МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИЕ И ПТИЦЫ—СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ
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ÑÅËÜÑÊÎÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÅÍÍÀß ÁÈÎËÎÃÈß, 2014, ¹ 6, ñ. 15-25 ÓÄÊ 632.6:[599+598.2 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2014.6.15rus ÌËÅÊÎÏÈÒÀÞÙÈÅ È ÏÒÈÖÛ — ÑÅËÜÑÊÎÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÂÐÅÄÈÒÅËÈ: ÃËÎÁÀËÜÍÀß ÑÈÒÓÀÖÈß Ñ.Ì. ÃÎÂÎÐÓØÊÎ Íà çåìíîì øàðå îïèñàíû ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 70 òûñ. âèäîâ âðåäèòåëåé, ïîâðåæäàþùèõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå êóëüòóðû.  ìèðå ïîòåðè ïðîäóêöèè îò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé, ïî îäíèì äàííûì, ñîñòàâëÿþò 33 % (Ä. Ãåéíðèõ ñ ñîàâò., 2003), ïî äðóãèì — äîñòèãàþò 40 % (D. Pimentel ñ ñîàâò., 1999) è îöåíèâàþòñÿ â 244 ìëðä äîëëàðîâ â ãîä (D. Pimentel ñ ñîàâò., 1997). Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ïîðàæåíèÿ áîëåçíÿìè è íàñåêîìûìè-âðåäèòåëÿìè äëÿ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà è êîðìîïðîèçâîäñòâà îáñóæäàþòñÿ ÷àùå, ôèíàíñîâûé óùåðá, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé ìëåêîïèòàþùèìè è ïòèöàìè, âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëåí. Îí ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâîñõîäèò óáûòêè, íàíîñèìûå íåìàòîäàìè, êëåùàìè è ñëèçíÿìè, õîòÿ ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå ïðè÷èíÿåìîãî âðåäíûìè íàñåêîìûìè.  öåëîì ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âåëè÷èíà óùåðáà îò ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö êàê ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé ïîñòåïåííî ñíèæàåòñÿ, îñòàâàÿñü, îäíàêî, âñå åùå âûñîêîé. Ïðè÷èíû ýòîãî çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ êàê â ïðèìåíåíèè ñîâðåìåííûõ íàó÷íî-êîíñòðóêòîðñêèõ ðàçðàáîòîê (íîâûå òåõíîëîãèè óáîðêè óðîæàÿ, ìåòîäû áîðüáû ñ âðåäèòåëÿìè è ò.ä.), òàê è â ñíèæåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ âñëåäñòâèå óìåíüøåíèÿ èõ àðåàëà è óõóäøåíèÿ óñëîâèé ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ.  êà÷åñòâå ïðèîðèòåòíîé ãðóïïû æèâîòíûõ — âðåäèòåëåé ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà îõàðàêòåðèçîâàíû ãðûçóíû, îïèñàíî èõ âîçäåéñòâèå íà ñîñòîÿíèå òàêèõ îòðàñëåé, êàê ïðîèçâîäñòâî çåðíà, êîðìîâûõ òðàâ è ñèëîñíûõ êóëüòóð, à òàêæå íà îâîùåâîäñòâî, áàõ÷åâîäñòâî è ïëîäîâîäñòâî. Òàê, óùåðá ïðîèçâîäñòâó çåðíà â Êàëèôîðíèè òîëüêî îò êàëèôîðíèéñêîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus beecheyi) ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 8 äî 12 ìëí äîëëàðîâ â ãîä (S.A. Shwiff ñ ñîàâò., 2009). Ïðèâåäåíû ìåòîäû áîðüáû ñ ãðûçóíàìè. Îïèñàíû äðóãèå âèäû ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûå ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èõ âðåäîíîñíîñòè. Ïðèâåäåíà èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî èõ ñîñòàâó â ðÿäå ðåãèîíîâ ìèðà.  ÑØÀ ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ îëåíè, åíîòû, êîéîòû, â ëåñíîé çîíå óìåðåííîãî ïîÿñà — êàáàí, ìåäâåäü, íåêîòîðûå êîïûòíûå. Óêàçàíû öèôðû ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óùåðáà îò êðóïíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â íåêîòîðûõ ñòðàíàõ. Ðàññìîòðåíî âîçäåéñòâèå ðàñòèòåëüíîÿäíûõ è âñåÿäíûõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî çåðíà, ñàäîâîäñòâî, îâîùåâîäñòâî, ñåìåíîâîäñòâî, à òàêæå â ñâÿçè ñ ïðîãðàììàìè ñåëåêöèè íîâûõ ñîðòîâ. Íàïðèìåð, â Àâñòðàëèè, ãäå èçâåñòíî áîëåå 60 âèäîâ ïòèö, âðåäÿùèõ ñàäîâûì êóëüòóðàì, åæåãîäíûå óáûòêè òîëüêî äëÿ ñàäîâîäñòâà ñîñòàâëÿþò 300 ìëí àìåðèêàíñêèõ äîëëàðîâ (Þ.Ì. Ìàðêèí, 2008). Ïåðå÷èñëåíû íàèáîëåå âðåäíûå â ãëîáàëüíîì ìàñøòàáå âèäû ïòèö, ïðèâåäåíû öèôðû ôèíàíñîâûõ óáûòêîâ îò íèõ äëÿ ðÿäà ñòðàí. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ãðûçóíû, âðåäèòåëè, óùåðá, ìåðû áîðüáû, çåìíîé øàð, ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî. Àíàëèç âëèÿíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ïðîöåññîâ íà ÷åëîâå÷åñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü è, íàîáîðîò, àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó â ãëîáàëüíîì ìàñøòàáå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû ïî èçó÷åíèþ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ÷åëîâåêà ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé (1). Âðåäèòåëè, ïðè÷èíÿþùèå óùåðá ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó, — îäèí èç áèîòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, â âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè îïðåäåëÿþùèõ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà ïðîäóêòàìè ïèÐèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ òàíèÿ. Ýòà ïðîáëåìà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî è ïòèö — ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé: 1 — ãðà÷è, 2 — êàêàäó, 3 — ñëîíû, 4 — åíîòû âàæíà èç-çà îãðîìíîãî óùåðáà, íà(http://commons.wikimedia.org; http://www.waza.org). íîñèìîãî èìè.  