Английский язык профессиональный

Государственное автономное образовательное учреждение
высшего образования города Москвы
«МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИНДУСТРИИ
ТУРИЗМА ИМЕНИ Ю.А.СЕНКЕВИЧА»
(ГАОУ ВО МГИИТ имени Ю.А. Сенкевича)
КАФЕДРА ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТА ЗАОЧНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ
НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОДГОТОВКИ 38.03.01 «ЭКОНОМИКА»
Критерии оценки уровня освоения дисциплины:
Процент
результативности
(правильных ответов)
Качественная оценка индивидуальных
образовательных достижений
балл (отметка)
вербальный аналог
90-100
5
отлично
75-89
4
хорошо
60-74
3
удовлетворительно
менее 60
2
неудовлетворительно
2015
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1 (3 семестр)
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 1,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского
языка.
1. Множественное число существительных. Притяжательный падеж
существительных. Окончание -s – признак времени Present Indefinite (3 л. ед.
ч.). Функции окончания -s.
2. Многозначность глаголов to do, to be. Способы их перевода на русский
язык.
3. Indefinite Tenses (Present, Past and Future Active and Passive Voice).
4. Способы перевода пассивных конструкций.
5. Continuous Tenses (Active and Passive Voice).
6. Грамматические функции и значения слов it, one, that.
При выполнении контрольной работы № 1 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
general partner – общий партнер (несущий полную юридическую
ответственность за дело);
silent partner – партнер без права голоса;
secret partner – секретный партнер (с правом голоса, но неизвестный
общественности как партнер);
apply for a corporate charter – подавать заявление на корпоративный патент;
company's officers – административные исполнители компании;
sue – возбуждать судебное дело;
profit and loss statement – отчет о прибылях и убытках;
net assets – нетто-капитал, стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств;
long-term investment – долгосрочный вклад;
be on commission – получать комиссионные с продажи;
verbal agreement – устное соглашение;
purchase order – заказ на покупку;
extra services – дополнительные услуги;
new brand – новая марка (товара);
installation services – услуги по установке;
take title to the goods – приобретать товар как собственность;
agent middleman – посредник между производителем и покупателем.
Вариант № 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи
являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (10 б.)
1. The partners want to consult the board of directors.
2. This country’s economic system is described in a scientific way.
3. Sole proprietorship gets tax benefits from the government.
4. The company's profits and losses must be shared equally by the partners.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (20б.)
1. Business activities take place both in public and private sectors.
2. A partner who contributes more capital will receive a bigger share of the
profit.
3. We put the same amount of money into business last year.
4. Before starting the business I shall consult a lawyer.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to do.(20б.)
1. Не was to repay his debts last month.
2. The problem is to get loans from banks.
3. General partners are the partners with unlimited liability.
4. He didn't want to go into business alone.
5. The employers and the investors do bear the risk in their business.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности
перевода пассивных конструкций.(15)
1. No account is taken of terms and conditions in this contract of employment.
2. Many small businesses were set up on the basis of the accumulated savings.
3. This private shop will be owned and controlled by one person.
4. The advantages of a partnership are spoken about.
5. He is getting along well with all the customers now.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(15б.)
1. We are combining resources very well at present.
2. The book-keeper will be preparing the tax report from 3 till 5 p.m. tomorrow.
3. He was thinking of hiring a lawyer.
4. The work of this office is being controlled at present.
5. The problems connected with hours, vacation, salary, hiring and firing were
being discussed the whole day.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.(20б.)
1. The text is about limited partnerships, it is not long and difficult.
2. It is the sole proprietorship that is the most common in many western
countries.
3. Such a decision can lead to one of the basic problems in the partnership.
4. We say that the economic system of Britain is similar to that of the American
one.
Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи
являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (10 б.)
1. They elected the company's officers at the meeting.
2. These businessmen are the founders of this corporation.
3. He wants to buy some stocks of General Motors.
4. The corporation's partners hold annual meetings.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
Переведите предложения на русский язык (20 б.)
1. This company offers high salaries.
2. We established our corporation a year ago.
3. Talented managers and specialists became partners of this firm.
4. We shall elect a new Board of Directors next year.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to do.(20б.)
1. My friends are the stockholders of IBM Corporation.
2. We were to apply for a corporate charter.
3. He is thinking of expanding his company now.
4. He invested all his savings into the same company as I did.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности
перевода пассивных конструкций.(15б)
1. A corporate charter, as a certificate of incorporation, is granted by a state
officer.
2. The profits were reinvested in the institution last month.
3. Their proposal to establish the new company was objected to at the meeting
yesterday.
4. Stock certificates are not issued by governmental corporations.
5. The advantages of the corporate form of ownership will be spoken about next
week.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(15б.)
1. The right to sue and be sued is being discussed by shareholders now.
2. We are changing the organizational structure of our company at present.
3. When we came the stockholders were voting.
4. The lecturer will be speaking about limited liability for an hour tomorrow.
5. The annual report was being examined all day long yesterday.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.(20б.)
1. It is the advanced economy that interests us most.
2. It seems that your partnership has been doing very well.
3. One can easily understand that culture and economy are interconnected.
4. The business corporation is an institution that is operated by individuals.
Вариант № 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи
являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (10б.)
1. There are two basic types of financing: equity and debt.
2. This corporate enterprise needs capital to stay in business.
3. The firm's financial condition depends on many factors.
4. Borrowing money usually accounts for 20 – 30 per cent of a company’s
capital.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (20б)
1. As an investor I became a partial owner of the business last month.
2. This corporation makes profit by raising investment capital.
3. These documents will show the financial state of the company.
4. Your shares represent your portion of ownership.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to do.(20б.)
1. He didn't work as a manager of a big corporation.
2. You should do something to get more inflow of the capital.
3. My task is to study the company's profit and loss statement.
4. The enterprise was to pay dividends regularly.
5. The Board of Directors is enlarging the staff of the corporation at present.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности
перевода пассивных конструкций.(15б.)
1. The use of money supplied by loans is called debt funding.
2. Our business is going to get capital funds by borrowing.
3. Net assets will be counted in several days.
4. The expenses of the company were paid a week ago.
5. His proposal to sell more shares was not objected to.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(15б.)
1. During our last classes the lecturer was speaking about equity funding.
2. They are still talking about the long-term investment.
3. They will be discussing the possibility of the purchase of inventory from 3
till 6 p.m. tomorrow.
4. The value of their stock is rising now.
5.
The financial statement of our firm was being studied for two hours
yesterday.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.(20б.)
1. It is the knowledge of economies that will help businessmen in their work.
2. It won't take the company much time to repay the loan.
3. The problem that has become the most important one is the corporate finance.
4. One must know that the study of supply and demand is becoming important
now.
Вариант № 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи
являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. Не wants to know more about who lesaling.
2. We usually call it a gentlemen's agreement.
3. Wholesalers simplify the problems of distribution.
4. This firm's goods are of high quality.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (20б)
1. I shall deal with purchasing agents of your соmpany nеxt week.
2. They use both direct and indirect channels of distribution.
3. Our firm applied for the credit last month.
4. Middlemen spoke about a purchase order this afternoon.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов tobe, todo.(20б.)
1. Delivery is a part of our wholesaling operation.
2. The goods of this company were not sold very well last month.
3. Producers are to predict the new trends and then try to influence them.
4. A wholesaler doesn't deal with the customers, a retailer does.
5. Customers do care about the price on this product.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности
перевода пассивных конструкций.(15б.)
1. Home delivery was offered by the supermarket.
2. The salesmen are paid salaries instead of being on commission.
3. The problem concerning the movement of goods from producers to
consumers will be spoken about at the meeting next week.
4. A verbal agreement was followed by a written purchase order.
5. He is going to get a raise in two months.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык .(15б.)
1. The middleman is negotiating the purchases and sales of goods now.
2. A large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers was being
examined the whole day yesterday.
3. The shop was attracting many customers when it was supplied by famous
companies.
4. They will be discussing the use of direct channels of distribution at 5 p.m.
tomorrow.
5. The percentage of the value of the goods they sell is being counted at the
moment.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.(20б.)
1. The text is about marketing systems, it is short and clear.
2. It was the government who set up a body to control and regulate economic
policies in the country.
3. The economist is one of the most important professions that are taught at our
university.
4. That complete economic freedom can lead to economic anarchy is a ellknown fact.
Вариант № 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, какой частью речи
являются слова с окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. There are two types of pricing policies.
2. The price determines the number of sales.
3. The amount of a customer’s credit is based on the profits and earnings of a
business.
4. The company's managers hope to increase the production of goods.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите в них видовременные
формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б.)
1. Their business will fail because of unsound price policies.
2. In pure competition the laws of supply and demand operate.
3. The chief changed the credit terms last week.
4. The customers came to our shop to buy a new brand of tea.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to do.(20б.)
1. Don't forget, you have a discount on any shopping you do in our shop.
2. Low prices didn't provide extra services.
3. The company was to cover the costs by all means.
4. Our aim was to determine the right price.
5. Marketing is often called distribution.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности
перевода пассивных конструкций.(15б.)
1. Market price won't be raised this month.
2. His proposal to discuss the company's income and expenses was not objected
to.
3. Installation services at low prices are offered by our firm.
4. They were given the opportunity to investigate supply and demand before
producing the new item.
5. The demand for this product is affected by market conditions.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(15б.)
1. At present wе are competing with well-known companies.
2. He was holding a position of a stockbroker when I met him last year.
3. I shall be talking to a business consultant of our firm at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
4. New prices of public utility services are being set by the government now.
5. The problem of price competition was being discussed at the meeting of our
advertising company from 1 to 3 p.m. yesterday.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,
обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.(20б.)
1. It is a sign of trouble when costs are higher than expected.
2. It is over-production of commodities that creates difficulties.
3. One should remember that prices can also be set by the government.
4. The economists expected that the price would fluctuate considerably.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2 (4 семестр)
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 2,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского
языка.
1. Множественное число существительных. Притяжательный падеж
существительных. Окончание -s – признак времени Present Indefinite (3 л. ед.
ч.). Функции окончания -s.
2. Многозначность глаголов to do, to be. Способы их перевода на русский
язык.
3. Indefinite Tenses (Present, Past and Future Active and Passive Voice).
4. Способы перевода пассивных конструкций.
5. Continuous Tenses (Active and Passive Voice).
6. Грамматические функции и значения слов it, one, that.
При выполнении контрольной работы № 2 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
general partner – общий партнер (несущий полную юридическую
ответственность за дело);
silent partner – партнер без права голоса;
secret partner – секретный партнер (с правом голоса, но неизвестный
общественности как партнер);
apply for a corporate charter – подавать заявление на корпоративный патент;
company's officers – административные исполнители компании;
sue – возбуждать судебное дело;
profit and loss statement – отчет о прибылях и убытках;
net assets – нетто-капитал, стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств;
long-term investment – долгосрочный вклад;
be on commission – получать комиссионные с продажи;
verbal agreement – устное соглашение;
purchase order – заказ на покупку;
extra services – дополнительные услуги;
new brand – новая марка (товара);
installation services – услуги по установке;
take title to the goods – приобретать товар как собственность;
agent middleman – посредник между производителем и покупателем.
Вариант № 1
Текст
PARTNERSHIPS
1. A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business
for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are
called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are ‘limited partners’.
There may be a silent partner as well – a person who is known to the public as a
member of the firm but without authority in management. But he is not known to
the public.
2. Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such
professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage.
Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil
prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.
3. Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs a
big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to
form and often get tax benefits from the government.
4. Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It
means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for
the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each
other.
I. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложения с пассивной конструкцией.
Определите видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
II. Во втором абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором употребляется
многозначный глагол to be. Определите функцию глагола. Переведите
предложение на русский язык.(10б.)
III. В третьем абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором слово с
окончанием -s является глаголом. Определите его видовременную форму.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б.)
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских
словосочетаний(20б.)
1) вести дело;
2) партнер с ограниченной юридической ответственностью;
3) добыча нефти;
4) частная собственность;
5) получать льготы по налогообложению;
6) быть юридически ответственным;
7) недвижимость.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.(30б.)
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.(20б.)
1. What is a limited partnership?
2. What is a general partnership?
Вариант № 2
Текст
CORPORATIONS
1. A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making
profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by
stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stock-holder.
2. There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The first is
the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is that the corporation
attracts a large amount of capital it can invest in plants, equipment and research.
And the third advantage is that a corporation offers salaries and thus attracts
talented managers and specialists.
3. The privately owned business corporation is one type of corporation. There
are some other types too. Educational, religious, charitable institutions can-also
incorporate. Usually such corporation does not issue stocks and is nonprofit. If
there is a profit it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private
stockholders.
4. In some western countries, cities and states federal government and special
agencies are establishing governmental corporations now. A few examples of these
governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned
utilities. Governmental corporations are non-profit as a rule and usually they do not
issue stock certificates.
I. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложения с пассивной конструкцией,
определите видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. .(10б.)
II. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых употребляется глагол to do.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение данного
глагола.(10б.)
III. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором глагол to be.
Определите функцию глагола. Переведите предложение на русский язык.
.(10б.)
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских
словосочетаний: (20б.)
1) выпускать акции;
2) привлекать финансовые ресурсы;
3) привлекать большой капитал;
4) акционер, держатель акций;
5) повторно инвестировать;
6) предлагать высокие оклады;
7) неприбыльный.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.(30б.)
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.(20б.)
1. What is a business corporation?
2. What corporations don’t issue the stock?
Вариант № 3
Текст
CORPORATE FINANCE
1. Corporations need financing for the purchase of assets and the payment of
expenses. The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property.
Sometimes it is called equity funding. The holders of the shares form the
ownership of the company. Each share is represented by a stock certificate, which
is negotiable. It means that one can buy and sell it. The value of a share is
determined by the net assets divided by the total number of shares outstanding. The
value of the share also depends on the success of the company. The greater the
success, the more value the shares have.
2. A corporation can also get capital by borrowing. It is called debt funding. If a
corporation borrows money, they give notes or bonds. They are also negotiable.
But the interest will be paid out whether business is profitable or not.
3. When running the corporation, management is to consider both the outflow
and inflow of capital. The outflow is formed by the purchase of inventory and
supplies, payment of salaries. The inflow is formed by the sale of goods and
services. In the long run the inflow must be greater than the outflow. It will result
in a profit.
4. In addition, a company must deduct its costs, expenses, losses on bad debts,
interest on borrowed capital and other items. It helps to determine if the financial
management has been profitable. The amount of risk involved is also an important
factor. It determines the fund rising and it shows if a particular corporation is a
good investment.
I. В третьем абзаце текста найдите предложения с пассивной конструкцией.
Определите видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
предложения на русский язык. .(10б.)
II. В четвертом абзаце текста найдите предложения, в которых глагол to be
выполняет функцию глагола-связки. Переведите предложения на русский
язык. .(10б.)
III. Во втором абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором употребляются
слова с окончанием -s. Определите, какой частью речи являются слова и
какую функцию выполняет это окончание. Переведите предложение на
русский язык. .(10б.)
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских
словосочетаний: (20б.)
1) оплата расходов;
2) сертификат акций;
3) держатели акций;
4) акционерный (долевой) способ формирования денежного фонда;
5) образование денежного фонда с помощью займа;
6) ценность (стоимость) акции;
7) фиксированный процент (доля).
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста.(30б.)
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.(20б.)
1. What does debt funding mean?
2. How is the value of a share determined?
Вариант № 4
Текст
WHOLESALING
1. Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of
distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels
are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the
manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more
complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or
producer to the consumer.
2. Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain
movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account
for one-third of total sales.
3. Two-thirds of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take
title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate
purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in.
Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don't earn salaries. They
receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.
4. Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average
supermarket stocks 5,000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more
than 6,000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from
numerous manufacturers he reduces the problems of both manufacturers and
retailers. The store-keeper is not to deal directly with thousands of different people.
He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers.
I. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение с пассивной конструкцией.
Определите видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого. Переведите
предложение на русский язык. (10б.)
II. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором глагол to be
выполняет функцию глагола-связки. Переведите предложение на русский
язык. .(10б.)
III. В третьем абзаце текста найдите предложения, в которых употребляется
глагол to do. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение
данного глагола.(10б.)
.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских
словосочетаний: (20б.)
1) непрямая система сбыта;
2) обеспечивать системой (сбыта);
3) розничный торговец;
4) контора по оптовой торговле;
5) оптовый скупщик;
6) приобретать товар как собственность;
7) вести переговоры по поводу купли или продажи.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.(30б.)
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.(20б.)
1. What is the aim оf the wholesaling?
2. What channel of distribution is preferable?
Вариант № 5
Текст
PRICING
1. All products and all services have prices. The price depends on different
things such as credit terms, delivery, quality and other forms of service. It's hardly
possible to determine such a price. The price may be too high to produce a large
volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of marketing operations has been a
subject of bad practice. Many businesses pursue unsound price policies for long
periods of time and are not aware about it.
2. Prices are determined in different ways. For example, the prices of meat,
cotton and other agricultural prices are set on the large central market where forces
of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The prices on
industrial products (iron, steel etc.) are usually charged by large companies. As a
rule the amount and price of goods sold to large number of buyers is controlled by
a few competing sellers. Prices can also be set by the government, usually for
different public services – railroads, electricity, manufactured gas, bus services etc.
3. If demand increases, prices rise, profits expand and new investment will be
attracted. But other factors are involved as well. Prices are related to each other in
different ways. Ultimately, everything is related to each in price, since the
consumer can buy and must pay for everything out of a particular, limited amount
of money.
I. В третьем абзаце текста найдите два предложения с пассивной
конструкцией. Определите видовременную форму глагола-сказуемого.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
.
II. Во втором абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором глагол to be
выполняет функцию глагола-связки. Переведите предложение на русский
язык.(10б.)
.
III. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором слово с
окончанием -s является глаголом. Определите его видовременную форму.
Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б.)
.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских
словосочетаний: (20б.)
1) покрывать затраты; 2) вести неразумную ценообразовательную
политику; 3) предложение и спрос; 4) конкуренция в ценообразовании; 5)
устанавливать цены; 6) кредитные условия; 7) общественные услуги
(общественно-коммунальные услуги).
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы текста.(30б.)
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.(20б.)
1. How are industrial products usually priced?
2. What public services are priced by the government?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3(5 семестр)
Для того чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 3, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса грамматики английского языка.
1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
2. Способы перевода оборота there is / there are.
3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
4. Perfect Tenses (Active and Passive Voice). Perfect Continuous Tenses (Active
Voice).
5. Функции глагола to have.
При выполнении контрольной работы № 3 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
account – счет;
profit and loss account – счет доходов и расходов;
application – заявка;
authorize – разрешать, санкционировать;
bargain – сделка;
Board of Directors – Совет директоров;
bond – облигация;
cash – наличность;
commodity – товар;
Council of the Stock Exchange – Совет фондовой биржи;
disclosure of information – открытость информации;
flag – сигнализировать;
floor of the Stock Exchange – специальный зал фондовой биржы, помещение
биржы, где совершаются торговые сделки;
floatation (day) – первый день выпуска, продажи ценных бумаг на
фондовой бирже;
insurance company – страховая компания;
issue – выпускать ценные бумаги; эмиссировать, эмиссия;
inflow – приток;
interest – процент;
investor – инвестор;
individual investor – инвестор как частное лицо (физическое лицо);
institutional investor – инвестор в лице крупного финансового органа
(юридическое лицо);
jobber – джоббер (человек, работающий сдельно; маклер; комиссионер);
liquid – ликвидный;
loan – заем, ссуда;
market – рынок;
a call market – онкольный рынок (рынок, где выкрикивают заявки и
предложения с закрепленных на бирже мест);
merchant bank – коммерческий банк;
on behalf of somebody – от лица кого-либо;
on one's own account – oт своего имени, самостоятельно;
outflow – отток;
order – заказ;
procedure – процедура;
undergo rigorous admission procedures – пройти строгую процедуру
принятия в члены фондовой биржи;
prospectus – проспект (документ, характеризующий основные детали новой
эмиссии акций компании);
raise capital – изыскивать капитал;
redemption – погашение, изъятие из обращения;
recession – экономический спад;
return – доход, выручка, прибыль;
securities – ценные бумаги;
share – акция;
ordinary shares – простые акции;
preference shares – привилегированные акции;
cumulative preference shares – кумулятивные (с нарастающими дивидендами)
привилегированные акции;
transaction – сделка;
turnover – оборот, объем продаж/торгов.
Вариант № 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и
конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.(5б.)
1. The London Stock Exchange is as highly respected financial institution as the
New York Stock Exchange.
2. The more securities are bought and sold the more the trading volume is.
3. The New York Stock Exchange is the oldest and the largest one in the USA.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на оборот there is / there are.(5б.)
1. There are many commercial banks that offer their customers a wide range of
financial services.
2. There is a growing number of small financial companies in the USA today.
3. There is an insurance company somewhere nearby.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы
или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.(10б.)
1. I shall be able to pay this amount of money tomorrow.
2. Inexperienced investors should not buy risky shares.
3. Only experts are allowed to work on the Stock Exchange.
4. Before the shares can be traded on the Stock Exchange the company has to be
listed, i.e. its financial affairs have to be examined and approved by the controlling
body – the Council of the Stock Exchange.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите
предложения на русский язык (10б.)
1. The firm has expanded its business activity through the use of credit.
2. Fifty four per cent of individual shareholders have shares in only one
company, usually one of those that have been privatized.
3. The company has been using credit since the beginning of the fiscal year.
4. Our company decided to apply for a loan after it had spent most of its funds.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.(10б.)
1. We had to pay for a lot of things: materials, equipment, etc.
2. He has been working as managing director for several years.
3. We have several preference shares.
4. By 1995 the trading volume of our company had greatly increased.
5. The Stock Exchange member firms have to undergo rigorous admission
procedures.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
MONETARY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
1. The problem of ‘too much’ or ‘too little’ money is as old as the world itself. A
healthy economy needs money supply that promotes economic growth and high
employment without inflation. Even in ancient times people wanted things, so they
had to trade with each other to obtain them. Since money didn't exist in those days,
people needed an instrument of exchange. Some commonplace commodities such
as grains, knives, animal skins became an accepted means of payment for goods
and services. For example, ten beaver skins were worth two knives, one axe and
one bale of tobacco.
2. However, partners of exchange were not always able to reach an agreement
and very often bargains were not made.
3. Money practically didn't exist in Colonial America. The early colonists
occasionally used coins and currency of other nations, such as Spanish dollars.
Barter was as usual as day and night and it seriously limited the amount of
economic activity. Soon people began to realize that using such things as tobacco
and animal skins as a means of exchange didn't work properly.
