E.K.Silina, E.A.Surinova WELCOME ABOARD Учебное пособие по английскому языку Санкт-Петербург 2022 1 УДК 802.0 ББК 81.2 Англ.-9 С36 Рецензент: к.ф.н., доцент кафедры английской филологии Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А.И.Герцена Ю.В.Сергаева С36 Е. К. Силина, Е. А. Суринова Welcome Aboard : учебное пособие по английскому языку / Силина Е. К., Суринова Е. А. – СПб.: Скифия - Принт, 2022. – 74 с. ISBN 978-5-98620-613-4 DOI 10.53454/9785986206134 Пособие предназначено для студентов кораблестроительных специальностей всех направлений (специалитет, бакалавриат, магистратура) любой формы обучения: очной, заочной, вечерней для развития лексических навыков и речевых умений, а также умений в области чтения и аудирования. Пособие включает в себя базовые экзаменационные темы: учеба в университете и рабочий день студента (Lesson 1), система высшего образования в России и Великобритании (Lesson 2), история СПбГМТУ, биография выдающегося ученого и известного корабля (Lesson 3), история основания, достопримечательности и промышленность Санкт-Петербурга (Lesson 4). Материал представлен в форме текстов разных жанров, сопровождаемых лексическими упражнениями, а также заданиями на осмысление содержания, поиска нужной информации, и т. п. Работа над темой завершается заданием на построение собственного высказывания, что обеспечивает подготовку к устному ответу на экзамене. Особенностью пособия является включение в каждый урок аутентичных видеоматериалов, работа над которыми проводится в несколько этапов: просмотр видео с заданиями и работа со скриптом видеоряда, что позволяет более детально проработать материал, расширить лексический запас и развить навыки аудирования аутентичных тестов. Скрипты фильмов размещены в разделе Supplement (Приложение). Основная часть пособия не включает заданий по грамматике, однако в Приложении содержится поурочное перечисление грамматических тем, которые по мнению авторов наилучшим образом соотносятся с текстовым материалом, а также ряд упражнений на их первичную проработку. Данные темы и задания к ним предназначены служить ориентиром и оставляют за преподавателем право самостоятельно выстраивать более детальный курс. Каждый урок заканчивается списком активного лексического минимума, что позволяет студентам осуществлять самоконтроль своих знаний. Лексический минимум включает в себя базовую лексику по изучаемым темам общего английского, а также кораблестроительной тематики. В Приложении имеются предложения на перевод для контроля сформированности лексических навыков. ISBN 978-5-98620-613-4 Е.К.Силина, Е.А.Суринова CONTENTS LESSON 1 STUDENT’S LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 LESSON 2 HIGHER EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 LESSON 3 LIFE STORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 LESSON 4 THE CITY ON THE NEVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 SUPPLEMENT Lesson 1 Grammar [Personal Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, Verb to be, articles, Present Simple (statements, negatives, general questions), Special Questions (except for the subject)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 53 Lesson 2 Grammar [Verb Forms, Present Simple Passive, There is /are, Future Simple, Clauses of Time and Condition] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 56 Lesson 3 Grammar [Past Simple Active, Past Simple Passive, Simple Tenses (Active and Passive) Revision, Subjects Questions] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional comments on part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 60 61 Lesson 4 Grammar [Comparison of Adjectives, Present and Past Perfect, Present Perfect versus Past Simple, Present Perfect Passive] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 65 SCRIPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3 LESSON 1 STUDENT’S LIFE Part 1: My Studies St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University – Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет engineer – инженер (← engine – двигатель) Faculty of Naval Architecture – факультет кораблестроения и океанотехники naval architecture – корабельная архитектура, проектирование корпуса корабля naval architect – инженер-конструктор, проектировщик Faculty of Marine Engineering – факультет корабельной энергетики и автоматики marine engineering – судовая механика, конструирование корабельных механизмов marine engineer – инженер-механик Faculty of Marine Electronics and Control Systems – факультет морского приборостроения electronics engineer – инженер-электронщик Faculty of Digital Industrial Technologies – факультет цифровых промышленных технологий mathematician – математик computer programmer – программист Faculty of Economics for Engineering – инженерно-экономический факультет economist / manager – экономист / менеджер (управляющий) Faculty of Sciences and Humanities – факультет естественно-научного и гуманитарного образования 1 Read the dialogue and answer the question. Which of the two young men is a full-time student, and which is a part-time student? Alex and Oleg were at school together, and now they see each other at the entrance* of St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University. Alex: Hello, Oleg! Oleg: Alex! What a surprise! How come you’re here? Do you study at this University? Alex: Well, I do, actually. I’m in my second year now. Oleg: What faculty? Alex: Marine Engineering. What about you? I hear, after school you started working at the Admiralty shipyard*. Oleg: That’s right, and I like my job very much. Alex: So why are you here, at the university? Oleg: The fact is I’m also a student now. I’m taking a part-time course at the Faculty of Naval Architecture. 4 Alex: Good for you! So, you combine working and studying? That must be difficult! Oleg: True, but I’m sure I can make a better professional career if I have a university degree. Alex: I couldn’t agree more!* At the university you not only have theoretical courses, but also get professional training. Oleg: Do you have many classes? Alex: Yes, rather. We have three or four double periods every day except* Thursday. They start at half past eight in the morning and are over in the afternoon. Oleg: Mmm, that’s a lot! What subjects do you do? Alex: Chemistry, materials science and strength of materials, design principles, power plants, computer science, ecological studies … Oleg: And do you like them? Alex: Yes, I think so. My best one is materials science. The others get a little difficult sometimes, but I don’t usually have big problems. Oleg: My favourite* subject is descriptive geometry, but English doesn’t come easy to me. Alex: English is very useful; you can find information from the Internet for your course papers and final year project. Oleg: Maybe you’re right. I’m going to have hard days mastering* all the subjects here. How do you manage? Alex: I’m a member* of the university volley-ball team; sport helps me both to clear my head and to keep fit. Oleg: Do you take part in competitions*? Alex: Yes, you can come to see our game on Sunday at 11 o’clock. Oleg: That’s a good idea, thanks for the invitation! I am sorry, I have to go now. My classes begin soon. Alex: See you on Sunday, then! Bye for now. Oleg: Good-bye. Notes: entrance – вход shipyard – верфь I couldn’t agree more! – Полностью согласен! except – кроме, за исключением favourite – любимый master – (зд.) овладевать manage – справляться member – член, участник competition – соревнование 2 Match the English phrases and their Russian equivalents. 1. take / do a part-time course 2. be a full-time student 3. have theoretical courses 4. get professional training 5. do subjects 6. come easy to 7. keep fit 8. take part (in competitions) 9. double period 10. course paper 11. final year project 12. university degree a. получать профессиональную подготовку b. пара (сдвоенное занятие) c. быть студентом очного (дневного) отделения d. принимать участие (в соревнованиях) e. легко даваться f. учиться на вечернем или заочном отделении g. дипломная работа h. изучать предметы i. иметь (в расписании) теоретические курсы j. поддерживать хорошую физическую форму k. диплом об окончании университета l. курсовая работа 5 3 Read the dialogue again and answer the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What faculty is Alex at? What is he going to be? What faculty is Oleg at? What is he going to be? Is Alex a first-year student? What time do Alex’s classes begin? Does he often have problems with his studies? What does he think about English? What does he do to keep fit? 4 In the dialogue, find the English equivalents of the Russian subject names. сопромат ____________________________________ информатика _________________________________ энергетические установки ________________________ материаловедение ________________________________ начертательная геометрия ____________________________________ основы проектирования ________________________________ экология ______________________________ химия ___________________ 5 Complete the text, using the information from the dialogue. Alex and his group-mates are students at St. Petersburg (1)__________ ___________ _________________ University. They are doing a full-time course at the Faculty of (2)______________ ___________________. They are in their (3)_________ year and their day is very full: they have three or four (4)___________ ___________ every day except Thursday. Their classes usually start at half past eight and (5)________ __________ at half past three. They do many subjects: materials science and (6)_____________ of materials, (7)____________ principles, thermodynamics, computer (8)_____________, ecological studies. Alex’s favourite (9)____________ is materials science. He doesn’t have English now, but he uses English to find information from the Internet for his (10)_____________ papers. After classes Alex plays volley-ball; he is a (11)_______________ of the university team. He is sure that sport helps him to (12)___________ _________. 6 a) Answer the questions. Use the vocabulary from the dialogue and the following words and expressions. higher mathematics physics / chemistry theoretical mechanics Russian history cultural studies thermodynamics foreign language English physical education play play do go collect make take surf football, basketball, chess, etc the guitar, the piano, computer games sport, gymnastics, karate, crossword puzzles skateboarding, roller-skating, swimming, sailing, camping, walking with friends magnets, toy cars, etc models of (ships, planes, tanks, etc) photographs the Net 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Are you a full-time student or a part-time student? What university do you study at? Which is your faculty? What are you going to be? Which days of the week do you have classes? How many double periods a day do you usually have? What subjects do you study? Which subject is your favourite one? Which subjects come easy to you? Which ones are difficult? 10. What do you do in your free time? b) Use you answers in ex.6(a) to make a story about yourself, your studies and hobbies. I am a full-time student at the SMTU. I am taking a course at the Faculty of … I’m going to be … Part 2: Daily Routine What time do you usually get up? Do you have breakfast? Do you live in the hall of residence or at home? How long does it take you to get to the university? hall of residence – общежитие 7 Use the list given to make phrases. attend – посещать miss – пропускать complete – завершать, выполнять depend on – зависеть от leave for – уходить куда-то reach – достигать, добираться get dressed – одеваться A 1. depend on 2. leave for 3. it takes me 4. make 5. write 6. attend library – библиотека event – мероприятие, событие notes – конспект assignment – задание essay – творческая письменная работа, реферат it takes me/him/… an hour/10 minutes/ … to do/read/… – у меня/у него/… уходит (столько-то времени) чтобы (сделать что-то) a. classes b. 5 minutes to do it c. an essay d. college e. the subject f. notes B 1. take part in 2. reach 3. miss 4. get 5. go to 6. complete a. the library b. classes c. assignments d. an event e. dressed f. home 7 8 Read Nora’s notes about her day and decide if the following statements are true or false. 1. She gets up early to have enough time to walk to the college. 2. She only has classes till noon. 3. She never misses classes. 4. She often takes part in college events. 5. She sometimes goes to the library after classes. 6. She has something to eat before leaving the college. 7. She always does her homework until 11p.m. NORA’S DAY Wake up at 6:00 a.m. and get dressed. Finish any pending* work/assignments for the day till 6:30 a.m. Leave for college at 7:45 a.m. Classes start at 8:30 a.m, and it takes me 45 minutes by public transport to get to the place. Listen to the radio on the way. Classes from 8:30 till 12:00. Lunch at 12:00. Classes again from 12:30 p.m. till 3:00 p.m. Whether I attend these classes or not* depends on if there is any event/competition coming up. If so, I miss classes in order to* practice with my group. It’s 3:00 p.m. Practice starts/resumes* and goes on until we feel we’ve practiced enough.* If there’s no practice, I go to the library. Practice ends at 5:00–5:30 p.m. Go to the cafeteria to have fries, sausages and lemonade.* Leave college. Reach home by 6:30 p.m–7:00 p.m. Call/message people to ask what was done in the classes I didn’t attend! Write essays / make notes / complete assignments till 9:00 p.m. Dinner at 9:00 p.m. Resume studying at 10:00 p.m. If there’s nothing, watch TV/surf the Net until 11:00 p.m. Sleep at 11:00 p.m. After getting a solid 7-hour-sleep, wake up at 6:00 again, all set to SEIZE THE DAY!!* Notes: pending – недоделанный Whether I attend these classes or not – Пойду я на эти занятия или нет in order to – для того, чтобы resume – возобновлять enough – достаточно fries, sausages and lemonade – жареная картошка, сосиски и лимонад all set to seize the day – в полной готовности провести день с максимальной пользой =========================================================== 11 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1. Jane is _____ her third year. She is taking a course _____ the Faculty _____ Marine Electronics. She is _____ the university now. 2. John has an English class _____ 2.30 _____ 4 o’clock. English comes easy _____ him. 3. I need this information _____ my course paper. 4. Edward is a member _____ the university football team. He often practices _____ his team and takes part _____ competitions. 5. Let’s meet _____ half past five _____ Saturday. 8 9 Read the notes again and complete the table. 6:00 a.m. __________________________________________________ ________-________ _____________ pending work/assignments ________-________ getting to the college 8:30 a.m. - 12:00 a.m. __________________________________________________ ________-________ lunch 12:30 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. first ___________, then library ________-________ cafeteria, getting home 7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. ________________, _________________, _______________ ________-________ dinner 10:00 p.m. -11:00 p.m. ________________________ ________-________ sleep first classes, then _______________ _____________ all the time _______________________ 10 Complete the text about Nora’s day. Nora (1)______________ at 6:00 a.m. and gets (2)_____________. Then she sits down to (3)__________________________________________ for the day till 6:30 a.m. At 7:45 a.m. she (4)________________________________ because classes start (5)_________, and it takes her 45 minutes (6)_______________________________ to get to the place. She (7)____________ the radio on the way. At noon the students at her college have a break for (8)______________ and then more classes from 12:30 p.m. till 3:00 p.m. However, if there is any (9)___________ or (10)_______________ coming up, Nora sometimes misses those to practice with her group. It’s 3:00 p.m. Practice starts (or resumes) and goes on until they feel they have practiced enough. If there’s no practice, Nora (11)_______________________________. Then, before leaving the college, she (12)___________________________ to have fries, sausages and lemonade. Nora reaches home by 6:30 p.m. or 7:00 p.m. and (13)________________________ her group-mates to ask what was done in the classes she didn’t attend. Then she (14)__________ essays and (15)_______________ assignments till 9:00 p.m, when she has dinner. At 10:00 p.m. she resumes studying or, if there’s no work, she watches TV and (16)___________________________ until 11:00 p.m. She goes to bed at 11:00 p.m. and after getting a solid 7-hour-sleep, wakes up at 6:00 again, all set to seize the day. =========================================================== 6. I leave _____ the university _____ eight _____ the morning. It takes me 20 minutes to get there _____ bus. I listen _____ music _____ the way. 7. The tasks depend _____ the topic. 