МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ (УНИВЕРСИТЕТ) МИД РОССИИ Кафедра английского языка № 2 Е.В. ВОЕВОДА, М.В. ТИМЧЕНКО УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ II КУРСА ФАКУЛЬТЕТА МЭО Часть 2 Уровень В 1 Издательство «МГИМО-Университет» 2009 АННОТАЦИЯ Предлагаемое учебное пособие по английскому языку (Часть 2) для студентов II курса факультета МЭО нацелено на развитие профессионально значимых для будущего экономистамеждународника компетенций. В пособии также учитываются аспекты, связанные с историческими, экономическими и социокультурными условиями стран изучаемого языка и родной страны студентов. 2 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие ………………………………………………… Методическая записка ……………………………………… Unit 4 ………………………………………………………… Unit 5 ………………………………………………………… Unit 6…………………………………………………………. Библиографический список………………………………… 4 5 7 62 117 166 3 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Предлагаемая часть 2 профессионально-ориентированного учебного пособия по английскому языку адресована студентам II курса факультета МЭО, изучающим английский язык как основной иностранный (Уровень В1) по следующим направлениям подготовки: «Экономика», «Международные финансы и кредит», «Коммерция». Пособие соответствует программе подготовки бакалавров по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» (Раздел 4.2.4.). Применяется на занятиях по общему языку во 2 семестре и предоставляет студентам возможность расширить словарный запас, овладеть новыми грамматическими и синтаксическими структурами, ознакомиться с образцами современной публицистической прозы и научиться вести беседу на актуальные темы современности. В части 2 для изучения и обсуждения предлагаются следующие темы: Раздел 4. Экономика и экология: проблемы будущего. (Human habitat. The world around us.) Раздел 5. Английский язык в меняющемся мире. (Language as Part of Culture. English as a global language.) Раздел 6. Глобализация и социокультурная идентичность. (Cultural Identity. Tourism Across Cultures.) Грамматический материал включает в себя неличные формы глаголы (инфинитив, герундий, причастие), модальные глаголы, способы выражения нереального условия и сослагательное наклонение. При написании пособия авторы использовали современные аутентичные учебные материалы и материалы англоязычной прессы, изданные после 2000 года. В соответствии с Законом Российской Федерации от 9 июля 1993 года № 5351-1 авторы данного пособия использовали в своей работе с обязательным указанием имени автора, произведение которого используется, и источника заимствования правомерно обнародованные произведения и 4 отрывки из них в качестве иллюстраций (в широком смысле) в объеме, оправданном поставленной целью и методикой. 5 МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАПИСКА Предлагаемая Часть 2 учебного пособия по английскому языку адресована студентам факультета МЭО, обучающимся по программе II курса бакалавриата и изучающим английский язык как основной иностранный. Пособие организовано таким образом, чтобы способствовать развитию профессионально значимых для будущего экономиста-международника компетенций, в первую очередь – коммуникативной компетенции и компетенции ценностно-смысловой ориентации в мире. В пособии также учитываются аспекты, связанные с историческими, экономическими и социокультурными условиями стран изучаемого языка. Часть 2 рассчитана на второй (IV) семестр изучения на II курсе и состоит из 3 разделов (Units). Структура всех разделов единообразна и позволяет преподавателю и студентам определить, какая часть материала подлежит изучению в аудитории (Classroom Activities), а какая часть отводится для самостоятельной работы (Home Activities). Работа над разделом на всех занятиях проводится в рамках единой лингвострановедческой и грамматической темы, что позволяет обеспечивать высокий уровень активизации лексики и грамматики, а также равномерное развитие навыков говорения, чтения, письма и аудирования. Внутри каждого раздела выделяются следующие подразделы: введение в тему (Lead in), включающее вводный текст и упражнения; грамматические упражнения (Grammar exercises); основной текст (Text 1) информативного характера; активный словарь (Active vocabulary); лексические упражнения (Vocabulary exercises); основной текст (Text 2) – отрывок из художественной прозы; 6 упражнения на закрепление лексико-грамматического материала (Give it another brush); развитие навыков реферирования на базе статей из русскоязычной прессы; упражнения на обучение аргументированному высказыванию по изученным темам (Who do you side with?) заключительная дискуссия по теме (Discussion points). Учебное пособие может быть использовано как индивидуальная учебная книга и рабочая тетрадь студента: ряд упражнений предназначен для выполнения непосредственно в учебнике, что способствует оптимизации учебного процесса. Упражнения составлены таким образом, чтобы способствовать развитию навыков устной речи, аудирования, чтения и письма, формированию коммуникативной компетенции. Упражнения на перевод предложений с русского языка на английский и с английского языка на русский рекомендуется выполнять письменно, т.к. это способствует формированию навыка перевода. Активный словарь необходимо запоминать в контексте, используя предложенные примеры и аппарат упражнений. Работая над основным текстом, необходимо читать его вслух, что способствует более глубокому закреплению лексико-грамматического материала и пониманию синтаксических структур. При подготовке пересказа текста рекомендуется использовать упрощенные (по сравнению с оригиналом) синтаксические структуры, которые более характерны для устной речи. При подготовке к заключительной дискуссии рекомендуется использовать как материалы раздела, так и другие доступные материалы, в том числе – ресурсы сети Интернет. Учитывая профессиональную ориентацию студентов, в пособии использованы тексты публицистического характера. Предложенная для активизации лексика может использоваться как базовая для работы над публицистикой профессиональной направленности на этапе ранней профессионализации. При работе над пособием использованы аутентичные источники, изданные после 2000 года, отечественные и 7 зарубежные газеты и журналы: “The Observer”, “The New York Times”, “Newsweek”, “The Moscow Times”, “The Economist”, “Millennium Special Edition”. 8 UNIT 4 TOPICS: 1. Human habitat. 2. The world around us. GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs Step I CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (1) LEAD IN 1. a) Millions of species inhabit our planet, each living in a particular type of place. What does the term natural habitat imply? b) Look through the list of animals, birds and plants below and indicate their natural habitat. Model: The lion’s natural habitat is the savanna. polar bear colibri tiger camel edelweiss lion penguin blue whale cactus monkey rain forest taiga jungle desert mountains sea Arctic Antarctic savanna prairie Which of them are in danger of losing their natural habitat? What makes you think so? What do we refer to as human habitat? What is the most appropriate place for people to live in? 9 What endangers natural habitat most: global warming, natural calamities, wars, terrorism, revolutions, nuclear explosions? What makes you think so? 2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is. (1.5 min.) Up to 4 million people live in the Arctic, spread out between the eight countries – Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States. The Arctic tundra is expected to shrink over the century as climate warming causes the sea level to rise. Most scientists say climate warming can be attributed to human activities. The UN Environment Program said in a recent report that widespread disintegration of permafrost in the Arctic can cause serious damage to buildings, roads, pipelines and other infrastructure in places such as Alaska and Siberia. The melting permafrost could also threaten a nuclear power plant near Murmansk. The plant, located on the Kola Peninsula, is the only one in the world built north of the Arctic Circle. Warming could also have some economic benefits opening shipping lanes and access to valuable natural resources. Melting ice could open polar passages historically clogged by ice. A revived Northern Sea Route could shorten the journey for goods and raw materials from North-East Asia to Europe by 40 percent. Climate warming is likely to bring extensive fishing activity to the Arctic. Recent studies have also projected that in a few decades there could be lucrative fishing grounds in waters that were largely untouched throughout human history. Russia is planning to develop Shtokman gas field in the Barents Sea. The development costs are estimated at $15 billion to $20 billion. The field is reported to hold more than double all of Canada’s gas reserves. As polar ice melts, nations stake claims to potential riches. As long as it’s ice, nobody cares except the indigenous people, because they hunt and fish and travel on that ice. However, the minute it starts to thaw and becomes water, then the whole world is interested. (After The New York Times / The Moscow Times, 2004-2005) 10 b) Sum up the text in three sentences. c) Scan the text for details. d) Answer the teacher’s questions. 3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs. demise [dI'maIz] – (very formal) the time when something stops existing to shroud – to cover or hide something Nothing _____________ (1 – to last) forever. Changes in climate can make a friendly place less welcoming. Catastrophes like volcanoes or giant earthquakes can kill a city quickly. After the New Orleans disaster of 2005, it ______________ (2 – to be) hard not to think of other places that _______________ (3 – to fall) to time and the inconstant earth. Take the library of Alexandria. ______________ (4 – to found) sometime around 300 B.C., it grew into an enduring symbol of culture and knowledge before ____________________ (5 – to disappear) into the sand and sea less than 1,000 years later. It was the library. It __________________ (6 – to influence) everybody who ever thought about building a library. Nobody ______________ (7 – to know) how large it ____________ (8 – to be) or what _____________ (9 – to be) actually in it. The library’s demise ________ (10 – to be) equally shrouded in mystery. One legend says the books ____________ (11 – to burn) during Caesar’s conquest of Alexandria in 47 B.C., but the library was still around in the 4th century, according to historical accounts. Later, in 642, the Arabs ______________ (12 – to move) Egypt’s capital to the Cairo region and Alexandria ___________ (13 – to shrink) into obscurity. The most famous lost city of all is one that probably never really ________________ (14 – to exist), Atlantis, the fabulous island civilization ___________________ (15 – to swallow) by the sea, which ____________________ (16 – to refer to) by Plato. Some scholars think he might have been inspired by one or more real events. Among them is the destruction of Helike, a city on the Corinthian coast, which ______________________ (17 – to swallow) by an earthquake and a tsunami in 373 B.C., during Plato’s lifetime. 11 Archaeologists ________________________ (18 – long / to seek) the remains of the sunken city. After a dozen years of _______________ (19 – to search), a team of archaeologists said they _________________ (20 – to find) the lost city – not in the sea but on the coastal plain next to it. In expeditions every summer, they ____________________ (21 – to uncover) more and more of the city, _________________ (22 – to include) walls, buildings, coins, pottery and a cemetery, although they ________________ (23 – not / to find) the center of the city yet. (After Dennis Overbye, The New York Times, 2005.) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. VOCABULARY EXTENSION 4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words. carbon dioxide [LkQ:bRndaI'OksaId] – the gas produced when animals breathe out, when carbon is burnt in air, or when animal or vegetable matter decays. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Energy saving in the home Have you ever stopped to think about how much damage your own home may be doing to the ___________________ (1 – environment / ecology / surroundings)? In the UK people’s homes are responsible for an alarming twenty-five percent of all carbon dioxide ___________ (2 – fumes / emissions / smoke). But there are a lot of simple steps that can be taken to put things right and help reduce our CO2 ___________ (3 – production / produce / output). For the start, get into the habit of clicking off the light switch when you leave a room, and swap regular light bulbs for energysaving versions. And when you go off to bed, don’t just turn off your TV, video/DVD recorder or hi-fi system with the ____________ (4 – remote / distant / distance) control: in standby mode they still use up a lot of energy, so switch them off at the plug socket instead. Washing machines and dishwashers are also hideously _____________ (5 – extravagant / wasteful / careless) in 12 terms of water, electricity and money when you run them with less than a full load. Never overfill the kettle if all you want is a single mug of tea; don’t use large saucepans when you only want to cook small ___________ (6 – number / amounts / quantity) of food, as they will take longer to heat up. And when it starts to turn milder in the early spring, you can turn down the central heating by several degrees and ____________ (7 – turn / run / operate) it for fewer hours every day. Summertime air-conditioning in the home may be ______________ (8 – modern / fashionable / sophisticated), especially for hi-spec city apartments, but it’s an unnecessary luxury when all you need to do to let a breeze blow through is open a window or door. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (1) 5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 2 – 4 and find the English for естественная среда обитания; белый медведь; голубой кит; уменьшаться в размере; потепление климата; уровень моря; деятельность человека; вечная мерзлота; наносить серьезный ущерб; трубопровод; атомная электростанция; Кольский полуостров; Северный морской путь; районы рыбных промыслов; на протяжении всей истории человечества; газовое месторождение; запасы газа; коренное население; как только он начинает таять; бессмертный (вечный) символ знаний и культуры; легендарная островная цивилизация; окутанный тайной; раскапывать древний город; керамика; выбросы углекислого газа; энергосберегающий; дистанционное управление; страшно (ужасно) расточительный, неэкономный; нагреваться. b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts. 6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4). 13 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2) 7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected. 1. I prefer to see animals in the places where they normally live, rather than in zoos. 2. As a result of colonization, the native people of America were driven away from their lands. 3. The exhibition of oriental ceramics and sculpture attracted thousands of visitors. 4. The polar bear is indigenous to the icy wastes of the Arctic. 5. Washing a woolen sweater in hot water will make it smaller in size. 6. New regulations are aimed at reducing toxic waste produced by motor vehicles ['vi:Iklz]. 7. The legendary wealth of King Croesus ['kri:sRs] has become proverbial. 8. In ancient times, Britain was known to be a faraway land covered in mist and mystery. 9. I recognized the man as soon as I saw him. 10. The old block of flats was eventually demolished because it had become awfully uneconomical to maintain it. 11. Leonardo’s Mona Lisa is generally regarded to be an eternal symbol of beauty. 12. The number of employees has dramatically reduced from 130 to 75. 8. Translate into Russian. 1. Melting ice could open three Polar passages historically clogged by ice, allowing shipping companies to greatly reduce the time it takes to cross the globe and deliver goods. 2. If the melting continues, the mass of floating ice that has crowned the planet for millions of years may largely disappear for entire summers this century. 3. No one knows what share of the recent thawing can be attributed to natural cycles and how much to heat trapping pollution. 4. Interest in ice-breaking ships must have picked up so much that a giant shipbuilder based in Helsinki created a subsidiary (дочерняя компания) to develop ice-hardened ships. 5. There are likely to be a number of foreign policy issues that must be addressed by the Arctic countries. 6. Some countries that one might think of as being half a world apart appear as startlingly close neighbours. 7. An Arctic Bridge could drastically cut the distance to Canada, a revived 14 Northern Sea Route could shorten the journey for goods and raw materials from Northeast Asia to Europe by forty percent. 9. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with. Северный Ледовитый океан может растаять (1) Площадь арктического льда стремительно сокращается. Если ситуация не изменится, то уже к 2050 году льда станет еще меньше, и суда смогут ходить летом прямо через Северный полюс. (2) Большинство специалистов настаивают, что основной причиной происходящего является глобальное потепление. Свидетельств тому, что оно действительно происходит, с каждым днем становится все больше. Летом 2006 года европейские ученые были шокированы состоянием шапки полярных льдов на Северном полюсе: воды Северного Ледовитого океана, обычно покрытые льдами, не исчезающими летом, очистились от льда практически до полюса. Если глобальное потепление будет продолжаться, через 10-20 лет станет возможным проложить мореходные пути прямо через Полярный регион. (3) Многие ученые уверены, что потепление климата связано с антропогенным (человеческим) фактором и возникло вследствие “парникового эффекта”. В атмосфере накапливается все больше парниковых газов (водяного пара, двуокиси углерода, метана и др.). Глобальное потепление также может быть вызвано извержениями вулканов, увеличением солнечной активности, изменением магнитного поля земли. При этом все модели, построенные на этих гипотезах, предсказывают значительное усиление процесса в ближайшие десятилетия. (5) Глобальное потепление, вероятнее всего, сильно изменит нашу жизнь. Профессор Лондонского университета Билл Макгвайр предсказывает следующее: изменение климата заставит жителей Северного полушария ездить на средиземноморское побережье зимой или весной, а летом устремляться к горячему песку и пальмам норвежских фьордов. Однако значительная часть территорий, лежащих почти на уровне моря, исчезнет под водой. (6) Во второй половине ХХI века уровень Мирового океана поднимется, поэтому местами суша отступит. Участятся ураганы, засухи, проливные дожди и штормы. Сотни миллионов человек останутся (4) 15 без крова и станут беженцами. Изза таяния ледников недостаток питьевой воды будут испытывать до 6% населения земного шара. (7) В Сибири оттает около 2 метров вечной мерзлоты, что приведет к высвобождению значительного количества газов, на которых возлагают вину за парниковый эффект. Чем выше температура летом, тем больше лесных пожаров. Огромное количество сажи, поднимаясь в атмосферу, изменит распределение осадков. Европа, скорее всего, будет испытывать недостаток питьевой воды, а Азов повторит судьбу Арала. Кроме того, экологическая катастрофа вызовет массовую гибель животных. На планете исчезнет до 40% фауны. (8) Удастся ли современной науке найти решения для предупреждения природных катаклизмов? Прислушаются ли правительства к рекомендациям ученых и захотят ли вкладывать средства в их реализацию? Хочется надеяться на лучшее. (По материалам еженедельника Мир новостей, январь 2007 г.) b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.) (1) сокращаться (to reduce / to decline / to shrink); (2) специалист (specialist / expert / authority); проложить мореходные пути (to follow sea-routes / to lay sea-routes / to create sea-routes) (3) накапливаться (to store / to accumulate / to amass) парниковые газы (greenhouse gases / heat-trapping gases / hothouse gases); водяной пар (steam / vapour / smoke) (4) увеличение солнечной активности (greater solar activity / increase in solar activity / the rise of solar activity); (6) проливные дожди (downpours / heavy rains / showers); остаться без крова (to become homeless / to live without shelter / to be left roofless); беженцы (refugees / exiles / runaways); таяние ледников (glacial melting / ice warming / ice melting); питьевая вода (still water / fresh water / drinking water); (7) оттаивать (to melt / to thaw / to fade); высвобождение (release / emission / disengagement); осадки (rainfall / sediment / precipitation) 16 природные катаклизмы (natural calamities / natural catastrophes / natural disasters) (8) c) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (2) 10. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases: 1. Introduction: The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of... the Arctic ice-cap; to shrink; to sail across 2. Main body of the report: The ... suggest / claim that... to be caused by; global warming; there is more and more evidence that...;clogged with ice; to be free of ice; The article goes on to say that... to be attributed to; greenhouse effect; heat-trapping gases; vapour; volcano eruptions; magnetic field of the planet; hypotheses; According to... / It is pointed out that... The Northern Hemisphere; the Mediterranean coast; beaches; fjord; to lie at sea level; global sea levels; land / to be flooded; shortage of drinking water; soot; animals / to perish 3. Conclusion: In conclusion / Finally, the writer wonders if... to prevent; natural calamities 11. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Arctic Thaw Melts Away Old Habits in Far North Freed by warming, waters once _______________ (1 – to lock) beneath the ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village on Russia’s northeast coast, the shoreline ____________________ (2 – to collapse), ________________ (3 – to creep) closer and closer to houses and 17 tanks of _______________ (4 – to heat) oil, at a rate of 4.6 to 5.5 meters a year. Eventually, homes _________________ (5 – to lose), and maybe all of Bykovsky, too, under ever-longer periods of assault by open water. “It ______________ (6 – to eat up) the land,” said Innokenty Koryakin, a member of the Evenk tribe and the captain of the fishing boat. Fyodor Sellyakhov, a native Yakut, adds, “The sea _________________ (7 – to wash down) the coast every year. It is practically all ice – permafrost – and it _____ _____________ (8 – to thaw).” Scientists say that the __________________ (9 – to shrink) sea ice over the next century is inevitable and that humans need to adapt. For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle, in remote outposts and industrial centers, a _______________ (10 – to change) climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture. A push _________________ (11 – to develop) the North, _______________ (12 – to quicken) by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas __________________ (13 – to raise) fears of catastrophic accidents as ships _______________ (14 – to load) with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, _______________ (15 – to head) to markets in Europe and North America. Land that ___________________ (16 – negative prefix /to touch) could be tainted by pollution. Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, ________________ (17 – to force) the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a __________________ (18 – to project) cost of $100 million or more for each one. Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of _________________ (19 – to live) in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. 155,000 Inuit scattered across Canada, Greenland, Russia and the United States ________________ (20 – to try) to balance tradition with the inevitable changes that are sweeping their lands. 18 Their leaders claim that the United States, by __________________ (21 – to reject) a treaty requiring other industrial countries ________________ (22 – to cut) emissions linked to warming, is willfully threatening the Inuit’s right to exist. But some Inuit ask, how can they push countries _______________ (23 – to stem) global warming when the Inuit’s own prosperity is often tied to revenues from oil and gas, which are sources of greenhouse gases when burnt? “It’s how we do business that’s more important,” said Sheila Watt-Cloutier, the chairwoman of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. “There are more environmentally friendly ways in which we can do development and still live in a certain way, with a way of life and business that can balance both.” While it is the people of the Arctic who ____________________ (24 – to feel) the melt and the rush for development most directly, the world, too, will have to give up something – its _______________ (25 – to treasure) notion of the Far North as a place of wilderness, simplicity and unspoiled cultures. (After The New York Times, 2005.) b) Write five questions to the text of the exercise. 19 Step II CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning May / Might 1. She may (might) be 30 but I’m not sure. – Возможно (может быть), ей сейчас 30 лет, но я не уверен. doubt 2. They may (might) be working but I'm not sure. – Возможно (может быть), они сейчас работают (в момент речи), но я не возможно, уверен. может 3. She may (might) have been 30 when I last saw her (but I’m not быть sure). – Возможно (может быть), ей было 30 лет, когда я видел ее в последний раз (но я не уверен). 4. They may (might) have been working since morning (but I'm not sure). – Возможно (может быть), они работают с утра (но я не уверен). strong doubt неужели very strong doubt не может быть, чтобы Can / Could 1. Can (could) she be 30? She doesn’t look it. – Неужели ей (сейчас) 30 лет? Она не выглядит на свой возраст. 2. Can (could) they be working now? It’s so late. – Неужели они сейчас(в момент речи) работают? Уже так поздно. 3. Can (could) she have been 30 when we last saw her? She didn’t look it. – Неужели ей было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее в последний раз? Она не выглядела на свой возраст. 4. Can (could) they have been working since morning? – Неужели они работают с утра? 1. She can't (couldn't) be 30! She has just graduated from college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей было (сейчас) 30 лет! Она только что окончила колледж. 2. They can’t (couldn't) be working now. The office is closed. – Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас работали. Офис закрыт. 3. She can’t (couldn't) have been 30 when we last saw her. She had just graduated from college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей 20 near certainty должно быть, вероятно, скорее всего было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее в последний раз. Она в то время только что окончила колледж. 4. They can’t (couldn't) have been working since morning. They only came to the office at midday. – Не может быть, чтобы они работали с самого утра. Они пришли на работу только в середине дня. Must 1. She must be 30, I’m almost sure. – Ей сейчас, скорее всего, 30 лет, я почти уверен. 2. They must be working now, there is light on in the office. – Они, должно быть, сейчас работают (в момент речи), в кабинете горит свет. 3. She must have been 22 when I last saw her. She had just graduated from college. –Ей, вероятно, было 22 года, когда я видел ее в последний раз. Она только что окончила колледж. 4. They must have been working since morning. They have almost finished the report. – Они, должно быть, работают с утра. Они почти закончили отчет. 12. a) Read and find modal verbs. wetlands – low land that is often covered with water from the lake, river, or sea next to it game – wild animals, birds and fish that people hunt, usually for food Should the Sport of Hunting be Completely Banned? The sport of hunting must have been one of the most heatedly debated topics in England since the early 20th century. Animal rights activists stress the cruelty of killing animals for sport, whereas hunters argue that it can’t have any negative effects in the natural environment. It may be true because legally allowing hunting during particular times of the year prevents overpopulation of certain species. Moreover, hunters’ groups and clubs actually protect endangered species by financially supporting the preservation of wetlands, which gives the animals the chance to breed and let their offspring reach adulthood, thus resisting the threat of extinction. Opponents of this view argue that it is an aggressive, cruel, pointless activity; it may have been vital for man’s survival many years ago, but now such a need does not exist. All things considered, before deciding to completely ban hunting, one must take into account the positive aspects of 21 organized, controlled and legal hunting. In addition to the pleasure hunters enjoy when tracking game in the great outdoors, conscientious hunting could actually be doing nature some good. (After Virginia Evans – Jenny Doodley, Mission, 2000.) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 13. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Comment on the forms of modal verbs. 1. The company must have expected a sharp shrinkage in profits. 2. Could the company be planning to expand their activities in South America? 3. Many buildings and roads must have been damaged in the earthquake. 4. He can’t have been engaged in political activities without the manager’s permission. 5. Increased emissions must have had a damaging effect on the environment in that part of the country. 6. Could you have believed his story about the fabulous kingdom? 7. The indigenous people might have left the island centuries ago. Still there is little evidence to prove the hypothesis. 8. He must have been speaking with a hideous accent, even some of his countrymen failed to understand him. 9. This air-conditioning equipment can’t be too wasteful and expensive. Most offices in the area have already installed it. 14. Paraphrase using modal verbs. Model 1: T – John doesn’t answer the phone. Perhaps he is very busy. St – John doesn’t answer the phone. He may be very busy. T – Perhaps Sarah is still working. St – Sarah may still be working. Model 2: T – Perhaps she has left office. St – She may have left office. T – Perhaps Diane has been working hard lately. St – Diane may have been working hard lately. 22 Model 3: T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are on holiday. St – The Lockhearts must be on holiday. T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are holiday-making. St – The Lockhearts must be holiday-making. Model 4: T – I am sure the Lockhearts have gone on holiday. St – The Lockhearts must have gone on holiday. T – I am sure the Lockhearts have been holiday-making for over a week already. St – The Lockhearts must have been holiday-making for over a week already. 15. Express surprise and disbelief, add a sentence logically connected to support your opinion. Model 1: T – The film is said to be very popular. St-1 – Can the film be so (very) popular? I personally didn’t like it at all. St-2 – The film can’t be very popular. Most of my friends find it boring. Model 2: T – They say they covered 100 miles on foot yesterday. St-1 – Can they have covered 100 miles on foot? They must be fooling you. St-2 – They can’t have covered 100 miles on foot. It’s humanly impossible. 16. Develop the situations using must and can and the words suggested in brackets. Model: – The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. (I / to listen to music) – The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have been listening to music. 23 1. The computer you bought is very up-to-date. (it / very expensive). 2. I haven’t seen my next door neighbours for over a week. (they / to go on holiday). 3. The policeman has been walking behind us for the last fifteen minutes. (he / to follow)? 4. My Dad can’t find his gloves. (he / to leave / in the office / yesterday). 5. As I went out, I saw a man standing outside the pub. (he / to wait for sb). 6. The Huxleys haven’t lived here for very long. (they / to know many people in the neighbourhood). 7. Mary didn’t attend classes last week. (she / to be ill). 8. Mike’s new car is very fast. (it / cheap). HOME ACTIVITIES (3) 17. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Scientists warn that half of Greenland and vast areas of Antarctic _________________ (1 – to destine) to melt if global warming __________________ (2 – to continue) at the same pace until the end of the century. Climate scientists looked back in history _______________ (3 – to find) a time when sea levels were higher that they are today. They identified a period when glacial melting _______________ (4 – to increase) sea levels by several metres. They used a computer model of the environment ______________ (5 – to work out) how warm the world ________________ (6 – modal / to be) to trigger the mass melting and concluded that the Earth __________ (7 – to be) between 3º C and 5º C warmer than it is today. ________________ (8 – to use) the same model, the scientists spun the clock forward ____________ (9 – to see) when climate change is likely ______________ (10 – to make) the world as warm again. That level of warming _________________ (11 – to come) unless we act on carbon emissions. An Arctic warming of 3º C to 5º C is enough _____________ (12 – to cause) four to six meters of sea level rise. A one-metre rise in sea level would see the Maldives ______________ (13 – to disappear), make most of Bangladesh uninhabitable and put cities such as New Orleans ‘out of business’. 24 b) Translate into English. 1. Ученые уже давно предупреждают, что в результате глобального потепления может измениться климат нашей планеты. Климатические изменения могут нанести серьезный ущерб не только отдаленным островам в Тихом океане, но и большой части Европы. В результате таяния арктических льдов значительно поднимется уровень мирового океана. Это, скорее всего, повлечет за собой затопление значительной части суши. Некоторые эксперты предсказывают, что с лица земли могут исчезнуть некоторые европейские города и даже страны. 2. Считается, что таяние вечной мерзлоты разрушит среду обитания и привычный образ жизни народов Севера. Этот процесс может привести к разрушению строений, дорог и трубопроводов. 18. Complete the sentences with the proper modal verbs and the appropriate forms of the verb. 1. There was no reply when I rang him. He ____________________ (to leave) the office already. 2. Jess ________________________ (to tell) about it on the phone last night but I really can’t remember. 3. Harry looks exhausted. He _____________________ (to work) since morning. 4. Keith ______________________ (to get) your email. He hasn’t got access to the Net. 5. You _____________________ (to read) the book attentively if you don’t remember this episode. 6. Shakespeare _______________________ (to write) that play. – No, Shakespeare _______________________ (to write) it because the historical events the author refers to occurred in the 19th century. 7. _________________ _______________ (Liz /still/ to take) driving lessons? 8. ____________ _________________ (they/to meet) in secret? Everybody seems to know about their love affair. 9. He ___________________________ (to walk) so long, it’s far too cold. 10. The child ______________________ (to walk) so far, he is not strong enough. 19. a) Listen to the text London Calling. Read it after the speaker. 25 b) Get ready to discuss the text in class. c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them. 26 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning Для передачи двойного отрицания с модальными глаголами can/could (в значении сомнения, недоверия) используется глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки: e.g. Can she have failed to see him? – Неужели она его не увидела? She can't have failed to recognize him. – Не может быть, чтобы она не узнала его. Can she really dislike you? – Неужели ты действительно ей не нравишься, Модальный глагол must (в значении предположения, граничащего с уверенностью) обычно не употребляется в отрицательной форме. Для передачи отрицания используется глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки: e.g. He must have failed to understand me. – Он, должно быть, не понял меня. He must have misunderstood me. – Он, должно быть, неправильно понял меня. 20. Paraphrase as in the models: Model 1: – I can’t imagine that Inga didn’t keep her promise. – Inga can’t have failed to keep her promise. Model 2: – Is it true that they didn’t reach a compromise? – Can they have failed to reach a compromise? Model 3: – I know for sure he didn’t pass his driving test. – He must have failed to pass his driving test. 27 1. I can’t imagine that the company didn’t manage to sell their new software product. 