öåëîì â ìèðå ïîòåðè ïðîäóêöèè îò ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé, ïî îäíèì äàííûì, ñîñòàâëÿþò 33 % (2), ïî äðóãèì — äîñòèãàþò 40 % (3) è îöåíèâàþòñÿ â 244 ìëðä äîëëàðîâ â ãîä (4). Íà çåìíîì øàðå îïèñàíû ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 70 òûñ. âèäîâ âðåäèòåëåé, ïîâðåæäàþùèõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå êóëüòóðû (4) (ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ÷åòûðåõ ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñóíêå 1). Áîëüøèíñòâî âðåäíûõ æèâîòíûõ îðãàíèçìîâ îòíî15 ñèòñÿ ê êëàññó Íàñåêîìûå (Insecta). Ðÿä îïàñíûõ âðåäèòåëåé òàêæå âõîäèò â ãðóïïó êëåùåé èç ðîäñòâåííîãî íàñåêîìûì êëàññà Ïàóêîîáðàçíûå (Arachnida). Èçâåñòíû íåìíîãèå âðåäíûå âèäû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê òèïó ìîëëþñêîâ Mollusca (â ýòó êàòåãîðèþ âõîäÿò ëèøü ïðåäñòàâèòåëè êëàññà áðþõîíîãèõ Gastropoda), è ê ÷åðâÿì Vermes (ïðåäñòàâèòåëè êëàññà íåìàòîä Nematoda).  çàäà÷ó ïðåäñòàâëÿåìîé ñòàòüè âõîäèò îïðåäåëåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö êàê âðåäèòåëåé ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðàñòåíèé. à ð û ç ó í û. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà. Ýòî ãðóïïà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, íàíîñÿùèõ íàèáîëüøèé óùåðá ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó.  îñíîâíîì åå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ìåëêèå æèâîòíûå ìàññîé îò îäíîãî-äâóõ äåñÿòêîâ äî íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòåí ãðàììîâ. Ãðûçóíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðàñòèòåëüíîÿäíû, îäíàêî ó ìíîãèõ âèäîâ â ðàöèîí âõîäèò îïðåäåëåííàÿ ÷àñòü æèâîòíûõ êîðìîâ (íàñåêîìûå, ëè÷èíêè áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ, ìåëêèå ðåïòèëèè è ò.ä.). Ãðûçóíû ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ïî õàðàêòåðó ïîòðåáëÿåìîé ðàñòèòåëüíîé ïèùè. Ìíîãèå âèäû ïèòàþòñÿ çåëåíûìè ÷àñòÿìè ðàñòåíèé, êîòîðûå òàêæå ñëóæàò èì èñòî÷íèêîì âîäû. Äðóãèì âèäàì òðåáóåòñÿ áîëåå êàëîðèéíàÿ ïèùà, è îñíîâó èõ ðàöèîíà ñîñòàâëÿþò ñåìåíà. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè íåîáõîäèìûõ êîðìîâ ãðûçóíû äîñòàòî÷íî ëåãêî ïåðåõîäÿò íà äðóãîé òèï ïèòàíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, â çèìíåå âðåìÿ îáúåäàþò êîðó äåðåâüåâ) (5). Âàæíàÿ îòëè÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷åðòà ãðûçóíîâ — èõ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âûñîêàÿ ïëîäîâèòîñòü. ×èñëåííîñòü ìåëêèõ ãðûçóíîâ (ìûøè, ïîëåâêè), ðîæäàþùèõ äî 5 ðàç â ãîä ïî 3-12 äåòåíûøåé, ìîæåò â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû âîçðàñòàòü â 100 è áîëåå ðàç (6). Çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûå â Ðîññèè ãðûçóíû — âðåäèòåëè ïîëåâûõ è äðåâåñíûõ êóëüòóð îòíîñÿòñÿ ê òðåì ïîäîòðÿäàì: Áåëêîîáðàçíûå (Sciuromorpha), Ñîíåîáðàçíûå (Glirimorpha) è Ìûøåîáðàçíûå (Myomorpha).  ïîäîòðÿäå Sciuromorpha ê ÷èñëó ïîòåíöèàëüíî âðåäîíîñíûõ âèäîâ ìîæíî îòíåñòè ëåòÿãó, èëè ëåòó÷óþ áåëêó (Pteromys volans L.), íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ ñóðêîâ è ñóñëèêîâ, îáûêíîâåííîãî (Castor fiber L.) è êàíàäñêîãî (C. canadensis) áîáðîâ.  ïîäîòðÿäå Glirimorpha ïîòåíöèëüíî âðåäîíîñíû ñàäîâàÿ ñîíÿ (Eliomys quercinus L.), ñîíÿ-ïîë÷îê (Glis glis L.) è äð.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îïàñíîñòü ýòèõ âèäîâ íåâåëèêà â ñèëó èõ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ïîäîòðÿä Ìûøåîáðàçíûå ïî ÷èñëó âðåäíûõ âèäîâ è ïðè÷èíÿåìîìó èìè óùåðáó íàèáîëåå âàæåí. Ê âðåäîíîñíûì âèäàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëåïûø îáûêíîâåííûé (Spalax microphthalmus Güld.), õîìÿê îáûêíîâåííûé (Cricetus cricetus L.), âîäÿíàÿ (Arvicola terrestris), åâðîïåéñêàÿ (Clethrionomys glareolus Schr.), îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Microtus arvalis Pall.), âîñòî÷íî-åâðîïåéñêàÿ (M. levis) è îáùåñòâåííàÿ (M. socialis) ïîëåâêè. Ãðûçóíû â îñíîâíîì âðåäÿò ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó â òàêèõ îáëàñòÿõ, êàê ïðîèçâîäñòâî çåðíà, îâîùåé, ïëîäîâîäñòâî. Çåëåíîÿäíûå ôîðìû, ïîìèìî ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ îòðàñëåé, íàíîñÿò óùåðá ïàñòáèùíîìó æèâîòíîâîäñòâó. Âðåäíîå âëèÿíèå ãðûçóíîâ îáóñëîâëåíî ïðåæäå âñåãî èõ ïèòàíèåì. Âîçäåéñòâèå ãðûçóíîâ íà çåðíîâûå êóëüòóðû. Âðåä, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé ãðûçóíàìè çåðíîâûì, äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçíîîáðàçåí. Ãðûçóíû ìîãóò âûêàïûâàòü ïîñåÿííûå çåðíà, îáúåäàòü ïðîðîñòêè, ïîäãðûçàòü ñòåáëè, ñðåçàòü è îáúåäàòü êîëîñüÿ è ò.ä. Ðàçìåð ïîòåðü óðîæàÿ ñèëüíî êîëåáëåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè âðåäèòåëåé.  ãîäû ìàññîâîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãðûçóíîâ ïîñëåäñòâèÿ áûâàþò êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèìè. Íàïðèìåð, â 1914 ãîäó íà Óêðàèíå ïîëåâêàìè áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî 80 % âñåõ ïîñåâîâ ðæè è ïøåíèöû.  ×åõîñëîâàêèè â 1950-õ ãîäàõ îçèìàÿ ïøåíèöà ïîâðåæäàëàñü èìè íà 22,3-68,7 %, ðîæü — íà 19,1-71,6 %, ÿ÷ìåíü — íà 8,5-15,0 %. Îäíàêî äàæå â ãîäû, êîãäà ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ èõ ñðåäíÿÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü, óùåðá îò ãðûçóíîâ ìîæåò áûòü âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíûì. Íàïðèìåð, â ñîâõîçå «Êàãàëüíèöêèé» 16 Ðîñòîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 1977 ãîäó íà óãîäüÿõ, ãäå âåñíîé ïðîâîäèëàñü áîðüáà ñ ïîëåâêàìè, ñðåäíÿÿ óðîæàéíîñòü ïøåíèöû ñîñòàâèëà 2,8 ò/ãà, à òàì, ãäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, — 1,8 ò/ãà (5).  