4. Let's move on in time and see how the monetary system developed in
Colonial America. In 1776 the war started and the new government had the
problem of financing the war. The Continental Congress wasn't able to finance the
war and to collect taxes. The thirteen colonies reserved that right. But to get more
money they had to borrow it from the French and Dutch.
5. The Continental Congress authorized the printing of paper money called
‘continentals’. The government issued an excessive amount of ‘continentals’ that
caused a sharp inflation. By 1779 one ‘continental’ was worth only two cents. It
was a case of ‘too much’ money. Inflation and war caused shortages and prices on
almost all commodities increased greatly. It was very difficult to stop such a
runaway inflation.
6. After the adoption of the Constitution in 1790 the new congress faced the
problem of creating the national monetary system. It authorized the redemption of
the continentals in exchange for government bonds. It also established the mint of
gold and silver coins. The US bank issued paper currency backed by gold and
silver. The more gold the country had the more paper money it could print because
money was backed by gold. All that should have solved the money problem. At
first it worked, but a few years later the market price of silver dropped because too
much silver had been mined. Less valuable silver coins were increasingly used and
more valuable gold was taken out of the circulation. With only silver in circulation
there was ‘too little’ money and as a result of this the USA economy slowed down
and unemployment increased.
7. It is certainly a great problem to find the right balance between ‘too little’ and
‘too much’ money. Maintenance of a healthy economy without causing inflation or
recession is still the most difficult problem we have to solve.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний и выпишите их(10б)
1) запас денег;
2) способствовать экономическому развитию;
3) средство обмена;
4) обычные товары;
5) средство платежа;
6) достичь соглашения;
7) первые колонисты;
8) валюта;
9) ограничивать объем экономической деятельности;
10) денежная система;
11) занимать деньги;
12) повышаться (о ценах);
13) изъятие из обращения;
14) монетный двор;
15) серебряные монеты;
16) рыночная цена;
17) добывать серебро;
18) изымать из обращения;
19) сохранение здоровой экономики;
20) экономический спад.
VIII. Найдите в пятом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее
сравнительную конструкцию. Выпишите это предложение и письменно
переведите его на русский язык.(10б)
IX. Найдите в 1, 3, 5, 6 абзацах текста семь случаев употребления модальных
глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните
модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
и
письменно
переведите
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4 абзацы текста.(10б.)
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1. Why did certain commonplace commodities become an accepted means of
payment for goods and services in ancient times?
2. What problem did the new government of Colonial America face in 1776?
3. What was the first paper money in Colonial America called?
4. What caused a sharp inflation in the 1770s?
5. What did the new congress authorize and establish?
Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и
конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.(5б.)
1. The securities of the London Stock Exchange are as liquid as those of the New
York Stock Exchange.
2. The more money you have the more securities you can buy.
3. The New York Stock Exchange is the most reliable one in the USA.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на оборот there is / there are.(5б.)
1. There is an insurance company and some pension funds on the list below.
2. There are no commercial banks here.
3. There are different types of shares: ordinary, preference, cumulative
preference shares and others.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы
или их эквиваленты.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. You should call the Board of Directors to discuss the matter in detail.
2. The company is to undergo admission procedures by the end of the month.
3. One can get cash, make payments or transfer money from one account to
another at any time.
4. We had to raise capital to start our business.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык (10б)
1. The Stock Exchange computers have been programmed to detect and flag
possible errors for immediate correction.
2. The client has just put a large sum of money on his current account.
3. By the end of the week the company will have got a loan from the bank to
pay for the machines it is going to buy.
4. For more than fifty years our bank has been financing the firms located in the
parts of the country having high levels of unemployment.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.(10б.)
1. Since the time of its foundation the New York Stock Exchange has been serving
the needs of international business.
2. The Government had to issue bonds to finance new projects.
3. The company has a lot of delivery orders.
4. The trading volume of our company has grown recently.
5. Our company has to raise capital to expand and develop its business activity.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
FROM THE HISTORY OF STOCK EXCHANGE
1. Speaking about the history of the London Stock Exchange we should
mention ‘New Jonathan's Coffee House’ which can be regarded as one of the first
Stock Exchanges in the world (with 550 subscribers and 100 clerks). It was
founded in 1773 and remained the largest one until World War I. The Industrial
Revolution caused the establishment of local share markets all over the country
(more than 80 of them every year). These markets began moves towards
amalgamation and in 1890 the Council of Associated Stock Exchanges was
organized. By 1967 the county exchanges had grouped themselves into six regional
exchanges and some year’s later theу formed the Stock Exchange of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland with member firms all over the country.
2. The Stock Exchange is a highly organized financial market where people are
allowed to bу or sell securities. To be listed on the Stock Exchange, its member
firms have to undergo rigorous admission procedures. They have to meet certain
requirements on the level of earnings, trading volume, financial strength,
disclosure of information and investment protection. Thus, before its shares are
allowed to be traded on the Stock Exchange the company has to become ‘listed’,
i.e. its financial affairs should be approved by the Council of the Stock Exchange
(the controlling body of the Stock Exchange).
3. For many years there was only one market – the listed market for wellestablished companies on the floor of the London Stock Exchange, but in 1980, a
second market was created within the Stock Exchange – the Unlisted Securities
Market for companies unable to meet the requirements of full listing on the
Exchange. In 1987 a further development in this direction saw the estab1ishment
of the third market for shares of companies which were very young and had growth
prospects.
4. The London Stock Exchange is the world's largest market for trading
international securities – in 1994 its turnover reached 719 billion pounds. Over 460
international companies have chosen to list in London – more than on any other
exchange. For centuries London has been serving the needs of international
business. Companies around the world rely on its experience – to raise money, see
their securities more widely traded or simply enhance their status within financial
community. For Central European business seeking to move into international area
London remains the first choice.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний и выпишите их(10б.)
1) подписчики;
2) образование рынков ценных бумаг;
3) объединение;
4) Совет объединенных фондовых бирж;
5) высокоорганизованный финансовый рынок;
6) ценные бумаги;
7) пройти строгую процедуру избрания членом биржи;
8) уровень доходов;
9) устойчивость финансового положения;
10) защита инвестиций;
11) финансовые операции;
12) хорошо зарекомендовавшие себя компании;
13) в рамках;
14) незарегистрированный рынок ценных бумаг;
15) полная регистрация на бирже;
16) перспективы роста;
17) отвечать потребностям (нуждам);
18) полагаться на опыт;
19) торговать ценными бумагами;
20) повышать статус.
VIII. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста предложение, содержащее
прилагательное в сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение,
подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и превосходную
степень и переведите это предложение.(10б.)
IX. Найдите в 1, 2 абзацах текста восемь случаев употребления модальных
глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните
модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4 абзацы текста.(10б.)
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1. What can be regarded as one of the first Stock Exchanges in the world?
2. What requirements do the Stock Exchange member firms have to meet in
order to be listed on the Stock Exchange?
3. What is the controlling body of the London Stock Exchange?
4. What is the second market of the London Stock Exchange?
5. What market was formed in 1987?
Вариант № 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и
конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.(5б.)
1. The more securities are issued on the Stock Exchange the more shares and bonds
can be bought and sold.
2. Any individual investor is as important as an institutional investor.
3. The liquidity of securities is one of the most essential factors on the Stock
Exchange.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на оборот there is / there are.(5б.)
1. There is no money left on my account.
2. There is a central bank for all states in the USA which is called the Federal
Reserve Bank.
3. There are various types of securities: shares, bonds, etc.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы
или их эквиваленты.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. You shouldn't buy risky shares.
2. This bank will be able to offer a great variety of new services to its customers.
3. We had to borrow a lot of money to pay for the new equipment.
4. We are to meet and discuss all the details of our financial position.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык (10б.)
1. The company has been paid a large amount of money.
2. Our firm has extended its resources through the use of credits.
3. They have been discussing the prospects of financial activity of our company
for a long time.
4. The bank offered a loan to one of its clients after he had signed a note
promising to repay it on a certain date.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.(10б.)
1. We had to create an effective system of communication for our business.
2. Our company hadn't provided any services until we introduced some
structural changes.
3. In recent years the development of the small business sector has been paid
much attention to.
4. I have fifty shares of that company.
5. The client has just taken a large sum of money from his account.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
BUYNG AND SELLING SECURITIES
1. The investor who wishes to buy securities should approach the broker who
will undertake the purchase for him. The Stock Exchange is a highly organized
financial market. Only experts are allowed to deal on such a market, because
ordinary people can mаke a bad bargain and lose their money. Only experts with
experience on the financial market are able to judge what a fair price for securities
is.
2. There are two classes of experts: brokers and jobbers. The broker buys and
sells shares on behalf of the customer or he is allowed to deal on his own account.
Brokers are paid by the client according to the fixed scale of charges, usually 1,25
per cent. Brokers are allowed to advise the clients on their investment, but they are
not allowed to advertise.
3. Brokers execute their clients' orders by dealing with jobbers. The jobber is a
wholesaler of shares. A broker wishing to sell shares on behalf of the client obtains
them from the jobber at a fair price. The difference between the jobber's buying
price and the price at which he sells securities is the jobber's return. As the market
is highly competitive, it is unlikely that the jobber's return will be excessive.
4. As the Stock Exchange today has more than nine thousand different
securities a jobber will not be able to work properly with all of them. A jobber or a
firm of jobbers usually concentrates on two or three classes of shares because no
one can be an expert in all classes of securities.
5. If the company decides to issue securities it should take the following steps:
a) the company has to obtain advice usually from a merchant bank and obtain
the services of a stockbroker;
b) the Stock Exchange must examine the company's trading history, profit and
loss account, management record and prospects;
c) the number and types of shares that are to be issued should be defined;
d) the company's prospectus is to be published giving details of the company
and price of the shares it is offering for sale;
e) applications for shares made by the public are allocated;
f) finally, shares are traded on the Stock Exchange.
Success of the company is measured by how many of the shares have been
bought and how much they have risen in price.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний и выпишите их(10б.)
1) совершить покупку;
2) работать на рынке;
3) совершить плохую сделку;
4) терять деньги;
5) опыт работы на рынке финансов;
6) оптимальная цена на акцию;
7) от имени;
8) действовать самостоятельно;
9) шкала расценок;
10) давать рекламу;
11) оптовик;
12) прибыль (доход);
13) работать должным образом;
14) отчет о прибылях и убытках;
15) отчет о деятельности руководства;
16) перспективы;
17) проспект компании;
18) предлагать для продажи;
19) заявки на акции;
20) размещать.
VIII. Найдите в четвертом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее наречие в
сравнительной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните наречие,
укажите его положительную и превосходную степень и переведите это
предложение.(10б.)
IX. Найдите в 1, 2, 4 абзацах текста девять случаев употребления модальных
глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните
модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 5 абзацы текста.(10б.)
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1.Who is allowed to deal on the Stock Exchange?
2.What is the broker's function on the Stock Exchange?
3.Is the broker allowed to deal on his own account on the Stock Exchange?
4.How does the jobber get his return?
5.Why does the jobber usually concentrate on two or three classes of securities
Вариант № 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и
конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.(5б.)
1. The more highly qualified experts deal on the Stock Exchange the more
smoothly it functions.
2. The brokers are as important on the Stock Exchange as the jobbers.
3. It is the best transaction I have ever made.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
оборот there is / there are.(5б.)
