Grammar Book

To be – bo`lmoq (am/is/are)
To be fe`lidan asosan holat gaplar yasashda foydalanamiz (ya`ni
kimligimizni, yoshimizni, qayirdaligimizni yoki hol- ahvolimizni aytganda; bundan
tashqari, boshqa narsalar va hayvonlarning holati to`g`risida gapirilganda ishlatiladi).
To`liq
Qisqartma
To`liq
Qisqartma
Birlik
Ko`plik
shakli
shakli
shakli
shakli
1-shaxs
I `m
1-shaxs
We`re
I am
We are
2-shaxs
You`re
2-shaxs
You`re
You are
You are
lll shaxs
He`s
lll shaxs
He is
They are They`re
She`s
She is
It`s
It is
Bo`lishli (darak) shakli
I am a pupil – men o`quvchiman
You are clever – sen aqllisan
He is a 22years old–u 22 yoshda
She is a teacher –u o`qituvchi
It is a car –u mashina
We are friends –biz do`stlarmiz
You are good people –sizlar yaxshi
odamsizlar
They are in the garden - ular bog`da
So`roq shakli
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?
Bo`lishsiz (inkor) shakli:
am/is/are+NOT
I am not a singer – men qo`shiqchi
emasman
You are not clever – sen aqlli emassan
He is not a doctor –u doctor emas
She is not a teacher –u o`qituvchi emas
It is not a car –u mashina emas
We are not robots –bizlar robot emasmiz
You are not children –sizlar yosh bola
emassizlar
They are not in the garden –ular bog`da
emas
Qisqa javoblar
Am I a student? -men
Yes, you are No, you
talabamanmi?
aren’t
Are you fine? -siz yaxshimisiz? Yes, I am
No, I`m not
Is he at school? -u maktabdami? Yes, he is
No, he`s not
Is she at home? -u uydami?
Yes, she is
No, she`s not
Is it your car? -u mashinami?
Yes, it is
No, it`s not
Are we pupils? -biz
Yes, you are No, you
o`quvchilarmi?
aren’t
Are you doctors? -sizlar
Yes, we are
No, we
doktormisizlar?
aren’t
Are they children? -ular
Yes, they are No, they`re
bolalarmi?
not
Was/were - "To be" fe'lining o'tgan zamon shakli
O'tgan zamon 1- va 3-shaxs birlikda am/is/are o'rniga "was" qo'yiladi. Barcha
ko'plikda va 2-shaxs birlikda "were" qo'yiladi.
2
O'tgan zamonda darag gap tuzish uchun ham avval ega, keyin was/were
qo'yiladi:
You were late yesterday - Siz kecha kech qoldingiz.
Darak gapni so'roq gapga aylantirish uchun avvalgidek was/were fe'lini egadan
oldinga o'tkazamiz:
Was he afraid of dogs? - U itlardan qo'rqarmidi?
Were they at work? - Ular ishda edimi?
Qisqa javob berish mumkin.
Ha demoqchi bo'lsangiz:
Yes, I was.
Yes, he was.
Yes, she was.
Yes, it was.
Yes, we were.
Yes, you were.
Yes, they were.
Yo'q demoqchi bo'lsangiz:
No, I wasn't (was not).
No, he wasn't.
No, she wasn't.
No, it wasn't.
No, we weren't (were not).
No, you weren't.
No, they weren't.
Have got/has got
Have yoki have got bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq degan ma’nolarni anglatadi.
Masalan: I have a book yoki I have got a book.
Biz III shaxs birlik uchun (he, she, it) has ishlatamiz, qolgan barcha shaxslarga have
ishlatiladi.
Masalan: She has got a pen.
He has apples.
Have got dan inkor yasalganda, have va got orasiga not yuklamasi qo’yiladi.
Masalan: I have not got a pen.
Menda ruchka yo’q
They have not got a dog in their house.
Ularning uyida it yo’q.
Have got = ‘ve got
Has got = ‘s got
Have not got = haven’t got
Has not got = hasn’t got
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Savol shaklini yasash uchun esa have yoki has egadan oldinga qo’yiladi.
Masalan: Have you got a pen?
Ruchkangiz bormi?
Has Lily got a brother?
Lilyning akasi bormi?
Savollarga quyidagicha qisqa javob berish mumkin:
Have you got a pen?
Yes, I have/ No, I haven’t
Has she got two pens?
Yes, she has / No, She hasn’t
There is/There are
There is, there are u yerda bor degan ma’noni bildirib, biror joyda biror nima
borligini bildiradi.
Masalan: There is an apple in the fridge. Xolodilnikda olma bor.