Èíäîíåçèè ãðûçóíû — âàæíåéøèé âðåäèòåëü ïîñåâîâ ðèñà, ñíèæàþùèé åãî óðîæàéíîñòü êàê ìèíèìóì íà 15 %.  Òàíçàíèè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãðûçóíû óíè÷òîæàþò îò 5 äî 15 % óðîæàÿ êóêóðóçû (7).  þãîâîñòî÷íîé Àâñòðàëèè äîìîâàÿ ìûøü (Mus domesticus) â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû ñíèæàåò óðîæàé ïøåíèöû íà 3-4 % (8). Óùåðá ïðîèçâîäñòâó çåðíà â Êàëèôîðíèè òîëüêî îò êàëèôîðíèéñêîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus beecheyi) ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 8 äî 12 ìëí äîëëàðîâ â ãîä (9). Íàäî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîòåðè óðîæàÿ çåðíîâûõ â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè áûëè ñâÿçàíû ñ òåõíîëîãèåé óáîðêè, âêëþ÷àâøåé ñíîïîâÿçàíèå.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðåãèîíàõ, ãäå âåñü êîëîñ ñîçðåâàåò îäíîâðåìåííî, ïðèìåíÿþò ïðÿìîå êîìáàéíèðîâàíèå, èñêëþ÷àþùåå ýòàï õðàíåíèÿ ñêîøåííûõ çåðíîâûõ â ïîëå è çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèæàþùåå âðåä, íàíîñèìûé ãðûçóíàìè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðè óáîðêå ñïîñîáîì ðàçäåëüíîãî êîìáàéíèðîâàíèÿ, êîãäà õëåáîñòîé ñêàøèâàþò, ïîñëå ÷åãî îí ïîäñóøèâàåòñÿ è äîçðåâàåò â âàëêàõ, óùåðá îò ãðûçóíîâ îñòàåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì. Ìàêñèìàëüíî óäàëîñü ñíèçèòü ïîòåðè çåðíà îò ñóñëèêîâ (Citellus).  ïåðèîä îñâîåíèÿ öåëèíû, êîãäà ñî÷åòàíèå ðàñïàõàííûõ è öåëèííûõ çåìåëü ñîçäàâàëî îïòèìàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ýòèõ âðåäèòåëåé çåðíîâûõ, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé èìè óùåðá áûë îãðîìíûì. Íàïðèìåð, â 1957 ãîäó â Àëìà-Àòèíñêîé îáëàñòè ñóñëèêè ïîëíîñòüþ óíè÷òîæèëè 900 ãà îçèìîé ïøåíèöû (5). Íàèáîëüøèå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ áûëè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ êðàåâîé çîíû ïîñåâîâ øèðèíîé äî 50-100 ì, ãäå íåðåäêî âûëàâëèâàëè äî 60-80 çâåðüêîâ íà 1 ãà. Âðåäîíîñíîñòü ñóñëèêîâ îáóñëîâëåíà òåì, ÷òî îíè ìîãóò íàíîñèòü ïîâðåæäåíèÿ â òå÷åíèå âñåãî öèêëà ðàçâèòèÿ ðàñòåíèé (íà÷èíàÿ ñ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïðîðîñòêîâ è çàêàí÷èâàÿ êîëîøåíèåì). Äðóãîå âàæíîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî — èõ ïðîæîðëèâîñòü: îäèí ñóñëèê ñïîñîáåí ñúåñòü çà ñåçîí 22,5 êã ïøåíèöû (10), òî åñòü óùåðá îò íèõ â ïåðèîä îñâîåíèÿ öåëèíû ìîã äîñòèãàòü 1,8 ò/ãà. Îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ñâÿçè ñ ðåçêèì ñíèæåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè ñóñëèêè êàê âðåäèòåëè íå èìåþò ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ. Íåêîòîðûé âêëàä â óíè÷òîæåíèå çåðíîâûõ âíîñÿò òàêæå òóøêàí÷èêè (íàèáîëåå àêòèâíî îíè ïîâðåæäàþò âñõîäû êóêóðóçû è ïøåíèöû) è õîìÿêè. Ïîâðåæäåíèå ãðûçóíàìè îâîùíûõ è áàõ÷åâûõ êóëüòóð.  öåëîì òàêîå ïðîÿâëåíèå âðåäîíîñíîñòè ãðûçóíîâ ìåíåå õàðàêòåðíî, â ñâîåì áîëüøèíñòâå ðàñòåíèÿ ýòèõ âèäîâ èãðàþò â ðàöèîíå ãðûçóíîâ âñïîìîãàòåëüíóþ ðîëü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, óùåðá, íàíîñèìûé ýòîé îòðàñëè, äîñòàòî÷íî î÷åâèäåí. Ëåñíàÿ ìûøü ïîâðåæäàåò îâîùíûå è áàõ÷åâûå êóëüòóðû íà ðàññòîÿíèè äî 2 êì îò ëåñîâ. Îíà ïðîãðûçàåò ìÿêîòü ïëîäà è âûåäàåò ñåìå÷êè ó àðáóçà, äûíè, îãóðöà, òîìàòà. Ïîëåâàÿ ìûøü ñåðüåçíî âðåäèò êîðíåïëîäàì è êàáà÷êàì. Âñå âèäû áàõ÷åâûõ êóëüòóð ïîâðåæäàþòñÿ ñóñëèêàìè. Òóøêàí÷èêè âûêàïûâàþò è ïîåäàþò ïðîðàñòàþùèå ñåìåíà àðáóçà, äûíè, îãóðöà, ïîäñîëíå÷íèêà. Ñëåïûøè è ñëåïóøîíêè Ellobius, ïîñòîÿííî îáèòàÿ ïîä çåìëåé, â îñíîâíîì íàíîñÿò âðåä êîðíåïëîäàì. Ðàçëè÷íûå êîðíåïëîäû (ñâåêëó, áðþêâó, ìîðêîâü è ò.ä.) àêòèâíî ïîåäàþò îáûêíîâåííûé õîìÿê è ìàíü÷æóðñêèé öîêîð Myospalax psilurus Milne-Edwards. Ãðûçóíû ïðèâîäÿò ê ïîòåðÿì óðîæàÿ êàðòîôåëÿ, êîòîðûé ñëóæèò ïèùåé ïîëåâîé ìûøè, îáûêíîâåííîìó õîìÿêó, ìàíü÷æóðñêîìó öîêîðó, âîäÿíîé ïîëåâêå è îáûêíîâåííîìó ñëåïûøó. Îãîðîäíûì è áàõ÷åâûì êóëüòóðàì òàêæå ñèëüíî âðåäèò ïëàñòèí÷àòîçóáàÿ êðûñà Nesokia indica Gray (11). 17  øòàòå Ðàäæàñòàí (Èíäèÿ) óùåðá îâîùíûì êóëüòóðàì îò ãðûçóíîâ íà ðàçëè÷íûõ êóëüòóðàõ êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 4,1 äî 19,9 %, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 8,7 %. Îñíîâíûå âðåäèòåëÿìè ïðè ýòîì — èíäèéñêàÿ ïîëåâàÿ ìûøü (Mus booduqa Gray) è ïåñ÷àíêà (Gerbillus gleadowi), à ãëàâíûå ïîâðåæäàåìûå êóëüòóðû — ïîìèäîðû è áàêëàæàíû (12). Âîçäåéñòâèå íà ïëîäîâûå êóëüòóðû. Ãðûçóíû ïîåäàþò ñåìåíà è ïëîäû, âûêàïûâàþò ïðîðîñøèå ñåìåíà èç ïî÷âû, îáãðûçàþò êîðó è òîíêèå âåòî÷êè. Ïèùåâàÿ ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ãðûçóíîâ íåîäèíàêîâà. Ñîíÿ-ïîë÷îê ïîâðåæäàåò îðåõîïëîäíûå, à òàêæå êîñòî÷êîâûå êóëüòóðû, âûåäàÿ êîñòî÷êè è ïèòàÿñü ìÿêîòüþ ÿáëîê (ðèñ. 2), Ðèñ. 2. Ñîíÿ-ïîë÷îê, ïîåäàþùàÿ ÿáëîêî (Âåëèïåðñèêîâ è àáðèêîñîâ. Íåðåäêî îíà êîáðèòàíèÿ). Æèâîòíîå ïèòàåòñÿ ãðåöêèìè îðåõàìè, êàøòàíàìè, ÿãîäàìè, ïëîäàìè (ãðó- óíè÷òîæàåò âèíîãðàä. Ëåñíàÿ ñîíÿ øè, ÿáëîêè, âèíîãðàä, ÷åðåøíÿ, ñëèâà, òó- ïîåäàåò èëè ïîðòèò