Довгалёва Зоя, 1 маг ФРЛ-А Практическая работа 10 UNIT 10 1. Choose one variant of the answer that best keeps the meaning of the underlined word or phrase 1) а 2) a 3) b Vocabulary and Speech Exercises 1. Find English equivalents in the text 1) Это присуще и образованным, и серьѐзным людям; - it is held by people who are both intelligent and serious; 2) все языки и диалекты отвечают требованиям коммуникативных систем; All languages and dialects are adequate as communicative systems. 3) одинаково продуктивные, сложные и подчинѐнные правилам системы; equally efficient, complex and Rule-governed systems. 4) словарь языка; - The vocabulary of any language 5) хорошо адаптированы к потребностям пользователей; - dialects are equally well adapted to the needs of their users 6) усваивать новые понятия; - ways of dealing with new concepts 7) полностью соответствующий потребностям; - entirely adequate for the need of their speakers 8) не существует признанных измерений процесса развития языка. 2. Fill in the blanks with active words given below 1) There is no such thing as a ... language. 2) We cannot measure one language against the primitive provided by another. 3) Language always to keep pace with the social development of its users. 4) No language or dialect is inherently inferior or superior to any other. 5) All languages have within them the capacity for expression of all concepts. 6) These languages found ways of to handle new concepts 7) Any language can the capacity any thing its speakers wish to talk about. 3. Give one word for the following word combination 1) The state of lacking education, knowledge or comprehension, being not aware. – ignorance 2) A biased opinion based on emotion rather than reason; bias against a group, race or creed. – prejudice 3) One who is fluent in more than one language or a person specializing in linguistics. – polyglot 4) Low or lower in order, rank or quality. – inferior 5) The world, stars, planets, space and all that is contained. – universe 6) A list or group of words and phrases, usually in alphabetical order or all the words that a person uses or understands. – vocabulary 7) Of higher rank, grade or dignity. – superior 4. Answer the following questions 1. Why is it wrong to say that some languages are intrinsically better than others? It is wrong to say that some languages are inherently better than others, because this is a subjective opinion. Each language and its features have their advantages and disadvantages, which depend on the needs and goals of the user. The assessment of the language should be made on the basis of its effectiveness and convenience for a specific task, as well as cultural and social aspects. 2. What is any language in the sense of the uses to which the community puts it? Any language in the sense in which it is used by the community means that each language has evolved and adapted to the unique needs and context of a particular community. There are no languages that are primitive or superior to other languages in their nature. The claim that English should remain the language of government, law, education or technology in former colonies is wrong and constitutes ignorance and prejudice. National languages are also suitable for these purposes and reflect the uniqueness and cultural heritage of the community. All languages have sufficient vocabulary to express all the differences that are important in the society using it. 3. How is language connected with the social development of its users? Language is linked to the social development of its users because it serves as the main means of communication in society. It allows people to share information, express their thoughts and feelings, build social relationships, participate in education and develop new technologies. Language not only conveys information, but also reflects the culture and values of the community. 4. What do all varieties of a language represent? This text describes the importance of recognizing the equality of all varieties of language. The author argues that no language is inherently superior to others, and they are all equally effective and complex, as well as capable of expressing any idea. It is emphasized that each language is adapted to the needs of its native speakers, and national languages should not be underestimated when using them in government, law, education or technology. It is also noted that the vocabulary of each language can be expanded to denote new concepts. 5. What possibility do all languages have? All languages have the following features: 1. Communication ability: All languages allow their native speakers to transmit and understand messages, express their thoughts, feelings and needs. 2. Grammatical structure: All languages have their own grammatical rules and structures that determine the order of words, the formation of word forms and syntactic constructions. 3. Rich vocabulary: Each language has its own vocabulary, which allows you to express all the concepts and ideas necessary for communication in the community of its native speakers. 4. Adaptability and development: Languages are constantly adapting and evolving along with social changes and the needs of their native speakers. They are able to incorporate new words and concepts without changing their basic structure. 5. Sociocultural significance: The language reflects the cultural, social and historical aspects of the community using the given language. It can serve as an identification factor and a symbol of cultural heritage. 6. What is a universal fact about human language? The universal fact about human language is that all languages and dialects are equivalent and capable of expressing any ideas and concepts. There is no such thing as a «primitive» language, and no language is superior or inferior to another. All languages have a rich enough vocabulary to express all the differences that are important in the society that uses it. Each language is a structured system governed by rules that fully meets the needs of their native speakers. The social acceptability of a language or dialect is not related to its suitability for communication. All languages can adapt and change according to the needs and development of the native speaker community. 7. Why do all linguists agree that no system of language is better than any other? There are several reasons why linguists agree that no language system is better than another: 1. Cultural relativity: Linguists are aware that languages have evolved and evolved in different cultural and social contexts. Each language reflects unique aspects of the culture and consciousness of its speakers. Therefore, the assessment of languages is impossible without taking into account cultural and social factors. 2. Lack of objective criteria: There is no universally recognized measurement of linguistic progress, so it is impossible to compare languages in terms of their "quality" or "progressivity". Linguistic systems develop in accordance with the needs and goals of a particular community. 3. Social aspects: It is important to consider the social suitability of a language or dialect for a particular society. Some groups of people may classify their dialect as "non-standard", but this does not mean that it is less suitable for communication. 4. The richness of each language: Linguists recognize that each language has a fairly rich vocabulary and a structured system that allows you to express all the concepts important to those who use this language. In general, linguists adhere to the idea that all languages are equal and meet the needs of their native speakers. 8. What are your views about linguistic inequality/equality? My opinion about linguistic inequality and equality is that every language has its own uniqueness and value. I believe that no language should claim superiority over others, and all languages and dialects should be appreciated and respected. The statement that English should remain the language of government, law, education or technology in former colonies, and that national languages are not suitable for these purposes, I consider incorrect and based solely on prejudice and ignorance. Each language has sufficient power of expression and is adapted to the needs of its community. There is no such thing as a «primitive» language, and all languages can effectively communicate any concepts and ideas. 5. Read the text. Make up a plan covering its main ideas. Discuss it according to the plan. Plan: I. Introduction - The statement about the need to preserve the English language in the former colonies - An indication of the misconception of the superiority of certain languages II. Every language is equally good - The main idea: all languages are equally well adapted to the needs of their communities - Rejection of the idea of «primitive» languages and the lack of linguistic progress - A statement about the ability of each language to express all concepts III. All languages are suitable for their communities - Affirmation of the equality of languages and dialects - A link to the opinion of linguists on the equality of all dialects of the English language - Mention of the established fact of the lack of superiority of one language over another IV. Language adaptation and change - A statement about the ability of languages to adapt and absorb new concepts - Examples of French, German and English languages - An axiomatic statement about the ability of each language to cope with what its native speakers are talking about V. Conclusion - Confirmation of the universal recognition of the equality of languages and dialects - Emphasizing the ability of languages to adapt to user needs at any given time - The final statement on the independence and suitability of all languages 8. Compress the text and give a short summary The text argues that there is a misconception that some languages are better than others, including English, and that all languages are equal in their ability to communicate and express ideas. Linguists equally recognize all dialects of English and other languages. The language itself is always adapted to the needs of the community that uses it. Dialects and language systems are equal and complex. There is no language that is superior to others, and all languages are capable of expressing any concepts and being adapted to changing needs and new concepts.