2. Is it true that their new product didn’t meet the demands of the clients? 3. I’m almost sure that the manager didn’t give you the details of the project. 4. It is true that they were not able to buy energy saving equipment. 5. We are almost sure that the scientists didn’t manage to uncover the remains of the ancient city. 6. I can’t imagine that green activists didn’t manage to persuade the government to close down the power plant. 7. Didn’t you really see the difference between the original and the copy? 8. I’m sure he didn’t understand the joke, it was too subtle. 9. I can’t imagine that the CEO didn’t understand what we were aiming at. 10. It’s ridiculous that you don’t understand how important it is to revive the economy of the region. 11. I don’t believe that he didn’t read the manual before starting the engine. 12. I don’t believe that he didn’t attend the seminar on global warming. He has always been so environmentally conscious. 13. It’s impossible that he didn’t understand you properly. He is so smart. 14. I don’t believe that he didn’t recognize his defeat. He is almost ruined. 15. Barbara looks depressed. I’m almost sure she didn’t pass the job interview. 16. It’s most unlikely that John was unable to get in touch with the manager. Text 1 Cross-cultural Notes: 1. Docklands – an area of new houses and offices in East London, on the north side of the river Thames where London’s commercial docks used to be. The old docks were too shallow for large modern ships and this had become a poor area. The London Docklands Urban Development Corporation was set up by the government in 1979 to develop it. The area now includes one of Europe’s tallest buildings, the Canary Wharf tower. 2. lingua franca [LlINgwR'frWNkR] – a language used between peoples whose main languages are different. 28 3. Big Bang (Brit.) – the name given to the introduction of important changes to the London Stock Exchange rules on October 27, 1986, when some controls were removed and new ways of trading allowed. 4. Dickensian [dI'kenzIRn] – Dickensian living conditions (factories, buildings etc.) are poor, dirty, and unpleasant, like conditions described in the books by Charles Dickens. * * * London Calling The British capital has let the world in, and become a model for making a 21st-century metropolis work. High above the Thames, London’s mayor enjoys a panorama spanning two thousand years of crowded history. Just across the river, the medieval Tower of London recalls the city’s past as a seat of power. To the east, the former Docklands, now home to some of Europe’s grandest companies, conjures up its present as a gateway to the world. London is the only major European capital that’s actually growing, a favoured destination for work-hungry migrants from all around the globe. Almost a third of today’s Londoners were born outside the country. More than 50 separate national or ethnic communities are scattered across the metropolis. Some 300 languages are spoken, all linked by the global lingua franca, English. Immigration is a way of life: Jewish, Irish, Asian, Caribbean, East European – each new wave has enhanced London as a global city. Many newcomers choose the city because they can use (or learn) English. A quarter of the world’s population is now fluent or at least competent in the language, and even a shaky command opens up one level of London job market. The city’s middle classes have come to depend on a ready supply of Australian barmen, Hungarian nannies, Polish builders and Nigerian minicab drivers, 29 not to mention the Ukranians or Romanians who clean their offices – or quickly rise to employ those who do. Without the migrants, London would be shrinking, not booming. Ethnic and cultural diversity has helped to instill a basic tolerance. Londoners do not suffer the racial tensions to be found in Los Angeles, Paris or Berlin. Indeed, cultural diversity is an attraction in itself for those fed up with life in the suburbs, or in blander European cities. Today, urban centres offer what a new generation most prizes: high-end urban amenities, shorter commuting times, more work and more opportunities for play. London’s cosmopolitan feel is crucial to its prosperity. Past generations of mega cities rose or fell depending on their access to resources or trade – coal mines and rail hubs. What counts today is the new global class of knowledge merchants with new ideas to share or sell. Urban economic success really depends on smart, entrepreneurial people. Like New York, London provides the right environment for these people: a relatively compact layout, a vibrant mix of cultures and a service industry fuelled largely by immigrants. The city has other advantages. After the famous big bang of 1986, London regained its position as Europe’s financial capital. Although Frankfurt is home to Europe’s central bank it’s London that calls the shots. Mighty Deutsche Bank may be headquartered in Germany, but its big decision makers are in London. With the big players comes the chance to make big money. These days more euros are traded daily in London than in the rest of Europe combined. Can it last? To be sure, popularity has its price. London motorists stay away from Trafalgar Square and other chokepoints where traffic regularly slows to a Dickensian horse-and-carriage crawl. Commuters endure daily frustration on a subway system starved of investment for decades. Violent crime is on the rise, the public-health system is chronically overloaded and the middle classes shun the low-grade schools. A rising number of families are choosing to flee the city altogether. And then there’s the cost. London is one of the world’s most expensive cities. 30 What’s emerging, say the critics, is a divided London with almost 19th-century extremes of wealth and poverty. This may be the capital of the world’s fourth largest economy, with thousands of homes worth more than a million pounds, but it has some of the nation’s greatest housing inequality. In East London you can find three generations of a single family crammed into a two-bedroom flat. And although the national government has lent its weight to the drive to build new homes and to restore the transport system, although police numbers have risen, perhaps the biggest challenge of all involves resisting political pressures that might kill the golden goose – anti-immigration policies that would diminish London’s standing as Europe’s only world city. (By William Underhill, Newsweek, 2005. Abridged.) COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 21. Paraphrase, translate or explain. explain: The British capital has let the world in ... explain: ... a panorama spanning two thousand years of crowded history. explain: ... the medieval Tower of London recalls the city’s past as a seat of power. paraphrase: ... conjures up its present as a gateway to the world. paraphrase: ... a favoured destination for work-hungry migrants from all around the globe. paraphrase: Almost a third of today’s Londoners were born outside the country. translate: More than ... communities are scattered across the metropolis. paraphrase: ... each new wave has enhanced London as a global city. explain: ... even a shaky command opens up one level of London job market. translate: The city’s middle classes have come to depend on a ready supply of Australian barmen... explain: ... or quickly rise to employ those who do. 31 translate: Without the migrants, London would be shrinking, not booming. translate: Ethnic and cultural diversity has helped to instil a basic tolerance. paraphrase: ... in blander European cities. paraphrase: Today, urban centres offer what a new generation most prizes: high-end urban amenities, shorter commuting times... translate: London’s cosmopolitan feel is crucial to its prosperity. translate: ... depending on their access to resources or trade – coal mines and rail hubs. paraphrase: What counts today is the new global class of knowledge merchants... paraphrase: ... a relatively compact layout, a vibrant mix of cultures and a service industry fuelled largely by immigrants. explain: Although Frankfurt is home to Europe’s central bank it’s London that calls the shots. paraphrase: Mighty Deutsche Bank may be headquartered in Germany... paraphrase: London motorists stay away from ... chokepoints where traffic regularly slows to a Dickensian horse-and-carriage crawl. paraphrase: Commuters endure daily frustration on a subway system starved of investment for decades. translate: Violent crime is on the rise, the public-health system is chronically overloaded and the middle classes shun the lowgrade schools. paraphrase: And although the national government has lent its weight to the drive to build new homes... translate: ... perhaps the biggest challenge of all involves resisting political pressures that might kill the golden goose – antiimmigration policies that would diminish London’s standing as Europe’s only world city. 32 ACTIVE VOCABULARY 1 1. span – расстояние от одного конца до другого; отрезок времени: e.g. a span of three years; lifespan – срок, продолжительности жизни: e.g. Men have a shorter lifespan than women. / to span – перекрывать, охватывать временной отрезок: e.g. His interests spanned a wide range of subjects. The game has a history spanning three centuries. 2. former – 1. бывший, предыдущий: e.g. The ceremony honoured all the former presidents who are still living. He abandoned his former career as a journalist. 2. давний, прежний: e.g. The oak panels in the mansion remain from former times. / the former – первый из двух: e.g. Of these two evils the former is the less. / the latter – второй из двух: e.g. Both Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci claimed to have reached the New World. The latter being more popular of the two, the new land was named after him. 3. to migrate [maI'greIt] (from / to) – мигрировать, переезжать, менять место жительства (часто: в поисках работы) / migrant ['maIgrRnt] – мигрант; emigrant – эмигрант (человек, выезжающий из страны); immigrant – иммигрант (человек, въезжающий в страну) / migration – миграция; emigration – эмиграция; immigration – иммиграция 4. the globe – глобус, земной шар / global – всеобщий, всемирный, глобальный, всеобъемлющий: e.g. The global economy has become increasingly unstable. / globalization (also: globalisation) – глобализация: e.g. Many anticapitalists are opposed to globalization. 5. link(s) – 1. связь (между людьми, местами, фактами, событиями и т.п.): e.g. They are studying the links between carbon emissions and climate change. Research has established a link between smoking and lung cancer. 2. звено (цепи), связующее звено; the missing link – недостающее звено; the weak link (in the chain) – слабое звено / to link (sth to sth) – соединять, связывать, сцеплять; to be linked (to, with) – соединяться, быть 33 связанным (с): e.g. The road linked Manchester and Birmingham with/to London. Scientists now link certain types of cancer to the amount of junk food that people consume. 6. competent ['kOmpIt(R)nt] – компетентный, знающий, квалифици-рованный; (ant. incompetent): e.g. The manager is perfectly compet-ent, but he doesn’t have much initiative. / competence ['kOmpIt(R)ns] – умение, способность, компетентность; (ant. incompetence): e.g. I am only worried about his attitude to the job; his competence as a designer is not in question. 7. to depend [dI'pend] (on/upon) – зависеть (от): e.g. Their future depends on how well they do in these exams. / to depend on sb for sth – зависеть от кого-то в чем-то: e.g. The young birds depend on their parents for several weeks. / to depend on sb – положиться на кого-то, доверять кому-то: e.g. I wasn’t worried: I knew I could depend on you. / That (It) depends. – Это от многого зависит. / dependence (on/upon) – зависимость (от): e.g. We need to reduce our dependence on oil as a source of energy.(ant. independence from – независимость от) / dependent (on/upon) – зависимый (от), зависящий: e.g. They hate being dependent on their parents. (ant. independent of – независимый, независящий от: e.g. She is financially independent of her family.) 9. supply [sR'plaI] – 1. запас: e.g. They brought a large supply of food with them. 2. снабжение, поставка: e.g. The supply of electricity has been threatened by a recent strike. 3. (экон.) предложение: e.g. If demand exceeds supply the price will rise. / supply and demand – спрос и предложение: e.g. The reason they are so expensive is that they are very scarce and everyone wants them; it’s all a matter of supply and demand. / to supply (to/with) – снабжать; поставлять, доставлять: e.g. The factory supplied a uniform to each of its workers. The workers were supplied with uniforms. 10. to shrink (shrank, shrunk) – уменьшаться в размере; давать усадку, садиться: e.g. Do you think this dress will shrink if I handwash it? 34 11. diverse [daI'vR:s] – различный, отличный, несходный; разный, разнообразный: e.g. The newspaper aims to cover a diverse range of issues. / diversity – многообразие, отличие, несходство: e.g. We value the rich ethnic and cultural diversity of the group. / divert (from / to) – отклонять, направлять в другую сторону; уводить в сторону, отклоняться: e.g. They diverted the river to supply water to the town. The outbreak of fighting in the north has diverted public attention away from other national problems. 12. 'tolerance (of/towards) – терпимость, толерантность: e.g. India is a country with a reputation for tolerance towards religious minorities. / tolerant (of) – терпимый, толерантный: e.g. Perhaps you need to be more tolerant of your neighbours. / to tolerate – терпеть, выносить; быть терпимым; допускать: e.g. He won’t tolerate anyone questioning his decisions. 13. amenity [R'mi:nItI / R'menItI] (usually plural: amenities) – коммунальные удобства, необходимые предметы быта: e.g. Amenities include a gym, a pool and a jacuzzi. / social amenities – социально-культурное и бытовое обслуживание 14. prosperity [prRs'perItI] – процветание, преуспевание, успех: e.g. With economic expansion comes the promise of national prosperity. / prosperous ['prOspRrRs] – 1. преуспевающий, процветающий: e.g. The town is increasingly prosperous. 2. богатый, состоятельный, зажиточный: e.g. He looked like a lawyer and a prosperous one. / to 'prosper – преуспевать, процветать: e.g. His business prospered. 15. vibrant ['vaIbrRnt] – 1. живой, полный жизни: e.g. Moscow is a city vibrant with life. 2. трепещущий, дрожащий: e.g. a vibrant voice 16. fuel – топливо, горючее / to fuel – 1. заправлять горючим, топливом: e.g. Aircraft sometimes fuel up in midair. 2. питать, поддерживать: e.g. This organization is fuelled by massive grants. 17. motor ['moutR] – 1. двигатель, мотор: e.g. The pump is 35 powered by an electric motor. 2. (Brit.) автомобиль, машина (разг.): e.g. When did you buy the new motor? / motor transport (syn. road transport) – автотранспорт / motorist – автомобилист / motorway – скоростное шоссе, автомагистраль 18. to commute [kR'mju:t] – ездить ежедневно на работу из пригоро-да в город и обратно (обыкн. по сезонному билету): e.g. I commute by train. / commute – дорога из пригорода в город и обратно: e.g. It’s a long commute from New York to Boston. / commuter – житель пригорода, ежедневно ездящий на работу поездом, автобусом (Брит.) или машиной (Амер.): e.g. a train packed with commuters 19. endure [In'djuR] – терпеть, выносить, выдерживать, стойко держаться: e.g. They endured tremendous hardships on their way to the South Pole. / endurance – выносливость, стойкость, терпеливость: e.g. Long-distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance. / enduring – 1. прочный, стойкий: e.g. enduring substance 2. бессмертный, вечный: e.g. enduring popularity 20. fru'stration – расстройство, крах, чувство неудовлетворенности, разочарования: e.g. He expressed his frustration at not being able to talk openly. / to frustrate – расстраивать, делать тщетным, вызывать чувство разочарования, неудовлетворенности: e.g. Activists and reformers are frustrated by the public’s lack of interest. 21. to emerge [I'mR:dG] – появляться, возникать, выходить (откуда-то): e.g. The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 22. challenge ['tSWlIndG] – 1. вызов (на соревнование, состязание, дуэль): e.g. He accepted his friend’s challenge to swim across the river. 2. испытание, пробы своих сил, нечто требующее труда, мужества; сложная задача, проблема: e.g. I am looking for a job with a bit more challenge. / to challenge – 1. бросать вызов: e.g. I challenged him for a game of tennis. 2. требовать усилий: e.g. The difficulty of putting our ideas into practice challenged us to find a new method. 36 23. to resist [rI'zIst] sth / sb – сопротивляться, противиться, противо-действовать: e.g. The government are resisting the nurses’ wage demands. / resistance (to sb/sth) – противодействие, сопротивление (кому-либо/чему-либо): e.g. The escaped criminal offered no resistance when the police caught up with him. EXPRESSIONS 1. racial tensions – расовая напряженность, трения 2. to be fed up with – быть сытым по горло (чем-то) 3. to have a good / shaky command [kR'mQ:nd] of English – хорошо / слабо владеть английским языком 4. to be crucial to sth – быть исключительно важным для чегото 5. to be home to... – являться месторасположением чего-либо 6. to call the shots – распоряжаться, давать указания, принимать решения; задавать тон 7. To be sure, ... – Конечно, … 8. to be on the rise – увеличиваться, расти 9. to kill the golden goose – убить курицу, которая несет золотые яйца 10. to instil tolerance – внушать, прививать терпимость, толерант-ность PHRASAL VERBS to conjure ['kAndGR] up sth – вызывать что-либо в воображении, памяти 22. Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (4) 23. Fill in the gaps with proper words from the box in proper forms. to emerge tolerance to supply 37 to challenge to commute enduring diverse to resist resistance challenge 1.He was unable __________ the temptation to read the file. 2. This proposal is meeting some __________ at the UN’s headquarters. 3. Three important factors ___________ from our discussion. 4. Recent discoveries pose a serious ___________ to accepted views on the age of the universe. 5. This problem has intrigued and ____________ scientists for many years. 6. Many fail to explain the _____________ popularity of this singer. 7. If you __________ by train, you’d better buy a season ticket. 8. People living in multicultural communities need to show more ___________ of each other. 9. This nuclear power plant _________ power to northern part of the country. 10. The conference aims to cover a ____________ range of problems. 24. Translate into English using the active vocabulary. 1. Считается, что серьезные климатические изменения могут вызвать новую волну миграции населения. 2. Ученые связывают исчезновение многих видов животных и растений с процессом глобального потепления. 3. Неужели Марк настолько некомпетентен, что допустил такую грубую ошибку? 4. Общеизвестно, что правительства некоторых европейских стран прилагают большие усилия, чтобы уменьшить свою зависимость от нефти и газа как основных источников энергии. 5. Не может быть, чтобы вы не ценили культурное и этническое разнообразие страны, в которой вы живете. 6. В американских школах огромное внимание уделяется воспитанию терпимости среди учащихся. Неужели вы этого не знали? 7. Скорее всего, процветание этого небольшого городка зависит от потока туристов, приезжающих сюда каждое лето. Местные власти прилагают огромные усилия для строительства новых объектов социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания. 8. Улицы больших городов забиты транспортом. Нет сомнений, что ежедневные поездки на работу требуют большой выносливости. 9. Скорее всего, Анна чувствовала себя 38 разочарованной и подавленной, когда узнала последние новости. 25. Get ready to retell Text 1. 39 Step III CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Модальный глагол might может употребляться для передачи упрека или просьбы с оттенком упрека: e.g. You might have told me about it yesterday. – Ты мог бы мне вчера сказать об этом. You might be more polite. – Ты мог бы быть и повежливее. 26. Develop the conversations as in the model: Model: St1: – Julie was frustrated yesterday. It was her birthday and she didn’t get a phone call from her boyfriend. St2: – What a shame! He might have phoned her at least. St1: – If you ask me, he should have brought her flowers and taken her out. 1. We felt very embarrassed yesterday. Jackson hadn’t told us about the meeting at the CEO’s office. 2. Steve brought his new girlfriend to the party last weekend. Just imagine how Sally was frustrated! 3. We had a sleepless night yesterday. My sister returned home at 3 in the morning. The parents were furious. 4. Last week Chris invited me to his new house in the country. When I arrived at the station I realized I didn’t know which way to go. VOCABULARY EXERCISES 27. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary. 1. With a length of one mile, it’s the region’s longest bridge. 2. His career lasted for over half a century. 3. She still visits her exhusband. 4. Some tribes travel from place to place with their cattle in search of fresh grass. 5. The first manned spaceflight was an event of world importance. 6. The police suspect that the two crimes 40 may be connected. 7. His French seems perfect, but then I am not able to judge. 8. The country needs foreign aid and support and cannot exist without it. 9. The firm that used to provide us with computers has gone out of business. 10. Numbers of butterflies are diminishing rapidly as the environment changes. 11. This lawn mower is driven by a small electric engine. 12. They have put up with poor working conditions in order to finish the job. 13. Parks and swimming pools are just some of the local infrastructure. 14. The town’s wealth comes from the textile industry. 15. My father was successful in business, and bought another shop. 16. Little kids are often annoyed and disappointed by their inability to express themselves to adults. 17. California is the place where numerous Hollywood studios are situated. 18. It is most important that all students should develop these basic skills. 19. She speaks French excellently. 20. The car is being filled with petrol in preparation for the race. 21. People’s fear of crime is often provoked by sensationalist reports. 22. We cannot exist much longer in this desert without water. 23. Her fame will last forever. 24. Several interesting new poets have appeared in recent years. 25. One of the biggest and most difficult tasks facing the present government is that of creating new jobs. 26. There has been a lot of opposition to the new law. 27. I am sick and tired of your complaints. 28. Make sentences using the suggested words and phrases: 1. over a span of ... / a(n) ... increase in production / to achieve; 2. heat trapping gases / to believe / to be linked with / global warming; 3. cannot / to be competent / to run a company; 4. in recent decades / to turn into / a city vibrant with life; 5. to move nearer to / to get fed up with / to commute; 6. people’s fear of... / must / to fuel / by sensationalist reports; 7. to grow / a sense of frustration / among the indigenous population / over ...; 8. the people / to endure / a decade / economic hardship; 9. the tune / to conjure up / romantic nature / his college years; 10. social amenities / to be crucial to / developing areas. 41 29. Insert the required prepositions. 1. Police have evidence linking the man _____ a drug-importation operation. 2. Rock music has often been linked _____ drug culture. 3. Children depend _____ their parents _____ food and clothing. 4. You can always depend _____ Kathleen to be there when she is needed. 5. Why doesn’t Christine find a job and end this dependence _____ her parents? 6. Although the Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776, the USA won independence _____ Britain only in 1783. 7. If you have a motor car you are independent _____ train, trams an buses. 8. Promotion is dependent _____ your record of success. 9. Aerogenerators are now widely used in Europe to supply power _____ farms and towns. 10. During the American War of Independence the French government supplied the insurgents _____ money and weapons. 11. Nothing could divert her thoughts _____ her sad loss. 12. Teachers called on the government to divert the extra money _____ schools. 13. Mr. Jackson is not very tolerant _____ criticism. 14. Tumour cells can develop a resistance _____ certain drugs. 15. We are all fed _____ _____ your lies. 16. According to the minister’s report, serious crime is _____ the rise. 30. Develop the ideas. 1. Children must study the past in order to understand its links with the present. 2. London is remarkable for its cultural and ethnic diversity. 3. Shakespeare’s work is an enduring monument to the triumph of the human spirit. 4. The world community must find ways to meet the enormous environmental challenges that lie ahead. 5. The EU’s educational policy is to instil tolerance in the new generation. 6. Measures should be taken to ease racial tensions in the multiethnic capitals of Europe. HOME ACTIVITIES (5) 31. Translate into English. 1. На протяжении жизни одного поколения произошли поистине драматические изменения в среде обитания человека и других живых существ на нашей планете. Научно- 42 технический прогресс достиг такого уровня, что поставил под угрозу само существование Земли. Сегодня мы, как никогда ранее, осознаем неразрывную связь человека с природой, его зависимость от природы и уязвимость природы от деятельности человека. Бывшее море-озеро Арал исчезло с карты Средней Азии. Такая же судьба может постигнуть и Азовское море, которое с каждым годом уменьшается в размерах. Строительство электростанций на крупных реках Сибири сопровождалось затоплением обширных территорий, что вызвало массовую миграцию не только людей, но также животных, птиц, рыб. 2. Сегодня для человечества исключительно важно использовать альтернативные источники энергии, чтобы противостоять процессу глобального потепления. С одной стороны, мы все зависим от углеродосодержащего топлива. С другой стороны, выбросы углекислого газа в атмосферу увеличивают парниковый эффект. Во многих странах Европы и в США уже активно используются ветротурбины. Несколько аэрогенераторов образуют электростанцию, которая может снабжать электроэнергией даже большой город. Хотя ветротурбины немного дороже обычных тепловых электростанций, они имеют и некоторые преимущества: не производят выбросов в атмосферу вредных веществ. 43 CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6) GRAMMAR EXERCISES 32. Answer the questions using must and the phrases given in the box. Model: T – Why was Mike so depressed? St – He must have quarreled with his girlfriend. to book sth in advance to be delayed rock singer to deliver by plane to be ill-tempered to separate thirty-two to be exhausted 33. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the Infinitive. 1. These shoes are very good quality. They must __________ very expensive. 2. I was woken up by loud music last night. My nextdoor neighbours must _________________ a party. 3. Don’t worry that Betsy is late, she might ________________ the train. 4. Look, Kate is putting on her new dress and high heels. She must _______________ to a party. 5. The burglar might ____________ back, so change all the locks. 6. He couldn’t _________________ the painting without anyone knowing. 7. Let’s find my glasses. I must _______________ them somewhere on the terrace. 8. The weather has changed dramatically. It must __________ _________ for at least three hours. The city has come to a standstill. 9. Can Anna really ________________ for a job? Her husband earns enough to keep the family. 10. You may _______________ your wallet in the shopping mall. Or you may ________________ it in the car. 11. It rained every day during the weekend they spent in the country, so they can’t _______________ a good time. 12. Why is he red in the face? – He might ___________________. 34. Develop the situations using the hints given in brackets. Model: – Jill didn’t come to the party last night. (might / not want) 44 – Jill didn’t come to the party last night. She might not have wanted to see us. Perhaps she found some of our jokes offensive. 1. How on earth did the burglar get in? (must / break) 2. Harry didn’t look surprised when I told him the news. (may / know) 3. We haven’t seen Marian for over a week. (may / go) 4. Look, there is no one at the bus stop. (must / miss) 5. I wonder how they got to know about our plans. (might / guess) 6. I can’t understand why Pete didn’t look me up when he was in the office. (may / have) 7. It’s odd that they didn’t speak about their plans to move to New Zealand. (might / change) 8. I wonder why Alice hasn’t written to me for so long. (must / forget) 35. Paraphrase using the modal verbs may / might, can / could, must. 1. I’m sure that you haven’t met this woman before. 2. Nick can’t open the door. It seems to have got stuck. 3. I’m sure Val took your mobile phone by mistake. 4. It is possible that the two parties will not reach agreement tomorrow. 5. I doubt that she is trying to avoid Greg for fear of being asked personal questions. 6. Pay no attention to what the manager said. I’m sure he wasn’t serious. 7. It’s a pity you didn’t tell me the truth at once. I even felt a little hurt. 8. Let’s not wait any longer. It’s possible that Bill and Wendy won’t turn up at all. VOCABULARY EXTENSION 36. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words. JFK – John Fitzgerald Kennedy airport in New York VP – Vice President The NY-Lon Life Ron Kastner is a classic New Yorker: first off the plane, first out of the airport. Carrying a single small bag, he walks straight through ________________ (1 – emigration / immigration) and customs. He doesn’t look like he’s spent six hours in the air 45 (business class will do that to you). He owns a(n) ______________ (2 – apartment / flat) in the East Village in Manhattan, but tonight London is home: a flat in Belgravia, London’s wealthiest __________________ (3 – neighbourhood / suburb). Kastner is a _____________ (4 – citizen / resident) of a place called NY-LON, a(n) ____________ (5 – only / single) city _________________ (6 – inconveniently / uncomfortably) separated by an ocean. He flies ____________ (7 – among / between) the two cities up to five times a month. David Eastman lives there too. A Londoner who is a VP at Agency.com in New York, he travels the JFK-Heathrow __________ (8 – flight / route) so often he’s on a first-name basis with the Virgin Atlantic business class cabin __________ (9 – crew / team). As different as New York and London are, a _____________ (10 – shrinking / growing) number of people are living, working and playing in the two cities as if they were one. The cities are ____________ (11 – connected / drawn) together by a _____________ (12 – shared / diverse) language and culture, but mostly by money – more of which flows through Wall Street and the City each day than all the rest of the __________ (13 – global / world’s) financial centres combined. The boom in financial services attracted advertising agencies, accounting firms and management consultancies to __________ (14 – both / either) cities. Then came hotel and restaurant businesses, architecture and design, real estate and construction, air travel, tourism and other service industries. Trevor Beattie, the London-based creative director of an ad agency says ‘New York and London are both so trendy and so modern now _______________ (15 – regardless of / in terms of) fashion, art, photography, music.’ ‘We dream about each other’s cities,’ says a New Zealander who after twenty-five years in London bought a penthouse on New York’s Fifth Avenue. ‘If you’re in New York your dream is London, and if you’re in London your dream is New York.’ b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 46 37. Translate into English. Глобальное потепление, вызванное накоплением в атмосфере парниковых газов, проявляется в различных частях земного шара: ураганы, землетрясения, наводнения, засухи, пожары наносят непоправимый ущерб человеку и природе на всех континентах. Таяние снегов на горных вершинах уже привело к нехватке пресной воды в Африке. Подъем уровня моря приведет к затоплению огромной части суши. Проблема имеет глобальный характер. Во многих странах некомпетентность политиков и ученых привела к тому, что там, где когда-то стояли полные жизни города, сейчас пустыня. Но пустыни не появляются из ниоткуда. Они тоже – результат деятельности человека. Шестьдесят лет назад был популярен лозунг: “Покорим природу!” Человек бросил вызов природе в надежде улучшить мир. Все это время мы были ужасно расточительны, а наша планета стойко сносила все эксперименты. Наконец пришло время подумать о ближайшем будущем. HOME ACTIVITIES (6) 38. Read the text Deception Point and get ready to discuss it in class. 39. Give a brief summary of the following article in English. Use the suggested key words and word combinations. 47 to go back to invasion to settle to found a town to replace to charge a fee (for sth) treasury haven to sail up/down the river to (un)load the merchant class to challenge sb nobility to play a vital role to flourish ['flArIS] to give way to to diminish a drawbridge below to meet the demands to remove (beyond) terraced houses semidetached houses to migrate mansion office blocks high-rise blocks of flats neglected road transport to breathe new life into Лондон История Лондона прослеживаК востоку от Лондонского ется до эпохи Древнего Рима. моста расположен так Раньше историки считали, что он называемый Пул – лондонская существовал еще до первого гавань. Морские корабли вторжения войск Юлия Цезаря в поднимались по реке лишь до 54 году н.э., но современные этого места, и здесь же разархеологи считают, что гружались речные суда идущие Лондиниум был основан позже, от из верховьев Темзы. когда римляне прочно Торговля приносила большие утвердились на Британских остродоходы, и здесь прочно вах. Город заложили у построенукрепилось купеческое соного здесь моста, по которому дословие, бросившее вызов рога вела на север. власти монархов и В 460 году, после распада Римаристократии. ской империи, римляне покинули Дворянство селилось в Лондиниум. На смену им пришли западной части города. англо-саксы, построившие более Фактически, на северном примитивное поселение рядом с берегу Темзы рядом друг с римским городом. История Лондругом выросли два крупных дона нашла свое продолжение в го-рода: Сити, ставший районе, известном сегодня под центром торговли, и названием Олдуич (“Старый Вестминстер – политическая и город”). Каменный мост через культурная столица Англии. В Темзу, построенный в 1029 году, Сити были сосредоточены был достопримечательностью деньги, а в Вестминстере – города в последующие восемь власть. столетий. В то время на нем В XVIII веке обе части строили дома и лавки, за проход Лондона – Сити и Вестминстер по мосту взималась плата, которая – соединились на северном шла в казну города. берегу Темзы. Река играла 48 жизненно важную роль в развитии города. Начиная примерно с 1750 года, Лондон рос быстрее других городов Европы. Сити процветал. До 1850-х годов многие торговцы жили в так называемой Квадратной миле, но позже население этого района резко сократилось в связи с вошедшей в моду привычкой селиться в пригородах Лондона. Когда Сити превратился в финансовый центр, ряд промышленных предприятий переместили в восточную часть города. Разводной Тауэрский мост, сооруженный в 1894 году, обеспечил дорожное движение через Темзу, не препятствуя проходу судов. В начале XIX века старый речной порт, находившийся ниже Лондонского моста, уже не отвечал требованиям времени, и компании начали строить новые доки. В течение последующих ста лет разрослась крупнейшая в мире системы доков. С переводом на восток города промышленности из Сити и началом строительства первых доков Ист-Энд стал интенсивно заселяться рабочим классом. Здесь же селились иммигранты из Европы и других уголков мира. И хотя промышленные предприятия давно уже выведены за пределы британской столицы, местное население все так же ютится в переполненных домах ленточной постройки, резко контрастирующих с особняками Вест-Энда. В 20-30-е годы XX столетия вокруг старого Лондона выросли пригороды с плотной застройкой из домов на две семьи. Сам город стремительно развивался: этому способствовало появление предприятий американского типа с использованием электроэнергии и массовое переселение жителей из бедных районов Британии. После 1945 года викторианские здания в центре столицы уступили место высотным офисам, гостиницам и жилым домам. Хотя после 1939 года Лондон перестал расти и утратил былое промышленное значение, он остается одним из крупнейших городов мира. В 1970-х годах, с появлением крупных судов и развитием автодорожного транспорта старая система доков утратила свое значение. Более десяти лет огромные территории оставались заброшенными. Однако сегодня этот старый район города обрел современное лицо. Реконструированный в начале 1980-х годов Канарский причал, где раньше разгружали помидоры с Канарских островов, вдохнул новую жизнь в столицу. (По материалам журнала Древо Познания, 2006 г.) 49 Step IV CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7) GRAMMAR EXERCISES 40. Complete the sentences choosing the proper modal. 