There is/are ni have/has dan farqi, have/has biror shaxsda yoki predmetda biror
nima borligini bildirsa, there is/are esa biror yerda biror nima borligini bildiradi.
There’s a boat.
U yerda qayiq bor
There are three fish.
U yerda uchta baliqlar bor.
Avvalgi darslarimizda, biz sizga “is” ni birlik “are”ni esa ko’plik uchun
ishlatilishini aytib o’tgandik, xuddi shunday ‘there is – birlikdagi otni, there are esa
ko’plikdagi otlarni borligini ko’rsatish uchun qo’llaniladi.
4
Masalan: There is a pen on the table. (stol ustida ruchka bor)
There are two pens on the the table. (stol ustida ikkita ruchkalar bor)
Biz there is/are dan inkor gap yasaganimizda to be fe’li (is/are) dan keyin not
yuklamasi qo’yiladi va u yerda yo’q deb tarjima qilinadi.
Masalan: There is not a pen in my bag. Mening sumkamda ruchka yo’q.
There are not five flowers in the classroom. Sinfxonada beshta gullar yo’q.
Biz there is/are dan so’roq shaklini yasaganimizda esa to be fe’li (is/are) egadan
oldinga qo’yiladi va u yerda bormi deb tarjima qilinadi.
Masalan: Is there a cat in your home? Sizning uyingizda mushuk bormi?
Are there two copybooks in your bag? Sumkangizda ikkita daftaringiz
bormi?
Ingliz tilida ko’pincha to be fe’lini qisqartmalaridan foydalaniladi. There is/are
ni quyidagicha qisqartirib foydalanish mumkin.
 there is = there’s
 there is not = there isn’t
 there are not = there aren’t
To be going to
Kelgusida biror ishni qilmoqchi bo'lganingizni hozir ifodalasangiz "going to"
funksiyasidan foydalanasiz. Bu judayam oddiy bo'lib, asosan o'tgan darsning davomi.
Egadan so'ng am/is/are qo'yiladi, keyin "going to" yoziladi, keyin harakat so'zi, keyin
boshqa so'zlar yoziladi. Harakat so'ziga "ing" qo'shilmaydi, chunki "going to"dagi
"ing" kifoya qiladi.
Misollar:
I am going to watch TV this evening - Men bu oqshom televizor
ko'rmoqchiman.
He is going to have a bath - U vanna qabul qilmoqchi.
They are going to eat tomorrow - Ular ertaga ovqatlanmoqchi.
5
Inkor qilish uchun doimgidek "not" ishlatamiz:
I'm not going to cook a meal - Men ovqat pishirmoqchi emasman.
Savol berish uchun doimgidek am/is/are egadan oldinga o'tadi. What, when, how kabi
so'roq gaplar bo'lsa gap boshida keladi.
Are you going to buy a car - Mashina sotib olyapsizmi?
What is he going to wear to the party on Monday - U dushanba kungi kechaga
nima kiyib bormoqchi?
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Used to
Ishlatilishi:
used to - 1) o'tkan zamondagi odatlar;
2) o'tkan zamonda bajarilgan hozirda esa bajarilmaydigan holatlarga
ishlatiladi.
Masalan siz bolaligingizda ko'p shirinliklar yegansiz va hozir bunday qilmaysiz.
Aynan shunday holatlarda used to dan foydalanib gap tuzamiz.
I used to eat a lot of sweets when I was a child.
Bolaligimda juda ko'p konfet yeganman.
Formulasi:
Darak gapda:
S+ used to + infinitive
I used to live in Madrid.
So'roq gapda:
Did+S+use to+infinitive?
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Did you use to live in Madrid?
Inkor gapda:
S+did not+use to+infinitive
I did not use to live in Madrid.
Misollar:
I used to eat only vegetables, but now I eat meat.
I used to ride a bike when I was 8.
She didn't use to drink much water.
He didn't use to go to the cinema.
Did you use to watch TV in the evenings?
Did Sarah use to wear ripped jeans and T-shirts?
Tenses of the verbs. Fe’l zamonlari
1. The Present Indefinite Tense.
Simple Present.
Oddiy hozirgi zamon.
Ish harakatini hozirgi zamonda odatda va doimo takrorlanib, yoki umuman sodir
bo’lishini ifodalaydi. Bunga tabiat hodisalari ham kiradi. Grafik va reja bilan sodir
bo’ladigan ish harakatlar ham Simple Present da beriladi. Hikoya, ertak, yangilik, sport
musobaqalari, va va voqea hodisalarni ifodalaganda ham Simple Present dan
foydalanish mumkin. 3- shahs birlikda fe’l ohiriga -s -es qo’shiladi.