1. There are two main classes of experts on the Stock Exchange: brokers and
jobbers.
2. There is a brokerage firm somewhere here.
3. There are many various financial institutions: pension funds, insurance
companies, building societies and others.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы
или их эквиваленты.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. You should install modern computers in your bank.
2. The American National Bank will soon be able to offer a great variety of new
and less expensive services to its clients.
3. His job responsibilities are to be clearly defined.
4. They had to pay ten thousand dollars to their shareholders as dividends.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. Due to recession a lot of small companies had gone out of business by the end
of 1996.
2. We have been trying to obtain credits from various banks since the beginning
of the year.
3. The capital will have been raised by the next quarter.
4. The revenue of the company has doubled recently.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.(10б.)
1. All company records have already been checked by the auditor.
2. Before the company shares can be bought and sold the company has to be
listed on the Stock Exchange.
3. It was the most difficult problem that we had to solve.
4. I have some ordinary shares.
5. By 1987 all county exchanges of Great Britain had grouped themselves into
six regional exchanges.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
FROM BARTER TO A HIGHLY ORGANIZED MARKET
1. Since ancient times people have always needed various things: essentials like
food and clothing and some non-essential commodities. Money didn't exist in those
days so people had to trade with each other or barter to obtain goods they wanted.
2. The first trades were probably animal skins and grains. These exchanges
were as usual as day and night and soon such commonplace commodities like
grains started to assume the role of money. For instance, in early Egypt barley
became an accepted means of payment for goods and services. By 700 B.C. the
Egyptians had abandoned barley and adopted gold as an instrument of exchange.
Being a rare and beautiful metal, gold had become the universal symbol of wealth
and power.
3. A hundred years later King Croesus of ancient Lydia (now Western Turkey)
gained control over Asian richest gold mines. It was Croesus who ordered the first
gold coin to be minted. Bearing the image of a lion and a bull the coin became an
ideal standard of exchange for trade and commerce. It was much easier to use coins
in transactions than raw gold because people didn't have to weigh them to define
their value.
4. By the fifteenth century trade and commerce had expanded greatly. There
was a great need for a more perfect system of making payments.
5. Nowadays money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value of
commodities and keeping economic balance. Almost any society has its own
monetary system. This monetary system would not be able to function properly
without a great number of Stock Exchanges scattered all over any developed
country of the world.
6. What is the Stock Exchange? It is a highly organized financial market where
various types of securities can be bought and sold. Only experts can deal on such a
market. As for non-specialists they are not allowed here. Only using sophisticated
electronic equipment a highly qualified expert staff is able to execute a good
transaction and find the best obtainable price on securities which are bought and
sold. The best obtainable price is the right or fair price which suits both buyers and
sellers and permits specialists of the Stock Exchange to earn their money.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний и выпишите их: (10б.)
1) с древних времен;
2) товары первой необходимости;
3) вести натуральный обмен;
4) выполнять роль денег;
5) общепринятое средство платежа за товары и услуги;
6) инструмент (средство) обмена;
7) богатейшие золотые прииски;
8) отлить золотую монету;
9) сделка;
10) необработанное золото;
11) определить цену товара;
12) для сохранения экономического баланса;
13) денежная система;
14) фондовая биржа;
15) ценные бумаги;
16) вести дела на рынке;
17) высококвалифицированный штат экспертов;
18) совершить хорошую сделку;
19) найти оптимальную цену;
20) цена, которая устраивает как покупателей, так и продавцов.
VIII. Найдите в шестом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее
прилагательное в превосходной степени. Выпишите это предложение,
подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и сравнительную
степень и переведите это предложение.(10.)
IX. Найдите в 1, 3, 5, 6 абзацах текста семь случаев употребления модальных
глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните
модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4 абзацы текста.(10б.)
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1. Why did people in ancient times have to barter with each other to obtain goods
they wanted?
2. What was an accepted means of payment in early Egypt?
3. Who ordered to mint the first gold coin?
4. What is the Stock Exchange?
5. What do the Stock Exchange specialists consider to be the best obtainable
price?
Вариант № 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и
конструкции, содержащие the ... the; as ... as.(5б).
1. It is the best bargain I have ever made.
2. To predict the inflow of funds is as important as to predict their outflow.
3. The more transactions will be executed by the broker the more his return will
be.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
оборот there is / there are.(5б).
1. There is no information on the subject in that book.
2. There are various types of securities to attract various investors.
3. There are many financial institutions that offer a wide range of services to
their customers.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы
или их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения.(10б.)
1. We had to pay a large amount of money for the new equipment.
2. Any investor can participate in the New York Stock Exchange market system
at any time of the trading day.
3. We are to finance this business enterprise.
4. You should find someone to help you.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глаголсказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
1. The company will have found itself with excessive funds by the end of the
month.
2. Our bank has been financing this business for more than two years.
3. Ordinary shareholders receive their dividends only after the preference
shareholders have been paid.
4. The number of people owning shares in companies hаd tripled by 1995.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на функцию глагола to have.(10б.)
1. Investors have an opportunity to promote the economic growth of their country.
2. It is expected that by the beginning of the next year the company will have
received the necessary subsidy from the government.
3. They have to apply for a loan to a bank.
4. The financial activity of our firm has been rather successful in the past few
years.
5. To be listed on the Stock Exchange the company had to undergo rigorous
admission procedures.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
FROM THE HISTORY OF NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE
1. In the earliest days of America's independence New York was an important
financial and commercial centre. Bonds issued by the new federal government to
finance the debts of the Revolutionary War were sold at public auctions, along
with the securities of a few local banks. Ordinary people could buy these bonds
any time they wished.
2. This created a demand for a better-organized market. In 1792 a group of
merchants and brokers met and agreed to give preference to each other in their
dealings. They signed their written agreement which, ever since, has been known
as ‘The Buttonwood agreement’.
3. The informal buying and selling of securities took place in the streets and
nearby coffee houses where merchants gathered. Buying and selling securities was
as usual as day and night. Commercial activity increased from year to year. By
1817 trading volume had grown greatly which encouraged brokers to create a
formal organization. Such a formal organization was formed and in 1817 the New
York Stock Exchange Board was established. It can be regarded as the predecessor
of today's New York Stock Exchange.
4. From the beginning there were bodies governing trade. Brokers met in a call
market. Twice a day, the president of the Board read the list of securities while the
members shouted bids and offers from the seats (the chairs) assigned to them. That
was the origin of the term ‘seat’ which, ever since, has signified a membership on
the New York Stock Exchange.
5. The number and variety of securities which were bought and sold increased
as the country grew. All the states had to issue bonds to finance the construction of
turnpikes, canals and bridges. Banks, insurance companies and railroads had to
issue shares to raise the necessary capital in order to develop and expand their
business activity.
6. The number of securities bought and sold increased from 30 in 1820 to more
than 300 by the end of American Civil War. Now known as the New York Stock
Exchange the market-place moved into its first permanent home on Broad Street in
1865.
7. By 1870 a company wishing to be listed on the Stock Exchange was to
register its shares and provide basic information about its financial position, assets
and operation. All trading operations took place on the floor of the Stock
Exchange.
8. Now New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest market for trading
international securities. A great amount of international companies have chosen to
list on the New York Stock Exchange. Since its foundation New York Stock
Exchange has been serving the needs of international financial business.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний и выпишите их(10б.)
1) на заре независимости Америки;
2) облигация;
3) финансировать погашение долгов;
4) публичные торги;
5) наряду с …;
6) ценные бумаги;
7) предоставлять друг другу преимущественное право при совершении
сделок;
8) соглашение;
9) коммерческая деятельность;
10) объем продаж;
11) предшественник;
12) онкольный рынок;
13) список (перечень) ценных бумаг;
14) заявки;
15) предложение;
16) магистраль;
17) изыскивать капитал;
18) предоставлять основную информацию;
19) операционный зал фондовой биржи;
20) зарегистрироваться.
VIII. Найдите в первом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее
прилагательное в превосходной степени. Выпишите это предложение,
подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положительную и сравнительную
степень и переведите это предложение.(10б.)
IX. Найдите в 1, 3, 5, 7 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления модальных
глаголов и их эквивалентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните
модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно переведите эти
предложения на русский язык.(10б.)
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 и 6 абзацы текста.(10б.
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1. Where could ordinary people buy bonds and securities?
2. What written agreement was signed by a group of merchants and brokers in
1792?
3. What is the predecessor of today's New York Stock Exchange?
4. What is the origin of the term ‘seat’ on Stock Exchange?
5. What procedures should the company undertake if it wishes to be listed on the
Stock Exchange?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4(6 семестр)
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 4,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского
языка.
1. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
2. Причастие – формы (Participle I, Participle II, Perfect Participle – Active и
Passive Voice) и функции (определение, обстоятельство, часть сказуемого).
3. Независимый причастный оборот.
4. Типы условных предложений и способы их перевода.
5. Функции глаголов should, would.
При выполнении контрольной работы № 4 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
accounting – бухгалтерский учет;
accounting period – отчетный период;
accounting records – бухгалтерскиезаписи;
accrual accounting – кумулятивный учет;
adjustment – корректировка, согласование;
adjusting entries – корректирующие записи;
assets – активы;
assign revenues – относить доходы;
balance sheet – балансовая ведомость;
benefit – прибыль, выгода;
cash balance – запас наличных денег, кассовая наличность;
cash flow – поток денежной наличности;
costs – издержки;
cutoff point – точка отсчета;
deferral – отсрочка;
depreciation – начисление износа, амортизация;
double-entry system – система двойной записи;
duality – двойственность;
e-mail – электронная почта;
entity – юридическое лицо;
expense – расход;
financial statement – финансовый отчет;
gain – доход, выручка, прирост;
income – доход;
income statement – отчет о прибылях и убытках;
incur expenses – понести расходы;
inventory – товарно-материальные запасы;
ledger – бухгалтерская книга, главный журнал учета, гроссбух;
(be) liable for – нести ответственность;
liabilities – пассивы;
loan – заем; ссуда;
loss – убыток;
management advisory services – консультационные услуги в области
управления;
matching rule – правило увязки счетов;
overdraft – овердрафт, превышение кредита (в банке);
owner's equity – капитал владельца;
owner's investments – капиталовложения владельца;
payroll – фонд заработной платы; платежная ведомость;
public accountant – аудитор;
public limited company – акционерная компания открытого типа;
revenue – доход;
share – доля; участие; акция;
sole trader – единоличное владение;
stock – акция, акционерный капитал;
tax accounting – налоговый учет;
transaction – сделка;
transpose – переносить в другую часть уравнения;
trial balance – предварительный (пробный) баланс;
utility – коммунальные услуги;
withdrawal – снятие со счетов, изъятие.
Вариант № 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.(10б.)
1. Any accountant must know how to apply the matching rule.
2. Some of the accounts in the end-of-the period trial balance sheet do not show
the proper balance for preparing financial statements.
3. No commissions for the services rendered have been collected yet.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из них слова с
окончанием -ed. Определите, являются ли они(10б.)
а) сказуемым в Past Indefinite Active;
б) причастием в составе глагольного сказуемого;
в) причастием в функции определения;
г) причастием в функции обстоятельства.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. There are established rules for recording business transactions.
2. The income statement helped the manager predict future cash flows.
3. When reconstructed, the company's offices became more comfortable than
ever before.
4. In accounting addition or subtraction is indicated by the side of the account on
which the amount is shown.
III. Выпишите из перечисленных предложений те, в которых употребляется
причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II). Подчеркните причастие и
определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(20б.)
