Глобальный мониторинг Земли и планет солнечной

Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɢɤɪɨ
ɢ ɧɚɧɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
Ⱥ.ɇ. Ʌɢɩɚɬɨɜ1, Ⱥ.Ʉ. Ɍɨɧɶɲɟɜ2, ȼ.ɘ. Ƚɨɪɟɬɨɜ2, ȼ.Ɇ. Ƚɨɬɥɢɛ1, ȼ.ɇ. Ʉɚɪɟɞɢɧ2,
ȼ.Ɇ. Ʌɢɧɤɢɧ1, ȼ.ɋ.Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ1, Ƚ.ȼ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɤɢɧ3, Ʌ.ɂ., ɏɥɸɫɬɨɜɚ1, ɇ.Ⱥ. ɗɣɫɦɨɧɬ1,
Ɉ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ1, ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɟɧɤɨ3
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ,
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɉɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɚɹ 84/32
E-mail: [email protected];
2
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ,
249810 Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ., ɝ. Ɍɚɪɭɫɚ
E-mail: [email protected];
2
ɁȺɈ ɋɉ "ɂɧɬɟɪɚɫɬɪɨ",
117997 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɉɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɚɹ 84/32
E-mail: [email protected]
1
Ʉ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɦɭ ɞɧɸ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ? ɗɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɞɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɨɧɧ. ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɢɥɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ «Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɟɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ» ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ, ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ – ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ Ɋɚɦɨɱɧɭɸ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɸ ɈɈɇ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ (ɊɄɂɄ ɈɈɇ) 4 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1994 ɝ. ȼ 2004 ɝɨɞɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤ ɊɄɂɄ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ, ɜ ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ [1] ɛɵɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ [2] ɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ [3] ɜɫɟɯ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ, ɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 60% ɟɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ) ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨ174
ɧɨɜ, ɫɮɟɪ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ «ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ». Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɋɨɫɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɊȺɇ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɟɡɸɦɟ –
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
– ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ;
– ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ;
– ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɥɟɫɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɜɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ;
ɋɬɨɥɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɚɞɚɱ [4] ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
– ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ;
– ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ;
– ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɭɲɟɣ;
– ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɟ. Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ. ɇɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ - ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ (ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɦɢɧɢɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ). ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɐɟɥɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ:
í ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɄȺ;
í ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɄȺ ɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ;
í ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɄȺ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ;
í ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɄȺ;
í ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɄȺ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɦ
ɝɪɭɡɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ;
í ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ.
ȼɚɠɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɰɟɧɵ ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɄȺ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ
ɂɞɟɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ
ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɨɪɛɢɬ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ʉ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɦɭ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ 2001 ɢ 2005 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɂɄɂ ɢ ɇɉɈɅ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɉɚɪɭɫ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɦɚɫɫɭ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɬɚ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 14 ɤɝ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɚ
176
ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɸ
ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɄȺ:
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ;
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ;
– ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɯ;
– ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
– ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ 4 – 8 ɤɝ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɤɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦ. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɰɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ
ɨɪɛɢɬɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɪɚɡɦɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ) ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 10-15 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɨɤɨɥɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ:
1) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɫɮɟɪɵ;
2) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɫ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ;
3) ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɫɮɟɪɵ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɨɧɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɄȺ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ «Technology Readiness
Level Scale».
177
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɄȻȺ
ɋɗɉ
Ⱦɍ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ (ɉɇ)
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɉɇ
Ȼɍ
Ɂɜɟɡɞɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
ɋɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
Ⱦɚɬɱɢɤ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɚɯɨɜɢɤɢ
Ⱦɚɬɱɢɤ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ
GPS ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ
S-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ
S-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤ
UHF ɪɚɞɢɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɣ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
Ȼɚɬɚɪɟɹ (Li-ion, ɞɨ 10 A*H)
Ɏɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ
ɗɊȾɍ, DC/DC (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɣ)
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɦɚ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɉɇ
Ɋɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɩɢɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ
Ʉɚɦɟɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɚɦɟɪɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɋɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ
TBD
TRL
8
9
9
8
9
8
9
6
6
8
7
9
7
7
7
6
4
9
7
7
7
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
1
2
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 2, 3. ȼɢɞ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 2 ɚ-ɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɄȺ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɗɊȾɍ (Xe)
