Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages EXAM Discipline: Specialist in foreign philology: literature Theme 71: Describe the stages of a plot and dwell on their functions. Provide relevant examples. Faculty of Translation and Philology Specialty: Foreign Philology Group: 322 Prepared by Kamilya Davletbayeva, Aksaule Sandybai, Dilnaz Usupzhan and Yasmin Salikhojayeva Plan: 1. Introduction 2. Freytag's pyramid 3. Exposition 4. Rising action 5. Climax 6. Falling action 7. Denouement 8. Conclusion Aim: to identify and explore the main stages of every literature plot. Tasks: - to define the functions of each stage - to find out all parts of a plot - to provide the examples of Freytag's pyramid 1. INTRODUCTION Many stories of all types have a structure that follows five basic stages of action. This basic sequence appears as the overall shape of the story or in subsequences, such as chapters and scenes. This was described by Gustav Freytag, based on an analysis of ancient and classic dramas (it has also been criticized as too simple for modern, complex plots). Story is the way an author creates and organizes a chain of events in a story. The story is the basis of the story. The plot must have a logical, engaging format that draws the reader in. The plot differs from the "story" in that it emphasizes the specific and purposeful relationship of cause and effect between the sequence of major events in the narrative. All plots follow a logical organization with a beginning, a middle, and an end but the basic plot structure is much more than just that. Typically, in each graph, these five elements are arranged in the following order: Exposition: Setting the scene. Rising action: Building the tension. Climax: The exciting bit. Falling action: Tidying up loose ends. Resolution: Ending the story. 2. FREITAG’S PYRAMID Freitag’s pyramid was created by writer Gustav Freitag based on an analysis of the works of Shakespeare and the ancient Greek authors. This formula is already a little more complex, with a climax at its center, supported by all the other elements of the story. The German writer and playwright Gustav Freitag has long tried to understand the impact of the stories we hear and read on us. He asked himself, “What distinguishes a good story that can touch the hearts of its listeners and even change their behaviour?” After studying the work of William Shakespeare, acknowledged as one of the best writers of all time, Freytag mapped out a narrative that shows why Shakespeare’s stories grab our attention, as well as the literary techniques that enabled him to achieve this effect. 3. EXPOSITION The exposition is the time, place of action, composition and relationships of the characters. If the exposition is placed at the beginning of the work, it is called direct, if in the middle — delayed.An image of the arrangement of characters and circumstances in a literary work, directly preceding the unfolding of the main plot action. The exposition does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work, but only motivates the action. The task of the exposition is to present some of the characters and the setting of the action. Exposition – information about the life of the characters before the beginning of the movement of events. This is an image of the circumstances that make up the background of the action. Example: Description of the life of the estate in the "Blizzard" by A.C. Pushkin. 4. RISING ACTION Raising action is a sequence of events that starts from a conflict. The action builds up and peaks at the climax point. The gradual build-up of conflict, that is, the events that take place in the work between the beginning and the climax, the development of the plot lines. In a work of fiction, the development of action is always present and cannot be omitted. 5. CLIMAX The climax is the pivotal point in the story when the protagonist deals with the culmination of events. The climax often centers on the protagonist's most difficult challenge or bleakest moment, according to Pasadena City College. Examples: "The Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins, the climax occurs when Katniss and Peeta - the primary protagonists -- decide to eat poisonous berries and commit double suicide, rather than kill one another. The climax is the most exciting part of the story and initiates a turning point in the characters' lives. Hamlet stabs and kills Polonius, believing it to be his uncle. This is an important turning point at which Hamlet has committed himself to both violence and revenge. (Another climax can be said to be when Hamlet duels Laertes.) 6. FALLING ACTION A falling action is a series of events or actions of heroes leading to a denouement. Here the main (plot) action traditionally ends. This is the moment when the conflict exhausts itself, and the denouement can either resolve the conflict or clearly demonstrate its insolubility. The falling action is the result of the actions of the characters and nothing else. For example: In N.V. Gogol's comedy "The Inspector", the falling action is the news of the arrival of the real inspector and the exposure of Khlestakov. 