Mode of transport - Государственный университет имени Шакарима

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени ШАКАРИМА города СЕМЕЙ
Документ СМК 3 уровня
УМКД
УМКД
042-18-17.1.3/03Учебно-методические
Редакция № __ от УМКД
2015
материалы по дисциплине _______
«Базовый
иностранный
язык
в
контексте
межкультурной
коммуникации» (уровень
В1)»
Учебно-методический комплекс
дисциплины
«Базовый иностранный язык в контексте межкультурной
коммуникации» (уровень В1)
ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 5В020700 «ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЛО»
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ
Семей
2015
Содержание
1 Глоссарий
2 Практические занятия
3 Самостоятельная работа студента
1 ГЛОССАРИЙ
grandparents – grandmother and grandfather - The parents of your parents
In-laws - When you marry, your husband (or wife's) family become your in-laws. The
mother of your spouse (husband or wife) is your mother-in-law and his or her father
becomes your father-in-law. The term in-law is also used to describe your relationship
with the spouses of your siblings. So the husband of your sister becomes your brotherin-law, while the sister of your husband becomes your sister-in-law. If you are a woman,
you become the daughter-in-law of your husband's parents, and if you are a man, you
become the son-in-law of your wife's parents. The same term in-law is used for all
generations. The husband of your aunt is still your mother's brother-in-law, for example.
Parents - your mother and father
siblings your brothers or sisters
An aunt is the sister of your mother or father, while an uncle is the brother of your
mother or father.
daughter is a female child
son is a male child
family gathering = a meeting / celebration of family members: "There's a small family
gathering next week."
family resemblance = where members of the family look / act similar: "You can see a
distinct family resemblance between the father and the son."
to start a family = to start having children: "They want to wait a couple of years before
starting a family."
to run in the family = a characteristic that is common among family members:
"Baldness runs in his family."
to bring up / raise a family = to have and look after children: "It's difficult to raise a
family on one income."
a family car = a car big enough to transport a family: "The Volvo Estate is a popular
family car."
family-size = large quantity item: "We need to buy family-size packets of biscuits!"
family-friendly = a policy that favours families: "This hotel is family-friendly."
family doctor = a doctor who looks after general medical needs: "There are a number of
good family doctors in this area."
family man = a man who prefers to spend his time with his family: "John is a family
man."
family values = traditional ideas about what a family should be: "Some political parties
often emphasise family values and the importance of marriage."
family name = surname: "What's your family name?"
Advent -Period of four weeks in which Christians prepare for Christmas and meditate on
the end of all time. In Western churches, the first Sunday of Advent marks the beginning of
the Christian liturgical year. (Christianity)
All Saints Day - Christian celebration of the lives of all the saints, especially those not
having a special day; Orthodox churches observe the day in mid-summer. (Christianity)
All Souls Day- Catholic Christian observance in memory of all the faithful who are
deceased. In some Latin cultures, this day is known as “The Day of the Dead.” (Roman
Catholic Christianity)
Anniversary of the Founding of the Church - Annual World General Conference of the
Church held on Saturday and Sunday closest to this date each year. (Latter Day Saints)
Christmas / Feast of the Nativity - Celebrates the anniversary of the birth (nativity) of
Jesus. Dec. 25 is the date of this observance for Roman Catholic, Protestant and many
Orthodox Christian churches. In some Orthodox churches, Christmas falls on January 7.
(Christianity)
Easter (or Pascha)- Celebrates the resurrection from death of Jesus Christ. It is the oldest
and most important festival in the Christian year and initiates the 50-day period culminating
in Pentecost. Protestant and Roman Catholic Christians observe Easter on a different date
than Orthodox Christians. (Christianity)
Connected Farm – a farmhouse in England.
Housebarn – housing with a barn attached to it.
Longhouse – house with a number of families living I it.
Laneway House – a house attached to a main house that feeds to the back lane.
Linked Houses – Houses sharing a foundation but detached.
Log home or Log cabin – House built using logs that have been cut but not sawn off to
create timber.
Lustron House – This is basically a pre fabricated house.
Manor House – a big house mainly built of the nobles with many rooms.
Mansion – This is a luxurious house that is built with its own access road, front lawns and
well tended gardens and botanical fields.
McMansion – Expensive tract housing that have the appearance of mansions but are generic,
sometimes not well-made, and are incongruous with other housing areas in the
neighborhood.
Manufactured House – prefabricated house that is designed far away from the place where
it will be established. The parts are transported to the site for assembling using containers.
Microhouse – a small house
Monolithic Dome – Housing with a dome at the top
Minka – Japanese traditional housing
Mudhif – A reed house in Iraq
Octagon House – A 19th century house with an octogonal floor plan.
Patio House – A house with an open roof.
Pit-House – A house from the ground.
Plank House – A house made of planks of wood.
Pole House – a house with a centre pole for support.
Prefabricated House – a house designed in an industry and shipped for assembling on site.
Ranch – A house with a ranch
Ranch-Style House – A smaller single-story house in America.
Shack – A run down shed of a house
Queenslander – A classical house built in the colonial times in England.
Roundhouse – A house with a round design. This pertains to the exterior walls but has
rooms subdivided inside it.
The Saltbox – A wooden house in the colonial times I England.
Split-level house – Multi-story house where the floors are built upward in a staggered
fashion.
Shotgun house – A house with a straight arrangement right from the living room, bedrooms,
bathrooms and the kitchen in that order.
Detached Single-Family House
Airport Check In Counter - A location in the air terminal designated for passenger and
baggage check in.
Airline Locator Number - A unique confirmation number issued by an air carrier when a
reservation is booked.
Baggage Allowance - Amount of baggage a passenger may transport without having to pay
extra charges. This allowance is determined by each air carrier.
Boarding Pass - A paper document issued to the passenger that allows boarding on a ship,
plane, train, or other form of transportation.
Business Class - The class of service between first class and coach class, most commonly
offered on international flights as a popular alternative to the more expensive first class.
Cancellation Fee/Cancellation Penalty - The amount charged when a traveler cancels a
reservation.
Change Fee - Fees collected by the airlines when a passenger makes changes to a restricted
or penalty ticket.
Collision Damage Waiver (CDW) - Optional car rental insurance that reduces or eliminates
the renter's liability or damage deductible should there be damage to the rental car.
Commuter Carrier - air carrier that operates smaller aircraft and provides service to airports
that cannot support large jet equipment.
Concourse - The area in an airline terminal where the gates are located. Many airports have
multiple concourses.
Confirmation - The acceptance and acknowledgment of a reservation by a travel supplier.
Confirmation Number - The code assigned by faremax.com to a travel itinerary that
identifies the passenger and gives the Customer Service Representative an easy way to locate
all the traveler's information.
Connecting Flight - Air transportation arrangement that requires a passenger to change
planes before reaching their final destination.
Destination - The point at which a trip ends.
Direct Flight - A flight that does not require a passenger to change planes although there
may be intermediate stops. Also known as a through flight.
Double (DBLB) - A hotel room for occupancy by two people which may contain a double,
queen or king-size bed.
Double Occupancy Rate - The rate for a room shared by two people. The rate is quoted for
the room and not on a per person basis.
Drop Charge - An additional fee that is often charged by a car rental company when the
customer rents a car in one location and returns it to another location.
Economy Class - Also known as tourist or coach class.
Estimated Flying Time - Estimated flying time between departure city and destination or
connecting point.
Equipment - Type of aircraft.
Fare Rules - To distinguish one fare level from another, the airlines assign special
purchasing rules and restrictions. Generally, the lower the fare, the more restrictions a fare
has (such as 21 day advance purchase or Saturday night stay or travel on a certain day of the
week).
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) - The government agency responsible for the
regulation of civil aviation in the United States; functions include airline security regulation
and enforcement, air traffic control, aircraft maintenance and pilot licensing.
Frequent Flier Program - A membership program offered directly to the traveler by the air
carrier enabling members to accumulate miles (points) and redeem them according to the
terms and conditions of the air carrier.
Gate - The area in an airport where passengers board a plane.
Guaranteed Reservation - A lodging reservation held for a passenger's late arrival, usually
secured by a credit card obligation to pay even if the traveler never arrives at the hotel.
In-flight Service - Entertainment, meals, beverages and miscellaneous items available
during a flight.
Internet fare (also referred to as a Webfare) - Typically a highly restricted fare the airline
offers only on the Internet for a limited period of time. When looking at an faremax.com
Flight Search Results page, Internet-only fares are marked with a red dot. Please review the
restrictions carefully before purchasing.
Itinerary - The complete schedule of a trip.
King Room - A room with a king-size bed.
Layover - The amount of time a connecting passenger has between flights, before reaching
the final destination.
Limited Mileage Allowance - The number of miles included in the car rental rate before
additional per mile charges are accessed.
Mileage Charge - Charge made for each mile a rental car is driven beyond the established
limited mileage allowance for the rental rate used.
Minimum Stay - A fare requirement that requires the passenger to stay for a designated
period of time. (Example: one week, or over a Saturday night).
Multi-Leg Trip - A journey from point A to point B to point C, and back to point A.
Multiple Airport City - A term used to describe a city or metropolitan area that has more
than one major, commercial airport. (Examples: Chicago O'Hare and Chicago Midway, New
York JFK and New York LaGuardia, etc.).
Nonrefundable Tickets - "No money back" purchases. Although nonrefundable tickets
cannot be returned for a refund, the cost of an unused nonrefundable ticket may be applied to
future travel. The airline may charge a change or reissue fee for modifying a non-refundable
ticket.
Nonstop - A flight that does not stop between point of departure and destination.
Occupancy Tax - The tax levied by many cities on a hotel stay. In addition to local taxes,
there may be a set tax per room or per person added to the hotel bill.
One Way Ticket - A flight that starts in one location and ends in another location, without
returning to the starting point.
Origin - The point at which a trip begins.
Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) - A per passenger airport tax authorized by the US
Congress for upgrading and expanding local airport facilities. Currently, the tax can amount
to no more than $3 for any one airport and no more than $12 for any single itinerary.
Penalty - The amount charged for canceling or changing a reservation.
Proof of Citizenship - A government issued document that establishes the traveler's
nationality to the satisfaction of a foreign government. It may be an original or certified copy
of a birth certificate, or a passport.
Proof of Identity - A government issued document that establishes a traveler's identity.
Proof of identity may be a driver's license, birth certificate, or a passport.
Refundable Fare - Refundable tickets can be returned for a refund to your credit card and
allow you to make changes without paying a penalty.
Regional Carriers - Airlines serving specified areas or regions of the country.
Restricted Fares - Special fares available only for specified times of day, or days of the
week.
Restricted Travel Dates - Specific period during which specials fare or rates apply.
Room Tax - State or local tax charged on hotel stays.
Round Trip - A journey from point A to point B and back to point A. Different from a
multi-leg trip.
Special Services - An airline term that designates a passenger who has special requests, such
as requiring assistance boarding or departing the aircraft, or special meal requirements.
Ticket - When completed and validated, the electronic ticket or paper ticket becomes a
contract for transportation between a carrier and a passenger.
Travel Protection - A combination of travel insurance benefits and emergency hotline
services, designed to give you protection for your travel investment, health and belongings
while traveling.
Unlimited Mileage - A rental car rate that allows the renter to drive an unlimited number of
miles without additional mileage charges.
Visa - A validating document placed in a passport by a foreign government, indicating that
the traveler's passport has been examined and the passport holder may travel to that specific
country. Not all countries require visas.
Webfare (also referred to as an Internet fare) - Typically a highly restricted fare the airline
offers only on the Internet for a limited period of time.
2 ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАНЯТИЯ
1 семестр
Содержание занятий 1-8
Тема 1.: «Семья в современном обществе», раскрывающаяся в субтемах: 1.
«Взаимоотношения поколений в семье», 2. «Роль семейного уклада в воспитании
личности», 3. «Здоровая семья - здоровое общество», 4. «Роль и место национального
менталитета в становлении современной семьи», которые реализуются следующими
методами активизации деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями,
дискуссиями, дебатами, круглыми столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом
проектов, кейс-методами, методами мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
- Беседа на тему: «Деградация национального менталитета при воспитании молодого
поколения: причины и пути решения»;
- Участники круглого стола обсуждают способы установления взаимоотношения в
семье, когда близкие не разделяют ваше хобби»;
- Дебаты на тему: «Среда-семья- школа как факторы, влияющие на становление
личности»;
-Дискуссия на тему: «в семье обсуждается выбор вида медицины: народная и
традиционная».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера; сочинение на тему «Традиции и ценности
моей семьи», изложение, автобиография.
Цель занятия: развитие техники чтения, умения понимать английский текст,
усвоение новой лексики, развитие навыков говорения, умения оформлять свои мысли
на иностранном языке, умение вести диспут, умение соотносить языковые средства с
конкретными ситуациями, закрепление изученного лексического материала,
закрепление грамматического материала.
Методические рекомендации: Выписать новые слова, выполнить лексические
упражнения, составить ситуации с использованием лексики. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
Family in modern society – 1. "Relations between generations in the family", 2. "The role
of family life in the education of the person", 3. "Healthy Family - Healthy Society", 4. "The
role and place of national mentality in the development of the modern family. Everyday
English, p. 21-39, English file Intermediate, p. 8-9.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. EverydayEnglish- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
Содержание занятий 9-16
Тема 2: «Современная молодая семья и ее проблемы», раскрывающаяся в
субтемах: 1. «Национальные традиции и обычаи вступления в брак в Казахстане и в
стране изучаемого языка», 2. Демографические проблемы в РК и СИЯ», 3. «Бюджет
молодой семьи и основные статьи расхода», 4. «Основные условия устойчивости и
непрочности ранних браков», которые реализуются следующими методами
активизации деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями, дискуссиями,
дебатами, круглыми столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом проектов, кейсметодами, методами мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
-Дискуссия на тему: «Необходимо ли молодой семье соблюдать национальные
традиции и брачные церемонии (Казахстан, СИЯ)»;
- Участники круглого стола обсуждают тему: « Причины спада рождаемости в РК и
СИЯ»;
- Дебаты на тему: «В чем состоят главные условия устойчивости брака?»;
- Участники круглого стола обсуждают условия существования благополучной семьи с
целью создания программы «Здоровая нация – здоровая семья».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера; сочинение на тему «Система социальной
защиты семьи в РК и СИЯ», сочинение на тему «Счастлив тот, кто счастлив у себя
дома», изложение.