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɎȻ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 50 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 50 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 1.8-2.0 ɤȼɬ
ɞɨ 18.0 – 20.0 m2 (ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ),
ɢɥɢ 5 ɦ2 (As-Ga)
a97 ɦɇ
> 4000 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɎȻ
Ɍɹɝɚ ɗɊȾɍ
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫ ɗɊȾɍ
Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɇɈ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ ɬɢɩɚ Ɇɨɥɧɢɹ
ɬɢɩɨɜɨɟ
ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɉɇ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ S
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ UHF
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɄȺ ɜ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɄȺ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
~ 90
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɞɧɟɣ
> 5 ɥɟɬ
ɥɸɛɵɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɝɟɟɦ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 300 ɤm
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ
1 – 10 M bits\sec (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ)
0,1 – 1 M bits\sec (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ)
0.5 u 0.9 u 1.3 ɦ
0.5 u 18(20) u 1.3 ɦ
178
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɯɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɄȺ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɗɊȾɍ (Xe)
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɎȻ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 2 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 1 ɤɝ
ɞɨ 8 – 40 ȼɬ
ɞɨ 0.01 – 0.05 (ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ ),
ɢɥɢ 0,003 – 0.015 ɦ2 (As-Ga)
0.1 ɦɇ
> 4000 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ
> 5 ɥɟɬ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɎȻ
Ɍɹɝɚ ɗɊȾɍ
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫ ɗɊȾɍ
Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɸ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ S
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ UHF
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɄȺ ɜ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
1 – 10 M bits/sec
0,1 – 1 M bits/sec
0.2 u 0.2 u 0.25 ɦ
ɚ
ɛ
ɜ
ɝ
ɞ
ɟ
ɠ
ɡ
ɢ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ( ɚ – ɛɥɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛ – ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ,
ɜ – ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ, ɝ – ɪɚɞɢɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ s ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɞ – ɡɜɟɡɞɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ, ɠ-GPS ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ,
ɡ – ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ, ɟ – UHF ɪɚɞɢɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɣ)
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ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ. Ȼɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6ɚ ɢ 6ɛ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 15 ɦɤɦ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ.
ɚ
ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ʉɚɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ (ɚ) ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɛ)
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ:
x ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɯ (ɞɨ 230 ɤɦ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
x ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɭ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
x ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ.
x ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ 20-30 ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ȾɁɁ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ:
x ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ;
x ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɧɢ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ;
x ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ.
x ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:
x ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
x ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɟɣ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɢɲɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ;
x ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ.
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Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.
2.
3.
4.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ, ɫɨ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦɢ 4 ɢ 12 Ɋɚɦɨɱɧɨɣ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ 7 Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ. 2006.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ 2004 ɝ.// Ɇ, Ɇɟɬɟɨɚɝɟɧɫɬɜɨ
Ɋɨɫɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɚ, 2005.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ ɡɚ 2003 ɝɨɞ. // ɉɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. ɘ.Ⱥ.ɂɡɪɚɷɥɹ. ɋɩɛ, Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ, 2005, ɋ. 74.
Ⱥɪɦɚɧɞ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ʉɪɚɜɰɨɜ ɘ.Ⱥ., Ʉɭɞɚɲɟɜ ȿ.Ȼ., ɢ ɞɪ. On-line ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨ-ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ. //
Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ "ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ" ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 1999, ɋ. 18-21.
Global monitoring of the Earth and planets of solar system
by means of network structures on a basis micro and nano spacecrafts
A.N. Lipatov1, A.K. Tonshev2, V.J. Goretov2, V.M. Gotlib1, V.N. Karedin2, V.M. Linkin1,
V.S. Makarov1, G.V. Zaharkin3, L.I. Khlustova1, N.A. Eismont1,
O.N. Andreev1, S.A. Antonenko33
1
Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
117997 Moscow, Profsoyuznya 84/32
E-mails: [email protected];
2
Special Design Department of Space research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
249810 Kaluga region, Tarusa
E-mails: [email protected];
3
J.V. Interastro,
117997 Moscow, Profsoyuznya 84/32
E-mails: [email protected];
By today serious backlog of Russia was outlined in research of planets and small bodies of solar system by means of
spacecraft. How to restore level of researches, without having equivalent financing and scientific and technical potential what it was in the USSR? It is a main point in the field of space researches. The decision of this problem at
available resources does not allow to remove this problem in a short space of time rather. Modern spacecrafts have
weight from hundreds kilograms to several tons. Cost of everyone makes ten and hundred millions dollars. Absence
of sufficient financing brakes researches. The problem decision – creation of inexpensive small-size spacecraft, such
as micro-spacecraft and nano-spacecraft, with weight no more than tens kilograms which is within powers of one or
group of institutes on the basis of their own resources. Working out of such micro spacecraft and spacecraft will
allow to carry out break in the given branch and to restore appreciably level of researches. Creation of a network of
such spacecraft in an orbit will allow to carry out global monitoring of the Earth and planets of solar system. In the
presented work the results reached by laboratory «Small devices for research of planets of solar system» institute of
space researches in the given direction are resulted. In the work the development of architecture of small spacecrafts, devices, and software that can be used for creation of micro- and nano-spacecraft are presented. These are the
devices providing functions of management, provision of energy, navigation and orientation of a spacecraft and their
software.
Keywords: Small spacecrafts – a new view.
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