1. The accountants must present information that compares actual costs with the
costs planned earlier.
2. At the meeting the manager and his assistants planned the company's
activities for the next year.
3. The creditors who lent the money to the business were informed about its
previous success and its potential earnings in the future.
4. The money lent by the bank must be paid back in a month.
5. When written, the financial report was checked by the chief accounting
officer.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, выпишите из них причастия,
определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б).
1. Accounting information dealing with projections of income and budgets of
cash requirements is important for company's planning procedures.
2. Using computers the management can solve various administrative functions
such as payroll preparation, inventory control in manufacturing and warehousing
operations, etc., more efficiently than before.
3. Expense recognition practice being used in this company is referred to as the
matching principle.
4. Having passed a number of examinations the candidates showed their
professional competence.
5. Having been compiled very carefully the manual contained explicit
instructions for preparing the research project.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, в
которых употреблен независимый причастный оборот.(20б.)
1. The choice having been made, all the other papers have been rejected.
2. The issue being discussed now is very important.
3. The contract is written in English and in Russian, both versions being valid.
4. Increasing the output we must constantly control the quality of production.
5. The contract having been signed, the work started.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.(20б.)
1. In the double-entry system each transaction should be recorded with at least one
debit and one credit, in such a way that the total dollar amount of debits and the
total dollar amount of credits equal each other.
2. If he had had more spare time yesterday he would have helped us.
3. Without complete accounting data, it would be impossible to analyze the
activities of the company.
4. The clients were sure that the services would be rendered in time.
Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.(10б.)
1. Since business is a continuous process, some accounts need adjustment.
2. According to most recent surveys, more top-level business executives have
their background in accounting and finance than in any other field.
3. The commission has found nothing wrong in the financial statements of the
company.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из них слова с
окончанием -ed. Определите, являются ли они: (10б.)
а) сказуемым в Past Indefinite Active;
б) причастием в составе глагольного сказуемого;
в) причастием в функции определения;
г) причастием в функции обстоятельства.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The information on the income statement was used to evaluate the past
experience of the enterprise.
2. When typed, the report was handed over to the manager.
3. The company needs an experienced accountant who can work under pressure,
has good oral and written communication skills and knowledge of computers.
4. Investors and creditors used the financial report to determine the company's
ability to provide the required goods and services.
III. Выпишите из перечисленных предложений те, в которых употребляется
причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II). Подчеркните причастие и
определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(20б.)
1. Auditors must prove cash balances, confirm physical inventories and verify the
amounts owed by the customers.
2. The company owed five thousand dollars to the bank.
3. The offices built last year are provided with all moderr means of
communication.
4. A fixed amount is borrowed from a bank and paid back in installments over a
definite period of time.
5. Sent by e-mail, the message was received by the addressee very soon.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, выпишите из них причастия,
определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б.)
1. Issuing shares public limited companies can attract new shareholders.
2. Having used the modern principles of accounting the company began to
operate more efficiently.
3. Firms producing finished products which are fragile or valuable tend to be
located close to a market in order to minimize the cost of damage or loss during
their transportation.
4. Having been asked about the matching rule in accounting, the chief
accounting officer gave explicit explanations.
5. Being well prepared for the tests the applicants could demonstrate their
professional competence.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, в
которых употреблен независимый причастный оборот.(20б.)
1. Having passed a number of examinations he started to work as an independent
public accountant.
2. The new accounting principles having been applied, the company began to
operate more efficiently.
3. Nobody being able to find a solution, they postponed the meeting.
4. Being a very experienced accountant he could keep accounting records very
accurately.
5. When prepared, the financial report will be analyzed by the manager.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.(20б.)
1. Не mentioned that the shares of that private company would be sold privately
and would not be available to the general public.
2. Any accountant should know how to apply the matching rule.
3. It would be fairly easy to determine the income of the company if we could
wait until the business ceased to exist.
4. If you had come yesterday you would have attended the lecture on tax
accounting.
Вариант № 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.(10б.)
1. Some information that an accounting system provides is basic, for instance,
production coats, volume of sales and cash balance.
2. In accordance with the matching rule, any revenue must be assigned to the
accounting period in which the goods were sold or the services were performed.
3. None of the financial reports are relevant to this case.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из них слова с
окончанием -ed. Определите, являются ли они: (10б.)
а) сказуемым в Past Indefinite Active;
б) причастием в составе глагольного сказуемого;
в) причастием в функции определения;
г) причастием в функции обстоятельства.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Although success in the past activities of an enterprise does not necessarily
mean success in the future, some important trends may be determined.
2. Customers can use the income statement to evaluate the company's ability to
provide the required goods or services.
3. They neglected the fact that improvements in the use of the company's assets
were possible.
4. Unless thoroughly analyzed, the new accounting techniques should not be
applied.
III. Выпишите из перечисленных предложений те, в которых употребляется
причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II). Подчеркните причастие и
определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(20б.)
1. Paid in installments, the amount borrowed from the bank was returned in due
time.
2. The explanations given by the chief accounting officer were not explicit.
3. Accrual accounting attempts to record the financial effects of transactions in
the periods when they occur rather than only in the periods when cash is received
or paid by an enterprise.
4. The company bought modern computers and installed them in its office built
last year.
5. The construction firm built an eight-storey building in this street last year.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, выпишите из них причастия,
определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б.)
1. The management analyzed some complex problems concerning depreciation.
2. When a company buys a long-lived asset it is basically buying or prepaying
for the usefulness of this asset as long as it provides a benefit to the company.
3. The above-mentioned amounts represent the cost allocated to the month, thus
reducing the asset accounts and increasing the expense accounts.
4. The purpose of the trial balance is to test the balance of the ledger after the
adjusting entries having been made and before the financial statements are
prepared.
5. Being asked, he always helps us.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, в
которых употреблен независимый причастный оборот.(20б.)
1. The issue being discussed now is very important.
2. We are not giving you any details, the enclosed letter containing the necessary
information.
3. Having been typed the letter was signed by the manager.
4. The goods having been unloaded, the ship sailed off.
5. The report being very interesting, everybody listened to the speaker
attentively.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.(20б.)
1. It would be impossible to keep the accounting system as a whole in balance
without using the principle of duality.
2. In recognizing expenses, the accountants should follow the approach ‘let the
expense follow the revenue’ which is often referred to as ‘the matching principle’.
3. Had they used the new computer program they would have completed the
financial report earlier.
4. He mentioned that the management accountants would aid in profit planning,
budgeting and cost control.
Вариант № 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.(10б.)
1. Some transactions invariably span the cutoff point, and as a result some of the
accounts need adjustment.
2. It is probably true to say that few management decisions that affect profitmaking activities are made without any reference to accounting data.
3. No changes were introduced into the trial balance.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из них слова с
окончанием -ed. Определите, являются ли они: (10б.)
а) сказуемым в Past Indefinite Active;
б) причастием в составе глагольного сказуемого;
в) причастием в функции определения;
г) причастием в функции обстоятельства.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. If a reasonable correlation between past and future performance can be assumed,
then reasonable predictions of future cash flows can be made.
2. The information derived from the income statement helped to analyze the
relationship among its various components – revenues, expenses, gains, losses.
3. Last year the commercial banks offered two types of loans to firms: an
overdraft and a fixed-term loan.
4. When listed on the Stock Exchange the company issued its shares.
III. Выпишите из перечисленных предложений те, в которых употребляется
причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II). Подчеркните причастие и
определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(20б).
1. Office equipment bought by the company costs $ 3,000.
2. When set up, the new system of internal control helped to increase the
efficiency of operations.
3. Last year the company bought long-term assets.
4. They have bought a new computer program which will help the accountants
perform all the calculations more accurately and quicker than before.
5. Depreciation is an expense just like any other incurred during an accounting
period to obtain revenue.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, выпишите из них причастия,
определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б.)
1. Having been used up, the asset didn’t provide a benefit to the company any
more.
2. The Code of the federal government contains thousands of rules governing
preparation of the financial statements.
3. Being thoroughly analyzed, the accounting information helps the
management take right decisions.
4. Having compiled the financial statement, the accountant started preparing a
budget of cash needs for the next year.
5. Today accounting offers interesting, well-paid and socially satisfying careers.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, в
которых употреблен независимый причастный оборот.(20б.)
1. With exchange poorly developed, the producers, crop farmers, animal breeders
exchanged their goods themselves.
2. Providing quantitative data accounting information is essential to the decision
making system.
3. Evaluation of the company’s activities having been completed, some
improvements were introduced.
4. Having checked and tested the accounting records the auditor stated that all
the financial statements of the company met the requirements.
5. The manager being ill, the meeting was put off.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.(20б.)
1. Accountants should use adjusting entries to apply accrual accounting to
transactions that span more than one accounting period.
2. Without using the double-entry system it would be impossible to keep the
accounting system in balance.
3. Had she been here, she would have helped us to make up the trial balance.
4. He pointed out that the company would impose restrictions upon share
transfer.
Вариант № 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая
внимание на неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.(10б.)
1. То become a management accountant one must pass a number of examinations
and meet some educational and professional standards.
2. Nowadays no company can succeed without a satisfactory accounting system.
3. If for any reason assumptions and principles used by the accountants are illfounded, it will affect the income statement.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из них слова с
окончанием -ed. Определите, является ли они: (10б.)
а) сказуемым в Past Indefinite Active;
б) причастием в составе глагольного сказуемого;
в) причастием в функции определения;
г) причастием в функции обстоятельства.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Income statement data were used to determine the risk of achieving particular
cash flows.
2. A business owned, run and controlled by one person is usually referred to as
‘sole trader’.
3. That accounting firm had specialized on auditing, tax services, management
advisory services and small business services.
4. Unless discussed, the new methods should not be applied.
III. Выпишите из перечисленных предложений те, в которых употребляется
причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II). Подчеркните причастие и
определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(20б.)
1. The company set up a new system of internal control which helped increase the
efficiency of the company's operations.
2. The explanation given was not explicit.
3. All the instructions were given in due time.
4. Unless thoroughly analyzed, this method must not be used.
5. Financial records must be kept according to the generally accepted rules.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, выпишите из них причастия,
определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(20б.)
1. Having issued shares, the company managed to attract a lot of shareholders.
2. When setting up a company it is necessary to take into account three basic
components of any business: recourses, labour, capital.
3. A growing and important part of most public accounting firms' practice is
management advisory services or consulting.
4. Being located close to a market, the company managed to minimize the cost of
damage or loss during the transportation of goods.
5. Having been discussed in detail, the new accounting principles were
recommended for general use.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, в
которых употреблен независимый причастный оборот.(20б.)
1. Having set the goal the company tried to find alternative ways of accomplishing
it.
2. The work being finished the participants of the conference discussed its
results.
3. The annual report having been published, the investors received quantitative
data for the evaluation of the company's activities.
4. Having been published in the morning papers the news spread quickly.
5. The total amount of Britain's exports has increased by 19,4 per cent in the
first six months of the year, foodstuffs and manufactured goods being the major
export items.
VI. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая
внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.(20б.)
1. If there were no established rules for recording transactions it would be
impossible to keep the accounting system in balance.
2. Any auditor should be able to give his professional opinion as to whether the
company's financial reports fairly present its financial position and operating
results.
3. Had he come earlier, he would have certainly attended the meeting.
4. The manager was sure that the company would achieve the goals set.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 5 (7 семестр)
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу № 5,
необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского
языка.
1. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.
2. Причастие – формы (Participle I, Participle II, Perfect Participle – Active и
Passive Voice) и функции (определение, обстоятельство, часть сказуемого).
3. Независимый причастный оборот.
4. Типы условных предложений и способы их перевода.
5. Функции глаголов should, would.
При выполнении контрольной работы № 5 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
accounting – бухгалтерский учет;
accounting period – отчетный период;
accounting records – бухгалтерские записи;
accrual accounting – кумулятивный учет;
adjustment – корректировка, согласование;
adjustingentries – корректирующие записи;
assets – активы;
assignrevenues – относить доходы;
balancesheet – балансовая ведомость;
benefit – прибыль, выгода;
cashbalance – запас наличных денег, кассовая наличность;
cashflow – поток денежной наличности;
costs – издержки;
cutoffpoint – точка отсчета;
deferral – отсрочка;
depreciation – начисление износа, амортизация;
double-entry system – система двойной записи;
duality – двойственность;
e-mail – электронная почта;
entity – юридическое лицо;
expense – расход;
financial statement – финансовый отчет;
gain – доход, выручка, прирост;
income – доход;
incomestatement – отчет о прибылях и убытках;
incurexpenses – понести расходы;
inventory – товарно-материальные запасы;
ledger – бухгалтерская книга, главный журнал учета, гроссбух;
(be) liablefor – нести ответственность;
liabilities – пассивы;
loan – заем; ссуда;
loss – убыток;
management advisory services – консультационные услуги в области
управления;
matchingrule – правило увязки счетов;
overdraft – овердрафт, превышение кредита (в банке);
owner'sequity – капитал владельца;
owner'sinvestments – капиталовложения владельца;
payroll – фонд заработной платы; платежная ведомость;
public accountant – аудитор;
publiclimited company – акционерная компания открытого типа;
revenue – доход;
share – доля; участие; акция;
soletrader – единоличное владение;
stock – акция, акционерный капитал;
taxaccounting – налоговый учет;
transaction – сделка;
transpose – переносить в другую часть уравнения;
trialbalance – предварительный (пробный) баланс;
utility – коммунальные услуги;
withdrawal – снятие со счетов, изъятие.
Вариант № 1
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
FORMS OP BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
1. Accountants need to understand the three basic forms of business
organization: sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations. Accountants
recognize each form as an economic unit separate from its owners, although legally
only the corporation is considered separate from its owners.
2. A sole proprietorship is a business formed by one person. Legally the
proprietorship is the same economic unit as the individual. The individual receives
all profits or losses and is liable for all obligations of the proprietorship. The life of
a proprietorship ends if the owner wishes it to, or in case of the owner's death or
incapacity.
3. A partnership is like a proprietorship in most ways except that it has more
than one owner. A partnership is not a legal economic unit separate from the
owners but an unincorporated association that brings together the talents and
resources of two or more people sharing profits and losses of the partnership
according to an agreed-upon formula. Generally, any partner can bind the
partnership to another party and, if necessary, the personal resources of each
partner can be called on to pay the obligations of the partnership. In some cases,
one or more partners may limit their liability, but at least one partner must have
unlimited liability. A partnership must be dissolved if the ownership changes, as
when a partner leaves or dies. If the business continues, a new proprietorship or
partnership must be formed.
4. A corporation is a business unit that is legally separate from its owners. The
ownership being represented by shares of stock in the corporation, the owners do
not directly control the operations of the corporation. Instead they elect a board of
directors who run the corporation for the benefit of the stockholders. In exchange
for a restricted involvement in the corporation's actual operations, stockholders
enjoy limited liability. That is, their risk of loss is limited to the amount paid for
their shares. If they wish, stockholders can sell their shares to other people without
affecting corporate operations. Because of this limited liability, stockholders are
often willing to invest in riskier, but potentially profitable activities. Also, because
ownership can be transferred without dissolving the corporation, the life of the
corporation is unlimited and not subject to the whims or health of a proprietor or
partner
II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний: (20б)
1) бухгалтер;
2) единоличное владение;
3) товарищество;
4) собственник, владелец;5) юридически;
6) хозяйственная единица;
7) прибыль;
8) убытки;
9) обязательства;
10) ответственность;
11) распускать, ликвидировать;
12) собственность, владение;
13) доля, участие;
14) акционерный капитал;
15) акционер.
III. Выпишите из 3 и 4 абзацев текста два предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие настоящего времени (Participle I, Active),
подчеркните причастие и определите его функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. (10б).
IV. Найдите в третьем абзаце текста три случая употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в составе сказуемого, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.(10б).
V. Найдите в четвертом абзаце текста четыре случая употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в функции определения, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.(10б).
VI. Выпишите из четвертого абзаца текста предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом. Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б.)
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы текста(20б).
VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б.)
1. Which of the three forms of business organization are considered separate from
its owners?
2. Who is liable for all obligations of the proprietorship?
3. What happens if the ownership of the partnership changes?
4. What are the main features of a corporation?
5. What form of business organization is characterized by unlimited liability
Вариант № 2
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
OWNER’S EQUITY
1. Equity is ‘the residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after
deducting its liabilities’. In a business, the equity is called the ownership interest or
owner’s equity. The owner’s equity is the resources invested in the business by the
owner. It is also known as the residual equity because it is what would be left over
if all the liabilities were paid. Transposing the balance sheet equation, we can state
owner’s equity as follows: assets– liabilities = owner’s equity.
2. The four types of transactions affecting owner’s equity are as follows:
owner’s investments, owner’s withdrawals, revenues, expenses. Two of these
transactions, owner’s investments and owner’s withdrawals, designate assets that
the owner either puts in the business or takes out of the business.
3. For instance, if the owner of a company takes cash out of his personal bank
account and places it in the business bank account, it is the owner’s investment.
The assets (cash) of the business being increased, the owner’s equity in those
assets also increases. Conversely, if the owner takes cash out of the business bank
account and places it in his personal bank account, he makes a withdrawal from the
business. The assets of the business have decreased, and the owner’s equity in the
business has also decreased.
4. The other two types of transactions that affect owner’s equity are revenues
and expenses. Simply stated, revenues and expenses are the increases and
decreases in owner’s equity that result from operating the business. For example,
when a customer pays cash to the company in return for a service provided by the
company, a revenue results. Assets (cash) of the company have increased, and the
owner’s equity in those assets has also increased. On the other hand, if the
company pays out cash in the process of providing the service, an expense results
and is represented by a decrease in assets (cash) and a decrease in the owner’s
equity in those assets. Generally speaking, a company is successful when its
revenues exceed its expenses. When revenues exceed expenses, the difference is
called net income, and when expenses exceed revenues, the difference is called net
loss.
II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний: (20б).
1) капитал владельца;
2) остаточный;
3) активы;
4) процент;
5) переносить в другую часть уравнения с обратным знаком;
6) пассивы;
7) сделка, операция;
8) снятие со счетов, изъятие;
9) наличные деньги;
10) счет;
11) увеличиваться;
12) уменьшаться;
13) доходы;
14) расходы;
15) чистая прибыль.
III. Выпишите из 1, 2, 4 абзацев текста три предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие настоящего времени (ParticipleI, Active), подчеркните
его и определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.(10б)
IV. Найдите в 1 и 3 абзацах текста шесть случаев употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (ParticipleII) в составе сказуемого, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.(10б)
V. Найдите в 1 и 4 абзацах текста два случая употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (ParticipleII) в функции определения, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.(10б)
VI. Выпишите из третьего абзаца текста предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом, подчеркните его. Переведите предложение на русский
язык.(10б)
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите четвертый абзац текста.(20б)
VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б)
1. What transactions affect owner's equity?
2. How does a withdrawal from the business affect the assets and the owner's
equity?
3. When is a company considered to be successful?
4. What term is used when revenues exceed expenses?
5. What term is used when expenses exceed revenues?
Вариант № 3
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
THE LEDGER
1. In a manual accounting system, each account is kept on a separate page or
card. These pages or cards are placed together in a book or file. This book or file,
which contains all or group of the company's accounts, is called a ledger. In a
computer system, which most companies have today, the accounts are maintained
on magnetic tapes or disks. However, as a matter of convenience, the accountant
still refers to the group of company accounts as the ledger.
2. If an accountant wants to facilitate the process of finding an account in the
ledger and to identify accounts when working with the accounting records, he often
numbers the accounts. A list of these numbers with the corresponding account
names is usually called a chart of accounts. Note that in a very simple chart of
accounts the first digit refers to the major financial statement classifications. An
account number beginning with the digit 1 is an asset, an account number
beginning with 2 is a liability, and so forth.
3. While examining these accounts, notice the gaps in the sequence of numbers.
These gaps allow for expansion in the number of accounts. Of course, every
company develops a chart of accounts for its own needs. Seldom will two
companies have exactly the same chart of accounts and larger companies will
require more digits to accommodate all of their accounts.
4. The general journal is a chronological record of all transactions. The record
of a transaction in the general journal contains the date of the transactions, the
names of the accounts, and dollar amounts debited and credited, an explanation of
the journal entries, and the account numbers to which postings have been made.
5. The transactions having been entered in the journal, they must be posted to
the ledger. Posting is done by transferring each amount in the debit column of the
journal to the debit column of the appropriate account in the ledger and transferring
each amount in the credit column of the journal to the credit column of the
appropriate account in the ledger.
II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний: (20б)
l) традиционная система учета;
2) счет;
3) главный журнал учета, гроссбух;
4) для удобства;
5) облегчить;
6) устанавливать, определять;
7) план бухгалтерских счетов;
8) главный;
9) расширение;
10) разместить;
11) сделка;
12) проводка, бухгалтерская запись;
13) переносить бухгалтерскую запись в гроссбух;
14) переносить в колонку дебета;
15) соответствующий счет в гроссбухе.
III. Выпишите из 2 и 3 абзацев текста четыре предложения, в которых
имеется пять случаев употребления причастия настоящего времени (Participle
I, Active), подчеркните причастия и определите их функции в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б)
IV. Найдите в 1, 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в составе сказуемого, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните сказуемое. Переведите предложения на русский
язык.(10б)
V. Найдите в четвертом абзаце текста два случая употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (ParticipleII) в функции определения, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите эти предложения на
русский язык.(10б)
VI. Выпишите из 5 абзаца текста предложение с независимым причастным
оборотом, подчеркните его. Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б)
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите третий абзац текста.(20б)
VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б)
1.What is the ledger?
2.How does an accountant identify accounts in the ledger?
3.What is a chart of accounts?
4.Why does the accountant leave gaps in the sequence of numbers on a chart of
accounts?
5.When must the transactions be posted in the journal?
Вариант № 4
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
ACCOUNTING DATA COMMUNICATION THROUGH
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Four major financial statements are used to communicate the required
information about a business. One is the income statement, which reports incomegenerating activities or earnings of a business during the period. The second
statement, called the statement of owner's equity, shows the changes in the owner's
interest in the business. Both of these statements are prepared from the four types
of transactions affecting owner's equity. The third is the balance sheet. The balance
sheet shows the financial position of the business on a particular date, such as at
the end of the accounting period. The fourth statement, called the statement of
changes in financial position, is used to summarize all the changes during the year
in terms of some measure of financial resources, such as cash.
2. The income statement is a financial statement summarizing the amount of
revenues earned and expenses incurred by a business over a period of time. Many
people consider it the most important financial report, its purpose being to measure
whether or not the business achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective of
earning an acceptable income.