Darak shakli.
S+V1(s) +ATH
I work in the garden everyday.
He plays football everyday.
Men har kuni bog’da ishlayman.
U har kuni futbol o’ynaydi.
So’roq shakli.
Do/does+S+V1 +ATH?
Do you work in the garden everyday?
Does he play football everyday?
Har kuni bog’da ishlaysanmi?
U har kuni futbol o’ynaydimi ?
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Inkor shakli.
S+do/does+not+V1 +ATH
I don’t watch TV everyday.
He doesn’t read a book everyday.
Men har kuni televizor ko’rmayman.
U har kuni kitob o’qimaydi.
Secrets.
Everyday - har kuni
Everyweek - har hafta
everymonth - har oy
everyyear - har yil
every season – har mavsum
as a rule - qoidaga ko’ra
all the time - hamma vaqt
On Mondays – Dushanba kunlari
Bular gap oxirida yoki boshida ishlatiladi.
Asosan gap oxirida.
The film begins at 5 tomorrow.
Film ertaga soat beshda boshlanadi.
Usually - odatda
always - har doim
seldom - kamdan -kam
often - tez-tez
sometimes - ba’zan
frequently - tez- tez, dam - badam
occasionally - vaqti vaqti bilan
periodically - davomli
regularly – muntazam
Bular S va kesim o’rtasida yoki bo’lmasa not dan keyin ishlatiladi.
Agar fe’l ohiri “o, s, ss, ch, sh, x harflari bilan tugasa ularga “es” qo’shiladi.
Watch - watches
Boshqa harflar bilan tugasa ularga faqat “s” qo’shiladi.
Play - plays
Lekin!
“y” harfi bilan tugasa va undan oldin undosh kelsa “y” “i” aylanadi va “es”
qo’shiladi.
Study – Studies
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2. The Past Indefinite Tense
Simple Past.
Oddiy o’tgan zamon.
Ish harakatini o’tgan zamonda odatda va doimo takrorlanib, sodir bo’lganligini
ifodalaydi. Bunga asosan tarihiy voqea hodisalar kiradi.
Darak shakli.
S+V2 +ATH
He helped his father yesterday.
They dug the garden last week.
U kecha otasiga yordam berdi.
Ular o’tgan hafta bog’ni kavladilar.
So’roq shakli.
Did+S+V1 +ATH?
Did he help his father yesterday? U kecha otasiga yordam berdimi?
Did they dig the garden last week? O’tgan hafta ular bog’ni kavladilarmi?
Inkor shakli.
S+did not+V1 +ATH.
He did not help his father yesterday.
They did not dig the garden last week.
Secrets.
U kecha otasiga yordam bermadi.
Ular o’tgan hafta bog’ni
kavlamadilar.
Yesterday - kecha
last week - o’tgan hafta
last month - o’tgan oy
last year - o’tgan yil
last night - o’tgan kecha
ago - oldin, ilgari
just now - yaqinda
in 2000 - 2000 yida
during - mobaynida
on Monday - Dushanbada
the other day - o’sha kuni
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
We played tennis on Monday - Biz dushanbada tennis o’ynadik.
3. The Future Indefinite Tense. Simple Future
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Oddiy kelasi zamon.
Ish harakatini kelasi zamonda odatda va doimo sodir bo’lishini ifodalaydi.
Darak shakli.
S+shall/will+V1 +ATH.
I shall fly to Tashkent tomorrow.
He will translate the book next week.
Biz ertaga Toshkentga uchamiz.
U kelasi hafta kitobni tarjima qiladi.
So’roq shakli.
Shall/will+S+V1 +ATH?
Shall we fly to Tashkent tomorrow? Biz ertaga Toshkentga uchamizmi?
Will he translate the book tomorrow? U ertaga kitobni tarjima qiladimi?
Inkor shakli.
S+Shall/will+not+V1 +ATH?
We shall not fly to Tashkent tomorrow. Biz ertaga Toshkentga uchmaymiz.
He will not translate the book next week. U kelasi hafta kitobni tarjima
qilmaydi.
Secrets.
Tomorrow - ertaga
next week - kelasi hafta
next month - kelasi oy
next year - kelasi yil
next lesson - kelasi dars
in a day - 1 kundan keyin
in an hour - 1 soatdan keyin
in future - kelajakda
On Monday - Dushanbada
Soon - tezda
Hope - umid qilmoq
Promise - vada bermoq
Expect - kutmoq, umid qilmoq
Think - o’ylamoq
Bular S dan keyin keladi va bulardan keyin yana S keladi.
I think they will come tomorrow.
They will go to the party in 3 days. Ular uch kundan keyin kechaga borishadi.