Цель занятия: развитие техники чтения, умения понимать английский текст,
усвоение новой лексики, развитие навыков говорения, умения оформлять свои мысли
на иностранном языке, умение вести диспут, умение соотносить языковые средства с
конкретными ситуациями, закрепление изученного лексического материала,
закрепление грамматического материала.
Методические рекомендации: Выписать новые слова, выполнить лексические
упражнения, составить ситуации с использованием лексики. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
Modern young family and its problems - 1. "National customs and traditions of
marriage in Kazakhstan and in the USA" 2. Demographic problems in the Republic of
Kazakhstan and the USA" 3." The budget of a young family and the main Budget Item "
4." The basic conditions of stability and instability of early marriage"- Everyday English,
p. 39-59, English file Intermediate, p. 15-19.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
9. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
Содержание занятий 17- 23
Тема 3: «Современное жилище», раскрывающаяся в субтемах: 1. «Типы жилья
(городской, сельский дом, квартира)», 2. «Инфраструктура современного жилого
комплекса», 3. Современный дизайн интерьера», 4. «Жилищные проблемы в РК и
СИЯ», которые реализуются следующими методами активизации деятельности
студентов: типовыми ситуациями, дискуссиями, дебатами, круглыми столами,
деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом проектов, кейс-методами, методами мозгового
штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
- Ролевая игра: «Запрашивается информация о возможности приобретения/аренды
жилья на период учебы»;
- Дискуссия на тему: «Пути снижения негативного влияния урбанизации на человека»;
- Ролевая игра «Вы выстроили загородный дом. Проконсультируйтесь у дизайнера в
отношении обустройства загородного дома»;
- Интервью «Журналист из СИЯ интересуется условиями жилья молодых семей».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера; сочинение на тему «Вы прибыли на
стажировку в Англию. Дайте объявление на рекламный щит об аренде квартиры»;
сообщение «Типы жилья в РК и СИЯ», изложение.
Цель занятия: развитие техники чтения, умения понимать английский текст,
усвоение новой лексики, развитие навыков говорения, умения оформлять свои мысли
на иностранном языке, умение вести диспут, умение соотносить языковые средства с
конкретными ситуациями, закрепление изученного лексического материала,
закрепление грамматического материала.
Методические рекомендации: Выписать новые слова, выполнить лексические
упражнения, составить ситуации с использованием лексики. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
Modern housing- 1. "Types of houses (urban, rural house, apartment)", 2. "The
infrastructure of a modern apartment complex" 3. The modern interior design, "4."
Housing problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the USA" - Straight forward
Intermediate - Student’s book, p. 26-31.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. Everyday English- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
Содержание занятий 24-30
Тема 1: «Праздники. Традиции и обычаи в Казахстане и СИЯ», раскрывающаяся в
следующих субтемах: 1. «Культурно-символический фон национальной символики в
РК и СИЯ», 2. « Семейные традиции празднования национальных праздников», 3.
«Государственные, светские и религиозные праздники в РК и СИЯ», 4. «Наурыз.
Традиция празднования, которые реализуются следующими методами
активизации деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями, дискуссиями,
дебатами, круглыми столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом проектов, кейсметодами, методами мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
- Ролевая игра: День рождения одного из членов семьи. Среди приглашенных – гости
из за рубежа, которые хотят узнать о традициях и обычаях проведения этого
семейного празника. Что вы им расскажете?»;
- Дискуссия: «В семье ваших зарубежных друзей родился ребенок. Вам интересно
узнать, как это событие отмечают в стране изучаемого языка, и вы хотели бы
поделиться о традициях празднования этого события в своей стране»;
- Ток-шоу: «Ваши зарубежные сверстники на празднике Наурыз. Гости интересуются
традициями и обычаями проведения этого праздника: как интереснее это им
представить?»;
-Пресс конференция на тему: «Проведение национальных праздников в РК и СИЯ».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера; сочинение на тему «Особенности проведения
свадебных церемоний РК и СИЯ», сообщение как отмечаются национальные
праздники в РК и СИЯ?», изложение.
Цель занятия: развитие техники чтения, умения понимать английский текст,
усвоение новой лексики, развитие навыков говорения, умения оформлять свои мысли
на иностранном языке, умение вести диспут, умение соотносить языковые средства с
конкретными ситуациями, закрепление изученного лексического материала,
закрепление грамматического материала.
Методические рекомендации: Выписать новые слова, выполнить лексические
упражнения, составить ситуации с использованием лексики. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала.
Content of the classes:
Holidays. Traditions and customs in Kazakhstan, and the USA - 1." Cultural and
symbolic background of national symbols in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the USA", 2."
Family traditions of the celebration of national holidays, "3." The state, secular and religious
holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the USA", 4" Nauryz. The tradition of
celebrating. English file Intermediate, p. 92-103.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. EverydayEnglish- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
2 семестр
Содержание занятий 1-8
Тема 1: «Отдых. Путешествия», раскрывающаяся в следующих субтемах: 1.
«Свободное время: способы его проведения», 2. «Роль транспорта в путешествии», 3.
«Путешествие за рубежом: преимущества и недостатки», 4. «Разные способы
проведения каникул», которые реализуются следующими методами активизации
деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями, дискуссиями, дебатами, круглыми
столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом проектов, кейс-методами, методами
мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
- Ролевая игра: «Вы хотите посетить страну изучаемого языка, в туристическом
агентстве запросите условия поездки»;
-Дискуссия по ситуации: «Вы решили поехать в круиз по всему миру с друзьями и
обсуждаете возможные трудности путешествия за рубежом»;
- Участники круглого стола обсуждают: Вы решили провести свои летние каникулы в
качестве гида в летнем лагере и обсуждаете с одногрупниками организацию
проведения интересных мероприятий для детей»;
- Проектная работа: «Лучшие места для отдыха: за границей или в родной стране».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера, изложение, эссе «Мое незабываемое
путешествие», изложение, брошюра: «Составьте рекламный буклет для желающих
посетить Казахстан и СИЯ».
Цель занятия: Ознакомление с лексикой, развитие навыков говорения с
использованием лексического материала.
Методические рекомендации:
Ответить на вопросы по тексту, пересказать текст в косвенной речи. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
"Holiday. Travel" - 1. "Free time: ways of spending free time" 2. "The role of transport in
the journey" 3. "Travelling abroad: advantages and disadvantages", 4. "Different ways of
vacations"- Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book, p. 16-23., 56-63., Solutions –
Intermediate Student’s book, p. 74.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. EverydayEnglish- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
Содержание занятий 9-16
Тема 2: «Молодежная мода и индивидуалный стиль», раскрывающаяся в
следующих субтемах: 1. «Современная молодежная мода», 2. «Создатели
современной моды», 3. «Молодежный стиль в РК и СИЯ», 4. «Дресс-код в учебных
заведениях РК и СИЯ», которые реализуются следующими методами активизации
деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями, дискуссиями, дебатами, круглыми
столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом проектов, кейс-методами, методами
мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
- Участники молодежного центра за рубежом обсуждают тему с зарубежными
сверстниками слепого подражания моде и сущности индивидуального стиля»;
- Дискуссия по цитате: «Почему говорят, что моду можно купить, а стиль необходимо
иметь»;
- Круглый стол на тему: «Большинство молодежи следует моде, а не разуму»;
- Дебаты на тему: «Можно ли модно одеваться, не имея на это достаточных средств?».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера, изложение, эссе «Умным быть модно».
Цель занятия: Ознакомление с лексикой, развитие навыков говорения с
использованием лексического материала.
Методические рекомендации:
Ответить на вопросы по тексту, пересказать текст в косвенной речи. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
"Youth fashion and personal style" - 1. "Modern youth fashion", 2. "The creators of
contemporary fashion," 3. "Youth style in Kazakhstan and the USA", 4 "Dress Code in
schools of Kazakhstan and the USA". English file. Solutions - Student’s book, p.84.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. EverydayEnglish- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
Содержание занятий 17-30
Тема 3: «Выбор профессии», раскрывающаяся в следующих субтемах: 1. «Мотивы
выбора специальности переводческое дело», 2. «Ознакомление с будущей профессией
переводчика», 3. «Особенности профессии переводчика», 4. «Востребованность
профессии переводчика на рынке труда», которые реализуются следующими
методами активизации деятельности студентов: типовыми ситуациями,
дискуссиями, дебатами, круглыми столами, деловыми и ролевыми играми, методом
проектов, кейс-методами, методами мозгового штурма.
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в устных формах общения
предлагаются следующие типовые ситуации:
-Дискуссия: « На семейном совете обсуждается правильность вашего выбора
специальности. Вы приводите аргументы в пользу данного выбора»;
- Пресс конференция с представителями выбранной профессии. Обсуждаются
вопросы: как стать настоящим профессионалом?;
- Проектная работа: «Роль и место переводчика в современном обществе»;».
-Ролевая игра: «Твой зарубежный знакомый хотел бы познакомиться с системой
обучения в вашем вузе. Выложить на сайте информацию о вашем факультете и
аргументируйте престижность вашего вуза».
Для развития межкультурной компетенции в формах письменного общения: электронное письмо личного характера, изложение, эссе «Профессиональные и
личностные качества переводчика».
Цель занятия: Ознакомление с лексикой, развитие навыков говорения с
использованием лексического материала.
Методические рекомендации:
Ответить на вопросы по тексту, пересказать текст в косвенной речи. Выписать новые
словосочетания, перевести предложения, Составить диалог с использованием
лексического материала
Content of the classes:
The choice of profession - 1. "The motives of choosing a specialty Translation Studies" 2.
"Introduction to the future profession of the translator", 3. "Peculiarities of the translating
profession", 4. "The demand for translation profession in the labor market". Everyday
English, p. 455-463., Solutions –Intermediate Student’s book, p. 24.
Литература:
1. Straight forward Intermediate - Student’s book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2010.
2. Straight forward Intermediate - Work book by Phillip Kerr and Ceri Jones, Macmillan
publishers limited 2012.
3. Straight forward Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Jim Scrivener& Celia Bingham,
Adrian Tennant Steve Wasserman, Macmillan publishers limited 2012.
4. English file. Intermediate - Student’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
5. English file. Intermediate - Workbook by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham- Koenig,
Oxford University press 2005.
6. English file. Intermediate – Teacher’s book by Clive Oxenden and Christina LathamKoenig, Oxford University press 2005.
7. English File Level 2 St. “Listen and speak” Cassette (1, 2, 3).
8. EverydayEnglish- под редакцией Т.Ю. Дроздовой Издательство: Химера 2000 г.
8. Solutions: Intermediate Student’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
10. Solutions: Intermediate Workbook/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University Press?
2015.
11. Solutions: Intermediate Teacher’s book/ T. Fella, P.A. Davies, - Oxford: University
Press, 2015.
2.1. ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ К ПРАКТИЧЕСКИМ ЗАНЯТИЯМ
Family Relationships
How could you describe the word "family"? First of all "family" means a close unit of
parents and their children living together. But we shouldn't forget that it is a most
complex system of relationships. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would
like, and very often we have to work hard at keeping them peaceful.
When do people usually start a family? This question doesn't have a definite answer. In
the 18th, 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century people used to get married at the age
of 18 or even 16. If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said to be an old maid or
a spinster. That might have turned out a real tragedy for her family which usually brought up
more than three children, because in some cases a successful marriage was the only chance
to provide a good life for the daughter and to help her family. Despite the fact that the girl
was so young, she was already able to keep the house, take care of her husband and raise
children. To feel the time, its culture and customs I advise you to read a wonderful novel or
see a breathtaking film "Pride and Prejudice". Though the story takes place at the turn of the
19th century, it retains fascination for modern readers, revealing some problems which may
be urgent in the 21st century.
But life's changing as well as people's style of life. Nowadays we have got much more
freedom in questions concerning family. It is natural to get married at the age of 20 up to 30;
however, some people prefer to make a career first and only after that start a family when
they are already in their forties. Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live
together without being married. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, it is
difficult to juggle a family life with studies at school or university. But without good
education it is practically impossible to find a suitable well-paid steady job. It's a must to get
a higher education, but by this moment you are already 22—24 years old. After that you seek
for a well-paid job to live independently, which takes about 3—5 years. Now you see why
people in the 21st century do not hurry to get married.
There is also another difference between old and modern families. Nowadays it is very
unusual to find three generations living under one roof as they used to do in the past.
Relatives, as a rule, live separately and don't often meet one another. This fact sharply
hurts an older generation. Our parents and grandparents usually suffer from lack of
attention and respect from their children and grandchildren, although they try not to show
it. They really don't need much, just a telephone call or a visit once a week will make
them happy.
There are two basic types of families. A nuclear family — a typical family consisting of
parents and children. A single-parent family consists of one parent and children. Nowadays
there are very few people who have never divorced. Today the highest divorce rate in the
world has the Maldive Republic. The United States of America take the third place. Russia
is at the ninth place. What are the reasons of great numbers of divorce? Let us name some of
the most common and serious ones.
• Occurrence of adultery once or throughout the marriage. The unfaithful
attitude towards a spouse destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.
• Communication breakdown. After some time of living under one roof spouses find
out that they are absolutely incompatible. Constant clashes, brawls and squabbles cause
serious problems. The differences grow as a snowball and can't be already settled by kisses
or hugs.
• Physical, psychological or emotional abuses. When a person taunts, humiliates, hits
the children or his spouse, it can't but end with a divorce.
• Financial problems. It sounds lamentably, but sometimes love alone can't guarantee
well-being, whereas money can solve many of your problems. So when a couple lacks it,
their relations become more and more complicated, their priorities change and the
relationships
end.
• Boredom. A lot of couples get bored of each other after 7 or more years of marriage.
