А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин АНАЛИЗ

ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 2. 2013
ɍȾɄ 628.35
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ ȻɂɈɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɇɕɏ
ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɋɌɈɄȺ
ɂ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɂ ɂɏ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ
ɁȺɉȺȾɇɈȽɈ ɍɊȺɅȺ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ: ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɍɪɚɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɭɸ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɮɟɪɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ 2012 ɝ. [1], ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ.
Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ƚɍ Ɇɑɋ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ [2],
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 450 ɦɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɢ
ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 70 %
ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
30 % – ɧɚ ɧɨɹɛɪɶ–ɦɚɪɬ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ (75 ɦɦ), ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ – ɜ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ ɢ ɦɚɪɬɟ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
(28 ɦɦ). ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ – 16–18 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ ɧɚ
ɸɝɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ 6–8 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 181 ɞɟɧɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɪɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
70–100 ɫɦ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ 170 ɫɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. ɋɯɨɞ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫ 25 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ ɩɨ 4 ɦɚɹ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 9–12 ɫɭɬɨɤ.
Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 80 % ɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɵ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 % ɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ), ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɨɬ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɢ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ [3–5]. Ȼɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ
(Best Management Practices) ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɨɞ
ɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ (ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ)
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ), ɢɯ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ).
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɢɨ-
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А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɛɢɨɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ, ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ, ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (biofiltration swale, grassed channel,
vegetated swale, grassed swales) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ (ɞɨ 1 ɦ) ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɫɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ [6]. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɭɥɢɰ, ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɭ
ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɬɟɤɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɦ ɤɚɦɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ (filtration strip, vegetated strip) – ɷɬɨ
ɡɚɫɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ. Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɨɧ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɭɫɥɚ,
ɚ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 15 %, ɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɤɥɨɧ ɜ 1 % [7].
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ, ɭɥɢɰ, ɚɜɬɨɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ.
Ȼɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ – ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ constructed wetland, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɥɤɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɦɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ȼȼɊ), ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɜɚɥɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ [8].
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɭɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ȼȼɊ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɛɥɹɯ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɢ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɭɸ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɢɡɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ
ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ, ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɜ 10–15 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ 5–8 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɜɨɞɧɨ-ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ȼȼɊ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɪɨɝɨɡɨɦ ɭɡɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɦ, ɤɚɦɵɲɨɦ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɦ,
ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ, ɷɥɨɞɟɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ.
Ȼɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ (stormwater ponds) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ (ɞɨ 3–5 ɦ). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɜ ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ: ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɟ – ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɢɚɰɢɧɬ
(Eichhornia crassipes) ɢ ɪɹɫɤɚ (Lemna a Spirodella spp.) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ – ɯɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɢ ɢ ɪɞɟɫɬ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɢɣ [9].
Ȼɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ, ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɫɬɨɹɱɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ
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А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин
ɜɨɞɨɣ (wet ponds), ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ «ɫɭɯɢɟ ɛɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ», ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ (dry ponds).
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɛɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɯ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ (ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɟɫɬɶ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɮɢɬɨɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ.
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ (stormwater bioretention filtration system, raingarden, stormwater biofilter) ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɫɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɧɚɞ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ, ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ [10]. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɵ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɟɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɭɥɶɱɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ
ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ. ȼɟɫɨɦɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɩɥɟɧɤɨɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ [11]. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɭ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟ-
44
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɧɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɥɟɬɭɱɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ.
ȼɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɥɟɠɢɬ ɭɱɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɟ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ
ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ
Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢȻɢɨɥɨɝɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ Ɉɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɨɛɳɢɯ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟ- ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɯɨɧɢɟ
ɞɨɜ
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɵ
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
Ȼɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ
Ȼɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
– ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
– ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
45
А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɧɚ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧ- Ȼɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ
ɈɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɌɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɇɟɮɬɟɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟ- ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɫɤɢɟ ɜɟ- Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɫɬɜɚ
(N, P)
ɳɟɫɬɜɚ
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ
Ȼɢɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
Ȼɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ
Ȼɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
– ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ (~70–100 %)
– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ (~40–70 %)
– ɧɢɡɤɚɹ (~10–40 %)
ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ
ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ: ɩɪɨɩɨɥɤɚ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɢɜ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ), ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɤ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɜ ɫɬɨɤɟ (ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɝɨɥɨɥɟɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ). ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɪɵɯɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ
ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɤɥɨɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɭɤɥɨɧɵ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ (ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɟ)
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ, ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
(ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɵ), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɡɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ
ɇɢɡɤɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɉɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ
ɫɟɡɨɧ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɧɟɝɚ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
Ɂɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ (ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ)
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɨ ɥɶɞɨɦ
ɉɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɂɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɤ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɝɨɥɨɥɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɬ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ) ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 4.