ÿáëîêè è ãðóøè. òîâíèê). Êàæäàÿ ñîíÿ-ïîë÷îê íà Ñåâåðíîì Ïîëåâêè îáãðûçàþò êîðó è êîðíè, Êàâêàçå ñúåäàåò çà ëåòî 400 ãðóø. Ôîòî Steven çàéöû çèìîé îáãðûçàþò êîðó è íèæMorris, ñåíòÿáðü 2010 ãîäà. íèå âåòâè, ñúåäàþò ìîëîäûå ïîáåãè, ñëåïûøè è ñëåïóøîíêè ïîäãðûçàþò êîðíè ïëîäîâûõ è ÿãîäíûõ êóëüòóð, âûçûâàÿ èõ îñëàáëåíèå. Óùåðá ïëîäîâîäñòâó îò ãðûçóíîâ ìîæåò áûòü âåñüìà âåëèê. Òàê, â Ãåðìàíèè â ãîäû âñïûøåê ÷èñëåííîñòè îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîëåâêà Microtus arvalis íàíîñèò óùåðá ÿáëîíÿì â ðàçìåðå 25 ìëí åâðî â ãîä (13). Ëóãîâàÿ (Microtus pennsylvanicus) è ñîñíîâàÿ (Microtus pinetorum) ïîëåâêè, îáúåäàÿ êîðó, âûçûâàþò ïîâðåæäåíèå 5,6 % ÿáëîíü, âûðàùèâàåìûõ â âîñòî÷íûõ øòàòàõ ÑØÀ, ÷òî, ïî ðàçíûì äàííûì, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñðåäíåãîäîâîìó óùåðáó îò 40 ìëí äîëëàðîâ (14) äî 50 ìëí äîëëàðîâ (15).  ïðîâèíöèè Êóíåî (ñåâåðî-çàïàä Èòàëèè) íà ó÷àñòêàõ âûðàùèâàíèÿ ôóíäóêà ïëîòíîñòü ñîíèïîë÷êà (Glis glis) ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 4,13 äî 247 îñîáåé/ãà.  ìåñòàõ èõ ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèÿ îíè óíè÷òîæàþò äî 61 % óðîæàÿ ôóíäóêà (16). Âîçäåéñòâèå íà äðóãèå êóëüòóðû. Ïåðå÷åíü ïîâðåæäàåìûõ êóëüòóð íå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ çåðíîâûìè, îâîùíûìè è ïëîäîâûìè. Êðàñíîõâîñòàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà Meriones erythrourus íàíîñèò çíà÷èòåëüíûé óùåðá õëîï÷àòíèêó, ðàçãðûçàÿ êîðîáî÷êè è âûëóùèâàÿ èç íèõ ñåìåíà. Ïîëåâàÿ è ëåñíàÿ ìûøü, à òàêæå ñóñëèêè àêòèâíî ïîâðåæäàþò ïîñåâû ïîäñîëíå÷íèêà. Íàïðèìåð, ìàëûé ñóñëèê Citellus pygmaeus Pall. îòêóñûâàåò âåðõíþþ ÷àñòü âñõîäîâ, è ìîëîäîå ðàñòåíèå äàåò ìíîãî áîêîâûõ ïîáåãîâ, ïîýòîìó ïðè ïðîïîëêå òàêèå ðàñòåíèÿ óäàëÿþò. Ìíîãèå âèäû ãðûçóíîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê âðåäèòåëÿì ñàõàðíîãî òðîñòíèêà. Îíè ïèòàþòñÿ êàê íà ñàìîì òðîñòíèêå, òàê è íà åãî êîðíÿõ. Îíè òàêæå ïîâðåæäàþò êîðíè ïðè ðûòüå íîð, ÷òî âûçûâàåò ìàññîâîå ïîëåãàíèå òðîñòíèêà ïðè âåòðå. Êðîìå òîãî, â ïîãðûçåííûå ñòåáëè ìîãóò ïîïàñòü ìèêðîîðãàíèçìû, ÷òî ïðèâåäåò ê óìåíüøåíèþ ñîäåðæàíèÿ ñàõàðà. Íàïðèìåð, â Èíäèè îñíîâíûìè âðåäèòåëÿìè ñàõàðíîãî òðîñòíèêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ áåíãàëüñêàÿ, èëè ìàëàÿ, áàíäèêîòà (Bandicota bengalensis), èíäèéñêàÿ ãîëîëàïàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà (Tatera indica) è äîìîâàÿ ìûøü (Mus musculus). Îíè ïîâðåæäàþò îò 8,6 äî 12,1 % òðîñòíèêà, ïðè ýòîì ìàññà ïîâðåæäåííûõ ðàñòåíèé ñíèæàåòñÿ â ñðåäíåì íà 31,5 %, à ñîäåðæàíèå ñàõàðà óìåíüøàåòñÿ íà 24,5 % (17). Ãðûçóíû êàê âðåäèòåëè ïàñòáèù. Ïîìèìî óíè÷òîæåíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà çåëåíîé ìàññû, ãðûçóíû èçìåíÿþò êà÷åñòâåííûé ñîñòàâ 18 òðàâ, âûåäàÿ íàèáîëåå öåííûå â êîðìîâîì îòíîøåíèè âèäû. Íàïðèìåð, áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà Rhombomys opimus Licht. — çëîñòíûé âðåäèòåëü ïàñòáèù â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è Þæíîì Êàçàõñòàíå, îíà ïîåäàåò ïðóòíÿê, îñî÷êè, æèòíÿê, àñòðàãàëû è òåì ñàìûì îêàçûâàåòñÿ ñåðüåçíûì êîíêóðåíòîì äîìàøíåãî ñêîòà, ïðåæäå âñåãî îâåö (5). Î ìàñøòàáàõ óùåðáà ïàñòáèùíîìó æèâîòíîâîäñòâó ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ñëåäóþùèå öèôðû. Êðàñíîõâîñòàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà ïðè ñðåäíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âûåäàåò äî 20-30 % öåííûõ òðàâ. Ïðè ïëîòíîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè ñóñëèêîâ 30 îñîáåé íà 1 ãà åæåãîäíàÿ óðîæàéíîñòü çåëåíîãî êîðìà (ïî ñóõîé ìàññå) ìîæåò ñíèçèòüñÿ áîëåå ÷åì íà 1125 êã/ãà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 38 %. Ïîïóëÿöèÿ ïîëåâîê ïëîòíîñòüþ 250 ýêç/ãà ñïîñîáíà óíè÷òîæèòü äî 4 % ãîäîâîãî óðîæàÿ ëþöåðíû. Ñóðêè åæåñóòî÷íî ñúåäàþò 0,45 êã çåëåíîãî êîðìà, à åùå áîëüøå ðàñòåíèé îíè âûòàïòûâàþò, ïðîêëàäûâàÿ ñâîè òðîïû. Ãîôåðû (ãðûçóíû, îáèòàþùèå â Ñåâåðíîé è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àìåðèêå) óíè÷òîæàþò îò ÷åòâåðòè äî òðåòè óðîæàÿ ëþöåðíû (10).  Ïîëüøå â ãîäû âñïûøåê ÷èñëåííîñòè îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïîëåâêà Microtus arvalis óíè÷òîæàåò äî 45,8 % óðîæàÿ ëþöåðíû (13). Îäíà ïèùóõà (ñåíîñòàâêà) ïðè çàãîòîâêå êîðìà ñîáèðàåò ðàñòåíèÿ â ñòîæêè ìàññîé äî 20 êã (îòêóäà è ïîøëî åå íàçâàíèå) (18). Óùåðá îò ãðûçóíîâ è ìåðû áîðüáû. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî â ãëîáàëüíîì ìàñøòàáå óùåðá îò ãðûçóíîâ êàê ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé î÷åíü çíà÷èòåëåí. Ïî íåêîòîðûì îöåíêàì, îíè ïîâðåæäàþò èëè óíè÷òîæàþò îò 1/ äî 1/ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé ïðîäóêöèè (19), íî î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ýòè 5 3 öèôðû ñóùåñòâåííî çàâûøåíû.  