1. If the doctors give her a blood transfusion they … be able to save her life. (can / may / must) 2. Notice above petrol pump: All engines … be switched off. (must / should / are to) 3. I wonder who broke the vase yesterday. – It … not have been me as I was out all day yesterday. (can / might / must). 4. I’ve bought two pounds of carrots. – You … have bought carrots, we’ve got enough to last a month. (didn’t have to / needn’t / shouldn’t) 5. You … at least have thanked him for helping you out of trouble! (could / must / might) 6. The man … be intelligent but he has no common sense. (may / can / has to) 7. Gigantic cities like London and New York … be difficult to administer. (might / are to / must) 8. “What else … we have done under the circumstances?” Fiona exclaimed in despair. (could / might / should) 9. Sydney doesn’t often go to the opera. He … appreciate the new soprano. (must / can’t / may) 10. Being homeless … lead to frustration and alcoholism. (can / may / must) 11. Diane doesn’t answer the phone. What … she be doing? – She … be sleeping for all I know. She had a sleepless night. (can / may / must) TEXT 2 Cross-cultural Notes: 1. the Ivy League – a group of universities in the north-east of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Princeton, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College) with a very high academic reputation, status and prestige. The name comes from the ivy that grows on the old buildings of colleges. 2. the Wild West – the western part of the USA, where many European settlers moved during the 19th century to establish new farms and cities. It is thought of as a violent place where the law was not generally respected. 3. a manila envelope (folder) – an envelope (folder) made of strong brown paper. 4. to lynch sb – to take hold of a person thought to be guilty of a crime and kill them, especially by hanging, without a legal trial. Many people think of lynching in the context of the American Wild West and with the illegal killing of blacks in the South by the Ku-Klux-Klan. 5. Wal-Mart [‘wO:lLmQ:t] – any of a very large group of shops in the US selling a wide range of goods at low prices. The first WalMart Discount City was opened in 1962 by Sam Walton, who became one of the richest people in the US. Deception Point (an extract) By Dan Brown (abridged) Sedgewick Sexton – a senator running for presidency. Gabrielle Ashe – 24 years of age, a New York Ivy Leaguer, personal assistant to Senator Sexton, with dreams of being a senator herself one day. Marjorie Tench – the President’s senior advisor, blessed with the brains of a supercomputer and the warmth of one, at fifty-one, she looks seventy. She arranges a meeting with Gabrielle Ashe in her White House office. *** Gabrielle Ashe gazed at Marjorie Tench and felt a growing uneasiness. This woman was smart as hell and she was an unexpected twist. Tench leaned back in her chair, her hard features seeming to radiate pleasure with Gabriele’s discomfort. “Ms. Ashe, what do you know about a bill called the Space Commercialization Promotions Act?” Gabrielle had never heard of it. She shrugged, lost. “Really?” Tench said. “The bill was proposed back in 1996 by Senator Walker. It calls for the privatization of NASA by immediately selling off NASA assets to private aerospace companies and allowing the free-market system to explore space more efficiently, thus relieving the burden NASA now places on taxpayers. Congress has passed the space commercialization bill all four times it has seen it. Thankfully, the White House1 has vetoed it on all occasions. I have reason to believe Senator Sexton will support this bill if he becomes President.” “I’ve heard the arguments against privatizing space,” Gabrielle said, “and I understand your concerns. “Do you?” Tench leaned toward her. “Which arguments have you heard?” Gabrielle shifted uneasily. “Well, the standard academic fears mostly – the most common being that if we privatize NASA, our current pursuit of scientific space knowledge would be quickly abandoned in favor of profitable ventures.” “True. Space science would die. Instead of spending money to study our universe, private space companies would strip-mine asteroids, build tourist hotels in space, offer commercial satellite launch services. Why would private companies bother studying the origins of our universe when it would cost them billions and show no financial return? But the abandonment of science in favor of profits is a side issue,” Tench said. “Hardly relevant compared to the utter chaos that would result by permitting the private sector to run free in space. We would have the wild west all over again. We would see pioneers staking claims on the moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with force. I’ve heard petitions from companies who want to build neon billboards that blink advertisements in the nighttime sky. I’ve seen petitions from space hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include ejecting their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash heaps. In fact, I just read a proposal yesterday from a company that wants to turn space into a mausoleum by launching the deceased into orbit. Can you imagine our telecommunications satellites colliding with dead bodies? Last week, I had a billionaire CEO in my office who was petitioning to launch a mission to a near-field asteroid, drag it closer to earth, and mine it for precious minerals. I actually had to remind him that dragging asteroids into near earth orbit posed potential risks of global catastrophe! Ms. Ashe, I can 1 The White House – (here) the President assure you, if this bill passes, the throngs of entrepreneurs rushing into space will not be rocket scientists. They will be entrepreneurs with deep pockets and shallow minds.” “Persuasive arguments,” Gabrielle said, “and I’m sure the senator would weigh those issues carefully if he ever found himself in a position to vote on the bill. Might I ask what any of this has to do with me?” Tench’s gaze narrowed. “Do you know how much Senator Sexton spends on media advertising? More than three million a month.” Gabrielle shrugged. “If you say so. Come to your point, or I’m leaving.” Tench reached for a manila folder, pulled out a small stack of stapled papers and handed them to Gabrielle. “Sexton’s financial records.” Gabrielle studied the documents in astonishment. She sensed this data was authentic – banking accounts, credit card accounts, loans, stock assets, real estate assets, debts, capital gains and losses. “This is private data. Where did you get this?” “My source is not your concern. But if you spend more time studying these figures, you will clearly see that Senator Sexton does not have the kind of money he is currently spending.” “We have a lot of donations.” “Yes, some of them legal.” Tench leaned across the desk. “Gabrielle Ashe, are you aware that Senator Sexton is accepting enormous illegal campaign bribes from aerospace companies who have billions to gain from the privatization of NASA?” Gabrielle stared. “That’s an absurd allegation!” Tench smiled coldly. “Gabrielle, I understand that Senator Sexton has shared a lot of himself with you, but I assure you there is plenty you do not know about the man. Your candidate’s illegal funding is a fact. I’m sorry. I know you trust him. I’d like to offer you a chance to do the right thing. If you can do what I am about to ask, perhaps you could even earn yourself a place on the President’s team.” She lowered her voice. “Look, here’s the point. The President and I will go public with the funding issue if we must, but this scandal involves several major U.S. corporations breaking the law. A lot of innocent people will pay the price. What the President and I are hoping for here … is some other way to discredit the senator’s ethics. Simply put, we would like you to publicly admit that you had an affair with the senator.” Gabrielle’s entire body went rigid. Tench sounded utterly certain of herself. Impossible, Gabrielle knew. The sex had happened only once. Gabrielle fought to retain her steady tone. “You assume a lot, Ms. Tench.” “Which? That you had an affair? Or that you would abandon your candidate?” “Both.” Tench walked to her wall safe and returned with a red manila folder. It was stamped with the White House seal. As dozens of color photographs spilled out onto the desk, Gabrielle saw her entire career come crashing down before her. She stormed out of Marjorie Tench’s office. Marjorie Tench caught up with Gabrielle outside the room. The President’s senior adviser was carrying the red envelope of photos. “Senator Sexton swore to the world that you two are platonic associates. He looked the American people in the eye and told a lie. The public has a right to know. And they will know. The only question is how the public finds out. We believe it’s best coming from you.” Gabrielle was stunned. “You really think I’m going to help lynch my own candidate?” Tench’s face hardened. “I’m giving you a chance to save everyone a lot of embarrassment by holding your head high and telling the truth. My offer is simple: sign a statement admitting your affair, and these photos never need to see the light of day. We’ll deal with the Senator quietly. You’ll need to decide fast, Ms. Ashe,” Tench said as they neared the exit. “A statement on my desk by eight o’clock tonight. Be smart.” She tossed Gabrielle the folder of photographs on her way out. *** I’ve got to talk to Sexton! Gabrielle thought. She dug out her cellphone and called the senator’s private number. His voice mail answered. Puzzled, she phoned the senator’s office. The secretary answered. “It’s Gabrielle. The senator is not picking up his private line. Is he in? I need to talk to him right away.” “He’s at Westbrook. He blocked off tonight as a P.E.” Personal Event. In all the excitement, Gabrielle had forgotten Sexton had scheduled himself a night alone at home. He was very particular about not being disturbed during his P.E. blocks. Bang on my door only if the building is on fire, he would say. Other than that, it can wait until tomorrow. Gabrielle decided Sexton’s building was definitely on fire. *** The doorman at the front desk of the Westbrook Place Apartments looked surprised to see Gabrielle. “Ms. Ashe? I didn’t know you were stopping by tonight. The senator gave me a list, but you weren’t –” “They always forget the people who help them most.” She gave a smile and strode past him toward the elevator. Riding the elevator to the ninth floor, Gabrielle exited and made her way down the elegant hallway. At the end, outside Sexton’s doorway, she could see one of his bodyguards sitting in the hall. He jumped to his feet as she approached. “I know,” Gabrielle called out. “It’s a P.E. night. But it’s an emergency.” The guard physically blocked the doorway. “He’s in a private meeting.” “Really?” Gabrielle pulled the red envelope from under her arm. She flashed the White House seal in the man’s face. “I was just in the Oval Office. I need to give the senator this information. If I don’t talk to him immediately, we can all start looking for jobs tomorrow morning. Do you understand?” The guard unlocked the door and Gabrielle entered the apartment. Now inside the foyer, she could hear men’s voices in Sexton’s den. As Gabrielle moved down the hall toward the den, she passed an open closet with half a dozen expensive men’s coats and several briefcases inside. One of the briefcases caught her eye. The nameplate bore a distinctive company logo. A bright red rocket. She paused, kneeling down to read it: SPACE AMERICA, INC. Puzzled, she examined the other briefcases. BEAL AEROSPACE. MICROCOSM, INC. ROTARY ROCKET COMPANY. KISTLER AEROSPACE. Marjorie Tench’s voice echoed in her mind. Are you aware that Sexton is accepting bribes from private aerospace companies? Gabriel’s pulse began racing as she moved to the senator’s den. She stood soundlessly in the shadows … listening to the conversation beyond. “As you know,” Sexton said, “over the past months, I have met with many men in your same position. You are the only ones I have ever brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to meet you.” Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. He let his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his guests. “I am well aware,” the senator said, addressing everyone now, “that several of your companies have offered to launch private space shuttles for as little as fifty million dollars per flight. And yet NASA undercuts you by charging only thirty-eight million dollars per flight … even though their actual flight cost is over one hundred and fifty million dollars!” “It’s how they keep us out of space,” one of the men said. “The private sector cannot possibly compete with a company that can afford to run shuttle flights at a four hundred percent loss and still stay in business.” “It has become painfully clear,” Sexton said, his voice darkening, “that NASA is working very hard to stifle competition in space. They crowd out private aerospace businesses by pricing services below market value.” “It’s the Wal-Marting of space,” the Texan2 said. Damn good analogy, Sexton thought. I’ll have to remember that. Wal-Mart was notorious for moving into a new territory, selling products below market value, and driving all local competition out of business. The Texan – (here) the man representing Space Industries of Houston, Texas. 2 “Gentlemen,” he said, stopping dramatically in front of the fire. “It’s time Americans understand that NASA is not leading us skyward, but rather is stifling space exploration. Space is no different than any other industry. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it belongs. I believe we should let the free-market system spur us to the new heights in space.” Sexton lifted his snifter of cognac. “My friends, you came here tonight to decide if I am someone worthy of your trust. My message to you tonight is simple: Invest in me, and I will never forget you. With your help, my friends, soon I will be in the White House … and you will all be launching your dreams.” Only fifteen feet away, Gabrielle Ashe stood in the shadows, rigid. From the den came the harmonious clink of crystal snifters and the crackle of the fire. COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 41. Give the Russian for: to radiate pleasure; to shift uneasily; profitable ventures; to show no financial return; a side issue; neon billboards; to have an affair with sb; doorman; to stop by; to drive (sb) out of business. 42. Find the English for пожать плечами; заниматься добычей драгоценных металлов; усопший; убедительные доводы; ближе к делу; это не ваша забота; абсурдное измышление; сделать (что-то) достоянием общественности; это срочное дело; продавать ниже рыночной стоимости; печально известный; 43. Answer the questions: 1. How does the writer characterize Gabrielle Ashe? How does his description change when he speaks about Marjorie Tench? How does Ms. Tench’s behaviour at the beginning of their meeting testify to her description? 2. What made Marjorie Tench invite Gabrielle Ashe to the White House? What did she start the conversation with? Why? 3. What stand did the White House take on the problem? What made Marjorie Tench believe that if NASA was privatized, space science would die? What arguments did she give to support her fears? Why did she make reference to the wild west? Why wasn’t the expression capitalized? What did it signify? 4. How did Marjorie Tench come to the point of the meeting? What made Gabrielle think the senator’s financial records were authentic? What did they indicate? What did Marjorie Tench accuse the senator of? 5. What was it that Ms. Tench suggest Gabrielle should do? What lay at the root of her suggestion – disgust, political intrigue or an attempt to recruit a new member for the Presidential team? 6. If the senator’s financial records could prove that he received bribes, why didn’t Marjorie Tench want to go public with it? Why did she decide to resort to blackmailing Gabrielle? How could Senator Sexton’s ethics be discredited? Why did Ms. Tench say that the President and she wanted to deal with the senator quietly? Was that the real reason for her actions? 7. What did Gabrielle feel like when she left the White House? Did she still stand by her candidate or was she ready to abandon him? What did she decide to do? 8. Why couldn’t Gabrielle get the senator on his private line? Why did she decide to break his orders and go to Westbrook? 9. What facts prove that Senator Sexton was having a top secret private meeting? How did Gabrielle manage to get inside his apartment? What made her realize who the senator’s guests were? 10. What arguments did his guests give to support the idea of private space projects? What did they accuse NASA of? Why did the Texan call NASA’s policies the Wal-Marting of space? What psychological tricks did Senator Sexton resort to in order to convince his guests of his loyalty to their cause? What promise did he give to them? 11. Can you guess what Gabrielle Ashe felt like? What, in your opinion, was the next thing for her to do? HOME ACTIVITIES (7) 44. Give a brief retelling of the text and express your viewpoint on the problems raised by the writer. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8) WORD BUILDING 45. a) Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given in the right-hand column: Sour times The sea is becoming more (1) ____________. That is not good news if you live in it. At the moment, the world’s oceans absorb a million tonnes of carbon dioxide an hour. (2) __________ that is only a third of the rate at which (3) ___________ dumps the stuff into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, but it helps to slow down (4) __________ warming. However, what is a blessing for the atmosphere turns out to be a curse for the oceans. When carbon dioxide (5) ___________ in water it forms carbonic acid. At the moment, sea water is (6) ______________ alkaline (щелочной) – but it is becoming less so all the time. Many sea species have shells or skeletons made of calcium carbonate, just like chalk. If you drop chalk into acid it fizzes away to nothing. Marine (7) ___________ worry that some species will soon be unable to make their (8) ______________ homes. Dr. Andrew Knoll, of Harvard University, drew a (9) _____________ that the species most at risk are corals. (10)______________ suggest that if today’s trends continue, the alkalinity of the ocean is likely to fall (11) _____________ in the near future. That may make some places, such as the Southern Ocean, (12) ________________________ for corals. (13) ______________ evidence suggests that the (14) ______________ of corals may (15) _________________ effect the marine food web. acid admit human globe solve nature biology protect conclude calculate consider inhabit experiment extinct drama (After The Economist, February 2008.) b) Answer the questions. GRAMMAR EXERCISES Might (just) as well suggestion unpleasant comparison с таким же успехом, вполне, почему бы не You might as well call Mike’s office tomorrow. There’s nobody in there now. – Вы с таким же успехом можете (вы вполне могли бы) позвонить на работу Майку завтра. Там сейчас никого нет. 46. Translate into Russian. 1. You might just as well say that everyone is wrong but you. 2. It’s too late to go out, we might as well have a quiet evening at home. 3. Susan has spent only a month in Paris but for her it might as well have been a whole life. 4. The pop-star’s bodyguard didn’t look competent enough. He might as well have traveled alone. 5. If you believe his words, you might as well believe in ghosts and alien invaders. 6. It was a waste of time to ask Steve for help. You might as well have approached a stone wall. 7. Neither Greg nor Sondra liked the movie. They might just as well have stayed at home and watched an old comedy. 8. They charge so much for repairs that we might as well buy a new DVD player. 47. Develop the situations as in the model: Model: – No one will eat this food. (to throw away) – No one will eat this food. It might as well be thrown away. 1. Milly cannot find a good job in London. (to return to her home town). 2. Vera spends days in the laboratory working at the project. (to promote). 3. Nina looks very nervous and frustrated. (to leave in peace) 4. Though the tickets were very expensive, the musical turned out to be a complete failure. (to give money to charity) 5. Our trip to Italy was spoiled by snow and frost. (to go to the Arctic Circle) 6. Joyce works long hours for very little money. (to stay at home) 7. The travel agency will be closed by the time you get there. (to go tomorrow) 8. You call that wine? (to use sth as vinegar) physical and mental ability possibility due to circumstances request permission prohibition doubt disbelief request MAY permission prohibition supposition with a shade of doubt supposition with stronger doubt MIGHT reproach duty, obligation, necessity MUST request prohibition strong advice near certainty forced necessity HAVE TO absence of necessity NEED absence of necessity for a performed action necessity in form of advice SHOULD OUGHT TO criticism of a past action necessity in form of an arrangement TO BE TO asking for instructions SHALL in rulings and laws polite request WILL CAN COULD 48. Gabriel Ashe has just told the news to her friend Yolanda Cole. Act as Yolanda expressing your attitude to the information and give advice wherever necessary. Model: G – Just imagine, the person who called me to the White House was Marjorie Tench! (surprise / doubt) Y – Can it have been Ms. Tench? It can’t have been her, she’s the President’s senior adviser. What did she need you for? 1. She spoke about a bill called the Space Commercialization Promotions Act. I had never heard about it before. (supposition with a shade of doubt) 2. Imagine, Congress has passed the Space Commercialization Bill all four times it has seen it. (surprise / doubt; near certainty) 3. Tench thinks that if NASA is privatized, space science will die. (strong advice) 4. She has heard petitions from companies who want to build neon billboards that blink advertisements in the nighttime sky. (doubt / disbelief; advice) 5. In fact, there have been petitions from space hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include ejecting their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash heaps. (supposition with a shade of doubt; advice) 6. Then Ms. Tench showed me Sexton’s financial records. (disbelief / doubt; near certainty) 7. She claims my candidate is accepting bribes from aerospace companies. (surprise; supposition with a shade of doubt) 8. That terrible woman suggested that I should help her discredit the senator’s ethics. (duty / obligation / necessity; advice) 9. And what if she goes public with compromising photos? (forced necessity; absence of necessity) 10. The awful thing happened later, I overheard the senator’s conversation with aerospace men. He is really involved with them. (disbelief; supposition with a shade of doubt) 11. Shall I phone Tench? I am to give her a written statement by 8 o’clock. (advice; absence of necessity) 49. Express your opinion and support it using the vocabulary of the unit. Who do you side with? Marjorie Tench: Private companies won’t study the origins of our universe if it costs them billions and shows no financial return. They will abandon science in favour of profits. Permitting the private sector to run free in space may bring back the wild west again. There will be pioneers staking claims on the moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with force. Senator Sexton: Space is no different than any other industry, and keeping the private sector grounded verges on a criminal act. Consider the computer industry, in which we see such an explosion of progress that we can barely keep up from week to week! Why? Because the computer industry is a free-market system: It rewards efficiency and vision with profits. Imagine if the computer industry were government-run? We would still be in the dark ages. We are stagnating in space. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it belongs. Americans would be stunned by the growth, jobs and realized dreams. I find sb/sth... I have the impression that... In my opinion, ... pragmatic trustworthy broad-minded practical enterprising (un)reliable Personally, I... I feel that... I think that... (un)reasonable ambitious irresponsible HOME ACTIVITIES (8) 50. a) Complete the sentences with phrases made of noun combinations given in the box. environmental disaster / threat authors / report century / middle challenges / urgency earth / health destruction / environment group / latest report organization / Sims population / world The Earthguard Institute has issued a report warning of the threat of environmental disaster by (1) _________________________ unless we do something soon. “ (2) _________________________ facing us requires action now,” said Dennis Sims, one of (3) _________________ _______________ . (4) _______________________ is a watchdog group that regularly issues reports on (5) _________________________ and its people. According to (6) __________________________ , rising temperatures, falling water supplies and shrinking forests are problems that will only get worse as (7) __________________________ increases to 9 billion by 2050. “People’s optimism about the future is blinding them to the potential for worldwide disaster,” Sims warned. “We must try to reduce global warming by replacing coal and oil with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. If we continue (8) ______ ________________, our grandchildren will inherit a wasteland.” 51. Prepare a three-minute talk on “Scientific and industrial development – curse or blessing for the planet”. Step V CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (9) Give it another brush 52. Match the beginning of each sentence with a suitable ending. 1. You must have met some celebrities 2. You can’t have lived in Tokyo for ten years 3. Joe shouldn’t hang out in clubs 4. Mr. Tolland may find it difficult to settle down 5. You don’t have to get up yet if 6. Mary shouldn’t have gone out 7. You needn’t have taken so many warm clothes as 8. Sharon can’t be tired when 9. You might have warned us that 10. Zoe was able to get an insurance discount as a. when he has a job interview the next day. b. when she was supposed to stay in bed. c. our business partners were arriving earlier than scheduled. d. without learning some Japanese. e. she has just had a twoweek holiday. f. she had never had a single road accident. g. during your stay in Hollywood. h. after sailing the oceans for so many years. i. you are not going to university today. j. as it is always warm and sunny in these parts. 53. Choose the correct phrase to complete the situation. 1. You don’t have to stay unless it’s necessary / if you don’t want to. 2. Firefighters must feel afraid sometimes. They are supposed to. / It’s only natural. 3. Customers can’t come in here. It isn’t allowed. / I don’t think it’s a good idea. 4. All motorcyclists must wear crash helmets. It’s a good idea. / It’s the rule. 5. You should leave now. That’s my advice. / That’s an order. 6. The maid must have stolen the pearl necklace. She was ordered to. / There is no other explanation. 7. You needn’t have bought any wine. There isn’t any. / There is plenty. 8. Julius can’t have spent all the money he has just inherited. He wasn’t able to. / I’m sure he hasn’t. 54. Choose the correct grammar form. 1. The morning was dull and rainy, but the sun had appeared by the time the travellers reached the foot of the mountain and they … (could / were able to) climb it quite quickly. 2. I … (couldn’t have found / haven’t been able to find) my organizer for two days. It’s terribly inconvenient. 3. I have no idea where my cousin is now. He … (can / might) as well be in the Himalayas for all I know. 4. Jenny … (must / can’t) be very proud of her husband winning the Pulitzer Prize. 5. We expected our American partners to visit us when they were in Glasgow last week, but they didn’t. I suppose they … (might be / must have been) too busy. 6. I wonder what made you stay at that party. You … (might / can’t) have enjoyed mixing with all those boring people. 7. Please check your report again. These figures are not accurate. You … (must / can’t) have been distracted when you added them up. 8. You … (should have been / must be) thirsty after moving this heavy piano. Shall I make you a cup of tea? 55. Complete the letter with proper phrases based on the hints in the box. may / to see may/ to leave could / to come may / not / to do could / not / to leave may / to find could / to fall may / to visit Sophie, It was good to see you last week and to get your e-mail yesterday. Sorry to hear you lost that rare Celtic folk music CD on the journey home. I’ve looked for it, but it definitely isn’t in my car. I think you (1)________________________ it on the train. Why not phone the lost property office? It (2)________________________ down the side of your seat. Someone (3)_________________________ it and handed it in. Of course, if they like Celtic music, they (4)______________________! Anyway, as far as I remember, you (5)________________________ it here, because you were listening to it on the way to the station. And now my news. Guess what? I (6)____________________________ to your part of the country next week! There is a conference in your town which my boss wanted to attend, but now he’s heard that some important clients (7)__________________ our office at that time. So, we (8)_____________________each other sooner than we expected. Let’s hope so. Of course it’s not settled yet. I’ll email you as soon as I know for certain. See you, Stella 56. Complete the sentences. 1. Steve nearly overslept this morning. He should have… 2. The plane lost one engine, but fortunately the crew were able… 3. The streets are clogged with traffic today, so I may … 4. My husband doesn’t really like his new job, so he might … 5. Most of my peers have passed that exam, so it can’t be … 6. I don’t know why our partners haven’t arrived. They may have… 7. If you want to get fit, you should… 8. The tourists were so short of money that they had to… 9. The taxi broke down on our way to the airport, but luckily we were able to… 10. Jess could… when she was six, but she couldn’t… 57. Translate into English. 1. Ты был не так уж сильно занят. Ты мог бы мне помочь с составлением отчета. Это было исключительно важным для моей дальнейшей карьеры. 2. Не может быть, чтобы он до сих пор зависел от своих родителей. Ему уже далеко за тридцать. 3. Компания, скорее всего, не смогла поставить топливо в этот отдаленный северный город из-за некомпетентности нового руководства. 4. Вам следовало быть более терпимым к мнению своих коллег. Различия во мнениях иногда могут привести к неожиданно удачным решениям. 5. Неужели территория этой страны постепенно уменьшается? Чем это может быть вызвано? – Это, вероятно, вызвано глобальным потеплением и повышением уровня моря. 6. Местным властям следовало лучше подумать об объектах социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания, когда они планировали строительство этого района. 7. Павел, возможно, был подавлен и расстроен, но ему не следовало так грубо разговаривать с секретарем. Она явно сыта по горло его поведением. Интересно, сколько она еще выдержит, прежде, чем уволится. 8. Вы зря потратили столько времени, объясняя Джеку и Стиву подробности нашего плана. Первому уже были даны необходимые инструкции, а второй не принимает участия в проекте. 58. a) Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs. All those people who say that the weather ______________________ (1 – not/to be) normal recently are right. However, since there is really no such thing as normal weather, they probably mean something else. If they ________________________ (2 – to mean) that average summer temperatures ________________________ (3 – to get) warmer, then they are certainly correct. In fact, it is not just the summer temperature, but the general average temperature of the whole world that _________________________ (4 – steadily/to move up). The signs are everywhere. There are small signs. For example, butterflies in North America _______________________ (5 – to move) about 60 miles north of where they used to live. There are also very large signs. Huge masses of ice in mountain glaciers and the Arctic ___________________ (6 – to melt). The famous snow cap on Africa’s Mount Kiliminjaro is known ___________________________(7 – almost/to disappear). Actually, ice or snow doesn’t really disappear, it turns into water, flows into the ocean and makes sea levels ______________________ (8 – to rise). Why __________________________ (9 – this/happen)? One answer is that it could simply be part of a natural process. After all, there __________________________ (10 – to be) long periods of warmth in the planet’s history. So we could just__________________________ (11 – to experience) another warming trend. This kind of answer _____________________ (12 – to have) more supporters a few years ago. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause. For more than two hundred years, humans are believed ____________________________ (13 – gradually/to change) the atmosphere, mainly as a result of industrial pollution. We _________________________ (14 – to create) an atmosphere around the earth that, like a giant glass container, lets heat from the sun through and holds it inside. Will temperatures and sea levels keep __________________ (15 – to rise)? ______________ (16 – modal) we just move to higher ground and throw away our winter coats? The answer depends on where you live. If you ____________________(17 – to live) on the coast of Florida, the answer _________________(18 – to be) a definite yes. However, if you live in northern Europe, your temperatures___________________(19 – modal) soon be on the way down. All that fresh water _____________________(20 – to pour) into the Atlantic _____________________________(21 – to change) the circulation patterns in the ocean. As a consequence, the current of air that flows towards Europe _______________ (22 – to become) much cooler. According to one prediction, winter in London _______________________ (23 – to be likely/to become) much more like winter in Copenhagen. b) Discuss the text. UNIT 5 TOPICS: 1. English as a global language. 2. Political correctness. GRAMMAR: Forms expressing unreality: Conditionals Unreal wishes Step I LEAD IN 1. a) Answer the questions: Do you come from a monolingual or bilingual family? What is your mother tongue? What countries is this language spoken in (are these languages spoken in)? What languages are spoken in your mother country? Why is it essential for you to learn the English language? b) Look through the list of countries below and say in which of them English is spoken as a native (first) language and as a second language. Ireland Malta Guyana the USA New Zealand the UK Canada the Netherlands Kenya India Australia Sri Lanka 2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is. (1.5 min.) Babel ['beIbl] Babylon ['bWbIlRn] divine [dI'vaIn] theologians [LYi:R'lRudGRn] Magellan [mR'gelRn] vaccine ['vWksi:n] diaspora [daI'WspRrR] Noah’s Ark ['nRuRz'Q:k] Jonas Salk ['dGRunRs'sO:k] – a US scientist who produced the first successful vaccine against polio. 