8. They work _____ a shipyard. 9 12 Answer the questions about students’ extra-curricular activities. Use the words and expressions below. 1. What do you think these student organizations are: Student Union, Student Council, Student Scientific Society? Are you a member of any of them? What do they do? 2. Would you like to take part in any activities (competitions, events)? 3. What activities do you enjoy watching? I’m a member of … I would like to join … I often take part in … organizations: club society studio events: competition festival quest quiz scientific forum KVN club Korabel club The yacht club Gaudeamus choir What? Where? When? quiz Lotsmanskaya Mile race Lotsmanskaya Spring festival Part 3: Students at Merton College, Oxford (video) What are the two oldest universities in England? What do you know about them? Is there anything specific about their structure and methods of teaching? 13 Read the text and explain what the words in bold type mean. A tutorial (tute [ ] in students’ jargon) is a small class of one, or only a few students, in which the tutor gives individual attention to the students. The tutorial system at Oxford and Cambridge is fundamental to methods of teaching at those universities, but it is rare* for newer universities in the UK to organise individual tuition; a class of six to eight (or even more) students is a far more common* tutorial size. Notes: rare – редкий common – обычный, распространенный; общий 14 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents. 1. problem sheet 2. research 3. topic 4. laboratory (lab) 5. cover 6. be interested in a. тема b. интересоваться c. лаборатория / лабораторная работа d. покрывать; охватывать, проходить (материал) e. задание (индивидуальное), типовой расчет f. научное исследование 15 Choose adjectives to make up combinations with the given nouns. scientific interesting typical experimental difficult standard physical fundamental ______________, ______________ research ______________, ______________ laboratory ______________, ______________ topic ______________, ______________ problem sheet 10 Watch the video and do tasks 16-25. I. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics 16 Choose the right answer. level – уровень exceptionally encouraging – исключительно доброжелательны 1. How does Matthew use maths? a. To find interesting formulas. b. To study the fundamental laws of physics. c. To give the right answers in exams. 2. What kind of assignments do the students do? a. Essays. b. Research projects. c. Problem sheets. 3. How do the tutors help the students? a. They explain the material at the fundamental level. b. They check their academic progress before the exams. c. They always answer the students’ questions. II. Dr Alan Barr, Tutor in Physics undergraduate – студент (еще не имеющий вузовского диплома) up-to-date stuff – современный материал 17 Answer the question. Why does he like his tutorials? III. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics 18 Answer the question. What area of physics does Alan Barr work in? CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research Large Hadron Collider – Большой адронный коллайдер 19 Use the information from the exercises above to complete the text. Matthew is a (1)_______________ at Merton (2)_______________. He is taking a (3)_______________ in physics. He is in (4)____________ second year. He believes that (5)_______________ is really useful for understanding the fundamental laws of (6)_______________. Matthew likes the College because his (7)_______________ are very encouraging. They not only (8)______________ the standard topics to the students, but always (9)______________ their questions if the students (10)_____________ interested in something. Alan Barr is a tutor (11)_____________ the College. He works in nuclear physics and (12)______________ part in experiments on the Large Hadron Collider. He likes his (13)______________ because the students ask him clever (14)________________ and he can tell them (15)______________ up-to-date research. both teachers and students – и преподаватели, и студенты either teachers or students – либо преподаватели, либо студенты neither teachers nor students – ни преподаватели, ни студенты 11 IV. Jessica Furness, Second Year, History 20 Make up the questions and answer them. 1. How many 2. What time 3. How long 4. How large 5. What 6. Who 7. How a. do the students discuss? ____________________________ b. are her tutorials? _________________________________ c. does she spend most of her week? ____________________ d. is the group? _____________________________________ e. do they begin? ___________________________________ f. lectures a week does she have? _______________________ g. do they discuss their essays with? ____________________ V. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics couple – пара (два предмета) 21 Complete the text. … For a typical (1)____________ with me, I’ll usually have two or three (2)_____________ three times a week. Being a physicist, we also have labs to do; then probably a couple of (3)______________ and a tutorial, which is, you know, one tutor to maybe (4)________________ of us. 22 a) Answer the question. Who has more classes – Jessica or Matthew? Why? b) Unscramble the text. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ a. Then she discusses them and the topics she’s been covering b. as well as classes, labs and a tutorial, where c. with other students during the tutorials, which d. Jessica is doing history. She spends most of her time e. are usually an hour or longer. She has only two f. one tutor works with two or three students. g. reading in the library or writing her essays. h. lectures a week, unlike Matthew, who has many more, VI. Dr Jonathan Prag, Tutor in Ancient History 23 Unscramble the questions and answer them. 1. give / or / he / lectures / does / tutorials ? half a dozen – полдюжины (шесть) do exchanges – проводить обмены ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. he / does / teach / who ? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 3. exactly / teach / what / does / he? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 4. exchanges / he / do / why / does / with his colleagues? __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 12 24 Choose the correct option. Jonathan Prag teaches / teachers both students from Merton and students from another / other colleges. He believes that students should always / often have a teacher who is an expert in the topic / subject. As he specializes in Roman history, if the students are interesting / interested in Greek history, he does exchanges with his colleagues / colleges. VII. Freya Edwards, Second Year, Medicine 25 Complete the text. You are, probably, going to have (1)____________________________________ , and then a few practicals, and, maybe, (2)__________________ tuts for us, at the moment, a week. Then you are normally free from about (3)_________________, which is great. It gives you a bit of time to do your work, and then (4)__________ __________________ or something. 26 Answer the questions. 1. Do you think your teachers are encouraging? 2. Do they give you any up-to-date material? 3. Do you think university teachers must do high level research? 4. What would you prefer – to attend classes every day or to work independently for the coming tutorial? 5. Do you do labs? 6. Is it good for a teacher to be an expert in one subject only, or is it better to be able to give lectures on various topics? WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN take / do a full-time course / part-time course get professional training make a professional career subject chemistry competition computer science member cultural studies team descriptive geometry event design principles hall of residence ecological studies library foreign language English double period materials science laboratory (lab) mathematics course paper physics final year project power plants assignment Russian history problem sheet strength of materials topic theoretical mechanics essay thermodynamics research 13 for the names of faculties and specialisms see p.4 attend (classes) miss (classes) leave for college reach home (by) take part in get dressed keep fit complete cover depend on come easy to be easy / difficult for be interested in it takes (me/them) 45 minutes to do LESSON 2 HIGHER EDUCATION Part 1: Higher Education in Russia Is higher education prestigious? Is there any difference between being an educated person and having a university degree? What is higher education about? 1 Complete the sentences with words from the list. sciences – точные науки (английского эквивалента для отдельно humanities – гуманитарные науки взятого слова «наука» не существует) higher education – высшее образование higher school – высшая школа (NB: high school – старшие классы школы) degree (academic degree) – учёная степень qualifications – знания, умения и навыки, подтвержденные документом о прохождении соответствующего курса обучения graduate from the university – оканчивать высшее учебное заведение graduate – выпускник; человек, окончивший вуз undergraduate – относящийся к обучению до первого диплома вуза undergraduate student – тот, кто учится в вузе, но еще не имеет диплома undergraduate stage – ступень образования до получения первого вузовского диплома postgraduate – постдипломный postgraduate student – студент магистратуры / аспирантуры 1. Every year many young people __________________ from the SMTU and go into shipbuilding industry. 2. We need graduates with _________________ in maths or science. 3. Basic professional education is given at the __________________ stage. 4. Physics and chemistry are ________________. 5. History and literature are ________________. 6. The 10th and 11th grades are called _______________ school. 7. The State Marine Technical university is a popular ________________ school. 8. ‘What kind of education has Edward got?’ ‘As far as I remember, he is a _________________ of Bristol University.’ 9. Margaret wants to study for a _______________ in economics at the University of London. 10.John has already completed his undergraduate studies, but he still goes to university – he is a ____________________ student now. 14 2 Use the lists given to match the verbs and nouns and make phrases. accept – принимать follow – следовать за provide (with) – обеспечивать last – длиться lead (to) – вести create – создавать include – включать в себя (объект) involve – вовлекать, включать в себя (деятельность) defend – защищать (в т.ч. диплом) take (the State examination) – сдавать (государственный экзамен) complete – завершать, выполнять (v) complete – завершенный (adj) completion – завершение (n) success – успех (n) successful – успешный, преуспевающий (adj) necessary – необходимый several – несколько aim – цель 1. accept 2. provide 3. lead to 4. take 5. complete 6. defend 7. follow 8. include 9. last 10. involve 11. create 12. change a. an exam in English b. the instructions c. a course in mechanics d. necessary information e. risks f. several days g. new products h. the idea i. the aim j. a principle k. practical help l. great success 3 Read the text on the next page and complete the table. Classical Russian system ______________ system Doctor of Sciences/Humanities Degree ( ≈ Professor) as long as you need – thesis postgraduate cycle undergraduate cycle Note: ____________________________ ( ≈ Ph.D.) 3 years – thesis* Master’s Degree 2 years – research project Specialist’s Degree ___ years – final year project thesis (мн.ч. theses) – диссертация 15 ________________ ___ years – final year project THE RUSSIAN SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION Higher education, which is also called tertiary (third level) education, is the level that follows the completion of a secondary school. It is usually provided by colleges and universities. Students get accepted on the basis of their State exam results and an interview. On graduating from the university, they get certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees. The classical Russian system of higher education is made up of several stages. During the first one students get complete professional education. The course usually lasts five years and leads to a Specialist’s Degree. The studies include theoretical courses in sciences, humanities and social-economic disciplines, as well as professional training. In the end, final year projects are written and defended, and sometimes students also take the State examination. The Specialist’s Degree stage is followed by two postgraduate stages. They are studies for Candidate of Sciences/Humanities Degree (which involves practical research), and Doctor of Sciences/Humanities Degree (which involves theoretical research). The first of them is equivalent to Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy – in the USA and Western Europe; the second is equivalent to Professor. In 2003, Russia joined the Bologna process, whose aim is to create a European Higher Education Area*. Within this system, students can move freely between countries and use the qualifications they get in one country to continue their studies in another. The first cycle is called undergraduate, it lasts three or four years and leads to Bachelor’s Degree in Sciences, Arts* or Engineering (B.Sc., B.A., or B.Eng.). Successful completion of a first cycle course is necessary for access* to the second cycle – postgraduate – which leads to Master’s degree, and further* on to doctorate degrees. However*, the Bologna system didn’t prove good in Russia for several reasons. The fouryear courses were often not enough for effective professional training and did not fit the national economy. What is more, despite Russia signing the Bologna Declaration*, the qualifications of Russian graduates were never officially accepted in European countries. As a result, at present Russia is reorganising the system of higher education on the basis of its classical variant. Notes: European Higher Education Area – Европейское пространство высшего образования Bachelor of Arts – бакалавр гуманитарных наук access – доступ further – дальнейший however – однако despite Russia signing the Bologna Declaration – несмотря на подписание Россией Болонской декларации 4 Answer the questions. 1. What institutions is higher education provided by? 2. What do students get after they complete a university course? 3. What do Specialist’s Degree studies include? 4. When are final year projects written? 5. How many stages is the classical Russian system made up of? What are they? 6. What is good for students in the Bologna system? 7. What is the first degree in the Bologna system? 8. What degrees does the postgraduate cycle include? 9. Why is Russia reforming its system of higher education now? 16 5 Complete the text by writing down the missing letters. After school you go to u_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. You g_ _ a_ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the basis of your State exam results and an interview. You either study for 4 years to get a B_ _ _ _ _ _ _’s Degree or for 5 years to get a S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’s Degree. The studies include theoretical courses and professional t_ _ _ _ _ _ _. On completing your studies, you defend your final year project and t_ _ _ the State examination. If you want to get postgraduate education, you can study for a M_ _ _ _ _’s Degree. You do research and d_ _ _ _ _ your research project. After that, or directly after a Specialist’s Degree course, you can s_ _ _ _ for a Candidate’s Degree. It takes 3 years of individual r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ to write and defend a thesis and to prove its practical use. 6 Describe the system of higher education in Russia using the expressions given. get accepted study for a ___ Degree do (theoretical / practical) reseach it takes ___ years the course includes leads to (a degree) write and defend Part 2: Higher Education in Britain (video) 7 a) Complete the text choosing the English equivalents for the Russian words in brackets. apply for (a job) apply to (an organization) advanced advances awarded data require requirements work experience application numbers means Michael is very interested in computers. He is often ____________ (присуждаются) prizes when he takes part in school competitions. He is going to ____________ (подать документы на) the position of an assistant with an IT firm. There are some ____________ (требования): it is necessary to fill in an ____________ (заявление) form and have an interview. The job doesn’t ____________ (требует) any ____________ (развитых) technical skills, and if Michael gets it, he will learn how to work with ____________ (числами) and many other types of ____________ (данных). This ____________ (означает) he will get good ____________ (практику). After a year or two, he is going to ____________ (подать документы в) a university where he can find out about the latest ____________ (достижениях) in programming techniques and get a degree in computer science. b) Starting with the idea of the Russian word аппликация, translate the phrases with another meaning of the verb apply. apply your knowledge to practical situations _______________________ application of the principle / technique ___________________________ apply paint to the paper _________________________ applied mathematics / mechanics ________________________________ 17 Watch the video and do tasks 7-12. I. Introduction outline the basics – обрисовать основные черты 8 Read the introduction and answer the question. Why did Valerie and Diane decide to make this video? D: Hello everyone, and welcome to our Channel. V: I’m Valerie, here is Diane, and this is Mind the Grad. V: We know coming to a new country can be very exciting but also super confusing. D: When we both came to the country, we had no idea where to go, what to do and who to ask for help. V: That’s why we prepared this video to outline the basics of British education. II. Pre-University Education 9 Answer the questions. stand for – обозначать, расшифровываться drop – (зд.) исключить, отказаться route – путь, маршрут 1. What document is necessary to apply to a university in Britain? 