îñíîâíîì óùåðá ñâÿçàí ñ êðûñàìè è ìûøàìè. Íàïðèìåð, â Àçèè êðûñû åæåãîäíî ñúåäàþò òàêîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîäîâîëüñòâèÿ, êîòîðîãî áû õâàòèëî, ÷òîáû ïðîêîðìèòü 200 ìëí ÷åëîâåê (20). Òîëüêî â 10 ãðàôñòâàõ øòàòà Êàëèôîðíèÿ (ÑØÀ) ãîäîâûå ôèíàíñîâûå óáûòêè ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà îò ãðûçóíîâ è ïòèö ñîñòàâëÿþò îò 168 äî 504 ìëí äîëëàðîâ (9). Ìåðû áîðüáû ñ ãðûçóíàìè äåëÿòñÿ íà ÷åòûðå îñíîâíûõ ãðóïïû — àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèå, ìåõàíè÷åñêèå, õèìè÷åñêèå è áèîëîãè÷åñêèå. Ïåðâàÿ ãðóïïà ìåòîäîâ èìååò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð, íàïðàâëåííûé íà ïðåäîòâðàùåíèå ðàññåëåíèÿ èëè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãðûçóíîâ. Ïðèìåðû — âûâîç óðîæàÿ ñ ïîëåé áåç ïîòåðü, ïîñêîëüêó îñòàâëåííîå â ïîëå çåðíî ïîçâîëÿåò ãðûçóíàì âûæèòü è ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â íàèáîëåå òðóäíîå äëÿ íèõ çèìíåå âðåìÿ. Ýòà ãðóïïà âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ òàêæå ãëóáîêóþ âñïàøêó, ðàçðóøàþùóþ íîðû, ñåâîîáîðîò è ò.ä. Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå ïðèåìû çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ â óíè÷òîæåíèè ãðûçóíîâ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ëîâóøåê, ñèëêîâ è ò.ä. Õèìè÷åñêèå ñðåäñòâà ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ÷àùå âñåãî è ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà òðè ãðóïïû: îòðàâëåííûå ïèùåâûå ïðèìàíêè; ïîðîøêîîáðàçíûå ïðåïàðàòû äëÿ îïóäðèâàíèÿ íîð; ãàçîîáðàçíûå òîêñè÷åñêèå âåùåñòâà (â îñíîâíîì ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ â ïîìåùåíèÿõ ïðîòèâ êðûñ). Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû îñíîâàíû íà èñïîëüçîâàíèè åñòåñòâåííûõ âðàãîâ ãðûçóíîâ (êîøåê, ñîáàê, åæåé, õîðüêîâ, ìàíãóñòîâ, õèùíûõ ïòèö è ò.ä.). Ä ð ó ã è å â è ä û ì ë å ê î ï è ò à þ ù è õ. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà. Ó ïîäàâëÿþùåãî áîëüøèíñòâà ðàíåå ðàññìîòðåííûõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé îñíîâíûì ôàêòîðîì íåãàòèâíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ áûëî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðàñòåíèé êàê êîðìîâîãî ñóáñòðàòà.  ñëó÷àå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè óùåðá îáóñëîâëåí èõ ïðîñòûì ïåðåäâèæåíèåì ïî (è ïîä) ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûì óãîäüÿì. Íàïðèìåð, åâðîïåéñêèé, èëè îáûêíîâåííûé, êðîò (Talpa europaea), ðîÿ ñâîè õîäû, ïîâðåæäàåò êîðíè ðàñòåíèé, òåì ñàìûì íàðóøàÿ èõ íîðìàëüíîå ïèòàíèå è ÷àñòî âûçûâàÿ ãèáåëü. Òàêæå îí óíè÷òîæàåò ïîëåçíûõ äëÿ ïî÷âû äîæäåâûõ ÷åðâåé. Âàæíàÿ ñîñòàâíàÿ ÷àñòü óùåðáà — âûòàïòûâàíèå ïîñåâîâ êðóïíûìè ìëåêîïèòàþ19 ùèìè.  öåëîì óíè÷òîæåíèå êóëüòóðíûõ ðàñòåíèé äèêèìè æèâîòíûìè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äîñòàòî÷íî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííóþ ïðîáëåìó.  ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ ìèðà ñîñòàâ êðóïíûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, âðåäÿùèõ ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó, ñèëüíî ìåíÿåòñÿ. Íàïðèìåð, â ÑØÀ ïðè îïðîñàõ ôåðìåðîâ ñ öåëüþ âûÿâëåíèÿ íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûõ äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ — ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé â ÷èñëî ñàìûõ ïðîáëåìíûõ âèäîâ âîøëè îëåíè Odocoileus spp., íà êîòîðûõ óêàçàëè 53 % âñåõ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, åíîòû Procyon lotor (25 %), êîéîòû Canis latrans (24 %) è ò.ä. (21).  Þæíîì Êèòàå (ïðîâèíöèÿ Þíüíàíü) ê îñíîâíûì âðåäèòåëÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñëîíû, îáåçüÿíû, ìåäâåäè, ãàóðû (ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ðîäà áûêîâ), îëåíè è äèêèå ñâèíüè, ïðè÷åì íà èíäèéñêîãî ñëîíà Elephas maximus ïðèõîäèòñÿ îêîëî 90 % óáûòêîâ (22).  Àôðèêå ê ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûì âðåäèòåëÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìíîãèå âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Íàèáîëüøèé óùåðá íàíîñÿò ñëîíû, áàáóèíû, îáåçüÿíû, áåãåìîòû, äèêîáðàçû è ëåòó÷èå ìûøè, à ñàìûå ïîâðåæäàåìûå íàñàæäåíèÿ — áàíàíîâûå ïëàíòàöèè, ïîñàäêè êàêàî, ìàèñà, ðèñà è ñîðãî. Åñòåñòâåííî, ÷òî â êàæäîé ñòðàíå ñâîè ïðèîðèòåòíûå âðåäèòåëè. Íàïðèìåð, â îòäåëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Óãàíäû îñíîâíîé óùåðá ñâÿçàí ñî ñëîíàìè (Loxodonta africana): òàì îíè óíè÷òîæàþò äî 21 % âñåãî óðîæàÿ (23). Âáëèçè ã. Ýíòåááå íàèáîëåå ïðîáëåìíûì âèäîì ñ÷èòàþòñÿ çåëåíûå ìàðòûøêè (Cercopithecus aethiops), âðåäÿùèå ôðóêòîâûì ïëàíòàöèÿì (24).  Çàìáèè îñíîâíûå âðåäèòåëè — êèñòåóõàÿ ñâèíüÿ (Potamochoerus porcus), àôðèêàíñêèé ñëîí (Loxodonta africana), ìåäâåæèé ïàâèàí (Papio ursinus), çåëåíàÿ ìàðòûøêà (Cercopithecus aethiops), áåãåìîò (Hippopotamus amphibius) è äèêîáðàç (Hystrix cristata) (25).  ëåñíîé çîíå óìåðåííîãî ïîÿñà ê ÷èñëó ïðîáëåìíûõ âèäîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ êàáàí, ìåäâåäü, íåêîòîðûå êîïûòíûå. Íàïðèìåð, ìåäâåäè íàíîñÿò óùåðá îâñÿíûì ïîëÿì, êîòîðûå îíè ïîñåùàþò, êàê òîëüêî çåðíî íà÷èíàåò íàëèâàòüñÿ, íî îñîáåííî ñèëüíûé — â ôàçó âîñêîâîé ñïåëîñòè çåðíà (26).  