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4.The Present Continuous Tense.
Hozirgi davomiy zamon.
Ish harakatini hozirgi zamonda ayni nutq paytida davom etayotganligini, yoki
bo’lmasa hozirgi zamonda uzoq vaqt davom etadigan ish harakatni ifodalaydi. Hikoya,
ertak, yangilik, sport musobaqalari, va voqea hodisalarni ifodalaganda ham Present
Cont dan foydalanish mumkin. Bunda jonli efir paytida sodir bo’layotgan ish harakat
haqida ma’lumot beradi. O’zbek tiliga “-yapti “deb tarjima qilinadi. (Ba’zan davomiy
ravishda sodir bo’ladigan ishdan shikoyat qilganda ham Present Coninuous
foydalanamiz. Bunda u ko’pincha davomiylikni ifodalaydigan “always, usually,
constantly, regularly…” ravishlari bilan ishlatiladi.)
Tim is never satisfied. He is always complaining.
Timni hech qachon ko’ngli to’lmaydi. U har doim shikoyat qilavaradi.
Darak shakli.
S+am/is/are+V1 +ing+ATH.
I am driving a car now.
They are singing a song.
He is writing a new play.
Men hozir mashina haydayapman.
Ular qo’shiq kuylayaptilar.
U yangi pyesa yozayapti.
So’roq shakli.
Am/is/are+S+V1 +ing+ATH?
Am I driving a car now?
Are they singing a song?
Is he writing a new play?
Men hozir mashina haydayapmanmi?
Ular qo’shiq kuylayaptilarmi?
U yangi pyesa yozayaptimi?
Inkor shakli
S+am/is/are+not+V1 +ing+ATH.
I am not driving a car now.
They are not singing a song.
Men hozir mashina haydamayapman.
Ular qo’shiq kuylamayaptilar.
Secrets.
now - hozir
at the moment - hozirgi paytda
at present – hozirda
Look! - qara!
Listen! - quloq sol!
Shsh! - jim bo’l!
Hurry up! - shoshil!
Be quick! - tez bo’l
bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
Bular gap boshida ishlatiladi.
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Buyruq va undov gaplar ham Present Continuousda ishlatiladi.
Still - hanuzgacha am/is/are dan keyin ishlatiladi.
5.The Past Continuous Tense. O’tgan davomiy zamon.
Ish harakatini o’tgan zamonda aniq paytda davom etganligini ifodalaydi. Vaqti aniq
ko’rsatiladi. Ikki qismdan iborat bo’lishi mumkin, ikkinchi qismi Simple Pastda
beriladi. O’zbek tiliga “-yotgan edi” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli.
S+was/were+V1 +ing+ATH.
I was repairing car at 2 yesterday.
Kecha soat 2 da mashinani
uzatayotgandim.
They were singing a song at 3 yesterday. Ular kecha soat 3 da qo’shiq
kuyladilar.
So’roq shakli.
Was/were+S+V1 +ing+ATH?
Was I repairing car at 2 yesterday?
Kecha soat 2 da mashinani
tuzatayotgandimmi?
Were they singing a song at 3 yesterday? Ular kecha soat 3 da qo’shiq
kuyladilarmi?
Inkor shakli
S+was/were+not+V1 +ing+ATH.
I was not repairing car at 2 yesterday.
They were not singing a song at this time yesterday.
Secrets.
at 2 yesterday - kecha soat 2 da
from 2 till 5 - 2 dan 5 gacha
at that moment - o’sha paytda
at this time yesterday - kecha mana shu payt
at noon - tushda
at night - tunda
all day long - kun bo’yi
all day yesterday - kecha kuni bilan
as - da, o’shanda
when you came - sen kelganingda
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while - o’sha- paytda
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
Still - hanuzgacha was/were dan keyin ishlatiladi.
He was still sleeping when I came. Men kelganimda u hanuzgacha uxlayotgan
edi.
6. The Future Continuous Tense.
Kelasi davomiy zamon.
Ish harakatini kelasi zamonda aniq paytda davom etganligini ifodalaydi. Vaqti aniq
ko’rsatiladi. Ikki qismdan iborat bo’lishi mumkin, ikkinchi qismi Simple Present da
beriladi. O’zbek tiliga “- yotgan bo’ladi” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli.
S+shall/will+be+V1 +ing+ATH.
I shall be washing car at 2 tomorrow.
Ertaga soat 2 da mashinani
yuvayotgan bo’laman.
They will be singing a song at noon tomorrow. Ular ertaga tushda qo’shiq
kuy. bo’ladilar.
So’roq shakli.
Shall/will+S+be+V1 +ing+ATH?