2. How long does it take to get it? 3. What is the name of another route to university? 10 Watch the part again and complete the text. To apply to a (1)_______________ in Britain, students take the so called GCSE A-level examinations. GCSE A-level stands for the (2)_______________ ______________ of (3)______________ ______________ Advanced level. The preparation course lasts for (4)____________ years. Students choose (5)_________ ______________, then, after a year, they drop one of them, so they complete the course with three (6)____________ and one AS-level, and this is a typical (7)______________ to go to a university. However, there is a different route called (8)______________ Baccalaureate, where students do (9)__________ subjects for two years, (10)____________ at high level, and (11)____________ at standard level. The (12)____________ level subjects must be what the students are going to (13)______________ on in their future studies. This is necessary to get (14)______________ by universities in Europe. 11 Describe what you did to enter the university. Explain which of the three systems seems best to you. III. Undergraduate Education 12 Answer the question. What is the difference between BA and BSc? get enrolled in – записаться на (курс обучения) law – закон, юриспруденция be based on – основываться на ________________________________________________ 18 option – вариант (на выбор) criterion (мн.ч. criteria) – критерий IV. Postgraduate Education 13 Answer the questions. 1 What are other kinds of Master’s Degree besides MA and MSc? __________________ 2 How does MBA differ from others? ________________________________________ V. Continuing Education… 14 Answer the question. What degree is the next? _____________________________________________ 15 Unscramble the text. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ a. Doctor of Philosophy, you’ll be able to put the word b. you can apply for a Ph.D. course. When you c. Mrs. Parker, you’ll be Dr. Parker. d. complete it, and you are awarded the degree of e. If after all this studying you still want to do more, f. Doctor in front of your name, so you won’t be VI. Conclusion 16 a) Complete the table of educational levels. Name A-levels at school or IB ____________________ Degree ____________________ Degree ________________________________ Time 2 years __ years __ years __ years b) Use the table to give a short description of the British educational system. 17 Answer the questions. 1. Can you see any common elements in the three systems of higher education: the British one, the classical Russian one and the Bologna one? 2. What may be the reasons for that? Part 3: Academic Life 18 a) Read the text, and match the words and their definitions (next page). Provide Russian equivalents for them. In Russia, the academic year begins on September 1. There are two terms: the autumn one and the spring one. During each term students do courses in many subjects; they have lectures, seminars, and other types of classes, which are organised into a time-table. At the end of the term there is an examination period. The students who make poor progress may be expelled*. The students who make good progress get necessary passes and take exams. Some students revise for the exams and pass them, but some others don’t prepare well enough and fail, in this case they have to resit them. The examination period is followed by a holiday, when those who live in the hall of residence leave for their home towns. Note: expel – исключать 19 1. term _____________ 2. academic year _________________ 3. examination period _________________ 4. pass _____________ 5. class ____________ 6. lecture ___________ 7. seminar __________ 8. time-table _________________ a. a list of the times of classes b. a period of time from September to January or from February to June c. a long talk given to a (large) group of people on a particular subject d. the last weeks of the term when the students’ knowledge is checked e. a period of time (usually one and a half hours) during which students are taught f. the autumn and the spring terms together g. a class where a small group of students discusses a particular topic h. a successful result in a course of study b) Provide Russian equivalents for these expressions. do courses _____________________________________ make good progress ______________________________ make poor progress ______________________________ take / pass / fail / resit / revise for exams _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 19 Make up sentences according to the model. Harry has just started a course in maths at London university. If he attends all the classes, he will understand the material. 1. understand the material → know how to do his problem sheets 2. do his problem sheets correctly → make good progress 3. make good progress → pass all his exams 4. pass all his exams → get a degree 5. get a degree → find an interesting job London is exciting. Harry goes out a lot and misses classes. ‘Dear Harry, If you miss your classes, you won’t understand the material.’ 6. not understand the material → not know how to do your problem sheets 7. not know how to do your problem sheets → leave doing them until the examination period 8. leave doing your problem sheets until the examination period → not make good progress 9. make poor progress → fail your exams 10. fail your exams → be expelled 11. be expelled → not get a degree 20 20 a) Match the words and their definitions. Provide Russian equivalents for them. 1. course paper _________________ 2. final year project _________________ 3. test _________________ 4. essay _________________ 5. problem sheet _________________ 6. monitor _________________ 7. lecturer _________________ 8. library card _________________ 9. student card _________________ 10. record book _________________ a. the final work that a student writes to demonstrate that he/she can be awarded the first university degree b. a student who has been chosen to do organizational work for the group c. a written work on a subject, which a student prepares during the whole term d. a small book where the results of a student’s exams are written down e. a teacher who gives lectures f. a small piece of plastic or paper which gives you a right to get books from the library g. a list of practical tasks in mathematics or sciences for a student to do h. a small piece of plastic or paper which shows you study at a university i. a set of questions/exercises to check students’ knowledge j. a short piece of writing by a student as part of a course of study b) Answer the questions. 1. Do you use your student card to get into the university? Where else is it useful? 2. What do you need a library card for? Do you always have it with you? Why? 3. Do you have a record book? What information does it show? 4. Who is your favourite lecturer? 5. Who is the monitor in your group? 6. Do you have any problem sheets to do? What subjects are they in? 7. Are you nervous when you take tests? When did you write the last one? 8. Do you have any course papers to write this term? 9. Are you good at writing essays? What was your last essay about? 10. Do you think it is difficult to write a final year project? 21 Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1. We are doing a course _____ computer science. It leads _____ a Master’s Degree. 2. These students always revise _____ their exams. 3. We need graduates _____ qualifications _____ naval architecture. 4. When my friends graduate _____ the university, they will go _____ shipbuilding industry. 5. I am planning to study _____ a degree _____ history _____ St. Petersburg university. 6. We live _____ the hall of residence. 7. _____ Russia, the academic year begins _____ September 1. _____ the end _____ each term there is an examination period. It is followed _____ a holiday. 8. Mary wants to apply _____ this job. If her application is accepted, she will learn how to work _____ different types _____ data. 9. When we apply _____ a university, we are accepted _____ the basis _____ our exam results. 21 Part 4: Universities in Britain department – подразделение, кафедра в вузе offer – предлагать found – основывать foundation – основание 22 Read the text and complete it with the phrases given. 1. through the Internet and television programmes 2. which are schools of sciences and applied technology 3. each with its own structure and activities 4. when bricks* were the standard building material 5. and its world-famous college, the London School of Economics NB: to find (found, found) to found (founded, founded) TYPES OF UNIVERSITIES Great Britain has over 90 universities, which can be classified into several categories. The most famous are the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, both founded in the Middle Ages*. England’s oldest institution of higher education, the Oxford University, is a federation of 35 colleges, (A)____. The University of Cambridge is a system of faculties, departments and 31 independent colleges. Another type of university is the so-called red-brick type — higher schools built in the 19th century (B)____. The large number of universities that were organized in the last half of the 20th century are often called plate-glass* universities. London has its own great schools, the large University of London (C)____. Students can also choose polytechnics, (D)____. An education act in 1992 changed their status to universities. Higher education can also be obtained through the Open University which was founded in 1969 and offers extension courses*. Now they are taught (E)____. The Open University also sponsors local study centres and summer schools. The Open University is popular with people who cannot take a traditional university course. Notes: brick – кирпич the Middle Ages – Средние века plate-glass – оконное стекло extension course – спецкурс / курс повышения квалификации 23 Make up a list of different types of British universities. What other kinds of educational institutions are mentioned in the text? 24 a) Match the types of universities to their basic characteristics. 1. Oxbridge (Oxford + Cambridge) 2. red-brick universities 3. plate-glass universities 4. polytechnics 5. Open university a. information technology, the Internet b. automation, more intellectual work for people c. the elite / individual education, religious, manuscripts d. interdisciplinary nature of research e. Industrial Revolution, standardized courses b) Use the phrases from part (a) to complete the paragraph on the education philosophy. Throughout the whole history of human civilization, educational systems reflect the level of technological development. In the Middle Ages, there are no printed books, education is (1)________________ and ________________, it is only for (2)_____________. In the 22 19th century, industries grow and there is a need for (3)______________________________. After WWII, production processes become more automated, people can focus on (4)_________________________. At the end of the 20th century, with more (5)__________ ___________________________________, graduates need wider educational background. Now, advanced (6)___________________________ provides people with more educational chances and offers students a great choice of online courses for their personal aims. c) Answer the questions. 1. What makes Oxbridge special (structure, methods of teaching, traditions)? 2. Why do you think there was a need for more universities in the 19th century? 3. What technological advances led to the growth of plate-glass universities? 4. Korabelka got the status of a technical university (SMTU) in 1992. Can you comment on this fact? 5. What communication technologies made the Open University possible? 6. How do you see the next stage in education systems? WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN higher education higher school / high school sciences / humanities monitor lecturer degree (academic degree) Bachelor’s Degree in Sciences / Arts / Engineering Bachelor of Sciences / Arts / Engineering Master’s Degree class Specialist’s Degree lecture Candidate’s Degree seminar Doctor’s Degree time-table Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy qualifications library card department student card graduate (v, n) undergraduate postgraduate complete (v, adj) – completion apply to / for – application require – requirement found – foundation term academic year pass (n) examination examination period record book test course paper thesis the State examination work experience aim (n) number data success successful necessary several 23 accept – get accepted study for a degree do courses make good / poor progress take / pass / fail / resit / revise for exams follow provide last (v) lead to include involve defend create advance (v, n) award mean offer Oxbridge red-brick universities plate-glass universities polytechnics Open university LESSON 3 LIFE STORIES Part 1: The SMTU History – Faculties What do you know of the SMTU history? How old it is? When was your faculty organised? Do you know any famous names in shipbuilding? 1 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in the box. hull – корпус (корабля) machinery – машинное оборудование, механизмы area – территория, площадь; область, сфера деятельности field – поле, сфера деятельности train – обучать, готовить (по специальности) maintenance – техническое обслуживание repair – ремонтировать, ремонт design – проектировать, проект 1. The __________ of this boat is made of composite materials. 2. There are many __________ of natural beauty in Siberia. 3. Scientists at CERN work in the __________ of nuclear physics. 4. Leonardo da Vinci __________ a flying machine. 5. The school __________ its students for diplomatic careers. 6. Many businesses need to invest in new, cleaner __________ now. 7. The car isn’t really new and it requires regular __________. 8. An examination of the engine showed it was in need of __________. 2 a) Complete the word formation table. Verbs construct – строить, выстраивать add – ________________ recognize – узнавать, признавать equip – оборудовать, давать (необходимые знания) _____________ – развивать, разрабатывать Nouns _______________ – строительство addition – добавление, сложение recognition – ______________ _______________ – оборудование development – развитие, разработка b) Choose the correct verbs to complete the combinations. Translate them into Russian. ______________ an effective strategy ______________ water a theory something to the list a hotel / pool two and two together _______________ an effective strategy ______________ familiar objects your talent / skills the authority a method the truth ________________ the car with electric windows our managers for their position graduates for careers in shipbuilding industry 24 c) Choose the correct nouns to complete the combinations. Translate them into Russian. economic electronic international important high-cost facial intellectual _____________ mobile _______________ public ____________ 3% ________________ costs useful time special _______________ standards 3 Read the text and say which period in the university history it describes. THE SMTU HISTORY (1) St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University is the only higher school in Russia which trains specialists in all areas of shipbuilding and marine technology. Its history dates back to 1899, when the Russian Emperor Nicolas II gave an order to organize a shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. The preparation work took a long time, and it was not until 1902 that the department first offered its courses to students, who were interested in designing ship hulls and ship machinery. The department’s popularity was great, and several hundred young people applied to it, but only 27 got accepted. In 1918, the department became a faculty. As the industry started recovering* after the Civil War and the need for engineers grew, the faculty developed quickly, and in 1930 it got the status of an independent higher school, which moved to 3 Lotsmanskaya Street under the name of Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute (popularly known as Korabelka). Note: recover – восстанавливаться 4 Correct the false statements. Model: Nicolas II ordered to organize a shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg University. → No, he didn’t order to organize a shipbuilding department at St. Petersburg University. He ordered to organize it at the Polytechnic Institute. 