Boredom may become the reason of constant quarrels and adultery which inevitably leads to
a divorce.
However, it goes without saying, in most cases married couples succeed in solving all the
problems and keep living in peace and happiness.
Family Life Education
Preparing individuals and families for the roles and responsibilities of family living is
nothing new. Because knowledge about human development, interpersonal relationships, and
family living is not innate, societies have needed to develop ways through which they may
transmit the wisdom and the experience of family living from one generation to succeeding
ones. Some societies transmit this knowledge through formal means such as puberty or
initiation rites. For the most part, however, individuals learn about family living in the family
setting itself as they observe and participate in family activities and interactions in their own
and other families.
As societies change and become more complex, this pattern of informal learning about living
in families becomes inadequate. The development of new knowledge, advances in
technology, and changing social and economic conditions create situations where the
teachings of previous generations are no longer appropriate or sufficient. In these
circumstances, societies must find or create new ways to prepare individuals for their family
roles and responsibilities. One of these new ways is family life education.
Challenges in Family Life Education
Qualified educators are central to the success of family life education, as it is these
individuals who bear major responsibility for shaping the educational experience and
interacting with participants. Despite their importance, however, few guidelines are available
to help prepare family educators. In 1985, the National Council on Family Relations
established a certificate program to help improve the training and qualifications of family life
educators (Davidson 1989; National Council on Family Relations 1984). Through this
program, recognition is given to individuals who hold a baccalaureate or advanced degree in
specified fields of study, have a minimum level of postsecondary education in the content
areas of the Framework for Family Life Education, and have completed a specified level of
related work experience. The Certificate in Family Life Education (CFLE) is a voluntary
credential, and has been granted to individuals in the United States,
Canada, Puerto Rico, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Singapore. An important outcome of
the CFLE program has been its influence on the content of the college/university programs
that prepare family life educators.
The Internet and the World Wide Web present new challenges for family life education.
Information technologies make it possible to provide family-related information twenty-four
hours a day, every day, and may help facilitate the preparation of professionals through
online courses and chatrooms (Hughes, Ehata, and Dollahite 1999). Although it is likely that
these technologies will enhance rather than replace more traditional family life education
approaches, important issues that will require attention include the reliability and validity of
the information available and the effectiveness of this form of family education. As well, the
emergence of such things as computermediated relationships (cyber-relationships) and
sexualized Internet use requires rethinking the content and strategies of family life education
(Merkle and Richardson 2000; Sanders, Deal, and Myers-Bowman 2000).
Family life education is an important means to help ameliorate family issues and problems,
but in many situations these programs by themselves may not be sufficient unless their
development and implementation are supported by social and educational policies and
political decisions. School boards and community interest groups may place restrictions on
the content taught in schools, thereby failing to meet some important needs of this age group.
Inadequate financial support often means that programs are available primarily to those who
can afford to pay registration fees, not necessarily to those who may want or need the
programs the most. And, as seen at the beginning of the twenty-first century, resolving the
AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) crisis in Africa and elsewhere will not only
require adequate family education and governmental support to make this education widely
available but also political decisions that will ensure that medications are available to those
who need it at a reasonable cost.
Underlying the practice of family life education is a basic belief in the importance of family
living and a basic respect for persons that recognizes their ability to take charge of their own
lives in satisfying ways. Through educational programs, family life education makes an
important contribution toward strengthening families to fulfill their significant role as the
basic unit of society.
Keys to a Healthy Diet
The keys to healthy eating are variety, balance and moderation. Be sure your family
eats a variety of foods, including plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grain
products. Also include low-fat and nonfat dairy products, lean meats, poultry, fish
and legumes (lentils and beans). Drink water to quench your thirst, and go easy on
the salt, sugar and saturated fat.
Good nutrition should be part of an overall healthy lifestyle that also includes regular
physical activity. To maintain weight, both kids and adults must balance the calories
they eat with the calories they burn through physical activity. If you eat more calories
than you use up in physical activity, you gain weight. If you eat fewer calories than you
use up, you lose weight. Make a commitment to helping your family eat sensibly and
move more often.
Here are some tips for healthy eating to help you get started.
Try to keep track of your children's meal/snack and physical activity patterns so
you can help them balance the amount and types of food they eat with the amount
of physical activity they perform.
Encourage your family to eat at least 5 servings of brightly colored vegetables and fruits
a day. You can start the day with 100% fruit or vegetable juice. Slice fruit on top of
cereal. Serve salad with lunch and an apple as an afternoon snack. Include vegetables
with dinner.
Leave the candy, soft drinks, chips and cookies at the store. Substitute them with fruits,
vegetables, nuts, and low-fat or nonfat milk products. Your child will soon learn to make
smart food choices outside your home as well.
Serve children child-sized portions, and let your child ask for more if still hungry.
Don't force children to clean their plates. Try measuring food items to learn to
estimate the amount of food on a plate.
Choose a variety of foods. No single food or food group supplies all the nutrientsin the
amounts that you need for good health. If you plan for pizza one night, balance your
meal with salad, low-fat or nonfat milk and fruit.
Help Your Child Grow Up Healthy and Strong
Eat Smart!
Sharing meals is an ideal way for the family to spend time together. Whether you're
eating at home or eating out on the go, it's important to eat smart.
Be consistent. Establish a family meal routine, and set times for breakfast, lunch, dinner
and snacks. Eat together whenever possible.
Take charge of the foods your children eat. When you serve a meal, your child can
choose to eat it or not; but don't offer to substitute an unhealthy alternative when your
child refuses to eat what you've served.
Restrict children's access to the refrigerator and snack cupboards.
Turn off the TV during meals, and limit kids' snacking when watching TV.
Serve a vegetable or fruit with every meal and at snack time.
Reward your kids with praise and fun activities rather than with food.
Involve your children in meal planning and food preparation. They are more likely to eat
what they help to make.
While shopping and cooking, teach your children about the food groups and the
importance of a balanced diet. Throughout the day, choose the types and amounts of
foods you need from the five food groups.
Teach your children how to read food labels and use the 5%-20% guide to Daily
Values to make better food choices.
Limit foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars, and
make sure to get enough fiber and calcium.
Use low-fat cooking methods such as baking, roasting and grilling, and choose healthy
fats when you use them, such as olive or canola oils.
Serve water, low-fat or nonfat milk with and between meals. Only children under two
years always need to drink whole milk.
Teach your children how to make wise food choices away from home, at school
cafeterias, restaurants, and vending machines. Teach them to pay attention to both the
quality and quantity of their food choices. More food is not always better for them;
appropriate portion sizes need to be understood.
Get Moving!
Physical activity is good for children and adults. It strengthens muscles, bones and joints,
and it gives children the opportunity to gain confidence while having fun. Children need
at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Playing hopscotch, tossing a ball back
and forth, and dancing are some good ways for your child to be active. Some children are
good athletes, but all need many opportunities to be active, including but not limited to
sports.
Be a physically active role model and have fun with your kids. Adults need at least
30 minutes of daily physical activity.
Walk with your child at every available opportunity — if possible to school or to the
store on errands. Take a family walk after dinner instead of watching TV or playing
computer games.
Plan active weekends. Include biking, hiking, skating, walking or playing ball. Take
a trip to the park, skating rink, zoo, or swimming pool.
Offer to join your child in his/her favorite physical activity, or enroll your child in a
group exercise program.
Include children in active chores such as dog walking, house cleaning, car washing, and
yard work.
Limit inactive behavior such as television watching and computer time. Do physical
activity with your kids during commercials, such as marching in place orstretching. This
helps reinforce the importance of movement in your child's life.
Avoid using TV as a child sitter or pacifier. Offer active alternatives to screen time
— jumping rope, playing hide-and-seek or running an errand. Children love when
you are active with them and involve them in what you do.
Keep TV's out of children's rooms.
Give your children gifts that encourage physical activity — active games,
sporting equipment, or a Frisbee.
Take the President's Challenge as a family.
Talk with your schools about ways to incorporate noncompetitive physical activity
during the day.
Kazakh wedding
Thinking and mentality of people are changed, but habits and traditions of people are not
changed. Nowadays there are people who honor and esteem the habits of their ancestors.
Kazakh people are not exception. They always had their established traditions a nd customs
of wedding ceremonies.
Matchmaking (Kuda tusu) is the most interesting and unusual of all pre-wedding traditions.
Groom’s father and the most honorable relatives go to the bride’s home. Generous and
holiday table is served, everybody talk about different themes and complement friendly
atmosphere by jokes. Later the main theme – kalym is discussed. Groom’s parents give
money to buy furniture and bride’s parents must buy bedding, dishes, utensils, etc.
“Kyzyzatu” – fare well with girl. The girl is usually seen off in the morning. Sunrise
is the symbol of a new day and a new life.
“Neke Kiyar” – wedding ceremony. A cup of water is put before Mullah, covered with a
handkerchief. Mullah reads prayers, and then he asks in the presence of the witnesses about
agreement of groom and bride to marry. There are only closest relatives of the groom and
bride in this ceremony. But if the bride is pregnant, the rite is carried out after the baby is
born.
“Koshtasu” – fare well to a home. Girl says goodbye to her parents and relatives before
she leaves the house. According to the traditions, a girl will not be able to come home for a
year so that to get used to a new family.
“Kelin tusiru” – the arrival of the bride to the groom’s house. The whole village is
prepared for this celebration. By tradition, a bride is not brought to the house at once. Other
girls see her off to the house without permitting her open her face. Then all relatives and
friends are gathered so that to organize a feast with treats. Everyone wants to see the future
bride. Only after all relatives are gathered, the bride is solemnly appeared.
“Betashar” – the ceremony of opening bride’s face. It is usually accompanied by
traditional song- zhyr. Here the husband’s relatives congratulate and give good advices for
a happy family life.
So the wedding ceremony is over and newlyweds become separate happy family.
Demography of the United Kingdom
The UK population is considered an example of a population which has undergone the
'demographic transition' - that is, the transition from a (typically) pre- industrial population
with high birth and mortality rates and only slow population growth, through a stage of
falling mortality and faster rates of population growth, to a stage of low birth and mortality
rates with, again, lower rates of population growth. This population growth through 'natural
change' has
been accompanied in the past two decades by growth through net international migration into
the UK.[
According to the 2011 census, the total population of the United Kingdom was around
63,182,000. It is the third- largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and
the 22nd- largest in the world. Its overall population density is one of the highest in the
world at 259 people per square kilometre, due to the particularly high population density in
England. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's southeast, which is
predominantly urban and suburban, with about 8 million in the capital city of London, the
population density of which is just over 5,200 per square kilometre.
The United Kingdom's assumed high literacy rate (99% at age 15 and above) is attributable
to universal public education introduced for the primary level in 1870 (Scotland 1872, free
1890) and secondary level in 1900. Parents are obliged to have their children educated from
the ages of 5 to 16 (with legislation passed to raise this to 18), and can continue education
free of charge in the form of A-Levels, vocational training or apprenticeship to age 18. About
40% of British students go on to post-secondary education (18+). The Church of England
and the Church of Scotland function as the national churches in their respective countries,
but all the major religions found in the world are represented in the United Kingdom.
The UK's population is predominantly White British. Being located close to continental
Europe, the countries that formed the United Kingdom were subject to many invasions and
migrations, especially from Scandinavia and the continent, including Roman occupation for
several centuries. Historically, British people were thought to be descended mainly from the
different ethnic stocks that settled there before the 11th century: pre-Celtic, Celtic, AngloSaxon, Viking and Norman. Although Celtic languages are partially spoken in Scotland,
Cornwall, and Northern Ireland, the predominant language overall is English. In North and
West Wales, Welsh is widely spoken as a first language, but much less so in the South East
of the country, where English is the predominant language.
Young family finance
Are you getting into budgeting for the first time? Have you been budgeting for a long time
and feel like there is no purpose? If either of this conditions applies to you, you may be
wondering what the purpose of a budget really is. It is a common question to ask and there’s
no reason to feel bad about asking the question. Even though we have already talked about
how to set up a budget and what it does for you, I thought I would take this chance to
explain the three reasons why budgeting is important. Understanding the purpose behind
budgeting is important because it is the only way that you will stay motivated enough to
keep doing it.
Unde rstand Your Expenses
The first reason why you should be budgeting is to monitor your spending. Having a
budget in place means first and foremost that you are tracking your expenses. It is
important to do so because you never know when you will encounter an unexpected
increase or hidden fee. Also, not paying attention to your expenses is the key element for
those who are struggling with debt. If you want to be debt free, than you should start with
understanding your expenses.
Limit Your Spending
Another reason why you should be budgeting is to limit your spending. While understanding
your expenses may be the first step in budgeting and an important reason to do so, it is best
when that information is used to curb your spending. Controlling your spending is easily
accomplished when you know how much you are spending in each category.
Stay Disciplined with Your Finances
Last, but certainly not least, is the reason to stay active in managing your finances. One of
the biggest mistakes young families make with their finances is not paying close attention
or losing interest. This often leads not only to excessive consumer debt, but also delaying
retirement investing. This not only has detrimental results financially, but encourages
young people to put off financial responsibility. Taking control of your finances while you
are young is important because it sets a precedent for later in life.
If you are questioning the importance of budgeting, make sure to remind yourself the reasons
that you are doing it. It is not only important for you, but it will help your children learn
financial lessons as they grow up.
Family Problems
Some people like big families, while others think that small families are better.
As someone has rightly said: "The family is the nucleus of civilization". A person's
upbringing and education starts in his or her family and it is in the family that values, norms
and ideas are communicated from generation to generation. Families can be big and small.
Some families consist of parents and their only child. But there are families where several
generations live together and where there are a lot of children.
In my opinion, big families are better than small ones. Firstly, when there are two or more
children in the family, they are used to helping eac h other and sharing responsibilities.
They learn to live in a "community" where every member is equal. Secondly, when a child
has brothers and sisters, he or she is not likely to become egoistic becaus e parents share
their love and attention between all their children. And finally, it is difficult to feel lonely
when one has a big family.
