Выборы-2004 (Справочник)

Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb
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DSÅJHS-2004
Cghfdjxybr
ÅÑHJ VTÉLEYFHJLYSÖ BYAJHVFWBJYYSÖ GHJUHFVV
UJCELFHCNDTYYSQ LTGFHNFVTYN CIF
F
Htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ktckb R. Öfq
Gjvjoybrb htlfrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . Htåtrrf Ajhl Vbnxtkk
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hjpfkb Nfhujycrb
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fktrcfylhf Fååel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rfhhb Kb
Bcnjxybrb/Gjbcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fybnf Uhby
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kjhyf Ljln
Uhfabxtcrjt jajhvktybt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rkj Äkkbc
Ajnjhtlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Léjy Efqrfhn
Bplfntkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Léelbn C. Cbutk
Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ufq Ä. Jkcjy
Ghjbpdjlcndtyysq lbhtrnjh . . . . . . . . . . . Rhbcnbfy Kfhcjy
Gjvjoybr ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj
lbhtrnjhf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbkmdbz Crjnn
Htlfrnjh heccrjuj bplfybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kblbz Djhjybyf
Léjhlé Rkär
Htlrjkktubz
Ränkby H. Ltqdbc
Ahäycbc Å. Ejhl
Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF bplftn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥,
≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF:
jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥. Jyb gjcdzotys fyfkbpe jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj, f nfrét fyfkbpe jåotcndf, wtyyjcntq,
bltq b bycnbnenjd CIF. Rfélsq bp éehyfkjd bvttn dsöjlyst lfyyst: njv, cjjndtncndeñobq xbcke ktn jn yfxfkf bplfybz, b yjvth, cjjndtncndeñobq jxthtlyjve yjvthe éehyfkf,
bplfdftvjuj d ntreotv ujle.
Yjdsq éehyfk bplftncz tétvtczxyj yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt, f
xthtp 2–4 ytltkb dsöjlbn d gthtdjlfö yf bcgfycrbq, gjhneufkmcrbq b ahfywepcrbq zpsrb. Jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö.
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö,
bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö bplfntkb. Éehyfkmyst cnfnmb, ajnjuhfabb b bkkñcnhfwbb vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö
Infnjd, tckb vfnthbfks yt cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf juhfybxtybz, yfkfuftvst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. D gjcktlytv ckexft ytjåöjlbvj gjkexbnm hfphtitybt e dkfltkmwtd fdnjhcrbö ghfd, egjvzyensö d éehyfkt.
Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc
åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö
ajhvfnfö yf cnhfybwt Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö
ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt “http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm”.
Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz yfghfdkzqnt d gjcjkmcndj CIF d
dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce:
Editor, eJournal USA: Issues of Democracy
IIP/T/DHR
U.S. Department of State
301 4th St. S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20547
United States of America
Flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: ejdemos@state.gov
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Jå änjv dsgecrt
Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö d hfpufht ghtldsåjhyfz
rfvgfybz, b rfylblfns cjdthifñn vyjujxbcktyyst gjtplrb gj cnhfyt. Fubnfwbjyyst
gkfrfns hfpdtdfñncz yf afcflfö b erhfifñn fdnjvjåbkmyst åfvgths. D vfufpbyfö b yf djrpfkfö gjzdkzñncz djkjynths, ghtlkfufñobt gjvjxm d gjcktlybq
vjvtyn pfhtubcnhbhjdfnmcz bpåbhfntktv. Dct xfot
dtlencz cthmtpyst, gjhjq htprbt hfpujdjhs j njv,
rnj bp rfylblfnjd gjdtltn cnhfye gj kexitve genb.
D
Åjkmibycndj fvthbrfywtd cktlbn pf ghtpbltyncrjq
rfvgfybtq gj ufptnfv, bkb dtxthybv ntktdbpbjyysv
yjdjcnzv, bkb kñåbvsv njr-ije yf hflbj, bkb gj
Bynthytne. Jnyjcbntkmyj yt vyjubv uhfélfyfv ljdjlbncz dcnhtxfnmcz c rfylblfnfvb, tckb jyb yt ébden
d infnt c jcnhsv ghtldsåjhysv cjgthybxtcndjv –
jlyjv bp nfr yfpsdftvsö ≤gjktq chfétybq≥. Nt, rnj
ébdtn bvtyyj nfv, jcjåtyyj d yfctktyysö geyrnfö,
ult vyjubt bpåbhfntkb yt jghtltkbkbcm, pf rjuj ujkjcjdfnm, d ntxtybt ghtldsåjhyjuj ctpjyf, crjhtt dctuj,
vjuen edbltnm rfylblfnjd ytcrjkmrj hfp. Ébntkb ujhjljd, gjcktljdfntkmyj ujkjceñobö pf htcgeåkbrfywtd bkb pf ltvjrhfnjd, crjhtq dctuj yt edblzn rfylblfnjd yb njq, yb lheujq gfhnbb.
Yt cnfkf bcrkñxtybtv bp ckjébdiböcz ghfdbk b
ghtpbltyncrfz rfvgfybz 2004 ujlf. C ghbåkbétybtv
lyz dsåjhjd – 2 yjzåhz – d CVB ecbkbdftncz jcdtotybt ghtldsåjhyjq ntvfnbrb, f rfylblfns pfjcnhzñn cdjb hfpyjukfcbz gj jåceélftvsv djghjcfv. Ghtpbltyn Léjhlé Åei b ctyfnjh Léjy Rthhb tplzn gj
cnhfyt, dscnegfz gthtl njkgfvb gjntywbfkmysö cnjhjyybrjd, jcjåtyyj d infnfö, jnyjczoböcz r ≤gjkzv
chfétybq≥, nfrbö, rfr Gtycbkmdfybz, Jufqj b YmñVtrcbrj. Ldf rfylblfnf pfgkfybhjdfkb nhb hfeylf
jåotyfwbjyfkmysö ntktltåfnjd, xnjås zcytt ljytcnb
cdjb gkfnajhvs lj bpåbhfntktq. Cjukfcyj jghjcfv
jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, yf dsåjhfö-2004 fvthbrfywtd,
gjöjét, åjkmit dctuj djkyeñn djghjcs åtpjgfcyjcnb
b cjcnjzybt ärjyjvbrb cnhfys, jcjåtyyj hfåjxbt
vtcnf.
D änjv dsgecrt éehyfkf ghtlcnfdkty ibhjrbq dpukzl
yf dsåjhs – ltqcndeñobt cbks, gjpbwbb ldeö dtleobö gfhnbq b ghjwtlehs ujkjcjdfybz d Cjtlbytyysö
Infnfö. D gthdjv hfpltkt hfccvfnhbdfñncz itcnm
dféysö afrnjhjd, rjnjhst jrfpsdfñn dkbzybt yf bcöjl dsåjhjd: ytjåöjlbvjcnm gjåtlbnm d ljcnfnjxyjv
rjkbxtcndt infnjd lkz gthtdtcf d rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd, hfpkbxyst änybxtcrbt b ltvjuhfabxtcrbt uheggs bpåbhfntktq, pyfxtybt dsåjhjd lkz Ctyfnf b Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq CIF, vtyzñobtcz yjhvfnbdyst
frns, htukfvtynbheñobt abyfycbhjdfybt ghtldsåjhyjq rfvgfybb, hjkm chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb
b gjkbnbxtcrjq htrkfvs b djpltqcndbt, jrfpsdftvjt
rfylblfnfvb jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq. Rfélfz heåhbrf
cjxtnftn åfpjdeñ byajhvfwbñ c rjvvtynfhbzvb
ärcgthnf j njv, rfr ghjzdkztncz hfccvfnhbdftvsq
afrnjh d rfvgfybb-2004.
Dnjhjq hfpltk chfdybdftn gfhnbqyst gkfnajhvs
htcgeåkbrfywtd b ltvjrhfnjd, bpkfufñobt bö jabwbfkmyst gjpbwbb gj hzle gjkbnbxtcrbö djghjcjd. Ldf
gjkbnbxtcrbö frnbdbcnf, gj jlyjve jn rféljq gfhnbb, lfñn jåpjh gjpbwbq cdjbö gfhnbq gj ytcrjkmrbv
rkñxtdsv ntvfv. Pfntv lkz rjynhfcnf gfhfkktkmyj
ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp jåtbö gkfnajhv.
D pfrkñxbntkmyjv hfpltkt hfccvfnhbdfñncz ytrjnjhst vtöfybpvs fvthbrfycrbö dsåjhjd, drkñxfz
rjkktubñ dsåjhobrjd, vtcnf lkz ujkjcjdfybz, bpåbhfntkmyst vfibys b åñkktntyb.
Fvthbrfyws kñåzn gjcgjhbnm j cdjtq bpåbhfntkmyjq
cbcntvt – yflj kb eghfplybnm rjkktubñ dsåjhobrjd,
rfr rjynhjkbhjdfnm cevvs, hfcöjletvst yf rfvgfybñ, rfrbt bpåbhfntkmyst vfibys uhfélfyfv ghjot
bcgjkmpjdfnm. Rfélsq ghtldsåjhysq wbrk gjhjélftn
cdjb éfkjås, rjhhtrnbds b htajhvs, b yfxbyfñncz
lbcreccbb j njv, rfr yflj cltkfnm d cktleñobq hfp.
B dct ét cbcntvf ckeébn cnhfyt, åjktt 200 ktn
jåtcgtxbdfz vbhyeñ gthtlfxe ghtpbltyncrjq dkfcnb,
b jcnftncz jåhfpwjv fvthbrfycrjq ltvjrhfnbb d
ltqcndbb.
Htlfrwbz
eJournal USA
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb
Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF
Jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm
Njv 9
Yjvth 3
CJLTHÉFYBT
Dsåjhs-2004: cghfdjxybr
Dsåjhs d ltqcndbb
14 Abyfycbhjdfybt gjkbnbxtcrbö
4
Gjåtlbnm d infnfö
rfvgfybq
Gjcrjkmre d rféljv infnt ghtpbltyn b dbwt-ghtpbltyn bpåbhfñncz xktyfvb rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd
gj ghbywbge ≤gjåtlbntkm gjkexftn dct≥, f yt
dctyfhjlysv ujkjcjdfybtv, rfylblfns cnhtvzncz
dsbuhfnm dsåjhs d cnhfntubxtcrbö infnfö.
Pfrjy Vfrrtqyf-Afqyujklf pfghtnbk ≤vzurbt≥
ltymub, yj gjzdktybt ≤rjvbntnjd 527≥ jnrhskj
yjdsq rfyfk rhegysv cgjycjhfv.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: Xfhkb Rer, htlfrnjh b
bplfntkm ≤Rer gjkbnbrfk hbgjhn≥
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: Léfy Åthfy, fldjrfn
dfibyunjycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq abhvs ≤Efqkb, Htqy äyl
Afqyujkl≥
18 Chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb
7
Hfcrjkjnsq äktrnjhfn
Jghjcs gjrfpsdfñn, xnj fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb
gjllthébdfñn ldeö jcyjdysö rfylblfnjd d ghtpbltyns rjkbxtcndtyyj gjxnb d hfdyjq cntgtyb.
Ytåjkmijt xbckj ytjghtltkbdiböcz bkb rjktåkñoböcz bpåbhfntktq vjétn csuhfnm rkñxtdeñ hjkm
lkz bcöjlf dsåjhjd.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: Léjy Pjuåb, ghtpbltyn b
bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh ≤Pjuåb bynthyäiyk≥
Fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb xthgfñn jcyjdyst
cdtltybz j rfylblfnfö b bö gjpbwbzö bp chtlcnd
vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Rfxtcndj jcdtotybz rfvgfybb b njy gjkbnbxtcrjq htrkfvs – dféyst afrnjhs yf dsåjhfö.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: Vjyntuñ Rthy, ghjatccjh
afrekmntnf éehyfkbcnbrb b CVB Eybdthcbntnf
Hfnuthcf
22 Nhtnmb gfhnbb
10 Dsåjhs d Rjyuhtcc
Rjynhjkm yfl Rjyuhtccjv dféty lkz htitybz
gfhnbqysö pflfx d pfrjyjlfntkmyjq catht. Pf hzl
vtcn d Ctyfnt b Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq d änjv
ujle bltn jcnhfz åjhmåf.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: Njvfc Ä. Vfyy, cnfhibq
yfexysq cjnhelybr Bycnbnenf Åherbyucf
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ytcvjnhz yf ljvbybheñott gjkjétybt Htcgeåkbrfycrjq b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbq, yf bcöjl
dsåjhjd d CIF xfcnj dkbzñn nhtnmb gfhnbb. D
2004 ujle tlbycndtyysv rfylblfnjv jn nhtnmtq
gfhnbb, rjnjhsq vju ås jrfpfnm joenbvjt djpltqcndbt, zdkztncz Hfkma Ytqlth.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: K. Cäylb Vfqptk, ghjatccjh d
jåkfcnb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz d rjkktlét Rjkåb.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Yf xtv jyb cnjzn
26 Gjpbwbb, dshfétyyst d gkfnajhvfö
Yfhzle c kbxyjq ghbnzufntkmyjcnmñ b gfhnbqyjq
ghbyflktéyjcnmñ rfylblfnf, htifñobvb afrnjhfvb lkz bpåbhfntktq zdkzñncz gjpbwbb gfhnbq gj
frnefkmysv djghjcfv. Ldjt jgsnysö gfhnbqysö
frnbdbcnf chfdybdfñn dslthérb bp gkfnajhv
ldeö jcyjdysö gfhnbq gj rkñxtdsv geyrnfv.
Rjvvtynfhbq ärcgthnf: htcgeåkbrfytw Nfrth Äcrmñ,
åsdibq pfvtcnbntkm gjvjoybrf Ghtpbltynf d Eghfdktybb gj cdzpb Åtkjuj ljvf b ghtpbltyn ≤Äcrmñ cnhfntlébp≥, b ltvjrhfn Vfhr Ubycåthu, åsdibq gjcjk
CIF d Vfhjrrj, eghfdkzñobq lbhtrnjh ≤Yjhncnfh≥
b ghtlctlfntkm ≤Fkmzycf d gjllthére fvthbrfycrjuj
kblthcndf≤.
29 Dslthérb bp gkfnajhv
Nfåkbwf c dslthérfvb bp gkfnajhv gjrfpsdftn,
rfrjds gjpbwbb htcgeåkbrfywtd b ltvjrhfnjd gj
jcyjdysv djghjcfv.
Rfr änj ghjbcöjlbn
32 Ltym ujkjcjdfybz
Xnj ltkfñn fvthbrfyws, ghböjlz yf bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb.
33 Ntöyjkjubz ujkjcjdfybz
Cgjcjås gjlfxb ujkjcjd fvthbrfywfvb vtyzñncz.
35 Bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb
D fvthbrfycrjv åñkktntyt pyfxfncz yt njkmrj
bvtyf rfylblfnjd.
37 Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd
Rfr rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd bpåbhftn Ghtpbltynf b
dbwt-ghtpbltynf.
38 Åbåkbjuhfabz
40 Htcehcs Bynthytnf
31 Ntktltåfns
Ntktdbpbjyyst ltåfns vtéle rfylblfnfvb cnfkb
jlybv bp cfvsö jéblftvsö b dféysö cjåsnbq
ghtpbltyncrjq rfvgfybb.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Gjåtlbnm d infnfö
Ghtpbltyncrfz rfvgfybz ltkftn åjktt cbkmysq egjh yf jlyb infns, xtv yf
lheubt, gjcrjkmre Rjycnbnewbz CIF ghtlgbcsdftn bcgjkmpjdfybt rjkktubb
dsåjhobrjd dvtcnj ghzvjuj yfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz. D ghtlkfuftvjq cnfnmt
jåüzcyztncz, rfr ltqcndetn änf cbcntvf, f gjcktleñobq rjvvtynfhbq Xfhkb
Rerf gjcdzoty wbahfv yf dsåjhfö d ntreotv ujle. Rer – htlfrnjh b bplfntkm
≤Rer gjkbnbrfk hbgjhn≥.
ltym dsåjhjd, rjulf fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb
jnvtxfñn d åñkktntyzö, rjve bp rfylblfnjd d
ghtpbltyns jyb jnlfñn ghtlgjxntybt, jyb yf
cfvjv ltkt ujkjceñn pf uhegge dsåjhobrjd jn infnf.
Änb dsåjhobrb jåzpeñncz ghjujkjcjdfnm pf lfyyjuj
rfylblfnf d rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd – ghtlcnfdbntkmyjv
jhufyt, rjnjhsq afrnbxtcrb bpåbhftn Ghtpbltynf b
dbwt-ghtpbltynf.
infns bcgjkmpeñn cbcntve ≤gjåtlbntkm gjkexftn dct≥,
nfr xnj njn rfylblfn, rjnjhsq dsbuhsdftn yfhjlyjt
ujkjcjdfybt d änjv infnt, gjkexftn dct ujkjcf tuj dsåjhobrjd d rjkktubb. Tlbycndtyysvb bcrkñxtybzvb
zdkzñncz infns Väy b Ytåhfcrf, ult ldf dsåjhobrf
jghtltkzñncz yfhjlysv ujkjcjdfybtv d vfcinfåfö
infnf, f jcnfkmyst – yfhjlysv ujkjcjdfybtv d rféljv bpåbhfntkmyjv jrheut (gj dsåjhfv d Rjyuhtcc).
Exhtéltyyfz d gthdst lyb htcgeåkbrb rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd ctqxfc yfcxbnsdftn 538 xktyjd. Rfélsq
infn ghtlcnfdkty dsåjhobrfvb d rjkbxtcndt, hfdyjv
xbcke ctyfnjhjd b ghtlcnfdbntktq, rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn änjn infn d Rjyuhtcct. Jrheu Rjkevåbz, rjnjhsq
yt ghtlcnfdkty ujkjcfvb d Rjyuhtcct, ntv yt vtytt,
bvttn nhb ujkjcf dsåjhobrjd. Ghtpbltyncrbt dsåjhs
dsbuhsdftn njn rfylblfn, rjnjhsq yfåbhftn fåcjkñnyjt åjkmibycndj (yt vtytt 270) ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd.
Cktljdfntkmyj, gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb ljkéys cxbnfnm
dsåjhs d rféljv infnt jnltkmyjq rfvgfybtq, bvtz d
dble, xnj d pfxtn bltn yt jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz cevvf ujkjcjd; rnj gjgfltn d Åtksq ljv, jghtltkztncz ntv,
crjkmrj ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd gjkexbn rfylblfn. Rfylblfns ljkéys dtcnb yt njkmrj jåotyfwbjyfkmyeñ rfvgfybñ, d rjnjhjq bö jåhfotybz gthtlfñncz chtlcndf-
D
Gj änjq bpåbhfntkmyjq cbcntvt vjéyj gjåtlbnm yf
ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö, yt dsbuhfd yfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz. D gjcktlybq hfp nfrjt ghjbpjikj d 2000 ujle,
yj d bcnjhbb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd änj ckexfkjcm tot
nhbéls. Änf fyjvfkbz djpybrftn gjnjve, xnj gjxnb dct
4
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Cktdf ddthöe: Ghtpbltyn Léjhlé Åei ghbdtncndetn cnjhjyybrjd yf
ghtldsåjhyjq dcnhtxt 6 fduecnf d Cnhfntvt (infn Ymñ-Öävgibh).
(Ajnj FG/Xfhkmp Löfhfgfr)
Cghfdf ddthöe: Cnjhjyybrb ghbdtncndeñn ctyfnjhf Léjyf Rthhb yf
vbnbyut 21 ctynzåhz d Jhkfylj (infn Akjhblf). (Ajnj FG/Gbnth
Rjcuhjd)
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
vb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb cnhfys, yj b åjktt flhtcyst rfvgfybb d infnfö, jhbtynbhjdfyyst yf vtcnyst
b htubjyfkmyst ghjåktvs b pfåjns.
Vyjubt infns, d cbke cdjbö ltvjuhfabxtcrbö bkb ärjyjvbxtcrbö jcjåtyyjcntq, ghtlcrfpetvj jnlfñn ghtlgjxntybt jghtltktyyjve rfylblfne bkb gfhnbb. D gjcktlybt ujls ibhjrj dtltncz lbcreccbz j nfr
yfpsdftvsö ≤rhfcysö≥ b ≤cbybö≥ infnfö, ult åjkmibycndj, rfr ghfdbkj, ujkjcetn pf htcgeåkbrfywtd
(≤rhfcyst≥) bkb pf ltvjrhfnjd (≤cbybt≥). Rfhns, bkkñcnhbheñobt änb hfpkbxbz, gjrfpsdfñn åjkmibycndj
≤cbybö≥ infnjd yf gjåthtémzö, f åjkmibycndj ≤rhfcysö≥ – yf ñut b d wtynht cnhfys. D nt infns, ult bcöjl ghtlcrfpfnm jxtym nhelyj, yfpsdftvst ≤gjkzvb
chfétybq≥ bkb rjktåkñobvbcz infnfvb, jåsxyj yfghfdkztncz vyjuj htcehcjd jåjbö infåjd.
Infns – ≤gjkz chfétybq≥, ult rfylblfns ctqxfc cjgthybxfñn c jnhsdjv d ytcrjkmrj ghjwtynysö geyrnjd
lheu jn lheuf, vjuen vtyznmcz jn dsåjhjd r dsåjhfv
bkb lfét d ntxtybt jlyjuj bpåbhfntkmyjuj ctpjyf. Ärcgthns d wtkjv cöjlzncz yf njv, xnj d 2004 ujle r
≤gjkzv chfétybq≥ jnyjczncz 10 infnjd: Akjhblf,
Jufqj, Gtycbkmdfybz, Fqjdf, Vbyytcjnf, Ymñ-Öävgibh, Ymñ-Vtrcbrj, Jhtujy, Pfgflyfz Dbhlébybz b
Dbcrjycby. D cjdjregyjcnb änb 10 infnjd ghtlcnfdkzñn 116 bp 270 ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz
gjåtls.
Cnhfntub ghtldsåjhysö infåjd ljkéys hfccxbnfnm,
crjkmrj dhtvtyb b ltytu gjyfljåbncz gjnhfnbnm rfylblfne d kñåjv lfyyjv infnt, xnjås bvtnm yfbkexibt
ifycs yf gjåtle. D 2004 ujle Ghtpbltyn Léjhlé
Åei b ctyfnjh Léjy Rthhb yfytckb d öjlt rfvgfybb
vyjujxbcktyyst dbpbns yf nfrbt ≤gjkz chfétybq≥,
rfr Gtycbkmdfybz b Jufqj. Yt njkmrj cfvb rfylblfns
d Ghtpbltyns, yj b nt, rnj åfkkjnbhetncz d cdzprt c
ybvb yf gjcn dbwt-ghtpbltynf, hjlcndtyybrb b gjgekzhyst vtcnyst gjkbnbrb dscnegfkb c htxfvb jn bvtyb ghtldsåjhysö infåjd d hfpkbxysö infnfö.
Ghb jcnhjv cjgthybxtcndt htifñott pyfxtybt bvttn
zdrf bpåbhfntktq, gjänjve jåf infåf jhufybpeñn vthjghbznbz gj ghbdktxtybñ yfctktybz yf ujkjcjdfybt,
xnjås dszdbnm cnjhjyybrjd b eåtlbnm bö kbåj ghbqnb
yf bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb d ltym dsåjhjd, kbåj ghjujkjcjdfnm ljchjxyj gj gjxnt jnrhtgbntkmysvb åñkktntyzvb. Jåt gfhnbb nfrét jceotcndkzñn frnbdyst ghjuhfvvs htubcnhfwbb bpåbhfntktq, jcjåtyyj d ntö
yfctktyysö geyrnfö, ult, crjhtt dctuj, jnlflen ghtlgjxntybt bö rfylblfnfv.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Dkbzybt rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd
Rjvvtynfhbq Xfhkb Rerf
Tckb ås d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ghjdjlbkbcm jlyb
åjkmibt jåotyfwbjyfkmyst dsåjhs, yf rjnjhsö Ghtpbltynjv bpåbhfkcz ås rfylblfn, dsbuhfdibq yfhjlyjt ujkjcjdfybt, rfylblfns yt pfybvfkbcm ås jåotyfwbjyfkmysvb rfvgfybzvb, f jhbtynbhjdfkb ås dct
cdjb ghtldsåjhyst vthjghbznbz yf rhegyst ujhjlf,
cjdthityyj buyjhbhez ghb änjv ujhjlf gjvtymit.
Cbcntvf c rjkktubtq dsåjhobrjd åskf exhtéltyf lkz
njuj, xnjås cjplfnm 51 (50 infnjd gkñc jrheu Rjkevåbz) jnltkmyjt cjgthybxtcndj, ghbxtv ≤gjkz chfétybq≥ yf änbö dsåjhfö dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpys: Ymñ-Öävgibh yf Ctdthj-djcnjrt, Ymñ-Vtrcbrj b Ytdflf yf
Ñuj-pfgflt b Akjhblf yf Ñuj-djcnjrt (dct nhb infnf
cj pyfxbntkmysv bcgfyjzpsxysv yfctktybtv) b ghjvsiktyyst infns nbgf Gtycbkmdfybb b Jufqj, f nfrét åjktt lbdthcbabwbhjdfyyst infns c rhegysv
ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyysv yfctktybtv, rfr Fqjdf, Vbyytcjnf b Dbcrjycby.
Änf cbcntvf nfrét dsyeélftn rfylblfnjd dtcnb åjktt
≤hjpybxyeñ≥ rfvgfybñ, gjzdkzzcm d jnyjcbntkmyj ytåjkmibö ujhjlfö b gjctkrfö, xtuj ybrfr yt vjukj ås
åsnm, tckb ås ghjdjlbkbcm tlbyst jåotyfwbjyfkmyst
dsåjhs. Änf cbcntvf dsdjlbn rfvgfybñ bp xbcnj ntktdbpbjyyjuj bpvthtybz b pfcnfdkztn dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm
c bpåbhfntkzvb yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt.
Ddthöe: Dbwt-ghtpbltyn Lbr Xtqyb dscnegftn 20 ctynzåhz yf vbnbyut d Uhjd-cbnb (infn Jufqj). (Ajnj FG/Létq Kfghtn)
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
5
Ysytiybq hfcrkfl
Ctqxfc d xbckj dthjznysö b ghjxysö rjkjyy pf Ghtpbltynf Léjhléf Åeif döjlzn 24 infnf, yf ljkñ rjnjhsö ghböjlbncz d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 208 ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd. Änj cktleñobt infns: Fqlföj (4), Fkfåfvf
(9), Fkzcrf (3), Fhbpjyf (10), Fhrfypfc (6), Dfqjvbyu
(3), Dbhlébybz (13), Léjhlébz (15), Bylbfyf (11),
Rfypfc (6), Rtynerrb (8), Kebpbfyf (9), Vbccbcbgb (6),
Vbccehb (11), Vjynfyf (3), Ytåhfcrf (5), Jrkföjvf (7),
Ctdthyfz Lfrjnf (3), Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf (15), Ntyytcb
(11), Ntöfc (34), Ñéyfz Lfrjnf (3), Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf
(8) b Ñnf (5).