ãëóõèõ ðàéîíàõ Ëåíèíãðàäñêîé è Âîëîãîäñêîé îáëàñòåé 2-3 ìåäâåäÿ, ïîâàäèâøèåñÿ íà îâåñ, èíîãäà íà÷èñòî îáñàñûâàþò è âûòàïòûâàþò çà îñåíü 10-15 ãà ïîñåâîâ (27). Âî Ôðàíöèè óùåðá ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó îò êàáàíîâ è îëåíåé â 2007 ãîäó áûë îöåíåí â 22-23 ìëí åâðî (28). Èíîãäà âðåä ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó íàíîñÿò ëèñèöû è øàêàëû. Îáíàðóæèâ áàõ÷ó, îíè ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè ïîñåùàþò åå äî êîíöà óáîðêè óðîæàÿ, ïðè÷åì ïîåäàþò òîëüêî ñïåëûå àðáóçû è äûíè. Íà îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ýòè æèâîòíûå óíè÷òîæàþò äî 5-7 % óðîæàÿ (29). Âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ çåìíîãî øàðà ê îïàñíûì âðåäèòåëÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ çàéöû: çàÿö-ðóñàê (Lepus europaeus), çàÿö-áåëÿê (L. timidus), çàÿö-òîëàé (L. tolai) è ìàíü÷æóðñêèé çàÿö (L. mandshuricus). Íàïðèìåð, çàÿö-ðóñàê ïîåäàåò ïîäñîëíå÷íèê, ãðå÷èõó, çëàêè, îâîùíûå è áàõ÷åâûå êóëüòóðû, îáãëàäûâàåò êîðó ÿáëîíü è ãðóø (ñ 10-15 ôðóêòîâûõ äåðåâüåâ çà îäíó íî÷ü). Íàèáîëåå ñåðüåçíûå ïðîáëåìû çàéöû-ðóñàêè ñîçäàþò â Àðãåíòèíå, Àâñòðàëèè è â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè â Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêå (30). Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé óùåðá îò äèêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Îöåíêè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óùåðáà îò íèõ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííû, à òå, ÷òî åñòü, íå âñåãäà äîñòîâåðíû, ïîñêîëüêó ÷àñòî îñíîâûâàþòñÿ íà ñëîâàõ ïîòåðïåâøèõ.  ÑØÀ â 1992 ãîäó êàæäûé èç îïðîøåííûõ ôåðìåðîâ çàòðàòèë â ñðåäíåì 43,6 ÷ è 1002 äîëëàðà, ïûòàÿñü îñòàíîâèòü ïðîöåññ ïðè÷èíåíèÿ óùåðáà äèêèìè æèâîòíûìè èëè ïðåäîòâðàòèòü åãî (18).  öåëîì ïî ñòðàíå òîëüêî â 1989 ãîäó äèêèìè æèâîòíûìè áûë íàíåñåí óùåðá ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó â ðàçìåðå 343 ìëí äîëëàðîâ. Îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü óáûòêîâ (247 ìëí äîëëàðîâ) ïðèøëàñü íà ïîëåâûå êóëüòóðû, 53 ìëí äîë20 ëàðîâ ñîñòàâèë óùåðá, ïðè÷èíåííûé óðîæàþ îâîùåé, ôðóêòîâ è îðåõîâ, åùå â 16 ìëí äîëëàðîâ áûëè îöåíåíû ïîòåðè äðóãèõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ êóëüòóð (31). P.D. Curtis (22) îöåíèâàåò óáûòêè ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó îò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ â ÑØÀ ñóììîé 500 ìëí äîëëàðîâ â ãîä. Âñåãî óáûòêè ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó ñòðàíû (âìåñòå ñ æèâîòíîâîäñòâîì), ïî äàííûì J. Youder (32), ïðåâûøàþò 1 ìëðä äîëëàðîâ.  óåçäå Ñèøóàíáàííà (Xishuangbanna) ïðîâèíöèè Þíüíàíü (ÊÍÐ) â 1994 ãîäó ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûé óùåðá îò äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ ñîñòàâèë 4 ìëí þàíåé, òî åñòü îêîëî 482 òûñ. äîëëàðîâ (22). Èíäèéñêèé ñëîí êàê âðåäíûé âèä. Ýòè æèâîòíûå — íàèáîëåå çëîñòíûå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå âðåäèòåëè ñðåäè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îêîëî 20 % íàñåëåíèÿ çåìíîãî øàðà ïðîæèâàåò â ìåñòàõ èõ îáèòàíèÿ èëè âîçëå íèõ.  áîëüøèíñòâå ðàéîíîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñëîíû ïðè÷èíÿþò áîëüøîé âðåä óðîæàþ.  íàèáîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ îíè ïîåäàþò ðèñ, êóêóðóçó, áàíàíû è çåëåíûé ñòðó÷êîâûé ïåðåö (22). Çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü óùåðáà ñîñòàâëÿåò ýëåìåíòàðíîå âûòàïòûâàíèå. Íàïðèìåð, â ðàéîíå Ñàëàêïðû (çàïàä Òàèëàíäà) â 2006 ãîäó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû 462 íàøåñòâèÿ ñëîíîâ íà ôåðìåðñêèå ïîëÿ (33). Ñëîíû òàêæå èñïîëüçóþò ïëîäîâûå äåðåâüÿ è êóñòàðíèêè, ÷òîáû ñòàâèòü ìåòêè. Èíîãäà îíè âàëÿò èõ, ÷òîáû ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü èëè èñïûòàòü ñèëó ëèáî äëÿ ýìîöèîíàëüíîé ðàçðÿäêè. Î÷åíü çíà÷èòåëåí ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûé óùåðá îò äèêèõ ñëîíîâ â Øðè-Ëàíêå.  ñðåäíåì çà ãîä îí ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,121 ìëðä ðóïèé, òî åñòü 11,928 ìëí äîëëàðîâ (34). Íàèáîëåå ïîäâåðæåíû íàïàäåíèÿì ñëîíîâ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ íà þãå ãîñóäàðñòâà. Âåëè÷èíà óùåðáà óðîæàþ çà âåãåòàöèîííûé ïåðèîä ñîñòàâëÿåò òàì â ñðåäíåì 12049 ðóïèé (128 äîëëàðîâ) íà îäíîãî êðåñòüÿíèíà, èëè áîëåå òðåòè çàðàáîòêà. Êðîìå òîãî, áîëüøèíñòâî êðåñòüÿí (îêîëî 70 %) ðàñõîäóþò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü äîõîäà íà çàùèòó óðîæàÿ. Íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ âîçäåëûâàþò ïî êðàÿì ïîëåé ìåíåå öåííûå Ðèñ. 3. Êàíàäñêèå ãóñè íà ïøåíè÷íîì ïîëå â êóëüòóðû, íàïðèìåð áàòàò è ìàíèîê, øòàòå Êîëîðàäî (ÑØÀ). Ýòî íå ïðèîðè- ÷òîáû óìåíüøèòü óùåðá, ïðè÷èíÿåòåòíûå âðåäèòåëè çåðíîâûõ, íî îíè ïî- ìûé âûñîêîöåííûì ïîñàäêàì. ×àñòü åäàþò êàê ìîëîäûå ðîñòêè, òàê è çåðíî êðåñòüÿí ïðîèçâîäÿò ñåâ èëè óáîðêó â (http://lib.colostate.edu/research/agnic/crops.html). íåóñòàíîâëåííûå ñðîêè, ÷òîáû íå ïîòåðÿòü âåñü óðîæàé çà îäíó íî÷ü íàáåãà ñëîíîâ. Åùå îäíîé ìåðîé ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ óùåðáà ñëóæèò ïîñàäêà êóëüòóð, îòâåðãàåìûõ ñëîíàìè.  