1. The Shipbuilding department at the Polytechnic Institute started functioning in 1899. 2. The department trained students in ship repair. 3. All the applicants got accepted. 4. The department grew into a faculty before WWI. 5. The faculty became an institute because the country needed ships for the Civil War. 6. The Shipbuilding Institute began working independently in 1918. 25 5 Read the text and find the names of the faculties it speaks about. THE SMTU HISTORY (2) Within the Institute, the main fields of ‘designing ship hulls’ and ‘designing ship machinery’ gave birth to the first two faculties – the faculty of Naval Architecture and the faculty of Marine Engineering. The third one – the faculty of Marine Electronics and Control Systems – opened its doors in 1945 to those who wanted to specialize in developing naval equipment for navigation and control. These became the three principal engineering faculties that still train students in all areas of ship design, construction, maintenance and repair. The faculty of Economics for Engineering began working even before the Great Patriotic War to prepare graduates for the financial analysis of shipbuilding projects. As time went on, the institute developed and the number of departments grew. In 1978, the ones that taught foundation courses united under the name of the faculty of Sciences and Humanities, which later added the departments of Law and Sociology. In 1992, the institute was one of the first in Russia to get the status of a technical university, where students could get education not only in shipbuilding, but also in mathematics, economics, environment protection and other disciplines. Adapting itself to the changing requirements of the times, the university continued to grow. In 2020, the faculty of Digital Industrial Technologies accepted its first students to train them in software engineering for shipbuilding, demonstrating that the SMTU is always ready to recognize demands* within industry and successfully provide it with true professionals. Note: software – программное обеспечениен demands – запросы 6 Unscramble the questions and answer them. 1. How many / in 1930 / there / faculties / were ? _______________________________________________________________ 2. When / its first students / accept / did / the faculty of Marine Electronics ? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What / the faculty / students for / prepare / did ? _______________________________________________________________ 4. What / students in / train / did / the faculty of Economics ? _______________________________________________________________ 5. How / the faculty of Sciences and Humanities / did / come into being ? _______________________________________________________________ 6. When / become / a university / did / the Institute ? _______________________________________________________________ 7. What faculty / to start working / was the last ? _______________________________________________________________ 26 7 a) Read the texts again and complete the prompts. 1902 1918 ____ 1939 ____ 1978 ____ ____ – department at the ___________________ ______________ {ship ____________ and ___________ machinery} – faculty – independent institute: faculty of ____________ Architecture {ship hulls}; faculty of _____________ Engineering {ship _________________} – faculty of __________________ {________________ ________________ of shipbuilding projects} – faculty of Marine ________________ and Control Systems {naval equipment for ________________ and _______________} – faculty of Sciences and _________________ {foundation _______________} – university – faculty of ____________ Industrial Technologies {software _______________} b) Use the prompts and the expressions given to speak about the principal milestones of the SMTU history. open its doors unite under the name of accept its first students get the status of begin working give birth to first offer its courses to students train students in / specialists for prepare graduates for provide the industry with true professionals Part 2: SMTU History – research activities 8 Complete the sentences with words from the box. Academic Council academician model ships carry out support solve solutions outstanding long-standing test tank shapes 1. The school enjoys a ___________________ (многолетний) popularity. 2. Physical models are used to __________________ (проводить) experiments in the ____________________ (опытовый бассейн). 3. The _________________________ (Ученый совет) continues to ______________ (поддерживать) the project. 4. The latest technology exhibitions offer _____________ (решения) to help you run a better business. 5. A square and a triangle are basic geometrical _______________ (формы). 6. The boy learned how to make __________________ (модели кораблей) out of wood and paper. 7. The new car model was awarded the first prize, but it wasn’t a guarantee of ________________ (выдающийся) sales success. 8. We need to _____________ (решить) the maintenance problems as soon as possible. 9. A member of the Academy of Sciences is an _________________ (академик). 27 9 Read the text and match the organizations and facilities to the dates they started functioning. 1935 1940 1957 1961 1974 test tank leading institution* computer centre student ship design centre Ocean wind tunnel laboratory* Academic Council Notes: leading institution – ведущая организация wind tunnel laboratory – аэродинамическая труба AT THE FOREFRONT OF SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY The institute always was at the leading-edge of technological innovation. As early as 1935, only five years after it became an independent school, an Academic Council was organized there to coordinate the scientific life; research projects, theses and other scientific papers began to be discussed at the highest level of professional expertise, and degrees to be awarded. The most famous figure among the Council members was academician A.N.Krylov, who was a recognized authority on many aspects of ship design. Another five years later, in 1940, the institute opened its own test tank to carry out experiments with model ships. This work was very important for optimizing the shapes of ship hulls as well as other fundamental characteristics. The tests in the tank were done not only by professors, but also by students. Taking an active part in the research, they developed their professional skills, and in 1957 were already experienced enough to organize the student ship design centre Ocean. In 1961, a computer centre (one of the first in those days) started functioning; the experiments at the test tank were now supported by complex calculations. What is more, a wind tunnel laboratory was added to the tank the same year, thus providing the scientists with more equipment to find optimal solutions. In 1974, the Institute was officially recognized as the leading institution for developing marine technology in Russia. It was made one of the most important shipbuilding research centres by the work of such outstanding scientists as P.F.Papkovich, Yu.A.Shimansky, V.L.Pozdyunin, N.E.Putov, V.V.Semyonov-Tan-Shansky and others. Now the long-standing scientific and engineering traditions help the Marine Technical university to keep its popularity as one of the best higher schools in Russia which trains engineers for all areas of shipbuilding industry. 10 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1. Why did the institute need its own Academic Council? 2. Why was the opening of the test tank very important? 3. What does the opening of the Ocean design centre illustrate? 4. How did the computer centre help with optimizing ships’ fundamental characteristics? 5. What other equipment helped to make the test tank more efficient? 6. What was the result of these scientific activities? 28 Part 3: A Famous Scientist 11 Use the sentences and the picture to match the English words and their Russian equivalents. 1. Do not swim beyond the buoys. 2. A piece of wood doesn’t sink in water. It has enough buoyancy. 3. Metal objects sink in water because they don’t have enough buoyancy. 4. Most people thought the Titanic was unsinkable. 5. First, we must solve the problem of providing a stable base for our structure. 6. If you want to buy a stable boat for the whole family, contact the company. 7. The ship had the stability required for sailing over high waves. 8. We saw a wind-surfer’s sail far away on the sea. 9. The research centre is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories. 1. roll 2. rolling 3. pitch 4. pitching 5. buoy 6. buoyancy 7. sink (sank, sunk) 8. unsinkable 9. stable 10. stability 11. sail (v) 12. sail (n) 13. state-of-the-art a. буй (поплавок) b. устойчивость / остойчивость (о корабле) c. качаться (с борта на борт) d. идти под парусом, идти (о любом судне) e. килевая качка f. по последнему слову техники, самый передовой g. устойчивый h. бортовая качка i. парус j. тонуть, погружаться в воду k. непотопляемый l. качаться (с носа на корму) m. плавучесть 12 Read the text and answer the questions. What theory is academician Krylov famous for? Did he work in any fields of engineering besides shipbuilding? LIFE IN SCIENCE In 1898, for the first time in the history of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects in Britain, its Gold Medal was awarded to a foreigner. That foreigner was a Russian scientist who had given a talk about his new theory of ship’s oscillations on waves*. At that time, when constructing a ship, the builders knew little about its future characteristics—how stable would it be in a storm? how fast could it sail? The new theory answered these questions, and did it so well, that even now, over a hundred years later, it is still used by naval architects all over the world. The Russian scientist’s name was Alexey Nikolayevich Krylov. 29 He was born in a village by the Volga in 1863. During a family visit to Sevastopol, Alexey became very interested in ships and the sea, and in 1878 he went to the Naval College in St. Petersburg. In addition to the College courses he took lessons from the famous mathematician A.M.Lyapunov, the author of stability theory for the solutions of differential equations*. On graduating Krylov was sent to work at the Main Hydrographic Administration.* There he began to study magnetic compass deviation*, a topic he returned to more than once in later years. Krylov’s research was supervised* by I.P. de Collong, who was an outstanding scientist and the founder of the compass deviation theory. Their work together made Russian ship compasses the best in the world. After that, Krylov joined the department of ship construction of St. Petersburg Naval Academy. There he met another brilliant mathematician—A.N.Korkin, who was an expert in differential equations. Krylov learned much from him, and he graduated with honours* in 1890 after only two years of study. He was then asked by Korkin to stay at the Academy as a mathematics and ship-theory lecturer, which he did, and taught various theoretical and engineering sciences for about fifty years. In 1900 he was made director of the Naval Administration Tank, which had started functioning six years earlier to carry out model ship tests. It was the first experimental basin to test ship design in Russia and the sixth in the world. Its aim was to find engine power requirements for specified speeds, and hull lines which required the least power. On the base of the Tank, Krylov created a scientific institution which also included physical-chemical laboratories for research on ship construction materials, a mechanical laboratory and an electrical engineering laboratory. Now it is the famous state-of-the-art Krylov Research Centre. Krylov’s work at the Tank covered such problems as buoyancy, stability, vibration, rolling and pitching. During this period he also actively collaborated with S.O.Makarov, admiral and scientist, studying the ship unsinkability problem. The results of their work soon became classic, and they are widely used nowadays all over the world. In 1914 Krylov became a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During his career, he also held many different posts at the Maritime Ministry. He often worked as a naval consultant, and he was never afraid to argue with top officials* to promote innovations. The political events of 1917 did not change Krylov’s scientific and social activities. In 1919, he joined the Russian Association of Physicists, who tried to re-start publishing scientific journals and to re-establish* contacts between physicists in Russia and abroad. On this mission Krylov was sent to London in 1921, being one of the first scientists to travel to Europe after the Revolution. On returning to St. Petersburg (then Leningrad), he became director of the Physics-Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. There he worked at the problems of shipbuilding, mathematics, magnetism, artillery, astronomy, and geodesy. All in all, Krylov wrote about 300 books and papers. In 1904, he constructed the first mechanical integrator in Russia to solve differential 30 equations. In 1931, he found a new method (named after him) of solving the equation determining the frequency of vibrations* in mechanical systems. In one of his autobiographical papers, Krylov describes his activity as ‘shipbuilding, that is application of mathematics to maritime problems*’. Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov died in Leningrad on October 26, 1945. He is buried in the Volkovo cemetery. He was awarded the State (Stalin) Prize, three Orders of Lenin*, and the title Hero of Socialist Labour*. His name is probably one of the most widely known and recognized in Russia among outstanding personalities of the twentieth century. From among his students he created a large school of shipbuilders who were both engineers and scientists. Notes: theory of ship’s oscillations on waves – теория качки корабля differential equation – дифференциальное уравнение the Main Hydrographic Administration – Главное гидрографическое управление magnetic compass deviation – девиация (уклонение) компаса supervise – руководить, осуществлять наставничество graduate with honours – окончить с отличием argue with top officials – спорить с высокопоставленными чиновниками re-establish – восстановить frequency of vibrations – частота колебаний maritime problems – вопросы морского дела Order of Lenin – орден Ленина the title Hero of Socialist Labour – звание героя социалистического труда 13 Complete the sentences according to the text. 1. The British naval architects gave Krylov a gold medal because ______. a. he had given a talk about a new theory of ship design b. his theory answered the questions about the ship’s future characteristics c. shipbuilders knew very little about ship oscillations on waves 2. Young Krylov began to study shipbuilding _______. a. by the Volga b. in Sevastopol c. in St. Petersburg 3. He did research into the problem of compass deviation _______. a. when he worked at the Main Hydrographic Administration b. when he studied at the Naval Academy c. at different periods of his life 4. Krylov ________. a. studied under two famous mathematicians at the Academy b. became an expert in mathematics c. got a job teaching mathematics at the Naval Administration Tank 5. He changed the work of the Naval Administration Tank by _______. a. opening a new laboratory b. organizing a shipbuilding research centre c. beginning to study rolling and pitching 6. The unsinkability theory ________. a. was created by both Krylov and Makarov b. included the problems of rolling and pitching c. never became popular 31 7. The Association of Physicists sent Krylov abroad ________. a. to meet foreign scientists b. to publish foreign scientific journals c. to let him escape from the Revolution 8. Krylov designed his mechanical integrator _________. a. to construct the theory of ship’s oscillations on waves b. to support the experiments in the Naval Administration Tank with theoretical calculations c. to find frequency of vibrations in mechanical systems 9. For Krylov, shipbuilding was _____________. a. research on ship construction materials b. differential equations c. using mathematics to solve maritime problems 14 a) Read the text again and make up a list of a scientists’ names; b educational institutions; c professional posts and positions; d scientific interests (areas, fields); e inventions and discoveries. b) Use your list to make up sentences about academician Krylov’s life and activities. He met / worked with / studied under … He studied at … He worked as … at … He developed such scientific areas as … He is known as the inventor of … He is famous for … A.F.Ioffe, P.L.Kapitsa and A.N.Krylov (1921) Part 4: A Legendary Ship (video) 15 Read the text and find the English equivalents for the Russian phrases. A Narrow Escape On the high seas of the South Pacific, the Mirabella was sailing to her port for a refit. Her equipment was outdated and she had to be overhauled; she had her bow gun in good order, though. Suddenly, she was attacked by pirates. She had no chance to escape, and the captain decided to fight. The pirates fired a shot, which damaged the Mirabella’s hull. Then she received a second hit, and she was nearly defeated, but fired back and this lucky shot destroyed the pirate ship completely. Only a few pirates survived and were picked up by the Mirabella’s crew, brought to the port and put in prison. 