13 infnjd, ghtlcnfdkzñobt d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 179
ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd, kbåj c åjkmijq dthjznyjcnmñ,
kbåj yfdthyzrf gjllthéfn ctyfnjhf Léjyf Rthhb.
R ybv jnyjczncz: Dfibyunjy (11), Dthvjyn (3), Ufdfqb
(4), Ltkfdäh (3), Bkkbyjqc (21), Rfkbajhybz (55),
Rjyytrnbren (7), Vfccfxectnc (12), Vähbktyl (10),
Ymñ-Léthcb (15), Ymñ-Qjhr (31), jrheu Rjkevåbz (3)
b Hjl-Fqktyl (4).
Nhb infnf, bvtñobt d cevvt 28 ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd,
yf lfyysq vjvtyn crkjyzñncz r gjllthért Rthhb:
Vbxbufy (17), Väy (4) b Jhtujy (7).
Bp 50 infnjd b jrheuf Rjkevåbz, ujkjceñobö 2 yjzåhz, d yfcnjzott dhtvz d 11 infnfö cj 123 ujkjcfvb
dsåjhobrjd hfphsd ckbirjv vfk, xnjås ghtlcrfpfnm
bcöjl. Djn änb infns: Fqjdf (7), Dbcrjycby (10), Pfgflyfz Dbhlébybz (5), Rjkjhflj (9), Vbyytcjnf (10),
Ytdflf (5), Jufqj (20, Gtycbkmdfybz (21), Akjhblf
(27). Xnjås dsbuhfnm ujkjcjdfybt yf rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd b ntv cfvsv dsåjhs d wtkjv, rfylblfn ljkéty
yfåhfnm d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 270 ujkjcjd.
Gthtl gthdsvb ltåfnfvb jcyjdyst jghjcs gjrfpsdfkb, xnj Åei gj cnhfyt jgthtéftn Rthhb yf 3–8 jxrjd
(crjhtt dctuj, yf 6) b d chtlytv bltn yf 4 jxrf dgthtlb d infnfö c cfvsv jcnhsv cjgthybxtcndjv. D ctvb
bkb djcmvb infnfö, ult hfphsd ckbirjv vfk, Åei åsk
dgthtlb c jxtym ytåjkmibv ghtbveotcndjv.
Gjckt gthdsö b dnjhsö ltåfnjd yjdst jghjcs dszdbkb cnhfntubxtcreñ ≤ybxmñ≥ vtéle rfylblfnfvb, nj
tcnm yb jlby bp ybö yt bvtk zdyjuj gthtdtcf yfl
lheubv.
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn
dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
6
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Hfcrjkjnsq äktrnjhfn
D cbnefwbb, rjulf fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb gjxnb gjgjkfv hfpltkbkbcm vtéle
ldevz ukfdysvb rfylblfnfvb d ghtpbltyns, ghtldsåjhyst infås b chtlcndf
vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dybvfybt ytjghtltkbdibvcz bpåbhfntkzv,
rjnjhst vjuen htibnm bcöjl dsåjhjd d ne bkb byeñ cnjhjye. D änjq cnfnmt
öfhfrnthbpetncz cjcnfd äktrnjhfnf; d rjvvtynfhbb Léjyf Pjuåb hfccvfnhbdftncz
äktrnjhfkmyjt gjdtltybt ytrjnjhsö uhegg kñltq. Pjuåb – ghtlctlfntkm b
bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh cjwbjkjubxtcrjq abhvs ≤Pjuåb bynthyäiyk≥.
hb xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz bpåbhfntkmyjuj djphfcnf cdsit 200 vky. xtkjdtr Cjtlbytyyst
Infns bvtñn hfpyjjåhfpysq äktrnjhfn. D gjcktlybt ujls chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb gjltkbkb
cnhfye yf ≤rhfcyst≥ b ≤cbybt≥ infns, xnjås gjrfpfnm
ghtlgjxntybz bpåbhfntktq gj djghjcfv jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq pyfxbvjcnb: ≤rhfcyst≥ pf htcgeåkbrfywtd, ≤cbybt≥ pf ltvjrhfnjd. Yj änj – xhtpvthyjt eghjotybt
fvthbrfycrjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj gtqpféf. Yfghbvth, jyj
yt gjrfpsdftn, yfcrjkmrj jcnhsv vjétn åsnm gjkbnbxtcrjt cjgthybxtcndj d änbö infnfö. Öjnz rfylblfn-gjåtlbntkm jåsxyj gjkexftn dct ujkjcf dsåjhobrjd jn
infnf, gjxnb gjkjdbyf bpåbhfntktq d kñåjv ≤rhfcyjv≥
bkb ≤cbytv≥ infnt vjétn ghjujkjcjdfnm pf jggjytynf.
Yf dsåjhfö d 2000 ujle åskj 14 infnjd, d rjnjhsö gjåtlbdituj b ghjbuhfdituj rfylblfnjd hfpltkzkj vtytt
gznb ghjwtynysö geyrnjd. Ytåjkmijq cldbu d ujkjcfö d
infnt, ult bpåbhfntkb hfpltkbkbcm gjxnb gjhjdye, vju
njulf htibnm bcöjl dsåjhjd d lheueñ cnjhjye.
G
Ghtldsåjhyst infås cjchtljnjxbdfñn ecbkbz yf ldeö
uheggfö bpåbhfntktq: ntö, rnj eét bö gjllthébdftn
(gfhnbqyfz ≤åfpf≥), b ntö, rjuj vjéyj eåtlbnm gjllthéfnm bö (≤rjktåkñobtcz bpåbhfntkb≥).
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Jåt gfhnbb ghjdjlzn jghjcs, xnjås dszdbnm, rfrbö bpåbhfntktq vjéyj gthtnzyenm yf cdjñ cnjhjye ghb ujkjcjdfybb. Yf ghjnzétybb dctq rfvgfybb cjwbjkjub
dsbcrbdfñn byajhvfwbñ jå jåhfpt ébpyb bpåbhfntktq, bö jnyjitybb r ghjåktvfv b ghtlgjxntybzö gj
rfylblfneht ghtpbltynf. Ghtldsåjhyst infås bcgjkmpeñn äne byajhvfwbñ lkz gkfybhjdfybz cnhfntubq
dpfbvjltqcndbz c ytjghtltkbdibvbcz b ytpfdbcbvsvb
bpåbhfntkzvb; chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bcgjkmpeñn lfyyst, xnjås ghtlcnfdbnm rfhnbye, rfr bltn
ujyrf pf Åtksq ljv, b ghtlcrfpfnm gjåtlbntkz.
Ärcgthns cöjlzncz yf njv, xnj cfvjt cbkmyjt dkbzybt
yf gjdtltybt bpåbhfntktq jrfpsdftn gfhnbqyfz bltynbabrfwbz. D yfcnjzott dhtvz fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb ghbåkbpbntkmyj d hfdysö rjkbxtcndfö jnjéltcndkzñn ctåz c htcgeåkbrfywfvb, ltvjrhfnfvb b
Cktdf ddthöe: Ghtpbltyn Åei jndtxftn yf djghjcs bpåbhfntktq
yf dcnhtxt ≤Cghjcbnt Ghtpbltynf Åeif≥ d Fkmåerthrt (infn
Ymñ-Vtrcbrj) 11 fduecnf. (Ajnj FG/Gfåkj Vfhnbytc Vjycbdfbc)
Cghfdf ddthöe: Ctyfnjh Rthhb ghbdtncndetn cnjhjyybrjd yf
vbnbyut d Cfynf-At (infn Ymñ-Vtrcbrj) 11 jrnzåhz. (Ajnj
FG/Léthfkml Öthåthn)
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
7
ytpfdbcbvsvb, yt cdzpfyysvb yb c jlyjq bp ldeö jcyjdysö gfhnbq. Öjnz bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj
ytpfdbcbvst yf cfvjv ltkt, rfr ghfdbkj, gjcktljdfntkmyj ujkjceñn pf rfylblfnjd jn jlyjq gfhnbb, f yt
jn lheujq, dct ét änb bpåbhfntkb xbcktyyj gthtuheggbheñncz, rjulf cxbnfñn, xnj d cnhfyt bkb d bö yfctktyyjv geyrnt tcnm ghjåktvs, rjnjhsvb pfybvfñncz
ytljcnfnjxyj. Bvtyyj yf äne xfcnm ytghtlcrfpetvjuj
äktrnjhfnf, cjcnfdkzñoeñ ghbvthyj 10 ghjwtynjd dctö
bpåbhfntktq, ltkfñn yfbåjkmibq egjh rfylblfns,
flfgnbhez cdjb ghtldsåjhyst jåhfotybz d njv leöt,
rjnjhsq, gj vytybñ cjwbjkjujd, crjhtt dctuj, åeltn
eåtlbntkmysv.
Afrnbxtcrb ceotcndetn hzl htubjyfkmysö jcjåtyyjcntq äktrnjhfnf: ébntkb infnjd Nböjjrtfycrjuj gjåthtémz b ctdthj-djcnjxysö infnjd, rfr ghfdbkj, åjktt
kbåthfkmyj cvjnhzn yf cjwbfkmyst b ärjyjvbxtcrbt
ghjåktvs, f ñéfyt d wtkjv åjktt rjycthdfnbdys;
rjktåkñobvbcz infnfvb xfot jrfpsdfñncz nt, d rjnjhsö cåfkfycbhjdfys ctkmcrbt hfqjys b rhegyst ujhjlf. Yj dcktlcndbt vjåbkmyjcnb fvthbrfywtd (rfélsq
ujl gjxnb gznfz xfcnm yfctktybz CIF gthttpéftn),
ghbnjrf bvvbuhfynjd, rjnjhst cnfyjdzncz bpåbhfntkzvb, b dkbzybz jåotyfwbjyfkmysö CVB öfhfrnth ujkjcjdfybz jn dsåjhjd r dsåjhfv vtyztncz.
Yfghbvth, gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys Akjhblf
åskf htibntkmyj rjycthdfnbdysv htcgeåkbrfycrbv
infnjv, dctuj nhb hfpf jnlfdibv ujkjcf cdjbö dsåjhobrjd rfylblfne d ghtpbltyns jn ltvjrhfnjd. Yj d
ghjikjv ltcznbktnbb nelf gthttöfkb nsczxb gtycbjythjd bp ctdthysö ujhjljd, f fahj-fvthbrfycrjt b
ytreåbycrjt bcgfyjzpsxyjt yfctktybt infnf edtkbxbkjcm dldjt. Änb uheggs nhflbwbjyyj gjllthébdfñn
rfylblfnjd jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb, b, rfr gjrfpfkb dsåjhs 2000 ujlf, Akjhblf ctqxfc zdkztncz dféysv rjktåkñobvcz infnjv.
Dsöjlz pf hfvrb htubjyfkmyjq bcnjhbb ujkjcjdfybz
yf dsåjhfö, cjwbjkjub yföjlzn åjktt njxyst bylbrfnjhs njuj, rfr ghjujkjcetn uhfélfyby, exbnsdfz djphfcn,
gjk, ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz, ljöjl, änybxtcreñ ghbyflktéyjcnm b lheubt ltvjuhfabxtcrbt öfhfrnthbcnbrb,
dkbzñobt yf gjkbnbxtcrbt vytybz. Kñlb, bltynbabwbheñobt ctåz rfr tdfyutkmcrbt öhbcnbfyt, yfghbvth,
xfot ujkjceñn pf htcgeåkbrfywtd; étyobys c dscibv
jåhfpjdfybtv crjhtt ghblthébdfñncz kbåthfkmysö
dpukzljd yf cjwbfkmyst djghjcs; åjufnst veéxbys
åjkmit nzujntñn r ärjyjvbxtcrjve rjycthdfnbpve.
Rkñxtdst bpåbhfntkmyst åkjrb
Rjvvtynfhbq Léjyf Pjuåb
Bcöjl ysytiybö dsåjhjd – rfr b vyjubö lj ybö –
jghtltkzn ytcrjkmrj uhegg. Vjéyj jéblfnm, xnj dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, fahjfvthbrfyws, rfnjkbrb, vjkjlst bpåbhfntkb, äktrnjhfn bp ctkmcrjq
vtcnyjcnb b ghbujhjljd – dct jyb jrféen djpltqcndbt
yf ujyre pf Åtksq ljv. Ljåfdbv, xnj änb uheggs jrfpsdfñn cbkmyjt djpltqcndbt kbim d infnfö, jnyjczoböcz r ≤gjkzv chfétybq≥, b chfpe dblyj, rfrbt
uheggs lthéfn rkñxb r dkfcnb d 2004 ujle.
Nhb uheggs jnlfñn ltvjrhfne Léjye Rthhb zdyjt
ghtlgjxntybt gthtl htcgeåkbrfywtv Léjhlétv E.
Åeitv: fahjfvthbrfyws, dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq
Fvthbrb b vjkjlst bpåbhfntkb. Chtlb änbö uhegg
htfkmyfz åjhmåf bltn yt pf nj, xnjås pfhexbnmcz bö
gjllthérjq, f pf nj, xnjås ghbdktxm bö yf bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb: åjktt dscjrfz zdrf bpåbhfntktq –
rkñx r gjåtlt ltvjrhfnjd; ghb ybprjq zdrt chtlb
änbö uhegg htcgeåkbrfyws jcnfñncz e dkfcnb tot yf
xtnsht ujlf.
Ujyrf cekbn gjkbnbxtcrbt cödfnrb d 20 rjktåkñoböcz
infnfö. Nfv yfcnjzobv gjktv chfétybz cnfyjdzncz bpåbhfntkb bp ghbujhjljd: d ghbujhjlysö hfqjyfö u-y
Åei jgthtéftn u-yf Rthhb.
Yfbåjktt ghbcnfkmyj jncktébdftvjq ltvjuhfabxtcrjq
uheggjq yf änbö dsåjhfö cnfyen dsöjlws bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb. Åei d ntxtybt chjrf cdjbö gjkyjvjxbq
eltkzk bcgfyjzpsxyjve yfctktybñ gjdsityyjt dybvf-
Ddthöe: Ctyfnjh Léjy Äldfhlc (dnjhjq cktdf) åtctletn c ctvmtq bp
Vfrfltydbkkf (infn Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf) dj dhtvz dbpbnf d
änjn ujhjljr 22 fduecnf. (Ajnj FG/Xfr Åthnjy)
8
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
ybt. B yt åtp jcyjdfybz: d 2000 ujle kfnbyjfvthbrfyws jåjikb fahjfvthbrfywtd d hjkb rhegytqituj
vtymibycndf d CIF. Yf dsåjhfö d 2000 ujle yf bö
ljkñ ghböjlbkjcm dctuj 7fi ujkjcjd, yf ctq hfp jéblftncz, xnj änf wbahf djphfcntn.
Ujkjcf fahjfvthbrfywtd bvtñn htifñott pyfxtybt
lkz ltvjrhfnjd. Fahjfvthbrfyws gjllthéfkb Ujhf
d cjjnyjitybb 9–1 b ghbvthyj c nfrbv ét jnhsdjv
gjllthéfn Rthhb. Dscjrfz zdrf fahjfvthbrfywtd vjétn gthtkjvbnm d gjkmpe Rthhb bcöjl cjgthybxtcndf
d Dbhlébybb, Vbxbufyt, Vbccehb, Jufqj, Gtycbkmdfybb, Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbyt, Ntyytcb b Akjhblt.
Dct änj cjdthityyj yt jpyfxftn, xnj bcöjl dsåjhjd yt
vjétn gthtkjvbnm abybiysq hsdjr jlyjuj bp rfylblfnjd bkb gjzdktybt ytjéblfyyjq ntyltywbb; jlyfrj
yf ctujlyziybq ltym vjéyj jéblfnm, xnj d jåjbö kfuthzö cnhfntubz d jcnfdibtcz lj 2 yjzåhz lyb åeltn
jhbtynbhjdfyf yf änb uheggs bpåbhfntktq.
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn
dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Åtkst tdfyutkmcrbt öhbcnbfyt – rkñxtdjq äktrnjhfn,
jnlfñobq ghtlgjxntybt Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb. Hzl
bybwbfnbd flvbybcnhfwbb Åeif, jnhféfñobö rjycthdfnbdyst cjwbfkmyst b rekmnehyst wtyyjcnb, jåtcgtxbdftn ndthleñ gjllthére cj cnjhjys änjq uheggs.
Ytrjnjhst cnhfntub htcgeåkbrfywtd endthélfñn, xnj
gjxnb 4 vky. åtksö tdfyutkmcrbö öhbcnbfy, rjnjhst
yt ghbikb d 2000 ujle yf dsåjhs, cnjbkb Åeie gjåtls gj htpekmnfnfv yfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz. Ytpfdbcbvj
jn njuj, njxyf kb änf wbahf, htcgeåkbrfyws öjnzn
vfrcbvfkmyj edtkbxbnm zdre tdfyutkmcrbö öhbcnbfy
yf bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb d 2004 ujle.
Bpåbhfntkb-rfnjkbrb cnfkb jlyjq bp ukfdysö rjktåkñoböcz uhegg – dj vyjujv gjnjve, xnj jyb ckeéfn bylbrfnjhjv, ujkjcez nfr, rfr ujkjcetn cnhfyf. D 2000
ujle Ujh dsbuhfk pltcm yf ldf jxrf. C ntö gjh Åei
eltkzk vyjuj dybvfybz rfnjkbrfv – uheggt, buhfñotq
dféyeñ hjkm gjxnb d rféljv rjktåkñotvcz infnt.
Rthhb, öjnz jy b cfv rfnjkbr, yf lfyysq vjvtyn jncnftn jn Åeif. Bp rjktåkñoböcz infnjd njkmrj d Fhrfypfct, Dfibyunjyt, Dbhlébybb, Pfgflyjq Dbhlébybb, Jhtujyt, Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbyt b Ntyytcb rfnjkbrb
cjcnfdkzñn vtytt xtndthnb bpåbhfntktq.
Rhbnbxtcrjq uheggjq åelen ctkmcrbt bpåbhfntkb –
rkñx r gjåtlfv åsdituj Ghtpbltynf Rkbynjyf. Rthhb
gsnftncz jödfnbnm ctkmcrbq äktrnjhfn cdjbvb ärjyjvbxtcrbvb jåhfotybzvb, f vyjubt ctkmcrbt bpåbhfntkb
ébden d hfqjyfö, cbkmyj gjcnhflfdibö jn cgflf.
Dféysv afrnjhjv yf ghtlcnjzobö dsåjhfö vjuen jrfpfnmcz b vjkjlst bpåbhfntkb. Bö jåhfåjnre frnbdyj
dtlen ytgfhnbqyst uheggs nbgf ≤Ljkjq dsåjhs≥ b nfrbt pfobnybrb gfhnbq, rfr rbyjhtébccth Vfqrk Veh.
D 2000 ujle Ujh jåjitk Åeif c 48fi ghjnbd 46fi, f
yf vjvtyn yfgbcfybz änjuj rjvvtynfhbz Rthhb, gjöjét, pyfxbntkmyj jnjhdfkcz jn Åeif.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
9
Dsåjhs d Rjyuhtcc
Hfp d ldf ujlf fvthbrfyws bpåbhfñn dtcm cjcnfd Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq b jlye
nhtnm cjcnfdf Ctyfnf. Rfélfz bp ldeö jcyjdysö gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq cnhtvbncz
r pfdjtdfybñ åjkmibycndf vtcn d jåtbö gfkfnfö Rjyuhtccf c ntv, xnjås ktuxt
åskj ghjldbufnm cdjñ pfrjyjlfntkmyeñ gjdtcnre lyz. Yfif cnfnmz pyfrjvbn
xbnfntkz c änbv ghjwtccjv, f pfntv ärcgthn gj gjkbnbxtcrbv djghjcfv Njvfc Ä.
Vfyy lftn d ytq cdjq fyfkbp egjvzyenjuj ghjwtccf b jwtybdftn gthcgtrnbds
htcgeåkbrfywtd b ltvjrhfnjd yf dsåjhfö d Rjyuhtcc, ghjdjlzoböcz d ysytiytv ujle.
Njvfc Ä. Vfyy – cnfhibq yfexysq cjnhelybr Åherbyucrjuj bycnbnenf,
ytrjvvthxtcrjq bccktljdfntkmcrjq jhufybpfwbb d Dfibyunjyt.
jcrjkmre rfélfz bp nhtö dtndtq fvthbrfycrjq
ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb – bcgjkybntkmyfz,
pfrjyjlfntkmyfz b celtåyfz – bvtñn jlbyfrjdeñ cbke d cbcntvt ≤clthétr b ghjnbdjdtcjd≥ CIF,
djghjc j njv, rnj rjynhjkbhetn gfkfns Rjyuhtccf –
htcgeåkbrfyws bkb ltvjrhfns, bvttn ébpytyyj dféyjt pyfxtybt.
G
Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjkbnbxtcrfz gjdtcnrf lyz änjq
cnhfys jghtltkztncz tt ghtpbltynjv, Rjyuhtcc jrfpsdftn juhjvyjt dkbzybt yf cgjcjåyjcnm flvbybcnhfwbb
ljåbdfnmcz dsgjkytybz cdjbö wtktq. Njkmrj gfkfns
Rjyuhtccf bvtñn gjkyjvjxbz yf ghbyznbt njuj bkb
byjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, endthéltybt bkb ytendthéltybt yfpyfxtybq vbybcnhjd rfåbytnf, gjckjd b celtq,
jceotcndktybt yflpjhf pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ ujcelfhcndtyysö jhufyjd b ghjdtltybt hfccktljdfybq änjq ltzntkmyjcnb, hfnbabrfwbñ ljujdjhjd, htuekbhjdfybt njhujdkb,
ghjdtltybt ghjdthjr dpbvfybz yfkjujd b gjkbnbrb hfcöjljdfybz ujcelfhcndtyysö chtlcnd, jåüzdktybt djqys
b endthéltybt abyfycbhjdfybz djtyysö cnherneh.
Eckjdbz, d rjnjhsö ghjdjlbncz jåceéltybt kñåjuj
cgjhyjuj djghjcf, rjynhjkbheñncz gfhnbtq åjkmibycndf d rféljq bp gfkfn Rjyuhtccf, gjcrjkmre jyf jceotcndkztn rjynhjkm yfl herjdjlcndjv b cjcnfdjv hfpkbxysö rjvbntnjd Rjyuhtccf.
Cj dhtvtyb ghjvtéenjxysö dsåjhjd (dsåjhjd, ghjöjlzobö d cthtlbyt xtnshtöktnytuj chjrf ghtåsdfybz ghtpbltynf e dkfcnb), ghjdjlbdiböcz d yjzåht 1994 ujlf,
Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq rjynhjkbhetncz Htcgeåkbrfycrjq
gfhnbtq. Nj ét vjéyj crfpfnm b j Ctyfnt pf bcrkñxt10
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
ybtv gznbvtczxyjuj gthbjlf d 2001 u., rjulf ctyfnjhhtcgeåkbrfytw Létqvc Létaajhlp jn infnf Dthvjyn
dsitk bp cjcnfdf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb c ntv, xnjås
cnfnm ytpfdbcbvsv xktyjv Rjyuhtccf, xnj jnyzkj e htcgeåkbrfywtd ajhvfkmysq rjynhjkm yfl änjq gfkfnjq.
Lkz ltvjrhfnf Ebkmzvf Rkbynjyf, pfybvfdituj gjcn
ghtpbltynf cnhfys c 1993 gj 2001, änj jpyfxfkj gjcnjzyyeñ ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghbcgjcjåktybz cdjbö pfrjyjlfntkmysö ghtlkjétybq r nhtåjdfybzv rjynhjkbhjdfditq
Rjyuhtcc jggjpbwbjyyjq Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb c wtkmñ pfdjtdfybz gjllthérb gjcktlytq; lkz ghtpbltynfhtcgeåkbrfywf Léjhléf Åeif änj jpyfxfkj b jpyfxftn
yfkbxbt e ytuj ytcrjkmrj åjkmitq cdjåjls ltqcndbq
lkz ghjdtltybz d ébpym cdjtq gjdtcnrb lyz.
Dtcm cjcnfd Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq, d rjnjhjq vfcinfås ltktubhjdfybz ghtlcnfdbntktq njuj bkb byjuj
infnf jghtltkzñncz xbcktyyjcnmñ tuj yfctktybz, gjlktébn gthtbpåhfybñ rfélst ldf ujlf. C lheujq cnjhjys, ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj d Ctyfnt zdkztncz jlbyfrjdsv
lkz dctö infnjd – e rféljuj bp ybö bvttncz ldf ctyfnjhf, bpåbhftvsö yf itcnbktnybq chjr; kbim nhtnm
xktyjd Ctyfnf gjlktébn gthtbpåhfybñ d kñåjv ldeöktnytv dsåjhyjv wbrkt. D ckexft hfdtycndf ujkjcjd
ghb jåceéltybzö hfpkbxysö djghjcjd d Ctyfnt dbwtghtpbltyn jåkflftn htifñobv ujkjcjv.
Jlybv bp afrnjhjd yf dsåjhfö d Rjyuhtcc zdkztncz
b gthtcvjnh uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd. Gjcrjkmre
Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq jcyjdsdftncz yf xbcktyyjcnb
yfctktybz hfpkbxysö infnjd, bpåbhfntkmyst jrheuf gj
dsåjhfv d Rjyuhtcc d rféljv infnt jåsxyj gthtrhfbdfñncz d cjjndtncndbb c byajhvfwbtq j xbcktyyjcnb
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
yfctktybz, gjkextyyjq d htpekmnfnt gthtgbcb yfctktybz CIF, rjnjhfz ghjdjlbncz rfélst 10 ktn. Gfhnbz,
bvtñofz d nj dhtvz åjkmibycndj ujkjcjd d ktubckfneht rféljuj infnf, rjynhjkbhetn ghjwtcc gthtcvjnhf
uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd b xfcnj bcgjkmpetn änb
gjkyjvjxbz lkz ecnfyjdktybz yjdsö uhfybw egjvzyensö jrheujd nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås jyb åkfujghbzncndjdfkb rfylblfnfv änjq gfhnbb. Gjljåyjt cjplfybt
ythfdysö bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd bkb ljgjkybntkmysö
jrheujd gjl ≤cdjbö≥ bpåbhfntktq lkz jåtcgtxtybz gjåtls cjåcndtyyjq gfhnbb yf dsåjhfö gjkexbkj yfpdfybt ≤léthhbvfylth≥.
