5 5 ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПАРТИИ В СОЕДИНЕННЫХ ШТАТАХ 5 5
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★ ★ GJKBNBXTCRBT GFHNBB D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ ★ ★ Léjy A. Åbååb Rjulf d 1787 ujle jcyjdfntkb Fvthbrfycrjq Htcgeåkbrb gbcfkb Rjycnbnewbñ CIF, jyb yt ghtlecvfnhbdfkb vtcnj lkz gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq d cbcntvt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf. Yfjåjhjn, c gjvjomñ hfpkbxysö rjycnbnewbjyysö eckjdbq – hfpltktybz dkfcntq, cbcntvs clthétr b ghjnbdjdtcjd b ytghzvsö dsåjhjd ghtpbltynf xthtp rjkktubñ dsåjhobrjd, jyb gsnfkbcm ghtljöhfybnm yjdeñ htcgeåkbre jn djpltqcndbz gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq. Djghtrb yfvthtybzv jcyjdfntktq, Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnfkb gthdjq cnhfyjq, d rjnjhjq gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb gjzdbkbcm yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq jcyjdt, f bcgjkybntkmyfz dkfcnm åskf gthtlfyf jn jlyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq uheggbhjdrb lheujq d öjlt dsåjhjd, cjcnjzdiböcz d 1800 ujle. GJZDKTYBT B DCTGHJYBRFÑOBQ ÖFHFRNTH GJKBNBXTCRBÖ GFHNBQ Hfpdbnbt gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq åskj ntcyj cdzpfyj c hfcibhtybtv bpåbhfntkmysö ghfd d yfxfkt 1800-ö ujljd, rjulf åskj jnvtytyj eckjdbt, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ghfdjv ujkjcf jåkflfkb njkmrj nt kñlb, rjnjhst zdkzkbcm dkfltkmwfvb cjåcndtyyjcnb. Rjulf gjckt änjuj xbcktyyjcnm äktrnjhfnf htprj dshjckf, gjnhtåjdfkbcm bycnhevtyns lkz vjåbkbpfwbb vfcc bpåbhfntktq. Gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb dcnfkb yf bycnbnewbjyfkmyeñ jcyjde c wtkmñ dsgjkytybz änjq dféytqitq pflfxb. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, gjzdktybt gfhnbq d Fvthbrt åskj xfcnmñ änjq ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq htdjkñwbb, f r 30-v ujlfv ghjikjuj cnjktnbz änb gfhnbb eét cnfkb ecnjzdibvcz äktvtynjv gjkbnbxtcrjuj aeylfvtynf jåotcndf. Ctujlyz gjkbnbxtcrbq ghjwtcc d cnhfyt wtkbrjv rjynhjkbhetncz Htcgeåkbrfycrjq b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbzvb. Ghbvthyj ldt nhtnb fvthbrfywtd cxbnfñn ctåz kbåj htcgeåkbrfywfvb, kbåj ltvjrhfnfvb b lfét nt kñlb, rjnjhst ujdjhzn, xnj jyb ghblthébdfñncz ytpfdbcbvjq gjpbwbb, jåsxyj bvtñn gfhnbqyst ghbcnhfcnbz b ltvjycnhbheñn dscjreñ cntgtym gfhnbqyjq kjzkmyjcnb. Nfr, yfghbvth, d chtlytv 75 ghjwtynjd gjkbnbxtcrb ytpfdbcbvsö uhfélfy, rjnjhst ≤ghtlgjxbnfkb≥ kbåj htcgeåkbrfywtd, kbåj ltvjrhfnjd, ujkjcjdfkb pf rfylblfnjd d ghtpbltyns jn ghtlgjxbnftvsö bvb gfhnbq d öjlt gznb ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhjd, cjcnjzdiböcz d gthbjl c 1980 gj 1996 ujls. Dctghjybrfñobq öfhfrnth gfhnbqyjuj dkbzybz hfcghjcnhfyztncz b yf gfhnbñ, yföjlzoeñcz e dkfcnb. Ghtpbltyncrfz flvbybcnhfwbz, Rjyuhtcc, ueåthyfnjhcrbt cnhernehs b pfrjyjlfntkmyst jhufys infnjd yföjlzncz gjl dkbzybtv ldeö rhegytqibö gfhnbq. Dct ghtpbltyns, yfxbyfz c 1856 ujlf, åskb