CONDITIONALS Type of sentence Facts in general 0 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning IF CLAUSE (condition) MAIN CLAUSE (result) Translation PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. Kada voda dostigne 100 stepeni, ona ključa. FUTURE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE 1 REAL If I have enough money, If you have time, If you don't hurry I'll buy new shoes. IMPERATIVE finish your assignement. MODAL(may, might, can) we might miss the train. 2 POTENTIAL PAST SIMPLE We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'we'. It's strange, but correct! If I won the lottery, If I were you, PAST PERFECT 3 UNREAL If she had studied, If there hadn’t been for you, PAST PERFECT MIXED CONDITIONAL I (contrary to past fact) If I hadn’t spent all my money, If there hadn’t been you by my side, PAST SIMPLE MIXED CONDITIONAL II (contrary to the present fact) should/would +INFINITIVE I would buy a big house. I wouldn't go out with that man. should/would/could + HAVE + Past Participle she would have passed the exam. I never would've made it through. should/would +INFINITIVE (contrary to present fact) I would go to the concert. All my dreams would still be dreams. should/would/could + HAVE + Past Participle (contrary to the past fact) If she didn’t have strict parents, she would have gone out last night. Ako budem imao dovoljno novca, kupiću nove cipele. Ako budete imali vremena, završite zadatak. Ako ne požuriš, možemo propustiti voz. Kad bih dobio na lutriji, kupio bih veliku kuću. Da sam na tvom mestu, ne bih izašla sa tim čovekom. Da je učila, položila bi ispit. Da nije bilo tebe, nikada ne bih preživeo. Da nisam potrošio sav novac, išao bih na koncert. Da nije bilo tebe kraj mene, svi moji snovi bi još uvek bili samo snovi. Da nema stroge roditelje, izašla bi sinoć. (bila bi izašla) REPORTED SPEECH • • direct speech: “I like ice cream” reported speech: She says she likes ice cream We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: • direct speech: “I like ice cream” • Tense Direct Speech “I like ice cream” present simple present continuous “I am living in London” past simple “I went to the cinema” past continuous present perfect past perfect* will would* can could* shall should* “I was walking along the street” “I haven’t seen Julie” “I had taken English lessons before” “I’ll see you later” “I would help, but...” “I can speak perfect English” “I could swim when I was four” “I shall come later” “I should call my mother” reported speech: She said she liked ice cream. Reported Speech She said (that) she liked ice cream. She said she was living in London. She said she had been/gone to the cinema. or She said she went to the cinema. She said she had been walking along the street. She said she hadn’t seen Julie. She said she had taken English lessons before. She said she would see me later. She said she would help but... She said she could speak perfect English. She said she could swim when she was four. She said she would come later. She said she should call her mother. * doesn’t change Occasionally, we don’t need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense): • direct speech: “The sky is blue” • reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue Reported Questions: 'wh' questions Direct speech: "Where do you live?" Reported speech: She asked me where I lived. NO INVERSION! 'yes / no' question Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?" Reported speech: She asked me IF/WHETHER I liked chocolate. Reported Requests: Direct speech: "Close the window, please" or: "Could you close the window please?" Reported speech: She asked me to close the window. Direct speech: "Please don't be late" Reported speech: She asked us not to be late. Reported Orders: Direct speech: "Go to bed!" Reported speech: He told the child to go to bed. CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE "I saw him today", she said. → She said that she had seen him that day. "I saw him yesterday", she said. → She said that she had seen him the day before. "I met her the day before yesterday", he said. → He said that he had met her two days before. "I'll see you tomorrow", he said. → He said that he would see me the next day. "I have an appointment next week/month", she said.→ She said that she had an appointment the following week/month. "I was on holiday last week", he told us. → He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. "I saw her a week ago," he said. → He said he had seen her a week before. He said, "I live here". → He told me he lived there. PASSIVE VOICE We make passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE Tense Active present simple present continuous past simple I make a cake I am making a cake I made a cake past continuous I was making a cake present perfect I have made a cake pres. perf. continuous Passive I have been making a cake A cake is made (by me) A cake is being made (by me) A cake was made (by me) A cake was being made (by me) A cake has been made (by me) A cake has been being made (by me) past perfect I had made a cake A cake had been made (by me) future simple I will make a cake A cake will be made (by me) future perfect I will have made a cake A cake will have been made (by me) Verbs with two objects Some verbs that have two objects can make two different passive sentences: For example: ‘give’ - Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me. You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence. Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him) Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw. When should we use the Passive? 1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence: o The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence) 2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or ‘people in general’: He was arrested (obvious agent, the police). My bike has been stolen (unknown agent). The road is being repaired (unimportant agent). The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general). 3. In factual or scientific writing: o The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer. 4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing): o o o o o The brochure will be finished next month. 5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style: Three books are used in the regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. (‘Dr. Bell wrote the books’ sound clumsy) 6. When the subject is very long: o I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: ‘how well the students did in the test surprised me') o CAUSATIVE HAVE: GET / HAVE SOMETHING DONE This construction is passive in meaning. It may describe situations where we want someone else to do something for us. Examples: I must get / have my hair cut. We're having the house painted. If the verb refers to something negative or unwanted, it has the same meaning as a passive sentence: Jim had his car stolen last night. (= Jim's car was stolen) They had their roof blown off in the storm. (= Their roof was blown off in the storm) The construction can refer to the completion of an activity, especially if a time expression is used: We'll get the work done as soon as possible. I'll get those letters typed before lunchtime. In all these sentences, we are more interested in the result of the activity than in the person or object that performs the activity. Active to Passive: He is cutting his hair. → He is having his hair cut. MIND THE TENSE ALWAYS! We must paint our walls. → We must have our walls painted. SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN PASSIVE and INFINITIVES People think that she lives in a castle. →It is thought that she lives in a castle. She is thought to live in a castle. People say that she is talking to ghosts. → She is said to be talking to ghosts. PRESENT INFINITIVE CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE They believe that tsunami killed more than 100,000 people. → It is believed that tsunami killed more than 100,000 people. Tsunami is believed to have killed more than 100,000 people. PERFECT INFINITIVE * It seemed that she was upset. → She seemed to be upset. It appeared that his car had been stolen. → His car appeared to have been stolen. People knew that he was stealing from the firm. →He was known to be stealing from the firm. Other verbs can be used in sentences like this, such as: allege, assume, claim, estimate, expect, report, suggest, suppose, understand, hope, etc.