7. DENOUEMENT After the climax, the path of the plot seems to go downhill, events accelerate, the heroes become more determined, the enemies cease to be secret, the goals become clear. And, finally, the conflict comes to a logical conclusion: all secrets and riddles are revealed, enemies are defeated or re-educated, a point has been put in the relationship. Even if the author plans to write a continuation of the work, it is necessary to have an intermediate ending. It is impossible to leave the reader in perplexity and confusion. The situation of the actors that has developed in the worst work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it; the final scene that adds the finishing touches to the characters of the actors. Types of interchanges: - natural (logical expression of the tie); - false. Types of denouement (depending on the development of the plot): - sudden; - logically following from the development of the action. Types of denouement (depending on the writer's artistic manner): - one with a climax; - separate from the climax Denouement is one of the main compositional units of a dramatic work, the end of an action or the end of a conflict in a work. The denouement happens at the end, but sometimes at the beginning of the text; as a rule, it is justified by the internal logic of the development of events. The denouement is given at the end of the work, but in cases where external action plays a secondary role, it is transferred to the middle and even to the beginning of the narrative. In accordance with the author's plan, many works are devoid of denouement and have a so-called open ending. After the climax the denouement comes, that is, the author shows the position that was created as a result of the development of the whole action. The denouement in the narrative: - Begins with the moment of the "revolution in the fate of the hero" and ends with the victory or defeat of the latter. - Completes the struggle of contradictions that make up the content of a dramatic work. - By resolving their conflict, it marks the victory of one side over the other. - Effectiveness is determined by the significance of the entire preceding struggle and the culminating acuteness of the episode (Spannung) preceding and containing the highest point of resistance of the defeated side and the greatest degree of tension of the winning side. - Often it is not the end of the work — it is followed in dramatic genres by a phrase at the curtain or an appeal to the audience. - By analogy with dramatic conflict, the term is sometimes applied to conflict resolution in narrative genres. 8. CONCLUSION 1) The Freytag Pyramid is a great way to visualize the structure of what is happening. Freitag's pyramid is the first experience of systematic analysis of drama. With all its imperfections, it represents a valuable attempt to determine the internal laws of the composition of the drama. The concept of Freytag differs from many theoretical constructions also in that it takes into account the psychology of the viewer's perception. In this respect, Freitag was far ahead of its time. Throughout the analysis of the drama, he proceeds from the need to build the work in such a way that the viewer is constantly exposed, and feels intense interest in what is happening on stage. In this regard, the Freitag pyramid laid one of the foundations for studying how artistic works are perceived by viewers and listeners. 2) Exposition. That's where the work begins. What motivates the reader for the further course of the narrative? What could have happened a year ago, ten years ago with this or that character? Sometimes the exposition resembles the myth of the creation of the world: it is it that gives impetus to everything that exists, but it does not particularly affect anything. It also happens that the exposition echoes the epilogue or is an episode from the middle of the book. In a word, you start reading, thinking and waiting. These are the primary tasks of the prologue. 3) Rising action. At this stage, it already becomes clear that the conflict is not far off. More precisely, it appears right now: at first, slowly and imperceptibly, as if dotted. And a little further it becomes more obvious and tense. Usually this is a meeting of two heroes who are destined to walk along the road of life. By the way, conflict is not always something bad and sharply negative. It's just a clash of someone or something: points of view, lifestyles, situation, people, and so on. Love, by the way– is also a conflict. Yes, even what! 4) The climax is the highlight of any text; it is a sea of emotions, a storm of feelings and sharp actions. Usually readers' eyes are already burning, they swallow page after page and cannot stop, even if urgent matters await them. Nerves in this case are strained to the limit; the head is torn from the most unthinkable assumptions. Someone is almost not breathing anymore and now... fireworks! After that, you can finally remember that you need to breathe. 5) Falling actions. These events are the consequence of a big event that happened at the climax. This is also the part where we found out the reason for the conflict between the main character and the obstacles that were in his way. 6) The denouement is a kind of opening of the curtain. You will find out who killed the old lady, whose son broke the vase and who wrote anonymous letters to the heroine all this time. The tension slowly subsides, you can already inhale and exhale evenly, the heartbeat is leveled, and thoughts flash as follows: "Wow, I thought so." or: "But how is this possible?". 9. REFERENCES 1. ClearVoice Blog: Learning Freytag’s Pyramid: 5 Cool Examples of How To Use It in Marketing by Elizabeth Chey. 2. The Five-Stage Story Structure: Common to many stories. 3. Plot of a Story by Kit Kittelstad. 4. The 5 Parts of the Narrative author image by Hannah Muniz. 5. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Развязка_(литература) 6. https://thewritepractice.com/freytags-pyramid/ 7. СТАДИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЯ (ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ КОМПОЗИЦИИ) 8. ЛИТО “Невская лира”