D eckjdbzö, rjulf rjynhjkm yfl Rjyuhtccjv buhftn
cnjkm juhjvyeñ hjkm lkz ecnfyjdktybz d pfrjyjlfntkmyjv gjhzlrt gkfnajhvs gfhnbb, jåkflfñotq änbv
rjynhjktv, gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb jåzpfntkmyj bcgjkmpeñn åjhmåe yf dsåjhfö d Gfkfne ghtlcnfdbntktq b
Ctyfn, hfdyj rfr b åjhmåe yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö,
lkz cjchtljnjxtybz cdjtuj dybvfybz yf gjntywbfkmysö
bpåbhfntkzö d ntö infnfö b jrheufö lkz dsåjhjd d
Rjyuhtcc, d rjnjhsö bpåbhfntkb rjktåkñncz b d rjnjhsö gj änjq ghbxbyt cjgthybxtcndj vtéle rfylblfnfvb zdkztncz nfrbv jcnhsv, xnj gjåtle vjétn jlthéfnm
kñåfz bp ldeö jcyjdysö gfhnbq. Jåt gfhnbb yfltñncz,
xnj e bö rfylblfnjd gjzdzncz ≤afkls≥, n.t. cgjcjåyjcnm gjgekzhyjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj ltzntkz, rfylblfnf
yf gjkbnbxtcrbq gjcn, ≤ghjnfobnm e ctåz yf afklfö≥
(jåtcgtxbnm gjåtle) cdjbö cnjhjyybrjd. Byfxt ujdjhz,
egjvzyenst gfhnbb hfccxbnsdfñn yf cjåcndtyyeñ cgjcjåyjcnm gthtvfybdfnm yf cdjñ cnjhjye bpåbhfntktq,
rjnjhst nfr hmzyj gjllthébdfñn njuj bkb byjuj rjyrhtnyjuj rfylblfnf, xnj åelen ujkjcjdfnm b pf lheubö
rfylblfnjd njq ét gfhnbb yf lheubö dsåjhfö, ghjöjlzobö d eckjdbzö étcnrjq rjyrehtywbb.
D yfcnjzott dhtvz bvttncz cktleñobq cjcnfd Ctyfnf:
51 htcgeåkbrfytw, 48 ltvjrhfnjd b jlby ytpfdbcbvsq
rjyuhtccvty, rjnjhsq bvttn ntyltywbñ ujkjcjdfnm
dvtcnt c ltvjrhfnfvb; d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq,
cjcnjzotq bp 435 xktyjd, htcgeåkbrfyws bvtñn
åjkmibycndj yfl ltvjrhfnfvb (229 ghjnbd 205) ghb
yfkbxbb jlyjuj ytpfdbcbvjuj rjyuhtccvtyf. Lfét
ytåjkmijt bpvtytybt d hfcghtltktybb änbö vtcn d
htpekmnfnt dctjåobö dsåjhjd 2004 u. jrfétn åjkmijt
djpltqcndbt yf cgjcjåyjcnm cktleñotuj ghtpbltynf
ghtndjhbnm d ébpym cdjq gkfy ltqcndbq, rjnjhsq jy
jåtofk fvthbrfywfv.
Cjgthybxtcndj d ysytiytv ujle
Rjvvtynfhbq Njvfcf Ä. Vfyyf
yfcnjzott dhtvz gthcgtrnbds Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq
gfhnbb d jåhtntybb rjynhjkz d rfxtcndt åjkmibycndf d Ctyfnt b Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq d
pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb jghtltkzñncz ntv, rfr ghjzdbn
ctåz rfylblfn jn änjq gfhnbb yf gjcn ghtpbltynf
Léjy Rthhb. Hjcn vfcinfåjd hfpjdjuj ujkjcjdfybz pf
jlye bkb lheueñ gfhnbñ d gjcktlybt ujls jpyfxftn,
xnj yfkbxbt jcnhjq rjyrehtynyjq åjhmås yf dsåjhfö d
Rjyuhtcc vjétn jåtcgtxbnm njq bkb byjq cnjhjyt gthtdtc d pfdbcbvjcnb jn evtybz ntö, rnj yföjlbncz d
dthöytq xfcnb cgbcrf rfylblfnjd, dtcnb ghtldsåjhyeñ
åjhmåe. Ytcjvytyysq ecgtö Rthhb d åjhmåt pf ghtpbltyncrjt rhtckj vju ås yfdthyzrf jåtcgtxbnm ytjåöjlbvsq pfgfc lkz gjåtls d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö jcnhjuj
cjgthybxtcndf pf vtcnf d Ctyfnt, xnj zdbkjcm ås ljcnfnjxysv lkz njuj, xnjås gjpdjkbnm ltvjrhfnfv gjåtlbnm c ytpyfxbntkmysv åjkmibycndjv, d nj dhtvz rfr
gjåtlf Åeif edtkbxbkf ås dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj htcgeåkbrfyws elthéfn bkb edtkbxfn cdjt åjkmibycndj d
51 vtcnj. Ltvjrhfnfv ghbltncz cnjkryenmcz c yfkbxbtv e ybö ujhfplj vtymibö ifycjd yf djccnfyjdktybt
cdjtuj rjynhjkz yfl Gfkfnjq ghtlcnfdbntktq. Lkz njuj
xnjås jåjuyfnm htcgeåkbrfywtd, ltvjrhfnfv ytjåöjlbvj pfgjkexbnm yb vyjuj, yb vfkj 13 ljgjkybntkmysö
vtcn d änjq gfkfnt, d rjnjhjq d jåotq ckjéyjcnb bvttncz 435 vtcn. Jlyfrj bcnjhbxtcrb ckjébkjcm nfr, xnj
xbckj ckexftd ltqcndbntkmyj jcnhjuj cjgthybxtcndf pf
vtcnf (ult-nj jrjkj 36 vtcn, gjkjdbyf bp rjnjhsö d
yfcnjzott dhtvz ghbyflktébn ltvjrhfnfv) åsdftn yt-
D
Ddthöe: Ctyfnjh-htcgeåkbrfytw Kfqpf Vthrjdcrb b xktys tt ctvmb
ghbdtncndeñn cdjbö cnjhjyybrjd gjckt njuj, rfr 24 fduecnf jyf
ljåbkfcm dsldbétybz cdjtq rfylblfnehs d Ctyfn jn infnf Fkzcrf. (Ajnj FG/Äk Uhbkkje)
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
11
pyfxbntkmysv, xnj jpyfxftn, xnj bv ytjåöjlbvf gjkyfz
gjåtlf Rthhb yf dsåjhfö lkz njuj, xnjås cyjdf cnfnm
åjkmibycndjv d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq.
D jnkbxbt jn åjhmås
pf ghtpbltyncrjt rhtckj
e htcgeåkbrfywtd tcnm
ghtbveotcndj d Ctyfnt,
gjcrjkmre bv ghtlcnjbn
jncnfbdfnm vtymit cdjbö
vtcn, ghbxtv yf nthhbnjhbb, ult r htcgeåkbrfywfv jnyjczncz åjktt
åkfujétkfntkmyj. Fhtyf
åjhmås d Ctyfnt juhfybxbdftncz 10 bp 34 infnjd, d rjnjhsö ghjdjlzncz dsåjhs änjuj wbrkf, ghbxtv
njkmrj d ldeö bp ybö pfybvfñobv ljkéyjcnb htcgeåkbrfywfv euhjéftn cthmtpyfz jgfcyjcnm gjnthb cdjtuj
vtcnf. Kblth vtymibycndf Njv Läik bp Ñéyjq Lfrjns dtltn étcnjreñ åjhmåe c åsdibv rjyuhtccvtyjvhtcgeåkbrfywtv Léjyjv Neyjv. Rhjvt njuj, ctyfnjhe
bp Fkzcrb Kfqpt Vthrjdcrb, yfpyfxtyyjq tt jnwjv ueåthyfnjhjv Ahäyrjv Vthrjdcrb yf cdjñ ljkéyjcnm,
chjr ghtåsdfybz yf rjnjhjq jy jnåsk yt lj rjywf,
ghbltncz cnjkryenmcz c cthmtpysv dspjdjv cj cnjhjys
åsdituj ueåthyfnjhf-ltvjrhfnf Njyb Yjeäkpf. Ltvjrhfns ljkéys jncnfbdfnm gznm vtcn yf Ñut, ult bö
ghtlcnfdbntkb, pfybvfñobt ysytiybt ljkéyjcnb, htibkb eqnb d jncnfdre: d infnfö Akjhblf, Léjhlébz,
Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf, Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf b Kebpbfyf. D
Léjhlébb jxtym åjkmijt ghtlgjxntybt jnlftncz htcgeåkbrfycrjve rfylblfne; ltvjrhfns bvtñn rfylblfnjd
c åjkmibvb ifycfvb yf gjåtle d xtnshtö lheubö ckexfzö cjgthybxtcndf pf vtcnf d Ctyfnt, yj dsyeéltys
dtcnb åjhmåe d jcyjdyjv yf ytåkfujghbznyjq nthhbnjhbb, ébntkb rjnjhjq jnlfñn ghtlgjxntybt htcgeåkbrfywfv. Htcgeåkbrfyws pfobofñn vtcnf, yf rjnjhsö
jcdjåjélfñncz ljkéyjcnb ctyfnjhjd, d Bkkbyjqct, Jrkföjvt b Rjkjhflj. Ltvjrhfn Åähär Jåfvf, åsdibq
jcyjdysv jhfnjhjv yf cütplt Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb,
jghtltktyyj jlthébn gjåtle d Bkkbyjqct, yj lheubt
ltvjrhfns gjxnb yfdthyzrf jåhtxtys yf gjhfétybt.
D Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq gthcgtrnbds htcgeåkbrfywtd
erhtgbkbcm åkfujlfhz ytcrjkmrbv ecgtiysv hfeylfv
Ddthöe: Rfylblfn yf gjcn ctyfnjhf jn Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
Léjy Ney jndtxftn yf jlby bp djghjcjd dj dhtvz ltåfnjd, ghjdjlbdiböcz 18 fduecnf d Vbnxtkkt, Ñéyfz Lfrjnf. (Ajnj FG/Lfu
Nhtqth) Cghfdf ddthöe: 18 fduecnf rfylblfn yf gjcn ctyfnjhf
jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb Åfhfr Jåfvf ghbdtncndtyyj vfitn
herjq vyjujxbcktyysv gjctnbntkzv Zhvfhrb infnf Bkkbyjqc
d Cghbyuabklt. (Ajnj FG/Ctn Gthkväy)
12
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
gthtcvjnhf uhfybw bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd, xnj ghbdtkj
r htprjve cjrhfotybñ xbckf jcgfhbdftvsö ljkéyjcntq b lfkj htcgeåkbrfywfv ghtbveotcndj d vfcinfåfö
dctq cnhfys, gj rhfqytq vtht, d ldtyflwfnm vtcn. Ytlfdybq gfhnbqysq léthhbvfylth d Ntöfct d cthtlbyt
ltcznbktnbz, ghjdtltyysq gj bybwbfnbdt kblthf åjkmibycndf d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq Njvf Lbktqz, bvtk
cdjbv htpekmnfnjv gjkextybt htcgeåkbrfywfvb ljgjkybntkmysö itcnb vtcn. D
eckjdbzö jncencndbz htprjuj
bpvtytybz hfpdbnbz cjåsnbq
vjéyj jéblfnm, xnj htcgeåkbrfyws elthéfn bkb lfét
ytpyfxbntkmyj edtkbxfn cdjt
ysytiytt åjkmibycndj d
Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq.
Tckb Léjhléf Åeif bpåthen yf dnjhjq chjr, jy, dthjznyj, dyjdm åeltn hfåjnfnm, bvtz ytpyfxbntkmyjt
åjkmibycndj htcgeåkbrfywtd d Ctyfnt b Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq, ljcnfnjxyjt lkz jceotcndktybz rjynhjkz
yfl gjdtcnrjq lyz, yj ytljcnfnjxyjt lkz njuj, xnjås
jljktnm akbåecnmthcndj (nfrnbre ghjdfkbdfybz pfrjyjghjtrnjd gentv ghjbpytctybz lkbyysö htxtq c wtkmñ
dczxtcrjuj jnnzubdfybz vjvtynf ghbyznbz htitybz) d
Ctyfnt bkb cdjtyhfdbt b eghzvcndj evthtyysö htcgeåkbrfywtd d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq. Fvåbwbjpyfz gjdtcnrf lyz Åeif, yfghfdktyyfz yf cjplfybt e ctåz d
cnhfyt jåotcndf, gjcnhjtyyjuj yf ghfdt cjåcndtyyjcnb,
b hfcghjcnhfytybt cdjåjls b ltvjrhfnbb dj dctv vbht, vjukf ås cnjkryenmcz yf Rfgbnjkbqcrjv öjkvt c
ytrjnjhsvb ghtgzncndbzvb.
Tckb gjåtlbntktv jrfétncz Léjy Rthhb, tve, dthjznyj,
ghbltncz hfåjnfnm d eckjdbzö, rjulf Gfkfnf ghtlcnfdbntktq, f, djpvjéyj, b Ctyfn yföjlzncz gjl rjynhjktv
htcgeåkbrfywtd. Tve ghbikjcm ås bvtnm ltkj c htcgeåkbrfywfvb d jåtbö gfkfnfö, xnj ghbdjlbkj ås r dytctybñ ceotcndtyysö bpvtytybq d ghtlkjétybz, rjnjhst
Rthhb jncnfbdftn ctqxfc d cdjtq ghtldsåjhyjq rfvgfybb. Jlyfrj hfpltktyyfz vtéle ldevz gfhnbzvb
ujcelfhcndtyyfz dkfcnm zdkztncz d cjdhtvtyyjq fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb crjhtt yjhvjq, xtv bcrkñxtybtv, f bvtñobtcz afrns, cbvgnjvs b ghbpyfrb
gjpdjkzñn cltkfnm dsdjl j njv, xnj gjljåyst ghfdbntkmcndf jnkbxfñncz åjkmitq äaatrnbdyjcnmñ b ghbybvfñn d pfrjyjlfntkmyjv gjhzlrt åjktt ecnjqxbdsq gjkbnbxtcrbq rehc, xtv vjéyj åskj ås jéblfnm jn ybö.
Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Dsåjhs d Ctyfn: infns, pfckeébdfñobt jcjåjuj dybvfybz
Infns, ghtlcnfdktyyst d Ctyfnt ltvjrhfnfvb b pfckeébdfñobt jcjåjuj dybvfybz
d rjyntrcnt ghtlcnjzobö dsåjhjd d Rjyuhtcc
INFN
RFYLBLFN
RJVVTYNFHBQ
Akjhblf
Åtnnb Rfcnjh (ltv.)
Vtk Vfhnbytc (htc.)
Htifñofz hjkm Akjhbls yf ghtpbltyncrbö
dsåjhfö 2000 u. ghbdtkf r njve, xnj änjve
infne eltkztncz ntgthm pyfxbntkmyjt dybvfybt
cj cnjhjys jåtbö jcyjdysö gfhnbq CIF, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkzñn tve ceotcndtyyst htcehcs
Rhbc Léjy (ltv.)
Léjy Rtyytlb (ltv.)
Fhneh Vjhhtkk (ltv.)
Lädbl Dbnnth (htc.)
Ltqcndeñobq ctyfnjh yt dsldbuftn cdjñ rfylblfnehe; tckb yb jlby bp rfylblfnjd yt yfåbhftn åjktt 50fi ujkjcjd, ghjdjlbncz dnjhjq neh
ujkjcjdfybz c exfcnbtv ldeö rfylblfnjd, yfåhfdibö yfbåjkmitt xbckj ujkjcjd
Ctdthyfz Rjhjkbyf
Ähcrby Åjekp (ltv.)
Hbxfhl Åthh (htc.)
D htpekmnfnt dsldbétybz Léjyjv Äldfhlcjv
cdjtq rfylblfnehs yf gjcn dbwt-ghtpbltynf änj
vtcnj jcnftncz dfrfynysv
Ñéyfz Lfrjnf
Njv Läik (ltv.)¡
Léjy Ney (htc.)
Kebpbfyf
Kblth vtymibycndf d Ctyfnt Njv Läik, tlbycndtyysq ltvjrhfn, d yfcnjzott dhtvz pfybvfñobq ljkéyjcnm, gthtbpåhfybt rjnjhjuj yf
yjdsq chjr zdkztncz ytjghtltktyysv, cnfkrbdftncz c htibntkmysv dspjdjv cj cnjhjys
åsdituj rjyuhtccvtyf Neyf
Lheubt infns, d rjnjhsö nj bkb byjt vtcnj, pfybvftvjt ltvjrhfnjv, gjlktébn gthtbpåhfybñ: Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf,
Léjhlébz, Dfibyunjy, Rfkbajhybz, Dbcrjycby, Fhrfypfc, Rjyytrnbren, Ufdfqb, Bylbfyf, Vähbktyl, Ytdflf, Ymñ-Qjhr,
Ctdthyfz Lfrjnf, Jhtujy b Dthvjyn.
Infns, ghtlcnfdktyyst d Ctyfnt htcgeåkbrfywfvb b pfckeébdfñobt jcjåjuj dybvfybz d
rjyntrcnt ghtlcnjzobö dsåjhjd d Rjyuhtcc
INFN
RFYLBLFN
RJVVTYNFHBQ
Fkzcrf
Njyb Yjeäkp (ltv.)
Kfqpf Vthrjdcrb (htc.)¡
Vthrjdcrb, yfpyfxtyyfz d Ctyfn tt jnwjv,
ljåbdftncz bpåhfybz yf dsåjhfö d åjhmåt c
åsditv ueåthyfnjhjv Yjeäkpjv
Rjkjhflj
Rty Cfkfpfh (ltv.)
Gbn Rehc (htc.)
Utythfkmysq ghjrehjh (fnnjhytq) infnf Cfkfpfh b gbdyjq vfuyfn Rehc gjåtlbkb d étcnrjq
åjhmåt yf ghtldfhbntkmysö dsåjhfö b cnfkb
rfylblfnfvb jn cdjbö gfhnbq
Bkkbyjqc
Åähär Jåfvf (ltv.)
Äkfy Rtqp (htc.)
Änj bcnjhbxtcrjt cjgthybxtcndj ghtlcnfdkztn
cjåjq gthdjt d bcnjhbb CIF ghjnbdjåjhcndj d
Ctyfnt vtéle ldevz fahj-fvthbrfycrbvb rfylblfnfvb
Jrkföjvf
Åhäl Rfhcjy (ltv.)
Njv Rjåthy (htc.)
Rjyuhtccvty Rfhcjy b åsdibq rjyuhtccvty
Rjåthy zdkzñncz jgsnysvb pfrjyjlfntkzvb
Lheubt infns, d rjnjhsö nj bkb byjt vtcnj, pfybvftvjt htcgeåkbrfywtv, gjlktébn gthtbpåhfybñ: Rtynerrb, Vbccehb,
Gtycbkmdfybz, Fkfåfvf, Fhbpjyf, Fqlföj, Fqjdf, Rfypfc, Ymñ-Ötvgibh, Jufqj b Ñnf
¡ Pfybvfñott ljkéyjcnm kbwj, gjlktéfott gthtbpåhfybñ
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
13
Abyfycbhjdfybt
gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq
Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbyzkb pfrjys, htuekbheñobt ltytéyst pfnhfns yf ghjdtltybt
atlthfkmysö bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq, yj gj-ghtéytve jcnfñncz ghjåktvs, dspsdfñobt
åtcgjrjqcndj. D yfcnjzotq cnfnmt lftncz jåott ghtlcnfdktybt j abyfycbhjdfybb gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq; pfntv ñhbcn Léfy Åthfy hfpåbhftn bpvtytybz, ddtltyyst ghbyznsv
d 2002 u. Pfrjyjv j htajhvbhjdfybb abyfycbhjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq jåtbö
gfhnbq. Åthfy – fldjrfn dfibyunjycrjq ñhblbxtcrjq abhvs ≤Efqkb, Htqy äyl Afqyujkl≥,
ult cgtwbfkbpbhetncz yf ≤Pfrjyt j dsåjhfö b ghfrnbrt cjåkñltybz änbrb
d ujcelfhcndtyysö exhtéltybzö≥.
jkmibt hfcöjls, cdzpfyyst c ghjdtltybtv
gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö,
ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq djghjc, ibhjrj jåceélftvsq
d änjq cnhfyt. Ecbkbz gj rjynhjkñ yfl hfcöjlfvb yf
gjljåyst rfvgfybb gentv juhfybxtybz hfpvthjd ltytéysö cevv, ghtljcnfdkztvsö ljyjhfvb d rfxtcndt
gjéthndjdfybq, f nfrét yfl cgjcjåfvb hfcöjljdfybz
änbö cevv rfylblfnfvb b gfhnbzvb ghbdtkb r ytrjnjhsv htpekmnfnfv hfpyjq cntgtyb ecgtiyjcnb.
Å
D 1971 u. ghfdbntkmcndj cjplfkj ajyl, ghtlkfufñobq
rfylblfnfv yf gjcn ghtpbltynf jåotcndtyyjt abyfycbhjdfybt yf ghjdtltybt bö gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq. Änj
jåotcndtyyst ltymub, ghtljcnfdkztvst uhfélfyfvb d
dblt ljåhjdjkmysö gjéthndjdfybq, ajhvbheñoböcz bp
egkfxbdftvsö änbvb uhfélfyfvb gjljöjlysö yfkjujd.
Njn bkb byjq rfylblfn, ghbybvfñobq gjljåyst jåotcndtyyst abyfycjdst chtlcndf, jåzpfy cjukfcbnmcz yf
jghtltktyysq dthöybq ghtltk hfcöjljdfybz b yt bvttn ghfdf cjåbhfnm bkb hfcöjljdfnm abyfycjdst chtlcndf bp xfcnysö bcnjxybrjd c njuj vjvtynf, rfr jy lftn
cjukfcbt yf dsldbétybt cdjtq rfylblfnehs jn tuj gfhnbb. C 1976 u., rjulf dgthdst gjzdbkbcm gjljåyst ab14
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
yfycjdst chtlcndf, rfr ghtpbltyn Åei, nfr b ctyfnjh
Rthhb gjljåyj dctv jcyjdysv rfylblfnfv yf gjcn
ghtpbltynf cltkfkb dsåjh d gjkmpe änjq cbcntvs. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, yf dctjåobö dsåjhfö 2004 u. hfcöjls yf
ghjdtltybt ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq rféljuj bp änbö
ldeö rfylblfnjd åelen juhfybxtys ghbåkbpbntkmyj 76
vbkkbjyfvb ljkkfhjd CIF.
Jlyfrj Ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz b Htcgeåkbrfycrfz gfhnbb
vjuen gjnhfnbnm tot 16 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd rfélfz yf
ltzntkmyjcnm, cjukfcjdfyyeñ cj cdjbv rfylblfnjv, b
ytjuhfybxtyyst cevvs yf yt cjukfcjdfyyst c ybv dbls ltzntkmyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj, d änjv ghjwtcct vjuen
ghbybvfnm exfcnbt b ytrjvvthxtcrbt uheggs, ghtcktleñobt jghtltktyyst bynthtcs, gjchtlcndjv hfpvtotybz htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq gj rjyrhtnysv cgjhysv
djghjcfv, bvtñobv ytgjchtlcndtyyjt jnyjitybt r
gjpbwbzv jnltkmysö rfylblfnjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jéblftncz, xnj lfét ghb yfkbxbb dthöybö ghtltkjd hfcDdthöe: jåhfps bp ntktdbpbjyyjq htrkfvs d gjllthére ghtpbltynf
Åeif (cktdf) b ctyfnjhf Rthhb. (Ajnj FG/Åei-Xtqyb 2004 u.;
Rthhb-Äldfhlc 2004 ujlf)
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
öjljdfybz abyfycjdsö chtlcnd ghtpbltyncrfz ghtldsåjhyfz ujyrf 2004 u. jrfétncz cfvjq ljhjujcnjzotq
gjkbnbxtcrjq rfvgfybtq d bcnjhbb. Gj jwtyrfv ärcgthnjd, d ysytiytv ujle rfylblfns, gfhnbb b uheggs, ghtcktleñobt jghtltktyyst bynthtcs, njkmrj yf
htrkfve gjnhfnzn jrjkj vbkkbfhlf ljkkfhjd.
D jcyjdt ltåfnjd jnyjcbntkmyj abyfycbhjdfybz
gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq ktéfn ldf rkñxtdsö djghjcf:
dj-gthdsö, åtcgjrjqcndj gj gjdjle njuj, xnj åjkmibt
gjéthndjdfybz gjpdjkzñn jnltkmysv åjufnsv kñlzv b
jhufybpfwbzv gjregfnm ljcneg r rfylblfnfv – ljcneg,
rjnjhjuj ytn e hzljdjuj uhfélfybyf – b gjchtlcndjv
änjuj ljcnegf jrfpsdfnm dkbzybt yf gjkbnbre; dj-dnjhsö, eåtéltyyjcnm d njv, xnj ltytéyst gjéthndjdfybz
c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz ghjdtltybz njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjq bltjkjubb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlye bp ajhv
cdjåjls ckjdf, rjnjhfz yföjlbncz gjl pfobnjq Rjycnbnewbb CIF.
Jlyf bp gjgsnjr htajhvbhjdfybz dkbzybz ltytu yf
fvthbrfycreñ gjkbnbxtcreñ ébpym, ghtlghbyznfz d
1974 u., bvtkf cdjbv htpekmnfnjv cjplfybt ytpfdbcbvjuj åtcgfhnbqyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj jhufyf – Atlthfkmyjq bpåbhfntkmyjq rjvbccbb (ABR), d pflfxe
rjnjhjq döjlbk yflpjh pf ghfdbkfvb b yjhvfvb bpåbhfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf CIF, drkñxfz bcgjkmpjdfybt abyfycjdsö chtlcnd yf ghjdtltybt dsåjhjd b hfcrhsnbt
bvty jnltkmysö kbw b yfpdfybq jhufybpfwbq, ghtljcnfdkzñobö åjkmibt abyfycjdst chtlcndf yf ghjdtltybt ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq. Njn ét pfrjy, rjnjhsq
exhtlbkf ABR, juhfybxbk b cevve abyfycjdsö chtlcnd, rjnjheñ vjétn ghtljcnfdkznm d rfxtcndt gjéthndjdfybq kñåjt jnltkmyjt kbwj, f nfrét ghjdjpukfcbk
ytpfrjyysv gjéthndjdfybz rfylblfnfv cj cnjhjys
ghjacjñpjd b rjhgjhfwbq.