kbåj htcgeåkbrfywfvb, kbåj ltvjrhfnfvb, f gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys 95 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz cnhfys jnlfdfkb cdjb ujkjcf pf rfylblfnjd d ghtpbltyns jn jlyjq bp ldeö rhegytqibö gfhnbq. Gjckt dsåjhjd 1998 u. d Rjyuhtcct åsk njkmrj jlby ltgenfn, rjnjhsq bpåbhfkcz rfr ytpfdbcbvsq rfylblfn, b njkmrj 20 (0,003 ghjwtynf) bp åjktt xtv 7300 bpåhfyysö pfrjyjlfntktq infnjd yt zdkzkbcm xktyfvb Htcgeåkbrfycrjq bkb Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbq. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, dcz ujcelfhcndtyyfz dkfcnm yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt b yf ehjdyt infnjd ajhvbhetncz bp xbckf xktyjd änbö ldeö rhegytqibö gfhnbq. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb d Fvthbrt ltvjycnhbheñn vtymieñ cntgtym bltjkjubxtcrjq cgkjxtyyjcnb b ghbdthétyyjcnb hfp b yfdctulf endthéltyyjq ghjuhfvvt, xtv gfhnbb dj vyjubö lheubö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfyfö, jyb, ntv yt vtytt, buhfñn cthmtpyeñ hjkm c njxrb 1 phtybz ajhvbhjdfybz ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb. Cj dhtvtyb dsåjhjd, cjcnjzdiböcz d 1994 ujle, pfctlfñobt d Rjyuhtcct htcgeåkbrfyws b ltvjrhfns ltvjycnhbhjdfkb jcnhst gjkbnbxtcrbt hfpyjukfcbz vtégfhnbqyjuj öfhfrnthf b ytjåsxfqyj dscjrbq ehjdtym dyenhbgfhnbqyjuj tlbycndf. Änj ghbdtkj r cjplfybñ yfrfktyyjq fnvjcaths vtégfhnbqyjuj rjyakbrnf, jcjåtyyj d Gfkfnt ghtlcnfdbntktq. D ägjöe hfpltktybz dtndtq dkfcnb vtéle ldevz gfhnbzvb ghtlcnfdbntkm ltvjrhfnjd ghtpbltyn Åbkk Rkbynjy b rjynhjkbhetvsq htcgeåkbrfywfvb Rjyuhtcc gjcnjzyyj yföjlzncz d cjcnjzybb rjyakbrnf. Vtégfhnbqyst hfpyjukfcbz cnfkb jcjåtyyj byntycbdysvb dj dhtvz bybwbbhjdfyyjq Rjyuhtccjv ghjwtlehs bvgbxvtynf ghjnbd ghtpbltynf Rkbynjyf d 1998 b 1999 ujlfö. Ecbkbdibtcz vtégfhnbqyst ghjnbdjhtxbz dyenhb Rjyuhtccf b vtéle pfrjyjlfntkmyjq b bcgjkybntkmyjq dtndzvb dkfcnb jnhféfñn cntgtym bltjkjubxtcrjuj tlbycndf dyenhb htcgeåkbrfycrjq b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq ahfrwbq d Rjyuhtcct b hfpkbxbt bö gjkbnbxtcrbö jhbtynfwbq d ntxtybt 90-ö ujljd. LDEÖGFHNBQYFZ CBCNTVF Cjhtdyjdfybt yf dsåjhfö vtéle ldevz gfhnbzvb zdkztncz jlybv bp ytgjrjktåbvsö b ljkujdtxysö gfhfvtnhjd gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs Fvthbrb. Yfxbyfz c 60-ö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf, htcgeåkbrfyws b ltvjrhfns jghtltkzkb bpåbhfntkmyeñ gjkbnbre. Åtccgjhyfz vjyjgjkbpfwbz bpåbhfntkmyjq gjkbnbrb cnhfys änbvb ldevz gfhnbzvb jnhféftn cnhernehyst fcgtrns gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs, f nfrét ytrjnjhst cgtwbabxtcrbt xthns fvthbrfycrbö gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq. Cnfylfhnyjq cötvjq lkz bpåhfybz ltgenfnjd d pfrjyjlfntkmyst jhufys jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj ehjdyz b ehjdyz infnjd d Fvthbrt zdkztncz cbcntvf ≤jlyjvfylfnysö≥ jrheujd. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj bpåbhftncz njn, rnj gjkexftn cfvjt åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj ujkjcjd. D jnkbxbt jn cbcntvs ghjgjhwbjyfkmyjuj ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf, cbcntvf jlyjvfylfnysö jrheujd ljgecrftn gjåtle njkmrj jlyjq gfhnbb d lfyyjv jrheut. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, jlyjvfylfnyfz cbcntvf cjplftn cnbveks lkz ajhvbhjdfybz ldeö gfhnbq yf ibhjrjq jcyjdt, cgjcjåysö gjåtlbnm yf jrheéysö dsåjhfö d pfrjyjlfntkmyst jhufys, d nj dhtvz rfr jcnfkmyst gfhnbb ghfrnbxtcrb jåhtxtys yf gjcnjzyyjt gjhfétybt – jyb yt vjuen hfccxbnsdfnm yf ljkueñ ébpym, tckb, rjytxyj, yt jåütlbyzn cdjb cbks c jlyjq bp rhegytqibö gfhnbq. Cbcntvf, ghtlecvfnhbdfñofz ghbvtytybt rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd lkz bpåhfybz ghtpbltynf, d bycnbnewbjyfkmyjv cvsckt zdkztncz ljgjkybntkmysv njkxrjv r cjöhfytybñ ldeögfhnbqyjcnb. Lkz njuj, xnjås dsåhfnm ghtpbltynf, nhtåetncz fåcjkñnyjt åjkmibycndj ujkjcjd 538 dsåjhobrjd bp 50 infnjd. Nfrjt eckjdbt ltkftn xhtpdsxfqyj nhelyjq gjåtle nhtnmtq gfhnbb yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö, tckb jyf yt jåütlbyztn cdjb ecbkbz c jlyjq bp rhegysö gfhnbq. Rhjvt njuj, ujkjcf dsåjhobrjd, cjåhfyyst d jnltkmysö infnfö, hfcghtltkzñncz gj cötvt ≤gjåtlbntkm gjkexftn dct≥. Dct, xnj nhtåetncz lkz gjkextybz yeéyjuj xbckf ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd jnltkmyjuj infnf – änj åjkmibycndj ujkjcjd bpåbhfntktq dyenhb änjuj infnf. Gjljåyj cbcntvt jlyjvfylfnysö jrheujd, cbcntvf rjkktubb dsåjhobrjd yfghfdktyf yf nj, xnjås dsdtcnb bp buhs nhtnmb gfhnbb, e rjnjhsö vfkj ifycjd yf gjkextybt yeéyjuj xbckf ujkjcjd dsåjhobrjd d jnltkmysö infnfö, yt ujdjhz eét j njv, xnjås pfhexbnmcz gjllthérjq ljcnfnjxyjuj rjkbxtcndf infnjd lkz bpåhfybz cdjtuj rfylblfnf d ghtpbltyns. Gjcrjkmre htcgeåkbrfyws b ltvjrhfns rjynhjkbheñn dcñ ujcelfhcndtyyeñ vfibye, yt ghböjlbncz elbdkznmcz njve, xnj jyb cjplfkb lheubt bpåbhfntkmyst ghfdbkf, hfåjnfñobt yf bö gfhnbb. Ghjcnfz pflfxf – dytctybt yfpdfybz yjdjq gfhnbb d bpåbhfntkmysq åñkktntym dyenhb jnltkmyjuj infnf – vjétn cnfnm nhelysv b ljhjujcnjzobv ltkjv. Nfr, yfghbvth, ltqcndeñobt d infnt Gtycbkmdfybz pfrjys jå exfcnbb d dsåjhfö nhtåeñn, xnjås yjdfz gfhnbz ghtlcnfdbkf 99 000 gjlgbctq lkz njuj, xnjås bvtyf rfylblfnjd jn änjq gfhnbb vjukb gjzdbnmcz d bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntyzö. Rhjvt njuj, atlthfkmysq pfrjy jå bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb ghtlecvfnhbdftn jcjåst kmujns lkz rhegysö gfhnbq, d njv xbckt ujcelfhcndtyyjt abyfycbhjdfybt ghtpbltyncrbö rfvgfybq (cdsit 60 vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd d 2000 ujle), ujcelfhcndtyyjt abyfycbhjdfybt yfwbjyfkmysö cütpljd, f nfrét bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq kbw, dsldbyensö änbvb gfhnbzvb d rfxtcndt rfylblfnjd yf gjcn ghtpbltynf. 