Современное нефтегазообразование как следствие
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A.A. Barenbaum Modern oil and gas generation as a result of carbon cycle in the biosphere À.À. Áàðåíáàóì ÓÄÊ 552.578.2.061.3 Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì íåôòè è ãàçà ÐÀÍ, ã. Ìîñêâà e-mail: [email protected] Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñëåäñòâèå êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå Ñ ïîçèöèé íîâîé íåôòåãàçîâîé ïàðàäèãìû îáñóæäàåòñÿ ïîëèãåííûé ìåõàíèçì îáðàçîâàíèÿ óãëåâîäîðîäîâ íåôòè è ãàçà. Ïðîöåññ íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â òåñíîé ñâÿçè ñ ãåîõèìè÷åñêèì êðóãîâîðîòîì ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà ÷åðåç çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü ñ ó÷àñòèåì áèîñôåðû, ïðè êîòîðîì âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî áëàãîäàðÿ äèíàìè÷åñêîé óñòîé÷èâîñòè ñèñòåìû êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå, ëþáîå ðåãèîíàëüíîå íàðóøåíèå ýòîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå âûçâàííîå äîáû÷åé íåôòè è ãàçà, óñòðàíÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìîé ñ õàðàêòåðíûì âðåìåíåì áèîñôåðíîãî öèêëà, êîòîðîå íà êîíòèíåíòàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 40 ëåò. Ïîýòîìó îáðàçîâàíèå óãëåâîäîðîäîâ – ýòî ñîâðåìåííîå áèîñôåðíîå ÿâëåíèå àíòðîïîãåííîé ïðèðîäû, à èçâëåêàåìûå èç íåäð íåôòü è ãàç – åãî îáÿçàòåëüíûå ïðîäóêòû. Ïðîöåññû ñîâðåìåííîãî íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ îáñóæäàþòñÿ íà ïðèìåðå ïîïîëíåíèÿ çàïàñîâ ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ íåôòÿíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, äîáû÷è ñëàíöåâîãî ãàçà, îáðàçîâàíèÿ àêâàìàðèííûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ, à òàêæå ðåçêîãî óñèëåíèÿ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû äåãàçàöèè íåäð â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Ïîëó÷åí ïðèíöèïèàëüíûé âûâîä, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó ïðîìûøëåííûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé êðóïíûå ëîâóøêè ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà, öèðêóëèðóþùåãî ÷åðåç çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü â áèîñôåðíîì öèêëå êðóãîâîðîòà. Ïðåäëîæåí êîìïëåêñ ìåð, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ýôôåêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äàííîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî è ðàçðàáàòûâàòü ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà êàê èñòî÷íèêè óãëåâîäîðîäíîãî ñûðüÿ, ïîïîëíÿåìûå çà âðåìåíà ïîðÿäêà ïåðâûõ äåñÿòêîâ ëåò. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: íåôòü è ãàç, óãëåâîäîðîäû, áèîñôåðíûé êðóãîâîðîò óãëåðîäà, íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå. Ââåäåíèå Ñåãîäíÿ èìåþòñÿ âñå îñíîâàíèÿ óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ïðîáëåìå îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà çàâåðøàåòñÿ êóíîâñêàÿ íàó÷íàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ (Áàðåíáàóì, 2013; 2014). Íà ñìåíó ïî÷òè äâà ñòîëåòèÿ êîíêóðèðîâàâøèì ìåæäó ñîáîé îðãàíè÷åñêîé è ìèíåðàëüíîé òåîðèÿì íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðèøëà íîâàÿ íåôòåãàçîâàÿ ïàðàäèãìà, ðîäèâøàÿñÿ â íàøåé ñòðàíå. Ïåðâûìè åå ñôîðìóëèðîâàëè Á.À. Ñîêîëîâ è À.Í. Ãóñåâà (1993). Íåôòü è ãàç – çàÿâèëè îíè – ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé âîçîáíîâëÿåìûå ïðèðîäíûå èñêîïàåìûå, è èõ îñâîåíèå äîëæíî ñòðîèòüñÿ, èñõîäÿ èç íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîãî áàëàíñà îáúåìîâ ãåíåðàöèè óãëåâîäîðîäîâ è âîçìîæíîñòåé îòáîðà â ïðîöåññå ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé. Íîâàÿ ïàðàäèãìà âûçâàëà ê æèçíè è íîâûé ïîäõîä ê îáúÿñíåíèþ ìåõàíèçìà îáðàçîâàíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà, îñíîâàííûé íà èäåå ïîëèãåíåçà ÓÂ. Äàííûé ïîäõîä, ðàçâèâàåìûé À.Í. Äìèòðèåâñêèì (Äìèòðèåâñêèé, 2008), ïðåäïîëàãàåò ó÷àñòèå â îáðàçîâàíèè Ó âñåõ âîçìîæíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ èõ ãåíåçèñà, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ñîâìåñòèòü ëó÷øèå ñòîðîíû îðãàíè÷åñêîé è ìèíåðàëüíîé òåîðèé. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè àâòîðîì ðàçðàáîòàíà áèîñôåðíàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ (Áàðåíáàóì, 2004; 2010), êîòîðàÿ ïîäâîäèò ïîä íîâóþ ïàðàäèãìó è ïîëèãåííûé ãåíåçèñ Ó íåîáõîäèìîå òåîðåòè÷åñêîå îáîñíîâàíèå. Îïèðàÿñü íà ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ Â.È. Âåðíàäñêîãî (Âåðíàäñêèé, 2001) î ìåõàíèçìå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ áèîñôåðû, ýòà êîíöåïöèÿ îòíîñèò íåôòü è ãàç ê ïðîäóêòàì ñîâðåìåííîãî ãåîõèìè÷åñêîãî êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà ÷åðåç çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü ñ ó÷àñòèåì áèîñôåðû.  ðåçóëüòàòå, îáðàçîâàíèå èçâëåêàåìûõ ñåãîäíÿ èç íåäð Ó îêàçûâàåòñÿ íå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûì ãåîëîãè÷åñêèì ïðîöåññîì, à ñîâðåìåííûì ïîëèãåííûì ÿâëåíèåì àíòðîïîãåííîé ïðèðîäû, çàâèñÿùèì îò äåÿòåëüíîñòè ëþäåé êàê âàæíîé ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòè áèîñôåðû.  ñòàòüå êðàòêî èçëàãàþòñÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè, ïðèâîäÿùåé ê òàêîìó çàêëþ÷åíèþ. À òàêæå 46 1(60) 2015 îáðàùàåòñÿ âíèìàíèå íà íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû âëèÿíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå â íåäðàõ. Ó÷àñòèå áèîñôåðû â íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèè  îòëè÷èå îò øèðîêî èçâåñòíûõ òåîðèé îðãàíè÷åñêîãî è ìèíåðàëüíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà, áèîñôåðíàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ ñâÿçûâàåò îáðàçîâàíèå Ó ñ ãåîõèìè÷åñêèì êðóãîâîðîòîì íà Çåìëå óãëåðîäà è âîäû, â êîòîðîì àêòèâíîå ó÷àñòèå ïðèíèìàåò áèîñôåðà.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèåé, óãëåðîä áèîñôåðû öèðêóëèðóåò ÷åðåç çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü â òðåõ îñíîâíûõ öèêëàõ êðóãîâîðîòà. Ïåðâûé öèêë ñ õàðàêòåðíûì âðåìåíåì ~10-100 ëåò âûçâàí êðóãîâîðîòîì óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå, âêëþ÷àÿ åå ïîäçåìíóþ ÷àñòü. Âòîðîé öèêë ñ ïåðèîäîì ~106-107 ëåò îáóñëîâëåí ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì â çåìíîé êîðå çàõîðîíåííîé îðãàíèêè (à òàêæå êàðáîíàòîâ) ïðè îñàäêîíàêîïëåíèè. È òðåòèé öèêë ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ ~108-109 ëåò ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿçàí ñ ïîãðóæåíèåì óãëåðîäñîäåðæàùèõ ïîðîä â ìàíòèþ ïðè ñóáäóêöèè ëèòîñôåðíûõ ïëèò. Âñå òðè öèêëà âçàèìîäåéñòâóþò ìåæäó ñîáîé è ïðîèñõîäÿò òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òî íàä çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, èãðàþùåé ðîëü ãåîõèìè÷åñêîãî áàðüåðà, ïîäâèæíûé óãëåðîä öèðêóëèðóåò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â îêèñëåííîì âèäå (CO2), à ïîä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ äî ÓÂ. Ïåðåñåêàÿ ïîâåðõíîñòü Çåìëè â ðàçíûõ öèêëàõ êðóãîâîðîòà è âõîäÿ â ñîñòàâ òî æèâûõ ñóùåñòâ, òî ìèíåðàëüíûõ àãðåãàòîâ, óãëåðîä ìíîãîêðàòíî ó÷àñòâóåò â ïðîöåññàõ îêèñëåíèÿ-âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ, ìåíÿÿ õèìè÷åñêóþ ôîðìó è èçîòîïíûé ñîñòàâ. Ïðåâðàùàÿñü ïîä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ â ÓÂ, ïîñëåäíèå èç-çà ïëîõîé ðàñòâîðèìîñòè â âîäå çàïîëíÿþò ãåîëîãè÷åñêèå ñòðóêòóðû-ëîâóøêè. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü Ó è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ìåòàí äåãàçèðóåò â àòìîñôåðó, íî ìåíüøàÿ ÷àñòü, ïîïàäàÿ â ëîâóøêè, ôîðìèðóåò ñîáñòâåííûå çàëåæè. Áóäåò ëè ýòî ãàç èëè íåôòü çàâèñèò îò òèïà ëîâóøåê è òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé íàêîïëåíèÿ ÓÂ.  