Shall I be washing car at 2 tomorrow?
Will they be singing a song at this time tomorrow?
Inkor shakli
S+shall/will+not+be+V1 +ing+ATH.
I shall not be washing car at 2 tomorrow.
They will not be singing a song at this time tomorrow.
Secrets.
at 2 tomorrow - ertaga soat 2 da
from 2 till 5 - 2 dan 5 gacha
at that moment - o’sha paytda
at this time tomorrow - ertaga mana shu payt
at noon - tushda
at night - tunda
all day long - kun bo’yi
all day tomorrow - ertaga kuni bilan
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when you come - sen kelganingda
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
Still - hanuzgacha shall be/will be dan keyin ishlatiladi.
7. The Present Perfect Tense.
Hozirgi tugallangan zamon.
Ish harakatini hozirgi zamonda ancha ilgari yoki hozirgina sodir bo’lganligini
ifodalaydi. Bunda asosiy e’tibor vaqtga emas natijaga qaratiladi. O’zbek tiliga “gan”
yoki bo’lmasa sekretiga qarab tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+have/ has+V3 +ATH.
I have read the book this week.
He has already done the work.
Men kitobni bu hafta o’qidim.
U allaqachon ishni bajardi.
So’roq shakli.
Have/ has+S+V3 +ATH?
Have you read the book this week?
Has he already done the work?
Inkor shakli.
S+have/ has+not+V3 +ATH.
I have not read the book this week.
He has not done the work yet.
Secrets.
already-allaqachon
just - hozirgina
ever-qachondir
never-hech qachon
Bular have/has dan keyin ishlatiladi.
this week - bu hafta
this month - bu oy
this year - bu yil
this season - bu mavsum
recently - yaqinda
15
lately - ohirgi paytlarda
so far - anchadan beri
yet - haliham
up to(till) now - xozirgacha
by now - xozirgacha
for - dan beri
since - dan beri
since you came(V2) - sen kelganingdan beri
For davomiylik oralig’i ko’rsatiladi.
Since-boshlangan payti ko’rsatiladi.
This is the first (second, third…) time..., it is the first (second, third …) time…
iboralari bilan ham Present Perfect dan foydalanamiz.
It is the first time he has driven a car.
8. The Past Perfect Tense.
O’tgan tugallangan zamon.
Ish harakatini o’tgan zamonda aniq vaqtgacha sodir bo’lganligini ifodalaydi. Ikki
qismdan iborat bo’lishi mumkin. Ikkinchi qismi Simple Past da beriladi. O’zbek tiliga
“gan edi” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+had+V3 +ATH.
I had read the book by 4 o’clock yesterday. Men kecha soat 4 gacha kitob o’qigan
edim.
He had already done the work by that time yesterday. Kecha o’sha vaqtgacha u
allaqachon ishni bajargan edi.
So’roq shakli.
Had+S+V3 +ATH?
Had you read the book when I came yesterday?
Had he already done the work when I phoned?
Inkor shakli.
S+had+not+V3 +ATH.
I had not read the book by 5 o’clock yesterday.
He had not done the work yet, when I returned.
Secrets.
already-allaqachon
just- endigina
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ever-qachondir
never-hech qachon
Bular had dan keyin ishlatiladi.
by 5 o’clock - soat 5 gacha
by that time - o’sha vaqtgacha
by the time you came(V2) - sen kelguningcha
yet - haliham
when you came-sen kelganingda
for
since
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
No sooner … than - (gap boshida ishlatiladi.)
She had no sooner spoken than the telephone rang.
U gapirar gapirmas telefon jiringladi.
9. The Future Perfect Tense.
Kelasi tugallangan zamon.
Ish harakatini kelasi zamonda aniq vaqtgacha sodir bo’lib bo’lishini fodalaydi.
Ikki qismdan iborat bo’lishi mumkin. Ikkinchi qismi “Simple Present” da beriladi.
O’zbek tiliga “gan bo’ladi” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+shall/will+have+V3 +ATH.
I shall have watched the film by 4 o’clock tomorrow. Men filmni ertaga 4 gacha
ko’rgan bo’laman.
He will have done the work by that time tomorrow. U ishni manashu paytgacha
bajargan bo’ladi.
So’roq shakli.
Shall/will+S+have+V3 +ATH?
Will you have read the book when I come tomorrow?
Will he have done the work by 5 o’clock tomorrow?
Inkor shakli.
S+shall/will+not+ have+V3 +ATH.
I shall not have read the book by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
He will not have done the work by that time tomorrow.
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Secrets.