ðàéîíàõ íàèáîëåå îñòðîãî êîíôëèêòà êðåñòüÿíå ïðîñòî óõîäÿò ñ ïàõîòíûõ çåìåëü èç-çà î÷åâèäíîé áåñïîëåçíîñòè âûðàùèâàòü óðîæàé (35). Ï ò è ö û ê à ê ñ å ë ü ñ ê î õ î ç ÿ é ñ ò â å í í û å â ð å ä è ò å ë è. Ýòà ïðîáëåìà èçâåñòíà î÷åíü äàâíî. Èçó÷åíèå ôðåñîê è ðèñóíêîâ íà äðåâíåãðå÷åñêèõ è åãèïåòñêèõ âàçàõ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî óæå òîãäà ÷åëîâåê ñòðàäàë îò íàïàäåíèÿ ïòèö íà âèíîãðàäíèêè è ñàäû. Îñíîâíîé óùåðá îò ïòèö îáóñëîâëåí èõ ïèùåäîáûâàòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, êîòîðàÿ ïðèâîäèò ê ïîòåðÿì ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî (â òîì ÷èñëå òåõíè÷åñêîãî) ñûðüÿ íà âñåõ ñòàäèÿõ âûðàùèâàíèÿ, ïåðâè÷íîé îáðàáîòêè, ñêëàäèðîâàíèÿ, ïåðåâîçêè è ïðî21 ìûøëåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ðàñòèòåëüíîÿäíûå è âñåÿäíûå âèäû ïòèö íàíîñÿò óùåðá ïðîèçâîäñòâó çåðíà (ðèñ. 3), ñàäîâîäñòâó, îâîùåâîäñòâó, ñåìåíîâîäñòâó, à òàêæå ïðè ñåëåêöèè ñîðòîâ (36). Óïîòðåáëåíèå äëÿ ïèòàíèÿ òåõ èëè èíûõ ðàñòåíèé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòüþ ïòèö è âîçìîæíîñòüþ íàéòè ïîäõîäÿùèå êîðìîâûå âèäû. Íàïðèìåð, ïðåäñòàâèòåëè âüþðêîâûõ (çÿáëèêè, ÷èæè, ùåãëû, êëåñòû è ò.ä.) è òêà÷èêîâûõ (âîðîáüè, òêà÷èêè è ò.ä.) íàíîñÿò áîëüøîé óðîí ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, íà Óêðàèíå, â Ìîëäàâèè, Êàçàõñòàíå è ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâàõ, èñïîëüçóÿ â ïèùó ñåìåíà ïîäñîëíóõà, êîíîïëè, ïðîñà, ïøåíèöû (10).  Êðàñíîäàðñêîì êðàå ãðà÷è è äðóãèå âðàíîâûå, íà÷èíàÿ ñ âåñåííåãî ïåðèîäà, âûêëåâûâàþò èç çåìëè òîëüêî ÷òî ïîñåÿííûå ñåìåíà ïîäñîëíå÷íèêà, ñîè, à ÷óòü ïîçæå ïîâðåæäàþò ïðîðîñòêè ýòèõ êóëüòóð, âûäåðãèâàÿ èõ ëèáî îòêóñûâàÿ ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ ñåìÿäîëè (37).  øòàòå Ñåâåðíàÿ Äàêîòà (ÑØÀ) ïîòåðè óðîæàÿ îò ïòèö íà ïîäñîëíå÷íèêå è êóêóðóçå ñîñòàâëÿþò 1,2-3,0 % (38). Îïàñíîñòü íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ìîæåò áûòü ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî áîëüøîé. Íàïðèìåð, êðàñíîêëþâûé òêà÷èê (Quelea quelea), ðîäîì èç Àôðèêè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì ìíîãî÷èñëåííûì âðåäèòåëåì. Ýòè ïòèöû îáðàçóþò êî÷åâûå êîëîíèè ÷èñëåííîñòüþ äî 30 ìëí îñîáåé. Îíè ïèòàþòñÿ ñîðãî, ïøåíèöåé, ÿ÷ìåíåì, ðèñîì, ïîäñîëíå÷íèêîì è êóêóðóçîé. Ñòàÿ èç 2 ìëí îñîáåé ìîæåò ïîòðåáëÿòü 50 ò çåðíà â ñóòêè, çà ÷òî èõ èíîãäà íàçûâàþò ïåðíàòîé ñàðàí÷îé (39).  Øîòëàíäèè ãðà÷è ñúåäàþò äî 25 % ïîñåÿííîãî îâñà è 20 % ÿ÷ìåíÿ.  ÑØÀ ïîòåðè çåðíîâûõ îò êðàñíîêðûëûõ òðóïèàëîâ â ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿþò 16,2 % (40). Ïî ïîäñ÷åòàì Þ.Ì. Ìàðêèíà (41), ñåðûå æóðàâëè (Grus grus L.) íà òåððèòîðèè åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè åæåãîäíî óíè÷òîæàþò 60 ò çåðíà. Çíà÷èòåëüíûé óùåðá (äî òðåòè óðîæàÿ) âèíîãðàäíèêàì Þæíîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àôðèêè íàíîñèòñÿ ïòèöàìè (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðîçîâûìè è îáûêíîâåííûìè ñêâîðöàìè) (42). Îò ýòèõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé îðíèòîôàóíû â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ ñòðàäàþò êîñòî÷êîâûå êóëüòóðû (âèøíÿ, ñëèâà, ÷åðåøíÿ, àáðèêîñ è ò.ä.).  Óçáåêèñòàíå êîëè÷åñòâî âðåäèòåëåé âèíîãðàäà ãîðàçäî áîëüøå. Ê íèì îòíîÐèñ. 4. Ìîëîäîé ñêâîðåö, êëþþùèé ãðóøó ñÿòñÿ òóðêåñòàíñêèå ñêâîðöû, îáûêíî(øòàò Íîâûé Þæíûé Óýëüñ, Àâñòðàëèÿ). âåííûå ìàéíû, íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ âîÑêâîðöû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ÷èñëó íàèáîëåå ðîáüåâ, ãàëêè è ñîðîêè. Ïî äàííûì âðåäíûõ ïòèö, îíè íàèáîëåå îïàñíû äëÿ ñàäîâîäñòâà (ïîåäàþò âèíîãðàä, âèøíþ, À. Äæàááàðîâà (43), â Þãî-Çàïàäíîì ñëèâó, ÷åðåøíþ, àáðèêîñû, ÿáëîêè è ò.ä.). Óçáåêèñòàíå ïîâðåæäåííîñòü âèíîãðàÔîòî B. Lukins, 30 ÿíâàðÿ 2004 ãîäà. äà êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 7,0 äî 23,2%. Ïòèöû ïîðòÿò ñàìûå ëó÷øèå ÿãîäû, è âèíîãðàäíàÿ êèñòü óòðà÷èâàåò òîâàðíûé âèä. Äÿòëû, ñêâîðöû ñîðîêè, äðîçäû-ðÿáèíêè ðàñêëåâûâàþò ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû ÿãîä (íàïðèìåð, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî ïîâðåæäåíèå ñàäîâîé çåìëÿíèêè).  ñðåäíåé ïîëîñå Ðîññèè òèïè÷íû ñëó÷àè ðàñêëåâà ìÿãêèõ ñîðòîâ ÿáëîê.  ñåâåðîèòàëüÿíñêîé ïðîâèíöèè Ôåððàðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêè íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûé âèä ïòèö — ôàçàí, ïîâðåæäàþùèé çåðíîâûå è îâîùíûå êóëüòóðû. Ñêâîðöû è âîðîáüè íàíîñÿò çíà÷èòåëüíûé óùåðá ïëîäîâûì è âèíîãðàäó. Ñîðîêè ïîâðåæäàþò áàõ÷åâûå êóëüòóðû, ðàñêëåâûâàÿ àðáóçû è äû22 íè. Äèêèå ãîëóáè è óòêè óíè÷òîæàþò êîðìîâûå çëàêè (44). Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé óùåðá, íàíîñèìûé ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâó ïòèöàìè. Âðåä îò ïòèö äîâîëüíî âåëèê. Íàïðèìåð, â Àâñòðàëèè åæåãîäíûå óáûòêè òîëüêî äëÿ ñàäîâîäñòâà ñîñòàâëÿþò 300 ìëí àìåðèêàíñêèõ äîëëàðîâ (42).  ýòîé ñòðàíå èçâåñòíî áîëåå 60 âèäîâ ïòèö, âðåäÿùèõ ñàäîâûì êóëüòóðàì (ðèñ. 4).  Àôðèêå óùåðá çåðíîâûì êóëüòóðàì òîëüêî îò êðàñíîêëþâûõ òêà÷èêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 70 ìëí äîëëàðîâ â ãîä (39), â òîì ÷èñëå â Ñóäàíå 6,3 ìëí äîëëàðîâ, â Ñîìàëè — îêîëî 1 ìëí äîëëàðîâ (45). Åæåãîäíûé óùåðá âèíîãðàäíèêàì îò íàøåñòâèé îáûêíîâåííîãî è ðîçîâîãî ñêâîðöîâ òîëüêî â Òóíèñå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 8-10 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê (42). Ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ ïòèö-âðåäèòåëåé ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ, èíîãäà êàðäèíàëüíî. Íàïðèìåð, â Ãåðìàíèè â êîíöå 1970-õ ãîäîâ íàèáîëüøèé óùåðá íàíîñèëè ñêâîðöû (10 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê), ÷åðíûé äðîçä (2,4 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê), âÿõèðü (2 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê), ãðà÷ (0,1 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê).  