2 Jcjåfz cbcntvf dsldbétybz rfylblfnjd, rjnjhfz ceotcndetn d Fvthbrt, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ljgjkybntkmysq cnhernehysq åfhmth lkz nhtnmbö gfhnbq. Chtlb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd vbhf Cjtlbytyyst Infns pfybvfñn eybrfkmyjt vtcnj, gjcrjkmre ghbvtyzñn gthdbxyst dsåjhs lkz dsldbétybz gfhnbqysö rfylblfnjd yf ljkéyjcnb d pfrjyjlfntkmysö jhufyfö infnjd b d Rjyuhtcct, f nfrét bcgjkmpeñn ghtpbltyncrbt gthdbxyst dsåjhs yf ehjdyt infnjd lkz jnåjhf rfylblfnjd yf gjcn ghtpbltynf. C lheujq cnjhjys, bvtyyj bpåbhfntkb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ghbybvfñn jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt j njv, rnj cnfytn rfylblfnjv jn Htcgeåkbrfycrjq bkb Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbq. Nfrfz cbcntvf, hfpevttncz, cgjcjåcndetn njve, xnj jabwbfkmyst gfhnbb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö jhufybpjdfys ckfått, xtv d lheubö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcndfö. Ghzvjt exfcnbt uhfélfy d dsldbétybb rfylblfnjd cnfkj tot jlybv afrnjhjv, cgjcjåcndjdfdibv njve, xnj eét d ntxtybt 140 ktn bpåbhfntkmyfz gjkbnbrf rjynhjkbhetncz htcgeåkbrfywfvb b ltvjrhfnfvb. Cnfd gfhnbqysvb rfylblfnfvb gjckt gjåtls yf gthdbxysö dsåjhfö, byfrjvsckzobt gjkbnbrb vjuen dsqnb yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyst dsåjhs b ntv cfvsv edtkbxbnm cdjb ifycs yf gjåtle, yt ghbåtufz r jhufybpfwbb nhtnmbö gfhnbq. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghjwtcc dsldbétybz rfylblfnjd xthtp gthdbxyst dsåjhs, c jlyjq cnjhjys, dyjcbn äktvtyn byfrjvsckbz d bltjkjubñ ldeö rhegytqibö gfhnbq, f, c lheujq, ltkftn ytyeéysv lkz lbccbltynjd ajhvbhjdfybt nhtnmtq gfhnbb, xnj, rfr ghfdbkj, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq nhelyeñ pflfxe. IBHJRFZ CJWBFKMYFZ JCYJDF B WTYNHBCNCRBT GJPBWBB Gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb d Fvthbrt jgbhfñncz yf gjllthére bpåbhfntktq, ghtlcnfdkzñobö cfvst hfpyst cjwbfkmyst rkfccs jåotcndf. Pf bcrkñxtybtv bpåbhfntktq fahjfvthbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, bp rjnjhsö ghbvthyj 90 ghjwtynjd gjllthébdfñn ltvjrhfnjd, Htcgeåkbrfycrfz b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz gfhnbb gjkmpeñncz pyfxbntkmyjq gjllthérjq ghfrnbxtcrb dctö rhegysö cjwbfkmyjärjyjvbxtcrbö ckjtd jåotcndf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj bpåbhfntktq bp xbckf xktyjd ghjacjñpjd ghbyznj cxbnfnm cnjhjyybrfvb ltvjrhfnjd, htcgeåkbrfyws d åjkmibycndt ckexftd vjuen hfccxbnsdfnm yf gjkextybt, gj rhfqytq vtht, jlyjq nhtnb ujkjcjd xktyjd ghjacjñpjd, f d ytrjnjhst ujls ghjwtyn änbö ujkjcjd ljöjlbk lj 46 ghjwtynjd (1984 u.). Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjllthérf ltvjrhfnjd jåhfnyj ghjgjhwbjyfkmyf ljöjlfv bpåbhfntktq, rfylblfns d ghtpbltyns jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb vjuen, rfr ghfdbkj, hfccxbnsdfnm yf cthmtpyeñ gjllthére bpåbhfntktq, xmb ljöjls jnyjczn bö r dthöytve ckjñ chtlytuj rkfccf. Nfr, yfghbvth, d 1996 u. Åbkk Rkbynjy b tuj htcgeåkbrfycrbq jggjytyn Åjå Ljek cjåhfkb ghbvthyj hfdyjt rjkbxtcndj ujkjcjd bpåbhfntktq, xmb ljöjls hfcgjkfufñncz d lbfgfpjyt jn 50 000 lj 70 000 ljkkfhjd. Rhjvt njuj, gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ltvjycnhbheñn jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbq ehjdtym dyenhbgfhnbqyjuj tlbycndf, b bv yt ghbceot étcnrjt cktljdfybt tlbyjq bltjkjubb bkb yfåjhe gjkbnbxtcrbö wtktq. Nhflbwbjyyj ckjébkjcm nfr, xnj jyb dblzn cdjñ ukfdyeñ pflfxe d gjåtlt yf dsåjhfö b ecnfyjdktybb cdjtuj rjynhjkz yfl rflhjdsv cjcnfdjv ghfdbntkmcndf. Yf ajyt ibhjrjq cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjq bpåbhfntkmyjq åfps b ytjåöjlbvjcnb ltqcndjdfnm d jåotcndt, rjnjhjt d bltjkjubxtcrjv cvsckt ghblthébdftncz ytqnhfkmysö eåtéltybq, fvthbrfycrbt gfhnbb pfybvfñn gjpbwbñ, rjnjheñ vjéyj d wtkjv jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm rfr wtynhbcncreñ. Jyb nfrét ltvjycnhbheñn dscjrbq ehjdtym gjkbnbxtcrjq ubårjcnb. Jncencndbt ljrnhbythcndf d bö gjlöjlt gjpdjkztn htcgeåkbrfywfv b ltvjrhfnfv nthgbvj jnyjcbnmcz r cfvsv hfpysv dpukzlfv d cdjbö hzlfö b edtkbxbdftn bö cgjcjåyjcnm r gjukjotybñ nhtnmbö gfhnbq b ldbétybq ghjntcnf, rjulf nfrbt gfhnbb b ldbétybz djpybrfñn yf bö genb. LTWTYNHFKBPJDFYYST GFHNBB Nhelyj gthtjwtybnm cntgtym cnhernehyjq ltwtynhfkbpfwbb fvthbrfycrbö gfhnbq. Dyenhb cnhernehs gfhnbb, yföjlzotqcz e dkfcnb, ghtpbltyn yt vjétn åtpjujdjhjxyj hfccxbnsdfnm yf nj, xnj nt xktys tuj gfhnbb, rjnjhst pfctlfñn d Rjyuhtcct, åelen kjzkmysvb cnjhjyybrfvb ghtpbltyncrbö ghjuhfvv; fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv, gfhnbqyst kblths d Rjyuhtcct yt vjuen hfccxbnsdfnm yf nj, xnj xktys bö gfhnbb åelen ujkjcjdfnm rfr jlby. Dyenhb gfhnbqyjq jhufybpfwbb ghtldsåjhyst rjvbntns htcgeåkbrfywtd b ltvjrhfnjd gj dsåjhfv xktyjd Rjyuhtccf b ctyfnjhjd (änb rjvbntns ajhvbheñncz bp xbckf pfrjyjlfntktq ntreotuj cjcnfdf) ltqcndeñn ytpfdbcbvj jn yf3 wbjyfkmysö gfhnbqysö rjvbntnjd, bvtñobö ghtpbltyncreñ jhbtynfwbñ. Pf bcrkñxtybtv eprjuj rheuf gjkyjvjxbq, cdzpfyysö c ghjwtlehfvb jnåjhf ltktufnjd yf yfwbjyfkmysq cütpl, yfwbjyfkmyst gfhnbqyst jhufybpfwbb htlrj dvtibdfñncz d gfhnbqyst ltkf yf ehjdyt infnjd. Nfrjq ehjdtym jhufybpfwbjyyjq ahfuvtynfwbb jnxfcnb zdkztncz cktlcndbtv rjycnbnewbjyyj pfrhtgktyyjuj hfpltktybz dkfcntq, rjnjhst cjplfñn kbim juhfybxtyyst cnbveks lkz gjllthéfybz gfhnbqyjuj tlbycndf pfrjyjlfntktq c ghtpbltynjv. Rjycnbnewbjyysq ghbywbg atlthfkbpvf cgjcjåcndetn lfkmytqitq ltwtynhfkbpfwbb gfhnbq, gjcrjkmre cjplftn nsczxb jnltkmysö bpåbhfntkmysö jrheujd – yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, yf ehjdyt infnjd b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt – rfélsq bp rjnjhsö bvttn cdjtuj herjdjlbntkz. Rfr eét jnvtxfkjcm, ghbvtytybt gthdbxysö dsåjhjd lkz dsldbétybz rfylblfnjd nfrét jckfåkztn gfhnbqyst jhufybpfwbb, gjcrjkmre ntv cfvsv jyb kbifñncz djpvjéyjcnb rjynhjkbhjdfnm ghjwtcc jnåjhf rfylblfnjd. Jnltkmyst rfylblfns ljkéys cfvb jhufybpjdsdfnm cdjñ bpåbhfntkmyeñ rfvgfybñ b cfvb dtcnb dcñ gjcktleñoeñ åjhmåe – cyfxfkf yf gthdbxysö, f pfntv b yf jåotyfwbjyfkmysö dsåjhfö. Lfét cåjh chtlcnd yf ghjdtltybt rfvgfybq d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb kjébncz yf gktxb jnltkmysö rfylblfnjd, gjcrjkmre gfhnbqyst