ñëó- À.À. Áàðåíáàóì ÷àå õîðîøåé èçîëÿöèîííîé ñïîñîáíîñòè ïîêðûøêè íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ ãàç, à ïðè õóäøåé – íåôòü. Òåì ñàìûì, áèîñôåðíàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà ëîâóøêàìè óãëåðîäà, êîòîðûé, ó÷àñòâóÿ âî âñåõ òðåõ öèêëàõ êðóãîâîðîòà, âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ äî Ó â çåìíîé êîðå. Ðåøàþùèé âêëàä â ïðîöåññ îáðàçîâàíèå Ó íà êîíòèíåíòàõ äàåò íàèáîëåå áûñòðûé áèîñôåðíûé öèêë, îñóùåñòâëÿåìûé ñ ó÷àñòèåì ìåñòíûõ ìåòåîãåííûõ âîä (Ðèñ. 1). Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïîäçåìíûå âîäû íà êîíòèíåíòàõ, êàê èíôèëüòðàöèîííûå, òàê è âîäû çàòðóäíåííîãî âîäîîáìåíà (ïîðîâûå, òðåùèííûå, ñåäèìåíòàöèîííûå, ìåòàìîðôè÷åñêèå), à òàêæå ïîïóòíûå âîäû íåôòÿíûõ è ãàçîâûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé â ãåíåòè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåñòíûìè ìåòåîãåííûìè âîäàìè (Ôåððîíñêèé, Ïîëÿêîâ, 2009). Èçîòîïèÿ âîäîðîäà è êèñëîðîäà ýòèõ âîä ìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè èõ èçîòîïíîì îáìåíå ñ âìåùàþùèìè ïîðîäàìè è âîäîðàñòâîðåííûìè ãàçàìè (Ñåëåöêèé è äð., 1973), à ñàìè îíè ìîãóò çà âðåìÿ ~1-100 ëåò ïðîíèêàòü â ïîðîäû çåìíîé êîðû íà ãëóáèíû ïîðÿäêà íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðîâ, òðàíñïîðòèðóÿ ~1015–1016 ã óãëåðîäà â ãîä (Áàðåíáàóì, 2004). Ïî èìåþùèìñÿ îöåíêàì, ïîä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ Çåìëè (â ëèòîñôåðå) ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî ~1023 ã óãëåðîäñîäåðæàùèõ ãàçîâ (Ñîêîëîâ, 1971; Êîðöåíøòåéí, 1984). Ýòà ìàññà óãëåðîäà â ~104 ðàç ïðåâûøàåò åãî êîëè÷åñòâî â íàçåìíîé áèîñôåðå (íàä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ Çåìëè). Ìåæäó âñåìè ÷àñòÿìè ãåîõèìè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñòîÿííûé èíòåíñèâíûé îáìåí ïîäâèæíûì óãëåðîäîì.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèíöèïîì Ëå Øàòåëüå, ýòîò îáìåí íîñèò ñàìîîðãàíèçóþùèéñÿ õàðàêòåð, ïðè êîòîðîì ãåîõèìè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà ñòðåìèòñÿ ê óñòîé÷èâîìó ñîîòíîøåíèþ: , (1) ãäå Ñ – êîíñòàíòà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ ñêîðîñòü êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â ñèñòåìå; ni è τi – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî è ñðåäíåå âðåìÿ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà (âî âñåõ ôîðìàõ) â i-ì ðåçåðâóàðå ñèñòåìû. Íàä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ îñíîâíûìè ðåçåðâóàðàìè ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ Ìèðîâîé îêåàí, æèâîå âåùåñòâî, àòìîñôåðà è ïî÷âû-èëû, à ïîä íåé – ðàçóïëîòíåííûå ó÷àñòêè ïîðîä ëèòîñôåðû è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ëîâóøêè îñàäî÷íîãî ÷åõëà çåìíîé êîðû. Åñëè óñëîâèå (1) âûïîëíÿåòñÿ, òî óõîä óãëåðîäà èç îäíîãî êàêîãî-ëèáî ðåçåðâóàðà ñèñòåìû çà ñ÷åò êðóãîâîðîòà ïîïîëíÿåòñÿ åãî ïîñòóïëåíèåì èç äðóãèõ ðåçåðâóàðîâ; åñëè íå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ, òî â ñèñòåìå âîçíèêàþò ïåðåòîêè âåùåñòâà, êîòîðûå âîçâðàùàþò åå ê ðàâíîâåñèþ. Ôàêòû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñèñòåìà êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà íà ïëàíåòå íàõîäèòñÿ â äèíàìè÷åñêîì ðàâíîâåñèè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèìñÿ â ïåðåñ÷åòå íà ÑÎ2 ñêîðîñòüþ Ñ = 2.7×1017 ã/ãîä. Ïîýòîìó âîçíèêàþùåå ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì íàðóøåíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ â ñèñòåìå îíà ëèêâèäèðóåò ïåðåòîêàìè óãëåðîäà ñ ýòîé ñêîðîñòüþ ìåæäó ðàçíûìè ðåçåðâóàðàìè. Âðåìÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèÿ ñèñòåìû îïðåäåëÿåò áèîñôåðíûé öèêë óãëåðîäà, êîòîðûé íà êîíòèíåíòàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò ~40 ëåò (Êîíäðàòüåâ, Êðàïèâèí, 2004). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî óñëîâèå (1) âûïîëíÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî äëÿ áèîñôåðû â öåëîì, íî è ðåãèîíàëüíî. Òåì ñàìûì ëþáîå ðåãèîíàëüíîå íàðóøåíèå ðàâíîâåñèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå çà ñ÷åò èíòåíñèâíîé äîáû÷è ÓÂ, óñòðàíÿåòñÿ ñèñòåìîé ïðè êðó- Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñëåäñòâèå êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå ãîâîðîòå óãëåðîäà ïðèìåðíî çà âðåìÿ áèîñôåðíîãî öèêëà. Ïðè âîçâðàòå ñèñòåìû â ðàâíîâåñèå ïðîèñõîäèò ïîïîëíåíèå ëîâóøåê-ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íîâûìè ïîðöèÿìè ÓÂ. Íàñêîëüêî áûñòðûì è ïîëíûì áóäåò ýòî ïîïîëíåíèå, çàâèñèò îò ìíîãèõ ôàêòîðîâ è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, òåõíîëîãèé è îáúåìîâ äîáû÷è íåôòè è ãàçà, à òàêæå óðîâíÿ ïîòðåáëåíèÿ Ó â äàííîì ðåãèîíå.  òàáëèöå 1 ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå ïî íåôòÿíûì ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿì Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Àøèðîâ è äð., 2000; Ãîðþíîâ è äð., 2014) ñ ïîïîëíÿåìûìè çàïàñàìè. Íà ðÿäå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé (Âåðõíå-Âåòëÿíñêîå, Áåëîçåðñêî-×óáîâñêîå, Ñîôèíñêî-Äçåðæèíñêîå è äð.) êîýôôèöèåíò èçâëå÷åíèÿ íåôòè (ÊÈÍ) óæå ïðåâûñèë 0.59 (Ãîðþíîâ è äð., 2014).  Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîïîëíÿþòñÿ òàêæå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ, äàâíî âûâåäåííûå èç ýêñïëóàòàöèè. Òàê, ïîñëå 30 ëåòíåãî ïåðåðûâà ââåäåíû â ïîâòîðíóþ ðàçðàáîòêó Êàðëèíñêîå, Ìàëûøåâñêîå, Öâåòàåâñêîå è Ñàëèõîâñêîå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ, ðàíåå ñ÷èòàâøèåñÿ âûðàáîòàííûìè. Ïðèðîñò çàïàñîâ ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò áîëåå ëåãêèõ è íèçêîâÿçêèõ íåôòåé. Äîáû÷à òàêèõ íåôòåé, êàê ýòî, íàïðèìåð, èìååò ìåñòî íà Ðîìàøêèíñêîì ìåñòîðîæäåíèè, îáíàðóæèâàåò öèêëè÷åñêèå êîëåáàíèÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ 3-5 ëåò (Ìóñëèìîâ è äð., 2004), êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü ñâÿçàíû ñ âàðèàöèÿìè êîëè÷åñòâà âûïàäàþùèõ îñàäêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Òàòàðñòàíà. Ñîãëàñíî áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè â çàïîëíåíèè ëîâóøåê ýêñïëóàòèðóåìûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ìîãóò ó÷àñòâîâàòü âñå òðè öèêëà êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà. Îäíàêî èõ âêëàä â îáðàçîâàíèå Ó îáðàòíî ïðîïîðöèîíàëåí ïåðèîäó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî öèêëà. Ïîñêîëüêó ïåðèîä áèîñôåðíîãî öèêëà â ~104 ðàç êîðî÷å öèêëà, ñâÿçàííîãî ñ çàõîðîíåíèåì è ïðåîáðàçîâàíèåì ÎÂ, è â ~107 ðàç êîðî÷å öèêëà ñ ïåðèîäîì ~108-109 ëåò, òî ïðèðîñò çàïàñîâ Ó íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âûçâàí áèîñôåðíûì öèêëîì óãëåðîäà.  ýòîé ñâÿçè ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïîïîëíåíèå çàëåæåé Ó ìîæåò áûòü çàìå÷åíî ëèøü íà ïîçäíèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçðàáîòêè è òîëüêî òåõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, ãäå ëîâóøêè íå óíè÷òîæåíû ñîâðåìåííûìè òåõíîëîãèÿìè èíòåíñèôèêàöèè äîáû÷è ÓÂ. Ïîëèãåííûé ìåõàíèçì íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ Íå ïîäëåæèò ñîìíåíèþ (Ãóñåâà, Êëèìóøèíà, 2001), ÷òî íåôòè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñëîæíûå ðàñòâîðû Ó ïîëèãåííîãî ãåíåçèñà, êîòîðûå ñîñòàâëÿþò âçàèìîñâÿçàííóþ ñèñòåìó ñ âìåùàþùåé èõ ìàòðèöåé ïîðîä è êîíòàêòèðóþùèìè âîäàìè-ôëþèäàìè.  áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè, ïîäòâåðæäàþùåé ýòîò âûâîä, îáðàçîâàíèå íåôòè îáÿçàíî äâóì îñíîâíûì ïðîöåññàì: 1) ýêñòðàêöèè âîäàìè-ôëþèäàìè ïðåîáðàçîâàííîãî â êàòàãåíåçå è äèàãåíåçå Πîñàäî÷íûõ ïîðîä; 2) ðåàêöèÿì ñèíòåçà Ó èç îêèñëîâ óãëåðîäà è âîäîðîäà. Îáà ýòè ïðîöåññà íå êîíêóðèðóþò ìåæäó ñîáîé, à äîïîëíÿþò äðóã äðóãà, âîññòàíàâëèâàÿ öèðêóëèðóþùèé ÷åðåç ïîâåðõíîñòü óãëåðîä äî Ó â âåðõíèõ ýòàæàõ çåìíîé êîðû, êóäà îí ïîñòóïàåò â òðåõ öèêëàõ êðóãîâîðîòà. Ïåðâûé ïðîöåññ íàäåæíî äèàãíîñòèðóåòñÿ ïî íàëè÷èþ â íåôòè ñëîæíûõ Ó (â ÷àñòíîñòè, áèîìàðêåðîâ), ðîäñòâåííûõ ÎÂ, èç êîòîðîãî îíè ïðîèçîøëè, à âòîðîé – íîðìàëüíûõ àëêàíîâ è äðóãèõ àëèôàòè÷åñêèõ ÓÂ, ìîëåêóëÿðíîìàññîâîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîòîðûõ îòâå÷àåò óðàâíåíèþ Àíäåðñîíà-Øóëüöà-Ôëîðè è åãî ìîäèôèêàöèÿì (Áàðåíáàóì, 2010). Ñîñòàâ íåôòåé òàêæå ôîðìèðóþò ïîäçåìíàÿ 1(60) 2015 47 A.A. Barenbaum Modern oil and gas generation as a result of carbon cycle in the biosphere Ðèñ. 1. Ñâÿçü δD è δÎ18 â ïîãðåáåííûõ, òàëàññîãåííûõ è «ôîðìàöèîííûõ» âîäàõ, äðåâíèõ ëüäàõ è âîäàõ íåôòÿíûõ è ãàçîâûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ðàçëè÷íûõ îáëàñòåé ìèðà (Çûêèí, 2012). â ÈÏÍà ÐÀÍ ïðè ôèëüòðàöèè êàðáîíèçèðîâàííîé âîäû (âîäà ñ ðàñòâîðåííûì ÑÎ2) ÷åðåç æåëåçîñîäåðæàùèå íàñûïíûå ñðåäû. Ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïðîâîäèëèñü ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå è áëèçêîì ê àòìîñôåðíîìó äàâëåíèè íà ñïåöèàëüíîé ëàáîðàòîðíîé óñòàíîâêå (Çàêèðîâ è äð., 2013). Ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî «íèçêîòåìïåðàòóðíûé» ñèíòåç Ó èç ÑÎ2 è Í2Î ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îáðàçîâàíèåì áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ñâîáîäíîãî âîäîðîäà. Ýòà õèìè÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ñèíòåçó í-àëêàíîâ ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà ôåíîìåíîëîãè÷åñêîé ôîðìóëîé: nCO2 + (n + μ + 1)H2O + æFe = CnH2n+2 + μH2 + + æ(FeÎ) + (½ )(3n + μ + 1 – æ)O2 , (2) ãäå n – ÷èñëî àòîìîâ óãëåðîäà â ìîëåêóëå ÓÂ, μ è æ – ñòåõèîìåòðè÷åñêèå êîýôôèöèåíòû. Ðåàêöèÿ ñèíòåçà Ó èç ÑÎ2 è Í2Î, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ïðîèñõîäèò ñ ó÷àñòèåì «àêòèâíîãî» âîäîðîäà (Ìîë÷àíîâ è äð., 1988) è ñòàíîâèòñÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêè âîçìîæíîé ëèøü ïðè äîñòàòî÷íî ïîëíîì óäàëåíèè èç ñèñòåìû êèñëîðîäà.  íàøèõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ «ïîãëîòèòåëåì» êèñëîðîäà ñëóæèëî æåëåçî, êîòîðîå â ñèíòåçå Ó âûñòóïàëî òàêæå êàòàëèçàòîðîì.  ïîðîäàõ çåìíîé êîðû ýòè ôóíêöèè ìîãóò âûïîëíÿòü ðàçíûå õèìè÷åñêèå ýëåìåíòû è èõ ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Ðåàêöèÿ (2) èäåò â òîíêîì ñëîå ïîðÿäêà íåñêîëüêèõ àíãñòðåì íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèíåðàëüíîé ìàòðèöû ïîðîä. Ïðè ýòîì âîçíèêàåò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð ãàçîîáðàçíûõ, æèäêèõ è òâåðäûõ Ó – ïðåäåëüíûõ, íåïðåäåëüíûõ è àðîìàòè÷åñêèõ (×åðñêèé, Öàðåâ, 1984). Ãàçîîáðàçíûå è æèäêèå ÓÂ, âåðîÿòíî, ñðàçó æå ïåðåõîäÿò â âîäíûé ïîðîâûé ôëþèä, òîãäà êàê îòëàãàþùèåñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ìàòðèöû áèòóìîèäû ýêñòðàãèðóþòñÿ ñàìèì ôëþèäîì. Ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïðè âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ, êîòîðûå ðàçâèâàþòñÿ íà àêòèâèðîâàííîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèíåðàëîâ ïîðîä, âîäà ñïîñîáíà ïåðåéòè â ñóá- è ñâåðõêðèòè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ïðè êîòîðûõ åå ñâîéñòâà ðåçêî ìåíÿþòñÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü âîäû ñóùåñòâåííî ñíèæàåòñÿ, à åå ðàñòâîðÿþùàÿ è ýêñòðàãèðóþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòè âîçðàñòàþò íà äâà è áîëåå ïîðÿäêà âåëè÷èíû. Ïðè ýòîì ñàìà âîäà íà÷èíàåò äåéñòâîâàòü íå òîëüêî êàê ðàñòâîðèòåëü, íî è êàê ðåàãåíò è êàê êàòàëèçàòîð (Ãàëêèí, Ëóíèí, 2005). Î÷åâèäíî òàêæå, ÷òî âîäà, ó÷àñòâóþùàÿ â ñèíòåçå ÓÂ, ìåíÿåò èçîòîïíûé ñîñòàâ. Òÿæåëûé èçîòîï âîäîðîäà – äåéòåðèé â áîëüøåì êîëè÷åñòâå îñòàåòñÿ â âîäå, ÷åì ïåðåõîäèò â ÓÂ.  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, îáðàòèì âíèìàíèå íà òîò ýìïèðè÷åñêèé ôàêò (Çûêèí, 2012), ÷òî ïîïóòíûå âîäû ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, â ñîñòàâå ãàçîâûõ çàëåæåé êîòîðûõ â çàìåòíûõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ ïðèñóòñòâóþò êèñëûå êîìïîíåíòû, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ìèêðîôëîðà è òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ. Ïîä âëèÿíèåì áàêòåðèé îí ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ êàê ïðè ïîäçåìíîé ìèãðàöèè Ó ôëþèäîâ è ãàçîâ ê ëîâóøêàì, òàê è íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â çàëåæàõ. À èçìåíåíèå òåðìîáàðè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé ê òîìó æå ìåíÿåò àãðåãàòíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ÓÂ. Ïðèíöèïèàëüíî âàæíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûâîä áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ÓÂ, èçâëåêàåìûõ ñåãîäíÿ èç íåäð â âèäå íåôòè è ãàçà, ïîñòóïàåò â ëîâóøêè íå ñ áîëüøèõ ãëóáèí (http://journal.deepoil.ru), à íåïîñðåäñòâåííî îáðàçóåòñÿ â îñàäî÷íîì ÷åõëå çåìíîé êîðû â ðåàêöèè ïîëèêîíäåíñàöèîííîãî ñèíòåçà Ó èç ÑÎ2 è Í2Î (Áàðåíáàóì, 2014). Ðåàëüíîñòü ñèíòåçà Ó â çåìíîé êîðå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, îòâåðãàåòñÿ ñòîðîííèêàìè êàê îðãàíè÷åñêîé, òàê è ìèíåðàëüíîé òåîðèé íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, è ïîòîìó åãî ìåõàíèçì ñåãîäíÿ îñòàåòñÿ êðàéíå ñëàáî èçó÷åííûì âîïðîñîì. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, áîëåå äâóõ äåñÿòêîâ ëåò íàçàä òåîðåòè÷åñêè ïîêàçàíî è äîêàçàíî ýêñïåðèìåíòàìè (×åðñêèé, Öàðåâ, 1984; Ìîë÷àíîâ, Ãîíöîâ, 1992), ÷òî ñèíòåç Ó èç îêèñëîâ óãëåðîäà (ÑÎ, ÑÎ2) ñ ó÷àñòèåì âîäû â ìåõàíè÷åñêè àêòèâèðîâàííûõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ ñðåäàõ – ïîðîäàõ, ñ âûñîêîé âíóòðåííåé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïðîèñõîäèò óæå ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå. Ýòîìó ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðàçîðâàííûå õèìè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè – ðàäèêàëû, íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèíåðàëîâ, îáëàäàþùèå èçáûòî÷íîé ýíåðãèåé è òåì ñàìûì ñíèæàþùèå ïîðîã ðåàêöèé. Ïîä äåéñòâèåì ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñèë, ñîçäàâàåìûõ â åñòåñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðèëèâíûì âëèÿíèåì Ëóíû, ñåéñìè÷åñêèìè âîëíàìè, òåêòîíè÷åñêèìè ïîäâèæêàìè, èñêóññòâåííûì âîçäåéñòâèåì è ò.ï., â ìèíåðàëàõ ïîðîä âîçíèêàþò âíóòðèêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèå äåôåêòû, êîòîðûå äèôôóíäèðóþò ê ïîâåðõíîñòè ìèíåðàëüíûõ çåðåí, âûçûâàÿ èõ çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêóþ àêòèâàöèþ.  ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ, âûïîëíåííûõ óêàçàííûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè, ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâàöèÿ äîñòèãàëàñü ëèáî äðîáëåíèåì è èñòèðàíèåì óãëåðîäñîäåðæàùèõ ìèíåðàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ (Ìîë÷àíîâ è äð., 1988), ëèáî òðåíèåì è/èëè ïðîïóñêàíèåì ÷åðåç îáðàçöû ïîðîä ìîðñêîé âîäû (×åðñêèé è äð., 1985).  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ðåàêöèÿ ñèíòåçà Ó èç ÑÎ2 è Í2Î ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî èçó÷àëàñü Ðèñ. 2. Âàðèàöèè èçîòîïíîãî ñîñòàâà âîäîðîäà â ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòàõ (Çûêèí, 2012). 48 1(60) 2015 À.À. Áàðåíáàóì ôîíîâûìè ïëàñòîâûìè âîäàìè îáåäíåíû òÿæåëûì èçîòîïîì Î18 è îáîãàùåíû äåéòåðèåì (Ðèñ. 2). Ïî äàííûì Í.Í. Çûêèíà, ñòîëü âûñîêèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ äåéòåðèÿ íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íè â êàêèõ äðóãèõ ïðèðîäíûõ îáúåêòàõ. Èçîòîïíûå ñìåùåíèÿ âîçíèêàþò è â ñèíòåçèðóåìûõ óãëåâîäîðîäàõ. Ý.