Already - allaqachon
just - endigina
ever - qachondir
never - hech qachon
shall/will have - dan keyin keladi
by 5 o’clock - soat 5 gacha
by that time - o’sha vaqtgacha
by the time you come(V1) - sen kelguningcha
by the end of the week - hafta ohirigacha
yet - hali ham
when you come - sen kelganingda
for
since
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
hardly, barely, scarcely - zo’rga, recently bular asosan Perfect zamonlarda
ishlatiladi.
10. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
davomiy zamon.
Hozirgi tugallangan
Ish harakatini o’tgan zamon da boshlanib hozirgacha davom etayotganligini ifodalaydi.
Davomiylik oralig’i ko’rsatiladi. O’zbek tiliga “dan beri yapti” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+have/has+been+V1 +ing+ATH.
It has been raining since yesterday. Kechadan beri yomg’ir yog’ayapti.
We have been working since two o’clock. Biz soat 2 dan beri ishlayapmiz.
So’roq shakli.
Have/has+S+been+V1 +ing+ATH?
Has it been raining since yesterday?
Have they been working since two o’clock?
Inkor shakli
S+have/has+not+been+V1 +ing+ATH.
It has not been raining since yesterday.
We have not been working since two o’clock.
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Secrets.
since yesterday - kechadan beri
since morning - ertalabdan beri
since 2 o’clock - soat 2 dan beri
since you came (V2) - sen kelganingdan beri
since 2000 - 2000 yildan beri
for a long time - ko’p vaqtdan beri
for ages - ko’pdan beri
for an hour - 1 soatdan beri
for 5 years - 5 yildan beri
all day - kun bo’yi
For - davomiylik oralig’i ko’rsatiladi.
Since - boshlangan payti ko’rsatiladi.
11. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
zamon.
O’tgan tugallangan davomiy
Ish harakatini o’tgan zamonda aniq vaqtdan oldin boshlanib o’sha vaqtgacha davom
etganligini ifodalaydi. Davomiylik oralig’i ko’rsatiladi. Ikki qismdan iborat bo’ladi.
Ikkinchi qismi Simple Past da beriladi. O’zbek tiliga “dan beri yotgan edi” deb
tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+had+been+V1 +ing+ATH.
It had been raining since morning, when I came.
Men kelganimda ertalabdan beri yomg’ir yog’ayotgan edi.
We had been working for 2 hours when he phoned.
U telefon qilganida biz 2 soatdan beri ishlayotgan edik.
So’roq shakli.
Had+S+been+V1 +ing+ATH?
Had it been raining since morning when I went out?
Had they been working for 3 hours when I phoned?
Inkor shakli
S+had+not+been+V1 +ing+ATH.
It had not been raining since morning when they arrived.
We had not been working for 2 hours when the film finished.
Secrets.
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since morning - ertalabdan beri
since 2 o’clock - soat 2 dan beri
for a lohg time - ko’p vaqtdan beri
for ages - ko’pdan beri
for an hour - 1 soatdan beri
for 5 years - 5 yildan beri
all day - kun bo’yi
when he came (V2) - u kelganida
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
davomiy zamon.
Kelasi tugallangan
Ish harakatini kelasi zamon da aniq vaqtdan oldin boshlanibo’sha vaqtgacha davom
etmoqchi ekanligini ifodalaydi. Davomiylik oralig’i ko’rsatiladi. Ikki qismdan iborat
bo’ladi. Ikkinchi qismi Simple Present da beriladi. O’zbek tiliga “dan beri yotgan
bo’ladi” deb tarjima qilinadi.
Darak shakli
S+shall/will+have+been+V1 +ing+ATH.
I shall have been working for 2 hours in the garden since morning, when you
come.
Sen kelganingda men bog’da 2 soatdan beri ishlayotgan bo’laman.
We shall have been working for 2 hours when he phones tomorrow.
Ertaga u telefon qilganida biz 2 soatdan beri ishlayotgan bo’lamiz.
So’roq shakli.
Shall/will+S+have+been+V1 +ing+ATH?
Will he have been working in the garden since morning, when you come?
Shall we have been working for 2 hours when he phones tomorrow?
Inkor shakli
S+shall/will+not+have+been +v1+ing+ATH.
I shall not have been working in the garden since morning, when you come.
We shall not have been working for 2 hours when he phones tomorrow.
Secrets.
since morning - ertalabdan beri
since 2 o’clock - soat 2 dan beri
for a lohg time - ko’p vaqtdan beri
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for ages - ko’pdan beri
for an hour - 1 soatdan beri
for 5 years -5 yildan beri
all day - kun bo’yi
when he comes - u kelganida
by the end of the week - hafta ohirigacha
Bular gap oxirida ishlatiladi.