3. The statement of owner's equity shows the changes in the owner's capital
account over a period of time. The purpose of the balance sheet is to show the
financial position of a business on a certain date. For this reason, it is often called
the statement of financial position and is dated as of a certain date.
4. During the past three decades it has become clear that the income statement
has one major deficiency. It only shows the changes in financial position caused by
those operations that produced an operating income or loss. Many important
events, especially those relating to investing and financing activities, can take place
during an accounting period and not appear on the income statement. For example,
the owner may put more money into the business or take it out. Buildings,
equipment, or other assets may be bought or sold. New liabilities can be incurred
or old ones paid off. For this reason, the statement of changes in financial position
is now widely used to show all changes in financial position taking place during an
accounting period.
II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний: (20б)
1) главный;
2) финансовый отчет;
3) отчет о прибылях и убытках;
4) деятельность;
5) выручка;
6) капитал владельца;
7) сделка;
8) влиять;
9) балансовая ведомость;
10) отчетный период;
11) суммировать, подводить итог;
12) с точки зрения;
13) наличные деньги;
14) понести расходы;
15) счет капитала.
III. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста два предложения, в которых
употреблено причастие настоящего времени (Participle I, Active),
подчеркните его и определите его функцию в предложении. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.(10б)
IV. Найдите в четвертом абзаце текста пять случаев употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в составе сказуемого, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.(10б)
V. Найдите в 1 и 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в функции определения, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите эти предложения на
русский язык.(10б)
VI. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом. Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б)
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите третий абзац текста.(20б)
VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б)
1. What are the major financial statements?
2. What does the income statement report?
3. What does the statement of owner's equity show?
4. Why is the balance sheet sometimes called the statement of financial position?
5. What is the statement of changes in financial position used for?
Вариант № 5
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
DEPRECIATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
1. When a company buys a long-lived asset such as a building, equipment,
trucks, automobiles, computers, or office furniture, it is basically buying or
prepaying for the usefulness of that asset for as long as the asset provides a benefit
to the company. In other words, the asset is a deferral of an expense. Proper
accounting therefore requires the allocation of the cost of the asset over its
estimated useful life. The amount allocated to any one accounting period is called
depreciation or depreciation expense. Depreciation is an expense just like any other
incurred during an accounting period to obtain revenue.
2. It is often impossible to determine how long an asset will last or how much of
the asset is used in any one period. For this reason, depreciation must be estimated.
Accountants have developed a number of methods for estimating depreciation and
for dealing with other complex problems concerning it. Only the simplest case is
presented here as an illustration.
3. Suppose that the Joan Miller Advertising Agency estimates that the art
equipment and office equipment will last five years (sixty months) and will be
worthless at the end of that time. The depreciation of art equipment and office
equipment for the month is computed as $ 70 ($ 4,200 / 60 months) and $ 50 ($
3,000 / 60 months), respectively. These amounts represent the cost allocated to the
month, thus reducing the asset accounts and increasing the expense accounts.
4. Analysing the above mentioned case, an accountant does not credit the assets
accounts directly. Instead, he credits a new account – Accumulated Depreciation
(Art Equipment) and Accumulated Depreciation (Office Equipment). These
accumulated depreciation accounts are contra-assets accounts used to accumulate
the total past depreciation expense on a specific long-lived asset. A contra account
is an account that is paired with and deducted from another related account in the
financial statements. There are several types of contra accounts. In this case, the
balance of Accumulated Depreciation (Art Equipment) is a deduction from the
associated account Art Equipment. Likewise, Accumulated Depreciation (Office
Equipment) is a deduction from Office Equipment. These adjusting entries having
been made, the plant and equipment section of the balance sheet for the Joan Miller
Advertising Agency appears.
5. The contra account is used for two very good reasons. First, it recognizes that
depreciation is an estimate. Second, the use of the contra account preserves the fact
of the original cost of the asset and shows how much of the asset has been
allocated to expense as well as the balance to be depreciated. As the months pass,
the amount of the accumulated depreciation will grow, and so the net amount
shown as an asset will be reduced.
II. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний: (20б)
1) амортизация;
2) долгосрочный актив;
3) авансировать;
4) отсрочка регистрации фактического расхода;
5) бухгалтерский учет;
6) срок полезной службы;
7) оборудование по статье "промышленная эстетика";
8) соответственно;
9) счет капитала;
10) аккумулированные амортизационные отчисления;
11) контрсчет;
12) финансовый отчет;
13) вычет, удержание;
14) корректирующие бухгалтерские записи;
15) оценка, предварительный подсчет.
III. Выпишите из 1, 2 и 4 абзацев текста три предложения, в которых имеется
четыре случая употребления причастия настоящего времени (ParticipleI,
Active), подчеркните причастия и определите их функцию в предложении.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.(10б)
IV. Найдите в пятом абзаце текста три случая употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (ParticipleII) в составе сказуемого, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.(10б)
V. Найдите в 1 и 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления причастия
прошедшего времени (ParticipleII) в функции определения, выпишите эти
предложения, подчеркните причастия. Переведите эти предложения на
русский язык.(10б)
VI. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом. Переведите предложение на русский язык.(10б)
VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите третий абзац текста.(20б)
VIII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.(20б)
1.What does proper accounting require?
2. Why must depreciation be estimated?
3. What is contra account?
4. What is Accumulated Depreciation (Art Equipment) and Accumulated
Depreciation (Office Equipment)?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 6
Для того чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 6, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса грамматики английского языка.
1. Неличные формы глагола. Простые и сложные формы инфинитива
(Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Функции инфинитива: подлежащее,
составная часть сказуемого, дополнение, определение, обстоятельство цели.
Объектный инфинитивный оборот – Complex Object, субъектный
инфинитивный оборот – Complex Subject.
2. Герундий (Gerund).
При выполнении контрольной работы № 6 обратите внимание на перевод
следующих слов и словосочетаний:
absorb newcomers – принять приезжих (в экономику страны);
argue the opposite – утверждать обратное;
assume great importance – приобретать большое значение;
be coined – образовать, возникать (о слове);
be crowded in cities – скапливаться в городах;
charter – устанавливать, давать привилегию;
contrast – противопоставлять;
depend on heavily – сильно зависеть;
dwindle – уменьшать;
entrepreneur – предприниматель;
environmental preservation – охрана окружающей среды;
feasible – осуществимый, выполнимый;
infant industries – начинающие развиваться отрасли промышленности
(молодые отрасли промышленности);
labour supply – наличие рабочей силы;
make both ends meet – сводить концы с концами;
‘New Deal’ program – программа "Новыйкурс";
on a daily basis – ежедневно;
pendulum has also swung the other way – положение изменилось;
postal service – почтовая служба;
price fixing – установление цены;
promote national policy objectives – содействовать осуществлению целей
государственной политики;
provide goods or services of a quality – предоставлять товары или услуги
определенного качества;
provide workers with a measure of economic security in the iroldage –
предоставлять работникам определенную экономическую защищенность в
старости;
secretaryofthetreasury – министр финансов в США;
supply and demand – предложение и спрос;
thoughtful observers – внимательные наблюдатели;
training centre – центр подготовки;
unfettered – неограниченный, свободный;
with the spur of threatened privatization – в связи с угрозой приватизации.
Вариант № 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите слова с окончанием -ing,
определите, являются ли они герундием или причастием.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The government passed the laws regulating many economic activities.
2. On pursuing the New Deal program the government expended its influence on
the economy.
3. Cutting taxation the government stimulated the private sector initiative and
investments.
4. After coming into effect in 1935, the Social Security program ensures that
retired people have a regular income each month.
II. Выпишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, где слова с -ed
являются причастиями.
1. The stocks owned by shareholders are bought and sold at the Stock Exchange.
2. Workers provided with economic security trust their government.
3. The government provided workers with economic security and helped them
meet their medical costs.
4. New national leaders determined to reduce taxation stimulated private
businesses.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. New farming technology allowed more food and fibre to be produced.
2. Such fields as chemistry, electronics and biotechnology made great advances
to produce new goods and services.
3. The policy of the new national leaders was to reduce government expenses,
levels of taxation and influence over the private sector.
4. The government began to play an important role in the market place.
IV. Выпишите по соответствующим группам и переведите на русский язык
предложения с:
а) объектным инфинитивным оборотом;
б) субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.
1. The American economy is said to be a dynamic free-market system.
2. The government wants the citizens to make economic choices and decisions.
3. The federal government seems to play an important role in the market place.
4. The private sector expects the government to cut levels of taxation.
V. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, выпишите
их и переведите.
1. With the prices going higher and the wages frozen, it is difficult for people to
make both ends meet.
2. On facing these problems voters became more acute.
3. Considering the complexity of the problem the decision was reached at a
rather early date.
4. With the days ticking away in the election campaign, everyone must be
ready to make a decision.
VI. Выпишите предложения с герундием и переведите их.
1. By providing workers with economic security the government takes care of the
proper standard of living.
2. Expanding its help the government fulfils its social security program.
3. The government can't make progress in the economy without stimulating
the private sector.
4. While adapting the machinery and production processes of the Industrial
Revolution, the USA became an industrial country.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
THE USA AS A FREE MARKET SYSTEM
1. The American economy is a dynamic, free-market system that is constantly
developing out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play
multiple, often overlapping roles of consumers, producers, investors and voters.
The United States is generally believed to be a mixed economy, which is to say
that even though the great majority of productive resources are privately owned,
the federal government does play an important role in the market place.
2. The ‘New Deal’ programs of the 1930s brought the greatest expansion of the
government role. New laws were passed regulating many economic activities –
from sales of stocks to the right of workers to form unions. Moreover, the
government began to provide workers with a measure of economic security in their
old age. The Social Security program, enacted in 1936, still ensures that retired
people have a regular income each month, and has been expanded to help them
meet their medical costs.
3. But the pendulum has also swung the other way. In the 1970s and 1980s,
with taxes steadily rising and the US economy standing, new national leaders were
determined to cut government spending and levels of taxation, and in other ways to
reduce government influence over the private sector. Their goal was to stimulate
the private sector initiative and investment which is the engine that drives freemarket economies.
4. Once a nation of farmers, the United States was chanted dramatically by
successful adaptation of the machinery and production processes of the Industrial
Revolution.
5. Beginning in 1870 and lasting for around a century, the United States became
the world's manufacturing power-house leading the world in the production of
steel, automobiles and other products. Since the 1960s, another transformation has
been taking place, as new service-based and information-processing industries
gradually replace some of the old branches of the traditional industrial base. By the
1990s, advances made in such fields as chemistry, electronics and biotechnology
were producing goods and services ranging from semiconductor circuits to laser
surgery. Similarly, new farming technology has transformed the American
agricultural sector, allowing more food and fibre to be produced by a constantly
dwindling number of farmers.
VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) динамичная система свободного рынка;
2) потребители;
3) производители;
4) вкладчики;
5) избиратели;
6) производственные услуги;
7) расширение роли правительства;
8) принять законы;
9) экономическая деятельность;
10) продажа акций;
11) программа социального обеспечения;
12) пенсионеры;
13) сократить расходы правительства;
14) уровень налогообложения;
15) частный сектор;
16) осваивание механизмов и производственных процессов;
17) отрасли промышленности, предоставляющие новые услуги и обработку
информации;
18) достичь прогресса, продвижения;
19) интегральные схемы на полупроводниках;
20) лазерная хирургия.