Ì. Ãàëèìîâ (1973) íàøåë, ÷òî íàáëþäàåìûé èçîòîïíûé ñäâèã ïî δÑ13 â íèçøèõ íîðìàëüíûõ àëêàíàõ ÑÍ4 (1.022), Ñ2Í6 (1.013), Ñ3Í8 (1.006), Ñ4 Í10 (1.004) íåëüçÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêè îáúÿñíèòü ìîíîìîëåêóëÿðíûì ðàñïàäîì êðóïíûõ ìîëåêóë Πïî ñõåìå ÑnH2n+2 → Ñn-1H2n-1 + CH3, à ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûì ïðèñîåäèíåíèåì ê Ó àêòèâíîãî ðàäèêàëà Í′. Ïðè÷åì ðàäèêàë Í′ çàðîæäàåòñÿ âíå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé ñèñòåìû. Îñíîâíûå ôàêòîðû ñîâðåìåííîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ó Ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå îòëè÷èå áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè îò îðãàíè÷åñêîé è ìèíåðàëüíîé òåîðèé ñîñòîèò åùå è â òîì, ÷òî ïðîöåññû ãåíåðàöèè Ó è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èõ ñêîïëåíèé îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ íå òîëüêî ìåõàíèçìàìè îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ó â íåäðàõ, íî è öèðêóëÿöèåé ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà íàä ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïëàíåòû.  ÷èñëå ôàêòîðîâ, îòâå÷àþùèõ çà ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå óãëåðîäà íàä (è ïîä) ïîâåðõíîñòüþ, íàèáîëåå âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàþò äâà ïðîöåññà ðåãèîíàëüíîãî ìàñøòàáà: 1) ïåðåíîñ îêèñëåííîãî óãëåðîäà (ÑÎ2 è âîäîðàñòâîðåííîå ÎÂ) â çåìíóþ êîðó ìåòåîãåííûìè âîäàìè; 2) õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ëþäåé. Áëàãîäàðÿ ïåðâîìó ïðîöåññó ïðîìûøëåííûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà ðàçìåùàþòñÿ, âî-ïåðâûõ, â ïðåäåëàõ êðóïíûõ îñàäî÷íûõ áàññåéíîâ, äðåíèðóþùèõ òåððèòîðèè îãðîìíîé ïëîùàäè è, âî-âòîðûõ, òÿãîòåþò ê çîíàì ðàçëîìîâ çåìíîé êîðû. Ðàçëîìû, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû îáëåã÷àþò ïðîíèêíîâåíèå ìåòåîãåííûõ âîä ïîä çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü, à ñ äðóãîé – ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðàçãðóçêå ýòèõ âîä îò òðàíñïîðòèðóåìîãî èìè óãëåðîäà. Âñëåäñòâèå àêòèâíîãî ó÷àñòèÿ â íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèè âîä êëèìàòè÷åñêîãî êðóãîâîðîòà, çàìåòíîå ïîïîëíåíèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé Ó ïðîèñõîäèò íå çà ñîòíè òûñÿ÷ – ìèëëèîíû ëåò, à çà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ (Òàáë. 1). Ìàëîå âðåìÿ ïîïîë- Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñëåäñòâèå êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå íåíèå çàëåæåé Ó âûçâàíî òðåìÿ ïðîöåññàìè: 1) âûñîêèì òåìïîì ïåðåíîñà ìåòåîãåííûìè âîäàìè óãëåðîäà ïîä çåìíóþ ïîâåðõíîñòü; 2) ïîëèêîíäåíñàöèîííûì ñèíòåçîì Ó èç ÑÎ2 è Í2Î â áèîñôåðíîì öèêëå êðóãîâîðîòà; 3) ýêñòðàêöèåé Ó èç ïîðîä ïðè èíòåíñèâíîé öèðêóëÿöèè ïîäçåìíûõ ôëþèäîâ. Âñå ýòè ïðîöåññû èçó÷åíû ïîêà íåäîñòàòî÷íî (Êîíäðàòüåâ, Êðàïèâèí, 2004; Áóðêîâ è äð., 2012). Âìåñòå ñ òåì èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà óãëåðîäà îïóñêàåòñÿ «âíèç», â çåìíóþ êîðó, â îñíîâíîì â ïðåäåëàõ êîíòèíåíòîâ. À ïîñòóïàåò «íàâåðõ» íà èõ îêðàèíàõ, â çîíàõ ñðåäèííûõ îêåàíè÷åñêèõ õðåáòîâ, ïî ðàçëîìàì íà êîíòèíåíòàõ, à òàêæå ïðè âóëêàíè÷åñêèõ èçâåðæåíèÿõ íà äíå îêåàíîâ è â ñåéñìè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ ðàéîíàõ. Âòîðîé ôàêòîð íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, òðåáóþùèé îáÿçàòåëüíîãî ó÷åòà – àíòðîïîãåííûé. Ñåãîäíÿ â ìèðå â âèäå íåôòè, ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà è óãëÿ åæåãîäíî äîáûâàþò îêîëî 1.2×104 ìëí. ò óãëåðîäà, ÷òî â 2.4 ðàçà ïðåâûøàåò åãî êîëè÷åñòâî ~5×1015 ã/ãîä (Âîéòîâ, 1999; Ñûâîðîòêèí, 2002), ïîñòóïàþùåå íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ïðè åñòåñòâåííîé äåãàçàöèè. Ñæèãàíèå ýòèõ òîïëèâ ïðèâîäèò ê âûáðîñó â àòìîñôåðó â 3 ðàçà áîëüøåé ìàññû ÑÎ2, êîòîðàÿ äàåò ~19% âêëàä â ñêîðîñòü êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà áèîñôåðû, ñîñòàâëÿþùóþ 2.7×1017 ã/ãîä. Ïîýòîìó õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè îáúåìàìè äîáû÷è è ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ÓÂ, ñïîñîáíà íå òîëüêî âîçäåéñòâîâàòü íà èçìåíåíèå êëèìàòà Çåìëè (Êîíäðàòüåâ, Êðàïèâèí, 2004), íî è îùóòèìî âëèÿòü íà ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîöåññû ãåíåðàöèè è ðåãåíåðàöèè íåôòè è ãàçà â íåäðàõ. Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå Ïðèâåäåì ðÿä ïðèìåðîâ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÓÂ, âûçâàííîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâîì ÷åëîâåêà â åñòåñòâåííûå ïðîöåññû êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå. Ïðèðîñò çàïàñîâ Ó ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ñ äëèòåëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèåé. Ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Òàáë. 1) â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè íå óíèêàëüíû. Ïîïîëíåíèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé Ó íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ðåãèîíàõ, õàðàêòåðèçóÒàáë. 1. Íåôòÿíûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñ ïîïîëíÿåìûìè çàïàñàìè (Ãîðþíîâ è äð., 2014). 1(60) 2015 49 A.A. Barenbaum Modern oil and gas generation as a result of carbon cycle in the biosphere þùèõñÿ íå òîëüêî âûñîêîé ñîáñòâåííîé äîáû÷åé íåôòè è ãàçà, íî è îòíîñèòåëüíî èíòåíñèâíûì èõ ïîòðåáëåíèåì íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ìíîãèõ äåñÿòèëåòèé. Ê íèì â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îòíîñÿòñÿ Òàòàðñòàí è ×å÷íÿ â Ðîññèè, Óêðàèíà, Àçåðáàéäæàí, à çà îêåàíîì, â ÷àñòíîñòè, øòàòû Òåõàñ è Îêëàõîìà â ÑØÀ è Ìåêñèêà. Ñ ó÷åòîì âñåõ ôàêòîðîâ ìîæíî îæèäàòü (Áàðåíáàóì è äð., 2006), ÷òî óìåðåííîå ïî òåìïàì èçâëå÷åíèå Ó èç çàëåæåé (áåç íàðóøåíèÿ ïîäçåìíîé öèðêóëÿöèè âîä çà ñ÷åò èõ äîïîëíèòåëüíîé çàêà÷êè ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè èëè ïðèìåíåíèÿ èíûõ ìåòîäîâ èíòåíñèôèêàöèè äîáû÷è) íå äîëæíî ñèëüíî âëèÿòü íà ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòü ðåãèîíà è ñêîðîñòü âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé. Íî ïðîèçîéäåò ýòî â óñëîâèÿõ, êîãäà èçâëåêàåìûå Ó áóäóò ïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ òîãî æå ãèäðîãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî áàññåéíà, ÷òî è èõ äîáû÷à.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå áóäåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ ïðîãðåññèðóþùèé ñïàä äîáû÷è â íåôòåãàçîäîáûâàþùèõ ðåãèîíàõ è èõ âîçðàñòàíèå â ïîòðåáëÿþùèõ. Ñ ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé, êàê ìû ïîëàãàåì, îòäåëüíûå ðåãèîíû è ñòðàíû ìîãóò âñêîðå ñòîëêíóòüñÿ. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ïðàêòèêà òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè íåôòè è ãàçà íà ìíîãèå òûñÿ÷è êèëîìåòðîâ îò ìåñò äîáû÷è ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ìèðîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ ÓÂ, ïðè÷åì çà íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòèëåòèé. Ñòðàíû – äîíîðû, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèåñÿ íà äîáû÷å è ýêñïîðòå íåôòè è ãàçà, ìîãóò áûñòðî ñâîè ðåñóðñû èñ÷åðïàòü. Òîãäà êàê èíòåíñèâíî ïîòðåáëÿþùèå Ó ïðîìûøëåííî-ðàçâèòûå ñòðàíû áóäóò àêêóìóëèðîâàòü èõ íà ñâîåé òåððèòîðèè. Ñìåùåíèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèé â àêâàòîðèè Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà. Ïîñêîëüêó íà îêðàèíàõ êîíòèíåíòîâ, ãäå ïðîæèâàåò çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ìèðà, íåîáõîäèìûõ ãåîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ íàêîïëåíèÿ ÓÂ, êàê ïðàâèëî, íåò, ïîäâèæíûé óãëåðîä ñ ïîäçåìíûì ñòîêîì âîä ïîñòóïàåò â îêåàí, ãäå íà øåëüôå è ìàòåðèêîâîì ñêëîíå îáðàçóåò íîâûå ñêîïëåíèÿ ÓÂ. Ïðèìåðàìè â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ìîãóò ñëóæèòü çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêèå ñòðàíû è Ìåêñèêà. Ôîðìèðóþùèåñÿ ñåãîäíÿ íà êîíòèíåíòàëüíîì øåëüôå ñêîïëåíèÿ Ó íàðÿäó ñ îáû÷íîé íåôòüþ è ãàçîì ïðåäñòàâëåíû òàêæå àêâàìàðèííûìè ãàçîãèäðàòàìè. Îòëîæåíèÿ àêâàìàðèííûõ ãàçîãèäðàòîâ (Áàðåíáàóì, 2007) â áèîñôåðíîì öèêëå èãðàþò ðîëü òàêèõ æå ëîâóøåê ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà, êàê è ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ó íà êîíòèíåíòàõ, íî íå «ãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî», à «õèìè÷åñêîãî» òèïà, â êîòîðûõ ìåòàí âõîäèò â ñòðóêòóðó ìîëåêóë âîäû. Öåíòðàëüíûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ðàéîí (ÖÝÐ). ÖÝÐ, âêëþ÷àþùèé Ìîñêîâñêóþ, Áåëãîðîäñêóþ, Áðÿíñêóþ, Âëàäèìèðñêóþ, Èâàíîâñêóþ, Êîñòðîìñêóþ, Ñìîëåíñêóþ, Òâåðñêóþ, Òóëüñêóþ è ßðîñëàâñêóþ îáëàñòè, – ýòî ðåãèîí, â êîòîðîì ñåãîäíÿ èäóò ïðîöåññû àíòðîïîãåííîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ÓÂ.  