However, some people say that they would prefer to have a small family. First and foremost,
one needs less money to support a small family. Parents who have only one child don't have
to work much and therefore they can spend more time with their son or daughter. Besides,
when several generations live together, there is often misunderstanding between older and
younger people because of their different experiences, opinions and habits.
To conclude, it does not matter if the family is big or small. The most important thing is
that it should be happy and united. That is why it is essential to maintain harmony and the
atmosphere of love, mutual respect and understanding in the family.
Nowadays quite a lot of young people choose to conclude marriage contract.
Others say that it is an absolutely useless thing.
Unfortunately, nowadays a lot of marriages break up. For many men and women divorce
turns into a nightmare because it is often connected with quarrels and partition of property.
Sometimes a wife and a husband can become real enemies arguing about who will take the
flat or the car after their separation. If they have small children, everything bec omes even
more complicated and painful. Personally, I am convinced that it is wise of young people to
conclude marriage contract. Marriage contract is a mutual consent about mutual rights and
duties before marriage, in marriage and after it. The contract takes effect on the date of the
civil marriag e ceremony. It regulates property relationship between spouses and determines
their rights and duties. What is more, marriage contract can determine property rights and
duties of spouses as parents. It is very convenient that spouses can change their marriage
contract during their marriage. They also have the right to cancel it.
However, some people say that a person who concludes marriage contract shows that he or
she does not trust his or her spouse. And if there is no trust in the family, it is likely to break
up. Besides, when young people are going to get married, they should think about love, not
money. But I still believe that both men and women should be res ponsible and they should
think about their future.
To conclude, it's up to you to decide whether to conclude marriage contract or not. But in
my opinion, it makes people's lives easier in case of divorce and helps avoid quarrels.
In modern society old people and their grandchildren usually live separately and
don't communicate too much. Some people say that it is quite natural, while others
think that the old and the young should spend more time together.
Nowadays there are few families where several generations live under the same roof.
Children and their grandparents don't see very much of each other. But is it good or bad
for both the old and the young?
Personally, I think that children and their grandparents should spend more time together.
Children always need much attention, but their parents usually work too much. But
pensioners always have time for kids. Old people feel useful and needed when they have
somebody to take care of. They also become more active and more interested in life and their
physical and psychological health improves. What is more, grandparents can pass their
knowledge, skills and experience to kids. At the same time the young can show the old how
to use a mobile phone or a PC.
But unfortunately, there is less and less contact between children and their grandparents
nowadays. Some families live in small flats where there is no room for grandparents. Other
families leave for big cities and have neither time nor opportunity to visit their ageing
relatives. As a result, many old people have no contact with children and feel lonely and
depressed. Children who are separated from their grandparents also suffer from lack of
attention, love and support. So I think parents should do their best to bring the old and the
young together.
To conclude, the advantages are enormous for both the old and the young. If
grandparents and children spend more time together, they will learn to understand and
respect each other; consequently, there will be less conflict in society. Besides, there
will be fewer lonely old people and more happy kids.
Nowadays a lot of people adopt children from oversea s. Others are sure that there
are many children who need parents in our country.
A typical family usually consists of a couple with their children. However, some people
can't have their own children for different reasons and they choose to build a family t
hrough adoptions. In recent decades international adoptions have become increasingly
popular.
Nowadays the growing number of men and women adopt children from foreign countries
including Third World countries. Every time a Hollywood celebrity adopts a child from
overseas, more and more ordinary people want to follow his or her example. To my mind, it
is not right to adopt children from abroad only because it is fashionable and because other
people say that it is good.
On the other hand, many people believe that adopting children from foreign countries has a
number of advantages. Firstly, children's biological parents will hardly interfere in their
lives. Secondly, people think that international adoptions help build bridges between
communities and create a culturally diverse society. Personally, I think that it is not wise to
adopt children from foreign countries when there are thousands of orphans in our country.
They also need loving families and permanent homes. In general, it is a good deed to adopt a
child either from abroad or from your own country. Anyway, people must be responsible
and they must take care of children who need their love and attention.
Some parents think that young people would better live independently, while others
believe that it may spoil the relationships between children and parents.
All parents dream of raising responsible and self-reliant children. But when their nice
little kids grow older and demand independence, most parents don't know what to do.
Moms and Dads can't stop wondering if they should let their sons and daughters live
independently or if young people would better live with them.
To my mind, young people should live on their own. I believe that children's job is to try
their wings and parents' job is to let them fly away. For example, in the USA young people
usually move out of their parents' house at the age of 18. A grown-up person who is still
living with his or her parents may be considered "immature", or "tied to the mother's apron
strings". Young people who live far from their parents and try to earn their living are usually
more responsible and emotionally mature.
Some Moms and Dads want their children to be independent so much, that they stop
influencing their lives. As a result, young people completely forget about their parents1
existence and visit them only once or twice a year at the best. Some parents feel unhappy
and lonely because they have to live in an old people's home where they miss their children
and grandchildren. I strongly feel that parents ought to love, protect and guide their children
in order to avoid such a sad situation. And children ought to take care of their aging parents
in their turn.
To conclude, I believe that lifelong bonds between parents and their children are extremely
important . No matter how old you are or where you live, you must never forget about your
parents.
Some parents think that if their children are disobedient, they should be stricter
with them. Others say that love and understanding will help solve the problem.
Have you ever met an ideal child? I don't think so. Small children are very active,
inquisitive and sometimes naughty. There are kids whose behaviour can be called
notorious and unbearable. They constantly give a headache to their parents and teachers.
Why does it happen and what should parents do in such a situation?
Personally, I think that if parents want their sons and daughters to be cheerful, selfconfident and socially successful, they must be loving, caring and attentive to their
children's wishes and needs. Grown-ups ought to show warmth and affection towards their
children. Of course, sometimes parents should be strict, but they must always remain fair.
They should use punishment and praise appropriately. I love and respect my parents
because they prefer discussions and explanations and value compromise.
However, some Moms and Dads are still convinced that if they spare the rod, they will
certainly spoil the child. They think that if they punish their children, their sons and
daughters will grow into well-behaved adults. Such parents choose to be very strict with
their offspring. As a result, adults achieve the contrary effect: their son or daughter
becomes estranged and feels rejected. I believe that pressure and fear are the worst
methods of upbringing.
To conclude, it is parents1 duty to make their child happy. Many psychologists say that
there are no problem children, there are only problem parents. Mothers and fathers should
be wise, loving, considerate and consistent. As soon as children feel that their parents
love, understand and support them, they will have a desire to please them and to improve
their behaviour.
TYPES OF HOUSES
The most common types of houses in England are as follows:
 Bungalow
 Cottage
 Detached
 End of terrace
 Flat
 Semi-detached
 terrace
BUNGALOW
Although people often think Bungalows and Cottages are the same, they âre actually not,
although some may appear the same. Bungalows are low profiles types of housing, as are a
lot of cottages, but the distinction comes between the style, history and the pricetag.
Generally, bungalows are a lot cheaper than Cottages. A bungalow is essentially a subset of
the set Cottage. The word “bungalow” originates from the Indian word bangla, which in the
19th century referred to houses built in a Bengali style. Bungalows were created when
British colonial administrators adapted the classic Indian style low roofs and porches built
around them. They can either be detached or semi-detached. They’re very popular in
America, where they have all kinds of styles; each distinct style is often related to particular
states.
COTTAGE
Thick walls, small windows, structural pillars, low ceilings and most distinctly a thatched
roof typically characterize cottages. Cottages were originally located in rural or semi-rural
locations, although a lot of cottages have since been developed in cities. Originally, in the
middle ages, cottages housed agricultural workers and their families. The term cottage
denoted the dwelling of a cotter- peasants. However, that stereotype has since been washed
away, as the traditonal cottage look is now sort after, making them an expensive purchase.
Cottages are houses that usually come with one and half storeys. The top floor is much
smaller than the ground floor, as the pillars used to hold up the structure takes up a lot of the
living space. The thick, dark, classic timber pillars are usually what characterises a cottage.
They’re a huge focal point of the property, as they âre located throughout the property, on
display to give a classic ‘village’ look. Like with bungalows, the structuring of cottages vary
from country to country.
DETACHED
A detached house is a single standing property that doesn’t share any walls with any other
structure. Due to the isolation of the property, they’re usually more “private” and generally
more expensive than any other type of house.
END OF TERRACE
An end of terrace house is a house situated at the end of a terrace (the definition of a
“terrace” house is below). Like a semi-detached house, only one side of the house shares a
common wall, while the other is detached.
FLAT
A flat is a living area that is self-contained with in only part of a building. Usually, a flat is
situated in a building that is split up into multiple living areas for different residents.
SEMI-DETACHED
A semi-detached house is a pair of houses joined together by a common wall. One side of
each house shares a common wall, while the other is detached.
TERRACE
A terrace house is a house that is situated in a long row of houses. They all usually look the
same- pretty much identical structurally. Both sides of each house in the row share common
walls with a neighbouring house, with the exception with the houses at each end of the
terrace.
INTERIOR DESIGN
Interior design is the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of
a room or building. An interior designer is someone who coordinates and manages such
projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development,
communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the
design.
Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the
manipulation of spatial volume as well as surface treatment.
In the past, interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of building.[1] The
profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the
complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The
pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the
development of the contemporary interior design profession.[2] The profession of interior
design is separate and distinct from the role of Interior Decorator, a term commonly used in
the US. The term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still
unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession.
In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the
references of Vishwakarma the architect - one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally,
the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century
India.
In ancient Egypt, "soul houses" or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for
food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of
different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties, such as changes in
ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors.[3]
Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior
decoration was the concern of the homemaker or, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who
would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ
craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings.
Interior designer[edit]
Interior designer implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and
the effective use of space, as compared to interior decorating. An interior designer can
undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well
as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door
positioning,acoustics, and lighting.[1] Although an interior designer may create the layout of a
space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for
approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architects,
engineers and contractors.
Interior designers must be highly skilled in order to create interior environments that are
functional, safe, and adhere to building codes, regulations, and ADA requirements. They go
beyond the selection of color palettes and furnishings and apply their knowledge to the
development of construction documents, occupancy loads, healthcare regulations, and
sustainable design principles, as well as the management and coordination of professional
services including mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and life safety – all to ensure that people
can work, live, and learn in an innocuous environment that is also aesthetically pleasing.
An interior designer may wish to specialize in a particular type of interior design in order to
develop technical knowledge specific to that area. Types of interior design include residential
design, commercial design, hospitality design, healthcare design, universal design, exhibition
design, furniture design and spatial branding. The profession of interior design is relatively
new, constantly evolving, and often confusing to the public. It is a creative profession that is
consistently changing and evolving. It is not an artistic pursuit and relies on research from
many fields to provide a well-trained understanding of how people are influenced by their
environments.
HOUSING IN KAZAKHSTAN
65% of the population of Kazakhstan is willing to pay for capital repairs in their houses. The
costs for the modernization of the housing will be covered by reducing the energy, heat and
water
- Modernization is the reconstruction of houses, networks. Modernization is reforming the
relations in the housing sector. And Kazakhstan has created a market model of management
utilities. We started to implement the control of the company. There's all the houses are
governed by the principle: every house has its own association of apartment owners. Further,
the association makes the decision, to manage the house or hire a professional management
company. In most cases, they hire a management company.
- 65%, two-thirds of the population, all perfectly understand and are willing to use all of
those innovations, and are ready to pay for it. We pay for themselves, for their comfort.
There are, of course, passive-minded citizens, about 30%, which tend to change their mind,
depending on the mood of the masses. According to our calculations, each year for the
overhaul of housing we need 100-300 billion tenge. Another question - where will we get
these 100 billion tenge? Do we have enough money in the budget for it? Unlikely. Under the
modernization program utilities allocated 26 billion tenge per year. Under the new program
"Regional Development" - 10 billion tenge per year, that is 2.5 less.
- That project is at Kuyshi Dina street, 37. The first effect - 2 times reduce in the
consumption of heat and hot water, but the second important factor – price for apartments
increased by 1.5 times . Even if the apartment resident spends 500 thousand tenge for
overhaul despite the fact that he takes credit for 15 years, he gets a boost in apartment cost,
about 5 million tenge. The price for apartment was 70 thousand dollars, now it is 100-110
thousand dollars. Thus, the cost increased by 30-35 thousand dollars.
- We are afraid of ideology. In fact, today the ideology of the national policy is announced by
the Head of State program "Strategy 2050" on Kazakhstan’s entry into the top 30 most
competitive countries in the developed world. He issued a decree approving the concept of
Kazakhstan's transition to a green economy. We have the concept of "green economy" that is
generally associated with renewable energy sources. There, the first step is, primarily,
increasing the efficiency of production and consumption of traditional energy sources of coal
and gas oil. Therefore, the entire system of relations to be reformed.
Kazakhstan has a program of modernization of housing and communal services. One of the
areas of program is major overhaul of emergency residential buildings due to co-financing
from the owners of the apartments and the state. The development program of modernization
of housing and communal services in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2020 is aimed at
ensuring the proper maintenance of the housing stock and the modernization of municipal
infrastructure. Within the framework of this document, in particular, the task is to save up to
30% of heat consumption as a result of a major overhaul of housing.
During the period from 2011 to 2020, in order to implement the program more than 17
billion tenge has been allocated from the national budget. Only in 2014, 12.8 billion tenge
has been allocated from the budget for repair of 698 houses.
According to the experts, the housing sector of the republic is the third largest consumer of
heat and electricity. Residential buildings consume 13.5% of electricity and 24% of heat.
According to statistics, housing of the RK is 267,800,000 square meters or 105,118
multifamily housing. More than 29 million homes or 28% require an overhaul . The number
of damaged houses to be demolished is more than 3 thousand. 71,560 houses or 68% are in
good condition. In this overall annual heat consumption is 75 million Goal, electricity - 8
million 400 thousand kW/h.
However, last year in Astana the scientific and technical development center of housing has
been launced. Experts of the center are engaged in applied research, including energy
conservation. In addition, JSC "Fund for development of housing" works on improving the
investment attractiveness of the sector utilities. The Housing Fund provided 8 billion tenge
for the installation of common house heat meters of apartment buildings.