Änj ghbdtkj r njve, xnj vyjubt ghjacjñps, rjhgjhfwbb b jnltkmyst åjufnst kñlb cnfkb yfghfdkznm cdjb
gjéthndjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv. Egjvzyenst
gjéthndjdfybz, rjnjhst, gj ceotcndeñotve pfrjye,
yt ljkéys bcgjkmpjdfnmcz cfvbvb rfylblfnfvb b
ghtlyfpyfxfkbcm lkz njuj, xnjås hfcöjljdfnmcz yf
wtkb, yt cdzpfyyst c ghjdtltybtv gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq, nfrbt rfr ghjdtltybt htubcnhfwbb bpåbhfntktq
bkb jrfpfybt gjllthérb d hfphtitybb njuj bkb byjuj
cgjhyjuj djghjcf, Änb chtlcndf bpdtcnys gjl yfpdfybtv ≤vzurbt ltymub≥. Yt ecnfyfdkbdfkjcm rfrbö-kbåj
juhfybxtybq d jnyjitybb njuj, rfrbt cevvs nj bkb
byjt jnltkmyjt kbwj bkb rfrfz-kbåj uheggf vjétn
ghtljcnfdkznm d dblt ≤vzurbö ltytu≥.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
D 2002 u. ghtpbltyn Léjhlé E. Åei gjlgbcfk d gjhzlrt jajhvktybz d rfxtcndt pfrjyf ≤Pfrjy j htajhvbhjdfybb abyfycbhjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq
jåtbö gfhnbq≥ (PHAGRJG), nfrét bpdtcnysq rfr pfrjy Vfrrtqyf-Afqyujklf. D änjv pfrjyt jåüzdkzñncz
ytpfrjyysvb cåjh bkb bcgjkmpjdfybt dctö ≤vzurbö ltytu≥ d wtkzö ghjdtltybz bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq, f
nfrét pfghtoftncz kñåsv cnjhjyybv uheggfv gthtlfdfnm gj hflbj bkb ntktdbltybñ d gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj
ytltkm gthtl ghjdtltybtv atlthfkmysö dsåjhjd htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz, cjlthéfobt pfobne bkb ghjgfufyle kñåsö gjkbnbxtcrbö dpukzljd.
Uheggs, ghtcktleñobt jghtltktyyst bynthtcs,
jndtnbkb yf änj hfcöjljdfybtv ≤vzurbö ltytu≥ xthtp
gjllthébdfñobt rfreñ-kbåj gfhnbñ rjvbntns 527 b
uheggs 501c. Änb yfpdfybz dpzns bp cnfnmb yfkjujdjuj
rjltrcf, d rjnjhjq lftncz öfhfrnthbcnbrf egjvzyensö
rjvbntnjd b uhegg. Jyb dpzkb yf ctåz dbls ltzntkmyjcnb, hfytt åsdibt ghthjufnbdjq gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq, ghtélt dctuj gthtlfxe gj hflbj b ntktdbltybñ
htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq, cjlthéfobö pfobne bkb ghjgfufyle kñåsö gjkbnbxtcrbö dpukzljd.
Ytlfdyj cels gjnhtåjdfkb jn ABR åjktt frnbdyjq pfobns gjkjétybq pfrjyf Vfrrtqyf-Afqyujklf, f htajhvfnjhs d Rjyuhtcct jåtofkb ddtcnb yjdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, bvtñott cdjtq wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybt åjktt
cnhjujq gjljnxtnyjcnb cnjhjyybö gjkbnbxtcrbö uhegg;
jlyfrj rj dhtvtyb ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd ysytiytuj ujlf yb jlyj bp änbö bpvtytybq tot yt dcnegbn d cbke.
Ghbvtytybt Pfrjyf j htajhvbhjdfybb
abyfycbhjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö
rfvgfybq jåtbö gfhnbq (PHAGRJG)
yf ghfrnbrt
Rjvvtynfhbq Léfyf Åthfyf
Ghtpbltyncrbt dsåjhs 2004 u. ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
gthdst dsåjhs, rjnjhst åelen ghjdjlbnmcz d cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv j htajhvbhjdfybb abyfycbhjdfybz
gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq jåtbö gfhnbq (PHAGRJG),
rjnjhsq åjktt ibhjrj bpdtcnty rfr pfrjy VfrrtqyfAfqyujklf. PHAGRJG dytc d ghfdbkf abyfycbhjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq ytcrjkmrj cthmtpysö
bpvtytybq. Ghtélt dctuj, jy pfghtnbk ghtljcnfdktybt
rhegysö gjéthndjdfybq, f nfrét gjéthndjdfybq cj
cnjhjys rjhgjhfwbq b ghjacjñpjd yfwbjyfkmysv gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv. Änb abyfycjdst chtlcndf xfcnj
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
15
yfpsdfñn ≤vzurbvb ltymufvb≥. D bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb 2000 u. rjvbntns Htcgeåkbrfycrjq b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbq d jåotq ckjéyjcnb cjåhfkb b bphfcöjljdfkb gjxnb 500 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd d ≤vzurbö
ltymufö≥.
Dnjhsv jcyjdysv gjkjétybtv PHAGRJG zdkztncz
gjdsitybt dthöybö ghtltkjd cevvs, rjnjhfz vjukf
ås ghtljcnfdkznmcz jnltkmysvb kbwfvb d rfxtcndt
gjéthndjdfybq rfylblfnfv b gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv.
Änjn bcnjxybr abyfycjdsö chtlcnd gjkexbk yfpdfybt
≤ndthlst ltymub≥. Ytrjnjhst bp änbö ghtltkjd åskb
edtkbxtys dldjt gj chfdytybñ c ghtltkfvb, rjnjhst
åskb dgthdst ecnfyjdktys d 1974 u. Nfr, yfghbvth,
PHAGRJG gjdscbk c 1000 ljkkfhjd lj 2000 ljkkfhjd
cevve, rjnjheñ kñåjt jnltkmyjt kbwj vjétn gjéthndjdfnm njve bkb byjve rfylblfne d ghtpbltyns, yf gjcn
ctyfnjhf bkb yf ljkéyjcnm xktyf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq. Änjn dthöybq ghtltk hfcghjcnhfyztncz ≤yf rjyrhtnyst dsåjhs≥, jpyfxfz ntv cfvsv, xnj r gthdbxysv
b dctjåobv dsåjhfv ghbvtyzñncz jnltkmyst gjlöjls.
D htpekmnfnt d ntxtybt jlyjuj ujlf, d rjnjhjv ghjdjlzncz dsåjhs, njn bkb byjq ljyjh vju ås ghtljcnfdbnm
jlyjve rfylblfne cevve d 4000 ljkkfhjd.
Pfghtn yf ghtljcnfdktybt ≤vzurbö ltytu≥ b gjdsitybt dthöybö ghtltkjd yf ghtljcnfdktybt ≤ndthlsö
ltytu≥ jrfpfk jxtym cthmtpyjt djpltqcndbt yf öfhfrnth
aeyrwbjybhjdfybz ltytu d gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybzö
2004 u. Rfylblfns jåyfheébkb, xnj jyb d cjcnjzybb
cjåbhfnm pyfxbntkmyj åjkmit ltytu, xtv änj bvtkj vtcnj d ghjikjv. Yfghbvth, rfr ghtpbltyn Åei, nfr
b ctyfnjh Rthhb gjåbkb dct htrjhls d cåjht ltytu yf
ghjdtltybt cdjbö ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq. D 2000 u.,
åelexb ueåthyfnjhjv, Åei d öjlt ghjdtltybz cdjtq
rfvgfybb d gthbjl gjlujnjdrb r gthdbxysv dsåjhfv
cvju cjåhfnm ghbåkbpbntkmyj 100 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd,
xnj ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytåsdfkeñ cevve lkz hfytt
ghjdjlbdiböcz gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq. D cjjndtncndbb
c PHAGRJG b ecnfyjdktyysv åjktt dscjrbv dthöybv
ghtltkjv rjvbntn Åeif-Xtqyb cjåhfk d fduecnt 2004 u.
gjhféfñoeñ djjåhfétybt cevve d 260 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF. Åjkmijt dgtxfnktybt ghjbpdjlbn b ghfrnbxtcrbt ecbkbz ctyfnjhf Rthhb gj cåjhe abyfycjdsö
chtlcnd. Jy cevtk cjåhfnm pf änjn gthbjl åjktt 230
vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF. Jlyfrj dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz rfvgfybb, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf dctjåobt dsåjhs,
jåf änbö rfylblfnf d ghtpbltyns åelen gjkexfnm b hfcöjljdfnm njkmrj ltymub, ghtljcnfdkztvst Rfpyfxtqcndjv CIF d hfvrfö cbcntvs jåotcndtyyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz, b kbifncz djpvjéyjcnb cjåbhfnm ltymub bp
xfcnysö bcnjxybrjd. D ysytiytv ujle jåf rfylblfnf
gjkexbkb 74,62 vbkkbjyf ljkkfhjd CIF.
16
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Rjvbntns gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq, gjljåyj rfylblfnfv
ghjdjlzobt cdjñ hfåjne d eckjdbzö gjdsitybz dthöybö ghtltkjd cåjhf ≤ndthlsö ltytu≥, nfrét cjåhfkb
åjkmit ltytu d änjv wbrkt. Gj cenb ltkf, ytrjnjhst
bp egjvzyensö rjvbntnjd cjåhfkb åjkmit ≤ndthlsö
ltytu≥, xtv cevvf dpznsö dvtcnt ≤ndthlsö≥ b ≤vzurbö≥ ltytu, cjåhfyysö änbvb rjvbntnfvb d 2000 u.
Ntv yt vtytt, rjvbntnfv, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, pfghtotyj ghbybvfnm ≤vzurbt ltymub≥. Relf gjikb änb
≤vzurbt ltymub≥? Vyjubt jåjphtdfntkb endthélfñn,
xnj ltymub, gjkexftvst jn jnltkmysö åjufnsö kñltq,
rjhgjhfwbq b ghjacjñpjd ntgthm gjcnegfñn d nfr yfpsdftvst jhufybpfwbb 527. Jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
uheggs, yfpdfyyst nfr, gjcrjkmre gjl nfrbv yfpdfybtv
jyb abuehbheñn d jlyjv bp gjkjétybq yfkjujdjuj rjltrcf, rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdkztn gjkbnbxtcrbv jhufybpfwbzv cnfnec jhufybpfwbq, jcdjåjélftvsö jn egkfns
yfkjujd. Nf bkb byfz jhufybpfwbz 527 vjétn bpåtéfnm
ecnfyjdktyysö dthöybö ghtltkjd yf gjkextybt ≤ndthlsö ltytu≥ b cjjndtncndtyyj yt cjåkñlfnm ghfdjdsö
juhfybxtybq, yfkfuftvsö yf abyfycbhjdfybt rfvgfybq, cdzpfyysö c ghjdtltybtv atlthfkmysö dsåjhjd,
tckb jyf yt ghtljcnfdkztn gjéthndjdfybq rfylblfnfv
b juhfybxbdftn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm ≤htrkfvjq, cjlthéfotq pfobne bkb ghjgfufyle gjkbnbxtcrbö dpukzljd≥
bkb cjgthybxtcndjv yf ytatlthfkmysö dsåjhfö. Gjrf
xnj d bpåbhfntkmyjv wbrkt 2004 u. jhufybpfwbb 527
cjåhfkb ghbåkbpbntkmyj 300 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd
CIF. Nt bkb byst jnltkmyst kbwf bvtñn ntyltywbñ
åsnm cfvsvb rhegysvb ljyjhfvb lkz änbö uhegg. Ldf
xtkjdtrf cfvb gj ctåt ghtljcnfdbkb jhufybpfwbzv 527
cdsit 27 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd CIF yf abyfycbhjdfybt htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq, cjlthéfobö rhbnbre d flhtc ghtpbltynf Åeif. Byajhvfwbñ jå jhufybpfwbzö
527 vjéyj gjkexbnm d Bynthytnt yf hfpkbxysö cfqnfö,
drkñxfz www.opensecrets.org.
Ytrjnjhst bp rjvbntnjd 527 jrfpfkb jxtym cthmtpyjt
djpltqcndbt yf öfhfrnth ghtpbltyncrjq ghtldsåjhyjq
ujyrb. Nfr, yfghbvth, uheggf ≤Cdbaåjen dtnthfyp ajh
nhec≥ dscnegbkf cgjycjhjv ntktdbpbjyyjq htrkfvs,
cjlthéfotq yfgflrb yf ctyfnjhf Rthhb pf tuj ltzntkmyjcnm, yfghfdktyyeñ ghjnbd djqys dj Dmtnyfvt,
b gjldthukb cjvytybñ jåjcyjdfyyjcnm tuj åjtdsö yfuhfl, gjkextyysö bv d gthbjl yföjéltybz yf djtyyjq
ckeéåt. Egjvzyenfz htrkfvf yjcbkf ghjnbdjhtxbdsq
öfhfrnth b åskf jghjdthuyenf d öjlt ghjdjlbvjq Rthhb ghtldsåjhyjq rfvgfybb. Ntv yt vtytt, änf htrkfvf gjkjébkf yfxfkj ltåfnfv j gjdtltybb ctyfnjhf
Rthhb dj dhtvz djqys dj Dmtnyfvt, rjnjhst ghjljkéfkbcm d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö ytltkm b jndktrfkb dybvfybt jn lheubö djghjcjd, jåceélftvsö d öjlt bpåbhfntkmyjq rjvgfybb.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ekexitybt cdjtuj gjkjétybz jhufybpfwbzvb 527 gjåelbkj ctyfnjhjd Léjyf Vfrrtqyf b Hfccf Afqyujklf
gjnhtåjdfnm ghjdtltybz lfkmytqibö htajhv. Jyb dytckb yf hfccvjnhtybt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, rjnjhjt, gj cenb ltkf, ljkéyj åskj ås pfghtnbnm jhufybpfwbzv 527
gjkexfnm ≤vzurbt ltymub≥. Egjvzyenst ctyfnjhs nfrét dytckb yf hfccvjnhtybt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, yfghfdktyyjt yf bpvtytybt cjcnfdf ABR b ghblfybt tq åjktt ibhjrbö gjkyjvjxbq gj jåtcgtxtybñ cjåkñltybz
pfrjyf. Lfét d eckjdbzö, rjulf tot ghtlcnjbn ghbyznm
htitybt jnyjcbntkmyj öfhfrnthf ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd
2004 u., cjplftncz dgtxfnktybt, xnj ceotcndetn dthjznyjcnm lfkmytqituj htajhvbhjdfybz änjq jåkfcnb, f
nfrét njuj, xnj dsåjhs 2008 u. åelen htuekbhjdfnmcz
cjdjregyjcnmñ ghfdbk abyfycbhjdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö
rfvgfybq, rjnjhst gjldthuyenmcz åjktt aeylfvtynfkmysv bpvtytybzv.
Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
17
Chtlcndf vfccjdjq
byajhvfwbb
Gjljåyj njve, rfr änj bvtkj vtcnj d ghjikjv, fvthbrfyws gjkexfñn byajhvfwbñ
j gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybzö gjchtlcndjv jcdtotybz ltzntkmyjcnb rfylblfnjd chtlcndfvb
vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét c gjvjomñ htrkfvs yf ntktdbltybb b hflbj. Vtéle ntv
pyfxbntkmyeñ hjkm d änjv ghjwtcct yfxbyftn buhfnm Bynthytn. D yfcnjzotq cnfnmt
hfccvfnhbdftncz djpltqcndbt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yf bpåbhfntktq; pfntv
cktletn fyfkbnbxtcrbq rjvvtynfhbq Vjyntuñ Rthyf, ghjatccjhf afrekmntnf
éehyfkbcnbrb b CVB Eybdthcbntnf Hfnuthcf d infnt Ymñ-Léthcb.
helyj gthtjwtybnm pyfxtybt chtlcnd vfccjdjq
byajhvfwbb d bpåbhfntkmyjv ghjwtcct CIF.
Ctnb yfwbjyfkmyjuj ntktdbltybz jödfnsdfñn 99
ghjwtynjd dctö fvthbrfycrbö ctvtq, ecnfyfdkbdfz gthtrhtcnyst cdzpb dj dctv cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjv
cgtrnht. Yjdjcnyst cnfywbb rfåtkmyjuj ntktdbltybz,
njr-ije yf hflbj b ntktdbltybb, ufptns, yjdjcnyst
éehyfks b cfqns Bynthytnf ghtljcnfdkzñn bpåbhfntkzv byajhvfwbñ j rfylblfnfö. Cjlthéfybt b yfghfdktyyjcnm bö jcdtotybz cjåsnbq zdkzñncz jlybvb bp
cfvsö dtcjvsö afrnjhjd d jghtltktybb njuj, rfr bpåbhfntkb djcghbybvfñn rfylblfnjd b jåceélftvst
cgjhyst djghjcs.
N
Bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdfñn, xnj jcyjdyjt vtcnj d gthtlfxfö b vfnthbfkfö ibhjrjdtofntkmysö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb jndjlbncz cjgthybxtcnde vtéle
rfylblfnfvb, f yt hfpüzcytybñ cgjhysö djghjcjd b
gjpbwbq rfylblfnjd gj änbv djghjcfv. D cdjtv cnhtvktybb ghbdktxm r cdjtq ntktdbpbjyyjq bkb hflbjdtofntkmyjq rjvgfybb dybvfybt rfr vjéyj åjkmituj
18
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
xbckf phbntktq b ckeifntktq dtleobt ghjuhfvv b gthtlfx ltkfñn frwtyn yf lhfvfnbxtcrbö vjvtynfö, dsldbufz yf gthtlybq gkfy jibårb rfylblfnjd, bö yfgflrb yf cdjbö ghjnbdybrjd b yfvtrb yf yfkbxbt
crfylfkjd bkb ghjåktv d cnfyfö rjyrehtynjd, ghtntyleñobö yf ne bkb byeñ ujcelfhcndtyyeñ ljkéyjcnm.
Lfét d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb ghfdlbdj jcdtofñn öjl bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb, jyb ghtljcnfdkzñn rfylblfnfv ckbirjv vfkj
dhtvtyb d ghzvjv äabht. D htpekmnfnt ghjdtltybz jlyjuj yfexyjuj bccktljdfybz jcdtotybz dtleobvb ctnzvb ntktdbltybz b hflbj dsåjhjd 2000 ujlf åskj ecnfyjdktyj, xnj éehyfkbcnfv b htgjhnthfv, cjjåofñobv
yjdjcnb, ghtljcnfdkzkjcm 74 ghjwtynf äabhyjuj dhtvtyb; njkmrj 12 ghjwtynjd äabhyjuj dhtvtyb jndjlbkjcm
dscnegktybzv rfylblfnjd, rjulf phbntkb bkb ckeifntkb yfghzveñ cksifkb bö ujkjcf, b ghb änjv ujkjcf
rfylblfnjd pdexfkb d äabht d chtlytv dctuj kbim 7,8
ctreyls.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Jlybv bp cgjcjåjd ytgjchtlcndtyyjuj jåotybz rfylblfnjd c bpåbhfntkzvb zdkztncz gjregrf gthdsvb htrkfvyjuj dhtvtyb yf ntktdbltybb b hflbj. Yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö 2000 u., ldf rfylblfnf jn jcyjdysö
gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq bphfcöjljdfkb 285 vbkkbjyjd
ljkkfhjd CIF yf gjregre gjljåyjuj dhtvtyb, ghbxtv
60 ghjwtynjd änjuj dhtvtyb jndjlbkjcm htrkfvt. Dscjrfz cnjbvjcnm ytgjchtlcndtyyjuj rjynfrnf c bpåbhfntkzvb nhtåetn njuj, xnjås d öjlt ghjdtltybz ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzkjcm
gjregrt dhtvtyb, ghtlyfpyfxtyyjuj lkz gthtlfxb htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq, d ntö hfqjyfö, ult, gj vytybñ
rfylblfnjd, e ybö bvtñncz ifycs gjdkbznm yf tot yt
jghtltkbdittcz vytybt bpåbhfntktq. Änj ghbdjlbn r
njve, xnj yf ujkjds ébntktq jlybö hfqjyjd jåheibdftncz irdfk gjkbnbxtcrbö htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq, d nj
dhtvz rfr ébntkb lheubö hfqjyjd gjxnb yt dblzn gjljåyjq htrkfvs.
pyfxtybt. Njn, rnj d yfcnjzott dhtvz pfybvftn gjcn
ghtpbltynf, bvttn pltcm jghtltktyyjt ghtbveotcndj,
gjcrjkmre dct pfzdktybz b gjcnegrb ghtpbltynf döjlzn
d rfntujhbñ cfvsö dféysö yjdjcntq, åelm nj wthtvjybz gjlgbcfybz pfrjyjghjtrnf d gjhzlrt tuj jajhvktybz d rfxtcndt pfrjyf, dcnhtxf c ukfdjq byjcnhfyyjuj
ujcelfhcndf bkb gjctotybt hfqjyf, d rjnjhjv ghjbpjikj cnböbqyjt åtlcndbt.
Yfexyst bccktljdfybz erfpsdfñn yf nj, xnj åjkmibycndj bpåbhfntktq crkjyys dsbcrbdfnm byajhvfwbñ,
d rjnjheñ jyb eét dthzn, b yföjéltybt gjljåyjq byajhvfwbb njkmrj erhtgkztn bö dthe cdjtq ghfdjnt. Jyb
yfcnhfbdfñncz yf nt hflbj- bkb ntktdbpbjyyst cnfywbb, yf rjnjhsö lbrnjhs bkb dtleobt gthtlfxe ghtlkfufñn bpåbhfntkzv hfpltkztvst gjcktlybvb
gjkbnbxtcrbt dpukzls. Ldt nhtnb äktrnjhfnf – änf wbahf cjdgflftn c xbckjv bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst jnjéltcndkzñn ctåz c njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjq gfhnbtq – pfzd-
Dsåjhs 2004 u. ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq gthdst dsåjhs, d
rjnjhsö pyfxbntkmyeñ hjkm buhftn Bynthytn d rfxtcndt chtlcndf ghjdtltybz rfvgfybb b cåjhf ltytu. Jlby
bp åsdibö vyjujjåtofñobö rfylblfnjd d ghtpbltyns
ueåthyfnjh ytåjkmijuj infnf Dthvjyn Öjdfhl Lby djcgjkmpjdfkcz cdjbv dtå-cfqnjv lkz cjplfybz ctnb nsczx ljåhjdjkmwtd, gjkysö äynepbfpvf b ujnjdsö jrfpsdfnm änjve ueåthyfnjhe hfpkbxyst eckeub b gjvjom.
Lj njuj, rfr Lby dsåsk bp ghtldsåjhyjq ujyrb, yf
gthdbxysö dsåjhfö Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb tve elfkjcm cjåhfnm åjkmit ltytu, xtv tuj rjyrehtynfv b ljåbnmcz åkfujghbznyjuj jcdtotybz cdjtq rfylblfnehs d
chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Gjljåysv jåhfpjv
Lby yfukzlyj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfk, rfrbt juhjvyst djpvjéyjcnb vjétn ghtljcnfdbnm Bynthytn lkz jåhtntybz
gjkbnbxtcrjq dkfcnb.
Lheubt rfylblfns d egjvzyenjq ghtldsåjhyjq åjhmåt
gjcktljdfkb ghbvthe Lbyf b elfxyj djcgjkmpjdfkbcm
Bynthytnjv. Ghtpbltyn Åei (www.georgebush.com) b
ctyfnjh Rthhb (www.johnkerry.com) bvtñn nofntkmyj
ghjlevfyyst dtå-cfqns. Yf ybö jåf änbö rjyrehtynf
hfcödfkbdfñn cdjb gjdtcnrb lyz b cnhtvzncz ljrfpfnm
ytcjcnjzntkmyjcnm bltq b ljdjljd, rjnjhst bö ghjnbdybrb gsnfñncz ljdtcnb lj cjpyfybz bpåbhfntktq d öjlt ghjdtltybz bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb.
Rfylblfns nfrét cnfhfñncz ghtgjlyjcbnm jåotcndtyyjcnb yjdjcnb d yfltélt yf nj, xnj gjcktlybt åelen
gjlödfxtys chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Gjljåysvb yjdjcnzvb vjuen åsnm jåyfhjljdfybt yjdjuj
gkfyf htitybz njuj bkb byjuj cgjhyjuj djghjcf, ghtlcnfdkzñotuj bynthtc lkz bpåbhfntktq, bkb gjzdktybt
d rfrjv-kbåj vtcnt, bvtñotv ytrjt cbvdjkbxtcrjt
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ghtlsleofz cnhfybwf, cktdf: Ntktdbpbjyyjt htrkfvyjt jåüzdktybt,
gjrfpfyyjt 20 ctynzåhz, jnhféftn gjpbwbñ ghtpbltynf Åeif gj
djghjce j nthhjhbpvt. (Ajnj FG/ Åei-Xtqyb 2004 u.). Ghtlsleofz
cnhfybwf, cghfdf: D jlyjv bp ntktdbpbjyysö htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq bcgjkmpeñncz jåhfps ctyfnjhf Rthhb, exfcndeñotuj d djqyt
dj Dmtnyfvt, c wtkmñ jghjdthétybz pfzdktybz j njv, xnj jy kufk
jnyjcbntkmyj cdjtuj gjckeéyjuj cgbcrf. (Ajnj FG/ Rthhb-Äldfhlp
2004 u.). Ddthöe: 8 ctynzåhz ghtpbltyn Åei hfplftn djle éthndfv
ehfufyf d Ajhn-Gbhct, Akjhblf. (Ajnj FG/ Xfhkmp Löfhfgfr).
Ddthöe: 7 ctynzåhz ctyfnjh Rthhb ltkftn pfzdktybt ghtcct d
Ähkfyutht, Rtynerrb (Ajnj FG/Léthfkl Öthåthn)
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
19
kzñn, xnj jyb ghbybvfñn htitybt j njv, pf rjuj åelen
ujkjcjdfnm, tot lj yfxfkf bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb.
