
-
,
.
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
336
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
1990-
.–
XX .,
-
,
(
300
(1,5
5
.).
–
)
,
.
–
.
55
,
16
2007 .
.
,
.
740
.
2002 .
»,
-
«
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
:
337
,
(
,
300
,
-
).
.
.
,
,
.
)–
-
,
.
(
«
».
,
.
,
–
,
,
2
:
,
,
-
–
.
12–
16
,
.
1000
3000
.
,
,
-
18
.
«
»
,
-
,
.
.
–
6
11
).
,
.
80%
,
,
19
.
, 56%
,
,
-
.
,
338
.
:
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
«
»
–
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
1990-
-
.
-
.
,
«
»
-
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
339
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
–
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
-
.
200
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
340
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
:
,
,
,
.
2008 .
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
1
Ibid.
www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
3
Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration. The World Bank. Wash., 2006. P. 6.
4
Stalker P. Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on
international migration. N.Y., 2000. P. 59.
5
Human Rights Watch World Report. 2007. Africa: overview –
www.hrw.org/wr.Africa
2
341
6
C. de Wenden. L'immigration en Europe. P., 1999. . 32.
www.ilo.org
8
www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
9
www.ifad.org/events/remittances
10
www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
11
www.ifad.org/events/remittances
12
www.worldbank.org/prospects/migrationandremittances
13
Global Economic Prospects. Economic Implications of Remittances and
Migration. The World Bank. Wash., 2006. P. 56.
14
. 12.09.2007.
15
www.mhicongress.org
16
www.gsim.org
17
www.libia-olafur.com
18
IOM (international organization for Migration). 2007. World Migration 2007.
Geneva, 2007. P. 49.
19
www.mhicongress.org
7
SUMMARY
On the basis of the latest methodologies and techniques of
comparative studies, and of the theoretic generalization of the results
of the field studies of 1995–2009, in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia,
Sudan, Somalia, Benin, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and Malta,
interviews with a number of Russian and foreign experts, polling of
immigrates, collection of materials in research centers, government
agencies in African and European countries the monograph
determined the specific place of Africa and the developed countries
in migration processes South-North. Main causes of migration of
population from Africa to OECD and Arab countries were revealed.
Migrants were categorized along the lines of types of migrations,
nationalities, social categories, geography of settlement, gender,
education, and qualifications. A unique “European model” of
migration policy was explained, its main characteristics analysed.
For the first time in Russian science the impact of migration flows
upon the formation of the budget, as well as broadening of illegal
and grey economies in donor and recipient countries were shown.
Special attention was given to the research of the causes, features
and impact of illegal migration. The methodology of the analysis of
illegal flows of monetary transfers of migrants was developed. Its
multifaceted role in the African and foreign economies was shown.
An overview of the existing experience in EU migration policies
was given. The monograph shows the causes of its evolution
towards more strictness and inflexibility.
343
The research shows that the policy of containment of migration
from the South is influenced by contradicting demographic and
economic factors. A conclusion was drawn that the labour market in
Europe is characterized by the decrease of demand for labour of
medium complexity, and the increase of demand for both highly
skilled professionals and low skilled workers in the fastly growing
service sector. All this preserves and even increases the demand for
complaisant and ready for all workforce of immigrants. A
conclusion about excessive restrictiveness of the accepting countries
(including EU and Russia) was made. The EU “association countries
policy” seeks to turn countries of Northern Africa (i.e. Tunisia,
Algeria, Libya, Morocco), into a safety belt for Western Europe
which would serve as a barrier against African migrants. This
situation adds tension to the relations between the North Africa and
the countries South from the Sahara. A conflict emerges between the
pro-European migration policies of the Maghreb political elites and
the pro-African assessment of it by liberal Arab intellectuals and
researchers. The existence of a similar contradiction in Russia
makes researches in this direction important and timely. The causes
of the identity crisis of immigrants and the autochthon population
were shown. The realistic assessment of migration flows undertaken
by the author allows foreseeing and predicting the results of the
forthcoming migrations. The current global financial crisis may
change the migration patterns due to reduced demand for labour in
the developed countries. A scientific assessment of the current
migrations processed between the South and the North allows to
offer a realistic vision of the forthcoming enlargement of acceptance
of migrants. The results of the monograph may represent concrete
interest for Russian state agencies, whose function is to implement
and finance the practical aspects of migration policy.
1.
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«CherryPie»
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., . 12