32 переоборудование __________________ устаревший ____________________ должна была пройти капитальный ремонт _______________________ носовое орудие ________________________ избежать/уклониться ____________ выстрелили ________________________ повредил ______________________ получила второй удар (попадание) ________________________ почти побеждена ____________________________________ уничтожил ________________________ выжили ________________________ экипаж ________________________ sailor = seaman – моряк, матрос NB: marine – морской (относящийся к морю и живущим в нем существам, а также кораблям) maritime – морской (относящийся к деятельности человека, связанной с морем); приморский, прибрежный naval – военно-морской marine life maritime law naval base marine ecosystem maritime port naval officer marine science maritime museum naval power marine engine maritime climate naval victory Navy – военный флот страны: the Russian Navy, the British Navy fleet – флот, относящийся к конкретной акватории: the Baltic fleet, the Pacific fleet 16 Read the statements and decide if they are true or false. 1. The cruiser Aurora is still in service* with the Russian Navy. 2. She fought in the battle of Tsushima. 3. The Aurora’s bow gun fired a shot signalling Russia’s entering World War I. 4. The Aurora’s crew took an active part in the defence of Leningrad. 5. Now, the Aurora stands by the Winter Palace. Note: in service – на службе (serve – служить) 17 a) Read the script and answer the questions. 1. How old is the Aurora now? 2. Was she special when she was built? 3. How many sister ships did she originally have? At the beginning of autumn 2014, cruiser Aurora went for another refit—her tenth in more than a hundred years of the ship’s history. There wasn’t anything special about her, Aurora was an ordinary cruiser of that time. Today, few remember the names of the other two ships of this class, while the story of Aurora is truly amazing. Her life was a chain of grandiose events and lucky circumstances that allowed her to survive and be preserved as she is now. b) Watch the video and practice reading the script in part (a). 33 18 a) Complete the table with names and dates of historic events. Events 1 2 RussianJapanese war, Tsushima battle – Dates Locations 1909 Missions the Pacific ocean, Korea strait* provide enforcement*; defend transport ships; accompany battleships St. Petersburg, the Baltic fleet serve as a training ship 3 1914 - 1918 the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland lay and patrol minefields;* support destroyers* 4 October 25, 1917 fairway* of the Neva the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland fire a shot (signal for storming the Winter Palace) seamen – take the guns to fight on the ground the Baltic fleet serve as a training ship a) Oranienbaum fight German aircraft; run aground* seamen – take the guns to fight on the ground 5 Civil War 6 – 7 the Great Patriotic War 1921 - 1941 b) Duderhof hills 8 Notes: – 1945 – the present Petrogradskaya embankment, Nakhimov Naval school enforcement – подкрепление (force – сила) Korea Strait – Корейский пролив patrol minefields – патрулировать минные поля serve as a museum destroyer – эсминец fairway – фарватер run aground – посадить на мель b) Match the pictures to the events and use the information in the table to describe them. 1 ____, 2 ____, 3 ____, 4 ____, 7a ____, _____, 7b ____ 8 ____ 19 Watch the video and answer the questions. 1 a. What was the outcome of the battle of Tsushima for the Russian squadron*? b. How many hits did the Aurora receive during the battle? c. How did she escape? squadron – эскадра barely stayed afloat – едва держался на плаву withstand (withstood, withstood) – выдерживать shake off pursuit – оторваться от преследователей 2 a. What status did she get after the Russian-Japanese war? b. Who did she fight against in the Gulf of Finland? c. What condition* was she in during WWI? condition – состояние entire battle core – все боевое ядро obsolete – устаревший (outdated) the Diana – the Aurora’s sister ship – (третьей была “Паллада”) 34 a b d c e f g h 35 3 a. Why did the Aurora become a symbol of the remove – снимать, убирать scrap – разрезать на части / сдать в October Revolution? металлолом b. Why were the guns removed* from the cruiser in the summer of 1918? c. What saved the Aurora from scrapping* after the Civil War? 4 a. Why did part of the crew leave the Aurora in 1941? b. How did the Aurora herself fight against the Germans? c. Why was the Aurora made a museum? troops – войска cannon – пушка (= gun) 5 a. What facts prove that the Aurora is Fortune’s favourite? 20 Read the text and complete it with the phrases given (there is one extra phrase). 1. and one of the most famous symbols of St. Petersburg 2. so her task then was to patrol minefields in the Gulf of Finland and support destroyers 3. while again some of her guns and crew defended Leningrad on land 4. because too many other ships were damaged or destroyed 5. but she still survives and is over a hundred years old now 6. which was utterly defeated in the Battle of Tsushima less than two years later 7. so a decision was made to repair the ship and turn her into a museum FORTUNE’S FAVOURITE While the cruiser Aurora is best known for giving a signal to the start of the October Revolution, she can also be called the luckiest ship of the Russian Navy. Her life story is amazing, as there have been so many times when she could be destroyed, (A)_____. An ordinary cruiser of the Russian Empire, she was commissioned* in 1903 and joined the Second Pacific Squadron, (B)_____. During the battle the Aurora was seriously damaged, but she managed to break through the enemy ranks* and return home together with only ten other surviving ships. By the start of WWI the cruiser was already outdated, (C)_____. The Aurora also took part in the Russian Civil war, as her guns were removed from her and taken by her sailors to fight on the ground. Soon after that the cruiser narrowly escaped scrapping because there was no money for her maintenance. Yet she was saved and became a training ship. The Aurora spent most of the Great Patriotic war in the port of Oranienbaum, (D)_____, adding another heroic chapter to her history. The cruiser herself fought German aviation; seriously damaged by enemy air bombs, she was run aground, but continued to fulfill her duty* with her flag flying high. Even before the end of the war, the Aurora was already legendary, (E)_____. Now, the cruiser Aurora is a monument to the military glory* of the Russian Navy (F)_____. She stands by the Nakhimov Naval school at Petrogradskaya embankment with St. Andrew Naval Banner over her, proving that she’s still in service. Notes: commission – принимать в состав флота enemy ranks – вражеский строй 36 fulfill your duty – исполнять свой долг glory – слава 21 Listen to the recording and complete the text. Commissioned in 1903, cruiser Aurora could have been (1)__________________________ ________________ Tsushima, could have got (2)__________________________________ _____________ during WWI, or could have been (3)______________________________ _________________ and the Civil War. In World War II, she could have got destroyed by German (4)_____________________________________. But the cruiser is (5)__________ ___________________. Doesn’t this prove that she’s not only the most legendary, but also (6)_________________________ in the history of the Russian Navy? And now, having celebrated her 113th birthday, Aurora has (7)_______________ _____________________ at the Petrograd Embankment as (8)_______________________ __________________ and the history of the Russian Navy. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN area field machinery maintenance hull shape model ship test tank carry out support (v, n) repair (v, n) design (v, n) train (v) roll rolling pitch pitching buoyancy sink (sank, sunk) unsinkable stable stability sail (v, n) sailor = seaman Navy fleet marine maritime construct – construction add – addition recognize – recognition solve – solution develop – development equip – equipment state-of-the-art outstanding long-standing Academic Council academician refit outdated be overhauled gun escape (v, n) fire a shot damage (v, n) receive hit (n) defeat (v, n) destroy survive crew enemy 37 LESSON 4 THE CITY ON THE NEVA Part 1: Peter’s Great Creation 1 Combine each verb with two of the nouns given to make phrases. the aim problems the programme a research centre the victory the standard the motivation passengers the change the shopping bag achieve – достигать, добиваться _________________ /__________________ cause – причина; вызывать, быть причиной _________________ /__________________ carry – нести, везти _________________ /__________________ establish – учреждать _________________ /__________________ contribute (to) – вносить вклад (в), _________________ /__________________ способствовать 2 Match the English words with their Russian equivalents. There is one extra Russian word. 1. access 2. enterprise 3. shipyard 4. various 5. opposite 6. across a. верфь b. доступ c. через d. различный e. успех f. предприятие g. напротив 3 a) Use the examples to match the linking words with their Russian equivalents. A 1. The new machines will work much faster, thus making the costs lower. 2. Important competitions need preparation. Therefore we should arrive at the stadium an hour early. 3. Everything went according to plan. thus таким образом therefore в соответствии с according to следовательно, поэтому B 1. Although this is technically against the rules, it is still common practice. 2. The experts will study the collection; it will not, however, be accessible to the public. 3. Many of his readers liked his style of writing, though without sharing his political views. 4. This fact is strange yet true. although / though однако however тем не менее, однако yet хотя C 1. I’m going to London, and my sisters are coming as well. 2. Along with physics and chemistry, biology is one of natural sciences. 38 3. As well as academic achievements, David was known for taking part in sports competitions. 4. In addition to giving an introduction to computer science, the course also provides practical tasks. 5. The hotel is not very expensive, along with также как и moreover, it is perfectly located for in addition to вместе с, наряду с visiting most of the historic sights. moreover кроме того, более того as well тоже, также as well as в дополнение к b) Study the linking words and translate the sentences. while – в то время, как (союз времени / союз противопоставления) as – по мере того, как так как / поскольку в качестве 1. He works as assistant manager. 2. As we are both tired, let’s have a break now. 3. While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 4. They got married while they were still at the university. 5. As I was studying the material, the task was becoming clearer. Peter I = Peter the Great St. Petersburg Venice of the North the Peter and Paul Fortress the Admiralty the Summer Garden the Academy of Sciences Menshikov Palace the Twelve Colleges the Kunstkamera the Baltic Sea the Neva Zayachiy Island Sweden the Swedes the Northern War Swedish Domenico Trezzini 39 4 Read the text and say which period in the city history it describes. GATEWAY TO EUROPE On May 27, 1703, on Zayachiy Island in the Neva delta, Peter the Great laid down* the foundation stone of the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was designed by the tsar himself and built to defend the land from the Swedes in the Northern War. Access to the Baltic Sea was vital* for Russia’s economic and political growth as using waterways was the cheapest method of both travelling and carrying goods for trade*. Therefore, in 1700 Peter the Great started the Northern War to get back the lands at the sea shore* that used to belong* to Novgorod, but were at the time under Swedish control. On achieving this aim, he founded a fortress at the mouth of the Neva and named it St. Petersburg. This also became the name of the city which immediately* began to grow around the fortress. The same year the first foreign ship called at* its port thus bringing it international recognition. At first, the fortress walls were constructed of wood and earth but soon they were rebuilt in stone. Several years later, a cathedral was built there in honour* of Saints Peter and Paul, thus causing the fortress to change its name. The cathedral was designed by the Italian architect Domenico Trezzini, who decorated it with a 122m high gilded spire*. It was the tallest structure in the city at the time and has become one of its most famous landmarks. Starting the Northern War, Peter the Great knew that Sweden had the strongest fleet on the Baltic Sea, and that he must either build ships to fight against it, or lose the war. Therefore, in 1704, only a year after the Peter and Paul Fortress was founded, another important event took place: the Admiralty shipyard was laid down to make ships for the Russian Navy. The enterprise not only contributed to Russia’s victory, but also actually started the oldest industry in St. Petersburg. In 1712, even before the war was over, the city was made capital of Russia. People of various trades and professions not only from this country, but also from abroad started coming to the place and contributing to St. Petersburg’s vast and fast development*. Just two years later the Kunstkamera, Russia’s first public museum, was opened; it was based on Peter the Great’s personal collection. In 1724 the tsar also established the Academy of Sciences and St. Petersburg University, where many outstanding scientists from Europe were invited* to work and teach. It was a new epoch in Russia’s history, the epoch of Peter the Great with reorganization and reform in all fundamental spheres—those of the state administration, the army and the fleet, education, culture and even everyday life. In the beginning, the tsar lived near the Peter and Paul Fortress in a small wooden house, which has survived and is now a museum. Some time later, Domenico Trezzini built the Summer Palace for Peter’s family opposite his first residence across the Neva, and soon the area around it was developed into what is known as the Summer Garden. There also used to 40 be a winter palace—not the one that you can see now, though, but which along with such other great buildings of the time as Menshikov Palace and the Twelve Colleges contributed to the image of the most European city in Russia, whose centre is nowadays recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage site*. Notes: lay (laid, laid) down – закладывать vital – жизненно важный trade – торговля; ремесло goods for trade – товары на продажу tradesman – ремесленник sea shore – берег моря used to belong – когда-то принадлежали immediately – немедленно, сразу call at – заходить (в порт) honour – честь gilded spire – позолоченный шпиль vast and fast development – всестороннее бурное развитие invite – приглашать World Heritage site – объект мирового наследия 5 Read the text again and decide if the statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1. The Peter and Paul Fortress was designed by Domenico Trezzini. 2. The lands in the mouth of the Neva had belonged to Novgorod, but later were taken by the Swedes. 3. At first, the fortress was named in honour of Saint Peter. 4. Russia needed access to the Baltic Sea to win the Northern War. 5. The fortress name was changed because of the cathedral. 