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Contemporary problems of the study of marine biological diversity. A. V. Adrianov (Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041)
Terminology and six main levels of biodiversity are suggested and discussed. Species richness and taxonomic
diversity of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms are compared based on recent estimates. To date, about 1.5
million terrestrial species and 320 000 species of aquatic organisms have been described. Over more than 200 years of
biological research, only about 280 000 marine species, including 180 000 marine invertebrates, have been described. Of
33 phyla of Metazoa, 31 phyla are found in the sea; of these, 13 are represented by exclusively marine forms. Seventeen
metazoan phyla are found in fresh water, and 11 phyla include terrestrial organisms. Representatives of two phyla,
freshwater Micrognathozoa and terrestrial Onychophora, are thought to be non-marine endemics. The estimates of marine
biological diversity of coral reefs, near-shore environments, deep-water macrobenthos, and meiofauna are discussed. For
each metazoan phylum, recent data on the number of described species are provided and prognoses of species richness
are discussed. Diversity of deep-sea macrobenthos is estimated at approximately 25 million species; and of meiofauna, at
about 20–30 million species, including more than 10 million species of marine nematodes. The hypotheses invoked to
explain the high species diversity of deep-sea macrobenthos and meiofauna are summarized. (Biologiya Morya,
Vladivostok, 2004, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 3–19).
Key words: biological diversity, biodiversity, marine biodiversity, Metazoa, macrobenthos, meiofauna, plankton,
biodiversity monitoring.
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LZ[ebpZJZaghh[jZab_jZkl_gbcPlanta\h^hjhke_cAlgaebijhkl_crboProtozoa)
G_dhlhju_\ukrb_
lZdkhgulbiu
PLANTA*
Fhj_
\kdh[dZo±dhebq_kl\hfhjkdbo
\b^h\
Ij_kgu_\h^u
\kdh[dZo±dhebq_kl\hij_kgh\h^guo\b^h\
KmrZ
Dhebq_kl\hhibkZgguokh\j_f_gguo
\b^h\\kdh[dZo±
bkdhiZ_fuo
+
+
+
270 000
+(50)
+(1000)
+
235 000
36 000
> 4000
–
> 40 000
l. Cyanophyles
l. Rhodophyles
l. Cryptophyles
l. Euglenophyles
l. Dinophyles
l. Bacillariophyles
l. Chrysophyles
l. Xanthophyles
l. Phaeophyles
l. Chlorophyles
lZygnematophyles
l. Charophyles
FUNGI
PROTOZOA*
lMicrospora**
l. Myxozoa**
l. Apicomplexa**
lRhyzopoda
+
+(4850)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(2000)
+
–
–
+
+(36 000)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ (< 10 000)
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
2000
5000
200
800
2000 (+2000)
10 000 (+12 000)
2000
600
> 2000
8000
6000
80
70 000
> 45 000 (+40 000)
1000
1200
4000
2500
l. Foraminifera
l. Radiolaria
l. Ciliophora
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
10 000 (+30 000)
800
8000
l. Magnoliophyta
ALGAE*
Bklhqgbd^Zgguo
h\b^h\hfh[bebb
Palmer., 1997; Lambshead,
Schalk, 2001
Coleman, 2001; Whitton, Rajakaruna, 2001
Palmer, 1997; Reaka-Kudla,
1997
Sand-Jensen, 2001
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
–"–
Volk, 2001
Corliss, 1991; Coleman, 2001
Finlay, 2001
–"–
–"–
Vickerman, 1992
ihKdZjeZlhb^j
FboZe_\bq, 2000
Finlay, 2001
Lynn, Corliss, 1991
LZdkhgumdZaZgu\u[hjhqgh
LZdkhgij_^klZ\e_glhevdhiZjZablbq_kdbfb\b^Zfb
mf_j_gguo wdki_jlh\ hp_gb\Zxsbo h[s__ jZaghh[jZab_ gZ ieZg_l_ gZ mjh\g_ feg \b^h\ Hammond,
1992; Stork ij_^klZ\e_g gZ jbkmgd_ Ih fg_gbxkbkl_fZlbdh\aZf_lgucijhp_glgh\uo\b^h\ihfbfhhkgh\guohljy^h\gZk_dhfuo^h[Z\yl]jb[u^h
fegZ\hl\bjmkub[Zdl_jbb\kmff_g_ij_\ukyl
feg\b^h\kh\j_f_ggZybamq_gghklv[Zdl_jbchp_gb\Z_lky hl ^h b f_g__ ijb dhebq_kl\_ ba\_klguo
\b^h\ g_ [he__ luk Pace, 1999; Dunlap Qbke_gghklv\b^h\a_e_guojZkl_gbcihfg_gbxmf_j_gguo fh`_l m\_ebqblvky ihqlb \^\h_ Z lj_lv_ f_klh
ihke_ gZk_dhfuo b ]jb[h\ aZcfml gZa_fgu_ o_ebp_jh\u_jZaghh[jZab_dhlhjuohp_gb\Z_lky\feg\b^h\
GZ wlhf nhg_ ijh]gha ^ey fhjkdbo lZdkhgh\ \u]ey^bl\_kvfZ i_kkbfbklbqgh jbk b ih fg_gbx fgh]bowdki_jlh\\h[s_f[ZeZgk_[bhjZaghh[jZabykhhlghr_gb_ gZa_fguo b fhjkdbo \b^h\ \k_o hj]Zgbafh\
[m^_l gZ mjh\g_ : 1 (Briggs Z ih^h[gh_ khhlghr_gb_lhevdh^eyMetazoa – 10 : 1 (Tickel, 1999; Williamson, 1999).