"The housing sector consumes more than 40% of the country's thermal energy and about
22% of energy. Therefore, under the implementation of the Program of modernization of
housing, Kazakhstan is focused on energy conservation,"
FESTIVALS AND NATIONAL HOLIDAYS
In Kazakhstan, like in many other countries of the world, people celebrate such traditional
holidays as, for example, New Year and the 8th of March. However, there are several special
holidays in Kazakhstan related to the history of the country.
National holidays, public holidays, vocational and other holidays are celebrated in the
Republic of Kazakhstan.
National holidays are the holidays established in the Republic of Kazakhstan in honour of the
events, which have special historical significance and which had essential impact on the
development of Kazakh sovereignty. Celebration of national holidays is accompanied by the
official arrangements in the central and local state agencies.
The national holiday in the Republic of Kazakhstan is The Independence Day on 16
December celebrated on 16-17 December.
Public holidays are the holidays devoted to the events, which have public and political
significance, and the holidays traditionally celebrated by the citizens of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. Celebration of the state holidays can be accompanied by official arrangements.
Public holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan are the holidays celebrated on the following
days:
• New Year - 1-2 January;
• International Women’s Day - 8 March;
• Nauryz Meiramy - 22 March;
• Unity of the Nations of Kazakhstan - 1 May;
• Victory Day - 9 May;
• Constitution Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan - 30 August;
• Republic Days - 25 October.
Vocational and other holidays are holidays, which do not have the status of national and
public holidays celebrated by certain categories of citizens.
Vocational holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan:
Day of Fire-Prevention Service - 17 April
Medical Nurse Day - 12 May
Day of the Country Defender - 7 May
Memory Day of the Political Repression Victims - 31 May
International Culture Day - 31 May
Medical Worker Day - 3rd Sunday in June
Tax Police Day - 1 June
Tax Committee Day - 9 June
Press Day - 28 June
Day of the National Security Committee - 13 July
Prosecutor Day - 13 July
Sports Day - 13 August
Knowledge Day - 1 September
Day of Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan - 22 September
Justice Day - 30 September
Teacher’s Day – 1st Sunday in October
Criminal Investigation Day - 5 October
Police Day - 10 November
National Currency (Tenge) Day - 15 November
Road Police Day - 23 November
Day of Customs Officials - 12 December
8 March, International Women’s Day
Almost a century ago one of the founders of the German
Communitst Party, Klara Zetkin proposed to select the day when
women in the whole world could attract the
public attention to their requirements. Since 1914 this day was celebrated spontaneously
on the 8th of March. Since 1965 the 8th of March was announce as a day off in the
Communistic USSR. In Kazakhstan this holiday is still a day off, however it lost its
former political nature. According to the tradition, during celebration, men present their
women
with flowers and gifts.
Nauryz Holiday
For its entertaining nature, beauty and richness with traditions and
national customs amongst so called new public holidays in
Kazakhstan Nauryz is special. Nauryz
Holiday is celebrated on the day of spring весеннего vernal equinox. That’s why it is
considered to be the holiday of spring and nature revival. Nauryz has ancient roots and is
very popular amongst many oriental nations.
Nauryz is an ancient holiday full of symbols!
For the celebration of the NEW YEAR (NAURYZ) Kazakhs start preparing at least one
week before. They clean streets, aryks, springs and they plant trees. There is a belief
amongst the people that happiness enters only a clean house. By cleaning the area around
people clean their souls. People would start preparations for the celebration beforehand.
Already a week before, women started to tiding up the houses. Men would clean around
the house, in the yard. During the long winter some unnecessary things had
accumulated. Housewives would usually leave only the most necessary things at home and would
throw the rest or more often they would give the rest to those who needed these things. So purification
was starting. Those days, people tried to get rid of everything unnecessary, and this would give hope
for better changes, prosperity and better acquisitions.
This day, on the 22nd of March it is compulsory to feed a hungry person and to give something to a
poor person. In ancient times rich and noble men were competing amongst themselves who was the
most generous one. It was considered to be the noblest thing and this would count by Allah Almighty.
In the evening of the 21st of March people were gathering somewhere in order to listen to the songs, to
share the news because people had not seen each other for long winter months. Women were cooking
traditional “nauryz kozhe”. Kazakhs love to communicate. They had long conversations; old people
were remembering ancient eposes. Akyns were playing dombra and singing famous termeh – songs of
wisdom. And people were waiting for dawn.
Children going from house to house were singing zharapazan - songs, which praise the owners of the
house, make all the best wishes for them and for that receive presents from the owners of this house.
Young people were gathering separately that night. Girls were cooking for their beloved a special meal
“uiky ashar” (it means “waking from sleeping”). They were keeping the best loaf of dried smoked
meat from the winter sogym for their beloved, more often it was the symbolic brisket - tos. Young girls
for the first time in their life were laying the table (dastarkhan) for their contemporaries. They were
showing their cooking abilities. And near them there were their beloved guys with their presents and
love. That day young people were allowed to be brave and to show their feelings. They were making
for their beloved girls presents in the set called “selt yetkizer”: a mirror symbolizing youth, a comb,
the symbol of beauty, and perfume, the symbol of bliss. Laughter, songs and jokes could be heard all
night long. That was the night before the vernal equinox!
The first rays of the sun on the 22nd of March are holy and that is why families are trying to be at the
highest point of the settlement in order to meet the sun with their pure thoughts and best wishes. Old
and young people stretch their arms towards the sun and then devoutly pass their hands over their
faces. That is why Kazakhs have this gesture when they say
“Bismillah!” Women carry milk in the bowls to sprinkle the first rays of the sun, the earth, the children
and with their open hands to accept batah – the bless from the Universal Sun. With the words “Kut
darysyn!” women sprinkle the earth with milk, the symbol of prosperity, peace and good.
In this moment, it is important to stretch open hands and to open your heart to the first rays of the
Rising Sun. We are the children of the Sun, Umai Goddess, and of the Sky, Tengri. And we must
remember this!
And the first day starts. From now on new chronology starts in the Nature. Life is reviving! Young
people prepare the joyful spring carnival. They prepare various costumes and masks for this carnival.
Young people decorate a rag-doll that symbolizes horrible winter. Noisily and with laughter they put it
on a humble horse and with songs and jokes transport it along the streets so that people in their
thoughts would give their problems to this doll, which is later burnt at the main square, in the fire,
which symbolizes the hot transition to New Life.
Entertainment starts on the square. People swing on “altybakan”, hold contests of akyn-improvisers
and sing new songs, which have been composed in wintertime. These were ancient contests, when the
winners were receiving expensive gifts and people’s acknowledgment.
This day, on March, 22 people must forgive their enemies the most terrible offence. The harder it is to
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do it, the more valuable is the prize. Enemies become, if not friends, at least not enemies. People try to
tell each other and everyone around as many grateful and kind words as possible. It is especially
valuable to hear more grateful words from the old people,
“aksakal”. Singers (“sal” and “sery”) surrounded by the masked people go around the settlements and
walk along the streets.
Then all the people gather at the main square and the feast starts from aitys
“Oli men tiri”. One akyn represents the ancient folk heroes who remind their offspring of their great
deeds. From the other side, akyn on behalf of the evil praises human flaws. For people it is important
who will win in this aitys because the prosperity of people in the forthcoming year depends on it. Both
akyns honestly strive to win.
In the centre of the square there is a luxurious yurta. Seven dressed-up women take the empty crockery
from this yurta and put it around the house. It is better when the crockery is various and expensive.
This ritual symbolizes prosperity, style and efficiency of the owner of this house because in ancient
times Kazakhs paid great attention to the artistic aesthetics in the everyday life.
After that the women with a smile treat all people. Filling in all the bowls with airan (kefir) and
pouring it into all the prepared cups. Everybody could come and drink it.
After that men in nice costumes take out the main cauldron with Nauryz kozhe. In ancient times
women were contesting whose Nauryz kozhe will be more delicious. Nauryz kozhe is the traditional
spring-time soup of seven components. The ingredients can be various but smoked meat from the
winter sogym, milk or airan and cereals are compulsory. This is also kind of a contest because there is
a belief that if you try Nauryz kozhe in seven houses the year will be lucky for you. That is why every
rich family was trying to take out their cauldron with Nauryz kozhe. The best hostess received sincere
wishes and praises. And in ancient times this was the best award.
Large cakes (“zheti kulesh”) are brought out by women in white “kimeshek” from the main yurta. At
the honourable seat there are respected people, aksakals. Amongst them on the most honourable seat
there is a free place for Kydyr Ata. Kydyr Ata twice a year comes down from the Heaven to Earth in
order to support the people: in December, on the night of autumnal equinox, and in March, on the day
of vernal equinox. He blesses “zheti kulesh” (large cakes) and nauryz kozhe. After that Nauryz kozhe
is given initially to the honourable people and then to others. Taking some part of
“zheti kulesh” everyone pronounces “niyetiniz kabyl bolsyn”. The singer starts the feast with
“Toybastar” song.
Old women in white “kimeshek” throw “shashu” – it can compared to the mythological horn of plenty,
from which the crowd received sweets and food. Songs, jokes and laughter are everywhere. The feast
is starting. The spring has come. Entertainment, song contests and racing competitions, talks. People
exchange the news, meet each other and forgive their resentments.
People prepare aside and, after blessings from Kydyr Ata, make two fires. Everyone tries to walk
between two purifying fires, which have been blessed by Kydyr Ata himself. When the fire ceases a
little, young people start contesting in jumping over the fire. In the East fire is sacred and it not only
purifies from the Evil but also gives strength for new victories. Young men light the torches from the
sacred fire and bring along the houses, lighting the dark places and purifying the surroundings. In
every house there is the light of the fireplace, “shyrak” (lamp or candle). Old men whisper the words
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of gratitude to Allah and ask to forgive them and ask for blessings for their children and grandchildren
and light the candles. Women fumigate houses...
Entertainment continues all night long because everyone hopes only for better things, especially those
who have managed to clean at least one spring and to plant a tree. These days Love lights up new
hearts. And of people are older, then other people carefully help them meet each other because
Kazakhs are good family-men. For Kazakhs it is very important to hear children’s noise and happy
eyes of the women.
1 May, Unity of the Nations of Kazakhstan
Representatives of the elder generation still remember the holiday of the 1st of
May as the International Solidarity Day of the Workers. This holiday used to
have a large number of ideological slogans. Change of the political
regime and gaining independence has changed the meaning of this holiday in Kazakhstan. In 1996 the
President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, with his Decree declared the 1st of May to be the Holiday of the
Unity of the Nations in Kazakhstan. This holiday in the country where people of different nationalities
live in peace and harmony has become on the most symbolical and favourite holidays in Kazakhstan.
One of the attributes of the holiday is red carnations.
9 May, Victory Day
The public holiday of Kazakhstan celebrated since the Soviet times. It is
celebrated in honour of the Soviet victory over Hitler’s Germany in the Great
Patriotic War
(1941-1945). The holiday is filled in with deep patriotic sense. This day people remember those
soldiers and officers who died; and there were many Kazakhstanians amongst them.
30 August, Constitution Day of Kazakhstan
This day is celebrated in honour of the Basic Law of the country adopted in 1995 at the national
referendum. In accordance with this document, Kazakhstan declares itself a democratic, temporal,
legal and social state.
16 December – Independence Day
After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty and since
then the 16th December is celebrated every year as the Independence Day.
National Celebrations
Holidays in the United States
Americans share three national holidays with many countries: Easter Sunday, Christmas Day, and New
Year's Day.
Easter, which falls on a spring Sunday that varies from year to year, celebrates the Christian belief in
the resurrection of Jesus Christ. For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering
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of family. Many Americans follow old traditions of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving children
baskets of candy. On the next day, Easter Monday, the president of the United States holds an annual
Easter egg hunt on the White House lawn for young children.
Christmas Day, December 25, is another Christian holiday; it marks the birth of the Christ Child.
Decorating houses and yards with lights, putting up Christmas trees, giving gifts, and sending greeting
cards have become traditions even for many non-Christian Americans.
New Year's Day, of course, is January 1. The celebration of this holiday begins the night before, when
Americans gather to wish each other a happy and prosperous coming year.
Uniquely American Holidays
Eight other holidays are uniquely American (although some of them have counterparts in other
nations). For most Americans, two of these stand out above the others as occasions to cherish national
origins: Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July.
Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November, but many Americans take a day of vacation
on the following Friday to make a four-day weekend, during which they may travel long distances to
visit family and friends. The holiday dates back to 1621, the year after the Puritans arrived in
Massachusetts, determined to practice their dissenting religion without interference.
After a rough winter, in which about half of them died, they turned for help to neighboring Indians,
who taught them how to plant corn and other crops. The next fall's bountiful harvest inspired the
Pilgrims to give thanks by holding a feast. The Thanksgiving feast became a national tradition - not
only because so many other Americans have found prosperity but also because the Pilgrims' sacrifices
for their freedom still captivate the imagination. To this day, Thanksgiving dinner almost always
includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce, potatoes, pumpkin
pie. Before the meal begins, families or friends usually pause to give thanks for their blessings,
including the joy of being united for the occasion.
The Fourth of July, or Independence Day, honors the nation's birthday - the signing of the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It is a day of picnics and patriotic parades, a night of
concerts and fireworks. The flying of theAmerican flag (which also occurs on Memorial Day and other
holidays) is widespread. On July 4, 1976, the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
was marked by grand festivals across the nation.
Besides Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July, there are six other uniquely American holidays.
Martin Luther King Day: The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., an African-American clergyman, is
considered a great American because of his tireless efforts to win civil rights for all people through
nonviolent means. Since his assassination in 1968, memorial services have marked his birthday on
January 15. In 1986, that day was replaced by the third Monday of January, which was declared a
national holiday.
Presidents' Day: Until the mid-1970s, the February 22 birthday of George Washington, hero of the
Revolutionary War and first president of the United States, was a national holiday. In addition, the
February 12 birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the president during the Civil War, was a holiday in most
states. The two days have been joined, and the holiday has been expanded to embrace all past
presidents. It is celebrated on the third Monday in February.
