Анализ качества поверхностного стока с городских территорий

ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɇɂɉɍ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ʋ 1. 2012
ɍȾɄ 628.315.1
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂȿ ȻɂɈɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɇɕɏ ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ
ȾɅə ɈɑɂɋɌɄɂ Ʌɂȼɇȿȼɕɏ ɂ ɌȺɅɕɏ ȼɈȾ
ɋ ɍɊȻȺɇɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɃ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɛɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ, ɛɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɹ,
ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 75 % ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, 20 % ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɩɨ ȻɉɄ), 65 % ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ 68 % ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ [1, 2].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɚɥɵɯ
ɜɨɞ ɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ:
1. ɗɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
2. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɠɞɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬ122
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ
ɜɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜ 2–4 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1).
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ƚɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ:
ɚ – ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ; ɛ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ; ɜ – ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ
3. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɋɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ,
ɦɝ/ɥ
ȻɉɄ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɇɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ,
ɦɝ/ɥ
ɋɚɦɚɪɚ [3] ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ [4]
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟ- ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ
ɉȾɄ ɪ.ɯ.
ɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ [4] (ɬɚɥɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ) [5]
+0,25 ɤ
300–600
–
ɮɨɧɭ
50–1450
420–1250
471–891,6
444,5–5718
200–400
–
1000
5,2–316
39,2–118,5
20–50
(ȻɉɄ5)
–
3
0,125–475
0,75–3
7–12
0,26
0,05
123
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 1
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ
Ⱥɡɨɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɵɣ, ɦɝ/ɥ
Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɪɇ
ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ,
ɦɝ/ɥ
ɐɢɧɤ , ɦɝ/ɥ
Ɇɟɞɶ, ɦɝ/ɥ
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɦɝ/ɥ
Ʉɚɞɦɢɣ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɏɪɨɦ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɇɢɤɟɥɶ, ɦɝ/ɥ
ɋɚɦɚɪɚ [3] ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ [4]
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟ- ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ
ɉȾɄ ɪ.ɯ.
ɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ [4] (ɬɚɥɵɣ ɫɬɨɤ) [5]
–
71,2
100
63,4–792
126,8–216
3,8–11,2
0,45–2,08
8–10
2,76
0,39
0,06–5,44
7–8
–
7,41–7,8
0,5–0,8
–
< 0,02
7,75
0,2
6,5–8,5
0,03–10,7
–
2–12
0,2
0,1
0–0,035
0–0,58
0–0,1
0–0,05
0–0,065
0
0,039
0,22
–
–
–
–
–
–
1–6
–
–
–
0,02
<0,01
ɧ.ɨ.
0,05
ɧ.ɨ.
0,04
0,01
0,001
0,04
0,005
0,001
0,01
4. Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɊɎ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ ɤ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɤɚɦ.
Ɉ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɛɪɨɫɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɵ ɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɭɠɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɫɟɧɧɟ-ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ
124
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ
ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɨɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɫɟɥɢɬɟɛɧɵɯ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ [6]
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ȼɡɜɟɲɟɧ- ɇɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɫɯɟɦɟ
ɧɵɟ
ɜɟɳɟɞɭɤɬɵ,
3
ɦ /ɱ
ɫɬɜɚ, ɦɝ/ɞɦ3 ɦɝ/ɞɦ3
Ɇɟɧɟɟ 25
700
20
ɆɊĺɉɋĺȺɊĺȽɐĺɊɏĺɋɎĺȽȺɍ
25–50
700
20
ɆɊĺɉɋĺ(ȺɊɈ)ĺɊɏĺɋɎĺȽȺɍ
500–1000
1000
40
ɆɋĺɉɋĺȺɊɈĺɊɏĺɋɎĺȽȺɍ+ȺɌɎ
1000–1500
1500
50
ɆɋĺɉɋĺȺɊɈĺɊɏĺɋɎĺȽȺɍ+ȺɌɎ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ: 1. ɆɊ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ; Ɇɋ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɚ (ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ); ɉɋ – ɩɟɫɤɨɥɨɜɤɢ; ȺɊ – ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ; Ƚɐ – ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɤɥɨɧɵ; ȺɊɈ –
ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ-ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ; Ɋɏ – ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ (ɮɥɨɤɭɥɹɧɬɵ);
ɋɎ – ɫɤɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; ȽȺɍ – ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɪ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ;
ȺɌɎ – ɚɞɫɨɪɛɟɪ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɦɢ.
2. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɥɨɬɚɬɨɪɵ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɪɵɛɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɜɢɡɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɋɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 % ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ [7].
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ:
125
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
– ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
– ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
– ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
– Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
– Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
– ɗɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ.
ɗɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ (ɛɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ).
Ȼɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɧɵɯ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɛɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɝɪɢɛɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
ɗɤɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ – ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ – ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ – ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɛɢɨɪɟɦɟɞɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ
ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
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ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ
ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ, ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ȼȼɊ): ɨɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɦɵɲ, ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ, ɭɡɤɨ- ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɨɝɨɡ, ɷɥɨɞɟɹ, ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɢɚɰɢɧɬ (ɷɣɯɨɪɧɢɹ). ɉɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɭɞɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (0,5–1 % ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ), ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ [8]. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [9]
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɫ ɷɣɯɨɪɧɢɟɣ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɩɨ ȻɉɄ) ɞɨ 95 %, ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɨ 80 %,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ – ɞɨ 80 %, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ – 50 %, ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ – 50 %.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɭɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɨɬɚɹɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɣɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɚɪɨɫɥɹɯ ȼȼɊ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ (ɤɨɦɚɪɨɜ, ɦɨɲɟɤ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.),
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. ɋɭɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ, ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ,
Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ ɢ ɪɹɞɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 98 %, ɚɡɨ127
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
ɬɭ (ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨ) – 73 %, ɧɢɬɪɢɬɚɦ ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚɦ – 81 %, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɭ – 90 %,
ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ – 90 % [10–12]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ.
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 0,5–1,0 ɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɭɥɶɱɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 10 ɫɦ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 0,4–0,5 ɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ, ɞɨ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ (ɰɟɨɥɢɬ, ɲɭɧɝɢɬ, ɝɥɢɧɵ,
ɬɨɪɮ) ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɚɯ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 2.
Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ,
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɟɡɠɟɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɦɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɪɞɸɪɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɚɪɤɚɯ
ɢ ɫɤɜɟɪɚɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɭɫɬɪɚɢ128
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞ
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɦɵɬɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ɇɭɥɶɱɚ
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɪɟɧɚɠɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɚɹ
ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɏɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ:
1. ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɩɭɬɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ.
2. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
129
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
3. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɫ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
4. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɥɢɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɢɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
1. ȼɢɰɨɪɟɤ Ɇ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɤɨ-ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɞɨɠɞɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ // Ɇɟɬɪɨɧɨɦ. – 1993. – ʋ 3–4.
2. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ɇ.ɂ., Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ (ɞɨɠɞɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɚɥɨɝɨ) ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. –
Ɇ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ⱥɋȼ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɋɉɛȽȺɋɍ, 2000.
3. Ʉɢɱɢɝɢɧ ȼ.ɂ., Ȼɵɤɨɜɚ ɉ.Ƚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ // ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. – 2002. – ʋ 11.
4. Ƚɪɢɞɧɟɜɚ Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ: ɚɜɬɨɪɟɮ.
ɞɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ / ɋȽȺɋɍ. – ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, 2004.
5. Ƚɟɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
cɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɭɡɥɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɜɨɞ: ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɇɂɊ / Ƚ.ɉ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɜ. – ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ, 1996. – Ʉɧ. 2.
6. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɫɟɥɢɬɟɛɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ / Ɋɨɫɫɬɪɨɣ; ɇɂɂ ȼɈȾȽȿɈ. – Ɇ., 2006.
7. ɒɜɟɰɨɜ ȼ.ɇ., ȼɟɪɟɳɚɝɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ɇ. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ // ȼɋɌ. – 2005. –
ʋ 6. – ɋ. 8.
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8. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ / ȼ.Ƚ. ɉɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ [ɢ ɞɪ.] //
ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. – 2000. – ʋ 5.
9. Ʌɹɩɢɧ ɋ.ȼ., ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ɇɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ ɂ.ȼ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɭɞɚɯ ɫ ɷɣɯɨɪɧɢɟɣ // ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. – 2006. – ʋ 6.
10. Hydraulic performance of biofilters: first lessons from both laboratory and field studies / S.M. Le Coustumer, T.D. Fletcher, A. Deletiü,
S. Barraud // Water Science and Technology. – 2007. – Vol. 56 (10). –
Ɋ. 93–100.
11. Blecken G.-T., Marsalek J., Viklander M. Laboratory study of
stormwater biofiltration in low temperatures: total and dissolved metal removals and fates // Water, Air and Soil Pollution. – 2011. – Vol. 219. –
Ɋ. 303–317.
12. Dietz M., Clausen J. A field evaluation of rain garden flow and
pollutant treatment // Water, Air and Soil Pollution. – 2005. – Vol. 167. –
Ɋ. – 123–138.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ 2.10.2012
A.G. Melekhin, I.S. Shchukin
APPLICATION OF BIOENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS
FOR CLEARING STORM AND THAWED SNOW
FROM THE URBANIZED TERRITORIES
In article qualitative characteristics of superficial sewage from territories of some cities of Russia
are resulted. A number of lacks of existing systems of clearing of the superficial drain, limiting possibility of their application is shown. A perspective direction of development of systems of clearing is application of the technologies which work is based on natural mechanisms of self-cleaning of an environment. The more potential for complex clearing of a superficial drain phytofilters possess.
Keywords: a superficial drain, the phytofilter, sewage treatment.
Ɉɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɯ
Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ»
ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ (e-mail: [email protected]).
131
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɥɟɯɢɧ, ɂ.ɋ. ɓɭɤɢɧ
ɓɭɤɢɧ ɂɝɨɪɶ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ (ɉɟɪɦɶ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ) – ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ, ɚɫɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ» ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɉɈ ɉɇɂɉɍ
([email protected]).
About the authors
Melekhin Aleksandr Germanovich (Perm, Russia) – Doctor of Technics, Professor, Head of Department of Water supply and sewerage, Perm
National Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: [email protected]).
Shchukin Igor Sergeevich (Perm, Russia) – postgraduate student, assistant lecturer, Department of Water supply and sewerage, Perm National
Research Polytechnic University (e-mail: [email protected]).
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