Eslatma!
Since when - qachondan beri
How long - qanchadan beri.
bular tugallangan davomiy zamonlarda so’roq gaplarad gap boshida ishlatiladi.
Since when have you been studying at lyceum? - Qachondan beri litseyda
o’qiyapsan?
Passive Voice
to be + Verb 3 (past participle)
Passive voice o'zbek tilida majhul nisbat bo'lib, ish - harakatining bajarilganligi
uning kim tomondan bajarilganligidan muhimroq bo'lgan holatlarda ishlatiladi.
Masalan: Gullar sug'orildi. Flowers were watered.
Ishlatilishi:
1. Ish-harakatni bajaruvchi
a) noma'lum bo'lsa (unknown)
b) muhim bo'lmasa (unimportant)
c) aniq (obvious)
bo'lganda:
The museum was built in 1875.
(unknown- kim qurganligi ma'lum emas)
The flowers have been delivered.
(unimportant- kim yetkazib bergani muhim emas)
He was arrested.
(obvious- kim tomonidan qamoqqa olinganligi aniq, by police)
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2. Ish-harakat bajaruvchiga nisbatan muhimroq bo'lgan holatlarda-asosan yangiliklar,
maqolalar va e'lonlarda:
The National Library was opened by President.
3. Ayrim gaplarning muloyim formalarida:
My phone is broken.
( instead of -You broke my phone ;))
Tenses
Active
Passive
Present Simple
Sarah cleans the room
Present
Continuous
Sarah is cleaning the room
The room is cleaned by
Sarah
The room is being
cleaned by Sarah
Present Perfect
Sarah has cleaned the room
Past Simple
Sarah cleaned the room
Past Continuous
Sarah was cleaning the room
Past Perfect
Sarah had cleaned the room
Future Simple
Sarah will clean the room
Conditionals
If Sarah had time, She would
clean the room
Sarah must clean the room
Modals
The room has been
cleaned by Sarah
The room was cleaned by
Sarah
The room was being
cleaned by Sarah
The room had been
cleaned by Sarah
The room will be
cleaned by Sarah
If Sarah had time, the
room would be cleaned
The room must be cleaned
General/Special Questions
1. Umumiy so’roq gaplar gapning boshida, eganing oldiga yordam chi fe’l yoki modal
fe’lni qo’yish bilan yasaladi. Agar darak gapda yor damchi fe’l bo’lmasa (Simple
Present yoki Simple Past zamonlarda), ega ning oldiga do (does) yoki did yordamchi
fe’llari qo’yiladi, asosiy fe’l esa egadan keyin qo’yiladi:
yordamchi (modal) fe’l + ega + V?
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2. Kesim tarkibida ikki yoki undan ziyod yordamchi fe’l bo’lsa, eganingn oldiga faqat
birinchi yordamchi fe’l o’tkaziladi:
Umumiy so’roq gap
Has he been working since mor ning?
Darak gap
Will the work have been done by 5
He has been working since morning
The work will have been done by 5 o’clock. o’clock?
3. Simple Present yoki Simple Pastdagi to be va to have fe’llarining shakl lari
eganing oldiga o’zlari o’tadi:
Darak gap
Umumiy so’roq gap
He is in the office.
Is he in the office?
She has a good pen.
Has she a good pen?
4. to be fe’li bog’lovchi fe’l bo’lib kelganda uning shakli eganing oldiga qo’yiladi,
kesimning ot qismi esa bevosita egadan keyin keladi:
Darak gap
Umumiy so’roq gap
He is a doctor.
Is he a doctor?
They were tired.
Were they tired?
UMUMIY SO’ROQ GAPLARNING JAVOBLARI
1. Umumiy so’roq gaplarga odatda qisqa javob beriladi. Odatda javob YES yoki
NO so’zlaridan va yordamchi yoki modal fe’ldan iborat bo’ ladi. Bo’lishsiz
javobda yordamchi yoki modal fe’ldan keyin NOT inkor yuklamasi qo’yiladi:
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Do you speak French?
Siz fransuzcha gapirasizmi?
Is he resting?
U dam olayaptimi?
Has she returned from
London?
U Londondan qaytib keldimi?
Can you swim?
Suza olasizmi?
Yes, I do.
Ha, gapiraman.
Yes, he is.
Ha, dam olayapti.
Yes, she has.
Ha, qaytib keldi.
Yes, I can.
Ha, suza olaman.
No, I don’t.
Yo’q, gapirmayman.
No, he isn’t.
Yo’q, dam olmayapti.
No, she hasn’t.
Yo’q, qaytib kelmadi.
No, I can’t.
Yo’q suza olmayman.