'maverick – an independent person who has ideas and behaviour that are very different from other people’s. The Epic of Gilgamesh – originally written before 1900 B.C., it is probably the oldest written story in the world describing the Sumerian [su'mIRrIRn] King Gilgamesh of Uruk in Babylonia. power broker – a person or country that has a lot of influence and uses it to control other people or countries. Return to Babel It is one of the grandest epics of the Bible, a story shrouded in such mystery that thousands of years later archaeologists, historians, theologians and linguists are only beginning to understand its true significance. In ancient Babylon (modern-day Iraq), the scientific and theological elite of that day gathered together to put the finishing touches on the Empire State Building or the Space Shuttle of that era – the legendary Tower of Babel. Though their faces may have been colored black, white, brown, yellow and red, these engineers, astronomers and spiritualists were of one mind. They had channeled their social energy into constructing “a tower that would reach unto heaven.” Yet due to divine intervention, their plans would not succeed: God struck the legions with a sudden jolt from the blue. In an instant the masses were unable to understand or communicate with one another in a single language. The construction of the Tower – most likely an astrological observatory – came to an abrupt halt. In due course all of the world’s population then began to scatter to the four corners of the earth. And the global language of Babel was diffused into ten thousand different tongues; most of them never developed an alphabet. Linguists today can trace all of the world’s languages back to three major branches. This is known as the “language tree.” Evidence of an ancient universal language is not difficult to find. Examples of linguistic similarities in diverse languages and cultures are legion. Culturally, the story of Noah’s Ark can be found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Greek writings and in both American Indian and Aboriginal folklore. How did these scattered and isolated cultures all develop the Ark legend unless all mankind at Babel once shared in them? Despite God’s intervention at Babel, mankind seems to be able to do anything. The Pyramids, voyages of Columbus and Magellan, vaccines of Jonas Salk have given way to cloning, genetic engineering, organ transplants, space flight and perhaps colonization of other planets. Fueling these bold and maverick initiatives is the use of English as a global language. It is no small accident that this transformation is occurring in this present age. The study and use of English is channeling the diverse thoughts, talents and energies of the world’s population into a single language and worldview – just as a single language did in the ancient days of Babel. The total number of languages spoken in the world today is just over 6,000 – down from 10,000 at the height of the Babel Diaspora. By A.D. 2100 that number will have shrunk to 3,000 – most of them minor tongues spoken by a relative handful of tribes and peoples. As the global drive to learn English eats up those remaining languages it will also consume many or all of the aspects of those cultures. Today English is increasingly being used as a force for the linguistic and cultural colonization of the world by the transnational power brokers. (After Anthony C. LoBaido) b) Sum up the text in three sentences. c) Scan the text for details. d) Answer the teacher’s questions. e). Find examples of linguistic similarities in your mother tongue and/or European languages. novus (Latin) tag (German) Dad (English) tres (Spanish) vidhava (Sanskrit) deux (French) swistar (Gothic) nosis (Lithuanian) GeonGe (Old English) 3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs. to in'dulge (oneself) in sth – to allow yourself to have or do something that you enjoy It all started when I saw a little ad in a magazine that ____________ (1 – to read): “Follow your dreams.” I ___________ ________________ (2 – always / to dream) of seeing other parts of the world, meeting people of different cultures, and communicating in a language that was different from my native one. Frequently, I pictured myself in front of an international crowd _______________ (3 – to give) a speech in a language that everyone would understand. ______________ (4 – to learn) a language would make me ____________ (5 – to become) a part of an international community, a part of this world. I always enjoyed the thought of ____________ (6 – to be) a world citizen even when I was only five years old. Years passed, and I was lucky enough to study in one of the best colleges in my country where the instruction _________________ (7 – to conduct) in English. It was the influence of my Dad that made me ____________ (8 – to decide) on learning English. He told me that if I ________________ (9 – to learn) how to speak English, I ________ _____________ (10 – to have) friends all around the world. I decided that the best way __________________ (11 – to understand) a culture and their people was by ________________ (12 – to live) in a country for a period of time. During those years, I met many people from all around the world, some of whom I _____________ (13 – to become) very good friends with. I had a fabulous experience __________________ (14 – to study) abroad and _______________ (15 – to indulge) myself into knowledge and information. So by the age of twenty-four, I ____________________ (16 – already / to live) in three continents. I accumulated great memories by having the opportunity to sit in a class with internationals whom I ended up _______________ (17 – to do) business with. I gained much wisdom ______________ (18 – to work) in different countries in _______________ (19 – to challenge) situations. These international experiences brought new perspectives to my life. I feel I _________________ (20 – to create) a culture and a lifestyle of my own and a hometown that has no boundaries. I __________________ (21 – to make) the world my hometown. (After Fati Erdogan, Global Study Magazine 1.2) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. VOCABULARY EXTENSION 4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words. hegemony [hI'gemRnI / 'hedGRmRnI] English is a West ... (1 – German/Germanic) language which is the ... (2 – dominant/domineering) language in the United Kingdom, the United States, many Commonwealth nations ... (3 – including/comprising) Australia, Canada, Malta and other former British colonies. It is also a dominant or official language in many countries ... (4 – formerly/lately) under British rule. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, ... (5 – economical/economic), scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the early 20th century to the present. The current ... (6 – status/position) of the English language at the start of the new millennium compares with that of Latin in the past. English is the most widely learned and used foreign language in the world, and some linguists believe that it is no longer the ... (7 – essential/exclusive) cultural emblem of 'native English speakers', but rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it grows in use. Others believe that there are limits to how far English can go in ... (8 – matching/suiting) everyone for communication purposes. There are numerous arguments for and against English as a ... (9 – world/global) language. On the one hand, having a global language aids in communication and in ... (10 – gathering/pooling) information (for example, in the scientific community). On the other hand, it leaves out those who, for one reason or another, are not ... (11 – fluent/good) in the global language. It can also marginalize populations whose ... (12 – first/mother) language is not the global language, and lead to a cultural hegemony of the populations speaking the global language as a first language. A ... (13 – second/secondary) concern with respect to the spread of global languages is the resulting disappearance of minority languages, often along with the cultures and religions that are primarily transmitted in those languages. Language death caused by English has been particularly pronounced in areas such as Australia and North America where speakers of ... (14 – native/indigenous) languages have been displaced or absorbed by speakers of English in the process of colonization. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (1) 5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 1 – 3 and find the English for эпос; богословы; космический челнок; Вавилонская башня; Вавилон; райские небеса; божественное вмешательство; гром небесный; моментально, молниеносно; со временем, в свое время; языковое древо; имеется множество примеров; Ноев ковчег; сказание о Гильгамеше; трансплантация органов; вовсе не случайно; направлять различные идеи и энергию в…; представлять себя (в воображении); гражданин мира; потрясающее впечатление; набраться мудрости; основной (преобладающий) язык; страны Британского Содружества; употребляться все шире и шире; исключать, не учитывать; по той или иной причине; родной язык; быть явным, сильно выраженным; поглощать. b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts. 6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4). CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2) 7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected. 1. King Henry VIII was a man of diverse talents: he studied religion, wrote poetry and composed music. 2. Beowulf is the oldest Germanic long poem written in Old English. 3. His sudden death came as God’s punishment. 4. In classical Greek tragedy unexpected endings were often due to the interference of Gods. 5. The committee will announce the results of the investigation later, when it is the right time. 6. The earthquake flattened the whole city centre within minutes. 7. It’s not by chance that the police officer stopped him. 8. He decided to direct all his energies towards his career. 9. In recent decades the Russian language has borrowed a great number of words from English. Numerous examples can be given. 10. William couldn’t imagine himself as a father. 11. The whole thing must have been an extremely pleasant and interesting experience for you. 12. Arabic is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East. 13. Sometimes Poirot would speak with a heavy foreign accent. 14. If your mother tongue is Estonian you will be able to understand Finnish. 15. Over the centuries they gradually made Islamic traditions in architecture part of their own culture. 16. Marcus was to speak at the conference but for some reason he failed to turn up. 8. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with. (1) Вся мировая общественность взволнована процессом глобализации: глобализацией в политике, глобализацией в экономике, растущими огромными международными корпорациями, международным бизнесом – все эти явления выдвигают задачу формирования “глобального” средства общения. “Глобальная деревня” – это Земля, а для нее – “глобальный язык”. Крупный британский ученый Дэвид Кристал, валлиец по национальности, автор известной книги “Английский язык как глобальный”, написал еще одну очень интересную книгу – “Смерть языков”. Он обнаружил, что языки сейчас стремительно умирают и в среднем каждые две недели на земле умирает какой-то язык. По его прогнозам, эта цифра скоро достигнет очень значительных размеров. (2) Глобализация мира и особенно языка ставит очень серьезные проблемы. Взволновались носители всех других языков. Необходимо привлечь внимание к опасностям, которые таит в себе этот процесс. В нашей стране сейчас обсуждаются проекты, по которым в средних школах будет преподаваться один иностранный язык – английский. Как только родители и дети стали сами выбирать язык, изучение английского выросло на 60-80 процентов. Это серьезная проблема мирового масштаба. Представляете, что получится, если мы все будем смотреть на мир глазами англоязычных народов? (3) Глобализация языка опасна и для англоязычных народов. Сейчас и культура, заложенная в английском языке, и даже национальная идентичность англоязычных народов как бы выставлены напоказ и стали достоянием всего мира, их язык перестал быть их щитом. Китайская и японская культуры охраняются их языками, чтобы проникнуть в японскую культуру, сначала надо выучить ее язык. (4) Нам надо поднимать престиж России. Посмотрите, сколько сил и денег тратят и Америка, и Англия на создание центров английского языка по всему миру. Мы же очень мало обращаем внимания на создание центров русистики за рубежом, а это главное средство продвижения собственной культурной идеологии, своих взглядов. Я студентам объясняю: мы готовим вас к международному общению, владея иностранными языками, вы будете интересны своим партнерам, прежде всего знанием своего культурного мира, знание же их мира нужно вам, чтобы их лучше понять. Надо показывать Россию не только глазами английских корреспондентов, а Россию глазами русских на английском языке. (По материалам интервью профессора МГУ С. Тер-Минасовой, Круг жизни, 2000, № 16) b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.) (1) международный бизнес (world / international / global); ученый (scientist / scholar / researcher); обнаружил (discovered / found out / found); умирают (die out / perish / extinguish); (2) ставит серьезные проблемы (rises / raises / poses); привлечь внимание (attract attention / pay attention / draw attention); проблема мирового масштаба (global / world-scale / international problem) (3) охраняются (protected / shielded / safeguarded); проникнуть (to penetrate / to get to know / to get into); (4) за рубежом (abroad / overseas / foreign); продвижения (pushing forward / promoting / advancing); культурный мир (cultural background / cultural heritage / cultural world) c) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (2) 9. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases: The article deals with... to be worried; growing MNCs; Global Village; global language; David Crystal; to shrink; According to Professor Ter-Minasova... to pose danger (to); dominant language; to increase by ... per cent; global scale; Anglophones; The article goes on to say that... To endanger sb/sth; national identity; to be exposed to; shield; to absorb; Professor Ter-Minasova points out that... to aim at sth/doing sth; to cross out; to breed sb; illiterate; In conclusion the writer says that... to raise the prestige of Russia; to promote sth; to be at the cutting edge of sth 10. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Writing at the beginning of the 17th century, Francis Bacon, an English philosopher of science, maintained that the three most important inventions were gunpowder, the magnetic compass and printing. It __________________ (1 – modal / to seem) a long way from the inky blocks _____________ (2 – to use) in the first printing presses to the electronic bits and bytes that make up this article if you __________ __________ (3 – to read) it on the World Wide Web. But there is a _______________ (4 – to connect) thread. Like the current information revolution, the first (and more important) one, the invention of movable-type printing, depended on the recognition that messages ____________ (5 – modal / to break down) into units that are themselves almost meaningless, and that these meaningless units _____________________ _________ (6 – modal / then / to manipulate) in a variety of ways _________________ (7 – to create) a variety of meanings. The origin of printing is controversial. But Pi Sheng, a blacksmith and alchemist who lived in China in the 11 th century, has as good a claim as any __________________ (8 – to be) the person who had the insight on which all subsequent information technology is built. He made clay copies of the ideograms in which Chinese _______________ (9 – to write), and baked them in a fire. Then he stuck them on an iron plate __________________ (10 – to use) a mixture of ash, resin and wax, and held them in place with an iron frame. By ________________ (11 – to cover) the result with ink, and ___________________ (12 – to impress) it on paper, messages could be mass-produced. Nobody knows how the idea of movable-type printing filtered from Asia to Europe. Nor is there any _______________ (13 – to write) evidence of a connection. But whether it was invention or plagiarism, the crucial moment happened in Strasbourg in the 1430s. This was when Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith, first had the idea of ______________ (14 – to produce) small, regular blocks of steel with letters on them. Eventually, instead of _________________ (15 – to print) from these directly, he employed them to stamp out dies (матрицы) which were then used as moulds _________________ (16 – mass / to produce) letter blocks ___________________ (17 – to make) of lead. These were fitted into frames (or “forms”), ______________ (18 – to cover) with ink, and, with the aid of an adapted wine-press, used to print individual pages. In 1457, the first ________________ (19 – to print) book in Europe, the Mainz Psalter, came off Gutenberg’s press. It was followed by the Bible. Although printing ______________________________ (20 – may / not / to improve) Gutenberg’s life, it revolutionized the lives of his fellow Europeans. Within three decades there were print shops in every corner of the continent. It is believed that as many books ____________ (21 – to be) produced in the 50 years after Gutenberg’s invention as in the 1,000 years before it. As printers sought new products, translations took off. Religious works as well as Latin and Greek authors ___________________ (22 – to translate) into modern languages. And since books were circulated widely, they tended ________________ (23 – to act) as linguistic standards. They helped, for example, to impose the dialects of London and Paris on England and France. Whether the Web, the printing press’s latest descendant, _________________ (24 – to make) Californian the language of the world, remains _______________ (25 – to see). (After The Economist, Millenium special edition.) b) Write five questions to the text. Step II CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Non-Perfect Form 1. I would ask them for advice. Why don’t you? Я бы попросил у них совета. Почему ты не делаешь этого? 2. Frieda could lend you some money. Why don’t you ask her? Фрида могла бы одолжить тебе денег. Почему ты не попросишь ее? Perfect Form Unreal condition (suppressed type) 1. I would have asked them for advice much earlier. Why didn’t you? Я бы попросил у них совета гораздо раньше. Почему ты не сделал этого? 2. Frieda could have lent you some money at the beginning of the month. Why didn’t you ask her? Фрида могла бы одолжить тебе денег. Почему ты не попросил ее? 12. Make sentences as in the model: Model: – he / to picture himself as a world citizen (unwise) – It would be unwise of him to picture himself as a world citizen. 1. they / to channel all their energy into completing the project (wise); 2. you / to tell us about your fabulous experiences in Rome (nice); 3. Mike / to brief the journalists on the results of the investigation now (thoughtless); 4. the reporter / to leave out the nasty details of the accident (wise); 5. he / to speak with a pronounced Scottish accent (only natural) 6. she / to take into account the diverse cultural backgrounds of the students (reasonable); 7. immigrants / to forget their native languages (unwise); 8. Dave / to absorb the extremist ideas of some of his peers (stupid). 13. Complete the situations as in the model. Model: – It’s a pity you didn’t see the comedy. You (to enjoy it) – It’s a pity you didn’t see the comedy. You would have enjoyed it. 1. We didn’t know it would be so difficult to give a presentation. We (to start preparing earlier) 2. It’s a pity you left out the details of the conversation. They (to help us understand Nick’s viewpoint better) 3. You should have told Kate about our arrival. She (to stay in town for the weekend) 4. It’s a pity you interrupted Jane. She (to tell us the details of her job interview) 5. They didn’t know Paul was so irresponsible. They (not / to give him a reference) 6. You should have told us you were delayed. We (not to set out so early) 7. It’s a pity you didn’t ask them to work in a team. They (to solve the problem quicker). 8. You should have made a Power Point presentation. We (to understand your business plan better) If she passes the interview, she will become a sales manager. Если она успешно пройдет собеседование, она станет менеджером по продажам. Present/Future Unreal condition Real condition Real and Unreal Condition in complex sentences If I were you, I would go to that interview. На твоем месте (если бы я был на твоем месте) я бы пошел на это собеседование. Past She should have gone to that interview. If she had passed the interview, she would have become a sales manager. Ей следовала пойти на то собеседование. Если бы она тогда успешно прошла собеседование, она стала бы менеджером по продажам. Придаточные предложения условия также вводятся следующими словами: unless [если не], providing, provided (that), as long as, on condition (that), but for sth/doing sth [если бы не], supposing. 14. a) Read and compare sentences of real and unreal condition. If I were world leader, I would try to stop the destruction of the earth and I would make the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life would have improved long ago. First of all, I would try to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people continue to suffer and die. If wars continue, children will be left without parents and will grow up in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting will go on. Therefore, I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in life. It would also help if all countries stopped producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, I would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life wouldn’t have become so unbearable. If I had the power, I would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe would be cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it will be too late both for ourselves and our children. (After Virginia Evans, FCE Use of English) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 15. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. Unemployment will decrease provided the government takes appropriate measures. 2. If you arrive late and out of breath, you will make a very poor impression. 3. Supposing you won in a lottery. What would you do? 4. If it hadn’t been for the new technology, the company would have suffered heavy losses. 5. If you aren’t computer-literate, you’ll have to be trained. 6. But for his legal advice, we would have been in trouble. 7. If you had really wanted to come, you could have left a few hours early. 8. If you had tried harder, you might have succeeded. 16. Match the beginning of each sentence with a suitable ending. 1. If Bob had apologized, a. you wouldn’t get a reference. 2. If you had been promoted, 4. If you were promoted, b. you’d be able to change the system. c. she would have been very upset. d. would he have left the firm? 5. If Fiona had lost her job, e. he wouldn’t have been sacked. 3. If you were rude to the boss, 6. If James hadn’t promoted, 7. If you were fired, been f. you would probably regret it later. g. would you ask for a pay rise? 8. If you were told to work h. would you have made any overtime, changes? 17. Translate into English. 1. Если бы вчера дороги не были бы забиты транспортом, мы бы добрались до аэропорта за полчаса. 2. Если бы Фати не выучила английский язык в юности, она бы не cмогла найти такую интересную работу. 3. Если бы норманны не завоевали Англию в XI веке, английский язык не впитал бы в себя столько французских слов. 4. Если бы он знал два иностранных языка, ему было бы легче выучить третий. 5. Если бы ты знал легенду о Вавилонской башне, ты бы понял, почему ее сравнивают с достижениями современной науки. 6. Если полярные льды растают, многие виды животных исчезнут. 7. Если бы Роберт уделял больше внимания здоровому образу жизни, он бы сейчас лучше выглядел. 8. Если бы эти страны не были британскими колониями, английский язык не стал бы их вторым государственным языком. HOME ACTIVITIES (3) 18. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the verbs in brackets. Einstein is reported to have said, “ If I _____________(1 – to know) the destruction I would cause, I ________________(2 – to become) a watch-maker.” If we ____________________ (3 – to continue) to use nuclear energy as a means of defence, we ____________________ (4 – to make) our planet uninhabitable. If the public ___________________ (5 – to be) more aware of the dangers, they _____________________ (6 – to demand) to live in a safer society. If the Cold War _________________ (7 – to develop) into World War III, the human race ________________ (8 – to wipe out) forever. Unless we _________________ (9 – to discover) a way to prevent nuclear war, by the end of the 21st century we __________________ (10 – to face) major disaster. As long as we ____________________ (11 – to continue) to abuse knowledge and power, the earth ____________________ (12 – to remain) an insecure planet to inhabit. 19. Read the following article and be ready to speak about the uses and misuses of English loan-words in the Russian language using the phrases suggested below. Repelling the English Invasion Lately in Russian there’s been a lot of talk about агрессия английского языка (the aggression of the English language): the huge influx of English words into Russian. In this battle I’m fully on the side of the Russians. First, because all these English words are understood by Russians variously, so the politician who talks about транспарантность бизнеса (transparency of business) is understood by one person to mean open accounting and records, and by another to mean using clear plastic packaging. The second reason is that it’s just not fair. Imagine how your Aunt Mary in Springfield would react if she were watching the news and heard: “Tonight’s special report is on pokhischeniye lyudei.” Well, that’s about how тетя Маша in Tula feels when the newscaster says, “Сегодня наш специальный репортаж – киднэппинг.” Where I disagree is on who’s to blame. As far as I know, the US and British embassies don’t call up the TV stations and demand they say экзит-пол (exit poll) or хит сезона (season hit). I don’t think it’s so much агрессия as заимствование (borrowing). It makes sense when the object or concept did not exist in Russian, but it doesn’t make sense when there are perfectly good Russian words at your fingertips. So if you are a boss, please don’t call yourself супервайзер; refer to yourself as руководитель or начальник. And don’t even think of saying, Я супервизирую отдел рекламы. Try: Я возглавляю отдел (I head the ad department) or Я отвечаю за работу отдела (I’m responsible for the department). Neither should you call a стаф-митинг – for one thing, митинг in Russian is a rally or street demonstration – probably not what you want in your conference room. Call it a совещание or even летучка – the Russian word for a short meeting “on the fly.” When you are inviting people for a job interview, don’t say, Приглашаю на интервью. That really means “I’m asking to interview you for an article.” Say instead: Приглашаю на собеседование. And when you can’t get along with one of your coworkers, don’t ever say, С тобой совершенно невозможно коммуникировать! (It’s impossible to communicate with you!) The last time I checked, the Russian word говорить still means “to talk.” Refer to your office foyer as the приемная not ресепшн (reception). When you have a new product, say: Мы собираемся активно продвигать его на рынок. (We are planning to promote it aggressively.) Please don’t use the non-word промотировать! Маркетинг has entered the language as the process didn’t entirely exist in Soviet Russia, but there’s nothing wrong with saying анализ рынка (market analysis) when you are talking about one aspect of it. And please, please, please, don’t use the fake word актор in the dreadful phrase, Он один из акторов на мировой политической сцене. (He’s one of the actors in the global political arena.) There’s nothing wrong with the Russian word фигура or even игрок if you want the sense of “player.” There’s one small linguistic domain where both English and Russian have been equally compromised: the world of Turkish resorts. Anyone who has spent time on the fair shores of that country knows that “animation” (анимация) is not a form of filmmaking, but rather an entertainment program in which, after a fair amount of local beer, vacationers do a lot of silly dancing and play-acting. I don’t know why they didn’t call it развлекательная программа, an entertainment program, but the Turks didn’t, and as a result, we don’t. В этом отеле отличная анимация! can be translated as, “That hotel has great animation!” At least everyone has got it wrong. (By Michele A. Berdy, a Moscow-based translator and interpreter.) * * * The Russian language seems ... Politicians and businessmen tend ... Imagine how sb would react if ... You’d better refrain from ... Neither should you ... There’s nothing wrong with ... Both English and Russian seem ... CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Unreal condition (mixed type) Past If she had saved some money, Если бы она накопила денег, Present / Future she would be able to go traveling now / in summer. она бы теперь / летом могла отправиться в путешествие. Present Past If she were more career-seeking, she would have agreed to work overtime during the conference last month. Если бы она больше думала о она бы согласилась работать карьере, сверхурочно во время конференции в прошлом месяце. 20. Combine the sentences as in the model. Model: – He isn’t a good employee. He wasn’t promoted. – If he were (was) a good employee, he would have been promoted. 1. He isn’t fluent in German. He couldn’t take part in the roundtable discussion yesterday. 2. Jeff didn’t prepare for the exam properly. He didn’t pass it. 3. The British Empire failed to make Afghanistan her colony. English isn’t spoken there. 4. John isn’t reliable. We didn’t ask him to book the tickets. 5. You didn’t make an appointment with the manager. He cannot see you tomorrow. 6. Anna didn’t follow the doctor’s advice. She is ill again now. 7. Mike is very absent-minded. He forgot his promise. 8. Sue is disorganized. She missed the deadline. 21. Translate into English. 1. Если бы я знал его электронный адрес, я бы сообщил ему о результатах тестирования еще вчера. 2. Если бы он хоть немного владел английским, он бы давно уже нашел работу в Лондоне. 3. Мы бы сразу согласились с вашим предложением, если бы оно было разумным. 4. Если бы он тогда сказал нам правду, компания не была бы сейчас в таком трудном положении. 5. Если бы он был умным человеком, он бы давно признал свои ошибки. 6. Если бы проект не был таким интересным, я бы давно отказался быть вашим партнером. 7. Если бы лечение было начато вовремя, пациент был бы сейчас здоров. 8. Если бы вы занимались спортом с детства, вы бы не страдали сейчас от излишнего веса (to be overweight). “But-for” phrase (unreal condition) But for his patience, he wouldn’t be such a good doctor. (= If it were not for his patience, …) Если бы не его терпение, он не был бы таким хорошим врачом. But for his patience, he wouldn’t have become such a good doctor. (= If it were not for his patience, …) Если бы не его терпение, он не стал бы таким хорошим врачом. But for your help, I would be out of work now. (If it hadn't been for your help, …) Если бы не твоя помощь (тогда), я бы сейчас был без работы. But for your help, I would have lost my job last year. (If it hadn't been for your help, …) Если бы не твоя помощь (тогда), я бы потерял работу в прошлом году. 22. Paraphrase the sentences using “but-for” phrase. 1. Those files were deleted because of her carelessness. 2. The flight was delayed because of the weather. 3. William wasn’t promoted because of his little work experience. 4. If it were not for his great wealth, he wouldn’t be able to spend so much money on charity. 5. If it hadn’t been for the snow, we would have driven faster. 6. Thanks to the folk festival this remote town is so popular with tourists. 7. Thanks to the government’s educational programme the Welsh language has been revived. 8. Thanks to the lawyers’ advice the company didn’t miss this lucrative opportunity. 23. Complete the sentences using “but-for” phrase. 1. But for her husband's money, (she / to become a popular popsinger). 2. But for the CEO’s signature, (the accountant / to believe it was his order). 3. But for the company’s lawyer, (nobody / to notice a mistake in the contract). 4. But for her shyness, (she / to fit in the new team). 5. But for his good command of English, (he / to be able to work for this multinational company). 6. But for his good luck, (he / to be employed during the economic crisis). 7. But for the old lady’s generosity, (the girl / to be able to study for a degree). 8. But for her ignorance, (she / to make a favourable impression). 24. Translate into English. 1. Если бы не дорожные «пробки», я бы добирался до дому за 30 минут. 2. Если бы не его болезнь, он бы закончил писать отчет на прошлой неделе. 3. Если бы не Интернет, мы бы не смогли найти эти сведения так быстро. 4. Если бы не экономический кризис, выпускникам университетов было бы легче найти работу. 5. Оборудование было бы доставлено вовремя, если бы не ошибка в заказе. 6. Если бы не его чувство юмора, он бы обиделся на твое замечание. 7. Если бы не вы, я бы не работал сейчас в этой компании. 8. Никто бы не обратил на него внимания, если бы не его сильный немецкий акцент. 25. Complete the sentences to make a chain-story. Model: – If I had a choice, … St-1: – If I had a choice, I would learn Japanese. St-2: – If I learned Japanese, I would travel to Japan. St-3: – If I traveled to Japan, I would learn a lot about Japanese culture. … 1. If I had a million… 2. If I were President… 3. If I had started working straight after school… 4. If I had become a student of another university… 26. a) Speak about the present-day linguistic situation in your country. (Base your answer on the key phrases suggested in exercise 19.) b) Discuss the problem of the English language invasion and its possible threat to national cultures. Use the phrases suggested below. in my opinion/view; to my mind; personally I (don’t) believe that...; it strikes me that...; I feel very strongly that...; I’m convinced that... moreover; besides; what is more because of; for this reason; due to clearly; obviously; needless to say; in particular in fact; actually; apparently; at first sight HOME ACTIVITIES (4) 27. Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs. 1. If the neighbour’s dog _______________ (not / to start) barking at 4 a.m., I ___________________ (not / to be) so tired now. 2. You __________ (not / to feel) so full now if you _______________ (not / to eat) so much at lunch. 3. If they __________________ (not / to work) in the rain all day, they __________________ (not / to be) soaking wet now. 4. If she ________________ (to wear) a crash helmet, she __________________ (to escape) injury. 5. Ned __________________ (to be) here now if you __________________ (to give) him clear directions. 6. If the girl _______________ (to be) less shy, she __________________ (already / to make) many friends. 7. But for their goal-keeper, the team _______________________ (to lose) the match. 8. But for his hard work, the company _______________ (to be) in a mess now. 9. She ___________________ (not / to miss) the meeting if her car ____________________ (not / to break down). 10. If I __________________ (to be invited) in advance, I _____________________ (to go) to the party tonight. 28. Give a brief summary of the article in English using the suggested words and phrases: positive thinking the Pilgrim Fathers settlers descendents to inspire with optimism vigorous pioneer spirit friendly American way of thinking to be reflected playground an integral part of (sth) language culture euphemism to sell half-price to be turned down redundancy * * * Многие лингвисты считают, что развитие американского варианта английского языка происходит на основе так называемого «позитивного мышления». История «американского английского» ведет отсчет с момента прибытия пилигримов в Новый Свет на корабле Мэйфлауэр в 1620 году. Колонистам пришлось начинать жизнь заново. И хотя первые полтора столетия были для переселенцев и их потомков чрезвычайно трудными, им всякий раз удавалось совершать задуманное, что вселяло в них веру в будущее и оптимизм. Успешное развитие страны способствовало тому, что менталитет американцев проникся жизнеутверждающим пионерским духом, который по сей день оказывает огромное влияние на развитие английского языка на американском континенте. Впервые термин «позитивное мышление» появился в 1952 году. Он был предложен нью-йоркским пастором Норманом Винсентом Пилом в книге «Сила позитивного мышления» (The Power of Positive Thinking). Согласно Пилу, в американцах с раннего детства заложена вера в силу «позитивного мышления», предполагающего оптимистический настрой и доброжелательное отношение к людям. Особенности американского менталитета находят отражение в разговорной речи. Например, такие прилагательные как fine, great, fantastic используются в «американском английском» для характеристики повседневных явлений. При прощании, например, принято говорить друг другу: “It was great to see you.” Приведя своего маленького ребенка на детскую площадку, американская мама не говорит ему: «Смотри, не балуйся, веди себя хорошо!» – как это принято в России. Она отпускает его с пожеланием: “Have fun! You can do it!” В течение дня американцы произносят много добрых пожеланий друг другу, которые прочно вошли в язык, например: “Have a nice day!” “Drive safely!” и т.