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Memorial Day: Celebrated on the fourth Monday of May, this holiday honors the dead. Although it
originated in the aftermath of the Civil War, it has become a day on which the dead of all wars, and the
dead generally, are remembered in special programs held in cemeteries, churches, and other public
meeting places.
Labor Day: The first Monday of September, this holiday honors the nation's working people, typically
with parades. For most Americans it marks the end of the summer vacation season, and for many
students the opening of the school year.
Columbus Day: On October 12, 1492, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus landed in the New
World. Although most other nations of the Americas observe this holiday on October 12, in the United
States it takes place on the second Monday in October.
Veterans Day: Originally called Armistice Day, this holiday was established to honor Americans who
had served in World War I. It falls on November 11, the day when that war ended in 1918, but it now
honors veterans of all wars in which the United States has fought. Veterans' organizations hold
parades, and the president customarily places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington
National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C.
Other Celebrations
While not holidays, two other days of the year inspire colorful celebrations in the United States. On
February 14, Valentine's Day, (named after an early Christian
martyr), Americans give presents, usually candy or flowers, to the ones they love. On October 31,
Halloween (the evening before All Saints or All Hallows Day), American children dress up in funny
or scary costumes and go "trick or treating": knocking on doors in their neighborhood. The neighbors
are expected to respond by giving them small gifts of candy or money. Adults may also dress in
costume for Halloween parties.
Various ethnic groups in America celebrate days with special meaning to them even though these are
not national holidays. Jews, for example, observe their high holy days in September, and most
employers show consideration by allowing them to take these days off. Irish Americans celebrate the
old country's patron saint, St. Patrick, on March 17; this is a high-spirited day on which many
Americans wear green clothing in honor of the "Emerald Isle." The celebration of Mardi Gras - the
day before the Christian season of Lent begins in late winter - is a big occasion in New Orleans,
Louisiana, where huge parades and wild revels take place. As its French name implies (Mardi Gras
means "Fat Tuesday," the last day of hearty eating before the penitential season of Lent), the tradition
goes back to the city's settlement by French immigrants. There are many other such ethnic
celebrations, and New York City is particularly rich in them.
It should be noted that, with the many levels of American government, confusion can arise as to what
public and private facilities are open on a given holiday. The daily newspaper is a good source of
general information, but visitors who are in doubt should call for information ahead of time.
Holidays In The USA
American holidays are strikingly different in origin and show surprising similarities in the manner of
their celebration. No matter what the holiday's origin is, they all seem to be the same thing. A holiday
has simply become, for most Americans, a day off from work, though some (for example,
Thanksgiving and Christmas) retain some individuality.
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The major holidays in the USA are: New
Year's Day, January, 1st:
People stay awake until after midnight on December 31st to "watch the Old Year out and the New
Year in." Many parties are given on this night. Theatres, night clubs, restaurants are crowded. When
midnight comes, they greet the New Year: people gather in the streets of big cities, they ring bells,
blow whistles and automobile horns, some shoot off guns and firecrackers.
Valentine's Day, February, 14th:
It is not a national holiday. Banks and offices do not close, but it is a happy little festival in honour of
St Valentine, patron of sweethearts and lovers. It is widely celebrated among people of all ages by the
exchange of "valentines." A "valentine" may mean a special greeting card or a little present. The
greeting cards are often coloured red, have red trimmings and pictures of hearts.
Washington's Birthday, February, 22d:
In addition to commemorating the birth of the United States' first President, it's a great day for
shoppers. The department stores of Washington, DC, stated a national tradition of sales marked by
unusual bargains. It is not a national holiday. Many schools, offices and banks close for this day, some
stay open. The US Congress observes the birthday of George Washington with speeches and readings
from his works.
Easter:
Easter is in memory of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It falls on the first Sunday after the first full
moon between March, 22, and April, 25. The 40 days before Easter are called Lent. Just before Easter,
schools and colleges usually close. Students have a week or ten days of spring vacation. Easter is a
church holiday, and many churches have an outdoor sunrise service. People give each other presents of
eggs which are the symbol of new life. There is a popular belief that wearing three new things on
Easter will bring good luck throughout the year.
Memorial Day, May, 30th:
It is a national holiday. Schools, banks and offices close for the day. On that day, Americans honour
the servicemen who gave their lives in past wars. Schools, clubs and churches decorate the cemeteries.
They put up the flags on the graves of the army, navy and airmen. They hold memorial services in
churches, halls, parks and cemeteries. In addition to solemn services Memorial Day is often marked by
other, more joyful ceremonies: colourful parades, sports competitions.
Independence Day, July, 4th:
On this day, in 1776, America signed the Declaration of Independence. It is a national public holiday
celebrated with fireworks and speeches praising "Americanism, democracy, free enterprise".
Labor Day, the first Monday in September:
It is a holiday of recreation. It marks the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Vacation time is
over. Resorts, camps and beaches close ... Parents go to summer camps and take their children back
home.
Halloween, October, 31st:
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Halloween is the day or evening before All Saints' Day. Halloween customs date back to a time when
people believed in devils, witches and ghosts. They thought that these evil spirits could do all kinds of
damage to property. Some people tried to ward off witches by painting magic signs on their barns.
Others tried to scare them away by nailing a piece of iron, such as a horseshoe, over the door. Now
most people do not believe in evil spirits. On this day they just have a nice holiday. Children dress up
as ghosts and witches and go out into the streets to beg. They go from house to house and say: "Trick
of treat!", meaning "Give me a treat or I'll play a trick on you". People give them candy, cookies and
apples. A favourite custom is to make a jack-o'-lantem. Children scrape out a pumpkin and cut the
outlines of eyes, nose and mouth in its side. They light a candle inside the pumpkin to scare their
friends. This custom refers to a man named Jack who still wanders around the earth lighting his way
with a pumpkin lantern.
Veterans Day:
On this day, the radio and television broadcast services held at the National Cemetery in Arlington.
High officials come from Washington to attend these services. They place a wreath of flowers at the
tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stand in silence for a few minutes at eleven o'clock to honour the
memory of the servicemen killed in the two World Wars.
Thanksgiving Day, the fourth Thursday in November:
In the USA it is a national holiday. It was first celebrated in 1621 by the Pilgrim Fathers after their first
good harvest. Thanksgiving is a family day, for it is customary for all members of the family to gather
at the home of their parents. The family eats a large traditional dinner, usually with turkey, cranberry
sauce and pumpkin pie.
Christmas Day, December, 25th:
It is usually a one-day official holiday, but it is preceded and followed by festive parties, and marked
by special church services, gift-giving and feasting. Christmas is a family holiday. Schools and
colleges close between Christmas and New-Year's Day. People stay at home and spend the time with
their families. Everybody tries to come home for Christmas. People send cards or Christmas greetings
to family and friends away from home. Every family tries to have a Christmas tree, which is
beautifully decorated. Santa Claus comes from the North Pole in his sleigh, dressed in red cap and
jacket, entering the house from chimney. He is a merry and fat individual. He has gifts of whatever
kind you may wish for — nothing is too fabulous nor too trivial for him to provide.
Leisure time
Everybody sometimes has a free time. Somebody prefers only to sleep intheir leisure time, but most of
us prefer to do a great number of interesting things. It may bereading, various types of sport games,
watching TV, listening to music and so on. If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the
attractiveplaces. Many people think that pupils and studients have too muchliesure time, but in my
opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Manypupils have six or seven lessons a day and go to
school five or six days a week. Even during weekend we learn our lessons. Andwe just have no time to
go somewhere. Oldest of us are working after school or institute. As for me, a large part of my free
time is devoted to reading. I like to readbooks about another countries, another times and another
worlds. Also Iread books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to dophysical exercises.
Me and my school friends often gather after schooland play basketball, football or other active games.
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But my favoritehobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and often it is a tripto the south, to the
warm sea. I think all people must have otheroccupations besides their basic work, because it extends
the bounduriesof the familar world and teaches us something new about people and things.
Leisure Time Activities
Some people say that it is very important for everybody to have a hobby. Others do
nothing
but
watch
TV
or
listen
to
music
in
their
free
time.
Our lives would be hard without rest and recreation. People have quite different ideas of how to
spend their free time. For some of them the only way to relax is watching TV or drinking beer. But
other
people
use
their
spare
time
getting
maximum
benefit
from
it.
I strongly feel that hobbies make our lives much more interesting. There are different kinds of
hobbies such as reading, cooking, knitting, collecting, playing a musical instrument, painting,
photography, dancing, travelling, sports and many others. So you can always find an exciting
activity which you will certainly like. Personally, I am fond of camping. To my mind, it is a great
opportunity to get away from town life. What is more, camping is a cheap way to rest, to improve
your
health,
to
train
yourself
physically
and
to
enjoy
nature.
Nevertheless, quite a lot of people have no hobby. Most of them say that they are too busy or too
tired to do anything in their free time. But I am sure that such people are lazy and passive and their
lives
are
dull
and
uneventful.
In general, having a hobby is very important for everybody because it is a kind of self-expression
and the way to understand other people and the whole world. A hobby makes you stronger
physically and mentally, helps you escape from reality, improve your knowledge, broaden your
mind, develop your skills and gain a better understanding of how the world works.
Many teenagers enjoy playing computer games. Some people, however, believe that
teenagers should spend their free time doing more physical activities.
Computer games are extremely popular nowadays. A lot of teenagers play computer games in order
to escape dull reality and to fight with horrible monsters or to save the world from hostile aliens.
Personally, I am fond of playing computer games. They give me an opportunity to plunge into
exciting adventures: to overcome obstacles, to fly an aircraft or to pilot a spacecraft, to solve
different puzzles, to look after a virtual pet, to build cities, to play sport games and even to control
the lives of people. Computer games are constantly becoming more life-like and complex. New
styles and genres appear. That's why I can't resist the temptation to buy new computer games every
month.
But according to experts, computer games can be rather dangerous and they can harm teenagers'
health. They say that computer games make young people unsociable and passive. They are
absorbed in games without speaking to each other for a long time. A lot of teenagers can play for
hours without eating, sleeping or learning. They sit in front of the computer screen exercising their
fingers instead of doing physical activities. That's why the levels of obesity among teenagers are
rising.
Besides,
computer
games
cause
addiction.
To conclude, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. Violent computer games
make teenagers aggressive. But educational games help teenagers develop many skills. Anyway, it
is necessary not to forget about sports as it helps teenagers to be healthy and to stay in good shape.
Some people prefer eating out. However, many people still like cooking meals at home.
Different people have different tastes. Some of them prefer eating out, while others enjoy tasty food
at home. In the past people went to cafes and restaurants only on special occasions. But they are
eating
out
more
frequently
now.
Personally, I enjoy eating out. Firstly, the choice of restaurants is great nowadays. You can try
different foreign cuisines and you can always find something to your taste. There are Italian,
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Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Mexican, Turkish and many other restaurants in every city. Besides, you
can go to bars, cafes or pubs. Secondly, many people work too much and have no time to cook
meals at home. Thirdly, they go to bars, cafes or restaurants to meet with their friends or to
celebrate a holiday. Finally, at a restaurant you will be able to relax and enjoy tasty food, good
service
and
the
atmosphere
of
festivity.
However, a lot of people prefer eating at home. Some of them say that it is too expensive to go to a
restaurant. Others just enjoy cooking meals. What is more, some people are sure that home meals
are tastier and more nutritious than food which is served at a restaurant or a cafe.
To sum up, eating at home is cheaper and more traditional. But if you want to relax and to feel a
holiday atmosphere, you will certainly eat out.
Ecotourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry today. Some
people think that it teaches tourists to take care of nature and wildlife. Others say that
ecotourism
has
a
number
of
disadvantages.
Environmental pollution has disastrous effects on nature and wildlife. That is why nowadays many
people try to damage the environment as little as possible. Ecotourism means travelling to natural
destinations with rare flora and fauna. Its main goal is to conserve the environment and to improve
the
well-being
of
local
people.
In my opinion, ecotourism gives us an opportunity to broaden our mind, to discover new ways of
life, to meet interesting people and to improve our knowledge of history and geography It provides
funds for conservation and jobs to local people because tourists use local transportation, inns and
markets. Besides, ecotourism helps people understand the environment around them, makes them
respect
different
cultures
and
be
careful
with
nature.
However, ecotourism has some negative aspects. The increasing number of tourists can damage the
local environment. Some tourists pollute drinking water, pick up rare flowers and disturb wild
animals. They often purchase souvenirs made from the skin of endangered animals or leaves of rare
plants
and
scare
away
animals.
In conclusion, I think that ecotourism is for environment-conscious people who love nature,
understand the negative influence of conventional tourism on the environment and want to
minimize it. I strongly feel that it is an unforgettable experience which is rewarding at the same
time.
Some people are ready to risk their lives in order to establish a record, while others say
that
it
is
rather
silly.
Every year hundreds of people do rather dangerous and silly things in order to set up a record and to
become famous. They swallow bugs, climb skyscrapers, cross the ocean on a windsurfing board
and
what
not.
Are
these
people
heroes
or
fools?
To my mind, all these activities are just a waste of time, efforts and money. If people want to
escape everyday monotony and to get their portion of adrenaline, I think they would better do
something useful. What is more, record breakers are often inexperienced and sometimes they get
into trouble when they climb Everest, sail across the Atlantic or do something of this kind. Thus,
adventurers risk both their lives and the lives of the people who try to save them. Helicopter and
ship crews are often wounded or killed when they try to reach people who lost their way in the
forest, were stuck in the mountain or crashed into the sea. Such rescue missions are not only
difficult
and
time-consuming.
They
also
cost
much
money.
But in spite of numerous warnings, people continue doing silly and dangerous things. Most of them
think that they are extremely brave, strong and hardy. They want other people to admire them and
to follow their example. But I'd rather call these adventures foolhardy. To my mind, if they want to
get the adrenalin going, they should try such professions as rescuers, pilots or firemen.
To sum up, the adventurer should think twice before he makes up his mind to risk his life and
health. It is always useful to think about all possible consequences of your actions.