íà÷àëå 1990-õ ãîäîâ íàèáîëåå îïàñíûìè ñòàëè äèêèå çèìóþùèå óòêè è ãóñè (42 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê), âÿõèðü (1 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê) è âðàíîâûå (âîðîíû, ãàëêè, ãðà÷è, ñîðîêè è ò.ä.) (0,5 ìëí íåìåöêèõ ìàðîê) (46).  çàêëþ÷åíèå ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ôèíàíñîâûé óùåðá, ïðè÷èíÿåìûé ìëåêîïèòàþùèìè è ïòèöàìè, âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëåí. Íàïðèìåð, â ÑØÀ â 2001 ãîäó îí ñîñòàâèë 619 ìëí äîëëàðîâ äëÿ ïîëåâûõ êóëüòóð è 146 ìëí äîëëàðîâ äëÿ ôðóêòîâûõ è îðåõîïëîäíûõ êóëüòóð (47). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ïîðàæåíèÿ áîëåçíÿìè è íàñåêîìûìè äëÿ ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà è êîðìîïðîèçâîäñòâà îáñóæäàþòñÿ ÷àùå, óùåðá îò ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö ñóùåñòâåííî ïðåâîñõîäèò, íàïðèìåð, óáûòêè, íàíîñèìûå íåìàòîäàìè, êëåùàìè è ñëèçíÿìè, õîòÿ ãîðàçäî ìåíüøå ïðè÷èíÿåìîãî âðåäíûìè íàñåêîìûìè.  öåëîì ñòîèò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî âåëè÷èíà óùåðáà îò ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö êàê ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ âðåäèòåëåé ïîñòåïåííî ñíèæàåòñÿ, òåì íå ìåíåå, ñîõðàíÿÿñü âñå åùå âûñîêîé. Ïðè÷èíû ýòîãî çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ êàê â ïðèìåíåíèè ñîâðåìåííûõ íàó÷íî-êîíñòðóêòîðñêèõ ðàçðàáîòîê (íîâûå òåõíîëîãèè óáîðêè óðîæàÿ, ìåòîäû áîðüáû ñ âðåäèòåëÿìè è ò.ä.), òàê è â ñíèæåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ âñëåäñòâèå óìåíüøåíèÿ èõ àðåàëà è óõóäøåíèÿ óñëîâèé ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ. Ïðèîðèòåòíîé ãðóïïîé æèâîòíûõ — âðåäèòåëåé ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà îñòàþòñÿ ãðûçóíû, îäíàêî çíà÷èòåëüíûé óùåðá ïðè÷èíÿþò è äðóãèå âèäû, íàáîð êîòîðûõ ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðåãèîíàëüíîé ñïåöèôè÷íîñòè óñëîâèé è âîçäåëûâàåìûõ êóëüòóð. Ó÷ðåæäåíèå ÐÀÍ Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, Ïîñòóïèëà â ðåäàêöèþ 11 ôåâðàëÿ 2014 ãîäà 690041 Ðîññèÿ, ã. Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë. Ðàäèî, 7; ÔÃÁÓ ÂÏÎ Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ôåäåðàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 690070 Ðîññèÿ, ã. Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë. Îêòÿáðüñêàÿ, 25, å-mail: [email protected] MAMMALS AND BIRDS AS AGRICULTURAL PESTS: A GLOBAL SITUATION S.M. Govorushko Pacific Geographical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 7, ul. Radio, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia Far Eastern Federal University, 25, ul. Oktyabrskaya, Vladivostok, 690070 Russia, e-mail [email protected] Received February 11, 2014 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2014.6.15eng Abstract On the globe there are approximately 7 thousand species of pests injuring agricultural 23 crops. Because of pests’ activity from 33 % (D. Geinrikh et al., 2003) to 40 % (D. Pimentel et al., 1999) of world agricultural products are lost with annual financial losses estimated at $ 244 billion (D. Pimentel et al., 1997). In spite of the fact that the consequences of plant diseases and harmful insects for plant growing and forage production are discussed more often, economic loss caused by mammals and birds, is quite significant. It surpasses substantially losses put by nematodes, mites and molluscs, though far less than caused by harmful insects. As a whole it is to be noted that size of damage from mammals and birds as agricultural pests decreases gradually, remaining, however, still high. The reason of it consist both in application of modern scientific-design development (new technologies of harvesting, methods of pest control, etc.) and decreasing of populations size of wild animals due to reduction of their area and deterioration of the conditions of the habitat. As a preferred group of animals – agricultural pests, rodents were chosen. Their impact on condition of such branches, as production of grain, forage grasses and ensilage crops as well as vegetable growing, orcharding, and melon-growing is described. In California the annual economic loss from Spermophilus beecheyi at grain production is $ 8-12 million (S.A. Shwiff et al., 2009). Methods of struggle with rodents are presented. Other types of mammals, the most significant from the standpoint of their injuriousness are described. Information on their composition in a series of world regions is presented. For instance, they are deer, raccoons, and coyotes in the USA, and wild boar, bear and some ungulates in forest temperate zone. The figures of financial loss from them in some countries are given. Impact of plant-eating and omnivorous species of birds on grain-growing, gardening, vegetable growing, seed farming, and breeding of new cultures of plants is considered. 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