ãåîëîãè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè ÖÝÐ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ êðóïíîãî ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàéîíà: Ìîñêîâñêîé ñèíåêëèçû ïëîùàäüþ â îäèí ìèëëèîí êì2.  1971 ãîäó çäåñü â ñêâàæèíå Äàíèëîâñêîé ïëîùàäè ïðè âñêðûòèè áûëî ïîëó÷åíî 200 ë íåôòè. Ïîçäíåå ïðèòîê íåôòè ñ âîäîé çàôèêñèðîâàí íà Íåéñêîé ïëîùàäè. Ïðèçíàêè íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòè â âèäå áèòóìà, êàïåëüíîé íåôòè, íåôòÿíîãî çàïàõà è ò.ï. óñòàíîâëåíû íà Ëþáèìñêîé, Äüÿêîíîâñêîé, Áóòîâñêîé è äðóãèõ ïëîùàäÿõ ÖÝÐ (Øèëîâñêèé, Øèëîâñêàÿ, 2012). Ýòè ôàêòû òðóäíî îáúÿñíèòü. Íåôòåìàòåðèíñêèå ïîðîäû, ê êîòîðûì îòíîñÿò ãëèíû ðåäêèíñêîé ñâèòû, ñòðà50 1(60) 2015 òèãðàôè÷åñêè çàëåãàþò âûøå ïåñ÷àíèêîâ ðèôåÿ, ñ êîòîðûìè ñâÿçûâàþò ïîðîäû-êîëëåêòîðû. Ê òîìó æå ãëèíû îáëàäàþò íèçêèì ïîòåíöèàëîì ãåíåðàöèè ÓÂ. Ïðîèçâåäåì îöåíî÷íûé ðàñ÷åò äëÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Ðîññèÿ â 2013 ãîäó äîáûëà 531 ìëí. ò íåôòè è 668 ìëðä. ì3 ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà. Èç íèõ íà ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîå îáåñïå÷åíèå ñòðàíû, çà âû÷åòîì ïîñòàâîê â äðóãèå ñòðàíû, áûëî èçðàñõîäîâàíî 290 ìëí. ò íåôòè è 438 ìëðä. ì3 ãàçà, ÷òî ñóììàðíî ðàâíî 660 ìëí. ò â íåôòÿíîì ýêâèâàëåíòå. Äîëÿ ÖÝÐ â ïðîìûøëåííîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå Ðîññèè äîñòèãàåò ~20%.  òàêîé æå ïðîïîðöèè, íàäî ïîëàãàòü, íàõîäèòñÿ è ïîòðåáëåíèå â ðåãèîíå ÓÂ. Ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî ÖÝÐ â ïðîøëîì ãîäó èçðàñõîäîâàë ~130 ìëí. ò í.ý., ÷òî ðàâíîñèëüíî ñæèãàíèþ çäåñü êîëè÷åñòâà óãëåðîäà, ðàâíîãî çàïàñàì äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíîãî íåôòÿíîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ. Àíàëèç ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü âîçíèêøåãî ïðè ñæèãàíèè ýòèõ òîïëèâ ÑÎ2 äëÿ ñèñòåìû ðåãèîíàëüíîãî êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â ÖÝÐ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èçáûòî÷íîé. Ïîýòîìó ÑÎ2 äîëæåí ïîñòóïàòü ñ ìåòåîãåííûìè âîäàìè â îñàäî÷íûé ÷åõîë, ãäå åãî çàìåòíàÿ ÷àñòü òðàíñôîðìèðóåòñÿ â ÓÂ. Îáðàçîâàâøèåñÿ ÑÍ4 è Í2 äåãàçèðóþò â àòìîñôåðó, à íåôòÿíûå Ó ìîãóò îñòàòüñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Ìîñêîâñêîé ñèíåêëèçû. Îäíàêî ëîâóøêè ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ íàêîïëåíèÿ Ó èìåþòñÿ çäåñü ëèøü â äîäåâîíñêîì êîìïëåêñå ïîðîä. Ïðè÷åì òðåáóåìûìè êîëëåêòîðàìè è íàëè÷èåì ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ïîêðûøåê îáëàäàþò ëèøü äâà ýòàæà ðàçðåçà: ïåñ÷àíèêè ðèôåÿ-íèæíåãî âåíäà è ðèôîãåíííàÿ ôàöèÿ îðäîâèêà, ê êîòîðûì è îòíîñÿòñÿ âñå ñëó÷àè íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòè â ÖÝÐ. Äðóãèì ñëåäñòâèåì äàííîãî ïðîöåññà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ó÷àñòèâøèåñÿ ñëó÷àè îáðàçîâàíèÿ â öåíòðå åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, âêëþ÷àÿ ÖÝÐ, ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ âîðîíîê äèàìåòðîì îò 50 äî 300 ìåòðîâ, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå íàðÿäó ñ ìåòàíîì äåãàçèðóåò âîäîðîä. Îáðàçîâàíèå âîðîíîê çàìåòèëè â íà÷àëå 1990-õ ãîäîâ, òàê ÷òî çà ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò èõ âîçíèêëî íå ìåíåå 20-òè (Ëàðèí, Ëàðèí, 2007). Ïîÿâëåíèå è ðîñò ÷èñëà âîðîíîê, äåãàçèðóþùèõ ìåòàíîì è âîäîðîäîì, îáúÿñíèòü èíà÷å, êðîìå êàê ïðîòåêàíèåì â ïîðîäàõ îñàäî÷íîãî ÷åõëà ðåàêöèè (2), íà íàø âçãëÿä, ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî òðóäíî, åñëè âîîáùå âîçìîæíî. Ñëàíöåâûé ãàç è íåôòü. Ñ ïîçèöèé áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè äîáû÷à ãàçà è íåôòè èç ñëàíöåâûõ ïîðîä – ýòî ïðÿìîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî ÷åëîâåêà â ïðîöåññû ãåíåðàöèè Ó â íåäðàõ. Ãëàâíóþ ðîëü â îáðàçîâàíèè Ó â ñëàíöàõ èãðàåò èçâåñòíûé ìåõàíèçì ìåõàíè÷åñêîé àêòèâàöèè ïîðîä, îñíîâàííûé íà èçìåëü÷åíèè (äèñïåðãèðîâàíèè) óãëåðîäñîäåðæàùèõ ìèíåðàëîâ â ïðèñóòñòâèè âîäû. Áîëåå 25 ëåò íàçàä Â.È. Ìîë÷àíîâ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî ïîêàçàë, ÷òî èñòî÷íèêàìè óãëåðîäà ïðè ìåõàíîõèìè÷åñêîì ñèíòåçå Ó ìîãóò áûòü êàê ôîññèëèçèðîâàííûå îñòàòêè ðàñòèòåëüíîãî èëè æèâîòíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ è âîäîðàñòâîðèìîå ÎÂ, òàê êàðáîíàòû è óãëåêèñëîòà. Ïîñòàâùèêîì æå âîäîðîäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîäà, êîòîðàÿ, âçàèìîäåéñòâóÿ ñ îêèñëÿþùèìñÿ ìèíåðàëüíûì âåùåñòâîì, ãåíåðèðóåò àêòèâíî ó÷àñòâóþùèé â ñèíòåçå Ó àòîìàðíûé âîäîðîä. Ñîâðåìåííûå òåõíîëîãèè äîáû÷è ãàçà è íåôòè èç ñëàíöåâ, îñíîâàííûå íà ãèäðîðàçðûâàõ ïëàñòîâ, ôàêòè÷åñêè ïåðåíîñÿò ìåõàíîõèìè÷åñêèé ñïîñîá îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ó â åñòåñòâåííûå óñëîâèÿ. Ìåõàíèçì ýòîò ïîëèãåííûé, ãäå îñíîâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì óãëåðîäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÎÂ, à Ó ãåíåðèðóþòñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì â ðåàêöèè ñèíòåçà, êîòîðàÿ îáîáùåííî ïðåäñòàâëåíà ôîðìóëîé (2). À.À. Áàðåíáàóì Îáû÷íûå ñëàíöåâûå ïîðîäû ñîäåðæàò 0.1-1.0 % ÎÂ. Èç ýòîãî êîëè÷åñòâà Πíà îáðàçîâàíèå Ó èäåò, âðÿä ëè áîëüøå ~1%, ïðè÷åì èç îáúåìà ïîðîä, ðàçäðîáëåííûõ ãèäðîðàçðûâàìè. Ïîýòîìó äîáûâàþùèå ñêâàæèíû íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ ñëàíöåâ çà ïåðâûå 1-2 ãîäà ðåçêî ñíèæàþò ñâîþ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü. Ñ öåëüþ ïîääåðæàíèÿ äîáû÷è Ó èç ñëàíöåâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïîñòîÿííî áóðèòü íîâûå ñêâàæèíû è óñòðàèâàòü ãèäðîðàçðûâû. Ïåðèîä ðåíòàáåëüíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, êàê ïðàâèëî, íåïðîäîëæèòåëåí, è ïîñëå ~10 ëåò ðàáîòû èõ âûíóæäåíû çàêðûâàòü. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ñîâðåìåííîå îáðàçîâàíèå Ó â íåäðàõ – ýòî àíòðîïîãåííîå áèîñôåðíîå ÿâëåíèå, íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàííîå ñ ãåîõèìè÷åñêèì êðóãîâîðîòîì íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå óãëåðîäà è âîäû. Âñëåäñòâèå ó÷àñòèÿ â ïðîöåññàõ íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ æèâîãî âåùåñòâà, ñèñòåìà êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå äèíàìè÷åñêè óñòîé÷èâà. Ïðè ýòîì ëþáîå íàðóøåíèå ðåãèîíàëüíîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ â êðóãîâîðîòå, â òîì ÷èñëå âûçâàííîå ñîâðåìåííîé äîáû÷åé è ïîòðåáëåíèåì ÓÂ, ñèñòåìà ñòðåìèòüñÿ óñòðàíèòü çà õàðàêòåðíîå âðåìÿ áèîñôåðíîãî öèêëà óãëåðîäà, ñîñòàâëÿþùåãî íà êîíòèíåíòàõ îêîëî 40 ëåò. Ðàâíîâåñíîå ñîñòîÿíèå äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïåðåòîêàìè ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà ìåæäó îñíîâíûìè åãî ðåçåðâóàðàìè â ñèñòåìå ñî ñêîðîñòüþ 2.7×1017 ã/ãîä â ïåðåñ÷åòå íà ÑÎ2.  ãëîáàëüíîì ïëàíå òàêèìè ðåçåðâóàðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ âîäû Ìèðîâîãî îêåàíà, æèâîå âåùåñòâî è àòìîñôåðà, à â ðåãèîíàëüíîì – ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà, à òàêæå ãàçîãèäðàòû íà îêåàíñêîì äíå, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò ëîâóøêàìè ïîäâèæíîãî óãëåðîäà â ôîðìå Ó ïîä çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ. Ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïåðåòîêè óãëåðîäà, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå ðàâíîâåñèå ñèñòåìû ïðè êðóãîâîðîòå, íîñÿò ñëîæíûé õàðàêòåð, êîòîðûé âî ìíîãîì îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ãåîëîãè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè íàêîïëåíèÿ Ó ïîä çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòüþ è äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ëþäåé, êàê íàèáîëåå àêòèâíîé ÷àñòè áèîñôåðû.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êàê ýòî, âåðîÿòíî, èìååò ìåñòî â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ñèñòåìà ìîæåò ïîääåðæèâàòü ðåãèîíàëüíîå ðàâíîâåñèå çà ñ÷åò çàïîëíåíèÿ ñòàðûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íîâûìè ïîðöèÿìè ÓÂ, à â äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ – íåò. Òàê, â öåíòðå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, ãäå ëîâóøåê ìàëî, à îáúåì ÑÎ2 îò ñæèãàíèÿ Ó âåëèê, âîçíèêàþùèå â íåäðàõ âîäîðîä è ìåòàí ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì óõîäÿò â àòìîñôåðó.  ñòðàíàõ çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû, ãäå òàêæå íåò ïîäõîäÿùèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ íàêîïëåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà, ïîäâèæíûé óãëåðîä ñ ïîäçåìíûì ñòîêîì âîä ïîñòóïàåò â Àòëàíòè÷åñêèé îêåàí, ñîçäàâàÿ â Ñåâåðíîì ìîðå ìîðñêèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ, êîòîðûõ ñåãîäíÿ íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ áîëåå 150. Åùå õóäøàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ íà Ñåâåðîàìåðèêàíñêîì êîíòèíåíòå. Èç-çà âûñîêîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ÑØÀ è Êàíàäå Ó è èíòåíñèâíîé äîáû÷è ñëàíöåâîãî ãàçà è íåôòè çäåñü åæåãîäíî â êðóãîâîðîò âîâëåêàåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî óãëåðîäà, íå îáåñïå÷åííîãî íåîáõîäèìûìè ïðèðîäíûìè ëîâóøêàìè.  îòñóòñòâèè ëîâóøåê ýòîò óãëåðîä íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ â ìîðñêèõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ, èõ îòêðûòî ó áåðåãîâ ÑØÀ óæå áîëåå 500, à òàêæå îñòàåòñÿ â àòìîñôåðå Çåìëè.  ýòîé ñâÿçè ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîñëåäíèå äâà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ïîòðåáëåíèå Ó â ìèðå ðàñòåò íàñòîëüêî áûñòðî, ÷òî ñèñòåìà êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà íà ïëàíåòå íå óñïåâàåò ñòàáèëèçèðîâàòüñÿ çà âðåìÿ áèîñôåðíîãî öèêëà. Ñëåäñòâèÿ Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñëåäñòâèå êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå òàêîé äåñòàáèëèçàöèè î÷åâèäíû. Åñëè ñèòóàöèþ íå èçìåíèòü, òî ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû áóäåò óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ ñîäåðæàíèå ÑÎ2 è äðóãèõ ïàðíèêîâûõ ãàçîâ â àòìîñôåðå, à ñ äðóãîé – ñíèæàòüñÿ íåôòåãàçîâûé ïîòåíöèàë íåäð äîáûâàþùèõ ðåãèîíîâ ìèðà, ÷òî âåäåò ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó óäîðîæàíèþ Ó ñûðüÿ. Ìîæíî ïðåäëîæèòü ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ ìåð, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëèò çàìåäëèòü ýòè íåãàòèâíûå ïðîöåññû (Áàðåíáàóì, 2012). Îí çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â âîçìîæíîñòè ðàçðàáîòêè ìåñòîðîæäåíèé êàê ïîïîëíÿåìûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ ÓÂ, è òåì ñàìûì áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàòü íåôòåãàçîâûé ïîòåíöèàë íåäð. Ñòðàòåãèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåò: 1) ââåäåíèå â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ (äëÿ ìåñòíûõ íóæä) ìåëêèõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, ñ÷èòàþùèõñÿ ñåãîäíÿ íåðåíòàáåëüíûìè; 2) ñíèæåíèå òåìïîâ èçâëå÷åíèÿ Ó èç çàëåæåé äî óðîâíÿ èõ åñòåñòâåííîãî ïîïîëíåíèÿ; 3) ïðîäóìàííóþ ëîãèñòèêó, ïðè êîòîðîé îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü Ó ïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ òîãî æå ãèäðîãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî áàññåéíà, ãäå îíè äîáûâàþòñÿ. Ãëàâíûé âûâîä ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî íåôòü è ãàç ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåóíè÷òîæèìûìè ïîëåçíûìè èñêîïàåìûìè. Ïîýòîìó ê åñòåñòâåííûì ñêîïëåíèÿì Ó ñëåäóåò îòíîñèòüñÿ àíàëîãè÷íî òîìó, êàê ìû îòíîñèìñÿ ê êîëîäöàì äëÿ îòáîðà âîäû. Åñëè âîäó èçâëåêàòü î÷åíü èíòåíñèâíî, òî âîäû â êîëîäöå ìîæåò è íå ñòàòü. Îäíàêî êîëîäåö íå óíè÷òîæàþò, à æäóò, êîãäà îí âíîâü çàïîëíèòñÿ âîäîé. Òî æå ñàìîå ïðîèñõîäèò ñ çàïîëíåíèåì ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íåôòüþ è ãàçîì, òîëüêî çà áîëåå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ, èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ïåðâûìè äåñÿòêàìè ëåò. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àøèðîâ Ê.Á., Áîðãåñò Ò.Ì., Êàðåâ À.Ë. Îáîñíîâàíèå ïðè÷èí ìíîãîêðàòíîé âîñïîëíèìîñòè çàïàñîâ íåôòè è ãàçà íà ðàçðàáàòûâàåìûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Èçâåñòèÿ Ñàìàðñêîãî íàó÷íîãî öåíòðà ÐÀÍ. 2000. Ò.2. ¹1. Ñ.166-173. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Ãàëàêòîöåíòðè÷åñêàÿ ïàðàäèãìà â ãåîëîãèè è àñòðîíîìèè. Ì.: Êíèæíûé äîì «ËÈÁÐÎÊÎÌ», 2010. 544 ñ. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Ìåõàíèçì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé íåôòè è ãàçà. Äîêëàäû ÀÍ. 2004. Ò.399. ¹6. Ñ. 802-805. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Íàó÷íàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ â ïðîáëåìå ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà. Íîâàÿ íåôòåãàçîâàÿ ïàðàäèãìà. Ãåîðåñóðñû. 2014. ¹ 4(59). Ñ. 9-16. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Î âîçìîæíîé ñâÿçè ãàçîãèäðàòîâ ñ ñóáìàðèííûìè ïîäçåìíûìè âîäàìè. Âîäíûå ðåñóðñû. 2007. Ò.34. ¹5. Ñ. 620-625. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Îá èñ÷åðïàíèè óãëåâîäîðîäíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà íåäð. Ýíåðãåòèêà Òàòàðñòàíà. 2012. ¹4(28). Ñ.9-12. Áàðåíáàóì À.À. Ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà íà îñíîâå áèîñôåðíîé êîíöåïöèè íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ. Óðàëüñêèé ãåîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë. 2013. ¹2(92). Ñ.3-27. Áàðåíáàóì À.À., Øèëîâñêèé À.Ï., Øèëîâñêàÿ Ò.È. Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå. Óãëåâîäîðîäíûé ïîòåíöèàë ôóíäàìåíòà ìîëîäûõ è äðåâíèõ ïëàòôîðì: Ïåðñïåêòèâû íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòè ôóíäàìåíòà è îöåíêà åãî ðîëè â ôîðìèðîâàíèè è ïåðåôîðìèðîâàíèè íåôòÿíûõ è ãàçîâûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé. Êàçàíü: Èçä-âî Êàçàí. óí-òà. 2006. Ñ. 34-38. Áóðêîâ Â.Ä., Êðàïèâèí Â.Ô. Øàëàåâ Â.Ñ. Ñáàëàíñèðîâàííàÿ ìîäåëü ãëîáàëüíîãî áèîãåîõèìè÷åñêîãî êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà. Æóðíàë «Ëåñíîé âåñòíèê». 2012. Ò.9. Ñ. 86-94. Âåðíàäñêèé Â.È. Õèìè÷åñêîå ñòðîåíèå áèîñôåðû Çåìëè è åå îêðóæåíèÿ. Ì.: Íàóêà. 2001. 376 ñ. Âîéòîâ Ã.È. Î õîëîäíîé äåãàçàöèè ìåòàíà â òðîïîñôåðó Çåìëè. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ãåîäèíàìèêè. Òð. ÃÈÍ ÐÀÍ. Âûï. 515. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1999. Ñ. 242-251. Ãàëèìîâ Ý.Ì. Î íîâîé õèìè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè ïðîöåññà íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.  êí.: Ïðèðîäà îðãàíè÷åñêîãî âåùåñòâà ñîâðåìåííûõ è èñêîïàåìûõ îñàäêîâ. Ì.: Íàóêà. 1973. Ñ. 207-227. Ãàëêèí À.À., Ëóíèí Â.Â. Âîäà â ñóá- è ñâåðõêðèòè÷åñêîì ñîñòîÿíèÿõ – óíèâåðñàëüíàÿ ñðåäà äëÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé. Óñïåõè õèìèè. 