2. Qisqa javoblarda yordamchi yoki modal fe’llardan oldin ravishlar qo’yilishi
mumkin:
Did you meet him while you were in London? Siz Londonda bo’lganingizda uni
uchratdingizmi?
No, I never did. Yo’q, hech qachon uchratmadim.
Do you have dinner at home? Siz uyda ovqatlanasizmi?
Yes, I always do. Ha, har doim.
Will he come here tonight? U bu yerga bu oqshom keladimi?
Yes, he probably will. Ha, ehtimol.
3. Ingliz tilida ba’zan faqat yes yoki nodan iborat javoblar ham ishlatiladi:
Can you swim? Suza olasizmi?
Yes. Ha.
No. Yo’q.
Has she returned from London? U Londondan qaytib keldimi?
Yes. Ha.
No. Yo’q.
4. Qisqa javoblardan tashqari umumiy so’roq gaplarga to’liq javob ham berilishi
mumkin:
Did you like the film? Sizga film yoqdimi?
Yes, I liked it. Ha, menga yoqdi
MAXSUS SO’ROQ GAPLAR
1.
1. How? - Qanday? Qanday qilib?
2. How far? - Qancha uzoq?
3. How long? - Qancha vaqt uzoqlikda?
4. How many? - Qancha (sanaladigan)?
5. How much? - Qancha (sanalmaydigan)?
6. How old? - Qancha yosh?
7. How old? - Qancha yosh?
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8. Since what time? - Qachindan beri?
9. What? - Nima? Qanday?
10. What colour? - Qanday rangda?
11. What kind of? - Qanday turda?
12. What type of? - Qanday turda?
13. What time? - Soat nechida?
14. What...about? - Nima haqida?
15. What...for? - Nima uchun?
16. What...with? - Nima bilan?
17. What? - Nima? Qanday?
18. When? - Qachon?
19. Where to? - Qayerga?
20. Where...from? - Qayerdan?
2. Maxsus so’roq gaplarda so’z tartibi umumiy so’roq gaplarnikiga o’xshaydi, faqat
gapning boshida so’roq so’zlar qo’yiladi:
3. Maxsus so’roq gaplar gapning birorta bo’lagiga beriladi:
Yuqoridagi gapga quyidagi gap bo’laklariga savol berish mumkin:
Yesterday payt holiga:
 When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students?
 O’qituvchi talabalarga qiziq bir hikoyani qachon o’qib berdi?
1. To the students predlogli vositali to’ldiruvchiga:
 To whom did the teacher read an in teresting story yesterday?
 O’qituvchi kecha qiziq bir hikoyani kimga o’qib berdi?
Og’zaki nutqda predlog odatda fe’ldan keyin keladi, agar to’ldiruvchi bo’lsa,
to’ldiruvchidan keyin keladi:
Who(m) did the teacher read an interesting story to yesterday?
2. An interesting story vositasiz to’ldiruvchiga:
 What did the teacher read to the students yesterday?
 O’qituvchi kecha talabalarga nima o’qib berdi?
3. Read kesimga:
 What did the teacher do yesterday?
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 Oq’ituvchi kecha nima qildi?
4. Interesting aniqlovchiga:
 What story did the teacher read to the students yesterday?
 O’qituvchi kecha talabalarga qanday hikoya o’qib berdi?
Aniqlovchiga savol berilganida What? Qanday, Which? Qaysi, Whose? Kimning,
How much? Qancha? How many? Nechta? so’roq so’zlari bevosita ular aniqlaydigan
otdan oldin keladi:
 What story are you reading?
 Siz qanday hikoya o’qiyapsiz?
 How many books did you buy?
 Siz nechta kitob sotib oldingiz?
MAXSUS SO’ROQ GAPLARNING JAVOBLARI
1.
Maxsus so’roq gaplarga ma’no tomonidan zarur bo’lgan barcha gap
bo’laklarini takrorlash bilan toliq javob beriladi. Bunda, odatda, otdan
yasalgan gap bo’laklari olmoshlar bilan almashtiriladi:
 When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students?
 He read it to them yesterday.
 To whom did the teacher read an interesting story yesterday?
 He read it to the students
 What did the teacher read to the students yesterday?
 He read an interesting story to the students (yesteraday).
 What did the teacher do yesterday?
 He read an interesting story to the students (yesterday).
2. Ingliz tilida ham o’zbek tilidagidek qaysi gap bo’lagiga savol berilgan bo’lsa,
o’sha gap bo’lagining o’zi bilan ham javob berish mumkin:
 When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students?
 Yesterday.
 To whome did the teacher read an interesting story yesterday?
 To the students.
If
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