Jnyjcbntkmyj ytåjkmijq ghjwtyn nfr yfpsdftvsö rjktåkñoböcz bpåbhfntktq, tot yt ghbzdibö htitybz,
pf rjuj bv cktletn ujkjcjdfnm, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq bpåbhfntktq, yf rjnjhsö jcdtotybt cjåsnbq d chtlcndfö
vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz, hfpvtoftvst d öjlt ghjdtltybz bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq,
jrfpsdfñn yfbåjkmitt djpltqcndbt. Jlyfrj cnhfntubb
rfylblfnjd ghbvtybntkmyj r chtlcndfv vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb hfphfåfnsdfñncz yt njkmrj bcöjlz bp jhbtynfwbb yf rjktåkñoböcz bpåbhfntktq. Lkz gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq åjkmijt pyfxtybt bvttn b cjöhfytybt
yfltéyjq gjllthérb cj cnjhjys bö nhflbwbjyysö cnjhjyybrjd, rjnjhst, rfr bpdtcnyj, cjcnfdkzñn jcyjde
äktrnjhfnf änbö gfhnbq, f nfrét ghjdtltybt rfvgfybb
d chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d vfcinfåfö dctq
cnhfys b d htubjyfö, ghbxtv ghjdtltybt rfvgfybb d
htubjyfkmysö chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bvttn
cdjñ cgtwbabre.
D gjcktlybt ujls yfåkñlftncz ghjnbdjhtxbdjt jnyjitybt r ghbvtytybñ chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb
ghfrnbrb ≤gjlcxtnf ujkjcjd yf dsöjlt bp bpåbhfntkmyjuj exfcnrf≥, rjulf ghtlcnfdbntkb chtlcnd vfccjdjq
byajhvfwbb cghfibdfñn bpåbhfntktq, dsöjlzobö bp
bpåbhfntkmyjuj exfcnrf, pf rjuj jyb ghjujkjcjdfkb, f
pfntv bcgjkmpeñn äne byajhvfwbñ, xfcnj jcyjdfyyeñ
yf jghjct dtcmvf ytpyfxbntkmyjuj ghjwtynf äktrnjhfnf,
lkz ghtlcrfpfybz gjåtlbntkz. Öjnz, d jåotv b wtkjv,
htpekmnfns gjlcxtnf ujkjcjd yf dsöjlt bp bpåbhfntkmyjuj exfcnrf jrfpsdfñncz ljdjkmyj njxysvb, infns,
hfcgjkjétyyst yf Pfgflyjv gjåthtémt, d rjnjhsö bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb pfrhsdfñncz yf ytcrjkmrj xfcjd
gjpét, xtv bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb, yföjlzobtcz yf Djcnjxyjv gjåthtémt, éfkeñncz, xnj hfyytt gjzdktybt
ghjuyjpjd jnyjcbntkmyj bnjujd ujkjcjdfybz, dkbztn yf
tot yt ghjujkjcjdfdibö bpåbhfntktq.
Yfrjytw, d 2004 u. d ghtldsåjhyjq åjhmåt gjzdbkjcm
tot jlyj chtlcndj, jåsxyj yt fccjwbbheñottcz c
ghjdtltybtv gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq – rbyjrfhnbys.
D bñyt yf ärhfys cnhfys dsitk gjkyjvtnhféysq
abkmv, d rjnjhjv bcgjkmpetncz cnbkbcnbrf ljrevtynfkmyjuj rbyj. D ytv gjldthufñncz rhbnbrt ltqcndbz
flvbybcnhfwbb Åeif gjckt nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö yfgfltybq, bvtdibö vtcnj 11 ctynzåhz. D ctynzåht d rbyjntfnhfö CIF ltvjycnhbhjdfkcz lheujq rbyjabkmv,
yfghfdktyysq ghjnbd rhbnbxtcrbö pfvtxfybq d flhtc
ysytiytq flvbybcnhfwbb, cjlthéfoböcz d gthdjv
abkmvt. Dhtvz gjrfétn, åelen kb gjzdkznmcz gjljåyst
rbyjrfhnbys d ujls ghjdtltybz gjcktleñobö dsåj20
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
hjd. Jlyfrj, gj rhfqytq vtht, d ysytiytv ujle egjvzyenst abkmvs, ytcjvytyyj, cnfkb xfcnmñ jåotuj
djpltqcndbz chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb yf vytybt
bpåbhfntktq.
Htrkfvf b jghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj
vytybz d rfxtcndt yjdjcntq
Rjvvtynfhbq Vjyntuñ Rthyf
Jxtym åjkmieñ hjkm yf dsåjhfö d CIF buhftn gjkbnbxtcrfz htrkfvf. Yfexyst bccktljdfybz gjlndthélfñn, xnj d rfxtcndt bcnjxybrf byajhvfwbb lkz bpåbhfntktq htrkfvf d xtnsht hfpf ghtdjcöjlbn yjdjcnb. Nfr
yfpsdftvst ≤fuhtccbdyst htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz≥, d
rjnjhsö cjlthéfncz yfgflrb yf rjyrehtynjd, bvtñn
jcjåtyyj åjkmijt pyfxtybt yf dsåjhfö, gjcrjkmre jyb
xfot, xtv gjpbnbdyjq htrkfvf, cnfyjdzncz jcyjdysvb
yjdjcnzvb. Gjcktlytt jåüzcyztncz ntv, xnj fuhtccbdyst htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz crkjyys gjhjélfnm rjyakbrns, f änj jxtym wtybncz ghb gjlfxt yjdjcntq.
Jlyfrj d gthbjl ghjdtltybz gthdbxysö dsåjhjd gj
jghtltktybñ dtleotuj rfylblfnf yf ghtpbltyncrbq
gjcn jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb rfylblfns dczxtcrb
djplthébdfkbcm jn kbxysö yfgfljr yf cdjbö rjyrehtynjd. Tlbycndtyysv rfylblfnjv, gjpdjkbdibv ctåt
ghbåtuyenm r htrkfvt c ghzvsvb yfgflrfvb yf cdjbö
rjyrehtynjd, åsk Öjdfhl Lby. Cvjnhz bpåbhfntkzv
ghzvj d ukfpf, jy, yt cntcyzzcm, rhbnbrjdfk djqye d
Bhfrt, ghtpbltynf Léjhléf E. Åeif, b rfylblfnjd
jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb yf ljkéyjcnb d Rjyuhtcct.
≤Ytufnbdyfz≥ htrkfvf ybrjulf yt gjkmpjdfkfcm e jåotcndtyyjcnb gjgekzhyjcnmñ, yj bpåbhfntkb dct ét
jåhfofkb dybvfybt yf gjljåyeñ htrkfve. Htrkfvyst
jåüzdktybz vjuen jghtltkznm gjdtcnrb lyz bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq b eåtélfnm bpåbhfntktq, jcjåtyyj tckb
jyb b hfymit yt ghjzdkzkb ghbdthétyyjcnb rfrjq-kbåj gfhnbb, yt ghbjåhtkb cjjndtncndeñotuj jgsnf bkb
yt bvtkb ljcnfnjxysö pyfybq d gjkbnbxtcrjq jåkfcnb.
Öjdfhl Lby åhjcbk dspjd nhflbwbjyysv chtlcndfv
vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Tuj rfvgfybz bvtkf åjkmijt
pyfxtybt, gjcrjkmre änj åskf gthdfz rfvgfybz, ghjdjlbdittcz d Bynthytnt. D nj dhtvz ghtccf b vyjubt
bccktljdfntkb gjkfufkb, xnj gjzdktybt Bynthytnf åeltn dsujlyj, ghtélt dctuj, kbåthfkfv. Jlyfrj änj yt
gjlndthlbkjcm yf dctv ghjnzétybb dsåjhjd 2004 u.
Rjycthdfnjhs b htcgeåkbrfyws xtnrj jåjpyfxbkb cdjt
ghbcencndbt d änjv yjdjv chtlcndt byajhvfwbb, b bö
ghbcencndbt d Bynthytnt ybxenm yt ecnegfkj ghbcenÄ-Éehyfk CIF
cndbñ d ytv dctö jcnfkmysö rjyrehtynjd, f, djpvjéyj,
lfét jrfpfkjcm åjktt pyfxbntkmysv, xtv e lheubö
uhegg b gfhnbq. ≤Dkbzntkmyst≥ fdnjhs Bynthytnf
(gjljåyjt jghtltktybt åskj lfyj bv gjckt ghjdtltybz jghjcjd c wtkmñ dszcytybz bö ltvjuhfabxtcrbö
lfyysö) dsyelbkj ghtcce jåhfnbnm yf ybö dybvfybt.
Änj ghjbpjikj cjdctv ytlfdyj d cdzpb c gjzdktybtv
d cthtlbyt ctynzåhz jlyjuj yjdjcnyjuj vfnthbfkf.
Jlyf bp jcyjdysö ntktdbpbjyysö ctntq cjjåobkf j
yfkbxbb ljrevtynjd, jnyjczoböcz r ckeéåt ghtpbltynf Åeif d Yfwbjyfkmyjq udfhlbb, rjnjhst åhjcfñn
yf ytuj ntym. Ytrbt kbwf, dtleobt d Bynthytnt gthcjyfkmyst ébdst éehyfks, lytdybrb bkb lheubt
ajhvs htuekzhysö jykfqyjdsö pfvtnjr jlyjuj fdnjhf
bkb rjkktrnbdf tlbyjvsiktyybrjd (änb pfvtnrb
gjcnjzyyj jåyjdkzñncz, hfcghjcnhfyzñncz chtlb pyfrjvsö b jåsxyj yfpsdfñncz ≤åkjub≥, n.t. rhfnrbt
dthcbb kbxysö lytdybrjd, dtleoböcz yf cfqnt b ljcnegysö dctv étkfñobv), ytvtlktyyj gjcnfdbkb gjl
cjvytybt ljcnjdthyjcnm änbö ljrevtynjd. Gjcktleñott hfccktljdfybt gjrfpfkj, xnj jyb gjxnb yfdthyzrf
zdkzñncz afkmibdrjq. Dsitegjvzyenfz ctnm ghbpyfkf, xnj yt eljceébkfcm nofntkmyj ghjdthbnm ljrevtyns, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, b ghbytckf jåotcndtyyjcnb
cdjb bpdbytybz pf nj, xnj gjpdjkbkf ctåt jncnegbnm
jn jåotghbyznsö yjhv éehyfkbcnbrb.
D gthbjl ghjdtltybz ghtldfhbntkmysö dsåjhjd åjktt
nhflbwbjyyst, yj gjpbnbdyst htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz,
bcgjkmpetvst Rthhb, cjxtnfkbcm c ghjdtltybtv åjktt
pyfxbntkmyjq, gjcnhjtyyjq yf ghbvtytybb ghbdsxysö
vtnjljd rfvgfybb, rjnjhfz ghtlyfpyfxfkfcm bcrkñxbntkmyj lkz infnf Fqjdf. Htrkfvf Rthhb, yf rjnjheñ
vfkj rnj jåhfnbk dybvfybt, åskf dscjrjuj rfxtcndf,
yj yfwbjyfkmyfz ghtccf nfrét gjxnb yt pfbynthtcjdfkfcm tñ. D htpekmnfnt, gjckt gthdbxysö dsåjhjd
Rthhb djcghbybvfkcz rfr xtkjdtr, j rjnjhjv ybxtuj
ytbpdtcnyj b ltqcndbz rjnjhjuj ytkmpz ghtlecvjnhtnm.
Dgjcktlcndbb d yjdjcnzö gjzdbkbcm cjjåotybz j tuj
kbxyjcnb, jcyjdyjt dybvfybt d rjnjhsö eltkzkjcm tuj
ytcgjcjåyjcnb dscnegbnm c eåtlbntkmysvb yfgflrfvb
yf ghtpbltynf, f nfrét jnvtxfkjcm, xnj Rthhb yt ljåbkcz dgtxfnkzñobö htpekmnfnjd ghb ujkjcjdfybb.
Rhjvt njuj, yjdjcnyst chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb
eödfnbkbcm pf gjzdbdittcz d ghjwtcct bpåbhfntkmyjq
rfvgfybb Åeif endthéltybt j njv, xnj Rthhb ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsq gjcnjzyyj vtyztn
cdjñ gjpbwbñ b gsnftncz eujlbnm b yfibv b dfibv.
Rjvvtynfnjhs jnvtxfkb, xnj Rthhb yt jndtnbk yf dshfétyyjt d jlyjq ghtldsåjhyjq htrkfvt cjvytybt d
ghfdlbdjcnb tuj gjckeéyjuj cgbcrf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj,
xnj djpltqcndbt änjq htrkfvs dct tot nofntkmyj bpeÄ-Éehyfk CIF
xftncz, yt ghböjlbncz cjvytdfnmcz d njv, xnj jlyf bp
htrkfvysö rfvgfybq ghjbpdtkf åjkmijq äaatrn åkfujlfhz hfcghjcnhfytybñ egjvzyenjq htrkfvs d Bynthytnt b ctnzö rfåtkmyjuj ntktdbltybz, lfét ytcvjnhz
yf yfkbxbt cjvytybq d tt ghfdlbdjcnb. D htrkfvt, j
rjnjhjq bltn htxm, endthélfkjcm, xnj Léjy Rthhb yt
pfckeébdftn vtlfktq pf jndfue, gjkextyysö bv d gthbjl exfcnbz d djqyt dj Dmtnyfvt.
Htrkfvf, j rjnjhjq bltn htxm, b vyjubt lheubt htrkfvyst jåüzdktybz, gjzdbdibtcz dj dhtvz bpåbhfntkmyjq
rfvgfybb änjuj ujlf åskb gjlujnjdktys ytpfdbcbvsvb
uheggfvb gjllthérb, f yt jhufybpfwbzvb, exfcndeñobvb d ghjdtltybb ghtldsåjhysö rfvgfybq Åeif bkb
Rthhb. Lheubt ghbvths drkñxfñn d ctåz jlyj bp
htrkfvysö jåüzdktybq, gjlujnjdktyyjt jhufybpfwbtq
≤Ghjuhtcc ajh Fvthbrf djenth afyl≥ (Ajyl ≤Ghjuhtcc
d bynthtcfö fvthbrfycrjuj bpåbhfntkz≥), bcgjkmpjdfdifz dbpefkmyst chtlcndf lkz ≤ltvjycnhfwbb≥ cdzptq
Léjyf Rthhb c Jcfvjq åby Kfltyjv, b Moveon.org’s
“Polygraph”, rjnjhfz gjldthukf cjvytybñ bcrhtyyjcnm
Léjhléf Åeif dj dhtvz äcrfkfwbb djqys d Bhfrt.
Tot jlby dféysq vjvtyn, jnyjczobqcz r hfåjnt chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb b jcjåtyyjcnzv gjkbnbxtcrjq
ébpyb CIF d änjv ujle, cjcnjbn d njv, xnj gjkbnbxtcrbt rfvgfybb cnfdzn gjl cjvytybt htpekmnfns jghjcjd
jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, ghjdjlbvsö yjdsvb jhufybpfwbzvb, rjnjhst tétlytdyj gjcnfdkzñn lfyyst lkz yjdjcntq, cjjåoftvsö chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb.
Rhbnbrf hfplftncz d flhtc änbö jhufybpfwbq rfr cktdf,
nfr b cghfdf. Gj cdtltybzv ≤Ejkk-cnhbn léjhyäk≥, d
cnfnmzö, jgeåkbrjdfyysö d ctynzåht, exfcnybrb gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq jcgfhbdfñn vtnjl cjcnfdktybz bycnbnenfvb jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz dsåjhrb bpåbhfntktq.
Ghb ghjdtltybb jghjcjd jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz bynthdmñbheñncz njkmrj pfhtubcnhbhjdfyyst bpåbhfntkb. Änj
ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj d egjvzyenst jghjcs yt drkñxfñncz vytybz ytpfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö bpåbhfntktq b
nfrbv jåhfpjv yt ghbybvfñncz dj dybvfybt dpukzls
gjxnb gjkjdbys yfctktybz CIF, rjnjhfz yt åskf pfhtubcnhbhjdfyf b afrnbxtcrb yt ghbybvfkf exfcnbz d
ujkjcjdfybb yf gjcktlybö ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö.
Jlyfrj d ysytiytv ujle ceotcndetn dthjznyjcnm njuj,
xnj xbckj bpåbhfntktq ghbybvfñobö exfcnbt d ujkjcjdfybb, pyfxbntkmyj edtkbxbncz. Dtlm yf dsåjhfö, d
rjytxyjv cxtnt, bvtyyj ujkjceñobt bpåbhfntkb, f yt
gjkbnbxtcrfz htrkfvf b jcdtotybt yjdjcntq htifñn,
rnj åeltn ghtpbltynjv Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd.
Vytybz, dshfétyyst d änjq cnfnmt, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
21
Nhtnmb gfhnbb
Öjnz rfylblfns nhtnmbö gfhnbq tot ybrjulf yt gjåtélfkb yf ghtpbltyncrbö
dsåjhfö CIF, ytrjnjhst bp ybö jrfpsdfkb pyfxbntkmyjt dkbzybt yf htpekmnfns dsåjhjd. D yfcnjzotq cnfnmt hfccvfnhbdfñncz nt ghtgzncndbz, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz rfylblfns jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq. K. Cäylb Vfqptk, ghjatccjh
d jåkfcnb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz d rjkktlét Rjkåb, infn Väy, fyfkbpbhetn rfylblfnf nhtnmtq gfhnbb Hfkmaf Ytqlthf.
jnz htcgeåkbrfyws b ltvjrhfns ljvbybheñn
yf fvthbrfycrjv gjkbnbxtcrjv kfylifant,
nhtnmb gfhnbb bvtñn ljkueñ b ltzntkmyeñ
bcnjhbñ djpltqcndbz yf ghtpbltyncrbt dsåjhs d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Yf dsåjhfö d 2002 ujle rfylblfns 12 lheubö gfhnbq abuehbhjdfkb d ytrjnjhsö bkb
dctö bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntyzö infnjd. Yf ghtlcnjzobö dsåjhfö dyjdm 12 nhtnmbö gfhnbq dsldbufñn cdjbö rfylblfnjd. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö, nfrbt rfr ≤gfhnbb
pf pfghtn cgbhnysö yfgbnrjd≥ (dscnegfñobt, ghtélt
dctuj, ghjnbd ghjlféb fkrjujkmysö yfgbnrjd) b hfpkbxyst cjwbfkbcnbxtcrbt uheggs yfåhfkb xbckj gjlgbctq bpåbhfntktq, ljcnfnjxyjt kbim lkz njuj, xnjås
drkñxbnm rfylblfnjd d bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb d
ytcrjkmrbö infnfö. Jlyfrj lheubt ljåbkbcm drkñxtybz
d åñkktntyb cdjbö rfylblfnjd d åjktt xtv gjkjdbyt
bp 50 infnjd: Gfhnbz ptktysö, uheggf, pfybvfñofzcz
ghjåktvfvb jrheéfñotq chtls (28); Rjycnbnewbjyyfz
gfhnbz, öhbcnbfycrfz aeylfvtynfkbcncrfz uheggf (38);
≤Kbåthnfhyfz≥ gfhnbz, uheggf, zdkzñofzcz rjycthdfnbdyjq d abcrfkmysö djghjcfö b kbåthfkmyfz d cjwbfkmyjv gkfyt (49); b Ytpfdbcbvfz gfhnbz htajhv c
rfylblfnehjq Hfkmaf Ytqlthf, uheggf kbåthfkmyjq
htajhvs (37 c jujdjhrfvb d jnyjitybb hzlf ljgjkybntkmysö infnjd, yföjlzoböcz yf änfgt gthtcvjnhf
celtåyjq cbcntvs).
Ö
Ntv yt vtytt, nhtnmbv gfhnbzv xhtpdsxfqyj nhelyj
åhjcbnm cthmtpysq dspjd htcgeåkbrfycrbv b ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv rfylblfnfv. Ghjwtccs b ghjwtlehs rjkktubb
dsåjhobrjd – dytctybt rfylblfnf d åñkktntym, exfcnbt d ltåfnfö b gjkextybt chtlcnd jn ghfdbntkmcndf
yf ghjdtltybt rfvgfybb – dct ltqcndeñn d bynthtcfö
nhflbwbjyysö gfhnbq.
Rhjvt njuj, d jnkbxbt jn rhegysö gfhnbq nhtnmb gfhnbb htlrj bvtñn rhegyst jhufybpfwbb yf ehjdyt inf22
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
njd; e ybö vtymit jgsnf d ghjdtltybb rfvgfybq; bö
ltzntkmyjcnm vtymit jcdtoftncz d CVB. Nfr rfr jyb
tot yt e dkfcnb b vtytt öjhjij bpdtcnys, bv nhelytt
cjåbhfnm chtlcndf, b c extnjv njuj, xnj lkz exfcnbz
d yfwbjyfkmysö dsåjhfö CIF nhtåeñncz xhtpdsxfqyj
rhegyst cevvs ltytu, jyb ljkéys nhfnbnm åjkmit
dhtvtyb yf cåjh chtlcnd, ytétkb yf ghjdtltybt rfvgfybq gj ntv djghjcfv, pf htitybt rjnjhsö jyb dscnegfñn. B dct ét ytrjnjhst rfylblfns nhtnmbö gfhnbq ljåbdfñncz ecgtöf yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt b ehjdyt
infnjd, b d Rjyuhtcct åsdfkb ghtlcnfdbntkb ytpfdbcbvsö gfhnbq.
Nhtnmb gfhnbb vjuen ljåbdfnmcz lhfvfnbxtcrbö htpekmnfnjd. Bö rfylblfns cgjcjåys ≤bcgjhnbnm ltkj≥ yf
dsåjhfö, rjulf yb jlby rfylblfn yt bvttn gthtdtcf d
ujkjcfö: jyb vjuen kbibnm rfylblfnf rhegyjq gfhnbb
xbckf ujkjcjd, ljcnfnjxyjuj lkz njuj, xnjås änjn rfylblfn ghjbuhfk dctjåott ujkjcjdfybt d infnt b, cktljdfntkmyj, ujkjcf cdjbö dsåjhobrjd b, cktljdfntkmyj,
ghtpbltyncrbq gjcn. Nfrjt ckexfkjcm ytcrjkmrj hfp d
bcnjhbb CIF. D 1912 ujle rfylblfnehf nhtnmtq gfhnbb d kbwt åsdituj Ghtpbltynf Ntllb Hepdtkmnf ghbdtkf r gjntht åjktt 27 ghjwtynjd ujkjcjd b hfcrjkjkf
htcgeåkbrfycrbö bpåbhfntktq, xnj gjpdjkbkj ltvjrhfne
Delhj Dbkmcjye cnfnm ghtpbltynjv. D ytlfdybt dhtvtyf – Léjhlé Ejkktc d 1968 ujle b Hjcc Gthj d 1992
ujle – jnjåhfkb pyfxbntkmysq ghjwtyn bpåbhfntktq e
jåtbö rhegysö gfhnbq d öjlt dctjåobö dsåjhjd. Vyjubt kñlb cxbnfñn, xnj rfvgfybz Ytqlthf d 2000 ujle
pfåhfkf ljcnfnjxyj ujkjcjd (2,8 vbkkbjyf) e ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj rfylblfnf Fkf Ujhf, xnjås njn ghjbuhfk ujkjcjdfybt d rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd Léjhlée E. Åeie. Gj
änjq ghbxbyt tuj gjdnjhyjt dsldbétybt d rfxtcndt
rfylblfnf yf dsåjhfö d 2004 ujle cnfkj jåütrnjv ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz cj cnjhjys jåtbö jcyjdysö gfhnbq.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Rfylblfnehf Ytqlthf
Rjvvtynfhbq K. Cäylb Vfqptkf
gfhnbb) gjgfcnm d bpåbhfntkmysq åñkktntym. Drkñxtybt rfylblfnf d åñkktntym rjynhjkbhetncz yf ehjdyt
infnjd d fvthbrfycrbö dsåjhfö, ghbxtv rfélsq infn
bvttn jnltkmysq pfrjy gj änjve djghjce. Ctqxfc, rjulf
gbiencz änb cnhjrb, bvz Ytqlthf gjzdbncz d bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntyzö d 32 infnfö; d 4 lheubö infnfö
tuj bvz nfrét drkñxtyj d åñkktntym, jlyfrj jcgfhbdftncz d celtåyjv gjhzlrt; d 8 lheubö infnfö Ytqlth yt
drkñxty d åñkktntym, jlyfrj gsnftncz gjgfcnm d bpåbhfntkmysq
åñkktntym gj htitybñ celf; cjdthityyj jghtltktyyj, xnj tuj
bvz yt gjzdbncz d bpåbhfntkmyjv
åñkktntyt d ctvb infnfö. D 2000
ujle Ytqlth åsk drkñxty d bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb d 43 infnfö.
Rjyntrcn d fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrt – änj dct. Rfylblfns nhtnmbö gfhnbq pyfñn änj kexit, xtv rnj-kbåj, b
jyb gjybvfñn, xnj yf änbö dsåjhfö rjyntrcn öfhfrnthbpetncz hzljv hfpkbxysö uhfytq. Z cjåbhfñcm jcnfyjdbnmcz yf rfylblfneht Hfkmaf
Ytqlthf jn ≤nhtnmtq gfhnbb≥. Rfdsxrb d lfyyjv ckexft cnfdzn wtkmñ gjlxthryenm, xnj Ytqlth yt
ghtlcnfdkztn rfreñ-kbåj rjyrhtnyeñ nhtnmñ gfhnbñ, f drkñxty d
bpåbhfntkmysq åñkktntym d ntö
infnfö, ult tuj bvz abuehbhetn
gjl hfpkbxysvb zhksrfvb. Rjulf
fvthbrfyws ujdjhzn j nhtnmbö
Dnjhfz uhfym ntcyj cdzpfyf c
gfhnbzö ctujlyz, jyb yf cfvjv
gthdjq. Lfét d ntö infnfö, ult
ltkt bvtñn d dble ≤bysö rfylb- Ytpfdbcbvsq rfylblfn d ghtpbltyns Hfkma Ytqlth bvz Ytqlthf abuehbhetn d åñklfnjd, xtv rfylblfns jn Ltvjrhf- dscnegftn 23 atdhfkz yf ghtcc-rjyathtywbb d Dfktntyt, tuj åsdibt cnjhjyybrb
nbxtcrjq bkb Htcgeåkbrfycrjq
ibyunjyt, jrheu Rjkevåbz (Ajnj FG/Hjy Älvjylc) jgfcfñncz gjllthébdfnm tuj,
gfhnbq≥.
båj åjzncz gjdnjhtybz htpekmnfnf
2000 ujlf: gjllthébdfz bö bcnbyyjuj afdjhbnf, jyb
Htibd hfccrfpfnm j rfylblfneht Ytqlthf, z ghtlyfvthfpdthyekb dsåjhs d gjkmpe cdjtuj yfbvtymituj afdjhtyyj buyjhbheñ rfylblfnf jn Gfhnbb ptktysö Gbnthbnf. B dyjdm cfvjt dféyjt pltcm – änj djcghbznbt
hf Rjååf, gjl gfhnbqysv pyfvtytv rjnjhjuj Ytqlth
rfylblfnf.