п. «Позитивное мышление» привело к изобилию эвфемизмов в американском варианте английского языка. Сегодня бедняков называют не poor people, а disadvantaged, стариков – не old people, а seniors, туземцев – не natives, а indigenous peoples. Товары, которые едва удается продать за полцены, называют minor flaws (не самый оптимальный ассортимент). Если вам отказали в приеме на работу во время собеседования, то американцы охарактеризуют это фразой: “We failed to reach understanding.” Любое массовое увольнение называют rationalizing of the workforce (оптимизация штата). (По статье Ильиной О.К. «Отражение американского и русского типов мышления в языке».) 29. a) Listen to the text Not the Queen’s English. Read it after the speaker. b) Get ready to discuss the text in class. c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them. Расшатанные стулья; передовые рубежи; признавать что-либо; наряду с; язык – двигатель глобализации; превосходить носителей языка в соотношении три к одному; беспрецедентный; пилоты международных авиалиний; понятный; непонимающие взгляды; достичь беглости речи; являться престижным; немедленный доступ; смущать; со всего света; ориентироваться на начинающих; занятия английским языком для начинающих; новая родина. Step III CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5) I wish the weather would change for the better. (But it’s most unlikely.) Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы погода улучшилась. I wish I could learn another foreign language. (But I am too busy.) Как бы мне хотелось выучить еще один иностранный язык. I wish she would join us. But she doesn’t seem to be willing to. Regret about a present situation Regret about a past situation I am not President of the company. I wish I were (was) President of the company. Как жаль, что я не президент компании. / Как бы мне хотелось быть президентом компании. My son wastes a lot of time. I wish he didn’t waste so much time. Как жаль, что он теряет так много времени. / Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы он не терял так много времени. It is raining heavily. I wish it wasn’t raining. Как жаль, что идет дождь. / Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы сейчас не шел дождь. I can't drive a car. I wish I could drive a car. Жаль, что я не умею водить машину. / Как бы мне хотелось уметь водить машину. He has lost his job. He wishes he hadn’t lost his job. Он (со)жалеет, что потерял работу. She didn’t listen to my advice. She wishes (wished) she had listened to my advice. Она (со)жалеет (сожалела), что не послушала моего совета. Impossible wish for a future change ; dissatisfaction Wish referred to the Future Wish referred to the Past Wish referred to the Present GRAMMAR EXERCISES Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы она присоединилась к нам. I wish you would stop gossiping. It’s so nasty. Да перестаньте же вы сплетничать! 30. Translate into Russian. 1. I wish Sarah helped us with the annual report. 2. I wish I hadn’t shown my fear. 3. I wish you wouldn’t make such a fuss about trifles. 4. I wish I was going on holiday with you. 5. Kate wished she had admitted her mistake without arguing. 6. I wish you would stop making so much noise late at night. 7. I wish I hadn’t overheard their conversation. 8. I wish I didn’t have to work overtime tonight. 9. Jack wished his wife wouldn’t complain all the time. 10. Everyone wished they had listened more carefully to the lecture. 31. Paraphrase as in the model using wish. Model 1: – It’s a pity I can’t go to the concert tonight. I have to babysit. – I wish I could go to the concert tonight. Model 2: – It’s a pity I couldn’t go to the concert last night. I had to babysit. – I wish I had been able to go to the concert last night. 1. I haven’t made many friends here. 2. It’s a shame we missed the beginning of the performance. 3. Stop crying! It won’t do you any good. 4. Steve needs a new computer, but he cannot afford to buy one at the moment. 5. Liz is very upset because she wasn’t invited to the party. 6. I would like to be lying on the beach now instead of sweating in the office. 7. It’s a shame you didn’t manage to attend the conference. 8. It’s a pity I failed the driving test. Text 1 Cross-cultural Notes: 1. Oxford and Cambridge ['keImbrIdG] – the two oldest and most respected universities in the UK. They are considered to give a very high standard of education, and are known to be difficult places for students to be accepted to study in. Oxbridge graduates often become powerful and successful members of British society, and many of the leading people in professions such as law, politics, and the Civil Service have traditionally been Oxbridge-educated. / don – a university teacher, especially at Cambridge and Oxford. 2. Amherst ['WmRst] College – private, independent, elite liberalarts college for men and women in Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S., established in 1821. 3. Miguel de Cervantes [mIg'weldRsR(r) 'vWnti:z] (1547-1616) – a Spanish writer, best known for his novel “Don Quixote” [LdOn'kwIksRt / LdonkI’hRutI], one of the most important works of European literature. Phonetic Notes: pedagogy ['pedRLgOdgI] Shanghai [LSWN'haI] Afrikaans [LWfrI'kQ:ns] Toyota [tOI'RutR] hybrid ['haIbrId] ragged ['rWgId] euro ['juRrRu] Peugeot ['pR:GRu/pju:'GRu ] * * * Not the Queen’s English The name – Cambridge School of Languages – conjures images of Anglo-Saxon aristocrats conversing in the Queen’s English. But this Cambridge is composed of a few rooms with rickety chairs at the edge of a Delhi suburb. Its rival is not Oxford but the nearby Euro Languages School, where a three-month English course costs $16. The professors back in Cambridge, England, would no doubt question the schools’ pedagogy. There are few books or tapes. Their teachers pronounce “we” as “ve” and “primary” as “primmry”. And yet such storefront shops aren’t merely the ragged edge of the massive English learning industry, which in India alone is a $100 million-per-year business. They are the front lines of a global revolution in which hundreds of millions of people are learning English, the planet’s language for commerce, technology – and, increasingly, empowerment. Within a decade, 2 billion people will be studying English and about half the world – some 3 billion people will speak it, according to a recent report from the British Council. And governments from Tunisia to Turkey are pushing English, recognizing that along with computers and mass migration, the language is the engine of globalization. Linguistically speaking, it’s a whole new world. Non-native speakers of English now outnumber native speakers 3 to 1, according to English language expert David Crystal, whose numerous books include English as a Global Language. “There’s never before been a language that’s been spoken by more people as a second than a first,” he says. In Asia alone, the number of English users has topped 350 million – roughly the combined populations of the United States, Britain and Canada. The new English speakers aren’t just passively absorbing the language – they are shaping it. New Englishes are mushrooming the globe over, ranging from “Englog,” spoken in the Philippines, to “Hinglish”, the mix of Hindi and English that now crops up everywhere from fast food ads to South-Asian college campuses. In South Africa, many Blacks have adopted their own version of English, laced with indigenous words, as a sign of freedom – in contrast to Afrikaans, the language of oppression. An Amherst College professor recently finished a translation of Cervantes’s “Don Quixote” into Spanglish, the English-Spanish hybrid spoken in the United States and Mexico. All languages are works in progress. But English’s globalization, unprecedented in the history of languages will revolutionize it in ways we can only begin to imagine. In the future, there could be a tri-English world, one in which you could speak a local English-based dialect at home, a national variety at work or school and international Standard English to talk to foreigners. With native speakers a shrinking minority of the world’s Anglophones, there is a growing sense that students should stop trying to imitate Brighton or Boston English, and embrace their own local versions. Linguists ask why some Asians, who have trouble pronouncing the “th” sound, should spend hours trying to say “thing” instead of “sing” or “ting”. International pilots, they point out, already pronounce the word “three” as “tree” in radio dispatches, since “tree” is more widely comprehensible. Indeed, English has become the common linguistic denominator. Whether you’re a Korean executive on business in Shanghai, a German Eurocrat hammering out laws in Brussels or a Brazilian biochemist at a conference in Sweden, you’re probably speaking English. And as the world adopts an international brand of English, it’s native speakers who have the most to lose. Cambridge dons who insist on speaking the Queen’s English could be met with giggles – or blank stares. To achieve fluency, non-native speakers are learning English at an ever-younger age. The demand for native English-speakers is so huge that China and the Middle East are starting to import English teachers from India. Despite all the new Englishes cropping up, it’s the American and British versions that still carry prestige. “Owning English is very big business.” The average price for a four-day business-English course in London for a French executive runs 2,240 euro. To see big business in action, one need only walk down London’s busy Oxford Street, where ads offer instant access to the language of success: DOES YOUR ENGLISH EMBARRASS YOU? BUSINESS ENGLISH FOR BEGINNERS; LEARN ENGLISH IN JUST 10 WEEKS! Above clothing stores, Englishlanguage schools are packed with eager twenty-somethings from around the world. Why such enthusiasm? In a word, jobs. A generation ago, only elites like diplomats and CEOs needed English for work. Today, at the new Toyota and Peugeot plant in the Czech Republic, English is the working language of the Japanese, French and Czech staff. Technology also plays a huge role in English’s global triumph. Eighty percent of the electronically stored information in the world is in English; 66 percent of the world’s scientists read in it. “It’s very important to learn English because computer books are only in English,” says an Uruguayan IT student learning English in London. In countries like Germany the market for English studies is already shrinking. Most kids begin English as early as the second or third grade and language schools no longer target English beginners but those pursuing more-expert niches: business English, phone manners or English for presentations. Beginning-English classes are filled with immigrants eager to catch up with the natives. As with migrants the world over, they’re finding that their newfound land is an English-speaking one. ACTIVE VOCABULARY 1. rival ['raIv(R)l] for/in/to (n.) – соперник, конкурент: e.g. The company’s main rival announced an increase in profits last year. Bates is her principal rival for the job of director. Bob and I were rivals in love. Our company is now a serious rival to many of the bigger companies. / (adj.) соперничающий, конкурирующий: e.g. She left her job and went to work for a rival company. / rivalry – соперничество, конкуренция: e.g. There was fierce rivalry between the two companies to get the contract. 2. edge [edG] – 1. край, кромка: e.g. Victoria was sitting on the edge of the bed. Many airports are built on the edge of town. 2. острие, лезвие: e.g. the knife’s edge / to be on edge – быть раздраженным, нервничать, волноваться: e.g. I’m sorry if I was rude to you – I’m a bit on edge at the moment. / to be at the cutting edge of sth – быть на острие, передовом рубеже; быть самым новым, современным, передовым: e.g. These models are at the cutting edge of computer design. 3. absorb [Rb'zO:b / Rb'sO:b] – 1. впитывать, поглощать: e.g. Caffeine is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. So many new ideas! It’s rather too much for me to absorb all at once. The company has gradually absorbed its smaller rivals. 2. (often passive) быть поглощенным, занятым чем-либо: e.g. I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear you call. 4. version – 1. вариант, переложение, переделка, вариант текста: e.g. Did you read the whole book or only the abridged version? 2. версия, интерпретация: e.g. The latest version of the film is more like the book. / variety [vR'raIRtI] of/in – 1. разнообразие: e.g. Cable TV offers more variety than normal TV. Variety is the spice of life. (a saying) 2. ряд, множество: e.g. People practise yoga for a variety of reasons. / a variety show – эстрадный концерт, варьете 5. embrace [Im'breIs] (formal) – 1. обнимать: e.g. She embraced her son tenderly. 2. охватывать, включать, заключать в себе: e.g. This course of study embraces every aspect of the subject. 6. to insist on sth/doing sth – настаивать на чем-либо: e.g. He insisted on the truth of his story. I insist on having a holiday abroad every year. / [Pay attention to the grammar structure!] to insist that sb (should) do sth – настаивать на чем-либо: e.g. I insist that he should go. 7. to embarrass [Im'bWrRs] – смущать, приводить в замешательство, сбивать с толку: e.g. She was embarrassed when they kept telling her how clever she was. / embarrassing – смущающий, неловкий, затруднительный: e.g. It was so embarrassing when the children started laughing in the middle of the service. / embarrassment – смущение, замешательство, смятение, нерешительность, затруднение: e.g. I felt my face burning with embarrassment. Owing to my current financial embarrassment, I cannot pay the bill. 8. according to – согласно чему-то/кому-то: e.g. According to Freud, our dreams represent our hidden desires. [NOTE: according to is not used with words like opinion or view: e.g. According to the management... BUT: in the management’s opinion (view)] / in accordance with – в соответствии с… : e.g. In accordance with the agreement the twenty-six countries are to cut air pollution. EXPRESSIONS to crop up – появляться, возникать to point out – отметить, обратить внимание to carry prestige – быть престижным to be packed with – быть полным чем-либо/кем-либо 32. Paraphrase, translate or explain. paraphrase: The name – Cambridge School of Languages – conjures images of Anglo-Saxon aristocrats conversing in the Queen’s English. explain: And yet such storefront shops aren’t merely the ragged edge of the massive English learning industry... paraphrase: And governments from Tunisia to Turkey are pushing English... paraphrase: Linguistically speaking, it’s a whole new world. explain: There’s never before been a language that’s been spoken by more people as a second than a first. paraphrase: ... the number of English users has topped 350 million... paraphrase: New Englishes are mushrooming the globe over... to “Hinglish”, the mix of Hindi and English that now crops up everywhere... translate: In South Africa, many Blacks have adopted their own version of English, laced with indigenous words, as a sign of freedom – in contrast to Afrikaans, the language of oppression. explain: All languages are works in progress. paraphrase: ... a German Eurocrat hammering out laws in Brussels... explain: Owning English is very big business. translate: To see big business in action, one need only walk down London’s busy Oxford Street, where ads offer instant access to the language of success... paraphrase: In countries like Germany the market for English studies is already shrinking. translate: ... language schools no longer target English beginners but those pursuing more-expert niches... 33. Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (5) 34. Translate into English. 1. Если бы не острая конкуренция, ни одна из двух компаний не смогла бы предложить такой высокий уровень обслуживания. 2. Мы бы могли рассказать ему все подробности происшествия вчера, если бы он не был так раздражен. 3. Известно, что эта лаборатория уже несколько десятилетий находится на передовом рубеже генной инженерии. 4. Деревья впитывают воду и питательные вещества (nutrients) из почвы. 5. Если бы Фрэнк не был так поглощен работой, он бы заметил, что происходит в его семье. 6. По ряду причин я настаиваю на том, чтобы ты прочел роман в оригинале, а не его краткий вариант. 7. Жаль, что вы чувствовали себя так скованно на встрече. Вы могли бы привлечь общественное внимание к этой насущной проблеме. 8. Если бы не наши нынешние финансовые затруднения, фирма приняла бы участие в этой выставке. Участие в подобных мероприятиях очень престижно для развивающихся компаний. 35. Get ready to retell Text 1. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6) GRAMMAR EXERCISES 36. Paraphrase and develop the situation. Model: – Frieda felt sick and missed the performance. – Frieda wishes she hadn’t felt sick. If she hadn’t felt sick, she wouldn’t have missed the performance. 1. Paula wants a Persian cat but she is allergic to cats. 2. Donna works full-time and she can’t spend enough time with her children. 3. Harry feels like going out tonight but he hasn’t got enough money. 4. I didn’t watch the news so I didn’t know the airport was closed. 5. Joe would like to go on a sea voyage but he feels sea-sick on board. 6. Gabriel would like to make Greek salad but she hasn’t got any olive oil left. 7. Frank is not a CEO so he doesn’t have a separate office. 8. I damaged the printer because I didn’t know how to connect it properly. 37. Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs. Dear Mum, I feel really frustrated! I wish I ___________________(1 – not/to take) this job. If only I _____________________ (2 – to give) it more thought before I made the decision to accept that job offer. I wish the people here ___________________ (3 – to be) more friendly – that would help me fit in. If only I ________________________ (4 – to have) longer breaks. Staring at a computer screen all day is tiring and boring. Sometimes I find myself wishing it ____________________ (5 – to explode)! I wish my senior _______________________ (6 – to give) me something interesting to do. I wish there __________________ (7 – to be) someone here I could talk to but I haven’t made any friends. If only I ____________________ (8 – modal / to make) some, but it’s very difficult. I wish I ____________________ (9 – modal / to see) you more often. Please write. I miss you. Love, Bitsy. VOCABULARY EXERCISES 38. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary of the unit. 1. On Sally’s wedding day the old church was full of friends and relations. 2. Ben had to go back to work – something had suddenly happened there. 3. The teaching profession is no longer as popular and sought after as it was in the former times. 4. He stressed that it was necessary to follow the directions. 5. I’ve never felt so ill at ease in my entire life. 6. They sat in uncomfortable silence. 7. The word ‘culture’ covers both artistic and sociological aspects of a society. 8. We had to learn and remember a lot of new information very quickly. 9. A frog cannot drink, it takes in all the liquid it needs through its skin. 10. Ignore him, he is tired and nervous from all his business worries. 11. We bought the same computer for less money from one of their competitors. 12. There is cut-throat competition between software companies these days. 39. Complete and add a sentence logically connected. 1. I always get really embarrassed when ... 2. Alice seemed to be embarrassed when... 3. Though these models are at the cutting edge of computer design... 4. According to Reuters, the recent ... 5. In accordance with the agreement... 6. Why do you insist on her... 7. To our surprise, their rivalry resulted ... 8. We insisted that ... 9. I’d like to point out that... 10. The professions that carry prestige now... 11. Although the concert hall was packed... 12. It is no small accident that... 13. Theologians claim that the legendary Tower of Babel... 14. According to the Bible, it was divine intervention that... 15. I have never been able to picture myself... 16. If for one reason or other I had to learn three more languages... 40. a) Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the box. Learn the words and word combinations from the box. in touch failing in maps out language handicap keep up self-esteem language difficulties vocational studies the damage flunked backgrounds a social worker on paper to end up outings A question of language Bastian Petter is ____________________ (1) and sociologist for a youth service in a Brussels suburb that organizes workshops, _______________ (2) and activities. He is _______________ (3) with about 180 families in the area, mostly of immigrant origin, and has found that one obstacle for immigrant children is an early _________________________ (4) from growing up in a home speaking a foreign language. “There is no doubt that parents’ ________________ (5) affect their children’s schooling,” he says. Petter tells the story of a Chechen-born girl who lived in Belgium for almost five years before starting primary school. After the first year, she was ___________________ (6) mathematics, history and geography. “When I sat down with her, she could do all the exercises _______________ (7). She just couldn’t do the oral work,” he says. “It turned out that because she didn’t speak French at home, she couldn’t always _______________ (8) with the teachers. The parents understood immediately – after the girl had interpreted for me. A month of intensive French and an effort to watch television seems to have solved the problem.” But ________________ (9) might already have been done. The parents still can’t help her with homework and she may carry ___________________________ (10) with her through school. “Apart from not getting help at home, she’s already ______________ (11) a year and that can affect her ________________ (12),” says Petter. When these children reach secondary school, the system often pushes them towards ___________________ (13) because their difficulties suggest poor abilities. “It almost _______________ (14) their future,” says Petter. “Not only are they likely _______________ (15) in lower-paid jobs, but they can feel hard done by and that they’ve failed.” ] b) Complete the sentences: 1. If immigrant children spoke French at home... 2. But for their parents’ backgrounds ... 3. Had the Chechen girl been fluent in French... 4. If her parents had realized that their daughter had language difficulties at school... 5. If... it might have solved some of her problems with the language. 6. If her parents spoke French... 7. Had she ... it wouldn’t have affected her self-esteem. 8. Immigrant children wouldn’t be pushed towards vocational studies if... 9. They wouldn’t be regarded as having poor abilities if... 10. If ... they wouldn’t end up in low-paid jobs. c). Make a chain story based on the text using conditional clauses. HOME ACTIVITIES (6) 41. Translate into English. 1. Оратор отметил, что в последнее время возникли такие варианты английского языка как “хинглиш”, “спэнглиш” и другие. Подобные явления объясняются рядом социокультурных, политических и экономических причин. 2. Согласно утверждению Дэвида Кристала, английский язык уже давно приобрел международный статус и превратился в глобальный. 3. В соответствии с законом, в Финляндии существуют два государственных языка – финский и шведский. Несмотря на это, большинство жителей страны хорошо владеют английским – языком международного общения. 4. Зал был заполнен хорошо одетыми людьми, с нетерпением ожидавшими начала эстрадного концерта. 5. Язык является неотъемлемой частью культуры, которая включает в себя не только литературу и искусство, но и систему ценностей, норм поведения, верований, отношений, которые свойственны всем членам этноса (ethnos). 42. Read the text Poshos and get ready to answer the questions (see exercise 50). Step IV CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7) GRAMMAR EXERCISES It’s time sb did sth It’s time (for you) to get down to work. (Тебе) пора приступить к работе. It's (about) time you got down to work. Тебе пора бы приступить к работе. It's high time you got down to work. Тебе давно пора (бы) приступить к работе. = You should have already started working. 43. Translate into Russian. 1. It’s high time they took notice of their rivals. 2. It’s high time we were going home. The host looks a bit tired and embarrassed. 3. Lucy is on edge today. Isn’t it time she had a holiday? 4. Now it’s time for you to read the full version of the book. You have a good enough command of the language. 5. I don’t insist on your accepting this job offer. But isn’t it time you started supporting your family? 6. According to the latest opinion polls, it’s high time the government introduced reforms in taxation. 7. It’s time you understood how much prestige his position carries. 8. She turned down the marriage proposal for a variety of reasons. It’s time you stopped asking her why. 44. Develop the situation using it’s time sb did sth. Model: St-1 – The deadline for Nancy’s paper is next Friday. St-2 – It’s (high) time she started working at it. to start working to learn Greek to get married to become more tolerant to have it done up to rearrange one’s priorities to start looking for a new job to support oneself 1. For about a year Dave has been complaining that he is underpaid. 2. Jack and Fiona have been engaged for three years already. 3. The house looks dilapidated. 4. Kevin doesn’t speak Greek although he has been living in Athens for over 6 years. 5. Just imagine, Linda graduated two years ago and still depends on her parents. 6. Bill seems to have lost all his friends. They say he has become too mercenary and acquisitive. 7. Julia is a very domineering person. She is difficult to deal with. 45. Translate into English. 1. Уже 11 часов, а дети все еще играют в компьютерную игру. Им давно пора спать. 2. Не пора ли тебе заняться этим переводом? Ты ничего не делаешь с самого утра. 3. Вам уже давно пора отремонтировать дом. Он выглядит совершенно обветшалым. 4. Виктору давно пора подстричься. Он выглядит, как поп-музыкант, а не сотрудник крупной фирмы. 5. Я не ел с самого утра. Мне давно пора пообедать. 6. Не пора ли тебе переехать жить за город? Тебе следует больше находиться на свежем воздухе. 7. Жаль, что твой брат не слушает советов отца. Ему пора бы понять, что он еще не может обходиться без поддержки родителей. 8. Пора бы вам понять, что изучение иностранных языков расширяет кругозор. VOCABULARY EXTENSION 46. Translate into Russian. 1. Cricket cannot rival football in excitement. 2. The garden path was edged with plants. 3. Bring the two edges together and fasten them securely. 4. Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU’s income. 5. Complete absorption in sport interfered with his studies. 6. Most countries have enthusiastically embraced the concept of high-speed railways. 7. Each witness has a different version of what happened. 8. He has been described variously as a saint, hero and thief. 9. There are now several varieties of spaniel. 10. We applaud the president’s insistence on tougher environmental laws. 11. The insistent buzz of the telephone was driving me mad. 12. I wish he wouldn’t ask such embarrassing questions. 13. The court case was a huge embarrassment to the company. 14. He was embarrassed about the nature of his illness. 15.Each child will be helped according to his or her needs. WORD BUILDING 47. Make new words according to the patterns of word building. Translate them into Russian. 1. question to question спрашивать, допрашивать, задавать вопросы empowerment (у)полномочие, предоставление полномочий (to) outnumber превосходить численно mushroom top lace hammer own target 2. power body embarrass 3. number burst come 4. English- English-based с опорой на английский язык homeLondonschoolknowledge- TEXT 2. Cross-cultural Notes: 1. The Queen and I – a novel written in 1992 by the British writer Sue Townsend. It describes the Queen’s nightmare: when a Republican party wins the General Election, their first act is to strip the royal family of their assets and titles and send them to live in a two-bedroomed semi-detached house in the Midlands. Exchanging servants for a social worker, the Queen and her family learn what it means to be poor. 2. Crawfie – the Queen’s governess. 3. posh (adj.) – for or typical of people of high social class. Sometimes used with a derogatory meaning. Poshos (From The Queen and I by Sue Townsend. Abridged.) The Queen looked at Number Nine Hellebore Close and shuddered. The street sign at the entrance to the Close had lost five black metal letters. HELL CLOSE it now said. The Queen thought, “Yes, it is Hell, it must be, because I’ve never seen anything like it in the whole of my life.” She had visited many council estates – had opened community centres, had driven through the cheering crowds, alighted from the car, walked on red carpets, been greeted by tongue-tied dignitaries, pulled a cord, signed the visitors’ book. Then, carpet, car, drive to helicopter and up, up and away. She’d seen the odd documentary on BBC2 about urban poverty, heard unattractive poor people talk in broken sentences about their dreadful lives, but she’d regarded such programmes as sociological curiosities so far away that it didn’t really matter. It stank. Somebody in the Close was burning car tyres. Not one house in the Close had its full complement of windows. Gardens were full of rubbish, black plastic bags had been split by dogs, televisions flickered and blared. A man lay under a wreck of a car which was jacked up on bricks. Other men squatted close by, aiming torches and watching, men with outdated haircuts and tattoos, their cigarettes cupped in their hands. A woman in white stilettos ran down the road after a boy toddler, naked apart from his vest. ‘Now gerrin’ and stay in,’ she screamed. ‘’Oo left the bleedin’ door open?’ she demanded of other, unseen children. The Queen was reminded of the stories that Crawfie would tell her in the nursery. Of goblins and witches, of strange lands populated by sinister people. The Queen would beg her governess to stop, but she never would. The Queen thought, Crawfie knew. She knew. She was preparing me for Hell Close. *** The Threadgolds watched as a shadowy figure ordered a tall man out of the van. Was she a foreigner? It wasn’t English she was talking, was it? But as their ears became more accustomed they realized it was English, but posh English, really posh. ‘Tone, why they moved a posho in Hell Close?’ asked Beverley. ‘Dunno,’ replied Tony. ‘Seen her somewhere before. Is she Dr. Khan’s receptionist?’ ‘No,’ said Beverley, ‘definitely not.’ ‘Christ, just our bleedin’ luck to have poshos nex’ door.’ Prince Philip stared speechlessly at Number Nine. A street light flickered into life, casting a theatrical glow over his dilapidated future home. The driver let down the ramp at the back of the van and went inside. He’d never seen such lovely stuff – not in twentyone years of removals. The dog in the cage at the back started to growl. ‘They’ve got a dog,’ said Tony. ‘So long as they keep it under control,’ said Beverley. Tony squeezed his wife’s shoulder. She was a good kid, he thought. Tolerant like. Prince Philip spoke. ‘It’s abso-bloody-lutely impossible. I refuse. I’d sooner live in a bloody ditch. And that bloody light will send me mad.’ He shouted up at the light, then took hold of its post and shook it violently from side to side. Beverley said, ‘I got it. He’s a loony, one of them that’s been let out to die in the community.’ ‘You might be right, Bev,’ said Tony. They turned to go back into their house when the Queen addressed them. ‘Excuse me, but would you have an axe I could borrow?’ ‘An ix?’ repeated Tony. ‘Yes, an axe.’ The Queen came to their front gate. ‘I dunno what an ix is,’ Tony said. ‘You don’t know what an axe is? One uses it for chopping wood.’ The Queen was growing impatient. She had made a simple request; her new neighbours were obviously morons. She was aware that educational standards had fallen, but not to know what an axe was... It was a scandal. ‘I need an implement of some kind to gain access to my house.’ ‘Arse?’ ‘House!’ The driver volunteered his services as translator. His hours talking to the Queen had given him a new found linguistic confidence. ‘This lady wants to know if you’ve got an axe.’ ‘Yeah, I got an axe, but I ain’t ‘anding it over to ‘im,’ said Tony, pointing at Philip. The Queen came down the garden path towards the Threadgolds and the light from their hall illuminated her face. Beverley gasped and curtsied clumsily. Tony reeled back and clutched the lintel of the front door for support before saying, ‘I’ll geddit.’ Left alone, Beverley burst into tears. ‘It was the shock,’ she said later as she and Tony lay in bed unable to sleep. ‘I mean, who would believe it? I still don’t believe it, Tone.’ ‘Nor do I, Bev. I mean, the Queen next door. We’ll put in for a transfer, eh?’ Slightly comforted, Beverley went to sleep. COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 48. Give the English for: поёжиться; лишившийся (от волнения) дара речи; документальный фильм; автомобильные шины; сидеть на корточках; зловещий; уличный фонарь; обветшалый, полуразвалившийся; неловко сделать реверанс; слегка успокоенный (-ая). 49. Find the Russian for: council estates; urban poverty; talk in broken sentences; full complement of windows; a woman in white stilettos; toddler; vest; a loony; burst into tears; the Queen next door. 50. Answer the questions. 1. How does the Queen’s previous social experience contribute to the understanding of her feelings? Why did she identified Hellebore Close with Hell? What made her remember her governess and Crawfie’s scary stories? 2. Why didn’t the Threadgolds recognize the Queen and Prince Philip? What made the Threadgolds suspect that the new neighbour was a foreigner? What did Tony suspect the Queen to be? Why were the Threadgolds displeased with the prospect of having ‘poshos’ as next door neighbours? What did Tony and Beverley imply when they commented on the new neighbours having a dog? 3. What made Beverley take Prince Philip for a loony? Why did she refuse to give him the axe? Why did Prince Philip act that way? 4. What difficulty did the Queen have getting an axe? What made her remember the falling educational standards? 5. What did the Threadgolds feel like when they recognized members of the royal family in their new neighbours? Why did Beverley feel comforted on hearing that they would put in for a transfer? HOME ACTIVITIES (7) 51. Retell the text as if you were the Queen Prince Philip Tony Threadgold Beverly Threadgold 52. Translate into English. 1. Тебе давно пора задуматься о карьере. Если ты не сделаешь этого сейчас, ты никогда ничего не достигнешь. 2. Уже давно пора ехать в аэропорт. Если мы не выедем через 10 минут, мы опоздаем на самолет. 3. Павлу давно пора начать учить английский язык. Если бы он знал английский язык, ему было бы легче работать с иностранными партнерами. 4. Не пора ли Ольге попытаться найти равновесие между работой и семьей? Жаль, что она так озабочена карьерой. Она могла бы уделять больше внимания мужу и детям. 5. Ему бы уже пора смириться с неудачной попыткой стать предпринимателем. Он достаточно компетентен, чтобы найти хорошо оплачиваемую работу в большой компании. 6. Пора бы Грегу научиться ценить духовную сторону жизни. Общеизвестно, что деньги не могут купить счастье. 7. Когда я вчера разговаривал с Петром, он был очень раздражен. Ему давно пора взять отпуск. Жаль, что мы не настояли на этом раньше. Step IV CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8) GRAMMAR EXERCISES 4. I’d rather you kept silent when I talk to the boss. Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты молчал, когда я говорю (буду говорить) с начальником. 5. I’d rather you had kept silent when I was talking to the boss. Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты молчал, когда я говорил с начальником. One subject Past 3. I’d rather have gone to the country but I was too busy. (= I would have preferred to go to the country but I was too busy.) Я бы предпочла поехать за город, но я была слишком занята. Two different subjects Present / Future 2. I’d rather (would rather) go to the country than stay in town. (= I would prefer to go to the country rather than stay in town.) Я бы предпочла поехать за город, а не оставаться в городе. Present / Future 1. You had better (you’d better) consult an expert. (= You should consult an expert.) Вам бы лучше посоветоваться со специалистом. Past Future Had better / Would rather 53. Give advice as in the model: Model: – Your parents are worried about you. (to phone) – Your parents are worried about you. You’d better phone them. 1. You have to be up early tomorrow. (to go to bed) 2. You look tired. (to rest for an hour) 3. They have been engaged for so long. (to set a wedding date) 4. We need the information urgently. (to send an e-mail) 5. Susan is sleeping. (not / to wake up) 6. Spanish is becoming more and more widespread in the USA. (to learn) 7. The weather is changing for the worse. (to put on) 8. Norman doesn’t know the rules of cricket. (to explain) 54. Answer as in the model: Model: St-1 – Shall we walk to the city centre? St-2 – I’d rather drive. 