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MODE OF TRANSPORT
Mode of transport (or means of transport or types of transport or transport modality or form of
transport) is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform transport. The most
dominant modes of transport are aviation, ship transport, and land transport, which
includes rail, road and off-road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport,
andspace transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded
as their own mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories. In general, transportation is
used for the movement of people, animals, and other things. Each mode of transport has a
fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode
has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Each mode also
has separate subsystems. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part. All modes of
transportation have 6 subsystems: Propulsion, Suspension, Control, Guidance, Structural, and Support.
Transport using more than one mode is described as intermodal. Transportation that carries around
many people and can be used by the public is known as Mass Transportation.
How to Spend your Holiday
Holiday is the time for all of us to relax and get away from it all. But for some people lounging by the
beach and drinking margueritas is not their idea of a good time. Maybe you are the type that enjoys a
good adventure. Adventure holidays are a great way to spend your holiday if you have had enough
downtime lately. You could go mountain climbing, whitewater rafting, paragliding or windsurfing.
If you prefer a romantic holiday with your girlfriend you should consider going to the carribean and
enjoy your holiday under the sun. Of course the kind of holiday you will be able to have will also
depend on the amount of money you are willing to spend.
Travel agencies usually offer different packages. often they will include airfare, hotel accomodations
and car rentals. Try to search the web and see if you can put something similar together on your own at
an even better price.
If you are ready to take a break but still have not decided where you want to go then here is an idea
worth considering: You should try an all-inclusive vacation on a cruise line.
Have you sometimes read the low price travel ads offered by the local travel agents? Before you
decide to pick one please make sure that what you are getting is actually worth buying. Often the ads
advertised are not available for the prices shown but at much higher prices. The prices often exclude
certain expenses such as insurance and transport fares between the airports as well as taxes.
Cheap holidays have always been in high demand. Try to compare package holidays and do it yourself
holidays. Sometimes you just cannot compete with the price of a package holiday even though you put
a lot of energy into it and try to do the booking yourself. Often you book a package holiday trough a
travel agent and then everything about your holiday is arranged for you. In recent years the internet has
made it possible to book the package holiday online but it also possible to do all of the booking
yourself on the web.
Remember to take good care of your pets while you go on holiday. You could bring them to a pet
boarding and grooming facility to make sure they will not suffer while you go away on holiday and
enjoy yourself.
Summer Way of Spending Time
In my opinion there is a great number of different ways of spending summer holidays. It
depends on person, on his culture, education, age, social level and personal tastes and preferences.
So, everyone likes his own way of summertime spending.
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It is a great pleasure to have a rest after a whole year of hard work or study. People like to travel
during their summer holidays.
Some people go abroad to see new countries, some people prefer to go to the country-side to
enjoy country-life far from noise and fuss of big cities. Other people like staying at home doing
nothing, but watching TV and playing computer games.
Some people like to spend their holidays in cities, visiting theatres, museums and going
sightseeing. But a great number of people go to the seaside.
As for me, I prefer to go on holiday to the seaside. I do not like crowds. My family and I always
have our holiday on the coast. Sea and sunbathes, that is what we look forward to every summer.
Hotels at the large seaside towns are rather expensive, so we usually go camping.
Last year we spent our holidays in a camp. Each day was full of small joys. We swam in the sea,
lay in the sun, played different games and had a wonderful time.
We lived there for about a month. The time passed very quickly. It was a wonderful holiday.
FASHION AND MODERN YOUTH:
To vogue or popular life style is called the fashion. Modern youth totally depends on fashion
activities.Without fashion our life have no taste because we have adopted fashion in each steps in our
life.Human being cannot live on one taste.As we can’t eat same dish everyday likewise,we cannot
spend our life on old fashion.We want to make our life colorful. We feel pleasure due to color of
beautiful different things like fashion. Human nature is that he wants to adopt new and beautiful things
because old things have lost their importance. Fashion and modern youth are now become a part of
fashion world.
Fashion And Modern Youth
Girls Fashion Style:
In the every era, people like fashion. They want to look different and fashionable. People focus their
dressing, hairstyle, footwear, walking style. way of talking and behavior. We can’t ignore the
importance of fashion girls and boys have more interest in fashion. Girls wear usually Shalwar and
Kameez, jeans and tights with loose cloth according to the fashion.
They wear “Saris” and some girls like to wear jeans and shirts. Girls can’t ignore their hairstyle. They
change their hairstyle according to fashion. They wear shoes according to their heights. Short heights
girls long heels and long heights girls wear short heals. They choose the shoes according to their dress
color. Even their way of talking , walking, and gestures according to the fashion.
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Girls Fashion Style
We know that, Girls wear various types of dresses on various ceremonies as on the wedding ceremony.
They wear heavy dress like saris , sharara and use dark makeup according of their dress. On the
parties, they wear lights dresses like shalwar and kameez, jeans and tights with loose cloth and
sometimes, they wear saris and use light makeup.
Boys Fashion Style:
Boys like new and fashionable clothes according to the fashion. They adopt fashion in the films or TV.
Their way of walking, talking and behavior sometime even gestures according to the film action. They
want to like wear loose and tight paints. Each they wear shirts which have color and sleeves of one
shape. Their way of hairstyle like a filmy hero. The numbers of the student have french beard.
Boys Fashion Style
Where Youth Adopt the fashion:
The wealthy and affluent students want to look different. Therefore, they change their style sooner or
later. Other people copying their fashion. Sometimes, students watching T.V and copying the fashions
of actors. They also try to adopt this type of fashion and other people their fashion. Fashion has
essential past in our life. We can’t overlook the significance of fashion. Fashion builds up our
personality, and grow up our confidence level.
Disadvantages of Modern Youth:
Similarly, We know that mostly things have many disadvantages on the other hand, these things have
disadvantages. This true, Where fashion make our life colorful, attractive and make us active or smart.
But this is horrible true that due to fashion sometimes, we ignore the poor people’s and feel irritation
existence of poor Peoples.
Secondly, Students waste their precious time getting latest kind of fashionable things instead of buying
precious books. They overlook their study before fashion and extra curricular activities. Number of
parents, Who can not bear the expense of fashionable things. Due to fashion society has divided in
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various parts like upper class, middle class and lower class. Humanity has lost their significance. It is
harmful for us.
Conclusion:
After read fashion and modern youth article, We can conclude that, Students look beautiful, When they
are simple. On the other hand, Its depend on us, How we can utilize it. Students should care about that,
don’t spend his valuable time on these useless things.
THE FAMOUS CLOTHES DESIGNERS IN THE WORLD
Designer is someone who designs something . Broadest definition , may be given by a psychologist
named Herbert Simon : Everyone designs who devises courses of action Aimed at changing existing
situations into preferred ones. While the design is usually translated as applied arts , architecture , and
various other creative achievement . In a sentence , the word ” design ” can be used both as a noun and
a verb . As a verb , ” design ” means ” the process of making and creating new objects ” . As a noun , ”
design ” is used to describe the end result of a creative process , whether it is tangible a plan , proposal
, or a form of real objects .
The design process generally takes into account aspects of functionality , aesthetics and various other
aspects , which usually data obtained from research , thinking , brainstorming , or from previously
existing design . Lately , the process is generally also regarded as a product of design , so that the term
” design process ” . One example of the design process is the design process in the chemical industry .
At present , the world-famous designers specifically dedicated to designing clothes ,
and to provide complete and up – to-date on fashion designers from around the world , presenting their
art to a wide audience and help them to gain new clients . Since the development of the fashion world
today is growing, it’s no wonder that now popping the new designers who are trying to express the
results of his work . The following information will be given a list of names of the designers included
in the list of world-famous clothing designer :
1 . Valentino Garavani
Valentino Clemente Ludovico Garavani a fashion designer , inventor of the Valentino SpA brand and
company from Italy . Lines among other fashion Valentino , Valentino Garavani , Valentino Roma ,
and RED He was born on 11 May tahun1932 . But , his name is better known as Valentino . However,
now retired . However , his name is embedded in the hearts tetep . Moreover, the results of his work .
2 . Donatella Versace
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Donatella Versace was born on May 2, 1955, she was a fashion designer from Italy . Donatella is the
brother of another famous Italian fashion designer , namely Gianni Versace, the founder of the Versace
company . Now , Donatella Versace is the Group Vice President and Chief Designer at Versace .
3 . Ralph Lauren
Ralph Lauren is a businessman and fashion designer , she came from America and was born on the
14th October 1939. One famous brand is Polo Ralph Lauren .
4 . Alexander McQueen
clothes designer
Alexander McQueen is a fashion designer known for houte couturenya , and free use of color , he was
born on March 17, 1969.
5 Betsey Johson
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clothes designer
Betsey Johson is a fashion designer who is synonymous with feminism , she was born on 10 August
1942.
6 . Tom Ford
famous clothes designers
Thomas Carlyle ” Tom ” Ford was born on August 27, 1961, she was a fashion designer and the
American film director . One is Tom Ford’s fashion label .
School uniforms
School uniforms are common in primary and secondary schools in many nations. They are the most w
idely knownform of student uniform; other types of which include uniforms worn by students participa
ting in higher vocationaltraining, such as in health occupations.
Traditionally, school uniforms have been subdued and professional. Boys' uniforms often consist of da
rk trousersand lightcolored shirt, tie. Girls' uniforms vary greatly between countries and schooling systems, but typicallyco
nsist of a dress or a blouse worn either with a skirt, culottes or under a pinafore. Genderspecific uniforms havebeen a point of contention, with some schools permitting female students to cho
ose either skirts or trousers whilestill requiring male students to wear trousers. The use of a blazer or s
uit-like jacket for either gender is also fairlycommon, especially in cold weather.
In continental Europe, they have not been required in public (statesponsored) schools. Private schools, though,often have a school uniform or a strict dress code. Fact|dat
e=February 2007 This is different in the United Kingdom andIreland, however, where the majority of s
tate secondary schools adopt a uniform for a more formal look.
United Kingdom
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Most British primary and secondary schools require pupils to wear uniforms, but further education coll
eges andsixth-forms (for age 16+) do not usually have a uniform.Fact|date=August 2008
Schools vary widely on how prescriptive uniform is, and how much the wearing of it is enforced.
Typical British secondary school uniform sometimes, but not exclusively, consists of:
* School blazer with school crest or logo
* white or blue shirt
* School tie
* Black, navy, grey, or maroon trousers or skirt (sometimes shorts will be allowed in Primary Schools)
.
* Grey or black socks (boys)
* White socks or black or skin-coloured tights or hold-up stockings (girls)
* Plain black shoes (trainers may be allowed in the summer).
* Black, navy, grey or school colour v-neck pullover, or black pullover with the school crest or logo
Many schools also specify PE kit, which might consist of:
* School polo shirt with school crest or school logo - tucked into tracksuit or shorts or dress
* Blue, black, red, green or white shorts depending on school uniform colour, sometimes with school l
ogo or crest
* Trainers (for children of any age)
* Pumps (sometimes for younger children)
* Gym skirt (girls)
* Athletic briefs (girls)
* Leotard (girls)
* White or black socks
* Swimwear - one-piece swimsuit (girls); swimming briefs (boys); sometimes with school logo
Many girls schools now wear tartan skirts. This is especially common in Grammar schools and Indepe
ndent Schools.
Many schools (both private- and statefunded) have moderately strict rules on the wearing of make up, jewellery or'trendy' clothing. Most sch
ools in the United Kingdom do not suffer the fairly common 'clothing cliques' found incountries where
uniforms are not so prevalent.Fact|date=August 2008 However children with cheap or poorly keptscho
ol uniform often become socially excluded. Fact|date=August 2008 Over the last ten years a trend towa
rds wearingschool sweatshirts and polo shirts or t-shirts,
(as well as more casual styles of trousers, such as plain, darkcolouredjeans, cargo pants or tracksuit bottoms), has spread throughout schools in the UK, particularly
in London. This wasseen as a way to modernise the uniform as well as make it more affordable to low
er income families who couldn'tafford blazers, etc. Equally temperatures in classrooms have changed o
ver the last 50 years in the United Kingdomdue to both environmental reasons and also the introductio
n of central heating systems. This has in most schoolsmade older uniforms such as thick jumpers, blaze
rs and shirts highly impractical, especially in the summer months,prompting many schools to adopt mo
re casual temperate uniforms. Still, in some cases, schools are reintroducingthe blazer and tie in a bid to 'smarten up' their pupils and combat bullying. In most state sch
ools girls can weartrousers instead of skirts as part of their uniform. Particularly in sixthforms which have uniforms, the tailored shortsthat are now in fashion in the UK are being permitted du
ring the summer months. Unlike in the United States there isno law forcing gender-
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impartial uniforms. As a result, especially in privately funded schools, the girls' and boys'uniforms ofte
n differ significantly from each other. Although never an official part of the uniform, the Snorkel Parka
became extremely popular as a school winter jacket in the 1970s and 1980s. It was a relatively cheap j
acket,affordable by most families and therefore in many schools at the time almost every boy would ha
ve one though theywere less popular with girls. Although unpopular during the 1990s the Snorkel Park
a is now becoming popularagain, though nowhere near the popularity it gained in the early 1980s. In ar
eas with large numbers of people whoare not traditionally from the UK, some schools allow female pu
pils to wear religiouslyappropriate clothing, often inthe school's typical uniform colours. Depending on the level of religious o
bservance of the pupil, and the school'swillingness to permit nonregulation clothing, this can sometimes cause difficulties. British night clubs often organiseuniform the
me parties where patrons are asked to wear adult versions of the uniform. Angus Young from theAustr
alian musical act AC/DC often wears his school uniform on stage.