6. At the beginning of the war, Peter the Great had the strongest fleet on the Baltic Sea. 7. The Admiralty yard was founded to build ships for trading with other countries as Russia had won access to the Baltic sea. 8. St. Petersburg was founded as a new capital of Russia. 9. In the Kunstkamera people could see things collected by Peter the Great. 10. The Academy of Sciences was necessary for the Russian scientists to discuss their achievements. 11. Peter the Great supported fundamental Russian traditions in most spheres. 12. The Peter and Paul Fortress was the first residence of Peter the Great. 13. The city centre has the status of a World Heritage site because it is the most European city in Russia. 6 a) Choose a correct ending for each sentence in the text. Cause Effect At the end of the 17th century Russia had no access to seas, except the White sea in the north, (1)_____ Therefore, Peter the Great started a war against Sweden (2)_____ In 1703, after he had achieved this aim, (3)____ To win the final victory, however, Russia needed warships that could defeat the Swedish navy, (4)_____ By the end of the Northern War, a new city had grown around the yard and the fortress, (5)_____ a. he founded a fortress to control the area. b. the city which later was named a gateway to Europe and Venice of the North. c. to get back the territory around the mouth of the Neva and thus win access to the Baltic Sea. d. which made trade difficult and had negative effects on economic development. e. so the Admiralty yard was established to build those. 41 b) Use the facts from the table and the linking words given and make up your own sentences illustrating the cause and effect relations. as since because so therefore thus that’s why 7 a) Complete the text with the words given. provided special included innovation outstanding university the Kunstkamera foreign developed The epoch of Peter the Great was one of reform and (1)_________________ in many aspects of life. By the tsar’s order the first gymnasium, (2)_________________ and Academy of Sciences were established, which (3)_______________ the basis for the system of education and scientific research. Moreover, the first museum in Russia, (4)_________________, was organised and opened to the public. The reforms also (5)_________________ changes in the state administration, where twelve ministries (colleges) were introduced and a (6)________________ building was constructed for them in the city centre. It is worth mentioning* that from its early years the city (7)__________________ according to a plan, breaking from the tradition of other Russian cities at the time. Both Russian and (8)________________ architects, the first of whom was Domenico Trezzini, created (9)_________________ ensembles which made the city famous all over the world. Note: it is worth mentioning – стоит упомянуть, заслуживает упоминания b) List the innovations introduced with the foundation of the city. Part 2: A Famous Museum (video) Do you like visiting museums? What museums have you been to? What did you see there? 8 Complete the word formation table. Verbs attract – притягивать, привлекать ______________ – связывать permit – ________________ Nouns _____________ – достопримечательность connection – связь permission – разрешение 9 Think of one word to complete all the combinations. 1. o _ _ g _ _ _ _ document writer plan idea man подлинный документ самобытный писатель первоначальный план свежая мысль необычный человек 42 2. s__ a date the sails an example the tone the alarm назначать дату ставить паруса показать пример задавать тон поставить будильник 10 Answer the questions. 1. Have you been to the Hermitage museum? 2. What did you see there? What did you find interesting? Elizabeth Catherine II Nicolas I Imperial Family the Empress Bartolomeo Rastrelli the Winter Palace the State Hermitage the General Staff Building the Palace Square 11 Read the text and answer the questions. 1 2 3 4 Why is the Hermitage a must-see for visitors to St. Petersburg? What does the museum house*? How many hermitages are there? Why was each of the buildings in the complex constructed? THE HERMITAGE For many people, the State Hermitage is usually what first comes to mind when they think of St. Petersburg. It is the city’s most popular visitor attraction and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. There are over 3 million items on display*, and if you spend just one minute to view each of them, it will take eleven years to see the whole collection. As a result, most visitors prefer guided tours* to make sure they don’t miss any of its highlights*, which include paintings, sculptures and artifacts from different epochs and countries. What is more, the place is of great interest as a former* tsars’ residence with various everyday objects such as furniture, clothes and personal belongings. Some visitors mistakenly believe the Hermitage to be the same as the Winter Palace, but in fact the museum complex includes five buildings, of which the Winter Palace is the oldest, dating from 1762. It was designed by the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli in the baroque style to be a home for Peter the Great’s daughter Elizabeth. However, she died very soon after, and the first real owner* of the palace was Catherine II, who added three more buildings to it – the Large (Old) Hermitage, the Small Hermitage, and the Hermitage Theatre. They were constructed for giving parties and housing* the art collections bought by the Empress. The New Hermitage is the only* building which was added much later and became the first one specifically designed as an art gallery. All the parts of the complex are interconnected by passages* in the form of arches, covered bridges and a hanging garden. The General Staff Building in the Palace Square has lately become part of the museum as well. Notes: house – помещать в себе, служить помещением для items on display – экспонаты; предметы, выставленные для обозрения guided tours – экскурсии с гидом highlights – (зд.) наиболее значимые произведения 43 former – бывший owner – владелец, хозяин the only – единственный passage – переход 12 a) Watch the first part of the video and match the places and the description details (there is one extra detail you don’t need to use). 1. the museum buildings 2. the Jordan Staircase* 3. the Throne Room* 4. the Small Throne Room 5. the 1812 War Gallery 6. the Pavillion Hall 7. the living apartments of the Imperial family a. grand processions b. Renaissance motifs with a Mauresque style* c. the Malachite Room, the Golden Drawing Room, the Crimson Boudoir* d. the Winter Palace, the Hermitages e. balls and celebrations f. 332 portraits of generals g. the memory of Peter the Great h. neoclassical style Notes: the Jordan Staircase – Иорданская лестница Throne Room – тронный зал Mauresque style – мавританский стиль the Malachite Room – малахитовый зал the Golden Drawing Room – золотая гостиная the Crimson Boudoir – малиновый будуар b) Watch the second part of the video and complete the phrases with nationalities. Flemish – фламандский Dutch – голландский 1. works of _______________ art — masterpieces* by Leonardo da Vinci, Rafael, Titian 2. the 17th century _______________ artist Rembrandt 3. _______________ artist Peter Paul Rubens 4. _______________ art from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD* 5. _______________ sculpture of the 18th and early 19th centuries 6. _______________ painters: Impressionists Monet, Renoir Post-Impressionists Degas, Van Gogh, Gauguin early works by Matisse and Pablo Picasso Notes: masterpiece – шедевр BC (before Christ) – до нашей эры AD (Anno Domini) – нашей эры 13 Read the factfile and say a. which of the following facts you knew before; b. which one/ones you find the most surprising. DID YOU KNOW THAT … ? 1 Although now the name of one of the largest museums in the world, the word ‘hermitage’ originally means ‘a lonely place* to live away from other people’. However, in the eighteenth century it was often given to buildings designed for private parties thus becoming the name for smaller palaces. 2 The first art collection of 225 paintings was bought for the Winter Palace in 1764. It had originally been formed for the Prussian king Frederick II who was Russia’s opponent in the Seven Years’ War. When he failed to buy the collection, Catherine II took the chance to ‘win another victory’ over him. 44 3 For a long time, the Hermitage collections could only be seen by the tsars’ families and their guests. A.S.Pushkin was able to* see them once through the help of G.R.Derzhavin, who got him a special permission to visit the palace. 4 In 1838-39 the Winter Palace was completely rebuilt following a terrible fire that broke out on December 17, 1837. The fire burned for three days and left nothing but the outer walls*. The restoration work was supervised by the architect V.P.Stasov. He preserved Rastrelli’s exterior, but the interior was decorated according to the changed fashion. 5 In 1844 Nicolas I issued an order* which set a height limit for all the houses in the city – they might not be more than 11 sazhens (23.47 metres) tall. Although the Winter Palace was not mentioned anywhere in the document, the height chosen is exactly the distance from its roof to the ground. 6 In 1852, the New Hermitage was opened to the public as a museum, but common people* were not permitted to visit it. After the Great October Revolution the whole of the Hermitage complex became a museum opened for all people. 7 The Winter Palace was the official residence of the Imperial Family until 1917, yet from 1905 on, they did not live there and only returned for State ceremonies. 8 During WWI, some of the Palace rooms were turned into a hospital, which worked until the October of 1917. It was provided with state-of-the art equipment and had the best doctors. The hospital was often visited by the tsar’s family and foreign delegations. 9 In 1917 the Winter Palace was the seat of the Provisional Government which ruled Russia between the two revolutions. 10 The Winter Palace, now green and white, was originally light yellow. The building has been repainted many times in light brown, red, dark yellow. During the Siege* of Leningrad the whole of the Hermitage, including the roof, was painted grey so as to make it less noticeable* for the German aviation. 11 About sixty cats live at the Hermitage walking the rooms at night and guarding* the collections from mice and rats*. They are called ‘hermikies’ and each of them has a passport and a medical certificate, some are named after famous artists or their paintings. 12 The Hermitage museum has become an important restoration and research centre organizing numerous international projects. It gives lectures and courses in different aspects of classical and modern art thus playing a great educational role for the public. Notes: lonely place – уединенное место was able to – смог outer walls – внешние стены preserve – сохранять issue an order – издать указ common people – обычные люди siege – блокада, осада noticeable – заметный guard – охранять mice and rats – мыши и крысы 45 14 a) Sort out the six paragraphs which describe the Hermitage museum, and the other six describing the Winter Palace as a historical building. b) Use the key phrases to speak about the Winter Palace. 1762 – Rastrelli – baroque style Catherine II – the Large (Old) Hermitage, the Small Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre 1837 – fire – restoration – V.P.Stasov 1844 – height limit 1852 – the New Hermitage 1905-1917 – State ceremonies WWI – hospital 1917 – Provisional Government colours c) Use the key phrases to speak about the Hermitage museum. visitor attraction items on display tsars’ residence the word hermitage the first art collection A.S.Pushkin opened to the public ‘hermikies’ educational role Part 3: The City of Shipbuilders 15 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words given. plant – завод, предприятие power plant – силовая установка design bureau – проектно-конструкторское бюро manufacture – производить, изготавливать (нечто материальное) produce – производить (что-то как материальное, так и нематериальное) product – продукция, товар replace – заменять launch – запускать (ракету), спускать (корабль на воду) 1. His report didn’t _______________ the effect he had planned. 2. My brother is a naval architect. He works for a _______________. 3. The company _______________ desks, chairs, and other furniture. 4. The _______________ of this company is office furniture. 5. The ice-breaker will be _______________ in two months’ time. 6. There are many _______________ and factories in the city. 7. The ship’s _______________ needed regular maintenance. 8. You need to _______________ the battery in your telephone. 16 Read the text and match the titles to the paragraphs (there is one extra title). a b c d e f g The shipyards today The birth of shipbuilding industry Steam and metal: the growth of shipbuilding industry The city’s main industries The period of wood and sail Advances in ship research Vivat traditions! 46 THE CITY’S OLDEST INDUSTRY 1 frigate – фрегат St. Petersburg is one of the largest warship – военный корабль industrial centres in Russia, with many merchant vessel – торговое судно factories and plants of very high surface ship – надводный корабль economic efficiency and innovative submarine – подводная лодка activity. A large number of various submersible – подводный аппарат products are made here, for example, icebreaker – ледокол power-engineering* plants manufacture ice-class vessel – судно ледового класса equipment for power stations*, floating nuclear power plant – плавучая mechanical engineering* enterprises атомная электростанция produce railway carriages*, cars and buses, diesel engines, and even technical systems for spaceships. Moreover, the city is famous for its electronics and instrument-making industries*, whose products are exported to many countries. 2 However, the oldest and probably most important of the city’s industrial spheres is shipbuilding, covering all the aspects of research, design, construction and repair. Its history goes back to 1704, only one year after the founding of the city, when the Admiralty yard was established to build ships for the Northern War. 3 The fifty-four-gun frigate Poltava, launched in 1712, became the first large warship of the Baltic Fleet. During the war, 22 other ships and over 200 galleys* were built. When the war was over, the yard started to produce merchant vessels as well, but constructing warships never stopped. By the mid-nineteenth century over 250 large ones had been launched. 4 That period was a time of great advances in technology – the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine* was replacing the sail, and wood as a building material was giving way to* metal. These changes along with a need for more and more ships for the country’s growing economy led to the founding of both the Baltic Yard, which was not only to* build ships’ hulls but also produce engines and other machinery, and Kronstadt Marine Plant for ship repairs. As shipbuilding technology developed, two other enterprises – the Northern Yard and the Middle Neva Yard – were organized at the beginning of the 20th century. The following years also saw the establishment of many design bureaus, which, together with the famous Krylov Reseach Centre, have gradually formed the broad research and design base the city has now. 5 As time went on and new challenges had to be met*, the shipyards changed their main activity areas. Today, the focus of the Admiralty Yard is submarines and submersibles, although small surface ships are built there too; the Baltic Yard produces icebreakers and ice-class vessels 47 for the Arctic (both diesel-electric and nuclear-powered), as well as floating nuclear power plants; the Northern Yard mostly works on building and modernising surface ships for the Navy; and the Middle Neva Yard is best-known for innovative technology of using composite materials for ships’ hulls. 6 In addition to these large old enterprises, St. Petersburg also has many smaller ones that have been established in recent years*. At one of them, a replica of Peter the Great’s Poltava was built by enthusiasts and launched on the city’s birthday in 2018, celebrating the glory* and long-standing traditions of Russian shipbuilding. steam engine – паровая машина give way to – уступить was not only to – должен был не только new challenges had to be met – нужно было соответствовать новым требованиям/ запросам in recent years – за последние годы celebrating the glory – отдавая дань славе Notes: power-engineering – энергетика power station – электростанция mechanical engineering – машиностроение railway carriage – железнодорожный вагон electronics and instrument-making industries – приборостроение galley – галера 17 Read the text again and a. give examples of the city’s industries and their products; b. prove that shipbuilding industry is the oldest in the city; c. explain why a replica of the Poltava was constructed in 2018; d. explain why the Baltic Yard and Kronstadt Marine Plant were established; e. describe the city’s present research, design and construction base; f. illustrate the differences between the main shipyards’ working spheres. 