2005. Ò. 74. ¹1. Ñ. 24-40. 1(60) 2015 51 A.A. Barenbaum Modern oil and gas generation as a result of carbon cycle in the biosphere Ãîðþíîâ Å.Þ., Èãíàòîâ Ï.À., Êðàâ÷åíêî Ì., Õàëèêîâ À.Í., Êëèìåíòüåâ Ä.Í. Ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ ïîäòîêîâ óãëåâîäîðîäîâ â íåôòåãàçîíîñíûå êîìïëåêñû íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëãî-Óðàëà. 3è Êóäðÿâöåâñêèå ÷òåíèÿ. Òåçèñû äîêë. Ì.: ÖÃÝ. 2014. Ãóñåâà À.Í., Êëèìóøèíà Ë.Ï. Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðîáëåìû ãåíåçèñà íåôòè ê íà÷àëó XXI âåêà. Íîâûå èäåè â ãåîëîãèè íåôòè è ãàçà. Íåôòåãàçîâàÿ ãåîëîãèÿ â XXI âåêå. ×. I. Ì.: ÌÃÓ. 2001. Ñ. 115-117. Äìèòðèåâñêèé À.Í. Ïîëèãåíåç íåôòè è ãàçà. Äîêëàäû ÀÍ. 2008. Ò. 419. ¹3. Ñ. 373-377. Çàêèðîâ Ñ.Í., Çàêèðîâ Ý.Ñ., Áàðåíáàóì À.À. è äð. Ãåîñèíòåç â ïðîáëåìå ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà. Òð. VIII Ìåæä. ñèìï.: Ïåðåäîâûå òåõíîëîãèè ðàçðàáîòêè, ïîâûøåíèÿ íåôòåîòäà÷è ìåñòîðîæäåíèé è èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñêâàæèí. Ìîñêâà. 2013. Ñ. 43-46. Çûêèí Í.Í. Ïîïóòíûå âîäû íåôòåãàçîêîíäåíñàòíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé êàê íåòðàäèöèîííîå ñûðüå äëÿ ãàçîõèìè÷åñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ãàçîâàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. Ñïåö. âûïóñê. Íåòðàäèöèîííûå ðåñóðñû íåôòè è ãàçà. 2012. Ñ.38-42. Êîíäðàòüåâ Ê.ß., Êðàïèâèí Â.Ô. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ãëîáàëüíîãî êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà. Ì.: Ôèçìàòëèò. 2004. 336 ñ. Êîðöåíøòåéí Â.Í. Ðàñòâîðåííûå ãàçû ïîäçåìíîé ãèäðîñôåðû Çåìëè. Ì.: Íåäðà. 1984. 240 ñ. Ëàðèí Â.Í., Ëàðèí Í.Â. Îáíàðóæåíà äåãàçàöèÿ âîäîðîäà â öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ðóññêîé ïëàòôîðìû. 26.02.2007. (http:// hydrogen-future.com/rus/page-id-6.html). Ìîë÷àíîâ Â.È., Ãîíöîâ À.À. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê: ÎÈÃÃÌ, 1992. 246 ñ. Ìîë÷àíîâ Â.È., Ñåëåçíåâà Î.Ã., Æèðíîâ Å.Í. Àêòèâàöèÿ ìèíåðàëîâ ïðè èçìåëü÷åíèè. Ì.: Íåäðà. 1988. 208 ñ. Ìóñëèìîâ Ð.Õ., Ãëóìîâ Í.Ô., Ïëîòíèêîâà È.Í. è äð. Íåôòåãàçî- âûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ – ñàìîðàçâèâàþùèåñÿ è ïîñòîÿííî âîçîáíîâëÿåìûå îáúåêòû. Ãåîëîãèÿ íåôòè è ãàçà. Ñïåö. âûï. 2004. Ñ. 43-49. Ñåëåöêèé Þ.Á., Ïîëÿêîâ Â.À., ßêóáîâñêèé À.Â., Èñàåâ Í.Â. Äåéòåðèé è êèñëîðîä Î-18 â ïîäçåìíûõ âîäàõ (ìàññ-ñïåêòðîìåòðè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ). Ì.: Íåäðà. 1973. 114 ñ. Ñîêîëîâ Á.À., Ãóñåâà À.Í. Î âîçìîæíîñòè áûñòðîé ñîâðåìåííîé ãåíåðàöèè íåôòè è ãàçà. Âåñòíèê ÌÃÓ. Ñåð. ãåîë. 1993. ¹3. Ñ. 48-56. Ñîêîëîâ Â.À. Ãåîõèìèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ãàçîâ. Ì.: Íåäðà. 1971. 336 ñ. Ñûâîðîòêèí Â.Ë. Ãëóáèííàÿ äåãàçàöèÿ Çåìëè è ãëîáàëüíûå êàòàñòðîôû. Ì.: «Ãåîèíôîðìöåíòð». 2002. 250 ñ. Ôåððîíñêèé Â.È., Ïîëÿêîâ Â.À. Èçîòîïèÿ ãèäðîñôåðû Çåìëè. Ì.: Íàó÷íûé ìèð. 2009. 632 ñ. ×åðñêèé Í.Â., Öàðåâ Â.Ï. Ìåõàíèçìû ñèíòåçà óãëåâîäîðîäîâ èç íåîðãàíè÷åñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé â âåðõíèõ ãîðèçîíòàõ çåìíîé êîðû. Äîêëàäû ÀÍ. 1984. Ò.279. ¹3. Ñ. 730-735. ×åðñêèé Í.Â., Öàðåâ Â.Ï., Ñîðîêî Ò.È., Êóçíåöîâ Î.Ë. Âëèÿíèå òåêòîíî-ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ íà îáðàçîâàíèå è íàêîïëåíèå óãëåâîäîðîäîâ. Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà. 1985, 224 ñ. Øèëîâñêèé À.Ï., Øèëîâñêàÿ Ò.È. Íåðàçâåäàííûå çàïàñû óãëåâîäîðîäîâ: Íåäðà Ìîñêîâñêî-Ìåçåíñêîãî îñàäî÷íîãî áàññåéíà. Palmarium Academic Publ. 2012. 92 ñ. Ñâåäåíèÿ îá àâòîðå Àçàðèé Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ Áàðåíáàóì – êàíä. ôèç.-ìàò. íàóê, âåäóùèé íàó÷íûé ñîòðóäíèê Èíñòèòóòà ïðîáëåì íåôòè è ãàçà Ðîññèéñêîé àêàäåìèè íàóê 119333, Ìîñêâà, óë. Ãóáêèíà, ä. 3. E-mail: [email protected] Modern oil and gas generation as a result of carbon cycle in the biosphere A.A. Barenbaum Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. From the point of new oil and gas paradigm the paper discusses polygenic mechanism of hydrocarbons generation of oil and gas. Oil and gas generation process is considered in close association with geochemical cycle of movable carbon through the earth surface with the involvement of biosphere in which human activity plays the important role. It is shown that due to dynamic stability of carbon cycle in our planet, any regional violations of such balance, including those caused by oil and gas production, are eliminated by the system with characteristic time of the biosphere cycle, which is 40 years for the continents. Therefore, formation of hydrocarbons – it is a modern biosphere phenomenon of man-induced nature, and oil and gas extracted from subsoil – its mandatory products. Modern processes of oil and gas generation are discussed on the example of refilling reserves of exploited oil fields, shale gas production, and formation of aquamarine gas hydrates, as well as sharp increase in recent years of subsoul degassing in the European part of Russia. A fundamental conclusion is obtained that industrial oil and gas fields are large traps of movable carbon circulating through the Earth surface in the biosphere cycle. A set of measures is suggested to effectively use this fact and develop oil and gas fields and as hydrocarbon sources, refilled in the time of first decades. Keywords: oil and gas, hydrocarbons, biosphere carbon cycle, oil and gas generation. References Ashirov K.B., Borgest T.M., Karev A.L. The reasons of repeated many times gas and oil restocking at the fields being exploited in the Samara region. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [News of the Samara Scientific Center of the RAS]. 2000. Is. 2. ¹1. Pp. 166-173. (In Russian) Barenbaum A.A. Galaktotsentricheskaya paradigma v geologii i astronomii [Galactocentric paradigm in geology and astronomy]. Moscow: «LIBROKOM» Publ. 2010. 544 p. Barenbaum A.A. The Mechanism of Oil-Gas Traps Formation. Doklady AN [Proc. of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. 2004. V. 399. ¹6. Pp. 802-805. (In Russian) 52 1(60) 2015 Barenbaum A.A. The Scientific Revolution in the Oil and Gas Origin Issue. New Oil and Gas Paradigm. 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Uglevodorodnyy potentsial fundamenta molodykh i drevnikh platform: Perspektivy neftegazonosnosti fundamenta i otsenka ego roli v formirovanii i pereformirovanii neftyanykh i gazovykh mestorozhdeniy [Modern oil and gas formation. Hydrocarbon potential of crystalline basement of young and old platforms]. Kazan: «Kazansk. universitet» Publ. 2006. Pp. 34-38. Burkov V.D., Krapivin V.F. Shalaev V.S. Balanced model of global biogeochemical cycle of carbon. Lesnoy vestnik [Forest Bulletin]. 2012. V.9. Pp. 86-94. (In Russian) Vernadskiy V.I. Khimicheskoe stroenie biosfery Zemli i ee okruzheniya [The chemical structure of the Earth’s biosphere and environment]. Moscow: «Nauka» Publ. 2001. 376 p. Voytov G.I. Cold methane drainage in Earth’s troposphere. Theoretical and regional problems of geodynamics. Tr. GIN RAN [Proc. GIN RAS]. Vol. 515. Moscow: «Nauka» Publ. 1999. Pp. 242-251. (In Russian) Galimov E.M. A new chemical model of oil and gas formation process. 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New ideas in geology of oil and gas]. Neftegazovaya geologiya v XXI veke [Petroleum geology in the XXI century]. P. I. Moscow: «MGU» Publ. 2001. Pp. 115-117. Dmitrievskiy A.N. Polygenesis of oil and gas. Doklady AN [Proc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. 