jhufybpfwbb pfxfcneñ cnfkrbdfñncz c cthmtpysvb ghfdjdsvb juhfybxtybzvb c njxrb phtybz cevvs, rjnjheñ jyb vjuen dsltkznm yf änb wtkb, jcjåtyyj rjulf htxm bltn jå bpåbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz. CJVYTYBZ, BCGSNSDFTVST FVTHBRFYWFVB GJ GJDJLE GJKBNBXTCRBÖ GFHNBQ Ytcvjnhz yf jxtdblysq gfhnbqysq öfhfrnth fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbxtcrjq cbcntvs, ytljdthbt r gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv zdkztncz ytjnütvktvsv äktvtynjv uhfélfycrjq rekmnehs fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf. Ddtltybt ghzvsö gthdbxysö dsåjhjd lkz dsldbétybz rfylblfnjd d Rjyuhtcc b pfrjyjlfntkmyst cjåhfybz infnjd d yfxfkt 20-uj cnjktnbz b hfcghjcnhfytybt gthdbxysö ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhjd d åjktt gjplybq gthbjl, rjnjhst cnfkb jghtltkzñobv afrnjhjv d ghjwtcct dsldbétybz rfylblfnjd yf gjcn ghtpbltynf, zdkzñncz gjlndthéltybtv ceotcndjdfybz fynbgfhnbqysö yfcnhjtybq d jåotcndt. Fvthbrfyws yt ljdjkmys ntv, xnj kblths gfhnbqysö jhufybpfwbq bvtñn ckbirjv åjkmieñ dkfcnm d jhufyfö dkfcnb. Jghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz jåyfheébdfñn, xnj, gj vytybñ pyfxbntkmyjq xfcnb äktrnjhfnf, gjkbnbxtcrbt gfhnbb njkmrj dyjczn genfybwe, f yt cgjcjåcndeñn htitybñ ceotcndeñobö d jåotcndt ghjåktv, b xnj åskj ås kexit, tckb ås d bpåbhfntkmysö åñkktntyzö djjåot yt erfpsdfkfcm gfhnbqyfz ghbyflktéyjcnm rfylblfnjd. Ltkj yt njkmrj d njv, xnj fvthbrfycrbt gfhnbb ltqcndeñn d eckjdbzö ytlheétkñåyjuj r ctåt jnyjitybz; gthtl ybvb tot cnjbn b ghjåktvf edtkbxtybz hjcnf xbckf bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst ghblfñn dct vtymit pyfxtybz jnjéltcndktybñ ctåz kbxyj c rjyrhtnyjq gfhnbtq. Jlybv bp gjrfpfntktq jckfåktybz cdzpb vtéle gjkbnbxtcrbvb gfhnbzvb b bpåbhfntkzvb zdkztncz dct åjktt xfcnjt ghbvtytybt nfr yfpsdftvsö cvtifyysö åñkktntytq, nj tcnm, ujkjcjdfybt pf rfylblfnjd jn hfpysö gfhnbq d öjlt jlybö b ntö ét dsåjhjd. D 1996 u. 24 ghjwtynf bpåbhfntktq bcgjkmpjdfkb cvtifyyst åñkktntyb, ujkjcez pf rfylblfnjd jn hfpysö gfhnbq yf dsåjhfö ghtpbltynf b ltgenfnjd Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq CIF. D htpekmnfnt jckfåktybz gfhnbqysö ghbcnhfcnbq bpåbhfntktq yf dsåjhfö b rfr cktlcndbt ntyltywbb r edtkbxtybñ xbckf bpåbhfntktq, ghtlgjxbnfñobö cvtifyyst åñkktntyb, jcyjdyjt dybvfybt d fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrt eltkztncz rfylblfnfv, f yt gfhnbzv, rjnjhst jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj gjkjétybt, ghb rjnjhjv jlyf gfhnbz rjynhjkbhetn bcgjkybntkmyeñ dtndm dkfcnb, f lheufz – pfrjyjlfntkmyeñ, cnfyjdbncz hfcghjcnhfytyysv zdktybtv ghbvtybntkmyj rfr r yfwbjyfkmyjve ghfdbntkmcnde, nfr b ghfdbntkmcndfv 50 infnjd. Gj cenb ltkf, d ntxtybt dctuj gthbjlf, yfxbyfz c 1980 u. (pf bcrkñxtybtv ldeö ktn), ghtpbltyncrfz dkfcnm b, gj rhfqytq vtht, jlyf Gfkfnf Rjyuhtccf yföjlbkbcm gjl rjynhjktv hfpysö gfhnbq, f gjckt dsåjhjd 1998 u. hfpltktybt dtndtq dkfcnb vtéle ldevz gfhnbzvb yfåkñlfkjcm d 24 infnfö. 