åfkkjnbhjdfkcz 4 ujlf yfpfl. Z nfrét ghtytåhtufñ
lheubvb rfylblfnfvb, bvtyf rjnjhsö drkñxtys d bpLtkj yt njkmrj d njv, xnj gfvznm j dsåjhfö 2000 ujlf
åbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb d jlyjv bkb åjktt infnjd gjl
cdtéf d evfö vyjubö, yj b d njv, xnj vyjubt extyst
hfpkbxysvb zhksrfvb. Z ltkfñ änj gjnjve, xnj, yf
veéb nfrét ghtlcrfpsdfñn, xnj ghtpbltyncrfz ujyrf
vjq dpukzl, bö dkbzybt yf rfvgfybñ åeltn vbybvfkm2004 ujlf åeltn ghjöjlbnm c xhtpdsxfqyj vbpthysv
ysv. Öjnz jyb vjuen gjlybvfnm bynthtcyst djghjcs,
gthtdtcjv. Dféyjq uhfymñ änjuj rjyntrcnf lkz nhtnmbö
bö ybrnj yt ckeiftn b gjxnb ybrnj pf ybö yt ghjujkjgfhnbq zdkztncz nj, xnj gjåtlf – åelm-nj Ghtpbltynf
cetn. Yj pltcm z ljkéty ljåfdbnm cktleñoeñ jujdjhre:
Åeif bkb ctyfnjhf Rthhb – yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö
d äktrnjhfkmyjv cvsckt jyb, rjytxyj ét, yt bvtñn
htibncz ntvb htpekmnfnfvb, rjnjhsö jyb ljåmñncz d
rfrjuj-kbåj pyfxtybz yf yfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt, yj d
ltdznb bkb ltcznb infnfö, ghjljkéfñobö jcnfdfnmcz
kñåjv infnt, rjnjhsq cnjkm ét åkbpjr gj xbcke ujkjdtcmvf rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysvb.
cjd, rfr Ymñ-Vtrcbrj bkb Akjhblf d 2000 ujle, lfét
rfylblfn, gjkexbdibq 0,5 ghjwtynf ujkjcjd, rjnjhst d
Bpåbhfntkb d infnfö, d rjnjhsö cgjh dj dctö jnyjitghjnbdyjv ckexft gjgfkb ås r ghjbuhfditve rfylblfybzö pfrjyxbkcz, cvjuen ghjujkjcjdfnm pf Hfkmaf Ytqne, vjétn bvtnm pyfxtybt.
lthf åtp jgfctybz gjdkbznm yf jrjyxfntkmysq htpekmnfn. Änjuj ytkmpz endthélfnm d jnyjitybb lheubö
Änjn afrn dscdtxbdftn gthdeñ uhfym rjyntrcnf 2004
infnjd. Ytqlth drkñxty d bpåbhfntkmysq åñkktntym,
ujlf. Vyjubt kñlb cxbnfñn, xnj Hfkma Ytqlth jåjitkgj rhfqytq vtht, d itcnb bp rkñxtdsö infnjd, b cecz Ujhe ghjbuhsitv yf dsåjhfö 2000 ujlf, gjnjve xnj
otcndetn djpvjéyjcnm tuj drkñxtybz d åñkktntym b d
kñlb, ujkjcjdfdibt pf Ytqlthf, d ghjnbdyjv ckexft
ldeö lheubö infnfö. Cjukfcyj jghjcfv, ghjdjlbvsv d
ghjujkjcjdfkb ås pf Ujhf d ytrjnjhsö htifñobö infänbö infnfö, jy yfåbhftn jrjkj 2 ghjwtynf ujkjcjd.
nfö, ult e rfylblfnjd gjxnb yt åskj gthtdtcf d ujkjRfr ghfdbkj, xbckj ghtlgjkfuftvsö ujkjcjd pf rfylbcfö. Njxyjcnm nfrjq jwtyrb yt nfr dféyf; dféyj ghtllfnf nhtnmtq gfhnbb evtymiftncz gj vtht ghbåkbétcnfdktybt j njv, xnj änf jwtyrf bcnbyyf. D cbke nfrjuj
ybz dsåjhjd, jcjåtyyj rjulf rfylblfns cjcnzpfñncz
ghtlcnfdktybz ltvjrhfns dtplt ltkfkb dct djpvjéyjt,
åtp zdyjuj gthtdtcf. Jlyfrj ltqcndbntkmyj ghtlcnfdxnjås gjvtifnm Ytqlthe (b lheubv rfylblfnfv nhtnmtq
kztncz, xnj d ytrjnjhsö infnfö – b Ymñ-Öävgibh zdÄ-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
23
kztncz jlybv bp ghbvthjd – xbckj ujkjcjd pf Ytqlthf
vjétn åsnm åjkmit, xtv ghjcnj hfpybwf vtéle ujkjcfvb pf Åeif b ujkjcfvb pf Rthhb.
Njulf rfr ét yfv jwtybnm äne hjkm? Nhtnmb gfhnbb
zdyj yföjlzncz d ytdsujlyjv gjkjétybb d cbke öfhfrnthf fvthbrfycrjq bpåbhfntkmyjq cbcntvs. Vyjubt
bpåbhfntkb änj ghbpyfñn b ghbybvfñn, yhfdbncz änj
bv bkb ytn. D htpekmnfnt änjuj, jcjåtyyj d ujyrt åtp
dblbvjuj gthtdtcf, nfrjq rfr ysytiyzz, rfylblfns
nhtnmbö gfhnbq, lfét cnjkm dblyst, rfr Ytqlth, cjåbhfñn jnyjcbntkmyj vfkj ujkjcjd. Ntv yt vtytt, d dsåjhfö, ult ybrfrjuj kblthcndf yt ghjcvfnhbdfkjcm,
nfrbö, rfr dsåjhs 2000 ujlf, lfét änb ytåjkmibt
rjkbxtcndf ujkjcjd vjuen jrfpfnmcz htifñobvb. Tckb
hfphsd vtéle ldevz ukfdysvb rfylblfnfvb edtkbxbdftncz, njulf rfylblfns nhtnmbö gfhnbq, nfrbt rfr
Ytqlth, nthzñn dczrjt pyfxtybt c njxrb phtybz dsåjhobrjd, yj tckb änjn hfphsd cjrhfoftncz, nj jyb
ltqcndbntkmyj cgjcjåys jghtltkbnm njuj, rnj dcnegbn
d ljkéyjcnm ghtpbltynf d zydfht 2005 ujlf.
Vytybz, bpkjétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn
dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
24
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ghtpbltyncrbt rfylblfns jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq, 1832–1996
Änb rfylblfns jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq gjkexbkb xbckj ujkjcjd, ghtdsifñott chtlyññ bcnjhbxtcreñ dtkbxbye d 5,6 ghjwtynf.
Ujl
Gfhnbz
Rfylblfn
Ujkjcf
Ujkjcf
dsåjhobrjd
yfctktybz
(d ghjwtynfö) (xbckj ujkjcjd)
Htpekmnfns
cktleñobö
dsåjhjd
1996
Gfhbz htajhvs
Ö. Hjcc Gthj
8.4
0
Yt åfkkjnbhjdfkcz; gjllthéfk htcgeåkbrfycrjuj rfylblfnf Léjhléf E. Åeif
1992
Ytpfdbcbvsq
Ö. Hjcc Gthj
18.9
0
Åfkkjnbhjdfkcz rfr rfylblfn jn Gfhnbb htajhvs
1980
Ytpfdbcbvsq
Léjy Å. Fylthcjy
6.6
0
Yt åfkkjnbhjdfkcz
1968
Fvthbrfycrbq
ytpfdbcbvsq
Léjhlé C. Ejkktc
13.5
46
Gjkexbk 1,4 ghjwtynf
ujkjcjd yfctktybz
1924
Ghjuhtccbdysq
Hjåthn V. Kz
Ajkktnn
16.6
13
Dthyekcz d Htcgeåkbrfycreñ gfhnbñ
1912
Ghjuhtccbdysq
Ntjljh Hepdtkmn
27.4
88
Dthyekcz d Htcgeåkbrfycreñ gfhnbñ
6
0
Gjkexbk 3,2 ghjwtynf
ujkjcjd yfctktybz
(≤Gfhnbz ≤cjöfnjuj≥)
1912
Cjwbfkbcn
Ñléby D. Ltåc
1892
Gjgekbcn
Léjy Åtkk
8.5
22
Gjllthéfk ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj rfylblfnf
1860
Rjycnbnewbjyysq
cjñp
Léjy Åtkk
12.6
39
Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf
1860
Ñéyst
ltvjrhfns
Léjy C. Åhtrbyhblé
18.1
72
Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf
1856
Fvthbrfycrfz
(Gfhnbz
≤ytpyftr≥)
Vbkkfhl Abkkvjh
21.5
8
Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf
1848
Gfhnbz
ahbcjqkthjd
Vfhnby Dfy Åehty
10.1
0
Gjkexbk 4,9 ghjwtynf
ujkjcjd yfctktybz
1832
Fynbvfcjycrfz
gfhnbz
Ebkmzv Ebhn
7.8
7
Gjllthéfk rfylblfnf
Gfhnbb Dbujd
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
25
Gjpbwbb, dshfétyyst
d gkfnajhvfö
Gkfnajhvf gjkbnbxtcrjq gfhnbb hfccrfpsdftn bpåbhfntkzv j gjpbwbb, pfybvftvjq gfhnbtq gj dféysv djghjcfv ctujlyziytuj lyz. Vs ghbdjlbv dslthérb bp gkfnajhv ldeö
rhegysö gfhnbq Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – Htcgeåkbrfycrjq b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq d 2004 ujle
gjckt ghtlbckjdbq r rféljq bp ybö, yfgbcfyysö jgsnysvb gfhnbqysvb frnbdbcnfvb. J
gkfnajhvt Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb gbitn Nfrth Äcrmñ, åsdibq pfvtcnbntkm gjvjoybrf
ghtpbltynf d Eghfdktybb gj cdzpb Åtkjuj ljvf, f j gkfnajhvt Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
hfccrfpsdftn Vfhr Ubycåthu, åsdibq gjcjk CIF d Vfhjrrj, eghfdkzñobq lbhtrnjh ≤Yjhncnfh≥ b ghtlctlfntkm ≤Fkmzycf d gjllthére fvthbrfycrjuj kblthcndf≤.
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
Nfrth Äcrmñ
Vfhr Ubycåthu
Ukjåfkmyfz djqyf c nthhjhjv: Lkz jåtcgtxtybz
åjkmitq åtpjgfcyjcnb Fvthbrb b vbhf Ghtpbltyn
Åei ghjljkébn cjnhelybxfnm c yfibvb cjñpybrfvb,
xnjås dtcnb b dsbuhfnm djqye c nthhjhjv. C 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf yfib ljåktcnyst djtyyjckeéfobt c
gjvjomñ ltcznrjd lheubö cnhfy bpuyfkb ≤Nfkbåfy≥ d
Faufybcnfyt, ecnhfybkb rkñxtdjuj cjñpybrf ≤FkmRfqls≥ b jcdjåjlbkb faufycrbq yfhjl. D Bhfrt Cfllfv Öectqy åhjcbk dspjd vtéleyfhjlyjve cjjåotcnde
b 17-nb htpjkñwbzv Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq yf ghjnzétybb 12 ktn, yt ghjzdkzz ybrfrbö ghbpyfrjd njuj, xnj Bhfr rjulf-kbåj hfpjheébncz b dsgjkybn jåjcyjdfyyst nhtåjdfybz vbhf. D 2002 ujle
Cjdtn Åtpjgfcyjcnb JJY tlbyjleiyj ghjujkjcjdfk pf
nj, xnj e Cfllfvf Öectqyf jcnfkcz jlby gjcktlybq
ifyc dsgjkybnm cdjb jåzpfntkmcndf gthtl vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv, byfxt yfcnegzn cthmtpyst gjcktlcndbz. D yfcnjzott dhtvz 25 vky. bhfrcrbö uhfélfy, rjnjhst rjulf-nj ébkb d eckjdbzö uheåjq nbhfybb
Cfllfvf Öectqyf, jåhtkb cdjåjle b ltkfñn gthdst
ifub r ltvjrhfnbb. Vs cjnhelybxftv c yfhjlfvb Faufybcnfyf b Bhfrf, dphfobdfz cdjåjle b pfrkflsdfz
jcyjds ghjwdtnfybz yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt. Yfif cnhfyf cnfkf åjktt åtpjgfcyjq, båj jgfcyst htébvs, cdzpfyyst c nthhjhjv, åjkmit yt yföjlzncz e dkfcnb.
Vbh cnfk åjktt åtpjgfcty – öjnz tot yt gjkyjcnmñ
åtpjgfcty – båj vs dpfbvjltqcndetv c cjñpybrfvb,
xnjås gjkjébnm rjytw abyfycbhjdfybñ nthhjhf, gjqvfnm nthhjhbcnjd b hfpdbdfnm ltvjrhfnbñ b cdjåjle.
Ukjåfkmyfz djqyf c nthhjhjv: Cjtlbytyyst Infns b lheubt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cnhfys dtlen dctvbhyeñ
åjhmåe ghjnbd hflbrfkmysö bckfvcrbö nthhjhbcnjd, c
rjnjhsvb yflj åjhjnmcz yfcnegfntkmysv jåhfpjv yf
vyjubö ahjynfö c bcgjkmpjdfybtv dctö yfibö htcehcjd – lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö, byajhvfwbjyysö, f nfrét b djtyysö. Öjnz vs gjkmpjdfkbcm ukjåfkmyjq gjllthérjq d gthbjl, gjcktljdfdibq pf
nthhjhbcnbxtcrbvb yfgfltybzvb 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf (9/11), änf gjllthérf d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht bcxtpkf,
b yfib cjñps ytjåöjlbvj erhtgbnm c ntv, xnjås dtcnb
cfveñ äaatrnbdyeñ åjhmåe pf gjåtle. Vs ybrjulf yt
ljkéys pfybvfnm jåjhjybntkmyeñ gjpbwbñ bkb élfnm
yjdsö yfgfltybq yf yfc. Åbnde ytjåöjlbvj dctulf
dtcnb nfv, ult ghjnbdybr, yj jyf yt vjétn d jcyjdyjv
cjchtljnjxbnmcz njkmrj yf djtyysö ltqcndbzö. Cjtlbytyyst Infns ljkéys nfrét exfcndjdfnm b d åbndt
bltq c ntv, xnjås djccnfyjdbnm b cjplfnm yjdst cjñps
c vecekmvfycrbv vbhjv, xnjås gjvjxm tve yfytcnb
gjhfétybt bckfvcrjve hflbrfkbpve. Vs ljkéys nfrét gjlndthlbnm yfit jåzpfntkmcndj ghjldbufnm ghjxysq vbh yf Åkbéytv Djcnjrt, rjnjhsq yfdctulf gjkjébk ås rjytw fhfåj-bphfbkmcrjve rjyakbrne, cltkfk
ås Bphfbkm cbkmysv b åtpjgfcysv, ghbdtk ås r cjplfybñ yjdjuj gfktcnbycrjuj herjdjlcndf, rjnjhjt rfntujhbxtcrb jndthuftn nthhjh b cbkjq ghjnbdjcnjbn
tve b ghbybvftn ghfdj Bphfbkz yf ceotcndjdfybt d
rfxtcndt tdhtqcrjuj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ujcelfhcndf yf
Åkbéytv Djcnjrt.
Dyenhtyyzz åtpjgfcyjcnm: Cfvfz dféyfz pflfxf
ghtpbltynf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås jåtcgtxbnm dyen-
Vs jibåjxyj jndktrkb yfit dybvfybt b htcehcs jn
htfkmyjuj dhfuf – ≤Fkm Rfqls≥ – ntv, xnj yfgfkb yf
ghjljkétybt yf cktleñotq cnhfybwt
26
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
ghjljkétybt yf cktleñotq cnhfybwt
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
ghjljkétybt c ghtlsleotq cnhfybws
ghjljkétybt c ghtlsleotq cnhfybws
htyyññ åtpjgfcyjcnm Fvthbrb. C 11 ctynzåhz 2001
ujlf vs ljåbkbcm juhjvyjuj ghjuhtccf. Ghtpbltyn Åei
b Rjyuhtcc cjplfkb Vbybcnthcndj dyenhtyytq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Jåütlbybd åjktt 22 futyncnd b eghfdktybq,
Ghtpbltyn gjdscbk gjntywbfk ghfdbntkmcndf d djghjcfö jöhfys yfibö uhfybw, pfobns yfitq byahfcnhernehs b gfnhekbhjdfybz yfituj ytåf. Jy ghbybvftn
vths c ntv, xnjås jåtpjgfcbnm yfib uhfybws b d nj
ét cfvjt dhtvz lthéfnm jnrhsnsvb ldthb lkz byjcnhfywtd, étkfñobö gjctnbnm CIF.
Bhfr. Cfvfz åjkmifz euhjpf, cnjzofz gthtl yfvb, – änj
djpvjéyjcnm ghbjåhtntybz nthhjhbcnfvb zlthyjuj jheébz, b yfv ytjåöjlbvj cvtcnbnm frwtyn d yfibö ecbkbzö c ntv, xnjås gjvtifnm nfrjq djpvjéyjcnb. Öjnz
Cfllfv Öectqy åsk étcnjrbq lbrnfnjh, yj änj yt åskj
gjdjljv lkz njuj, xnjås yfxfnm djqye. Vs gjvtyzkb
lbrnfnjhf yf öfjc, b änj jåjikjcm yfv gjnthtq rkñxtdjq gjllthérb chtlb bhfrwtd b yfibö cjñpybrjd. Yfib cjñps b ukjåfkmyfz gjllthérf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd åskb cthmtpyj gjljhdfys yfitq ytjghfdlfyyjq
gjcgtiyjcnmñ yfxfnm djqye. Jgbhfzcm yf dct bvtñobtcz hfpdtlsdfntkmyst lfyyst, cktletn crfpfnm, xnj
Cfllfv ybrjulf yt bvtk jheébz vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz,
b jy yt jrfpsdfk gjvjob ≤Fkm-Rfqlt≥. Cjtlbytyyst
Infns dhzl kb cnfkb åjktt åtpjgfcysvb d htpekmnfnt
cvtotybz Cfllfvf Öectqyf, b Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv
yt ljcnftn rkñxtdjq vtéleyfhjlyjq gjllthérb b wtkjcnyjq cnhfntubb djccnfyjdktybz cnfåbkmyjcnb d Bhfrt. Gjcktlcndbz ytcgjcjåyjcnb cnfåbkbpbhjdfnm Bhfr
gjåeélfñn yfc cvtybnm rehc b jåtcgtxbnm cnfåbkmyjt,
ghjwdtnfñott b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt åeleott lkz Bhfrf.
Ctyfnjh Léjy Rthhb, cktdf, b Ghtpbltyn Léjhlé Åei exfcndeñn d ltåfnfö gj yfwbjyfkmyjve ntktdbltybñ 30 ctynzåhz d
Rjhfk Utqåkp, Akjhblf. Änj – gthdfz bp nhtö nfrbö dcnhtx (cv.
cnhfybwf 31). Jyb ljkéys åskb exfcndjdfnm d änbö ltåfnfö d
ghtlldthbb dsåjhjd 2 yjzåhz. Bö rfylblfns d dbwt-ghtpbltyns –
ctyfnjh Léjy Äldfhlc b dbwt-ghtpbltyn Lbr Xtqyb – nfrét exfcndjdfkb d ltåfnfö gj yfwbjyfkmyeñ ntktdbltybñ 5 jrnzåhz d
Rkbdktylt, Jufqj. Dj dhtvz änbö cjåsnbq, gjvbvj jncnfbdfybz
bö ghjiksö gjckeéysö cgbcrjd, rfylblfns jåjcyjdsdfñn hfpevyjcnm b wtkb vyjubö gjkjétybq d cjjndtncndeñobö gkfnajhvfö
cdjbö gfhnbq b jåüzcyzñn, rfrbv jåhfpjv jyb cjåbhfñncz bö
htfkbpjdfnm.
Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv ytjåöjlbvj djphjlbnm bö bcnjhbxtcrjt nhfycfnkfynbxtcrjt gfhnythcndj c ntv, xnjås
äaatrnbdyj dtcnb djqye c nthhjhjv, djccnfyjdbnm
Bhfr, cnfåbkbpbhjdfnm Faufybcnfy, clthébdfnm Ctdthyeñ Rjhtñ, htifnm ghjåktve zlthysö fvåbwbq Bhfyf
b yfqnb rjycnhernbdyst htitybz pflfxt ghtjljktybz
åkbéytdjcnjxyjq ytcnfåbkmyjcnb. Änj nfrét jpyfxftn
gjbcr rjyctycecf c Tdhjgjq gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr
Rbjncrbq ghjnjrjk gj jrheéfñotq chtlt, Vtéleyfhjlysq eujkjdysq cel, vtéleyfhjlyfz njhujdkz b byjcnhfyyfz gjvjom.
Njhujdkz b ärjyjvbrf: D cdjq dnjhjq chjr Ghtpbltyn Åei cjchtljnjxbncz yf cjplfybb åjktt ghjwdtnfñotq b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjq ärjyjvbrb. Äktvtynjv
tuj gkfyf zdkztncz ghbyznbt cktleñobö cvtksö ifujd
gj htajhvbhjdfybñ jåhfpjdfybz; cjplfybt rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq b ghjbpdjlbntkmyjq hfåjxtq cbks; gjjohtybt
cjplfybz cgjcjåcndeñotq hjcne, cghfdtlkbdjq b åjktt
ghjcnjq yfkjujdjq cbcntvs; cjltqcndbt bccktljdfybzv
b hfphfåjnrfv rfr d ujcelfhcndtyyjv, nfr b xfcnyjv
ctrnjht; eljdktndjhtybt yfibö äythutnbxtcrbö gjnhtåyjcntq b jckfåktybt yfitq äythujpfdbcbvjcnb; cjrhfotybt åhtvtyb htuekbhjdfybz; htajhvbhjdfybt ghfdbntkmcndf b jnrhsnbt hsyrjd lkz fvthbrfycrbö njdfhjd
Dyenhtyyzz åtpjgfcyjcnm: Ltvjrhfns ghbdthétys
ytjåöjlbvjcnb cthmtpyjuj hfccvjnhtybz djpvjéyjcnb
ytpfvtlkbntkmyjuj ghbyznbz vth gj dctv htrjvtylfwbzv Rjvbccbb 9/11, drkñxfz cjplfybt gjcnf lbhtrnjhf
yfwbjyfkmyjq hfpdtlrb, pyfxbntkmyjt gjdsitybt
yfituj xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjntywbfkf gj cåjhe hfpdtlsdfntkmysö lfyysö b byntuhbhjdfybt byajhvfwbb,
rjnjheñ vs gjkexftv. Vs ljkéys cltkfnm egjh yf
ghtljndhfotybb djpvjéyjcntq lkz nthhjhbcnjd ghbjåhtnfnm jheébt vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz gentv jåtcgtxtybz
åtpjgfcyjcnb dctö ytpfobotyysö zlthysö vfnthbfkjd,
erhtgktybz vth gj åjhmåt ghjnbd hfcghjcnhfytybz öbvbxtcrjuj jheébz b eybxnjétybz tuj pfgfcjd b jrfpfybz ärjyjvbxtcrjq b jåhfpjdfntkmyjq gjvjob ujcelfhcndfv c ytcjcnjzntkmysvb htébvfvb. Dj dyenhtyytv
gkfyt vs ljkéys fltrdfnyj abyfycbhjdfnm gjnhtåyjcnb ntö, rnj gthdsvb jndtxftn d ckexft xhtpdsxfqysö
ghjljkétybt yf cktleñotq cnhfybwt
ghjljkétybt yf cktleñotq cnhfybwt
eJournal USA
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
27
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
ghjljkétybt c ghtlsleotq cnhfybws
ghjljkétybt c ghtlsleotq cnhfybws
dj dctv vbht. Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz hfcibhztn lbfgfpjy
dsåjhf lkz fvthbrfycrbö gjnhtåbntktq b gjdsiftn
ehjdtym ébpyb lkz yfibö ctvtq.
cbnefwbq, b ghbybvfnm pfobnyst vths ghjnbd åbjnthhjhbpvf.
Bvvbuhfwbz: Ghtpbltyn ghtlkfuftn yjdeñ ghjuhfvve
dhtvtyyjq hfåjxtq cbks, rjnjhfz gjpdjkbn cjukfcjdfnm
bynthtcs étkfñobö hfåjnfnm byjcnhfyysö hfåjxbö
c bynthtcfvb fvthbrfycrbö hfåjnjlfntktq, rjulf ytn
fvthbrfywtd, étkfñobö pfyznm rjyrhtnyst hfåjxbt
vtcnf. Änf ghjuhfvvf åeltn ghtlecvfnhbdfnm ghfdjdjq
cnfnec dhtvtyysö hfåjxbö lkz vbkkbjyjd veéxby b
étyoby åtp ljrevtynjd, rjnjhst d yfcnjzott dhtvz
hfåjnfñn d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, b lkz ntö kñltq
d lheubö ujcelfhcndfö, rjnjhst cnhtvzncz exfcndjdfnm
d ghjuhfvvt b rjnjhsv ghtlkjétyj hfåjnf pltcm.
Ukjåfkmyjt plhfdjjöhfytybt: Ghtpbltyn Åei ghtlfy ltke jåtcgtxtybz jöhfys pljhjdmz b åkfujcjcnjzybz lkz vbhjdjuj yfctktybz. Yfghbvth, jy jåüzdbk
gznbktnyññ bybwbfnbde d hfpvtht 15 vkhl. ljkkfhjd,
cnfdzoeñ cdjtq wtkmñ rjhtyysv jåhfpjv bpvtybnm cbnefwbñ d åjhmåt c ukjåfkmyjq gfyltvbtq DBX/CGBLf.
Dsltktybt nfrbö htcehcjd gjvjétn yfbåjktt pfnhjyensv änjq ghjåktvjq cnhfyfv d Fahbrt b Rfhbåcrjv
åfcctqyt dtcnb b dsbuhfnm djqye ghjnbd DBX/CGBLf.
Dsltktybt 15 vkhl. ljkkfhjd yf htfkbpfwbñ egjvzyenjq bybwbfnbds gjpdjkbn enhjbnm jåzpfntkmcndj CIF
d hfvrfö vtéleyfhjlyjq gjvjob d åjhmåt cj CGBLjv.