1. Would you like to sit down? 2. Would you like to have lunch now? 3. Would you like to go to the mountains in summer? 4. Shall we play a game of tennis? 5. Shall we invite Diane? 6. Shall we set out at dawn? 7. Would you like to have a cup of tea? 8. Will you read the abridged version of the novel? 55. Complete the sentences as in the model. Model: – Are you going to translate the text or … – Are you going to translate the text or would you rather I did it? 1. Are you going to break the news … ? 2. Are you going to take the car to the garage … ? 3. Are you going to tell Mummy what happened … ? 4. Are you going to make an appointment with the dentist … ? 5. Are you going to see Jessica home … ? 6. Are you going to water the flowers … ? 7. Are you going to call the police … ? 8. Are you going to do the shopping … ? 56. Paraphrase using would rather or had better. Model: – I want to have tea, not coffee. – I would rather have tea than coffee. 1. You should ask them for advice before making a decision. 2. I don’t want Steve to invite Linda to the party. 3. I would prefer to spend my holiday in Italy, not in Greece. 4. It would be more sensible for Kate to admit her mistake. 5. Gwen always wears too much make-up at work. I wish she wouldn’t. 6. It’s a pity you didn’t attend the press-conference. 7. It’s a pity I didn’t attend the pressconference, but I was away on business. 8. Everybody thinks you should tell the truth. It will do you only good. 57. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. 1. I’d rather ____________________ (to go out) with friends than ____________ (to watch) television. 2. I’d rather you ______________ (to mention) that before: we would not be in such an embarrassing situation now. 3. I’d rather _________________ (not to stay) at home last night. I felt so lonely. 4. I’d rather _______________ (to live) in a quiet suburb than in a big city. 5. You’d better ________________ (to stay out) of this, it may be too dangerous. 6. I’d rather Nick ______________ (to leave) the files in the office. I need them badly now. 7. If you ask me, I’d rather ________________ (to live) in medieval Italy than medieval England. 8. I’d rather he ________________ (not to bring) his dog to my house. I’m stiff scared of it. GIVE IT ANOTHER BRUSH 58. Express your opinion and support it using the active words and word combinations. to absorb variety to point out rivalry to insist that to carry prestige it is no small accident embarrassing dominant language to grow in use according to mother tongue pidgin (adj.) – a language in which a foreign language is mixed with the speaker’s first language. Who do you side with? Gabriel: English by no means the ‘universal’ language Languages are not only communication tools, but in their diversity they are also integral parts of world culture. Communication and development policies which are not based on respect and support for all languages amount to a death sentence for the majority of languages in the world. It is generally accepted that in the past century the greatest challenge to linguistic diversity has been the spread of English; but, statistics show that no more than ten percent of the world's population speak English as a native language. English is by no means a 'universal' tongue just yet - and in my eyes it is unsuitable as one, along with all other national languages. Personal experience will show that a person talking in a second (non-native) language will never reach quite the same level of fluency as the native. The beauty of national languages is in their differences, their complexities - but it is these same treasures that make national languages too difficult for intercommunication. This is a reason why an easy-to-learn, auxiliary language like Esperanto should be used to solve the language problem. Dan ‘Global English’ is already becoming a pidgin language Paradoxically, I actually think that in the long term, it is the English language that is the most in danger. As English becomes the lingua franca, it becomes primarily a tool for communication between people of different nationalities. Many people will rarely, if ever use it to talk to native speakers. This 'Global English' is already becoming a pidgin language and I think that the idea that most foreigners speak better English than native speakers (quite widespread in the UK) is a misconception. It is becoming acceptable to say things like, "he go shop" and "I learn English three year". While non-native speakers will continue to have a rich, expressive language as a native tongue, English may lose all its depth and leave native speakers with an inadequate language. It seems unfair that I'm expected to speak foreign languages as a native would, whereas speakers of English as a foreign language are only expected to communicate. Nawal Thorat English is a link language English has become a link language in the real sense of the term. In India it's slowly becoming the language of communication for the classes and the masses in various corporate offices, MNCs, colleges, schools etc. Spoken English classes are booming and mushrooming in every corner of India. Thanks to the satellite TV and Internet revolution more and more people are getting easy access to the once foreign tongue; now Indians are able to watch the Hollywood blockbusters in the comfort of their drawing rooms and are getting to know the culture of the West through soaps etc. English has become part of life for many Indians, and many can speak fluently and idiomatically like native speakers. For the younger generation it has become the passport to success and prosperity. HOME ACTIVITIES (8) 59. Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs. Dear Bitsy, Sorry I didn’t answer your last letter. If I __________________ (1 – to realize) how serious the situation was, I _________________ (2 – to write) to you straight away. I’m sure you need my advice. I only wish I ___________________ (3 – to be) with you now to help you. I think it’s about time you _________________ (4 – to give up) your job and ____________________ (5 – to start) looking for a new one. If your senior ________________ (6 – to keep) treating you unfairly, then you have very little choice. I remember you saying that you’d rather _______________ (7 – to have) a job you hate than no job at all, but I’m afraid you may regret it. If you ________________ (8 – to be worried) about money, don’t be. Don’t hesitate to come home and live with Daddy and me for a while. I’d rather you _________________ (9 – to return) to Dorking anyway. Your old boss at Friends Provident Insurance, Ms. Ferrel, says you could have your old job back if you _________________ (10 – to want) it. You ____________________ (11 – modal / to be) HR manager by now if you ___________________ (12 – not to leave)! Anyway, I’ll let you know if I __________________(13 – to hear) about any other job offers. Take care and let me know if you _________________ (14 – to make) any decision. Love, Mum. 60. Translate into English. 1. Если бы не их соперничество, они могли бы быть хорошими друзьям. У них так много общего. 2. Эта быстрорастущая компания находится на передовом рубеже индустрии информационных технологий. 3. Линда была настолько поглощена чтением детективного романа, что не заметила, как мы вошли. 4. Жаль, что ты так поглощен работой. Ты бы лучше поехал за город и провел выходные с семьей. 5. Люди изучают иностранные языки по многим причинам. Одни делают это, чтобы найти хорошо оплачиваемую работу, другие стремятся расширить свой кругозор. 6. В соответствии с соглашением эти конкурирующие фирмы не должны поднимать цены на свою продукцию до конца года. 7. Я бы предпочел, чтобы вы не рассказывали об этом проекте нашим конкурентам. Теперь, когда у них есть эта информация, нам будет значительно труднее добиться компромисса во время переговоров. 8. Школы английского языка возникают в огромных количествах. Если ты хочешь свободно говорить по-английски, тебе лучше выбрать школу с хорошей репутацией. Step V CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (9) Give it another brush 61. a) Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs. 1. He _____________________ (to win) the election if he _______ __________________ (not / to insult) his opponent live on TV. 2. James _______________________ (never/to make) such a brilliant career if it __________________ (to be) for his wife’s connections. 3. Nobody _____________________ (to believe) in you unless you _____________________ (to believe) in yourself. 4. Arnold _____ _____________________ (probably / to become) a professional footballer if his coach ___________________ (not/to take) him to a gym. 5. If we ______________________ (to arrive) earlier, we might _________________ (to get) a better seat. 6. If he _________________ (not/to be) so stubborn, he ________________________ (to give up) at the first obstacle. 7. If Pat _________________________ (to learn) Russian since childhood, she _____________________ (to have) a better command of it now. 8. If it _________________ (to be) for her husband’s encouragement, she ___________________________ (never/to take) a degree. b) Paraphrase using wish: 1. Motorist in fog: It’s a pity we don’t know where we are. 2. I really regret eating so much. 3. It’s a shame you are not here. 4. I’m sorry you are not coming with us. 5. She must be sorry she didn’t tell the truth at the start. 6. It’s a real pity that I listened to him. 7. Dave would like to live in a country like Sweden. 8. Now everybody regrets voting for her. 62. Complete the sentences translating into English the phrases given in brackets. 1. Jessica’s relationship with her boyfriend would be less complicated (если бы она материально не зависила от своих родителей). 2. If there were high-end social amenities in this ancient town, (он давно бы уже стал привлекательным местом для туристов). 3. If this job didn’t involve long commuting hours, (Анна бы с радостью приняла ваше предложение). 4. He would have listened to reason (если бы он не был так раздражен). 5. If Jack’s best friend wasn’t his principle rival for the job, (ситуация не была бы такой неловкой). 6. But for the dominant position of the English language (языковые школы не возникали бы по всему миру). 7. You’d better (настояли на том, чтобы ваш сын изучал два иностранных языка). 8. I’d rather you (посмотрел полную версию этого документального фильма). 63. Complete the sentences. 1. You would have succeeded with the project if… 2. If oil prices go up… 3. But for Bert’s incompetence the department… 4. You can get a loan from the bank provided… 5. But for the fierce rivalry the two companies… 6. If you hadn’t been so much absorbed in the computer game… 7. If you had read the whole book rather than its abridged version, … 8. If Mark hadn’t been on edge, Stella… 9. If Doug’s mother hadn’t insisted on his taking a course in business procedure… 10. The plan would sound reasonable if… 64. Translate into English. Use the hints from the box. to accept embarrassing to release to occur to hang around affluent frustrated spiritual aspects social security to stand out from the crowd to be over concerned with to place importance on to fall apart material well-being common sense life priorities embarrassment to slow down in due course background to enroll in 1. Ты бы лучше перестал болтаться по университету, ничего не делая. 2. Я бы предпочел, чтобы вы пересмотрели свои жизненные приоритеты. 3. Вы бы лучше уделяли больше внимания духовной стороне жизни. 4. Если бы не его желание не выделяться из толпы, Грег пользовался бы популярностью у сверстников. 5. Если бы она приняла наше предложение, то давно уже получила бы повышение по службе. 6. Если бы не её здравый смысл, Ольга не знала бы как себя вести в той неловкой ситуации. 7. Если бы не его замешательство, никто не обратил бы внимания на его ошибку. 8. Если бы Джоан не была чересчур озабочена своим материальным положением, она бы вышла замуж за совсем другого человека. 9. Я бы предпочел, чтобы ты немного притормозил и постарался достичь равновесия между личной жизнью и карьерой. 10. Если бы документ был опубликован своевременно, отделу не пришлось бы сейчас работать сверхурочно. 11. Правительству уже давно пора уделить больше внимания проблемам социального обеспечения. 12. Жаль, что мне не пришло в голову сразу связаться с вами. 13. Жаль, что я ничего не знаю о его происхождении. 14. Если бы он не проводил все свое время на работе, их брак бы не распался. 15. Если бы Джуди родилась в более состоятельной семье, она смогла бы поступить в более престижный университет. 16. Уилл жалеет, что взял кредит в банке. Теперь, когда он потерял работу, он очень взволнован и расстроен. 65. a) Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the box. variety allegiances flood fragile decline heritage dominant high-profile native speakers remotest biodiversity national tongue aware headquarters advancement Yesterday, at its ________________ (1) in Paris, UNESCO unveiled its first comprehensive and online database of the world's endangered tongues. According to its team of specialists, there are around 2,500 languages at risk, including more than 500 considered “critically endangered” and 199 which have fewer than 10 ______________________. (2) “We as human beings should care about this in the same way as we should care about the loss of the world's _____________ (3) of plants and animals, its biodiversity,” said Christopher Moseley, editor-in-chief of the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. “Because each language is a uniquely structured world of thought, with its own associations, metaphors, ways of thinking, vocabulary, sound system and grammar – all working together in a marvelous architectural structure which is so _____________ (4) that it could easily be lost forever.” The modern world plays its part. A once healthy language dies because its speakers shift _________________ (5) to that of a bigger, more powerful group of people, and, while this can happen through political pressure and military force, it is now most often brought about by the _______________ (6) of migration from the country to the city. Perhaps unsurprisingly, two of the countries where the risk is greatest are India and Brazil, which are undergoing rapid economic transformations. “These trends often bring about the loss of traditional ways of life and a strong pressure to speak a _________________ (7) language that is – or is perceived to be – necessary for full civic participation and economic ___________________ (8),” said UNESCO. Other factors in a language's ______________ (9) range from the community's own lack of pride in its __________________ (10) or a sudden rash of deaths of native speakers to the spread of socalled “killer” languages such as English, French or Spanish. But amid the gloom, there is some hope. A growing awareness of the need to save natural ____________________ (11) has given an extra boost to the preservation movement. “Linguists are for the first time _____________ (12) of just how many languages there are in the world and are coming to a better understanding of the forces that are attacking them and of ways to control those forces,” said Moseley. The world is seeing revival movements. Inspired by ___________________ (13) successes of the 20th century – chiefly the renaissance of Hebrew as Israel's ________________________ (14) but also the reclaiming of Welsh, Catalan and Breton – tribes and communities in the _______________________ (15) corners of the globe are fighting for the right to converse as their ancestors did. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 66. a) Read the text. Political Correctness and Identity Politics The debates surrounding political correctness have become increasingly heated over the last few years as British and American universities attempt to take a firmer stand against all forms of discrimination. The rise of identity politics in the West – such as feminism, the civil rights movement, and gay and disability rights movements – has led to greater care being taken with the language used to describe different groups of people. In other words, more consideration is being given to the relationship between potentially offensive language and the continued existence of discrimination. At its heart, political correctness is simply a form of linguistic etiquette or politeness. It asks us not to use negative words for women or gay people or the disabled, and it questions the function of jokes about such people. At the same time, some social commentators claim that “the PC brigade” wants to brainwash us into accepting their liberal ideals, to straightjacket thought and to erode the very fabric of our society. Nevertheless, political correctness has had a major impact on the way we use many everyday words. Whilst many of us may still struggle with gender-neutral job titles such as fire-fighter or flight attendant (instead of fireman and air hostess), we find it easier to address letters to a Ms Leslie, to talk about people who have learning difficulties instead of people being backward or retarded, and to refer to our partners instead of our boyfriends and girlfriends. Another example of political correctness is the changing terminology used to describe handicapped people. In the past the term crippled was perfectly acceptable and not considered offensive. At some point, the term changed to handicapped – disabled – differently abled / physically challenged. The same can be said for the changing uses of terms for Black Americans: Negro and colored were declared offensive by some activists during the 1970s and Black came into use, which in turn gave way to AfroAmerican and African-American, and in broader usage, people of color. (After H. Dellar and A. Walkley, Innovations. Thomson, 2007. / http://www.conservapedia.com/Political_correctness) b) Match the traditional words with their politically correct equivalents. Traditional 1. chairman 2. Red Indian 3. tramp 4. mailman 5. fat 6. mankind 7. air hostess 8. policeman / policewoman 9. foreign food 10. ghetto 11. jungle 12. prostitute 13. natural disaster 14. mad 15. dustman 16. spendthrift 17. Negro, Black 18. Merry Christmas! 19. lavatory, toilet 20. toilet paper 21. secretary Politically correct a. global warming occurrence b. African American c. flight attendant d. sex worker e. rain forest f. Happy Holidays! g. Native American h. negative saver i. economically disadvantaged area j. humanity k. police officer l. ethnic cuisine m. mentally challenged n. chairperson o. homeless person p. sanitation engineer. q. letter carrier r. horizontally challenged s. bathroom tissue t. assistant u. (Amer.) bathroom, restroom c) Discuss: Do you think PC to be a form of politeness or is it a more deeply rooted phenomenon? Why, in your opinion, is PC so tightly linked to globalization? UNIT 6 TOPICS: 1. Cultural Identity. 2. Tourism Across Cultures. GRAMMAR: The Subjunctive Mood. Step I LEAD IN 1. Answer the questions: What national culture do you identify yourself with? What other cultures have you been exposed to? Have you ever travelled abroad? What did you feel like when you first came to a foreign country? Have you ever moved from one part of the world to another? When was it? Where did you move? Did you try to remain within your mother culture or did you try to absorb a host culture? Why was it essential for you? 2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is. (2 min.) All Cultures Are Not Equal Let’s say you are an 18-year-old with a really big brain and you want to understand the forces that will be shaping history for decades to come. Go into the field that barely exists: cultural geography. Study why and how people cluster, why certain national traits endure over centuries, why certain cultures embrace technology and economic growth and others resist them. The economists and scientists fail to explain a crucial feature of our time: while global economies are converging, cultures are diverging, and the widening cultural differences are leading us into a period of conflict, inequality and segmentation. Not long ago, people said that globalization and the revolution in communications technology would bring us together. But the opposite is true. While people are taking advantage of freedom and technology to create new groups and cultural zones, old national identities and behaviour patterns are proving durable. If you look just around the United States you find amazing cultural segmentation. Americans have been “globalized” for centuries (meaning economically integrated), and yet far from converging into some homogeneous culture. The music, news, magazine and television markets have all segmented, so there are fewer cultural unifiers like Life magazines or nightly news anchors. If you look around the world you see how often events are driven by groups that reject the globalized culture. From Africa to Seattle, religiously orthodox students reject what they see as the amoral mainstream culture and carve out defiant revival movements: antiglobalization types create subcultures. While Islamic extremists reject the modern cultures of Europe, some American Jews have gone to Hebron and become hyper-Zionists. Global inequality widens as some nations with certain cultural traits prosper and others with other traits don’t. If you are 18 and you’ve got that big brain, the whole field of cultural geography is waiting for you. (After David Brooks, The New York Times, August 2005.) b) Sum up the text in three sentences. c) Scan the text for details. d) Answer the teacher’s questions. 3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs. nuance [‘njuOns] Culturally Confused Can you explain in four words or less where you’re from? Not what it _____________ (1 – to say) on your passport, but where you’re really from. If it _____________ (2 – to take) more time than ____________ (3 – to drink) half a glass of wine, then chances are you’re a TCK – a Third Culture Kid. TCKs are children with a home and host culture who create their own blend-in – a third culture. They have common traits: often multilingual, they share acute social skills and a keen awareness of the world. They tend _______________ (4 – to have) an ability for _______________ (5 – to adapt) to lifestyles and language nuances, a skill that stays with them throughout life. It makes them very skilled at _________________ (6 – to fit in). Signe Bruun Jensen is in her mid-twenties and __________________ (7 – to live) abroad for most of her life. __________________ (8 – to move) from Denmark when she was three, she grew up between the US and Europe, went on __________________ (9 – to work) and study in countries from Asia to Latin America, and eventually came to Brussels, where she works for a policy think tank. “My father is in finance and his career meant a lot of relocation,” she says. “Moving around ________________ (10 – to give) me the skills ________________ (11 – to handle) changing surroundings and the courage ________________ (12 – to take) chances. _________________ (13 – to see) a bit of the world as a child drives me to see even more.” There are, however, downsides to ______________ (14 – to split) between worlds: confused friendships, lack of identifiable culture and restlessness. For instance, when ____________ (15 – to move) around, children don’t develop much commitment towards people or places and they see their parents ____________ (16 – to do) the same. TCKs seem unwilling to commit because ____________________ (17 – not / to tie down) is part of their personality. For them it’s easier to tune out and focus on meeting new people rather than ____________ (18 – to feel) sad about what they ______________ (19 – to leave behind). For a TCK, not feeling especially ________________ (20 – to attach) to a country or culture is common. Ninety percent of them end up ________________ (21 – not / to live) in their passport country. (After Peter Philp, The Bulletin, March 2006.) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. VOCABULARY EXTENSION 4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words. franchise ['frWntSaIz] – a formal agreement for someone to sell a company’s products or services in a particular place, in exchange for a payment or part of the profits arduous ['Q:djuRs] – extremely difficult and involving a lot of effort to tame – to bring something under control nomad ['nRuLmWd] – someone who belongs to a group of people who move from place to place in order to find food and water for their animals and themselves End of the Road The real threat to _______________ (1 – travel / journey / travels) is that our sense of wonder will vanish along with the exotic destinations. Far is not so far anymore. When I took my first long trip to India in 1986, I didn’t speak to my parents for five months because the phone lines were so bad. These details already belong to a very ______________ (2 – outdated / old-fashioned / unfashionable) world. If a young traveller went five months without calling nowadays you would assume the worst. The world is _______________ (3 – shrinking / converging / diverging), thanks to cheap flights and computers, cable television, mobile-phone networks and the spread of commercial franchises that have put Irish pubs and pizzerias in cities as far apart as Baku and Tegucigalpa. And yet, the purpose of travel remains the same – ________________ (4 – to encounter / to come across / to meet) the unfamiliar, to get Elsewhere. It’s a piece of enchantment and transformation which can be arduous to reach, but which promises to enrich your understanding of the world. But the same global culture that now draws us together also ____________(5 – frightens / endangers / threatens) to tame Elsewhere with uniformity. I once traveled by plane through a wilderness of snow to visit the Even, a group of reindeer-herding near-nomads in northern Siberia, only to find myself in a wooden hut watching a Hollywood submarine movie with them. I wanted to eat ritual food and talk about shamanism; they wanted to drink whiskey and discuss Mr. Bean. Our appetite for more and more ___________ (6 – extravagant / exotic / extraordinary) destinations is partly driven by this sense that Elsewhere is disappearing. It’s almost a relief when you come across indisputable national ________________ (7 – identities/ traits / features): Russians quoting Pushkin, Argentines dancing the tango. Yet you half expect those characteristics to disappear in a shopping mall. The danger is that as travel becomes easier, and places change to accommodate the homogenized appetites of global tourism, we will lose the sense of wonder that travel has always inspired. And if we lose sight of Elsewhere then we are no longer provoked by its unfamiliarity, challenged to open our eyes and look at our own lives afresh. Nothing ____________ (8 – lifts / raises / rises) your heart like the first ____________ (9 – glance / site / sight) of home after time spent Elsewhere. Our native planet never seemed so spectacular as when we first saw it from space. Yet the answer is not to take space tourism, but to recognize that the close and familiar can have as much ____________ (10 – strength / force / power) to surprise us as the snowy Andes, or any other Elsewhere you choose. I recently returned home after a weekend spent walking with three friends. We covered 60 kilometers in three days – it would have taken 45 minutes in a car. But at our slow ____________ (11 – pace / speed / rate), the hills and churchyards and soft rain of north Devon gave me a greater sense of Elsewhere than I ever got from my first and somewhat disappointing glimpse of the Taj Mahal. (After Marcel Theroux, Newsweek, April 2006.) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (1) 5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 1 – 4 and find the English for: собираться в группы, образовывать сообщества; национальные черты; сопротивляться; важнейшая черта нашего времени; сводить воедино, стремиться к объединению; приобретать отличия, расходиться (о лучах); увеличивающиеся культурные различия; деление, сегментация; революция в развитии транспорта и связи; верно обратное; национальное самосознание (идентичность); поведенческая модель; долговечный, прочный; экономически интегрированный; однородная культура; ведущие программ новостей; отвергать глобализированную культуру; общепринятая, традиционная культура; создавать субкультуры; дети третьей культуры; приспосабливаться к образу жизни; заниматься финансами; переезды; привязанность, преданность; встретиться (с неизвестным); обаяние, чары; северный олень; кочевники; неоспоримый, бесспорный; эффектный, захватывающий. b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts. 6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4). CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2) 7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected. 1. She spotted Harry in a group of students gathered round the notice board. 2. Punctuality is believed to be one of the national features of Germans. 3. Mary couldn’t help asking Will about his new girlfriend. 4. Our interests appear to coincide at this point. 5. The two routes take different directions at the foot of the hill. 6. Finding a long-lasting solution will not be easy. 7. Sarah K. has been newscaster of Channel II for 6 years already. 8. This fringe group of artists reject the values of traditional culture. They are forming a culture of their own. 9. When Greg moved to Japan he found it difficult to adjust to the new lifestyle. 10. Alice’s father being a diplomat, it meant moving from one country to another every four or five years. 11. The company’s success this year would have been impossible without the dedication of the staff. 12. Ken was the most critical person I had ever met. 13. There is no questioning his bravery. 14. The tourists had an impressive view of the coastline from the plane. 8. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with. Сегодня принято говорить, что мы живем в единой Всемирной деревне. Глобализация экономики, бурное развитие новых технологий постепенно объединяют весь мир в единое экономическое и информационное пространство. Современные средства связи и транспорт позволяют миллионам людей устанавливать и поддерживать контакты, общаясь при этом с представителями различных этнокультур, говорящих на различных языках. (2) В 60-х годах прошлого века американские психологи Рут и Джон Юсим, проводя исследование американцев, работавших за рубежом – дипломатов, миссионеров, военных, пришли к выводу, что они являются носителями особой субкультуры – отличной от родной им американской культуры (первой культуры) и культуры страны пребывания (второй культуры). Эту смесь двух культур супруги Юсим назвали “третьей культурой”. Дети экспатриантов стали называться “детьми третьей культуры, или ДТК”. Позже в состав сообществ третьей культуры были включены представители масс медиа, транснациональных компаний, медицинский персонал, учителя. Говоря о ДТК, подразумевают, в основном, школьников, подростков и молодых людей – студентов и выпускников университетов. Не случайно даже возник еще один термин – Взрослые ДТК. (1) Сегодняшние ДТК – это как дети экспатриантов, т.е. тех, кому предстоит возвращение на родину, так и дети иммигрантов, тех, кому предстоит адаптироваться к чужой культуре, оставаясь в ней навсегда. В эпоху глобализации можно уже говорить о представителях поликультурной среды – о тех, кто вынужден менять место жительства несколько раз, переезжая из страны в страну и адаптируясь к различным культурам и языкам. (4) Всех ДТК отличают схожие характеристики: они владеют двумя или несколькими языками, у них хорошо развит навык социального общения, они уже знают, что такое мир, и стремятся познать его глубже. В то же время у них отсутствуют ярко выраженные привязанности, дружеские связи, они не чувствуют, что та или иная культура им “роднее”. Поэтому они часто предпочитают общество таких же людей, как и они сами. (5) Хотя эти “мировые кочевники” везде чувствуют себя как дома, они нигде не чувствуют себя дома. По возвращении на родину ДТК испытывают трудности реадаптации. Они не способны идентифицировать себя ни с первой, ни со второй культурой, поскольку в период пребывания за границей они не делали многого из того, что делали их зарубежные сверстники, например, не праздновали государственных, семейных или религиозных праздников – они ведь относятся к другой культуре. Одновременно ДТК обнаруживают себя не совсем “своими” в обществе сверстников – они не делали то, что делали их сверстники на родине все эти годы: не смотрели мультфильмы, не смеялись над рекламой или какими-то всем известными шутками телеведущих. Переживая “шок возвращения”, человек сначала радуется друзьям, но потом начинает ощущать некоторые странности в родной культуре и тоску по оставленной культуре. Лишь постепенно жизнь входит в привычный ритм. (6) Исследования, проводившиеся в США, показывают, что почти 80% ДТК получают университетское образование, большинство из них выбирают карьеру так или иначе связанную с международными отношениями или с передвижением по миру. Личный поликультурный опыт (3) позволяет им легко находить общий язык с людьми в различных странах. Такого рода специалисты просто созданы для международного бизнеса. Они прекрасно приспособлены к требованиям сегодняшнего глобального общества: мобильны, толерантны, тратят минимум времени на адаптацию. Такие качества нужны не только в эпоху глобализации, но и во все времена. b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.) (1) единый (single / same / united); современный (modern / sophisticated / contemporary); (2) проводя исследование (discovering / researching / studying); являются носителями (carry / represent / signify); культура страны пребывания (culture of the country of residence / foreign culture / host culture); смесь (mixture / blend-in / formula) (3) адаптироваться (to get adapted / to fit in / to get used to); чужой страны (host / strange / alien country); поликультурной (policultural / multicultural / manycultural) (4) схожие характеристики (the same features / common traits / similar characters); “роднее” (more native / closer / more indigenous); общество (community / society / company) (5) сверстники (peers / same agers / mates); (6) передвижение (moving about / replacement / travelling); приспособлены (suited / fitted / adapted); c) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (2) 9. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases: 1. Introduction: The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of... Global Village; means of communication; to establish and maintain contacts; ethnic cultures; 2. Main body of the report: The research suggests / indicates / implies that... in the 1960s; Ruth and John Useem; subculture; different from; host country; blend-in; Third Culture communities; expatriate; Adult TCK; both ... and ...; to fit in; multicultural community; to move about; The article goes on to say that... to have common traits; to have a good command of (to be fluent in); acute social skills; to have a keen awareness of the world; to see even more; confused friendships; lack of commitment; The writer points out that... / stresses (sth) global nomads; to feel at home; to identify oneself with; neither ... nor ...; peers; news anchors; shock of repatriation; to adapt to a lifestyle; 3. Conclusion: In conclusion / Finally, the writer says that... international relations; moving about; to establish contacts; to be cut out for; to be fitted for; tolerant. 10. a) Listen to the text Tourism Across Cultures. Read it after the speaker. b) Get ready to discuss the text in class. c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them. разрушительный; спасение; культурное наследие; по всему миру; тропические леса; ремесло; ткачество; вымирать, исчезать; коптить; попробовать (сыр); козье молоко; общество охраны природы и/или памятников истории; прихоть, причуда; кофейня; настойчиво требовать; отставать от мировых стандартов; в конце концов. Step II CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Present / Future reference so that (purpose clause) so that + can / will 1. Olga has joined a fitness club so that she will be fit and slim for the summer. 2. Let’s take a taxi so that we won’t miss the plane. 