IX. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста одно предложение с причастием
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в функции определения, подчеркните
причастие и переведите предложение на русский язык.
X. Выпишите из шестого абзаца текста четыре предложения с причастиями
настоящего времени (Participle I), подчеркните причастия и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
XI. Выпишите из пятого абзаца текста одно предложение с герундием,
подчеркните и переведите предложение на русский язык.
XII. Выпишите из третьего абзаца текста одно предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом и переведите предложение на русский язык.
XIII. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста одно предложение с субъектным
инфинитивным оборотом, подчеркните его и переведите предложение на
русский язык.
XIV. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста три предложения с инфинитивами,
подчеркните их и определите их функции. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
XV. Перепишите и письменно переведите четвертый абзац текста.
XVI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. What is the American economy like?
2. What did the New Deal programs bring to the country?
3. What does the Social Security program ensure?
4. What was the US government goal in the 1970s and 1980s and why?
5. By what was the USA changed from a nation of farmers into an industrial
country?
Вариант № 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите слова с окончанием -ing,
определите являются ли они герундием или причастием.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. By producing and distributing goods and services every economic system
tries to meet human needs.
2. Producing goods an economic system makes use of natural resources.
3. The health of an economy is determined by the number of people working in
the country.
4. Immigrants came to the USA hoping to find work.
II. Выпишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, где слова с -ed
являются причастиями.
1. Goods and services are produced and distributed to meet human needs.
2. Goods and services produced and distributed by an economic system must
meet human needs.
3. The type of economic system described in the article is the result of a
historical experience.
4. The author described a few ingredients of an economic system.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. The economic system is the mechanism that brings together natural resources,
the labor supply, technology and the necessary entrepreneurial and managerial
talents to meet consumer demands.
2. The first ingredient of an economic system to mention is natural resources.
3. The government tries to determine the amount of natural resources and labor
force.
4. Immigrants aim was to find work and to prosper in the USA.
IV. Выпишите по соответствующим группам и переведите на русский язык
предложения с:
а) объектным инфинитивным оборотом;
б) субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.
1. Every economic system is supposed to meet consumer demands.
2. People expect their government to meet their needs.
3. The type of economic system is likely to become a national culture.
4. The government allowed the people to work hard and to prosper.
V. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, выпишите
их и переведите на русский язык.
1. Working productively immigrants earned more than they had in their native
lands.
2. With immigrants working at slightly less than the wage rates paid to
acculturated workers, the economy prospered.
3. On accumulating money entrepreneurs invested in new projects.
4. With the economy prospering in the USA, the corporation appears as an
effective device for accumulating funds for investment.
VI. Выпишите предложения с герундием и переведите их.
1. On bringing together natural resources, the labor supply, technology and the
necessary entrepreneurial and managerial talents, the economic system meets
human needs.
2. After absorbing the newcomers the USA grew fast.
3. Though working at a lower payment than the US citizens, immigrants lived
better in the USA than in their native lands.
4. Investing money in high-tech projects gives a high return to investors.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
THE US ECONOMY
1. Every economic system tries to anticipate and then meet human needs through
the production and distribution of goods and services. The economic system is the
mechanism that brings together natural resources, the labor supply, technology,
and the necessary entrepreneurial and managerial talents. Although the type of
economic system used by a nation is the result of a political decision, it is also in
even larger part the result of a historical experience that, over time, becomes a
national culture.
2. The first ingredient of an economic system is the natural resources from
which goods are produced. The United States is a land rich in mineral resources
and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.
3. Second, the amount of available labor helps determine the health of an
economy. Generally, the United States has been fortunate in having enough people
to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.
4. Although the United States has sometimes experienced periods of acute
unemployment or the reverse, labor shortages, on the whole, immigrants came
when work was plentiful. The US economy usually grew fast enough to absorb the
newcomers, provided they were willing to work productively at slightly less than
the wage rates paid to acculturated workers. Overall, immigrants prospered,
earning far more than they would have in their native lands, and the economy of
the nation prospered as well.
5. Large blocks of resources must be available for major investments. In
America, entrepreneurs accumulate money and then invest in projects – buy
supplies, hire workers and sell products that seem to give a high return on the
original investment. This is determined on the basis of an assessment of the wants
and needs of those who buy goods and services – what is known as consumer
demand.
6. In the United States, the corporation has proved to be an effective device for
accumulating funds for investment. This is а voluntary association of owners,
known as stock-holders, who form a business enterprise that is marked by limited
liability. The first entrepreneurial investment of capital having been made, modern
America has developed a chain of managerial command whose job is to see that
the business runs smoothly and efficiently.
VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) предвидеть, предвосхищать;
2) удовлетворять нужды;
3) производство и распределение товаров и услуг;
4) таланты предпринимателя и руководителя;
5) составная часть;
6) природные ресурсы;
7) быть богатым минеральными ресурсами;
8) плодородная почва;
9) умеренный климат;
10) острая безработица;
11) нехватка рабочей силы;
12) местные работники;
13) процветать;
14) быть доступным;
15) собирать, накапливать деньги;
16) возврат капитала;
17) оценка желаний и потребностей;
18) потребительский спрос;
19) акционеры;
20) предприятие с ограниченной ответственностью.
IX. Выпишите из 1, 4 абзацев текста по одному предложению с причастием
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в функции определения, подчеркните
причастие и переведите предложения на русский язык.
X. Выпишите из четвертого абзаца текста одно предложение с причастием
настоящего времени (Participle I), подчеркните причастие и переведите
предложение на русский язык.
XI. Выпишите из 3, 6 абзацев текста по одному предложению с герундием,
подчеркните его и переведите предложения на русский язык.
XII. Выпишите из шестого абзаца текста одно предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом, подчеркните его и переведите предложение на
русский язык.
XIII. Выпишите из 5, 6 абзацев текста по одному предложению с субъектным
инфинитивным оборотом, подчеркните эти обороты и переведите
предложения на русский язык.
XIV. Выпишите из 1, 3, 4 абзацев текста по одному предложению с
инфинитивами, подчеркните их и определите их функции. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
XV. Перепишите и письменно переведите второй абзац текста.
XVI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. How does every economic system try to anticipate and meet human needs?
2. What is meant by the economic system?
3. What is the type of economic system determined by?
4. What are the ingredients of an economic system?
5. What makes entrepreneurs invest in projects?
Вариант № 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите слова с окончанием -ing,
определите, являются ли они герундием или причастием.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Contrasting the US economic system with a socialist one, it should be noted
that the difference between them is in the type of ownership of the means of
production.
2. On voting for their government, citizens choose their economic policy.
3. Regulating and guiding the US economy, the government promotes its
objectives.
4. Producers are looking for the best price and profit when they have to sell.
II. Выпишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, где слова с -ed
являются причастиями.
1. A range of services provided by private enterprises is rather wide.
2. The prices of goods and services established by supply and demand make the
economy function.
3. National policy objectives are promoted by government regulations.
4. Price and income stability, regional development and environmental
preservation are national objectives pursued by the government.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. The US government regulates and guides the economy to promote the national
policy objectives.
2. Consumers, producers and the government have common tasks to settle.
3. The aim of entrepreneurs is to maximize profits.
4. A market economy makes businessmen compete with each other.
IV. Выпишите по соответствующим группам и переведите на русский язык
предложения с:
а) объектным инфинитивным оборотом;
б) субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.
1. The US economic system is considered to be a market economy.
2. The government expects the citizens to vote for those who set economic
policy.
3. Private enterprises are unlikely to own the post service.
4. The government wants public enterprises to promote the public safety.
V. Найдите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, выпишите
их и переведите на русский язык.
1. Regulating and guiding the US economy the government pursues its own aims.
2. With competition going on, only efficient enterprises remain in business.
3. Private businesses are involved in providing a wide range of services.
4. With supply and demand establishing the prices of goods and services,
entrepreneurs are free to develop their businesses.
VI. Выпишите предложения с герундием и переведите их.
1. By performing services of a quality enterprises make progress.
2. While establishing regulations the government tries to promote national
policy objectives.
3. The government helps enterprises make a free market by interacting with
consumers and producers.
4. Looking for the best values for what they spend consumers take part in a
market economy.
VII. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
THE US AS A MIXED ECONOMY
1. The economic system of the United States is principally one of private
ownership. This system often referred to as a ‘free enterprise system’, can be
contrasted with a socialist economic system, which depends heavily on
government planning and public ownership of the means of production.
2. Yet government has to some extent always been involved in regulating and
guiding the US economy. At the same time, US citizens have always had the
freedom to choose for whom they will work, and what they will buy. Most
importantly, Americans vote for officials setting economic policy.
3. In the US economic system, consumers, producers and the government make
decisions mainly through the price system. The dynamic interaction of these three
groups makes the economy function. The market's primary force, however, is the
interaction of producers and consumers; this has led analysts to dub the US economic system a 'market economy'.
4. As a rule, consumers look for the best values for what they spend, while
producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell. Government, at
the federal, state and local levels, seek to promote the public safety, assure
reasonable competition, and provide a range of services which are believed to be
better performed by public rather than private enterprises. Some of these public
services include the administration of justice, education (although there are many
private schools and training centers), the postal (but not the telephone) service, the
road system, social statistical reporting and, of course, national defence.
5. In this system, with economic forces being unfettered, supply and demand
establish the prices of goods and services. Entrepreneurs are free to develop their
businesses. In theory, unless they can provide goods or services of a quality and
price to compete with others, they are driven from the market, so only the efficient
and those who best serve the public remain in business. In practice, government
regulations can interfere with pure competition in order to promote other national
policy objectives such as price and income stability, regional development for
environmental preservation. Similarly, businesses can interfere with pure
competition, through price fixing or other monopolistic practices, in order to
maximize profits.
VIII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) частное владение, собственность;
2) система свободного предпринимательства;
3) вовлекать;
4) регулировать и направлять экономику;
5) голосовать за государственных деятелей;
6) устанавливать экономическую политику;
7) потребители;
8) производители;
9) принимать решения;
10) система цен;
11) гибкое взаимодействие;
12) назвать, окрестить;
13) рыночная экономика;
14) прибыль;
15) поддерживать общественную безопасность;
16) поощрять разумную конкуренцию;
17) обеспечить ряд услуг;
18) государственные и частные предприятия;
19) отправление правосудия;
20) оборона страны.
IX. Выпишите из первого абзаца текста одно предложение с причастием
прошедшего времени (Participle II) в функции определения, подчеркните
причастие и переведите предложение на русский язык.
X. Выпишите из второго абзаца текста одно предложение с причастием
настоящего времени (Participle I), подчеркните причастие и переведите
предложение на русский язык.
XI. Выпишите из 2, 5 абзацев текста по одному предложению с герундием,
подчеркните его и переведите предложения на русский язык.
XII. Выпишите из пятого абзаца текста одно предложение с независимым
причастным оборотом, подчеркните его и переведите предложение на
русский язык.
XIII. Выпишите из третьего абзаца текста два предложения с объектным
инфинитивным оборотом, из четвертого абзаца – два предложения с
субъектным инфинитивным оборотом. Подчеркните эти обороты и
переведите предложения на русский язык.
XIV. Выпишите из пятого абзаца текста три предложения с инфинитивом,
подчеркните инфинитив и определите его функцию. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
XV. Перепишите и письменно переведите четвертый абзац текста.
XVI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
1. What is the US economy system called?
2. What has the US government been involved in?
3. Whom do Americans vote for?
4. What makes the US economy function?
5. How are economic decisions made?