Vytybz, bpkjétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn
dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Njhujdkz b ärjyjvbrf: ckjéytqitq pflfxtq fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrb d jåkfcnb vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb b
ärjyjvbxtcrjq gjkbnbrb zdkztncz gjllthéfybt hjcnf
yfitq cjåcndtyyjq ärjyjvbrb b edtkbxtybt dscjrjjgkfxbdftvjq pfyznjcnb ghb jlyjdhtvtyyjv cjrhfotybb
åñlétnyjuj b njhujdjuj ltabwbnf. Ltvjrhfns åelen cjltqcndjdfnm cjplfybñ pfyznjcnb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö
xthtp yfkjujdst rhtlbns lkz ghjbpdjlbntktq, drkñxfz
vfkst ghtlghbznbz, c ntv, xnjås hfåjxbt vtcnf yt
eöjlbkb bp Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, ghb änjv cjltqcndez
cghfdtlkbdjq njhujdkt, ltkfz egjh yf äaatrnbdyst
nheljdst b ärjkjubxtcrbt cnfylfhns d ljujdjhfö b
jåtcgtxbdfz cjåkñltybt ghfdbk åjhmås c ythfdyjghfdyjq ghfrnbrjq njhujdkb. Hfcibhtybt njhujdkb gentv
cjrhfotybz nfhbajd b gjvjom d jckfåktybb pfljkétyyjcnb åeltn yf åkfuj dctv bcgsnsdfñobv nhelyjcnb
cnhfyfv, drkñxfz yfibö åkbéfqibö cjctltq r ñue.
Bvvbuhfwbz: Vs ljkéys gjvybnm, xnj jn Pfgjkzhyjuj rheuf lj Juytyyjq ptvkb yfhjls jåtbö xfcntq
fvthbrfycrjuj rjynbytynf cdzpfys njhujdktq, bvvbuhfwbtq b ctvtqysvb epfvb rfr ybrjulf hfymit. Hfcibhtybt djpvjéyjcntq lkz pfyznjcnb d jlyjq cnhfyt ytjåzpfntkmyj jpyfxftn gjnthñ hfåjxbö vtcn d lheujq.
Cdjåjlyjt ldbétybt bltq b jcyjdfyyfz yf cjnhelybxtcndt, gjcktljdfntkmyfz htajhvf – änj cfvst wtktcjjåhfpyst genb jåtcgtxtybz kexitq ébpyb lkz dctö
yfibö ltntq.
Ukjåfkmyfz jöhfyf pljhjdmz: Fahbrf zdkztncz
wtynhjv ukjåfkmyjuj rhbpbcf DBX/CGBLf. Äaatrnbdyst ghjuhfvvs ktxtybz b ghjabkfrnbrb ljkéys cnbvekbhjdfnmcz yferjq, f yt rjycthdfnbdyjq bltjkjubtq.
Yfdzpsdfybt ≤gjdtcnrb lyz≥, pfghtofñotq abyfycbhetvsv ghfdbntkmcndjv jhufybpfwbzv jåceélfnm dfhbfyns gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb, ghjnbdjltqcndeñotq bcgjkmpjdfybñ ghtpthdfnbdjd bkb ltkfñotq egjh yf
djplthéfybt d rfxtcndt kexituj chtlcndf ghtljndhfotybz åjktpyb, kbiftn kbw lbhtrnbdyjuj ehjdyz ubårjcnb d gjbcrt htitybq, rjnjhst lfñn htfkmyst htpekmnfns. Dpyjcs d Ukjåfkmysq ajyl ljkéys åsnm
edtkbxtys. Cjtlbytyyst Infns nfrét ljkéys ghtljcnfdkznm uevfybnfhyeñ gjvjom yfghzveñ bkb jåtcgtxbdfnm åtpjgfcyjcnm, gjpdjkzñoeñ uevfybnfhysv hfåjnybrfv bvtnm åtcghtgzncndtyysq ljcneg rj dctv
hfqjyfv, gjhfétyysv rhbpbcjv.
Vytybz, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn
dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
28
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Dslthérb bp gkfnajhv gfhnbq
Ybét ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp gkfnajhv ldeö jcyjdysö gfhnbq. C gjkysv cjlthéfybtv gkfnajhv vjéyj jpyfrjvbnmcz gj flhtce:
http://a9.g.akamai.net/7/9/8082/v001/www.democrats.org/pdfs/2004platform.pdf (Ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz gfhnbz) b
http://www.gop.com/About/PartyPlatform/Default.aspx (Htcgeåkbrfycrfz gfhnbz).
Djghjc
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
≤Åtpjgfcytt vbh – yfltéytt Fvthbrf≥
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
≤Cbkmyfz ljvf – edféftvfz d vbht≥
Nthhjhbpv
Vs jöhfyztv vbh ntv, xnj gthtyjcbv åbnde nelf,
ult yföjlbncz dhfu. Vs ghjnbdjcnjbv nthhjhbcnfv pf heåtéjv c ntv, xnjås yfv yt ghbikjcm
ghjnbdjcnjznm bv e ctåz ljvf. Vs eybxnjéftv
herjdjlbntktq nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö ctntq d öjlt
dytpfgysö htqljd, chsdftv bö gkfybhjdfybt b
abyfycbhjdfybt b dsyeélftv bö gjcnjzyyj vtyznm cdjt vtcnj ghtåsdfybz.
Gjåtlf d djqyt c nthhjhjv nhtåetn cjxtnfybz fvthbrfycrjq htibvjcnb b vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf yf dctö ahjynfö.
Vs cjöhfyztv vbh gentv cjnhelybxtcndf c åjktt
xtv 80 cjñpysvb cnhfyfvb, f nfrét c vtéleyfhjlysvb exhtéltybzvb, xnjås bpjkbhjdfnm nthhjhbcnjd b ghjnbdjcnjznm bv b ghtcnegysv htébvfv.
Yt vjétn åsnm gthtujdjhjd c nthhjhbcnfvb. Ybrfrfz ajhvf nthfgbb bkb ghbyeéltybz yt jndhfnbn bö jn bö cvthnjyjcysö ltqcndbq. Njkmrj njnfkmyjt b gjkyjt eybxnjétybt nthhjhbpvf åeltn
cjltqcndjdfnm ghjwdtnfybñ cdjåjls.
Änj nhtåetn gjntywbfkf b ujnjdyjcnb gjqnb yf ytgjchtlcndtyyst b äaatrnbdyst djtyyst ltqcndbz,
rjulf pfödfn bkb eybxnjétybt nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö
uhegg b bö kblthjd zdkzñncz djpvjéysvb; pyfxbntkmyjuj ekexitybz cåjhf hfpdtlsdfntkmysö lfyysö b fyfkbpf d cjxtnfybb c äythubxysvb ghfdjjöhfybntkmysvb ltqcndbzvb; ytghtcnfyysö ecbkbq
gj ghtrhfotybñ gjnjrf nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö chtlcnd;
ukjåfkmysö ecbkbq c wtkmñ djcghtgzncndjdfnm gjzdktybñ ujcelfhcnd c ytcjcnjzntkmysvb htébvfvb b
ujcelfhcnd, yfheifñobö jåzpfntkmcndf, rjnjhst
vjuen cnfnm ghbåtébotv lkz nthhjhbcnjd; yfcnjqxbdsö ecbkbq c ntv, xnjås kbibnm nthhjhbcnjd
ghbnjrf yjdsö ≤htrhenjd≥ gentv ghjdtltybz äaatrnbdyjq geåkbxyjq lbgkjvfnbb; yfcnjqxbdsö gjkbnbxtcrbö b ärjyjvbxtcrbö vth d wtkzö ekexitybz jåhfpjdfybz, hfåjns yf åkfuj vbhf, gjllthérb
ltvjrhfnbb b erhtgktybz yfltéls.
Bhfr
D Bhfrt Fvthbrf ckeébn ltke cdjåjls, vbhf b
yfitq cjåcndtyyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Vs gjkyjcnmñ
edthtys d ljcnbétybb bhfrcrjuj cfvjeghfdktybz
gj gkfye, rjnjhsq d yfcnjzott dhtvz jceotcndkztncz gthtöjlysv ghfdbntkmcndjv Bhfrf.
Vs yt vjétv ctåt gjpdjkbnm gjnthgtnm ytelfxe d
ljcnbétybb vbhf. Vs yt vjétv gjpdjkbnm, xnjås
ujcelfhcndj d Bhfrt gjnthgtkj ytelfxe, båj njulf
jy ytbpåtéyj ghtdhfnbncz d ghbcnfybot lkz nthhjhbcnjd b d ltcnfåbkbpbheñoeñ cbke yf Åkbéytv
Djcnjrt.
Åkbéybq
Djcnjr
Htcgeåkbrfyws gjllthébdfñn gjkbnbre Ghtpbltynf Åeif, rjnjhfz pfrkñxftncz d cjnhelybxtcndt c rfélsv ghfdbntkmcndjv yf Åkbéytv
Djcnjrt, ghtlfyysv ltke eybxnjétybz nthhjhbcnbxtcrbö ctntq, d nj dhtvz rfr d åjktt ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt jéblfñn htajhv åjktt dscjrjuj ehjdyz b åjktt ibhjrjq ltvjrhfnbb jn
yfibö lheptq d htubjyt. Vs åeltv hfcibhznm
vbh gentv erhtgktybz ltvjrhfnbb, ghtljcnfdktybz yfltéls b gjllthérb ghjuhtccf, rjnjhst ytctn ltvjrhfnbz d rfxtcndt fkmnthyfnbds ytyfdbcnb b nthhjhe d hfvrfö åjkmijuj Åkbéytuj
Djcnjrf.
Fvthbrf yeélftncz d rhegyjq bybwbfnbdt d jåkfcnb
jåotcndtyyjq lbgkjvfnbb c ntv, xnjås gjllthéfnm
vyjubt ujkjcf, dscnegfñobt pf cdjåjle d fhfåcrjv
b vecekmvfycrjv vbht. B vs ljkéys gjllthébdfnm ghfdjpfobnyst uheggs, ytpfdbcbvst CVB b
ghjatccbjyfkmyst cjñps, ghbdthétyyst ltke cjplfybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq rekmnehs cybpe ljdthöe.
Vs gjllthébdftv dbltybt Ghtpbltynf Åeif gthcgtrnbds ldeö ujcelfhcnd, Bphfbkz b Gfktcnbys,
ébdeobö åjr j åjr d eckjdbzö vbhf b åtpjgfcyjcnb. Tckb gfktcnbyws ghbybvfñn ltvjrhfnbñ b
dkfcnm pfrjyf, åjhñncz c rjhhegwbtq b ndthlj jndthufñn nthhjh, nj jyb vjuen hfccxbnsdfnm yf
fvthbrfycreñ gjllthére cjplfybz gfktcnbycrjuj
ujcelfhcndf.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Vs åeltv cnhtvbnmcz nhfycajhvbhjdfnm Gfktcnbycreñ flvbybcnhfwbñ gentv ghjldbétybz yjdjuj b
jndtncndtyyjuj herjdjlcndf, ghtlfyyjuj ltke åjhmås c nthhjhjv b hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb. Vs gjllthébdftv cjplfybt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj gfktcnbycrjuj
ujcelfhcndf, bcgjkytyyjuj htibvjcnb ébnm d eckjdbzö vbhf b åtpjgfcyjcnb åjr j åjr c tdhtqcrbv
ujcelfhcndjv Bphfbkm.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
29
Djghjc
30
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
≤Åtpjgfcytt vbh – yfltéytt Fvthbrf≥
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
≤Cbkmyfz ljvf – edféftvfz d vbht≥
Jheébt vfccjdjuj gjhfétybz
Vs yt gjpdjkbv, xnjås cfvst jgfcyst htébvs d
vbht jåkflfkb cfvsv jgfcysv jheébtv d vbht.
Djcghtgzncndjdfybt gjkextybñ nthhjhbcnfvb ljcnegf r änjve jheébñ ljkéyj åsnm yfitq wtkmñ yjvth jlby d jåkfcnb åtpjgfcyjcnb.
Hjkm Fvthbrb
d åeleotv
Vs gjlndthélftv hjkm Fvthbrb d njv, xnjås dtcnb vbh r åjkmitq cdjåjlt, djpvjéyjcnzv b ghjwdtnfybñ. Yfib ecbkbz gj hfcibhtybñ jödfnf ärjyjvbxtcrjq b gjkbnbxtcrjq cdjåjls ljgjkyzñncz
yfitq ltzntkmyjcnmñ gj hfpdbnbñ htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls.
Vs dthbv d Fvthbre, rjnjhjq djcöbofñncz kñlb
dj dctv vbht, gjnjve xnj jyb pyfñn, xnj vs ljhjébv yt njkmrj yfitq, yj b bö cdjåjljq. Yt njkmrj
kbim yfitq ltvjrhfnbtq, yj b bö yfltéljq yf ytt.
Yt ghjcnj yfibv vbhjv b åtpjgfcyjcnmñ, yj b vbhjv b åtpjgfcyjcnmñ dctuj vbhf.
Njhujdkz
Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz ljkéyf åsnm nfrjq cdjåjlyjq
njhujdktq, rjnjhfz cjltqcndetn ghjldbétybñ ärjyjvbxtcrbö wtktq Fvthbrb b pfoboftn pfyznjcnm fvthbrfywtd. Xnjås ljcnbxm änjq wtkb, vs ljkéys
ltqcndjdfnm yf ukjåfkmyjv, htubjyfkmyjv b ldecnjhjyytv ehjdyzö c ntv, xnjås pfrkñxfnm yjdst njhujdst jnyjitybz b jåtcgtxbdfnm dsgjkytybt ceotcndeñobö jåzpfntkmcnd d jåkfcnb njhujdkb.
Vs åeltv hfccvfnhbdfnm d rfxtcndt ghbjhbntnf cybétybt åfhmthjd yf genb cdjåjlyjq, cghfdtlkbdjq b
cåfkfycbhjdfyyjq njhujdkb c ntv, xnjås hsyrb lheubö cnhfy åskb cnjkm ét jnrhsnsvb, crjkm b yfi
cjåcndtyysq hsyjr. Vs åeltv bcgjkmpjdfnm dct
chtlcndf d yfitv hfcgjhzétybb lkz cjplfybz yjdsö
djpvjéyjcntq lkz fvthbrfycrbö hfåjxbö, athvthjd
b ghtlghbznbq b kbrdblfwbb åfhmthjd yf rkñxtdsö
ärcgjhnysö hsyrfö.
Ukjåfkmyjt
plhfdjjöhfytybt
Vs gjkyjcnmñ gjllthébdftv kblthcndj Ghtpbltynf
d ltkt hflbrfkmyjuj edtkbxtybz htcehcjd c wtkmñ
cjplfybz dfrwbys ghjnbd DBX/CGBLf b d dsltktybb, gj rhfqytq vtht, 15 vbkkbfhljd ljkkfhjd yf
ghjnzétybb gznb ktn lkz wtktq ukjåfkmyjuj ghtljndhfotybz, ktxtybz b ghjuhfvv nthfgbb, bpåbhfz
dctjåütvkñobq gjlöjl r gfyltvbb, rjnjhsq ghtlgjkfuftn gjdsitybt byajhvbhjdfyyjcnb, djplthéfybt, ghtleghtéltybt, ntcnbhjdfybt, ktxtybt b eöjl.
Jndtn yf dspjds ukjåfkmyjuj plhfdjjöhfytybz –
drkñxfz gfyltvbñ CGBLf – ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq uevfybnfhyjt jåzpfntkmcndj b bvgthfnbd yfwbjyfkmyjq
åtpjgfcyjcnb... Vs djccnfyjdbv kblthcndj Fvthbrb
d ukjåfkmyjq jöhfyt pljhjdmz gentv jnrfpf jn gjkbnbrb, ldbébvjq bltjkjubtq, f yt yferjq.
Dyenhtyyzz
åtpjgfcyjcnm
Dféytqibt bycnbnens fvthbrfycrjq yfwbjyfkmyjq
åtpjgfcyjcnb gjldthufñncz ghtjåhfpjdfybñ c wtkmñ
jndtnbnm yf dspjd, cdzpfyysq c pfobnjq Fvthbrb d
yjdeñ ähe.
Yfv ytjåöjlbvj gjdscbnm yfi gjntywbfk d jåkfcnb
cåjhf, fyfkbpf b jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq c ntv, xnjås
vs vjukb jncktébdfnm nthhjhbcnjd b jcnfyfdkbdfnm
bö lj njuj, rfr jyb ghbxbyzn dhtl.
Bvvbuhfwbz
Htcgeåkbrfycrfz gfhnbz gjllthébdftn htajhvbhjdfybt bvvbuhfwbjyyjq cbcntvs c ntv, xnjås cltkfnm tt pfrjyyjq, åtpjgfcyjq, egjhzljxtyyjq b uevfyyjq. Hjcn ärjyjvbrb nhtåetn hfcneotuj xbckf
hfåjxbö, b Ghtpbltyn Åei ghtlkjébk yjdeñ ghjuhfvve dhtvtyysö hfåjxbö, rjnjhfz ghbvtyztncz,
rjulf yt yföjlbncz fvthbrfywtd, ujnjdsö dsgjkyznm
äne hfåjne.
Vs jnrhjtv gthcgtrnbde ghtljcnfdktybz uhfélfycndf ntv, rnj gj-ghtéytve åjhtncz pf cdjåjle. Bvvbuhfyns åtp ljrevtynjd d ghtltkfö yfibö uhfybw,
rjnjhst ghjikb ghjdthre, cnfhfntkmyj hfåjnfñn b
gkfnzn yfkjub, ljkéys bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm gjkyjghfdyj exfcndjdfnm d ltkfö Fvthbrb.
Ärjyjvbrf
Vs öjnbv, xnjås åjkmitt xbckj kñltq dkfltkj
vfksvb ghtlghbznbzvb b cjplfdfkj bö. Vs öjnbv,
xnjås åjkmit kñltq åskb cjåcndtyybrfvb vtlbwbycrjq cnhföjdrjq b bvtkb rjynhjkm yfl ytñ. Vs
öjnbv, xnjås åjkmit kñltq åskb cjåcndtyybrfvb
kbxysö gtycbjyysö cxtnjd.
Vs jébdbv jåhfåfnsdfñoeñ ghjvsiktyyjcnm
Fvthbrb, cjplflbv yjdst hfåjxbt vtcnf b cjöhfybv
ceotcndeñoeñ pfyznjcnm ntv, xnj gthtcnfytv lfdfnm yfkjujdst gjåkférb rjvgfybzv, gthtdjlzobv
hfåjxbt vtcnf pf heåté, b gjybpbv yfkjub rjvgfybzv, cjplfñobv pfyznjcnm e ctåz ljvf.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ntktltåfns
Nhfyckbhetvst gj dctq cnhfyt ntktltåfns zdkzñncz jlybv bp ukfdysö
vjvtynjd gjcktlybö ytltkm ghtldsåjhysö åfnfkbq
htpbltyncrbt ltåfns zdkzñncz jlybv bp cfvsö
dféysö cjåsnbq bpåbhfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf d
CIF c 1976 ujlf, rjulf jyb åskb djpjåyjdktys gjckt njuj, rfr d 1960 ujle cjcnjzkbcm gthdst
ntktltåfns vtéle Hbxfhljv Ybrcjyjv b Léjyjv Rtyytlb. Bpåbhfntkb ytbpvtyyj yfpsdfñn ltåfns jlybv
bp dféytqibö afrnjhjd, jghtltkzñobö bö ghtlgjxntybt d gjkmpe jlyjuj bp rfylblfnjd, f d gthbjls jcjåj
zhjcnyjuj cjgthybxtcndf – rfr dj dhtvz ghtpbltyncrjq
ujyrb 2004 ujlf – ltåfns ghbjåhtnfñn jcjåjt pyfxtybt. Ghtpbltyn Åei b ctyfnjh Rthhb eét gjvthzkbcm
cbkfvb dj dhtvz 90-vbyenysö ltåfnjd d infnt Akjhblf 30 ctynzåhz b d infnt Vbccehb 8 jrnzåhz b ljkéys åskb dyjdm dcnhtnbnmcz 13 jrnzåhz d infnt
Fhbpjyf. Vtéle ntv rfylblfns d dbwt-ghtpbltyns
dbwt-ghtpbltyn Lbr Xtqyb b ctyfnjh Léjy Äldfhlc
5 jrnzåhz ghjdtkb ltåfns d infnt Jufqj – tot
jlyjv infnt, ult ifycs Åeif b Rthhb yf gjåtle
ghbvthyj hfdys.
G
C vjvtynf cdjtuj cjplfybz jcyjdfybz d 1987 ujle dytgfhnbqyfz Rjvbccbz gj ghtpbltyncrbv ltåfnfv (RGL)
jhufybpetn ltåfns b ecnfyfdkbdftn ghfdbkf lkz exfcnbz b gjdtltybz rfylblfnjd. RGL bplfkf lbhtrnbds
lkz jåtcgtxtybz xtcnyjcnb b ghjphfxyjcnb. D änjv ujle gthdst b nhtnmb ltåfns ljkéys åskb ghjdjlbnmcz
d ajhvfnt jlyjuj dtleotuj c xtnrbvb ghfdbkfvb d jnÄ-Éehyfk CIF
yjitybb juhfybxtybq gj dhtvtyb b ltqcndbq rfylblfnjd. Yfghbvth, rfylblfns yt ljkéys åskb pflfdfnm
lheu lheue ghzvst djghjcs, b bv pfghtofkjcm hfcöfébdfnm gj cwtyt bkb bcgjkmpjdfnm cwtye lkz ekexitybz cjåcndtyyjuj dytiytuj dblf. Dnjhst ltåfns ghtlcnfdkzkb cjåjq jåott cjåhfybt, ult phbntkb vjukb
yfghzveñ pflfdfnm djghjcs rfylblfnfv. Nhtnmb ltåfns
dyjdm dthyekbcm r ajhvfne gthdsö ltåfnjd.
Öjnz dkbzybt ghtpbltyncrbö ntktltåfnjd nhelyj jwtybnm rjkbxtcndtyyj, jyb, ytcjvytyyj, buhfñn dféyeñ
hjkm d bpåbhfntkmyjv ghjwtcct d CIF. Ysytiybt ntktltåfns yfåkñlfkj åjkmitt xbckj kñltq, xtv
37,5–46,6 vky. xtkjdtr, rjnjhst yfåkñlfkb pf ghtpbltyncrbvb ltåfnfvb 2000 ujlf. ≤Ytcjvytyyj, jxtym
vyjubt kñlb cvjnhzn ntktltåfns, b njn afrn, xnj jyb
epyfñn bp änbö ltåfnjd xnj-nj yjdjt, ltkftn gjcktlybt
xhtpdsxfqyj dféyjq xfcnmñ jåotuj bpåbhfntkmyjuj
ghjwtccf≥, – crfpfkf bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh RGL
Léfytn Åhfey.
Ddthöe: Ctyfnjh Rthhb (cktdf) ckeiftn dscnegktybt Ghtpbltynf
Åeif 30 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf d Rjhfk-Utqåkc (in. Akjhblf) dj
dhtvz bö gthdsö ltåfnjd. (Ajnj FG/Hjy Älvjylc)
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
31
Ltym ujkjcjdfybz
D Ltym dsåjhjd vbkkbjys fvthbrfywtd jnghfdkzñncz yf bpåbhfntkmyst
exfcnrb, jlyfrj d änjv ujle rfr ybrjulf ghtélt åjkmijt xbckj uhfélfy –
d cbke ytjåöjlbvjcnb bkb gj étkfybñ – åelen ujkjcjdfnm gj
jnrhtgbntkmysv nfkjyfv.
yjzåhz pfhtubcnhbhjdfyyst bpåbhfntkb gj dctq
cnhfyt jnghfdzncz d vtcnyst irjks, wthrdb bkb ujhjlcrbt cjdtns, xnjås ghjujkjcjdfnm yt njkmrj pf Ghtpbltynf b
dbwt-ghtpbltynf, yj b pf rfylblfnjd yf dsåjhyst ljkéyjcnb d vtcnyst b infnyst jhufyfö eghfdktybz. D hfpysö
htubjyfö cnhfys bcgjkmpeñncz
hfpkbxyst cbcntvs ujkjcjdfybz (cv. ≤Ntöyjkjubz ujkjcjdfybz≥), jlyfrj jlby ghbywbg jcnftncz ytbpvtyysv:
ujkjcjdfybt gjdcñle zdkztncz nfqysv b ghjdjlbncz d
cgtwbfkmysö rfåbyfö lkz ujkjcjdfybz.
2
Ghblz yf bpåbhfntkmysq exfcnjr, bpåbhfntkb gjlöjlzn
r cjnhelybrfv vtcnyjq bpåbhfntkmyjq rjvbccbb b ljåhjdjkmysv gjvjoybrfv, rjnjhst ghjdthzñn htubcnhfwbjyyst ljrevtyns bpåbhfntktq b gjvjufñn bv d ghjwtleht ujkjcjdfybz. Rfylblfn bkb tuj cnjhjyybrb
vjuen cnjznm pf ghtltkfvb exfcnrf lkz ujkjcjdfybz,
gjébvfz herb bpåbhfntkzv bkb hfplfdfz bpåbhfntkmyst vfnthbfks. Jlyfrj gj pfrjye gjljåyfz fubnfwbjyyfz ltzntkmyjcnm ljkéyf ghjdjlbnmcz yf jghtltktyyjv
hfccnjzybb jn bpåbhfntkmysö exfcnrjd lkz jåtcgtxtybz bpåbhfntkzv bö ghfdf yf ujkjcjdfybt åtp rfrjujkbåj dvtifntkmcndf.