4 NHTNMB GFHNBB B YTPFDBCBVST RFYLBLFNS NHTNMB GFHNBB YF GHTPBLTYNCRBÖ DSÅJHFÖ NHTNMZ GFHNBZ UJL fiUJKJCJD UJKJCF BCÖJL CKTLEÑOBÖ BPÅBHFNTKTQ DSÅJHOBRJD DSÅJHJD Fynbvfcjycrfz gfhnbz 1832 7,8 7 Gfhnbz ahbcjqkthjd 1848 10,1 0 Fvthbrfycrfz gfhnbz dbujd Ñéyst ltvjrhfns Gfhnbz rjycnbnewbjyyjuj cjñpf Gjgekbcncrfz gfhnbz 1856 1860 1860 1892 21,5 18,1 12,6 8,5 8 72 39 22 Ghjuhtccbdyfz gfhnbz (N. Hepdtkmnf) 1912 27,5 88 Cjwbfkbcnbxtcrfz gfhnbz Ghjuhtccbdyfz gfhnbz (Kfajktnnf) 1912 1924 6,0 16,6 0 13 Gfhnbz ghfd infnjd Ghjuhtccbdyfz gfhnbz (U. Ejkktc) Fvthbrfycrfz ytpfdbcbvfz gfhnbz (Lé. Ejkktc) Léjy Å. Fylthcjy u. U. Hjcc Gthhj 1948 2,4 39 1948 2,4 0 1968 1980 13,5 7,1 46 0 1992 18,9 0 Cajhvbhjdfk Htajhvfnjhcreñ gfhnbñ b dyjdm exfcndjdfk d dsåjhfö 1996 u. 1996 8,4 0 Dcnegbk d åjhmåe pf rjynhjkm pf Htajhvfnjhcrjq gfhnbtq Htajhvfnjhcrfz gfhnbz (U. Hjcc Gthhj) Gjllthéfkb rfylblfnf jn gfhnbb dbujd Gjkexbkf 5 ghjwtynjd ujkjcjd; jåtcgtxbkf åfpe lkz cnjhjyybrjd htcgeåkbrfywtd Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf Gjllthéfkf rfylblfnf jn Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbb Dthyekfcm d kjyj Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb Gjkexbkf 3,2fi ujkjcjd Dthyekfcm d kjyj Htcgeåkbrfycrjq gfhnbb Gfhnbz hfcgeotyf Gjkexbkf 1,4fi ujkjcjd Gjkexbkf 1,4fi ujkjcjd Yt exfcndjdfk d dsåjhfö 1984 Rfr dblyj bp nfåkbws, ghbdtltyyjq yf cnhfybwt 6, nhtnmb gfhnbb b ytpfdbcbvst rfylblfns gthbjlbxtcrb djpybrfñn yf ujhbpjynt fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrb. Pfxfcneñ jyb cnfdzn cjwbfkmyst ghjåktvs, yt htiftvst rhegysvb gfhnbzvb, yf gjdtcnre lyz jåotcndtyyjuj jåceéltybz b lfét yf gjdtcnre lyz ghfdbntkmcndf. C lheujq cnjhjys, nhtnmb gfhnbb jnwdtnfñn pf gthbjl jlybö dsåjhjd b pfntv evbhfñn, eöjlzn d ntym bkb gjukjofñncz jlyjq bp rhegysö gfhnbq. Yfxbyfz c 50-ö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf njkmrj jlyf yjdfz gfhnbz – Htcgeåkbrfycrfz – cevtkf gjkexbnm cnfnec rhegyjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj ajhvbhjdfybz. D tt ckexft ghbcencndjdfkf jxtym jcnhfz vjhfkmyfz ghjåktvf – hfåcndj – rjnjhjz hfpltkbkf cnhfye b cjplfkf jcyjde lkz yfåjhf rfylblfnjd b vjåbkbpfwbb bpåbhfntktq. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj d nfåkbwt yt ghbdjlbncz eåtlbntkmysö lfyysö j ljkujébntkmcndt nhtnmbö gfhnbq, bp ytt cktletn, xnj änb gfhnbb vjuen jrfpsdfnm cthmtpyjt dkbzybt yf bcöjl dsåjhjd. Nfr, yfghbvth, dsldbyenfz d 1912 u. nhtnmtq gfhnbtq rfylblfnehf Ntjljhf Hepdtkmnf dytckf hfcrjk d ghbdsxysq ghjwtcc ujkjcjdfybz pf htcgeåkbrfywtd b jåtcgtxbkf gjåtle ltvjrhfne Delhj Dbkmcjye, rjnjhsq åsk bpåhfy vtymibycndjv ujkjcjd bpåbhfntktq. 5 D 1992 u. rfylblfnehf Hjcf Gthj ghbdktrkf bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst d 80-ö ujlfö ujkjcjdfkb d jcyjdyjv pf htcgeåkbrfywtd, b, nfrbv jåhfpjv, änj cgjcjåcndjdfkj gjhfétybñ njulfiytuj ghtpbltynf Léjhléf Åeif. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, yt ghböjlbncz elbdkznmcz njve, xnj kblths b Htcgeåkbrfycrjq b Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq gfhnbq xhtpdsxfqyj yfcnjhjétyyj jnyjczncz r gjntywbfkmysv rfylblfnfv jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq bkb r ytpfdbcbvsv rfylblfnfv. Jghjcs jåotcndtyyjuj vytybz, ghjdtltyyst d gthdjv neht dsåjhjd 1996 u., gjcnjzyyj gjrfpsdfkb dscjrbq ehjdtym gjllthérb d gjkmpe nhtnmtq gfhnbb. Jghjc, ghjdtltyysq d 1995 u. Bycnbnenjv Uäkkfgf, gjrfpfk, xnj 62 ghjwtynf jghjityysö dscrfpfkbcm pf ajhvbhjdfybt nhtnmtq gfhnbb. Bvtyyj nfrbt yfcnhjtybz, f nfrét åjkmibt chtlcndf, gjnhfxtyyst yf ghtldsåjhyeñ rfvgfybñ, gjpdjkbkb ntöfccrjve vbkkbfhlthe Gthj yfåhfnm 19 ghjwtynjd ujkjcjd bpåbhfntktq yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö 1992 u., xnj cnfkj cfvsv dscjrbv ghjwtynjv ujkjcjd, yfåhfyysö rfylblfnjv, yt ghbyflktéfobv yb r jlyjq bp rhegysö gfhnbq c 1912 u., rjulf Ntjljh Hepdtkmn (Ghjuhtccbdyfz gfhnbz) gjkexbk 27 ghjwtynjd ujkjcjd. Ytcvjnhz yf ltvjycnhfwbñ gjntywbfkmyjq gjllthérb nhtnmtq gfhnbb, nfrfz nhtnmz gfhnbz cnfkrbdftncz c cthmtpysvb cjvytybzvb bpåbhfntktq d öjlt ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhjd bkb lfét d ntö ckexfzö, rjulf htxm bltn jå bpåhfybb pyfxbntkmyjuj xbckf ctyfnjhjd bkb ltgenfnjd jn nfrjq gfhnbb. Åjkmit dctuj bpåbhfntkb jgfcfñncz, xnj tckb jyb åelen ujkjcjdfnm pf rfylblfnf jn nhtnmtq gfhnbb, bö ujkjcf, gj cenb ltkf, ≤ghjgflen≥. Bpåbhfntkb ghbåtufñn r ≤cnhfntubxtcrjve≥ ujkjcjdfybñ, jgecrfz åñkktntyb pf lheujuj rfylblfnf, rjulf jyb xedcndeñn, xnj rfylblfn jn nhtnmtq gfhnbb yt bvttn ifycjd yf ecgtö. Nfr, yfghbvth, d 1980 u. ytpfdbcbvsq wtynhbcncrbq rfylblfn Léjy Å. Fylthcjy gjkexbk ujkjcf kbim 57 ghjwtynjd bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst cyfxfkf ltkfkb yf ytuj cnfdre; d 1992 u. bp ntö bpåbhfntktq, rjnjhst ltkfkb cnfdre yf Gthj, pf ytuj ghjujkjcjdfkb 79 ghjwtynjd, yj 21 ghjwtyn gthtlevfkb. Ceotcndetn nfrét atyjvty ≤ghjntcnyjuj≥ ujkjcjdfybz pf rfylblfnjd jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq. Jghjcs Uäkkfgf gjrfpfkb, xnj d 1992 u. gznm ghjwtynjd cnjhjyybrjd Gthj pfzdbkb, xnj yt åelen ujkjcjdfnm pf ytuj, tckb gjxedcndeñn, xnj jy cvjétn gjåtlbnm. Rhjvt njuj, rfylblfns jn nhtnmbö gfhnbq b ytpfdbcbvst rfylblfns vjuen cnjkryenmcz c ytdthjznyj nhelysvb ghjåktvfvb d njv ckexft, tckb jyb dct-nfrb cevtñn gjåtlbnm yf ghtpbltyncrbö dsåjhfö. Htxm, rjytxyj, bltn j ghjåktvt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz – rflhjdjuj ajhvbhjdfybz flvbybcnhfwbb, f pfntv hfåjns c Rjyuhtccjv, ult ghtjåkflfñn htcgeåkbrfyws b ltvjrhfns, rjnjhst bvtñn kbim juhfybxtyyeñ pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm d cjnhelybxtcndt c ghtpbltynjv, gjzdbdibvcz bp ytlh vfkjq gfhnbb. ★ Léjy A. Åbååb ghtgjlftn gjkbnjkjubñ d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Dbcrjycby, d u. Vbkejrb b zdkztncz åsdibv ghtlctlfntktv ctrnjhf gj bpextybñ gjkbnbxtcrbö gfhnbq d Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb gjkbnjkjujd. Fdnjhbntnysq bccktljdfntkm fvthbrfycrjq gjkbnbrb b fvthbrfycrjuj ujcelfhcndf, Åbååb zdkztncz fdnjhjv rybub ≤Gjkbnbrf, gfhnbz b dsåjhs d Fvthbrt≥.. 6