2008. V. 419. ¹3. Pp. 373-377. (In Russian) Zakirov S.N., Zakirov E.S., Barenbaum A.A. et al. Geosintez and the origin of oil and gas. Tr. VIII Mezhd. Simp.: Peredovye tekhnologii razrabotki, povysheniya nefteotdachi mestorozhdeniy i issledovaniya skvazhin [Proc. VIII Int. Symp.: Advanced technologies of development, enhanced oil recovery and wells exploration]. Moscow. 2013. Pp. 4346. (In Russian) Zykin N.N. Poputnye vody neftegazokondensatnykh mestorozhdeniy kak netraditsionnoe syr’e dlya gazokhimicheskogo proizvodstva [Passing water oil and gas fields as unconventional gas and chemical raw materials for production]. Gazovaya promyshlennost’. Netraditsionnye resursy nefti i gaza [Gas industry. Spec. Is.: Unconventional oil and gas resources]. 2012. Pp. 38-42. Kondrat’ev K.Ya., Krapivin V.F. Modelirovanie global’nogo krugovorota ugleroda [Modeling of the global carbon cycle]. Moscow: «Fizmatlit» Publ. 2004. 336 p. Kortsenshteyn V.N. Rastvorennye gazy podzemnoy gidrosfery Zemli [Dissolved gases of the Earth underground hydrosphere]. Moscow: «Nedra». 1984. 240 p. Larin V.N., Larin N.V. Obnaruzhena degazatsiya vodoroda v tsentral’nykh rayonakh Russkoy platformy [Degassing of hydrogen found in the central regions of the Russian Platform]. 26.02.2007. (http://hydrogen-future.com/rus/page-id-6.html). Molchanov V.I., Gontsov A.A. Modelirovanie neftegazoobrazovaniya [Modeling of oil and gas formation]. Novosibirsk: «OIGGM» Publ. 1992. 246 p. Molchanov V.I., Selezneva O.G., Zhirnov E.N. Aktivatsiya mineralov pri izmel’chenii [Activation of minerals during grinding]. Ãëóáèííûå ðåãèîíàëüíûå ñåéñìîðàçâåäî÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÌÎÃÒ íåôòåãàçîíîñíûõ òåððèòîðèé Òðîôèìîâ Â.À. Íà îñíîâå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ñåéñìîðàçâåäî÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé îáû÷íîé ãëóáèííîñòè è èõ ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ ñ äàííûìè ïî ñâåðõãëóáîêèì è ïàðàìåòðè÷åñêèì ñêâàæèíàì â ïåðâîì ðàçäåëå ìîíîãðàôèè ïîêàçàíà âîçìîæíîñòü ïîëó÷åíèÿ äîñòîâåðíîé èíôîðìàöèè íå òîëüêî î ñòðîåíèè îñàäî÷íîãî ÷åõëà, íî è î âíóòðåííåì ñòðîåíèè âåðõíåé ÷àñòè äîêåìáðèéñêîãî ôóíäàìåíòà öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ÍÃÏ, â òîì ÷èñëå î íàëè÷èè ðàçóïëîòíåííûõ çîí-êîëëåêòîðîâ â åãî òîëùå. Âîçìîæíîñòü ïîëó÷åíèÿ òàêîé èíôîðìàöèè ñåéñìîðàçâåäêîé ÌÎÃÒ ñòàëà îòïðàâíîé òî÷êîé äëÿ ïîñòàíîâêè èññëåäîâàíèé áîëüøåé ãëóáèííîñòè.  ïîñëåäóþùèõ ðàçäåëàõ ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ñåéñìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÌÎÃÒ íåôòåãàçîíîñíûõ òåððèòîðèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ èçó÷åíèå çåìíîé êîðû íà âñþ åå ìîùíîñòü. Ýòè èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëè íà÷àòû â 1993 ãîäó â Òàòàðñòàíå è çàòåì ïðîäîëæåíû â ðÿäå äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé è ÇàïàäíîÑèáèðñêîé ïðîâèíöèé. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàáîò ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î âîçìîæíîñòè ïîëó÷åíèÿ ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè î ñòðîåíèè è õàðàêòåðå ñî÷ëåíåíèÿ êðóïíûõ òåêòîíè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ, î íàëè÷èè ñâÿçåé ãëóáèííîãî ñòðîåíèÿ çåìíîé êîðû ñî ñòðîåíèåì è íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòüþ îñàäî÷íîãî ÷åõëà, î âîçìîæíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýòèõ ñâÿçåé äëÿ îöåíêè ïåðñïåêòèâ íåôòåãàçîíîñíîñòè ñëàáîèçó÷åííûõ ðåãèîíîâ è òîëù è äëÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ êðóïíûõ ñêîïëåíèé óãëåâîäîðîäîâ. Âñå ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ðàñöåíèâàòü ãëóáèííóþ ñåéñìîðàçâåäêó ÌÎÃÒ êàê íîâîå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé íåôòåãàçîíîñíûõ è ñëàáîèçó÷åííûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ñîâðåìåííîå íåôòåãàçîîáðàçîâàíèå êàê ñëåäñòâèå êðóãîâîðîòà óãëåðîäà â áèîñôåðå Moscow: «Nedra» Publ. 1988. 208 p. Muslimov R.Kh., Glumov N.F., Plotnikova I.N. et al. Neftegazovye mestorozhdeniya – samorazvivayuschiesya i postoyanno vozobnovlyaemye ob’ekty [Oil and gas fields – self-developing and constantly renewable facilities]. Geologiya nefti i gaza [Geology of Oil and Gas. Spec. Is]. 2004. Pp. 43-49. Seletskiy Yu.B., Polyakov V.A., Yakubovskiy A.V., Isaev N.V. Deyteriy i kislorod O-18 v podzem-nykh vodakh (massspektrometricheskie issledovaniya) [About deuterium and oxygen-18 of underground waters (mass-spectrometric studies)]. Moscow: «Nedra» Publ. 1973. 114 p. Sokolov B.A., Guseva A.N. O vozmozhnosti bystroy sovremennoy generatsii nefti i gaza [On the possibility of fast modern oil and gas generation]. Vestnik MGU. Geol. Ser. [MGU Bulletin. Geol. Ser.]. 1993. ¹3. Pp. 48-56. Sokolov V.A. Geokhimiya prirodnykh gazov [Geochemistry of natural gases]. Moscow: «Nedra» Publ. 1971. 336 p. Syvorotkin V.L. Glubinnaya degazatsiya Zemli i global’nye katastrofy [Deep degassing of the Earth and global natural hazards]. Moscow: «Geoinformtsentr» Publ. 2002. 250 p. Ferronskiy V.I., Polyakov V.A. Izotopiya gidrosfery Zemli [Isotopy of the Earth’s hydrosphere]. Moscow: «Nauchnyy mir» Publ. 2009. 632 p. Cherskiy N.V., Tsarev V.P. Mechanisms of hydrocarbon synthesis from inorganic compounds in the upper layers of the crust. Doklady AN [Proc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences]. 1984. V.279. ¹3. Pp. 730-735. (In Russian) Cherskiy N.V., Tsarev V.P., Soroko T.I., Kuznetsov O.L. Vliyanie tektono-seysmicheskikh protsessov na obrazovanie i nakoplenie uglevodorodov [Influence of tectonic and seismic processes in the formation and accumulation of hydrocarbons]. Novosibirsk: «Nauka» Publ. 1985. 224 p. Shilovskiy A.P., Shilovskaya T.I. Nerazvedannye zapasy uglevodorodov: Nedra Moskovsko-Mezenskogo osadochnogo basseyna [Undiscovered hydrocarbon reserves: Entrails of the Moscow-Mezensky sedimentary basin]. Palmarium Academic Publishing. 2012. 92 p. Information about author Azariy A. Barenbaum – Cand. Sci. (Phys. and Math.), Leading Researcher of the Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of the RAS 119333, Russia, Moscow, Gubkina str., 3. Deep CMP Seismic Survey of Oil and Gas Bearing Areas V.A. Trofimov In the first section of the monograph based on the results of regional seismic investigation and their comparison with data on superdeep and parametric wells is shown the possibility of obtaining reliable information not only about the structure of the sedimentary cover, but also the inner structure of the upper part of the Precambrian basement of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province central areas including the forecasting of fractured zones The possibility of obtaining such information by CMP seismic was the starting point for conducting research in a deep depth. The following sections present the results of regional deep CMP seismic surveys of oil and gas bearing areas, providing study of the Earth crust throughout its thickness. These studies were initiated in 1993 in Tatarstan and then were continued in a number of other regions of the Volga-Ural and Western Siberia provinces. Work results indicate the possibility of obtaining fundamentally new information about the structure and nature of the major tectonic elements, the connection of deep crustal structure with sedimentary cover structure and petroleum potential, the possibility of using these relations to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the poorly studied areas and strata as well as for targeted forecasting of large hydrocarbon accumulations. All this allows evaluating deep CMP seismic as a new direction of researching for oil and gas in the regions with different degrees of studies. Moscow: GEOS Publ., 2014. 202 p. ISBN 978-5-89118-644-6 Ì.: ÃÅÎÑ, 2014. 202 ñ. ISBN 978-5-89118-644-6 1(60) 2015 53