18 Use the information from the text to speak about each of the five principal shipyards of the city. Part 4: Russia’s Imperial City (video) 19 a) Read the paragraph and find the adjectives used with the nouns given. Translate the combinations. ________________ palaces, ________________ cathedrals, ________________ gardens, ________________architecture, ________________ canals, ________________ streets, ________________ambition, ________________ cities, ________________ royalty spread – расстилаться St. Petersburg lies around 400 miles to the north-west of Moscow. wealth – богатство Nestled on the Neva River, it spreads* out from its banks and glitter – сверкать across a series of islands that lie within the river delta. With a rival – соперничать wealth* of extravagant palaces, breathtaking cathedrals and succeed – преуспеть magnificent gardens, St. Petersburg is truly Russia’s Imperial city. Its grandiose architecture and picturesque canals were born from the glittering* ambition of Peter the Great early in the 18th century, and progressively guilded by generations of Russian royalty. Over the centuries, this dynasty sought to create a city to rival* the greatest cities of Europe, and as you step onto the cobblestone streets here, you’ll discover they succeeded*. 48 b) Watch the video and practice reading the script in part (a). 20 Watch the next part of the video and put the sights in the order they are shown. ban – запрещать climb – взбираться, подниматься bury – хоронить pump – насос, помпа a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. the Admiralty building St Isaac’s Cathedral the Church of the Saviour on the Spilled Blood the Palace Square the Summer Palace and Gardens the Catherine Palace the Peter and Paul Fortress Peterhoff Palace and Gardens complex Kazan Cathedral Nevsky Prospekt 21 Watch the video again and answer the questions. 1. Where is St. Petersburg located? 2. Where do people usually start their tours around the city? 3. Why did many people come to live in the city during Peter the Great’s time? 4. What can you do if you visit St Isaac’s Cathedral? 5. Where did tradesmen work to create Russia’s first warships? 6. Who is buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress? 7. What is special about the Peterhoff fountains? 8. How much gold was used for the roof of the Catherine Palace? 9. What was held in the Summer Gardens in the 18th century? legacy – наследие reflect – отражать stroll – прогуливаться avenue – проспект pour – лить, хлынуть gem – драгоценный камень dome – купол gateway – ворота regal estate – царское имение hydrofoil – судно на подводных крыльях draw-bridge – подъемный мост scale – масштаб testament – свидетельство 22 Choose one of St. Petersburg’s attractions to give a talk about. Try to include the information on its location construction time designer / architect / sculptor specific details historical events / facts 49 WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO LEARN the Baltic Sea the Neva Zayachiy Island Sweden – Swedish the Northern War plant power plant design bureau achieve cause carry contribute (to) establish set manufacture replace launch the Peter and Paul Fortress the Admiralty the Kunstkamera the Winter Palace the State Hermitage the General Staff Building the Palace Square the Academy of Sciences Menshikov Palace the Twelve Colleges the Summer Garden attract – attraction permit – permission connect – connection produce – product Peter I = Peter the Great Elizabeth Catherine II Nicolas I original therefore thus according to however yet although/though along with moreover in addition to as well as well as while as Domenico Trezzini Bartolomeo Rastrelli the Provisional Government the Siege of Leningrad 50 SUPPLEMENT Lesson 1 GRAMMAR Personal Pronouns, Possessive Adjectives, Verb to be 1 Translate the sentences into English. 1. Меня зовут Миша. Это моя сестра Маша. Ей 12 лет. Ее глаза зеленые. 2. Это мой друг. Его зовут Петя. У него есть собака, ее зовут Шарик. Она маленькая. 3. Петя и я – студенты. Наши родители – инженеры, их профессии очень интересные. 4. Ты студент? Как тебя зовут? I am a student. This is my book. You are a student. This is your book. He is a student. This is his book. She is a student. This is her book. It is a book. Its colour is blue. We are students. These are our books. You are students. These are your books. They are students. These are their books. 2 Make up general and special questions according to the model. My friends are at home. Mary is a good student. Are your friends at home? Where are your friends? Is Mary a good student? What kind of student is Mary? 1. The courses are two years long. _________________________________________ How long _________________________________ 2. The lecture on algebra is at 10 o’clock. _____________________________________ When ____________________________________ 3. Jane is in the library. ____________________________________________________ Where ____________________________________ 4. Mark and Robert are part-time students. ______________________________________ What kind of _______________________________ 5. My teacher is American. __________________________________________________ What nationality _______________________________ Articles a pencil – __ pencils an essay – __ essays the pencil – the pencils the essay – the essays Russia the Russian Federation 3 Complete the text with the correct articles. Alice comes from ____ small town near ____ London, but she is ____ student at Durham university, in ____ North of ____ England. She is taking ____ course in ____ economics. Alice has ____ two lectures and ____ seminar three times ____ week. At her seminars she can discuss ____ many economic problems with ____ other students. She also reads 51 ____ professional books in ____ university library and writes ____ essays about ____ different economic theories. On ____ Wednesdays, she meets her tutor. She asks him ____ questions and he helps her with ____ essays. Alice is ____ active member of ____ student union at ____ university, and she often takes part in ____ events and ____ competitions. She lives a full and busy life. The Present Simple I am you are he is she is it is we are you are they are я показываю ты показываешь он показывает она показывает оно показывает мы показываем вы показываете они показывают I show_ you show_ he shows she shows it shows we show_ you show_ they show_ 4 Give the same forms for the verbs play, live. 5 Make up general and special questions according to the model. John goes to the library after classes. Does John go to the library after classes? Where does John go after classes? When does John go to the library? We write course papers every year. Do you write course papers every year? What do you write every year? How often do you write course papers ? 1. They have three classes on Fridays. ________________________________________ How many _____________________________________________ 2. Charles lives in the hall of residence. _______________________________________ Where ________________________________________________ 3. Nora sometimes misses classes to practice with her group. ______________________________________________________________________ Why ______________________________________________ 4. Our friends always take part in the university events. ______________________________________________________________________ What _____________________________________________ in? 5. The number of essays depends on the subject. ______________________________________________________________________ What _____________________________________________ on? 6. We write tests and essays every month. ______________________________________________________________________ 52 How often __________________________________________ 7. It takes us 40 minutes to get to the university in the morning. _____________________________________________________________________ How long ___________________________________________ Object Pronouns Subject pronoun I we you he she it they Object pronoun me – меня, мне, мной us – нам, нас, нами you – тебя, тебе, тобой him – его, ему, им her – ее, ей, ею it – его, её (неодуш.) them – их, им, ими Possessive adjective my our your his her its their 6 Translate the words in brackets. 1. Can you give ______ (им) that key? They need ______ (его) now. 2. The task is difficult, I can’t do ______ (его). ______ (Оно) is too long and hard. 3. Where is Mr Smith? ______ (Его) car is here, but I can’t find ______ (его). 4. Where is Ann? ______ (Её) coat is here, but I can’t find ______ (её). 5. ______ (Их) new teacher would like to meet ______ (их). 6. When is the lecture? We want to attend ______ (её). 7. He always helps ______ (нам) with ______ (нашей) work. 8. The library is closed. ______ (Её) working hours are from 9 to 5. VOCABULARY TRANSLATION Part 1 1. Том на третьем курсе. 2. Я первокурсник. 3. Маша проходит курс обучения на факультете морского приборостроения. 4. Мои друзья — студенты очного обучения. 5. Ник учится на вечернем отделении. 6. Эти предметы даются мне легко. 7. Наши студенты занимаются спортом чтобы поддерживать себя в форме. 8. Мы изучаем начертательную геометрию и основы проектирования, а также иностранные языки. 9. Мне нравится информатика. 10. Факультет кораблестроения и океанотехники и факультет корабельной энергетики — старейшие в нашем университете. 11. Мы пишем курсовые работы. 12. Я часто принимаю участие в соревнованиях. 13. Он получает профессиональную подготовку. 53 Part 2 1. Я всегда посещаю лекции. 2. Нора часто пропускает занятия. 3. У меня уходит 10 минут, чтобы одеться. 4. Алексу требуется 30 минут, чтобы доехать до университета. 5. Мы принимаем участие в интересных мероприятиях. 6. Как часто вы ходите в библиотеку? 7. Джейн не пишет рефератов. 8. Я ухожу из дома в 8 часов. 9. Том уходит в колледж в половине восьмого. 10. Я встаю в разное время. Это зависит от моих занятий в университете. Part 3 1. Мэтью студент второго курса. 2. Он проходит курс обучения по физике. 3. Ему нравится колледж. Если он чем-то интересуется, он всегда может спросить об этом у своих тьюторов. 4. Они выполняют типовые расчеты и лабораторные работы. 5. Это исследование очень важно. 6. Студенты обычно проходят эту тему в октябре. Lesson 2 GRAMMAR Verb Forms I. II. III. IV. V. Infinitive: Past Simple: Past Participle Present Participle Gerund – draw – чертить – drew – чертил – drawn – начерченный – drawing – чертящий – drawing – черчение 1 Match the verb forms and their Russian equivalents (one translation is extra). 1. read 2. read 3. read 4. reading 5. reading a. читал, прочитал b. прочитавший c. читающий, читая d. читаемый, прочитанный e. чтение f. читать 1. design 2. designed 3. designed 4. designing 5. designing a. проектировать b. проектирующий, проектируя c. спроектировав d. проектируемый, спроектированный e. проектирование f. проектировал, спроектировал 1. write 2. wrote 3. written 4. writing 5. writing 1. speak 2. spoke 3. spoken 4. speaking 5. speaking a. письмо, написание b. напишу c. написанный d. писать, написать e. пишущий f. писал, написал a. говорящий b. говорить c. говорение d. сказанный e. поговорит f. говорил 2 Give all the forms of the verbs leave and take, and translate them into Russian. 54 The Present Simple Passive The test is written by three students. Is the test written by all the students? The test isn’t written by all the students. Such events are organized regularly. Are such events organized every month? Such events aren’t organized every month. 3 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice. 1. Our students complete many courses. _______________________________________ 2. We don’t begin the work today. ____________________________________________ 3. Do they create successful products? ________________________________________ 4. This document provides necessary information. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. Practice follows theory. ___________________________________________________ 6. He doesn’t drink tea. _____________________________________________________ 7. Does she attend classes every day? _________________________________________ 8. Do you accept candidates on the basis of an interview? ______________________________________________________________________ There is /are 4 Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. There are many higher schools in St.Petersburg. Some of them are very famous. 2. There is a problem sheet that you must do. 3. There are two stages in the educational system – the undergraduate stage and the postgraduate stage. 4. Is there a very good library at the university? 5. It is a course in humanities. There aren’t any sciences in it. 5 Complete the sentences by ‘There is’, ‘There are’, ‘It is’, ‘They are’. 1. ________ a special requirement to start this course. ________ very important. 2. The application form for you is on the desk. ________ three parts to complete. 3. ________ some advances in the field of data security. ________ quite interesting. 4. ‘What is the number of students on this course?’ ‘________ usually small – from 10 to 12.’ 5. ________ many summer jobs to apply for. You can choose what you like. The Future Simple 6 Study the functions of the Future Simple. 1. I believe that computers will play a greater role in education. 2. I will call you tomorrow morning, I promise. 3. ‘Which question would you like to start with – the first or the second?’ ‘I will start with the second one.’ 4. This Sunday will be October 21. 55 7 Make up sentences according to the model. A: I think John will go to the concert on Sunday. B: Will Mary go to the concert on Sunday? A: No, she won’t go there. 1. attend the lecture on design principles 2. take part in the competition 3. complete the course in December 4. defend this project next year 5. do research on this topic Clauses of Time and Condition 8 Use the verbs in brackets in the Present of Future Simple. 1. I ______________(come) to see you when I ____________(have) some free time. 2. You _______________(not master) all the subjects if you ______________ (not do) your homework. 3. After they _________________(be awarded) a degree, they ______________ (make) good professional careers. 4. As soon as you _________________(defend) your final year project, you _____________(get) a job with this company. 5. He ______________(get) good work experience if he ______________ (be accepted) for this position. 6. When the necessary information _________________(be provided), we ____________ ____________(complete) the project. VOCABULARY TRANSLATION Part 1 1. Мы изучаем и точные науки, и гуманитарные дисциплины. 2. Когда вы оканчиваете вуз, вы получаете ученую степень. 3. Он может воспользоваться своими документами об образовании, чтобы получить эту работу. 4. Студенты магистратуры и аспирантуры обычно где-то работают. 5. Этот курс длится три года и ведет к получению степени бакалавра наук. 6. Программа включает теоретические курсы и профессиональную подготовку. 7. Кандидатов принимают на этот курс по итогам собеседования. 8. После завершения всех курсов вы должны защищать диплом и сдавать государственный экзамен. 9. Университет обеспечивает своих студентов учебниками. 10. Практика следует за теорией. 11. Успех этого исследования зависит от его хорошей подготовки. Part 2 1. Вам требуется опыт работы, если вы хотите подать заявление на эту должность. 2. Успех этого эксперимента может привести к большим технологическим прорывам. 3. Вам присуждается степень магистра после шести лет обучения. 4. Каковы требования к кандидатам? 5. Что означает это слово? 6. Мы работаем с числами и другими видами данных. 7. После школы вы подаете документы в вуз. 56 Part 3 1. В нашей группе двадцать пять человек, двенадцать из них живут в общежитии. 2. У нас есть студенческие и читательские билеты, но пока нет зачетных книжек – мы получим их позже. 3. В учебном году два семестра. Мы проходим курсы обучения по различным дисциплинам. 4. По некоторым предметам мы пишем курсовые работы. Они помогают нам подготовиться к написанию диплома. 5. Контрольные работы по английскому языку пишутся каждый месяц. По математике мы выполняем типовые расчеты. Иногда преподаватели задают нам писать рефераты. 6. Во время сессии все сдают экзамены. Студенты, которые успевают по программе, обычно выдерживают экзамены. Те, кто не успевает (плохо учится), часто проваливаются на экзаменах. Part 4 1. Эти системы основаны на логических операциях. 2. Его результаты обеспечивают основание для новых исследований. 