47
48
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
5–10 %
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ
ɭɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɨ 20 % ɭɤɥɨɧɚɯ ɞɨ 20 %
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
–
–
10–20 ɝɚ
Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ
Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
Ȼɢɨɩɥɚɬɨ
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɇɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
0,6–3 %
10–20 ɝɚ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
Ȼɢɨɩɪɭɞɵ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
2–4 %
Ɇɟɧɟɟ 2 ɝɚ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɢ
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ
*ȼɫɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɝɨɥɨɥɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ƚɪɭɧɬɵ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ
Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ
Ɇɟɧɟɟ 2 ɝɚ
Ɇɟɧɟɟ 2 ɝɚ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɝɚ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɏɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ*
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ, % ɨɬ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɵ
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
Ɂɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4
А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:
1. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɍɪɚɥɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ.
2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1. ɓɭɤɢɧ ɂ.ɋ., Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝ. ɉɟɪɦɢ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦ. ɧɚɰ. ɢɫɫɥɟɞ. ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ. ɍɪɛɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ. – 2012. – ʋ 4. – ɋ. 110–118.
2. Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɑɋ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
2012 ɝɨɞ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ƚɍ Ɇɑɋ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ. –
URL: http://www.59.mchs.gov.ru/forecasts/detail.php?ID=7146 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 15.03.2013).
3. Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual / North Carolina
Division of water Quality. – July 2007.
4. Bioretention Manual. Enviromental Services Division Department
of Enviromental Resources The Prince George’s Country, Maryland. – December 2007.
5. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Program / The Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority (CMA).
6. Biofiltration swale. Design Guidance / California Department of
transport. – January 2009.
7. Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan (LIDMM): A design guide for implementers and reviewers. / Funded by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection agency. – Detroit, MI: Southeast Michigan Council
Of Governments (SEMCOG), 2008.
8. Managing Urban Stormwater using Constructed Wetlands: Industry
Report 98/7 / T.H.F. Wong, P.F. Breen, N.L.G. Somes, S.D. Lloyd; Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology. – November 1998, p. 32.
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А.Г. Мелехин, И.С. Щукин
9. Ʌɹɩɢɧ ɋ.ȼ., ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ɇɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɫ ɷɣɯɨɪɧɢɟɣ // ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. – 2006. – ʋ 6.
10. Bioretention technology: Overview of current practice and future
needs / A.P. Davis, W.F. Hunt, R.G. Traver, M. Clar // Journal of the Environmental Engineering – ASCE. – 2009. – ʋ 135 (3). – P. 109–117.
11. Hatt B.E., Fletcher T.D., Deletic A. Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration systems at the field scale //
Journal of Hydrology. – 2009. – ʋ 365 (3–4). – P. 310–321.
A.G. Melekhin, I.S. Shchukin
THE ANALISIS OF CURRENT BIOENGENEERING
STORMWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES AND FEASIBILITY
OF ITS OPERATION ON THE WEST URAL
The most widespread in world practice of stormwater treatment bioengeneering facilities are
considered. In this article facility select criteria are defined. The most universal stormwater treatment
facilities are raingardens. For its practical using the solving of that problems is necessary: stormwater
pretreatment and its operation in West Ural climatic features.
Keywords: stormwater, biotechnology, wastewater treatment, raigardens, bioengeneering facilities.
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ.
ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail:
[email protected])
ɓɭɤɢɧ ɂɝɨɪɶ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ, ɚɫɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: [email protected]).
About the authors
Melekhin Aleksandr Germanovich (Perm, Russia) – Doctor of
Technics, Professor, Head of Department of Heating, ventilation and water
supply, sewerage, Perm National Research Polytechnic University
(e-mail: [email protected]).
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Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
Shchukin Igor Sergeevich (Perm, Russia) – postgraduate student, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Heating, ventilation and water supply and
sewerage, Perm National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail:
[email protected]).
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 12.03.2013
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