Bpåbhfntkmyst exfcnrb jnrhsdfñncz hfyj enhjv b jcnfñncz jnrhsnsvb d ntxtybt dctuj lyz. Vyjubt kñlb
ujkjceñn gj genb yf hfåjne bkb c hfåjns bkb d lheujt
eljåyjt bv dhtvz d ntxtybt lyz. Jlyfrj ytrjnjhsv
bpåbhfntkzv d Ltym dsåjhjd yt ceéltyj gjåsdfnm yf
bpåbhfntkmyjv exfcnrt. D 2004 ujle vyjubt fvthbrfyws åelen ujkjcjdfnm gj jnrhtgbntkmysv nfkjyfv d cjjndtncndbb c ghjwtlehjq, rjnjhfz ytrjulf åskf ljcnegyf kbim ntv, rnj yt bvtk djpvjéyjcnb ghbåsnm
yf cdjq bpåbhfntkmysq exfcnjr. Ujkjceñobt gj jnrhtgbntkmyjve nfkjye pfghfibdfñn bpåbhfntkmysq åñkkt32
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
ntym d vtcnyjq bpåbhfntkmyjq rjvbccbb, pfgjkyzñn
tuj b dscskfñn jåhfnyj gj gjxnt. Dj vyjubö infnfö
ujkjcjdfybt gj jnrhtgbntkmyjve nfkjye cnfkj gjgekzhyjq fkmnthyfnbdjq, gjpdjkzñotq bpåbhfntkzv ujkjcjdfnm, yt gjrblfz cdjtuj ljvf. D in. Jhtujy d 2004
ujle djjåot yt åeltn bpåbhfntkmysö exfcnrjd: dct
bpåbhfntkb åelen ujkjcjdfnm gj gjxnt.
Vyjubt cnjhjyybrb ujkjcjdfybz gj jnrhtgbntkmyjve
nfkjye endthélfñn, xnj änf ghjwtlehf gjdscbn zdre
bpåbhfntktq. Gj jwtyrfv ärcgthnjd, 2 yjzåhz åelen
ujkjcjdfnm åjktt 100 vky. fvthbrfywtd, yj änj kbim
jrjkj gjkjdbys bp ntö, rnj bvttn ghfdj ujkjcf. Ybprfz zdrf bpåbhfntktq åskf åjkmijq ghjåktvjq yf
vyjubö dsåjhfö, b htubcnhfwbz bpåbhfntktq zdkztncz
rkñxtdjq rjvgjytyn ujlf dsåjhjd. Ghtlcnfdbntktq gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq b hfpkbxysö uhfélfycrbö uhegg
vjéyj dcnhtnbnm d vtcnysö njhujdsö wtynhfö, rbyjntfnhfö b lheubö geåkbxysö vtcnfö b yf jåotcndtyysö
vthjghbznbzö, ult jyb hfplfñn htubcnhfwbjyyst rfhnjxrb ntv, rnj ytlfdyj gjkexbk ghfdj ujkjcf d cdzpb c
ljcnbétybtv 18 ktn bkb gjkextybtv uhfélfycndf
CIF, f nfrét kñlzv, rjnjhst, djpvjéyj, eét bvtñn
ghfdj ujkjcf, yj nfr b yt pfhtubcnhbhjdfkbcm.
Ddthöe: Jlby pyfr yfghfdkztn bpåbhfntktq yf bpåbhfntkmysq
exfcnjr d Kbnk-Hjrt (in. Fhrfypfc) (cghfdf), f lheujq – r gjxnjdjve zobre lkz bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntytq d Gjhnktylt (in.
Jhtujy). (Ajnj FG/cktdf: Läyyb Léjycnjy; cghfdf: Ljy Hfqfy)
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ntöyjkjubz ujkjcjdfybz
C gjvjomñ rjvgmñnthjd b lheubö vfiby CIF gthtöjlzn r åjktt äaatrnbdysv
b yfltéysv vtnjlfv ujkjcjdfybz.
töyjkjubz ujkjcjdfybz – nj, rfr bvtyyj bpåbhfntkb ujkjceñn – d bcnjhbb CIF ghbjåhtnfkf
vyjétcndj hfpkbxysö ajhv. D rjkjybfkmysq gthbjl, rjulf vyjubt kñlb yt evtkb xbnfnm, bpåbhfntkb
xfcnj ujkjcjdfkb gjlyznbtv herb bkb ujkjcjv. R rjywe 1700-ö ujljd cnfkb bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d jcyjdyjv åevféyst bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb. Jlyfrj bö bcgjkmpjdfybt yfxfkj yterkjyyj cjrhfofnmcz gjckt
bpjåhtntybz d 1869 ujle vtöfybxtcrjq vfibys lkz
ujkjcjdfybz. D 2004 ujle vtytt 1fi dctö bpåbhfntktq
d CIF åelen ujkjcjdfnm c gjvjomñ nhflbwbjyysö
åevféysö bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntytq.
•
vtöfybxtcrbq hsxfu: bpåbhfntkb nzyen jlby bp
hsxfujd vfibys, cjjndtncndeñobq dsåhfyyjve
bvb rfylblfne (14fi);
•
jgnbxtcrjt crfybhjdfybt: bpåbhfntkb pfgjkyzñn
åñkktntym, rjnjhsq pfntv cxbnsdftncz vfibyjq
(34,9fi);
•
äktrnhjyyfz cbcntvf ghzvjq pfgbcb (ÄCGP): bpåbhfntkb bcgjkmpeñn ctycjhysq ärhfy bkb ryjgjxyst vfibys (29,3fi);
•
åevféyst åñkktntyb: åñkktntyb pfgjkyzñncz b
gjlcxbnsdfñncz dhexyeñ (0,7fi);
•
cvtifyysq nbg: d jlybö ujhjlfö jlyjuj jrheuf
ghbvtyzñncz vfibys, d lheubö – ytn (7,4fi)
N
D hfpysö jrheufö lfét jlyjuj infnf ghbvtyzñncz hfpkbxyst ntöyjkjubb ujkjcjdfybz. Yf dsåjhfö 2004 ujlf
åelen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz itcnm cbcntv ujkjcjdfybz. Ybét
ghbdtltys ghjwtynyst ljkb pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst åelen bcgjkmpjdfnm änb cbcntvs (gj
ghjuyjpfv Ckeéås lfyysö j dsåjhfö):
•
gthajrfhnf: bpåbhfntkb ghjåbdfñn yf åevféyjv
åñkktntyt jndthcnbz yfghjnbd dsåhfyyjuj bvb
rfylblfnf (13,7fi);
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Äktrnhjyyst vfibys lkz ujkjcjdfybz gjkexbkb ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt c ghbyznbtv Rjyuhtccjv Pfrjyf
≤Gjvjub Fvthbrt ujkjcjdfnm≥ 2002 ujlf. Änjn pfrjy
fccbuyjdfk 3,9 vkhl. ljkk. yf ekexitybt jhufybpfwbb
b ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd gjckt njuj, rfr hfcöjéltybz d
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
33
gjlcxtnt bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntytq dj dhtvz ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhjd 2000 ujlf dszdbkb gjnhtåyjcnm d
vjlthybpfwbb b ekexitybb cbcntv ujkjcjdfybz. Gjcrjkmre ujkjcf bpåbhfntktq d infnt Akjhblf hfcghtltkbkbcm ghfrnbxtcrb gjhjdye, bpåbhfntkmysq infå
Ujhf gjnhtåjdfk gthtcxtnf.
Pfrjy ghtlecvfnhbdfk htfkbpfwbñ ghjuhfvvs cregrb
cnjbvjcnmñ 325 vky. ljkk. lkz pfvtys cnfhsö cbcntv
yf jcyjdt gthajrfhn b vtöfybxtcrbö hsxféysö cbcntv ujkjcjdfybz yjdsvb ÄCGP. Jéblftncz, xnj d 2004
ujle gj chfdytybñ c 2000 ujljv xbckj bpåbhfntktq,
bcgjkmpeñobö ÄCGP, dshfcntn c 12,6fi lj 29,3fi.
Pfrjy ≤Gjvjub Fvthbrt ujkjcjdfnm≥ nfrét drkñxftn d
ctåz gjkjétybz j åjhmåt c vjityybxtcndjv yf dsåjhfö b eghjotybb ljcnegf r bpåbhfntkmysv åñkktntyzv. Htajhvs, rjnjhst dcnegfñn d cbke d änjv ujle,
drkñxfñn d ctåz yjhvfnbdyst frns j ghjdthrt kbxyjcnb bpåbhfntktq, ujkjceñobö dgthdst, b j dsytctybb yf ehjdyt infnjd jghtltktybq gjyznbz ≤ltqcndbntkmysq ujkjc≥. Yf rféljv bpåbhfntkmyjv exfcnrt
nfrét jåzpfntkmyj ljkéyf bvtnmcz rfr vbybvev jlyf
vfibyf lkz ujkjcjdfybz, ljcnegyfz cktgsv b bydfkblfv. Ljgjkybntkmyst htajhvs gkfybhetncz gjkyjcnmñ
pfdthibnm r 2006 ujle.
Cnh. 33: Fqhbc Cnäykb ujkjcetn c gjvjomñ äktrnhjyyjq vfibys
lkz ujkjcjdfybz yf cdjtv bpåbhfntkmyjv exfcnrt d Hjpeäkkt
(infn Léjhlébz) 2 vfhnf dj dhtvz gthdbxysö ghtpbltyncrbö
dsåjhjd. (Ajnj FG/Hbr Atkl). Ddthöe: Ltåjhf Rkfhr, bycgtrnjh
gj dsåjhfv d jrheut Gbytkkfc (in. Akjhblf), ltvjycnhbhetn
ghjwtlehe ujkjcjdfybz c bcgjkmpjdfybtv vfibys lkz ujkjcjdfybz c
ctycjhysv ärhfyjv yf ghtcc-rjyathtywbb 27 bñkz. (Ajnj FG/Abk
Rjek)
34
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb
D bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb d CIF dyjczncz bvtyf rfylblfnjd yf ujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnb yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, yf ehjdyt infnjd b vtcnyjv ehjdyt, f
nfrét djghjcs, rfcfñobtcz dféysö pfrjyjlfntkmysö bybwbfnbd.
ltym dsåjhjd fvthbrfycrbt bpåbhfntkb ghbybvfñn htitybz gj ibhjrjve rheue ljkéyjcntq b
pfrjyjlfntkmysö ghtlkjétybq, bcgjkmpez lkz
änjuj cfvst hfpkbxyst ntöyjkjubb, yfxbyfz jn nhflbwbjyysö åevféysö åñkktntytq b pfrfyxbdfz ctycjhysvb ärhfyfvb. Gj ckjdfv gjkbnbxtcrjuj rjycekmnfynf
Ähkf Åtylthf bp Dfibyunjyf, d CIF yfcxbnsdftncz
åjktt 176 nsc. dsåjhysö ljkéyjcntq yf hfpkbxysö
ehjdyzö b d hfpkbxysö dtndzö ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb.
D änjv ujle gjvbvj Ghtpbltynf uhfélfyfv CIF
ghtlcnjbn bpåhfnm dctö 435 xktyjd Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq CIF, 34 ctyfnjhjd CIF b 11 ueåthyfnjhjd. D
bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb nfrét dyjczncz rfylblfnehs
yf gjcns d jhufyfö dkfcnb infnjd b vtcnysö jhufyfö
cfvjeghfdktybz, yfxbyfz jn celtq dthöjdysö celjd
infnjd b rfpyfxttd infnjd b pfrfyxbdfz xktyfvb ujhjlcrbö rjvbccbq b irjkmysö ghfdktybq.
D
Bpåbhfntkb nfrét vjuen exfcndjdfnm d pfrjyjlfntkmyjv
ghjwtcct yf ehjdyt infnf b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt, endthélfz b lfét ghbybvfz pfrjys. D pfdbcbvjcnb jn
ltqcndeñotuj vtcnyjuj pfrjyf bkb pfrjyf infnf bpåbhfntkb vjuen cjpsdfnm htathtylev, rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ujkjcjdfybt lkz jghtltktybz njuj, ljkéty
kb njn bkb byjq pfrjyjghjtrn, ghbyznsq pfrjyjlfntkmysv cjåhfybtv infnf, cnfnm pfrjyjv. Jyb nfrét vjuen
ljgjkybntkmyj dyjcbnm d bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb
bybwbbhjdfyyst bpåbhfntkzvb pfrjyjlfntkmyst vths
bkb bybwbfnbds gjchtlcndjv ghjwtlehs öjlfnfqcndf.
Dj vyjubö hfqjyfö cnhfys bpåbhfntkb nfrét ujkjceñn
gj vtcnysv yfkjujdsv vthfv b djghjce cyznbz c ljkéyjcnb dsåjhysö xbyjdybrjd.
Dslthérf bp bpåbhfntkmyjuj åñkktntyz infnf Rjkjhflj (ddthöe)
zdkztncz ghbvthjv åñkktntyz lkz htathtylevf – d lfyyjv ckexfq
gj djghjce j dytctybb gjghfdjr d rjycnbnewbñ infnf. Ybét gjrfpfyf xfcnm ldezpsxyjuj (yf fyukbqcrjv b bcgfycrjv zpsrfö) bpåbhfntkmyjuj åñkktntyz infnf Ntöfc.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Pfrjys infnjd j dsåjhfö jghtltkzñn dytiybq dbl b
cnhernehe bpåbhfntkmyjuj åñkktntyz. D bpåbhfntkmysö
åñkktntyzö ljgecrftncz uheggbhjdfnm rfylblfnjd gj
gfhnbqyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb bkb ljkéyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst
åñkktntyb gjpdjkzñn bpåbhfntkzv gjvtnbnm jlye gfhnbñ, xnjås ghjujkjcjdfnm pf dctö rfylblfnjd jn änjq
gfhnbb. Rfélsq infn ghtlkfuftn bpåbhfntkzv djpvjéDjghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
35
yjcnm dgbcfnm d åñkktntym cdjbö cjåcndtyysö rfylblfnjd, yt erfpfyysö nfv.
Zpsrb, yf rjnjhsö cjcnfdktys bpåbhfntkmyst åñkktntyb, nfrét dfhmbheñncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn vtcnyjcnb b c
extnjv gjnhtåyjcntq vtcnysö bpåbhfntktq. Atlthfkmysq pfrjy j dsåjhfö pfoboftn ghfdf bpåbhfntktq, yt
ujdjhzobö gj-fyukbqcrb, b nhtåetn bplfybz bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntytq yf ldeö zpsrfö d ntö flvbybcnhfnbdyj-nthhbnjhbfkmysö jåhfpjdfybzö, ult yfcxbnsdftncz yt vtytt 10 nsc. kñltq, yt ujdjhzobö
gj-fyukbqcrb.
36
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd
D cjjndtncndbb c Rjycnbnewbtq CIF fvthbrfycrbt ghtpbltyns bpåbhfñncz yt cfvbv yfhjljv, f yfhjlysvb dsåjhobrfvb.
jkktubz
dsåjhobrjd
åskf cjplfyf fdnjhfvb Rjycnbnewbb CIF d
rfxtcndt fkmnthyfnbds bpåhfybñ
Ghtpbltynf dctyfhjlysv ujkjcjdfybtv bkb Rjyuhtccjv. Rfélsq infn
dsåbhftn d Rjkktubñ dsåjhobrjd cnjkmrbö ghtlcnfdbntktq, crjkmrj e ytuj bvttncz ctyfnjhjd – gj ldf jn
rféljuj infnf, – gkñc xbckj tuj ltktufnjd d Gfkfnt
ghtlcnfdbntktq. Jrheu Rjkevåbz, rjnjhsq yt bvttn d
Rjyuhtcct cdjbö ghtlcnfdbntktq c ghfdjv ujkjcf, bvttn nhb ujkjcf d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd. D yfcnjzott
dhtvz d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd yfcxbnsdftncz 538 xktyjd; lkz gjåtls yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö ytjåöjlbvj
yfåhfnm 270 ujkjcjd.
R
Xthtp ytcrjkmrj ytltkm gjckt dctjåobö dsåjhjd bpåbhfntkb jn rféljuj infnf dcnhtxfñncz d cnjkbwfö cdjbö
infnjd b jabwbfkmyj ujkjceñn pf Ghtpbltynf b dbwtghtpbltynf. Pfntv htpekmnfns ujkjcjdfybz yfghfdkzñncz ghtlctlfntkñ Ctyfnf CIF, rjnjhsq 6 zydfhz d
ghbcencndbb dctö xktyjd Rjyuhtccf gjldjlbn bnjub
ujkjcjdfybz b jåüzdkztn gjåtlbntkz.
Ghb ujkjcjdfybb d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd gjåtle jåsxyj jlthébdftn rfylblfn, yfåhfdibq åjkmit dctuj ujkjÄ-Éehyfk CIF
cjd gj bnjufv dctyfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz. Jlyfrj vjéyj cnfnm Ghtpbltynjv b åtp gjåtls yf
dctyfhjlyjv ujkjcjdfybb. Gjcktlybq nfrjq
ckexfq bvtk vtcnj d
2000 ujle, rjulf Ghtpbltyn Åei jlthéfk gjåtle d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd (pf ytuj ghjujkjcjdfk 271
dsåjhobr, ghjnbd – 266), ecnegbd gj bnjufv dctyfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz njulfiytve dbwt-ghtpbltyne Äke Ujhe. Ldf lheubö Ghtpbltynf – Hfpthajhl Å. Öfqtc d
1876 ujle b Åtyléfvby Öfhhbcjy d 1888 ujle – nfrét
dcnfkb dj ukfdt cnhfys åtp gjåtls yf dctyfhjlyjv
ujkjcjdfybb. D 1824 ujle, rjulf yf gjcn Ghtpbltynf
ghtntyljdfkb Léjy Rebycb Flfvc b Äylhñ Létrcjy,
Létrcjy jlthéfk gjåtle gj bnjufv dctyfhjlyjuj ujkjcjdfybz, yj yb tve, yb Flfvce yt elfkjcm yfåhfnm
åjkmibycndf ujkjcjd d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd. Flfvc
cnfk Ghtpbltynjv kbim gjckt njuj, rfr bnjub dsåjhjd
åskb htitys ujkjcjdfybtv d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq
d cjjndtncndbb c ghjwtlehjq, ghtlecvjnhtyyjq Rjycnbnewbtq d ckexft, rjulf yb jlby rfylblfn yt gjkexftn
åjkmibycndf ujkjcjd d Rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd.
18 ltrfåhz 2000 ujlf dsåjhobrb infnf Pfgflyfz Dbhlébybz
tlbyjukfcyj jnlfkb cdjb ujkjcf pf Léjhléf E. Åeif d cnjkbwt
infnf ujhjlt Xfhkcnjyt. (Ajnj FG/Åjå Åthl)
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
37
Åbåkbjuhfabz
Xnj tot gjxbnfnm jå bpåbhfntkmyjv ghjwtcct d CIF
Jåofz byajhvfwbz j dsåjhfö
Bpåbhfntkmyfz htajhvf
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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004.
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Buchanan, Bruce. Presidential Campaign Quality: Incentives and
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Moore, John L. Elections A to Z. Washington, DC:
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Jhufybpfwbz b ghjdtltybt bpåbhfntkmysö
rfvgfybq
Faucheux, Ronald A., ed. Winning Elections: Political
Campaign Management, Strategy & Tactics. New York:
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Green, Donald P. and Alan S. Gerber. Getting Out the Vote:
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Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd
Fortier, John C. et al., eds. After the People Vote: A Guide to the
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Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
Gross, Donald A. and Robert K. Goidel. The States of
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Henderson, Harry. Campaign and Election Reform. New York:
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CVB
Goldstein, Kenneth M. and Patricia Strach, eds. The Medium
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Politics, and Political Advertising. New York: P. Lang, 2004.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb
Hershey, Marjorie Randon and Paul Allen Beck. Party Politics
in America, 10th ed. New York: Longman, 2003.
Korzi, Michael J. A Seat of Popular Leadership: The Presidency,
Political Parties, and Democratic Government. Amherst, Boston:
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Jghjc jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz
Stonecash, Jeffrey M. Political Polling: Strategic Information in
Campaigns. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.
Traugott, Michael W. and Paul J. Lavrakas. The Voter’s Guide
to Election Polls. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
Ghtpbltyncrbt bpåbhfntkmyst rfvgfybb
Ackerman, Bruce A. Deliberation Day. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press, 2004.
Buchanan, Bruce. The Policy Partnership: Presidential Elections
and American Democracy. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Nicosia, Albert, ed. The Election Process in the United States.
Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2003.
Roberts, Robert North and Scott J. Hammond. Encyclopedia of
Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms. Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press, 2004.
Thurber, James A. and Candice J. Nelson, eds. Campaigns and
Elections American Style. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.
Bpåbhfntkb
Abramowitz, Alan. Voice of the People: Elections and Voting in
the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
Eisner, Jane. Taking Back the Vote: Getting American Youth
Involved in Our Democracy. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2004.
Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb
pf cjlthéfybt b ljcnegyjcnm dsitgthtxbcktyysö htcehcjd. Ccskrb
yf dct htcehcs ghbdtltys gj cjcnjzybñ yf 21 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf.
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
39
Htcehcs bynthytnf
Äktrnhjyyst bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb jå bpåbhfntkmyjv ghjwtcct d CIF
Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd
≤Cb-åb-äc ymñc≥: Bpåbhfntkmyfz rfvgfybz 2004 ujlf
http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/politics/main250.shtml
Wtynh ujkjcjdfybz b ltvjrhfnbb – Rjkktubz
dsåjhobrjd
Gjkbnbxtcrbq ljrkfl Rerf
http://www.fairvote.org/e_college/index.html
http://www.cookpolitical.com/
Atlthfkmyfz bpåbhfntkmyfz rjvbccbz:
Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd
≤Cb-äy-äy≥
http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/
http://www.fec.gov/pages/ecmenu2.htm
Ntktrfyfk ≤Ajrc ymñc≥
Yfwbjyfkmyjt eghfdktybt fhöbdjd b ljrevtynfwbb:
Rjkktubz dsåjhobrjd CIF
http://www.foxnews.com/
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/electoral_college/
≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥ – Gentdjlbntkm gj dsåjhfv 2004 ujlf
http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/politics/2004_ELECTION
GUIDE_GRAPHIC/index.html
Bpåbhfntkmyfz htajhvf
≤Äv-Äc-Äy-Åb-Cb≥ – Htitybt 2004 ujlf
Abyfycbhjdfybt bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq:
rjycnbnewbjyyst b ghfdjdst djghjcs ≤vzurbö≥ ltytu
(Ljrkfl Bccktljdfntkmcrjq ckeéås Rjyuhtccf)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032553/
≤Ujkjc Fvthbrb≥: Ljhjuf d Åtksq ljv
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/29688.pdf
http://www.voanews.com/specialreport.cfm?objectid=6B65B21A4280-4D94-87D90E84B6298834
Wtynh jnpsdxbdjq gjkbnbrb
http://www.opensecrets.org/home
≤Dfibyunjy nfqvc≥
http://www.washtimes.com/national/
Ghjtrn byajhvbhjdfybz jå bpåbhfntkmyjq htajhvt:
Ljrkfls jå bpåbhfntkmyjq htajhvt
http://www.electionline.org/index.jsp?page=Publications
Bpåbhfntkmyfz htajhvf: Jåpjh b djghjcs
(Ljrkfl Bccktljdfntkmcrjq ckeéås Rjyuhtccf)
Gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb
Åei/Xtqyb-2004
http://www.georgewbush.com/
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/28920.pdf
Yfwbjyfkmysq rjvbntn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb
CVB
http://www.democrats.org/
Gkfnajhvf Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb yf 2004 ujl
Jnltk gjkbnbrb ≤Äq-Åb-Cb ymñc≥
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/TheNote/TheNote.html
http://a9.g.akamai.net/7/9/8082/v001/www.democrats.org/pdfs/20
04platform.pdf
Fubnfwbjyyst vfnthbfks bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq
(Åei b Rthhb)
Rthhb/Äldfhlc-2004
http://pcl.stanford.edu/campaigns/campaign2004/index.html
40
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
http://www.johnkerry.com/index.html
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Ytqlth/Rtvtqléj-2004
http://www.votenader.org/
Htcehcs lkz ghjdtltybz dsåjhjd yf ehjdyt
atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf b d infnfö
http://www.llrx.com/columns/roundup25.htm
Yfwbjyfkmysq rjvbntn Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb
http://www.rnc.org/
Atlthfkmyfz bpåbhfntkmyfz rjvbccbz:
J dsåjhfö b ujkjcjdfybb
Gkfnajhvf Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb yf 2004 ujl
http://www.fec.gov/elections.html
http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conven
tions/RNC-2004platform.pdf
Vtéleyfhjlysq ghtcc-wtynh:
Bpåbhfntkmyfz rfvgfybz 2004 ujlf
http://fpc.state.gov/c9752.htm
Jghjc jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz
Kbuf étyoby-bpåbhfntktq: Bpåbhfntkmysq ghjwtcc
Bccktljdfntkmcrbq wtynh Gmñ gj ltkfv yfhjlf b ghtccs
http://people-press.org/
http://www.lwv.org/voter/read.cfm?pid=elections101
Jhufybpfwbz b ghjdtltybt gjkbnbxtcrbö rfvgfybq
Htpekmnfns jghjcf jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz
http://www.pollingreport.com/wh2004.htm
http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/pcm/links.shtml
≤Gjkbnbrc-1≥ – ghtpbltyncrbt dsåjhs 2004 ujlf
Jghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, extyst veéb b dsåjhs
2004 ujlf, ghtlcnfdktyyst Léjyjv Pjuåb
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/election04/polls.htm
http://www.politics1.com/p2004.htm
Ghjtrn ≤Ujkjceq c evjv≥
http://www.vote-smart.org/
Jåotyfwbjyfkmyst jghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz
Rebyybgbfrcrjuj eybdthcbntnf
≤Crjkfcnbr ymñc≥: Dsåjhs-2004
http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x701.xml
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/election2004/
Htfkmyfz b zcyfz gjkbnbrf
Bpåbhfntkb
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/bush_vs_kerry.html
Wtynh fvthbrfycrbö étyoby b gjkbnbrb
Ghtpbltyncrbt bpåbhfntkmyst rfvgfybb
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cawp
Rjvbccbz gj ghtpbltyncrbv ltåfnfv
Wtynh ujkjcjdfybz b ltvjrhfnbb
www.debates.org
http://www.fairvote.org
Cjdtn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv: bpåbhfntkmyfz
rfvgfybz 2004 ujlf
Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö
Vjnbdbhjdfybt vjkjlsö kñltq r ujkjcjdfybñ
http://www.cfr.org/campaign2004/
Ltvjrhfnbz d ltqcndbb: cjgthybxtcndj pf Åtksq ljv
2004 ujlf
http://www.pewtrusts.com/pdf/new_voters_brief_0504.pdf
Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb
pf cjlthéfybt b ljcnegyjcnm dsitgthtxbcktyysö htcehcjd. Ccskrb
yf dct htcehcs ghbdtltys gj cjcnjzybñ yf 21 ctynzåhz 2004 ujlf.
http://www.gwu.edu/~action/P2004.html
Dsåjhs-2004 (Vbxbufycrbq eybdthcbntn)
http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/elec2004.html
Ä-Éehyfk CIF
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb h jrnzåhm 2004 ujlf
41
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm
U.S. DEPARTMENT 0F STATE / BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION PROGRAMS