D gZklhys_fm \j_f_gb ihfbfh luk \b^h\
[_kiha\hghqguo \ fhj_ hibkZgu luk \b^h\ \h^hjhke_c luk \b^h\ ijhkl_crbo luk \b^h\ ohj^h\uo\hkgh\ghfju[luk\b^h\\bjmkh\b[Zdl_jbc jbk ] Ih hp_gdZf jZaguo wdki_jlh\ kl_i_gv
bamq_gghklbfhjkdbo[bhglh\\Zjvbjm_lhlm[Zdl_jbc^hmju[±gZb[he__bamq_gguofhjkdboh[blZl_e_c
Kfh]mlebhgbkhklZ\blvdhgdmj_gpbxkmohimlguf \b^Zf" DZd wlh gb m^b\bl_evgh gh kh\j_f_ggu_
f_lh^ubih^oh^udbkke_^h\Zgbxfhjkdhc[bhlu \k_
`_^ZxlgZflZdmxgZ^_`^m
JZaghh[jZab_ ieZgdl_jh\ g_\_ebdh <b^h\hc ihl_gpbZe [Zdl_jbc ^Zxsbo h[s_c ijh^mdpbb
ieZgdlhgZihhp_gdZfwdki_jlh\g_ij_\ukblluk
\b^h\ Hammond <_kv nblhieZgdlhg Fbjh\h]h
hd_ZgZ g_kfhljy gZ h]jhfgmx qbke_gghklv b ijh^mdlb\ghklv ij_^klZ\e_g ebrv \b^Zfb h^ghde_lhqguo\h^hjhke_cij_`^_\k_]h^bZlhfh\ufbbi_jb^bg_yfbbwlZpbnjZfh`_lm\_ebqblvky\emqr_fkem;BHEH=BY FHJY lhf 30 ‹ 1 2004
KH<J?F?GGU?IJH;E?FU
7
LZ[ebpZJZaghh[jZab_fgh]hde_lhqguo`b\hlguoMetazoa)
Fhj_
<ukrb_lZdkhgu
lbiuih^lbiu
bdeZkku
METAZOA
Ij_kgu_
\h^u
\kdh[dZo±
F_chDhjZeeh- FZdjh[_glhk- IeZgdlhg dhebq_kl\h
\ucjbn [_glhk
ij_kgh\h^gu_\b^u
guo\b^h\
+
+
+
KmrZ
Dhebq_kl\hhibkZgguokh\j_f_g- Bklhqgbd^Zgguo
guo\b^h\\kdh[- h\b^h\hfh[bebb
dZo±bkdhiZ_fuo
+
+
+
> 1 500 000
–
–
–
1
lPlacozoa
+
lPorifera
lCnidaria
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
+(150)
+(30)
–
–
7000
11 000
deHydrozoa
+
+
+
+
+(30)
–
2700
deScyphozoa
de. Cubozoa
de. Anthozoa
l. Ctenophora
l Dicyemataria**
l. Orthonectida**
l. Xenoturbellida
l. Plathelminthes
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
+
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
2000
17
6200
100
70
20
2
> 20 000
l Gnathostomulida
l. Micrognathozoa
+
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
54
1
l. Rotifera
+
–
+
+
+
–
2000
l Acanthocephala**
+
+
–
1100
l Nemathelminthes
deNematoda
deGastrotricha
l Cephalorhyncha
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
+(200)
+
+
+
–
–
> 20 000
20 000
430
567
dePriapulida
deLoricifera
deKinorhyncha
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17 (+5)
80
150
de. Nematomorpha**
l. Entoprocta
+
+
–
320
+
+
+
–
+
–
150
lMollusca
+
+
+
+
+(6000)
+(10 000)
de. Aplacophora
+
+
+
–
–
–
hl
^h
290
de Polyplacophora
de Monoplacophora
de. Scaphopoda
de. Cephalopoda
de. Gastropoda
+
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
850
20
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
+(6000)
–
–
+(10 000)
deBivalvia
+
+
+
–
+
–
350
660 (+10 000)
hl40 000
^h100 000
(+15 000)
20 000
;BHEH=BY FHJY lhf 30 ‹ 1 2004
Kmffbjh\Zghih
]jmiiZf
Barnes, Harrison,
1991
Hooper, Soest, 2002
Kmffbjh\Zghih
deZkkZf
Barnes, Harrison,
1991
LZf`_
–"–
–"–
K_jZ\bg
Orme et al., 2002
Kozloff, 1993
Israelsson, 1999
Caira, Littlewood,
2001
Lammert, 1991
Kristensen, Funch,
2000
Clement, Wurdak,
1991
Dunagan, Miller,
1991
Gardner, 2001
–"–
Ruppert, 1991
:^jbZgh\FZeZoh\
LZf`_
–"–
Adrianov et al.,
2002
:^jbZgh\, FZeZoh\, 1999
Nielsen, Jesperson,
1997
Kmffbjh\Zghih
deZkkZf
Barnes, Harrison,
1994
Lindberg, 2001
–"–
Orme et al., 2002
–"–
Barnes, Harrison,
1994; Lindberg,
2001
Orme et al., 2002