3. Consult a lawyer so that you can take the right decision. Past reference so that + could / would 1. Olga joined a fitness club so that she would be fit and slim for the summer. 2. Kevin took a taxi so that he wouldn’t miss the plane. 3. Melinda consulted a lawyer so that she could take the right decision. 11. Paraphrase using so that. 1. She did her best in order to excel in her studies. 2. She studies hard. She wants to get a scholarship. 3. Harry is saving money. He wants to travel to the Antarctic. 4. Linda left the office early so as to be at the theatre on time. 5. I’ll invite your cousin to the party. He won’t feel lonely. 6. Xenia is going to England in summer. She wants to be fluent in English. 7. Mark and Gwen moved to Leeds. They wanted to be able to see their adult children more often. 8. James took a taxi to work to avoid being late. 9. Bitsy locked the door of her office. She didn’t want to be disturbed. 10. I took an umbrella. I didn’t want to get soaked. WORD BUILDING 12. a) Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given in the right-hand column: If you are planning to travel to an exotic (1) east ______________ country, Hong Kong is the best place to visit. A holiday there would be absolutely (2) fascinate __________________ but (3) _______________ at the exhaust same time. There are thousands of shops open 24 hours a day, plus lots of (4) _______________ to see, like see (5) _____________________ Chinese temples and tradition statues. While you are there, make sure to take advantage of the many restaurants and try a (6) __________________ of their special dishes. select For an active and (7) __________________ winter- adventure sports holiday, the perfect destination is Switzerland. Try any of the many ski-resorts in the Alps where you can ski all day long. Many ski-resorts have a (8) ___________________ for après-ski* repute (9) ___________________ , so don’t expect to be entertain (10) _______________ at night. If, however, you would bore find a relaxing evening more (11) ______________ , suit spend the evening in front of a roaring log fire. All ski resorts have shops providing (12) ________________ equip and luxury goods, so you will be able to buy everything you need. You are sure to return home fit and (13) ____________________. fresh * after-ski (After Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley, Mission.) b) Answer the questions. Text 1 Cross-cultural Notes: 1. Maya ['maIR] – a native American people of the Yucatan area in Central America, who had a very advanced society in the 4 th-10th centuries AD. They are known for their art and their architecture, especially their pyramids. 2. Beijing [LbeI'dGIN] – the capital city of the People’s Republic of China. In English, it was formerly called Peking, and this name is still sometimes used. 3. the Tatra ['tQ:trR] Mountains – part of the Carpathians. 4. bed-and-breakfast (B and B) – a private house or small hotel that provides a place to sleep for the night and breakfast the next morning for a fixed price. Phonetic Notes Guatemala [LgwQ:tR'mQ:lR] kimono [kI'mRunRu] * * * Tourism Across Cultures Nobody much likes tourists. They have a reputation for being loud, rude and disruptive. They are blamed for everything from prostitution to environmental degradation. They want to have a good time, they are not well informed and want a short ‘wow’ factor. Yet tourism may in fact be the true salvation of humankind’s cultural heritage. Internationalization has, in practice, been a process of everyone’s coming to live and act the same; the Japanese gave up their kimonos because they were considered ‘unmodern’, while Beijing destroyed its old city for the same reason. But tourists are looking for something old and something different – and they’ll pay for it. The effect can be seen across the globe, rescuing traditional cities and cultures from the brink of extinction. In Latin America interest in cultural and ecological tourism has been on the rise in recent years. Tourism to Guatemala, for example, with its Mayan heritage, rain forests and lakes surrounded by volcanoes, has doubled in the past decade to nearly 2 million foreign visitors a year. Their dollars have kept young indigenous women interested in learning the specialized craft of weaving. Indigenous artisanry forms an important part of the Guatemalan touristic product. If this were not the case, such crafts could die off and the younger generations would have to look for new trades that would allow them to survive. Indeed, the souvenir trade can keep fading cultures alive. In the Tatra National Park in Poland, the highlander tradition of making smoked sheep cheese – dying out among the younger generation – has earned a new lease on life thanks to tourists’ desire for unforgettable souvenirs. Highlanders make the cheese in their huts, forming it by hand and smoking it over a fire. Visitors feel free to chat with the locals as they watch, have a taste of the cheese and a glass of fresh goat’s milk; most leave some money. Tourists used to maintain their ties to the places they visited with photos and souvenirs. Now, as travellers grow both wealthier and more socially and environmentally aware, they are increasingly concerned that their good times have a good impact. They are doing everything from sponsoring local families to supporting conservation groups with cash. There is definitely a growing market of globally caring tourists. Tourism is not just about preserving old cultures; it can also influence modern ones. Catering to tourist whims provides a quick education for entrepreneurs from the little boys pushing post cards, to the people who run small travel agencies, bed-and-breakfasts and coffee shops. For developed countries, tourism can help maintain a healthy competitive edge. Consider Japan, which until recently did not feel the need to court foreign travellers, and in the process nearly fell off the tourist map. The country ranks only 30th in the world as a tourist destination. Without overseas visitors’ clamoring for special services, hotels and inns rarely offer Internet access, ATM and mobile phone networks won’t link up with the rest of the world, and design and amenities at resorts lag behind world standards. Without tourists, modern culture fails to take the next step. Of course, it is the tourists who benefit most from tourism. They go home having learned something about societies different from their own. And that, in the end, may do more good for the local cultures they visited than any amount of dollars. When tourists go to other countries, it increases the locals’ pride in their own culture. Tourism is the avenue on which we can exchange our cultures and learn from each other. Tourism brings peace. Not to mention some really unforgettable smoked sheep-cheese souvenirs. (After Alex Kerr and Alexandra A. Seno, Newsweek, April 2006.) ACTIVE VOCABULARY 1. to blame sb for sth – винить кого-либо за что-либо: e.g. They blamed the CEO for the failure of the talks. / to be to blame – быть виноватым: e.g. Who is to blame for the accident? / fault – вина: e.g. It’s not our fault that you failed to finish the project in time. / to find fault with sb – придираться к кому-либо: e.g. Mrs. Grandy is always finding fault with the way her daughter-in-law does things. / faulty – неисправный: e.g. The accident must have been caused by faulty brakes. 2. aware – осознающий, понимающий: e.g. I’m well aware that this is a risky investment. / to be aware of sth – 1. знать, осознавать что-либо; быть осведомленным о чем-либо: e.g. Are you aware of the dangers of the expedition? / awareness – осведомленность, понимание, осознание: e.g. Increased environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for recycled paper. 3. to conserve – сохранять, хранить; беречь: e.g. Conserve your energy – you’ll need it. / conservation – сохранение; охрана природы, окружающей среды; рациональное природопользование; охрана памятников старины (исторических зданий и т.п.): e.g. Conservation has become a very important subject in politics. / conservation area – заповедник (природный, архитектурный): e.g. There are thousands of conservation areas in Britain. / conservationist – активный борец за охрану природы (памятников старины, исторических зданий и т.п.): e.g. The plans to build a big road through the forest were cancelled due to pressure from conservationists. 4. to de'velop – 1. развивать; развиваться: e.g. The area is working to develop its tourist industry. The plot develops further in the second act. 2. разрабатывать: e.g. The companies recently teamed up to develop a new software product. 3. вести строительство, осваивать, разрабатывать: e.g. A company applied to develop land for housing. / development – 1. развитие: e.g. We encourage our staff in their development of new skills. 2. освоение, разработка: e.g. His work is mainly in software development. 3. район застройки: e.g. We live in a new housing development. / a developing country – развивающаяся страна / a developed country – развитая страна / an underdeveloped country – неразвитая страна 5. to fade (away) – 1. выцветать, линять, делать менее ярким: e.g. Will the colour in this material fade? The sun has faded the curtains. 2. постепенно исчезать: e.g. Hopes of a peace settlement in the region are fading away. 3. терять силу, вянуть (в т.ч. в перен.): e.g. Jane has been confined to bed for a month. She is fading away. Flowers soon fade when cut. 6. local – 1. местный: e.g. The local newspaper regards itself as the voice of the community. / local authorities – местные власти; 2. местный (затрагивающий часть тела): e.g. local anaesthetic; 3. местный житель: e.g. The locals are very friendly. / locally – поблизости, неподалеку (в данной местности): e.g. Her both children live locally. / locality – округа: e.g. She’s looking for a job in the locality. / to locate – 1. обнаруживать местоположение чего-либо: e.g. They soon located the source of the signals. 2. располагаться, находиться: e.g. The offices are conveniently located in the centre of town. / location – местоположение: e.g. It was difficult to find a suitable location for the summer camp. EXPRESSIONS until recently – до недавнего времени not to mention – не говоря о … to cater to – угождать, стараться угодить, доставить удовольствие COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 13. Paraphrase, translate or explain. paraphrase: They are blamed for everything from prostitution to environmental degradation. explain: ... they are not well informed and want a short ‘wow’ factor. translate: Yet tourism may in fact be the true salvation of humankind’s cultural heritage. translate: The effect can be seen across the globe, rescuing traditional cities and cultures from the brink of extinction. paraphrase: In Latin America interest in cultural and ecological tourism has been on the rise in recent years. explain: Their dollars have kept young indigenous women interested in learning the specialized craft of weaving. translate: Indigenous artisanry forms an important part of the Guatemalan touristic product. paraphrase: Indeed, the souvenir trade can keep fading cultures alive. translate: ... the highlander tradition of making smoked sheep cheese ... has earned a new lease on life thanks to tourists’ desire for unforgettable souvenirs. paraphrase: Now, as travellers grow both wealthier and more socially and environmentally aware, they are increasingly concerned that their good times have a good impact. explain: There is definitely a growing market of globally caring tourists. explain: Catering to tourist whims provides a quick education for entrepreneurs from the little boys pushing post cards, to the people who run small travel agencies, bed-and-breakfasts and coffee shops. translate: For developed countries, tourism can help maintain a healthy competitive edge. paraphrase: ... and in the process nearly fell off the tourist map. 14. Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (3) 15. Get ready to retell Text 1. 16. Translate using so that. 1. Когда родители Марка переехали в Латинскую Америку, старались сделать все возможное, чтобы он мог приспособиться к новому образу жизни. 2. Группа психологов изучала модели поведения подростков, живущих в крупных городах, чтобы разработать программу психологической помощи. 3. Начальник отдела подробно рассказал о своих планах, чтобы коллеги не оказались в неловкой ситуации. 4. В большинстве школ Уэльса преподается валлийский язык для того, чтобы местное население сохраняло национальное самосознание и культуру. 5. Лектор рассказал об увеличивающихся различиях между представителями разных культур для того, чтобы сотрудники компании учитывали это в своей работе с иностранными партнерами. 6. Правительства стран арктического региона принимают меры к тому, чтобы коренное население Севера не утратило привычного образа жизни. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4) VOCABULARY EXERCISES 17. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary of the unit. 1. Your plan is crazy, so don't say it’s my fault if it doesn’t work. 2. He has always told Jessica it was her fault that he failed as an entrepreneur. 3. Fires in the home are often caused by electrical equipment that is out of order. 4. We fully realize the gravity of the situation. 5. Did you know that your son was leaving school early every day? 6. More and more middle-aged people were beginning to realize that they had missed out on further education. 7. Being a biology teacher George devotes most of his spare time to preservation and protection of wildlife. 8. She turned from a shy child into an international star. 9. Most other countries cannot keep up with China’s dramatic growth as an industrial economy. 10. In industrialized countries, workers’ pay is relatively high. 11. The talks are taking place in a secret place. 12. Most of these fashions just disappear and are forgotten. 13. Hopes that the travelers will be found alive are becoming weaker and weaker. 14. If you don’t start eating properly, you’re going to become very weak. 15. Their new house is situated in a picturesque suburb. 16. The people living in the area turned out to be very friendly and sociable. 18. Translate from English into Russian. 1. You are only entitled to a refund if the goods are faulty. 2. The campaign aims to create a new generation of environmentally aware consumers and producers. 3. We must conserve our forests and woodland for future generations. 4. The conservationist lobby prevented the construction of a nuclear power plant in the river valley. 5. Markets for such high-priced products develop slowly. 6. The governmental programme is helping the region develop its economy. 7. The council are planning to develop the area to the west of the town centre. 8. That underdeveloped country needs to develop its industries and improve living conditions. 9. That developing country is trying to build up its industry and improve the living conditions of its people. 10. The laughter faded when they saw Marie’s face. 11. When Walter started insulting everyone during the television interview they faded him out and showed an advertisement. 12. They heard footsteps go past the room, then fade into the distance. 13. Most of the country will be dry, but there may be some rain locally. 14. The company wants to locate the factory on land near the railway. 15. Engineers are still trying to locate the fault. GRAMMAR EXERCISES Subjunctive Mood or Should in Nominal Clauses after Verbs: advise, insist, demand, order, suggest, request, recommend, etc. It is suggested that everybody (should) take a course in marketing. – Всем предлагается пройти курс маркетинга. (Предлагается, чтобы все прошли курс маркетинга.) The doctor demanded that no one (should) have access to the files. – Врач потребовал, чтобы никто не имел доступа к этим файлам. after Nouns: advice, demand, It is our recommendation that he (should) not say anything until the investigation is order, proposal, over. – Мы рекомендуем, чтобы он ничего recommendation, не говорил до тех пор, пока не закончится request, rule, расследование. suggestion, etc. after Adjectives: important, vital, It is necessary that the rules (should) be obeyed. – Необходимо, чтобы правила essential, crucial, выполнялись. imperative, necessary, desirable, etc. Данный тип предложений характерен только для формального, официально-делового стиля; используется для выражения требований, приказов, предложений, рекомендаций, правил. Сравните: He insisted that I (should) accept the offer. (formal) He insisted on my accepting the offer. (less formal) 19. a) Read and find the Subjunctive mood. Antarctica belongs to the people of the world. In accordance with the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the entire continent is formally designated “a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science”. Antarctica's remoteness and isolation offer science a unique opportunity to understand our world. Part of Antarctica's value as a natural laboratory lies in the fact that its communities of animals and plants consist of only a few species living in simple relationships. This makes the Antarctic a perfect place to study how ecosystems work. However, more and more people are travelling to the continent, most of them on ships. Scientific evidence has shown that there is a direct link between numbers of people visiting a remote area and the numbers of non-native species introduced into both marine and terrestrial ecosystems in Antarctica. According to Antarctic experts it is crucial that important new measures be taken to protect Antarctica, “the world's last great wilderness,” from invasive non-native species. It is of vital importance that scientists identify which areas of Antarctica are most vulnerable. Scientists and policy makers insist that vessels exchange any ballast water before arriving in Antarctic waters. It is imperative that a code of conduct for land-based activities be developed. All visitors, including tourists and scientists, are expected to follow a set of standards. Commercial Antarctic tourism dates back to the late 1960s and there has been rapid growth since the late 1980s. This has led to a wide range of tourist and adventure activities. The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators established in 1991 demands that tourist companies promote safe and environmentally responsible private-sector travel to the Antarctic. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 20. Translate into Russian. 1. Steve suggested that we should spend money on books for the university library. 2. It is important that tourists visiting the National Park should be more environmentally conscious. 3. The editor recommended that the young man should give up writing. 4. The City Council insisted that the building be pulled down. 5. The environmental report recommends that the land should not be used for industrial development. 6. Mr. N, an MP, demanded that the local airport should be redeveloped. 7. It is a rule that scuba divers should obey the instructor’s orders. 8. It is vital that anyone who is going to climb Mount Elbrus should go with a local guide. 21. Complete the sentences using the subjunctive or should in nominal clauses: 1. It is essential _________________ their mistakes. (managers / recognise) 2. It is desirable _________________ under unnecessary amount of pressure. (employees / not work) 3. It is imperative _________________ how to motivate workers. (managers / learn) 4. It is advisable _________________ the level of stress. (companies / reduce) 5. It’s vital _________________ commercially aware and linguistically trained university graduates. (employees / be) 6. It is demanded _________________ training to their workforce. (the administration / provide ) 7. The instruction is _____________ of non-related matters _________________ during office hours. (the discussion / prohibit) 8. The request is _________________ in conference rooms. (mobile phones / ban) 22. Paraphrase the sentences using the subjunctive or should. 1. The guide suggested keeping away from the mountains on that day. (we) 2. The travel agent advised us to explore the beauties of the Far East. 3. It is important to preserve the cultural heritage of various ethnic groups in the age of globalization. 4. It is essential to keep traditional crafts alive. 5. It is vital to rescue many traditional cities and cultures from the brink of extinction. 6. It is important to encourage environmentally friendly tourism. 7. It is advisable for tourists to read about the places they are going to visit before they start out. 8. It is necessary for tourists to respect local habits and ways. 23. (optional) Make sentences using the subjunctive or should and appropriate forms of the words given in the box. Model: – The dean says it is … that you … a good academic rate. – The dean says it is essential that you (should) have a good academic rate. give to excuse stipulate preserve have insist requirement demand say 1. The committee … that 2. The doctor … that 3. It is the instructor’s … that 4. The job description … that 5. The captain … instructions that 6. It is our … that 7. It is … that 8. The manager … that essential crucial take not disturb come aboard suggestion have use demand a. the applicant … a degree in economics. b. safety equipment … c. no one … anything until the investigation is over. d. the government …urgent measures. e. all passengers f. the patient … g. ethnic minorities … their cultural identity. h. no one … for absenteeism. 24. Translate into English. 1. Чрезвычайно важно, чтобы ученые и социологи изучили причины увеличивающихся культурных различий между жителями одной страны. 2. Психологи советуют, чтобы при переезде в другую страну родители помогали своим детям вписаться в новую культурную среду. Рекомендуется, чтобы дети посещали местные школы, общались со своими сверстниками, принимали участие в местных праздниках (festivals). Необходимо, однако, чтобы дети не утратили своё культурное и национальное самосознание. 3. Исключительно важно, чтобы Антарктика оставалась природным заповедником, принадлежащим всему миру. Туристическим компаниям предлагается развивать экологически безопасные виды туризма в полярных районах. Ученые настаивают на том, что число туристов, ежегодно посещающих Антарктику, должно быть ограничено. HOME ACTIVITIES (4) 25. a) Translate into English. 1. Необходимо, чтобы доклад охватывал все основные проблемы. 2. Желательно, чтобы вы привлекли внимание сотрудников к этому разделу контракта. 3. Комитет настаивает на том, чтобы необходимые меры были приняты безотлагательно. 4. Зрителей просят выключать мобильные телефоны во время спектакля. 5. Важно, чтобы молодые родители помнили, что дети копируют их поведенческие модели. b) Translate into English using the active vocabulary. 1. Папа, миссис Нортон все время придирается ко мне, что бы я ни сказал на уроке. – А тебе не кажется, что ты во всем виноват сам? В последнее время у тебя выработалась неприятная привычка со всеми спорить. 2. Чья вина в том, что сотрудники не были вовремя предупреждены о совещании? 3. Я был уверен, что все прекрасно осведомлены о подробностях нового проекта. 4. До недавнего времени Джейн выглядела здоровой и жизнерадостной, а сейчас она просто тает на глазах. Что с ней случилось? 5. Благодаря усилиям членов общества охраны культурного наследия удалось сохранить и отреставрировать архитектурные и исторические памятники старинного русского города Кирилова. В настоящее время город является архитектурным заповедником. Местные власти прилагают все усилия для развития народных промыслов и сферы услуг в городе. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Should in Subordinate Clauses It's doubtful that he should tell you the whole truth. Сомнительно, что он скажет вам всю правду. Present strange odd (im)possible doubtful natural astonishing incredible etc. I’m sorry What a coincidence … ! It’s doubtful that he should have told you the whole truth. Сомнительно, что он сказал вам всю правду. Past After: Модальный глагол should употребляется в придаточных предложениях после слов и фраз, выражающих реакцию на / суждение об известных или ранее упомянутых фактах и событиях. e.g. It was natural that John's parents should want him to go to Oxford. Конструкция типична для британского варианта английского языка. (В американском варианте обычно употребляется would.) 26. Paraphrase as in the model. Model: – How odd! George and his brother are married to sisters. – It’s odd that George and his brother should be married to sisters. 1. Quite naturally, Harry is upset about the incident. 2. It’s incredible! We have been working in the same office for a year and have never talked to each other. 3. You missed the only performance at the festival that was worth watching. What a pity! 4. That’s curious: Kate asked you for advice rather than her friends. 5. It’s typical of Gwen: she orders everybody about. 6. Isn’t it odd! They are going on holiday together after their quarrel. 7. The rent on this house is so high! It’s crazy. 8. How splendid! You are buying a house next door to us. 27. Complete the sentences using the words and phrases in the right-hand column. Add a sentence logically connected. 1. It’s natural that Lily should 2. It’s doubtful that Nick should 3. It’s possible that Greg should 4. It’s astonishing that you should 5. It’s strange that Fred should 6. It’s impossible that you should 7. I’m sorry that you should 8. What a coincidence that they should a. to recover from his illness b. to take part in the contest c. to be hurt by my words d. to believe her words e. to play the lead f. to stay at the Hilton hotel g. to remember the details h. to think I did it on purpose VOCABULARY EXERCISES 28. a) Complete the sentences with the words and phrases from the box. credit to originate religious variety vital souvenirs intake educational complete estimated consumer goods took off employment package tour A brief history of tourism The history of European tourism can perhaps be said ______________ (1) with the medieval pilgrimage. Although it was undertaken primarily for ___________________ (2) reasons, pilgrims quite clearly saw the experience as a kind of holiday (the term itself was derived from the ‘holy day’ and it was associated with leisure activities). Pilgrimages created a _______________ (3) of tourist aspects that still exist – bringing back __________________ (4), obtaining _____________ (5) with foreign banks, and making use of space available on existing forms of transport. During the 17th-19th centuries, the education of the rich and privileged few was not _______________ (6) without a Grand Tour of Europe’s cultural sites. The sons of the nobility and the gentry were sent upon an extended tour of Europe as an _________________ (7) experience. A modern equivalent of the Grand Tour is the phenomenon of the backpacker, although cultural holidays are also important. Things started to change for ordinary people in 1845 when Thomas Cook organized the first _________________ (8). By 1939, an __________________ (9) one million people were traveling abroad for holidays each year. It was in the last three decades of the 20th century that tourism really ___________________ (10). By now it has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism is _____________ (11) for many countries such as Egypt, Thailand and many island nations due to the large ________________ (12) of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for ___________________ (12) in the service industries associated with tourism. Tourism has been industrialized: landscapes, cultures, cuisines, and religions are _______________________ (13) displayed in travel brochures. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 29. a) Scan the text and say whether you agree with the conclusion the writers arrive at. Explain your viewpoint. Does tourism ruin everything that it touches? The effects of tourism since the 1960s have been incredible. To take just a few examples: The Mediterranean shores have a resident population of 130 million, but this swells to 230 million each summer because of the tourists. This is nothing. The United Nations projects that visitors to the region could number 760 million by the year 2025. In Spain, France, Italy and most of Greece, there is no undeveloped coastline left, and the Mediterranean is the dirtiest sea in the whole world. American national parks have been operating permit systems for years. But even this is not enough for the most popular sites. By 1981, there was an eight-year waiting list to go rafting down the Grand Canyon’s Colorado River, so now there is a lottery once a year to select the lucky travellers. Poor Venice with its unique, exquisite beauty. On one hot, historic day in 1987, the crowds were so great that the city had to be closed to all visitors. In Barbados and Hawaii, each tourist uses ten times as much water and electricity as a local inhabitant. Whilst feeling that this is unfair, the locals acknowledge the importance of tourism for their economy. The prehistoric cave paintings at Lascaux in France were being slowly ruined by the breath and bacteria from 200,000 visitors a year. The caves have now been closed to the public and a replica has been built. This is much praised for its likeliness to the original. Will there be more replicas like Lascaux? There already are. Heritage theme parks (mini-Disneylands!) are cropping up everywhere. Many of the great cities of Europe, such as Prague, Rome, and Warsaw, are finding that their historic centres are fast becoming theme parks – tourist ghettos, filled with clicking cameras and whirring camcorders, abandoned by all local residents except the souvenir sellers. Until recently, we all believed that travel broadened the mind, but now many believe the exact opposite: ‘Modern travel narrows the mind’. (After Liz and John Soars, New Headway Upper-Intermediate.) b) Find the words to match the definitions given below. 1. surprising, difficult to believe 2. living in a particular place 3. to increase in amount or number 4. to forecast, to predict 5. an official document that gives permission to do something 6. extremely beautiful and delicate 7. to admit (that something is important) 8. an accurate copy of something 9. a large park where all the entertainment is designed according to one theme 10. an area in a city where people of a particular type live, usually in poor conditions 11. making a fast repeated quiet sound 12. a small camera used for recording pictures and sound onto videotape. 13. to leave a place, especially if it is difficult or dangerous to stay there 30. Express your judgment about the following facts. (Use it’s strange / incredible / interesting / outrageous / typical / natural / curious / astonishing that…, etc. ) 1. Some tourists scratch their names into the rock of ancient temples. 2. Over a hundred visitors enter Notre Dame each minute during opening hours. 3. The tourist industry will soon become the largest industry in the world. 4. Medieval pilgrims laid the basis for the tourist industry. 5. More than 850 million tourists a year travel the globe. 6. The Mediterranean is the dirtiest sea in the world. 7. There was an eight-year waiting list to go rafting down the Colorado River. 8. One day in 1987, Venice was closed to all visitors. 9. The population of the Mediterranean countries almost doubles each summer because of tourists. 10. American national parks have been operating permit systems for years. 11. In Barbados and Hawaii, each tourist uses ten times as much water and electricity as a local inhabitant. 12. Residents of historic cities feel aliens in their native towns. 31. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. to chisel ['tSIzl] – вырезать At the entrance to one of the ruined temples of Petra in Jordan, there is an inscription ______________ (1 – to chisel) into the soft red rock. It looks as if it ______________ (2 – to be) there for centuries. It _____________________ (3 – modal / to carve) by one of King Herod’s soldiers, when they were imprisoned in the town in 40 BC. But closer inspection reveals that it is not so ancient after all. It reads: ‘Shane and Wendy from Sydney were here. April 16th 1996.’ The ruins of Petra were discovered in 1810 by a Swiss explorer, and a recent report _______________________ (4 – just / to conclude) that ‘they are in grave danger of ____________________ (5 – to destroy) by the unstoppable march of tourism’. More than 4,000 tourists a day tramp through Petra’s rocky tombs. They __________ (6 – to wear) away the soft red sandstone to powder and (occasionally!) - _____________ (7 – to scratch) their names into the rock. It is not just Petra that is under threat of destruction. More than 850 million tourists a year now travel the globe, and vast numbers of them want to visit the world’s most treasured sites: the Parthenon, the Taj Mahal, Stonehenge, the National Parks of Kenya. In Notre Dame in Paris, 108 visitors enter each minute during opening hours. Thirty-five buses, _________________ (8 – to put down) their passengers, wait outside, their fumes _________________ (9 – to eat away) at the stonework of the cathedral. The tourist industry will soon be the largest industry in the world, and it __________________ (10 – barely / to reach) its 50th birthday. Many places that once ____________ (11 – to be) remote are now part of package tours. Will nothing put a stop to the growth of tourism? 32. Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (5) 33. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. _______________________ (1 – to emigrate) to New Zealand from South Africa four years ago, Derene ________________________ (2 – currently / to live) with four members of her family. “I pay a boarding fee as in any other flat-share situation. I know some people _________________ (3 – modal / to find) that strange, but I do it out of a sense of responsibility. It __________________ (4 – not / to be right) not to, especially as I’m working.” She feels that she has her own privacy to a certain extent but: “I wish I _______________ (5 – not / to have) to share the living area with everybody which means _______________ (6 – to take turns) with the television remote control for a start. But I just __________________ (7 – modal / to accept) that while we are all still living under the same roof.” Derene _________________________ (8 – currently / to keep an eye out) for a small apartment. Her criteria is simply “near the coast” as she ________________ (9 – to grow up) on a farm and needs a sense of open space around her. This must ______________ (10 – to draw) her to Australia where she took time off from her job in New Zealand to work as a translator during the Sydney Olympics. After that contract came to an end, she decided to stay on with the host family who ______________________ (11 – to put her up) since her arrival. “Once the arrangement became more formal, when I felt they were relying on me for income, I was not so at ease,” she explains. “But I still felt obliged to be sociable and didn’t want to appear rude by _______________ (12 – to keep) myself to myself. All the same, I ___________________ (13 – modal / still / to come and go) as I wished.” 34. a) Translate into English. 1. Если Бен хочет избежать сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, необходимо, чтобы он придерживался здоровой диеты. 2. Если ты хочешь, чтобы твоя фирма была конкурентоспособна, желательно, чтобы вы шли в ногу с развитием современных информационных технологий. 3. Власти США требуют, чтобы иммигранты изучали язык и культуру своей новой родины. b) Translate into English using the active vocabulary. 1. Эта старая городская окраина в последние годы была превращена в район новой застройки. 2. После наводнения в Бангладеш страна получила помощь от большинства развитых стран. 3. До недавнего времени эта небольшая средиземноморская страна почти полностью зависела от сельскохозяйственного производства. Сегодня развивающаяся туристическая индустрия значительно улучшила экономику региона. Даже небольшие города и деревушки на побережье превратились в курорты. Стараясь угодить причудам туристов, местные жители организуют этнические праздники и концерты фольклорной музыки. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6) GIVE IT ANOTHER BRUSH 35. Complete sentences with the right words. Probably the most beautiful city in the world, Paris has been called the city of light for good reason. At night the city glistens like a jewel, creating a (1 – thrilling / frightening) atmosphere. During the day the glorious architecture takes one’s breath away. Chic shops, beautiful parks, (2 – high / impressive) avenues – it’s almost too much to take in. No one can say that Paris is a (3 – humdrum / unique) city since it is full of fascinating attractions. The Louvre (4 – houses / hosts) some of the greatest art in the world and that famous symbol of Paris, the Eiffel Tower, gives a (5 – breathless / breathtaking), panoramic view of the city. If the crowds and noise of the avenues become too (6 – strong / overwhelming), you can escape to Versailles. A more extravagant display of wealth cannot be found anywhere. For (7 – delight / entertainment), there are thousands of clubs and discos, and of course the famous (8 – locations / attractions) like the Moulin Rouge. A trip to Paris must include a (9 – sampling / trial) of French cuisine with its rich sauces, creamy cheeses and excellent wines. This (10 – multi-faceted / two-faced) city is a place that you will never forget. (After Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. Mission 2.) 36. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. The launderette by my flat in Belleville sums up Paris for me. You put your clothes in the machine and then, ______________ (1 – to commit) the machine’s number to memory, you walk to a different machine in a different room and feed it coins. If it _________ (2 – not / to be) for the beggar lady who lives there, someone ________________ (3 – modal / to steal) your stuff while this is going on. Though she ____________ (4 – to bar) from the café next door she put in a good word for me with the owner. She told him the reason I __________________ (5 – not / to greet / once) him in French on walking in wasn’t because I was rude, but English. So he took to ______________ (6 – to cross) the bar whenever I entered, _____________ (7 – to shake) my hand and ___________ (8 – to roar) “Bonjour, Anglais” until I ___________ (9 – to give in) and began to pre-empt him. Now we get on famously. Paris is all about ______________ (10 – to follow) ritual. Everything – how you feed a washing machine, the way you greet someone, the way you enter a bar. There’s a café near here where the customers spend hours ______________ (11 – to discuss) the food. They are pompous and ridiculous and I wish I ___________ (12 – to be) one of them, but I never will. – Charles Darwent, art critic. 37. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. objective prejudices exclusively aware of values officials alienation contradiction tend mother variety irrelevant At the European School in Brussels the 3,500 pupils, most of whom are children of EU ________________ (1), are growing up with European ___________________ (2). These children are living the European ideal – often speaking three or four languages and considering themselves to be European rather than from one country _______________ (3). The school’s philosophy is that children from different countries must be educated together and be made ______________ (4) the wide ______________ (5) of cultures that co-exist in Europe. History and Geography classes are never taught in the student’s ________________ (6) tongue, in the hope that pupils will view their own country more objectively and become more ________________ (7) towards other countries. As a result, the pupils _________________ (8) to be very broadminded, although some stereotypical _______________ (9) do still exist. However, this hardly matters because the students still make friends and, after a while, nationality becomes _________________ (10). The pupils see no __________________ (11) in considering themselves European while being, for example, British. But they do have a sense of _________________ (12) when they return home and are considered strangers by their own people. For them, however, the country where they live is not important, it’s where their friends are that matters. 38. Comment on the following statements: 1. Tourism may be the true salvation of humankind’s cultural heritage. 2. Internationalization has, in practice, been a process of everyone’s coming to live and act the same. 3. For developed countries, tourism can help maintain a healthy competitive edge. 4. It is desirable that tourist companies promote safe and environmentally responsible tourism. 5. Tourism has been industrialized: landscapes, cultures, cuisines, and religions are consumer goods displayed in travel brochures. 39. Express your opinion and support it using the vocabulary of the unit. Who do you side with? A. Tourism is the avenue on which we can exchange our cultures and learn from each other. Tourism brings peace. B. Tourism ruins everything that it touches. Modern travel narrows the mind. HOME ACTIVITIES (6) 40. Read the text Digging to America and get ready to answer the questions (see exercise 45). 41. Translate into English. Use the hints from the box. dependence on polar ice cap to be estimated at to urge energy-saving dominant position confidence in industrialized to cause damage indigenous to endure to divert crucial prosperity natural habitat community a diverse range (of) link 1. Городской совет настойчиво призывает население использовать энергосберегающее оборудование в домах и офисах. 2. Если бы не развод, его состояние оценивалось бы в 10 миллиардов евро. 3. Считается, что таяние полярных льдов нанесет серьезный ущерб естественной среде обитания коренного населения Севера. 4. Если бы компания начала производить новое оборудование на год раньше, им удалось бы сохранить господствующее положение на рынке. 5. Если бы не наше полное доверие к партнерам, мы бы не сообщили им все детали проекта. 6. В своем выступлении президент осветил ряд различных актуальных проблем. 7. Стойко выдержав все трудности на пути к североамериканскому континенту, иммигранты из Европы были готовы выполнять любую работу, чтобы добиться успеха (процветания). 8. Некоторые ученые настаивают на том, что не существует связи между деятельностью человека и глобальным изменением климата. 9. Идея о повороте сибирских рек была подвергнута критике научным сообществом. 10. Докладчик подчеркнул, что промышленно развитым странам давно пора снизить зависимость от нефти и газа как основных источников энергии. Step IV CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7) GIVE IT ANOTHER BRUSH 42. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. 1. Serena challenged Maria _______ a game of tennis. 2. This charity is fuelled _______ massive grants. 3. Los Angeles is a city vibrant _______ life. 4. You need to be more tolerant _______ your colleagues. 5. The airline supplied a uniform _______ each of its employees. 6. Angela is financially independent _______ her husband. 7. Jeremy felt he could not completely confide _______ his partner. 8. My cousin is in the habit _______ confiding all her secrets _______ me. 9. Racial tensions are reported to be _______ the rise in that part of the country. 10. Most young people rely _______ the Internet _______ news. 11. These two pictures are quite similar _______ manner of painting. 12. Your problems seem to be very similar _______ mine. 13. Edmund Spenser was born _______ the family of an impoverished nobleman. 14. Kevin’s best friend turned out to be his principal rival _______ the job. 15. Genetic engineering is _______ the cutting edge of science. 16. According _______ Reuters, the earthquake has claimed 18 lives. 17. _______ accordance _______ the agreement the prime ministers are to meet in July. 18. Who is to blame _______ the failure of the project? 19. Mark’s boss is always finding fault _______ him. 20. The intern refused to cater _______ the ridiculous demands of his senior. TEXT 2 Cross-cultural Notes: 1. Anne Tyler (1941–) graduated at 19 from Duke University (the USA) and went on to do graduate work in Russian studies at Columbia University. Her eleventh novel Breathing Lessons was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1988. The novel Digging to America (2006) is based on her personal experience: now a widow, she was married to an Iranian. 2. school – in both the UK and the US, school usually means a place where children are taught from the age of four or five until they are 18. Americans also use school to refer to a university. / preschool(Amer.) – a nursery school for children up to the age of 4 or 5, when they begin their formal education. / high school (Amer.) – a secondary school, usually one for the last four years before college. Most US students complete high school at the age of 17 or 18. 3. senior year (Amer.) – a student’s last year at high school or university / graduate school – a part of a university in the US where students who have a first degree can study for a master’s degree or a doctorate. 4. fall (Amer.) – the autumn season. 5. Baltimore accent – the accent comes from the combination of Baltimore’s English colonial accents with influxes of Irish, German and other European immigrants. 6. the Iranian New Year (Norooz / Nourouz) – a holiday celebrated on the first day of spring according to the Persian calendar, it goes on for 13 days. * * * Digging to America Sami had a sort of performance piece that he liked to put on for the relatives. He was known for it. One of the relatives would say, almost slyly, “These Americans: can you figure them out?” Then this person would offer some anecdote to start things rolling. And Sami would get going on the American craze for logic. “Logic’s why they’re always suing each other. They believe that for every event there has to be a cause. Surely somebody is to blame! they say. Stumble in the street when you are not looking and break your leg? Sue the city! Sue the store where you bought your glasses and the doctor who prescribed them! Fall down the stairs, bang your head on a cabinet, slip on the bathroom tiles? Sue your landlord! And don’t just sue for medical bills; sue for pain, emotional trauma, public humiliation, lowered self-esteem!” “Ooh, low self-esteem,” a relative might murmur, and everyone would laugh. “They feel personally outraged by bad luck,” Sami would go on. “ They have been lucky all their lives and they can’t imagine that any misfortune should have the right to befall them. There must be some mistake! they say. They’ve always been so careful! They’ve paid the closest attention to every safety instruction – the DANGER tag on their hair dryer saying Unplug after every use, and then print on the plastic bag saying This is not a toy, and the recycling pamphlet saying Warning: Before stepping on milk jugs to flatten them, please take firm hold of a reliable source of support.” Or he would examine their so-called openness. “So chummy they are, so ‘Hello, I love you,’ so ‘How do you do, let me tell you my marital problems,’ and yet, have any of them ever really, truly let you into their lives?” Or their claim to be so tolerant. “They say they’re a culture without restrictions. An unconfined culture, a do-your-own-thing kind of culture. But all that means is, they keep their restrictions a secret. They wait until you violate one and then they get all faraway and chilly and unreadable, and you have no idea why. My cousin Davood? He lived here for six months and then he moved to Japan. He said that in Japan, at least they tell you the rules. At least they admit they have rules. He feels much more comfortable there, he said.” Then others would chime in with stories of their own – the friendships unaccountably ended, the stunned silence after innocent questions. “You can’t ask how much someone’s dress cost. You can’t ask the price of their houses. You don’t know what to ask!” These conversations were conducted in English, because Sami would not speak Farsi. He had flat-out refused to ever since the day back in preschool when he had discovered that none of his classmates spoke it. And there lay the irony, according to his mother. “You with your Baltimore accent,” she said, “American born, American raised, never been anywhere else: how can you say these things? You’re American yourself! You’re poking fun at your own people!” “Aw, Mom, it’s all in good humor,” he said. “It doesn’t sound so good-humored to me. When you were growing up, you were more American than the Americans. In high school you never dated anyone but blondes. I certainly never expected that you would pick up an Iranian girl.” “I don’t know why not,” he said. This wasn’t entirely truthful, because in his heart he too had always thought his wife would be American. * * * In his senior year in college he met Ziba. She was confident and plain-spoken. She came right up to him after their first class together and said, “Iranian, right?” “Right,” he said. “Me too. Ziba Hakimi,” she said and moved off to join her friends – American friends, male and female mixed. She wore jeans and a Tears for Fears T-shirt, and her hair in those days was short enough so that she could gel and spike it into something resembling punk. As he came to know her he noticed how much they understood about each other without discussion. A cloak of shared background surrounded them invisibly. She asked him in mid-March if he planned to go home the next weekend, and she didn’t need to explain that she meant for New Year’s. That summer after graduation he drove over to Washington often to take her to dinner or a movie, and he met a whole string of her relatives. To him the Hakimis seemed both familiar and alien. He recognized the language they spoke, the foods they served, the music they were listening to, but he was uncomfortable with the lavish parties they gave and their zeal for the most expensive brand names – Rolex and Prada and Farragamo. What would his mother think of these people? He knew what she would think. He brought Ziba home to meet her but he left Ziba’s relatives out of it. And his mother, although she welcomed Ziba graciously, never proposed that the two families get together. To be honest, the Hakimis were only one generation removed from the bazaar. Sami’s parents would never even have met them, if they were back home in Tehran. In the fall Sami and Ziba went back to the university – Sami to work on his graduate degree in European history and Ziba to start her senior year. They were deeply in love by then. Her family visited constantly. They hugged Sami to their chests and kissed him on both cheeks and inquired after his studies. In Mr. Hakimi’s opinion, European history was not the best choice of fields. “You propose to do what with this? To teach,” he said. “You will become a professor, teaching students who’ll become professors in turn and teach other students who will become professors also. It reminds me of those insects who live only a few days, only for the purpose of reproducing their species. Is this a practical plan? I don’t think so!” Sami didn’t bother arguing. Somehow, though – how did this happen? – by the time he and Ziba were married he had agreed to work in her uncle’s development company. Just try it, everyone said, and go back to school in the fall if he didn’t like it. He did like it, though. If his mother was disappointed that Sami had given up his studies, she never said so. Well, of course she was disappointed. But she told him it was his decision. She was cordial to the Hakimis and affectionate with Ziba; Sami knew she liked Ziba and he didn’t think that was only because Ziba was Iranian. For their engagement she had offered them a ring he’d never seen before, an antique ring with a diamond that satisfied even the Hakimis. Or maybe it didn’t. It wasn’t huge. But at least they had professed to be satisfied. Oh, everybody on both sides had been exceedingly well-behaved. COMPREHENSION EXERCISES 43. Give the English for: судиться друг с другом (подавать в суд друг на друга); споткнуться; счет за медицинское обслуживание; фен; общительный, дружелюбный; супружеские проблемы; нарушать что-либо (ограничения); наотрез отказался; принимать гостей с размахом, на широкую ногу; сердечный, радушный; нежно, ласково относиться к кому-либо. 44. Find the Russian for: to start things rolling; to prescribe (glasses); bathroom tiles; Unplug after every use; unconfined culture; stunned silence; And there lay the irony; to poke fun at sb; in good humor; to gel and spike one’s hair; development company. 45. Answer the questions. 1. What was Sami’s background? What was his first language? What language did he speak? Did he have a foreign accent? Why didn’t he speak Farsi? 2. Why did he poke at American ways? What did he and his relatives find ridiculous in Americans? 3. Why do you think Sami’s mother thought that he would marry an American girl? When and where did he meet Ziba? What did Ziba look like? Do you think she was a typical Iranian girl? Why did Sami and Ziba understand each other without discussion? 4. What was Ziba’s background? Why did the Hakimis seem both familiar and alien to Sami? What was his mother’s attitude to the Hakimis? 5. What kind of career did Sami’s mother expect her son to make? Did the Hakimis approve of his chosen path? Why didn’t they? Why do you think Sami gave up his studies? 6. Do you think it was natural that Sami should have married an Iranian girl? Sami was born and raised in the USA. Did he perfectly fit in American cultural pattern or was hem in a way, culturally confused? Support your viewpoint. 46. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Looking at Dave Maryam said: “Did you see how people _____________ (1 – to edge) away from Sami and Ziba and me at the airport tonight? No, you didn’t. You wouldn’t even _________________ (2 – to notice). But that’s what it ________________ (3 – to be) like ever since September eleventh. Oh,” she said, “sometimes I get so tired of _____________ (4 – to be) foreign I want to lie down and die. It’s a lot of work ________________ (5 – to be) foreign.” – “Work?” – “A lot of work and effort and still we never quite manage ________________ (6 – to fit in). Susan said this past Christmas, she rode home with me after school one day and she said, “I wish we _____________________ (7 – modal / to celebrate) Christmas the way other people do. I don’t like ____________ (8 – to be) different,” she said. It broke my heart ______________ (9 – to hear) that. I’m far too sensitive about my foreignness. You believe that your life __________________ (10 – to define) by your foreignness. You think everything _____________ (11 to be) different if only you _________________ (12 – to belong). ‘If only I ______________ (13 – to be) back home,’ you say, and you forget that you ____________________ (14 – not / to belong) there either, after all these years. It ________________ (15 – not / to be) home at all anymore.” HOME ACTIVITIES (7) 47. Translate into English. Use the hints from the box. amenities migrate community to shrink remote to cease to exist vibrant crafts in search of Сант Килда – отдаленный остров в группе Гебридских островов. Известно, что население острова являлось уникальной общиной, почти изолированной от остального мира. Образ жизни общины оставался неизменным на протяжении нескольких веков. Население острова стало резко сокращаться в 1920-е годы, когда молодежь стала переезжать в полные жизни крупные промышленные центры Шотландии. Молодые люди покидали свои родные места в поисках работы. Их также привлекали коммунальные удобства и комфорт больших городов. В начале 30-х годов XX века община перестала существовать – последний житель покинул остров. К сожалению, некоторые уникальные ремесла были утрачены навсегда. 48 . Retell the text as if you were Sami Sami’s mother Ziba Mr. Hakimi CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8) Examination practice 49. Complete the sentences: 1. Of China and Mongolia, the ... (former / latter) has the larger population. 2. The company has a ... (turnover / turnout) of $1mln a year. 3. At weekends, Simon ... (resigned / retired) to his country house to spend hours in the garden. 4. The guide ... (paid attention / pointed out) that we had two hours of free time before the next excursion. 5. Measures are being taken to reduce ... (tension / differences) between the trade union committee and the administration. 6. Bill’s got all his money in stocks and shares. That’s his ... (safety / security) against bad times in the future. 7. This used to be a really nice ... (region / neighbourhood) before the property developers moved in. 8. Let’s stop ... (to have / having) a drink. – Again? I wish you’d stop ... (to drink / drinking) so much! 9. We have only six months left ... (to achieve / to accomplish) our task. 10. The issue of climate change was the ... (dominant / domineering) theme of the conference. 50. Open the brackets and write the verbs in the appropriate forms. 1. A. – I’ve done all the calculations. Here you are – six pages. B. – But you ________________________ (1 – modal / not / to do) all that work! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A. – You _________________________ (2 – modal / to tell) me! Then I ____________________ (3 – not / to waste) all my time. 2. A. – I was on the Circle Line and we were just leaving Piccadilly... B. – Then you _____________________ (4 – modal / not / to be) on the Circle Line. You _____________________ (5 – modal / to be) on the Bakerloo Line or the Piccadilly Line. 3. A. – I ___________________________ (6 – my house / to paint) last month, but when they sent in the bill I was appalled. If I ________________________ (7 – to know) it was going to cost so much I _________________________ (8 – not / to have) it done. C. – But it’s your own fault. You _____________________ (9 – modal / to ask) for an estimate before letting them start. 4. A. – I can’t make my car ___________________ (10 – to start) on cold mornings. B. – Have you tried ____________________ (11 – to fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps. 5. After _______________________ (12 – to get / to know) him better, I regretted __________________ (13 – to judge) him unfairly. 6. _______________________ (14 – to finish) the painting he gave a sigh of relief. 7. Father: I’ve supported you all through university. Now I think it’s time you _________________ (15 – to begin) to support yourself. 8. That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I _____________________ (16 – never / to set) eyes on him. 9. _____________________ (17 – to spend) 48 hours without sleep she couldn’t even think of going to bed, afraid _________________ (18 – to leave) Kitty unwatched over. 51. Translate from Russian into English: A. Скорее всего, экономика этого острова зависит от потока туристов, приезжающих сюда каждое лето. Местные власти, кажется, прилагают все усилия для строительства новых объектов социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания. Не может быть, чтобы вы не оценили (to appreciate) культурное и этническое разнообразие этого замечательного места! B. В последние десятилетия огромный ущерб был нанесен малым городам России. В XIX веке эти полные жизни города процветали и были центрами торговли и ремесел. В середине ХХ века некоторые из них были признаны ЮНЕСКО частью всемирного культурного наследия. Сейчас население в них постепенно сокращается: молодежь переезжает в крупные промышленные центры в поисках работы. Правительству уже давно пора сделать эти места привлекательными для туристов. Если бы индустрия туризма была возрождена, традиционные ремёсла позволили бы обеспечить работой местное население и уберечь (rescue) местную культуру от вымирания. HOME ACTIVITIES (8) 52. Write a paragraph to answer the question: How does foreign language learning shape a person’s cultural identity? Step V CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (9) Examination practice 53. Read the following text and say what the text deals with; say what the message of the text is; retell the text answer the teacher’s questions savvy – knowing a lot about something and able to make good judgments about it to tran'scend – to become free of negative attitudes, thoughts, or feelings that limit what you can achieve to parse [pQ:z] – to examine and describe the grammar of a sentence or a particular word in a sentence Lcontem'plation – the process of thinking about something or looking at somethingfor a long time What Kids Should Know Being tech-savvy is one thing. Being cultured means exploring the unknown. The shrinking world and waves of migrants continually reeducate America, reinventing its culture and its sense of what it means to be a refined person. The white Anglo-Saxon Protestant’s cultural bedrock of Shakespeare and the Bible has eroded: grad students today are as likely to be writing on the 12th-century Sufi saints or Mario Vargas Llosa novels as they are on the Western canon. Postmodernity – that trendy pseudo-philosophy that questioned hidden prejudices and preconceptions underpinning knowledge – managed, for a time, to shrink the space between high and low culture. During its vogue in the 1980s, Yale literature students were taught to “read” Ralph Lauren perfume ads with the same solemnity they applied to the Iliad. Though the po-mo rage has faded, scholars are still waging fierce debates over whether students are vessels to be filled with facts or souls to be stretched with perceptions. For the IT generation, many of whom can Web-surf as soon as they can read, the possibilities of cyberspace dazzle more than the slow-burn pleasures of a sonnet. Many teachers now emphasize attitudes like risk taking and compassion over knowledge. The stress is often made on learning how to learn. Given our fast-changing, globalized and info-saturated world, what will the cultured person the future look like? In the past, being educated meant knowing lots about the past. In the 21st century, it will increasingly mean looking to the future. We live in an age when professionals are increasingly specialized. The truly educated person – whether a Milton scholar, a Web-solutions designer or a brain surgeon – will be someone who can communicate with those outside their profession. A shrunken world latticed with interconnections will need translators – across borders, disciplines and cultures. All the parts of the world are interacting in such complex ways that the cultured person will be someone open to other cultures. They’ll have to be able to transcend their own culture, language and outlook. In the 1920s an American high-school senior could parse Virgil. A recent poll found that only one in seven Americans between 18 and 14 could find Iraq on a map. “A lot of American education focuses on making kids feel comfortable,” observes sociologist Richard Sennett. “It interprets the everyday. That’s not a good recipe for broadening your horizons.” Perhaps not, but it may be the danger of a democratic age. More than a century ago, Alexis de Tocqueville noted that democracies bred self-obsession: “In democratic communities,” he wrote, “each citizen is habitually engaged in the contemplation of a very puny object: namely himself.” The era of the Blogger, the personal Web site and the call-in cable show provides a marketplace of opportunities to listen to oneself or the like-minded. The trick, for coming generations, will be to stop contemplating the self, and to spend more time breathing unknown air. 54. Read the following text and say what the text deals with; say what the message of the text is; retell the text answer the teacher’s questions aquifer - a layer of rock or soil that can absorb and hold water The ecology of Hollywood Los Angeles is an unlikely city. Built over a major seismic fault, on the edge of one of the world's most inhospitable deserts, the city has developed like the extension of a Hollywood movie set, a sprawling urban fantasy which many people feel should not really exist. Scientists have estimated that the land and water in the area could naturally support 200,000 people, not the 15 million that live there. Since the 1880s, Los Angeles has been transformed from a sleepy cattle town with a population of 4,000, to a metropolis that now accounts for nearly one per cent of global greenhouse emissions. It is the car culture, with nine million cars contributing to the smog and air pollution and 40 per cent of the population suffering from respiratory problems due to vehicle emissions. Surprisingly, LA is now becoming the forum for some of the most progressive environmental thought in the USA. The city is full of contradictions. Often regarded as the symbol of consumerism and material extravagance, it is seen as the essence of anti-nature. Paradoxically, people often move to Los Angeles because of nature; attracted by its climate, the snow-capped mountains, the ocean and the beaches. The movie industry came here because of the clarity of the light, the 270 days of sunshine per year and the diversity of location close by. The fantasy has always depended on one fundamental resource – water. No metropolis on the planet has looked farther afield for its supply than LA has, and the fact that there are "no more rivers to bring to the desert" is a cause of much concern. The natural water table was exhausted after four decades in the 1890s. In 1913, when the controversial Los Angeles Aqueduct was first opened, diverting water over 350 kilometres from Owens Valley, chief engineer William Mulholland proclaimed that it would supply Hollywood's lawns and swimming pools for ever. Within ten years, the city needed more. And in the 90s, with the water level in Mono Lake falling to dangerously low levels, LA was ordered to reduce its water intake. Almost a third of the water feeding Los Angeles is now obtained by extraction from underground aquifers. Half of the considerable winter rainfall, which would permeate the soil and recharge the aquifers, is swallowed by concrete drainage systems and diverted into the Pacific. Since intensive farming methods require around 200,000 litres of water to produce what an average Californian eats in a day, the issue of water supply is never far away. Desperation has led to some ambitious proposals, ranging from a plastic pipeline from Alaska to towing icebergs from Antarctica. What few Angelinos are aware of today is that the city is actually built on a river. The so-called LA river, which passes through Hollywood studios and Chinatown, is the central natural feature of the city. As the city was paved over, the winter floods created a threat to economic expansion and, in the 1930s, work began to erase the river altogether. Engineers built a concrete channel, put the river inside it and fenced it off with barbed wire. The river became the ultimate symbol of LA's destruction of nature. Inevitably, the concrete flood-control system had disastrous ecological consequences, destroying wetland areas. However, plans are now underway to restore the river, recreate wetland areas to attract birds, establish nature walks and cycle paths. There is a feeling that if you can fix the LA river, you can fix the city. And if you can fix this city, it seems possible that you can fix any city." 55. Read the following text and say what the text deals with; say what the message of the text is; retell the text answer the teacher’s questions to dis'guise – to hide something; to make changes in the way something looks so that other people will not recognise them Are you a tourist or a traveller? Less than 40 years ago, tourism was encouraged as an unquestion-able good. With the arrival of package holidays and charter flights, tourism could at last be enjoyed by the masses. Yet one day, it seems feasible that there will be no more tourists. There will be ‘š ！ÿ turers’, ‘fieldwork assistants’, ‘volunteers’ and, of course, ‘travellers’. But the term ‘tourist’ will be extinct. There might be those who quietly slip away to foreign lands for nothing other than pure pleasure, but it will be a secretive and frowned upon activity. No one will want to own up to being one of those. In fact, there are already a few countries prohibiting tourists from entering certain areas where the adverse effects of tourism have already struck. Tourists have been charged with bringing nothing with them but their money and wreaking havoc with the local environment. It won’t be easy to wipe out this massive, ever growing tribe. Today there are more than 700 million ‘tourist arrivals’ each year. The World Tourism Organisation forcasts that by 2020, there will be 1.56 billion tourists travelling at any one time. The challenge to forcibly curtail more than a billion tourists from going where they want is immense. It is so immense as to be futile. You cannot make so many economically empowered people stop doing something they want to do unless you argue that it is of extreme damage to the welfare of the world that only the truly malicious, utterly selfish and totally irresponsible would ever consider doing it. So tourism is being attacked by more subtle methods, by being re-branded in the hope we won’t recognise it as the unattractive entity it once was. Adventurers, fieldwork assistants, and volunteers don’t go on holidays. ‘Un-tourists’ go on things called ‘cultural experiences’, ‘expeditions’, ‘projects’ and most tellingly, ‘missions’. While this re-branding is supposed to present a progressive approach to travel, it is firmly rooted in the viewpoint of the Victorian era. Like 19th century Victorian travellers, the modern day un-tourist insists that the main motive behind their adventure is to help others. Whereas the mass tourist and the area they visit are condemned as anti-ethical, the ethos of the un-tourist and the needs of the area they wander into are presumed to be in tune with each other. The re-packaging of tourism as meaningful, self-sacrificing travel is liberating. It allows you to go to all sorts of places that would be ethically out of bounds to a regular tourist. Mass tourists are excluded from this new kind of un-tourism. Pretending you are not doing something that you actually are – going on holiday – is at the heart of the un-tourist industry. Every aspect of the experience has to be disguised. The expeditions, projects and adventures are advertised in publications more likely to resemble magazines with a concern in ecological or cultural issues. The price is usually well hidden as if there is an unwillingness to admit that this is a commercial transaction. There is something disturbing in having to pay to do good. All tourism should be responsible towards and respectful of environmental and human resources. Some tourist developments, as well as individual tourists have not been so and should be challenged. But instead a divide is being driven between those few privileged, high-paying tourists and the masses. There is no difference between them – they are just being packaged as something different. Our concern should not be with this small number but with the majority of travellers. But should we bother? We who concern ourselves with this debate are potentially or probably un-tourists. We aren’t interested in saving leisure time abroad for the majority of people: we are interested in making ourselves feel good. REFERENCES 1. Roy Norris. Ready for CAE. Coursebook. 2004. 2. Roy Norris, Amanda French. Ready for CAE. Workbook. 2004. 3. Amanda French. CAE Testbuilder With Answer Key. Macmillan, 2003. 4. Mark Harrison. New Proficiency Testbuilder. Macmillan, 2002. 5. Sue O’Connell. Focus on IELTS. Longman. Pearson Education Limited, 2003. 6. Michael McCarthy, Filicity O’Dell. English Vocabulary in Use. Advanced. Cambridge University Press, 2007. 7. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. Upstream Intermediate Plus. Express Publishing, 2002. 8. Virginia Evans, FCE Use of English. New Edition. Express Publishing, 2000. 9. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. FCE Practice Tests 2. New Edition. Express Publishing, 2000. 10. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley. Mission 2. Coursebook. New Edition. Express Publishing, 2000. 11. Virginia Evans, Linda Edwards. Upstream Advanced. Express Publishing, 2002. Liz and John Soars, New Headway Upper-Intermediate 12. Mark Powell. In Company. Macmillan, 2005. 15. George Yule. Oxford Practice Grammar with answers. Oxford University Press, 2006. 16. Louise Hashemi with Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Supplementary Exercises with answers. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 17. Douglas Biber, Stig Jahansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson Education Limited, 2000. 18. Ronald Carter, Rebecca Hughes and Michael McCarthy. Exploring Grammar in Context. Cambridge University Press, 2001. 19. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. Macmillan, 2003. 20. Jonathan Crowther (editor). Oxford Guide to British and American Culture. Oxford University Press, 2004. 21. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. New Edition. Pearson Education Limited, 2003. 22. Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Oxford University Press, 2004. 23. David Crystal. How Language Works. AVERY, a member of the Penguin Group (USA) Inc., New York, 2005. 24. Bruce Burgett and Glenn Hendler (edited by). Keywords for American Cultural Studies. New York University Press, 2007. 25. The Observer, 2005. 26. The New York Times, 2005. 27. Newsweek, 2003-2007. 28. The Moscow Times, 2004-2005. 29. The Economist, Millenium special edition. 30. The Bulletin, March 2006.