United States
Most statesponsored schools in the United States do not have school uniforms, though many have dress codesreg
ulating student attire. Dress codes usually include limits on skirt length and skin exposure. They gener
allyinclude prohibitions on clothing with tears or holes, exposure of undergarments, and anything that i
s obscene,gangrelated, or unsafe. Some school dress codes specify the types of tops (e.g. collared) and bottoms (e.g. k
haki)that are allowed, as well as specific colors (often the school colors). In recent years there has been
a significantincrease in school uniforms (see below) for all levels of schooling. In most cases, while sc
hool uniforms vary greatly,a general idea of what is typically permitted includes [citeweb|url=http://w
ww.fuquaschool.com/studentlife/rulespolicies/dressregulations|title=Dress regulations|publisher=Fuq
ua School|14August 2007|accessdate=2007-11-30]
* Trousers
* Collared shirts (types vary significantly)
* Shorts
* Skirts
* Skorts
* Jumper dresses
* Culottes
According to the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP), the fraction of Ame
rican publicschools requiring school uniforms rose from 3% in 1997 to 21% in 2000. School uniforms
are fairly common forprivate schools in the United States, especially for Catholic schools. Although m
any private school uniforms aresimilar to the ones described above for public schools, a few still requir
e more formal Britishstyle school uniforms,such as blazers and ties. Culottes are also sometimes substituted for a skirt, espec
ially at Episcopalian or nonparochial private schools. In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District, in Southern California, req
uired schooluniforms in all elementary and middle schools. This began a trend for uniforms in Americ
an elementary publicschools, especially in urban school districts. Most public and private schools in C
alifornia require school uniform byCalifornia state law, mainly to counter gangs and "gang clothing an
d other gang-
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related material, especially in theLos Angeles area.Fact|date=August 2008 President Clinton mentione
d LBUSD's efforts in his 1996 State of the UnionAddress. The adoption of school or districtwide uniform policies (or, alternatively, "standardized dress codes"
– which are not as rigid as school uniform requirements, but allow some leeway within set para
meters) hasbeen motivated by a need to counter "gang clothing"
(or, in the alternative, the pressure for families to purchaseupscalelabel clothing to avoid their children being ignored by "fashion cliques"), as well as to improve morale
andschool discipline.
Adolfo Santos, a political science professor at the University of Houston–
Downtown, stated that many Hispaniccommunities in the United States choose uniforms because man
y immigrants originate from countries with schoolsrequiring uniforms
INTERPRETER (Description)
Interpreters convert spoken or sign language statements from one language to another. Interpreting
involves listening to, understanding and memorising content in the original 'source' language, then
reproducing statements, questions and speeches in a different 'target' language. This is often done in
only one direction, normally into the interpreter's native language, but may be on a two-way basis.
Interpreters work in the following settings:




business functions such as meetings, conferences, exhibitions and product launches;
criminal justice proceedings, known as public service interpreting (PSI), including police and probation
service interviews, court
hearings, solicitor interviews, arbitration hearings and immigration tribunals;
community-based events and assignments within the education, health and social services sectors.
Types of work
Interpreting can be carried out in person, by telephone or via video conferencing and internet-based
technologies.
There are several types of interpreting.




Simultaneous interpretation (SI): working in a team at a conference or large meeting, the interpreter
sits in a soundproof booth (there are separate booths for each conference language) and immediately
converts what is being said, so listeners hear the interpretation through an earpiece while the speaker is
still speaking. A variation of this is whispering, or chuchotage, where the interpreter sits near one
person or a small group and whispers the translation as the speaker carries on. Sign language
interpreting is also usually simultaneous. Interpreters typically take turns of about 30 minutes as it
demands such high levels of concentration.
Consecutive interpretation (CI): more common in smaller meetings and discussions, the speaker will
pause after each sentence or point and wait while the interpreter translates what is being said into the
appropriate language.
Liaison interpretation: also known as ad hoc and relay, this is a type of two-way interpreting, where
the interpreter translates every few sentences while the speaker pauses. This is common in telephone
interpreting as well as in legal and health situations. The interpreter supports people who are not fluent
in the language to ensure their understanding.
Sign language interpretation: interpreters convert spoken statements into sign language and vice
versa. Interpreting from one sign language to another is another option.
Responsibilities
The following work activities are likely in any interpreting setting:





assimilating speakers' words quickly, including jargon and acronyms;
building up specialist vocabulary banks;
writing notes to aid memory;
using microphones and headsets;
preparing paperwork - considering agendas before meetings, or lectures and speeches when received in
advance;
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using the internet to conduct research;
organising workload and liaising with internal departments, agencies and employers;
working to a professional code of ethics covering confidentiality and impartiality.
Salary
The range of salaries for interpreters is varied and there are relatively few salaried jobs. The highest
paid jobs tend to be based outside the UK. Working conditions and pay are considerably better in the
private market sector for conference interpreting than in the UK's PSI/commercial agency sector.


Freelance hourly rates vary but could be in the region of £30 to £60 depending on experience, type of
interpreting, location and level of demand for the languages.
Beginner staff interpreters at the European Commission start at level AD5 (around 4,384 Euros a
month), while experienced interpreters can start at level AD7 (around 5,612 Euros a month).
Traditionally, interpreters have been paid travel time and costs, along with a guaranteed minimum fee
(normally two or three hours' work), and cancellation/curtailment fees if appropriate. This is no longer
the case in some settings, notably PSI interpreting.
Agencies and telephone interpreting are increasingly being used to reduce costs, particularly in the
public sector, as interpreters receive a lower rate per minute or per hour with limited or no travel
reimbursements.
It may be difficult to sustain a stable income from interpreting unless you are employed by one
organisation as a conference interpreter or by several agencies. Most interpreters have additional
employment, for example in translation, teaching or training.
Income figures are intended as a guide only.
Working hours
Working hours for freelancers are flexible. Business, routine medical and court-related assignments
tend to take place during office hours but evening and weekend work is not uncommon, especially for
police interviews and emergency medical care.
What to expect






Interpreters may be based inside conference centres or working on the telephone for long periods.
The majority of interpreters are self-employed with most finding work through networking and
registration with professional directories or language agencies. It can take time to become established
and build a regular client base.
Opportunities for employment may arise anywhere, especially for community-based assignments and
telephone work, but the main centres for international conferences include Brussels, London, Geneva
and Paris. In the UK, employment opportunities outside London are increasing.
Business or smart casual dress is usually required, with the exception of telephone interpreting, which is
normally done from the interpreter's home.
The role requires a huge amount of concentration, which can be tiring.
You may be required to be away from home overnight or to be abroad for long periods.
Related case studies

Alexander C Gansmeier
Freelance conference interpreter

Cindy Schaller
Freelance interpreter and translator
Qualifications
Interpreting is open to all graduates with a high level of language knowledge. For most, this will mean
an undergraduate degree in one of the following subjects:



British Sign Language (BSL) and interpreting;
deaf studies;
modern languages;
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translation and interpreting.
You can still become an interpreter with an unrelated degree as long as you possess the required
language skills.
Having specialist knowledge of a certain area such as science, engineering, the environment, business,
economics, law or politics can be helpful, as it will show employers that you understand the specific
terms and vocabulary.
If you have an HND or foundation degree in one of the above subjects, you will usually be required to
progress to degree-level study or a diploma in interpreting to secure a position.
Entry without a degree or HND/foundation degree is unlikely unless you have come to interpreting
through life experience, for example, a bilingual upbringing, residence abroad or regular work with
speakers of a second language.
BSL interpreters may develop their language proficiency through vocational qualifications such as
NVQs.
A postgraduate diploma or Masters in interpreting techniques is usually expected. Some courses focus
on particular aspects of interpreting, but there are options which also develop complementary skills,
such as translation. Several institutions run both part and full-time courses. Search for postgraduate
courses in interpreting.
If you do not have professional interpreting qualifications, you may still find informal work as an
interpreter if you are fluent, or almost fluent, in more than one language, but rates of pay will be lower
than those for professionally qualified interpreters. Some local authorities, colleges and universities
offer short courses in community interpreting for those without such qualifications.
Skills
Pre-entry experience is not essential but, if you want to work as a professional interpreter, you will
need to show evidence of the following:









an excellent command of English and the other language(s) into which you may interpret;
knowledge of at least one additional language for freelance interpreting and two or ideally more for a
staff position in
conference interpreting;
a good memory and the ability to learn fast;
the skills to interact well with people and work as part of a team;
the ability to use discretion and maintain confidentiality;
flexibility to deal calmly with unexpected and difficult situations;
reliability, dedication and commitment;
knowledge of current affairs, politics and different cultures and customs.
In addition, conference and court interpreters must be confident about speaking in public and have a
clear speaking voice.
Employers
Typical employers include:










the European Commission, which operates at the very heart of the European Union (EU) and recruits
through the Directorate General for Interpretation;
other EU Institutions, such as the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Central
Bank;
international organisations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO), and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO);
Ministry of Defence (MoD);
the civil service;
Capita Translation and Interpreting (Capita TI) for Ministry of Justice (MoJ) work;
private sector businesses, such as larger multinational companies, legal firms or media, although most
interpreting work here is arranged through agencies;
academic institutions, for international conferences;
language agencies;
public services - police, courts, local authorities, social services departments;
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international exhibitions.
In all sectors and settings the profession is dominated by freelance interpreters, with few full-time jobs
advertised each year. Experienced freelancers have to balance the freedom of deciding when and
where they work with the potential scarcity of employment opportunities.
Look for job vacancies at:


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Capita Translation and Interpreting (Capita TI)
Civil Service Job Search
Directorate General for Interpretation
European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO)
Only a small number of roles are advertised through these sources. Freelance interpreters can advertise
their services on databases held by professional bodies and networks, such as:
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Association Internationale des Interprètes de Conférence (AIIC)
Association of Police and Court Interpreters (APCI)
Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters
Find-A-Linguist - database of the Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL).
Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI)
Useful online directories include:
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Aquarius
ProZ
Clients can post assignments, while translators and interpreters can create professional profiles and bid
for the contracts.
Business and public sector organisations are increasingly outsourcing their interpreting requirements to
specialist language agencies.
You should use speculative applications in order to approach agencies when seeking work. Many
professional interpreting associations offer membership at a reduced cost to students, which can assist
you in developing contacts and knowledge of the industry.
Competition is fierce, particularly amongst the major European languages. But demand for interpreters
continues to grow as public services regard the use of community languages as an issue of equality and
diversity.
Get more tips on how to find a job, create a successful CV and cover letter, andprepare for interviews.
Professional development
While a relevant first or postgraduate interpreting degree or diploma provides the required academic
training, many of the core practical skills needed in interpreting are gained on the job.
It is beneficial to gain membership with a relevant professional body as it can give you access to
training and networking opportunities. Each institution has its own requirements for membership:
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Association Internationale des Interprètes de Conférence (AIIC): requires at least 150 days of work plus
three sponsors for full membership.
Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI): Career Affiliate membership is available for those
starting out in the career, Associate (AITI) membership for those with a minimum of one year's
experience and status as a Qualified Member (MITI) for those with at least three years of professional
experience.
Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL): requires a proven degree-level qualification and at least three
years' professional experience, or a proven postgraduate qualification and two years' experience.
Associate membership is available for those who don't yet have this level of experience.
Keeping up to date with developments in your particular area of work is vital, especially in business
and politics. The key professional bodies support continuing professional development (CPD). The ITI
for example, offers support and training on subjects such as note-taking skills, marketing and
networking.
Intensive courses are available through the CIOL to enable you to build up your professional skills in
areas including conference and court interpreting.
Support and CPD opportunities for BSL interpreters are available from:
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Association of Sign Language Interpreters (ASLI) (in England, Wales and Northern Ireland)
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Scottish Association of Sign Language Interpreters (SASLI)
British Sign Language (BSL)/English interpreters who satisfy the entry criteria can also become a
Registered Sign Language Interpreter with the National Registers of Communication Professionals
Working With Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD).
If you work in public service interpreting (PSI) you may want to take the Diploma in Public Service
Interpreting (DPSI) or the Diploma in Police Interpreting (DPI), which are offered by the CIOL. This
will also allow you to register with the National Register of Public Service Interpreters (NRPSI).
Career prospects
Career development can be quite varied, depending on the sort of work/life balance you would like.
Developing a successful career as a freelance interpreter requires a proactive approach to networking.
This means keeping in touch with key professional bodies, interpreters' groups and potential
employers, both nationally and internationally. You should also try to attend workshops and seminars
to find out more about sources of work and work providers.
Another route to gaining experience early on is to undertake voluntary work for a charity or voluntary
sector organisation.
Freelancers can apply to become staff interpreters. In the European Union (EU) staff interpreters may
be promoted to managing a language unit or sometimes into administrative posts, particularly in
conference organising.
With a good level of experience, it is possible to move into training or management roles within your
particular sector. There is scope for experienced conference interpreters to become consultant
interpreters, who recruit teams of interpreters for private employers.
There are limited opportunities for freelance interpreters to work on an ad-hoc basis with other
organisations in industry (liaison work), commerce, tourism, and the community (social services
departments, local education authorities, police, courts or hospitals).
For many freelancers, career development means the ability to select more interesting or better-paid
assignments.
3 САМОСТOЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА СТУДЕНТА
Под самостоятельной работой понимают любую управляемую и самостоятельно
осуществляемую студентами деятельность, направленную на выполнение поставленной
дидактической цели в специально отведенном для этого времени: поиск знаний, их
осмысление, закрепление, формирование и развитие умений и навыков, обобщение и
систематизацию знаний.
В процессе СРО формируется учебные умения:
- умения и навыки самостоятельной работы, позволяющие проследить степень творческого
подхода студентов к формированию своей квалификационной характеристики;
- умение пользоваться учебной, специальной и другой литературой, работать с несколькими
источниками;
- умение четко и кратко формулировать мысль , излагать свое суждение и уметь его
отстаивать.
СРО стимулирует мышление, способствует более глубокому и сознательному усвоению
материала данной науки. СРО ориентирует студентов на последующий более глубокий поиск и
работу с литературой, на необходимость сопоставлять точки зрения и формулировать свой
подход.
В качестве контроля СРО могут быть использованы как устные, так и письменные формы
контроля.
ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ЗАДАНИЙ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ
1. СРО №1- make up a glossary on the topic: Family (100 words). Write the definitions of the words.
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2 СРО № 2 - Write a composition on the theme: The influence of junk food on our health.