3. Она часто предлагает нам свою помощь. Lesson 3 GRAMMAR The Past Simple 1 Make up statements, questions and negatives according to the models. The shipbuilding department was large. Was the shipbuilding department large? – No, it wasn’t large. The students were interested in engineering. Were the students interested in English? – No, they weren’t interested in it. The Polytechnic Institute organized a shipbuilding department in 1902. Did the Polytechnic Institute organize a shipbuilding department in 1899? No, it didn’t organize it in 1899. The need for engineers grew after the Civil War. Did the need for engineers grow before the Civil War? No, it didn’t grow before the Civil War. 1. The engineers _______________(construct) a new model. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. The subjects _______________ (be) very interesting. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Each professor _______________ (teach) several students. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 57 4. The students’ interest _______________ (be) great. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. The course _______________ (begin) two years ago. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ The Past Simple Passive 2 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice. We chose this design. – This design was chosen by us. He took the documents. – The documents were taken by him. 1. They offered two solutions to the problem. ______________________________________________________________________ 2. We repaired the machinery. _______________________________________________ 3. The institute did serious research. __________________________________________ 4. The company built hulls. _________________________________________________ 5. I wrote a letter to the office. _______________________________________________ Simple Tenses Active and Passive Present Past Future / Modals Active we draw diagrams he draws diagrams I drew diagrams she will draw diagrams they can draw diagrams you must draw diagrams Passive diagrams are drawn diagrams were drawn diagrams will be drawn diagrams can be drawn diagrams must be drawn 3 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in the correct forms. 1. Experiments in the test tank _________________(help) to optimize ship’s stability and buoyancy. 2. These parameters ____________________________________(usually / optimize) after many experiments with model ships. 3. This course ____________________(add) to the programme only last year. 4. We must _________________(equip) the laboratory with these instruments. 5. I ________________________(often / give) new tasks by the teacher. 6. The new theory ____________________(support) by experimental data. 7. The development of this technology _____________________(lead) to changes in many scientific areas in the future. 8. The faculty of Naval Architecture _____________(train) students in designing ship hulls. 9. At the college, the students ______________________(train) in the maintenance of ship machinery. 58 10. I believe the need for a careful analysis of this problem ________________________ (recognize) very soon. 11. They _____________________(organize) the construction of new ships 10 years ago. 12. Students should ______________________(train) to come up with new solutions. 13. Both problems ______________________(solve) around the year 2000. Subject Questions The technician repairs the machinery. Who repairs the machinery? Experiments were carried out in the test tank. What was carried out in the test tank? 4 Make up subject questions for the sentences given. 1. The professors train students in engineering. _______________________________________________________________ 2. The scientists of our research centre constructed a new theory. _______________________________________________________________ 3. The engineers will find the best hull shape. _______________________________________________________________ 4. Two new subjects are added to the programme. _______________________________________________________________ 5 Make up questions for the underlined words according to the model. John and Mary work_ at home. Do_ John and Mary work at home? Where do John and Mary work? Who works at home? (General question) (Non-subject question) (Subject question) 1. The company designs sports equipment. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Our engineers develop new materials in the laboratory. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Buoyancy and unsinkability are important characteristics of a ship. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 59 4. The research covered the problems of stability. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. My assistant will join the group tomorrow. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. The scientists were awarded the prize because they had made a discovery. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ VOCABULARY TRANSLATION Part 1 1. Колледж готовит студентов в сфере технического обслуживания и ремонта корабельных корпусов. 2. Студенты факультета корабельной энергетики учатся проектировать и сооружать корабельные механизмы. 3. Контракт включал в себя разработку оборудования. 4. Его работа завоевала международное признание. 5. Эти ученые разработали и выстроили теорию электромагнитного поля. 6. Они признали важность данного курса и добавили часов к программе. Part 2 1. Академик Крылов был членом Ученого совета Ленинградского кораблестроительного института. 2. Опытовый бассейн используется для того, чтобы проводить эксперименты с моделями кораблей. 3. В своей работе он решил давнюю проблему нахождения лучшей формы корпуса. 4. Вся группа поддержала его идею. 5. Это решение было предложено выдающимися учеными. Part 3 1. Плавучесть, остойчивость и непотопляемость суть основные характеристики корабля. 2. Исследование охватывало вопросы бортовой и килевой качки. 3. Устойчивые контакты с партнерами помогли нам создать исследовательский центр по последнему слову техники. 4. Изготовление парусов было трудной работой. 5. Судно шло на большой скорости. 6. Этот материал не тонет в воде. 60 Part 4 1. Я считаю, что судно нуждается в переоборудовании, и надеюсь, что оно пройдет капитальный ремонт. 2. Мы получили более тысячи писем. 3. Во время войны здание получило прямое (direct) попадание и было разрушено. 4. Он попытался удрать, выпрыгнув в окно. 5. Самолет был серьезно поврежден, но весь экипаж выжил. 6. Команда не смогла избежать поражения в этом матче. 7. Пушка делает выстрел в полдень каждый день. 8. Мы не применяем этих устаревших методов. 9. Наш враг пока что не побежден. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON LIFE IN SCIENCE Дифференциальные уравнения Уравнение x6 – 1 = 0 — алгебраическое, его решением является число. Уравнение x'(t) = x(t) — дифференциальное, его решением является функция, конкретно x(t) = et, ее подстановка в данное уравнение обращает его в тождество. В общем виде в дифференциальное уравнение может входить функция и любые ее производные. К дифференциальным уравнениям сводится большинство задач механики, где необходимо рассчитать траекторию движения объекта. Например, уравнение идеального маятника (без трения, поэтому будет качаться вечно) это x"(t) + x(t) = 0, его решения — sin(t) и cos(t). К сожалению, идеальных систем в природе не бывает, а учет в уравнении таких факторов, как силы сопротивления среды и другие посторонние воздействия, делает его сложным и чаще всего не имеющим аналитического (то есть теоретически получаемого) решения. Вопрос же устойчивости системы, то есть, например того, что выведенный из равновесия маятник в конце концов остановится, а не станет раскачиваться все сильнее, чрезвычайно важен в различных областях инженерного дела. Теория устойчивости А.М.Ляпунова во многих случаях позволяет по виду уравнения, не решая его, сказать, будет объект возвращаться в положение равновесия или нет. Нетрудно видеть, что качающийся на волне корабль тоже является колебательной системой, поэтому ясно, что хорошее знание А.Н.Крыловым дифференциальных уравнений и методов А.М.Ляпунова оказало значительное влияние на разработку им теории качки корабля. Однако, сколь бы ни были важны эти теоретические методы, они не позволяют рассчитать необходимые параметры гидродинамики, прочности и т. п., поэтому уравнения все равно приходится решать: изготовление реальной модели и запуск ее бассейн для испытания каждого нового варианта являются слишком дорогим удовольствием. Так как решать уравнения можно только численно, в наше время это делает электронная вычислительная техника. Сейчас Крыловский государственный научный центр имеет свой суперкомпьютер, а когда-то его работу в меру своих возможностей выполнял созданный Крыловым механический интегратор — специализированное вычислительное устройство для решения дифференциальных уравнений. На коротком временном интервале обычно можно отбросить нелинейную часть уравнения и ограничиться только линейной (то есть все элементы входят в первой степени). Линейная система хороша тем, что всегда решается аналитически и позволяет дать хотя бы какую-то начальную оценку ситуации. Определяющими в данном случае являются так называемые собственные числа матрицы, на которой основана система, поэтому была разработана целая серия методов их нахождения, и метод Крылова (1931 год) один из них. 61 Персоналии Александр Михайлович Ляпунов был двоюродным братом матери Крылова. Дочь Крылова Анна стала женой Петра Леонидовича Капицы, знаменитого ученого, работавшего в области физики низких температур, впоследствии нобелевского лауреата (за открытие сверхтекучести жидкого гелия). Их сыновья — Андрей Петрович Капица, географ, открывший подледные озера в Антарктиде, и Сергей Петрович Капица, физик и популяризатор науки, в течение многих лет ведущий пользовавшейся огромным успехом телепрограммы «Очевидное — невероятное», куда он приглашал ученых, рассказывавших о последних достижениях в своей области. Lesson 4 GRAMMAR Comparison of Adjectives Positive new easy prestigious good bad Comparative newer easier more prestigious better worse Superlative the newest the easiest the most prestigious the best the worst 1 Make up all the forms of the following adjectives. 1. large 2. strong 3. important 4. big 5. few 6. terrible 7. busy 8. many ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ 2 Complete the sentences by putting the words in one of the three comparison forms. 1. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is one of _______________________(popular) tourist attractions in St.Petersburg. 2. There are many __________________(famous) paintings in the Hermitage collection. 3. John is very _______________(fit). He is _______________(fit) than Tom and can run the distance much ________________(quick). 4. Along Nevsky avenue lies ____________________(short) route from Palace Square to Moscow Railway Station. 5. The second term is usually ________________(hard) than the first one. 6. Art books are never ________________(cheap) to produce, and they are even _________ ___________________(expensive) if they have colour illustrations. 7. I don’t like the place, it’s __________________(noisy) of all we’ve seen. 8. This was _____________________(difficult) topic at the exam. 62 9. According to the original design, this building was much _______________(tall) than its final version. 10. We can discuss this problem _________________(late). 11. This is __________________(light) room in the house. The Present and Past Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect [result of the action] ever/never already/just/yet since/for lately/recently this month/year/… [before another action in the past] by last Sunday before by the time He has seen this film twice. Have you done your homework yet? She hasn’t spoken to the teacher about her project. I have never been to Brazil. He had seen this film twice, so he didn’t want to watch it again. Had you done your homework by 7 o’clock yesterday? She hadn’t spoken to the teacher about her project before she began working on it. 3 a) For each of the phrases given make up a statement, a question and a negative in the Present Perfect. 1. I / write the essay _______________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ 2. John / draw the diagram _______________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ 3. Mary / take the photos _______________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ 4. They / be friends since childhood ____________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ 5. We / begin the course _______________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ b) For each of the phrases given make up a statement, a question and a negative in the Past Perfect. 1. I / write the essay / by the end of the week __________________________________________________ by the end of the week. __________________________________________________ by the end of the week? __________________________________________________ by the end of the week. 63 2. Tom / draw the diagram / before the lecture began _________________________________________________ before the lecture began. _________________________________________________ before the lecture began? _________________________________________________ before the lecture began. 3. Mary / take the photos / by the start of the conference _____________________________________________ by the start of the conference. _____________________________________________ by the start of the conference? _____________________________________________ by the start of the conference. 4. They / be friends for many years / when Robert left the city _________________________________________________ when Robert left the city. _________________________________________________ when Robert left the city? _________________________________________________ when Robert left the city. 5. We / begin the course / before the programme was changed _________________________________________ before the programme was changed. _________________________________________ before the programme was changed? _________________________________________ before the programme was changed. The Present Perfect versus the Past Simple 4 Choose the correct verb form. 1. Ann lived / has lived in St. Petersburg for five years, while she was at university. Mary lives in St. Petersburg. She lived / has lived there all her life. 2. I didn’t see / haven’t seen him this week. I didn’t see / haven’t seen him at the conference yesterday. 3. Dostoevsky wrote / has written the novel Crime and Punishment. My friend wrote / has written two essays this term. 4. They didn’t choose / haven’t chosen topics for their course papers yet. We didn’t choose / haven’t chosen topics for our reports last Monday. 5. Our teachers had / have had a meeting at two o’clock. I had / have had this information since last Monday. 6. Mr Brown spoke / has already spoken to me. He spoke / has already spoken to me an hour ago. 7. I passed / have passed all my exams – I am free now. I passed / have passed the last of my exams on January 23. 5 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. 1. Peter the Great ______________(found) the fortress of St. Petersburg. 2. The Northern War ______________(begin) in 1700. It ______________(last) until 1721. 3. Trezzini ________________(design) the Peter and Paul Cathedral which __________ ____________(become) one of the most famous tourist attractions now. 4. Tourists _________________(visit) the Peter and Paul Fortress since 1924. 64 5. The Admiralty shipyard ________________(build) ships for the Northern War. The yard ____________________(build) ships for over 300 years now. 6. Peter the Great __________________(invite) foreign scientists to teach at St. Petersburg University. The university _________________(train) specialists in many different areas since its foundation. 7. The Winter Palace __________________(change) its colour several times. 8. A.S.Pushkin once _________________(see) the Hermitage collections. 9. Cats ___________________(live) in the Hermitage since Elizabeth’s time. 10. The Hermitage __________________(be) a restoration and research centre for many years. The Present Perfect Passive 6 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice. Millions of people have visited the Kunstkamera. The Kunstkamera has been visited by millions of people. 1. The yard has built over a hundred ships. _______________________________________________________________ 2. We have achieved good results. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Mary has taken the exam in English. _______________________________________________________________ 4. This defect has caused many problems. _______________________________________________________________ 5. They have provided the equipment for the experiment. _______________________________________________________________ 6. The museum has attracted many tourists. _______________________________________________________________ 7. I have never permitted him to do that. _______________________________________________________________ VOCABULARY TRANSLATION Part 1 1. Наши студенты добились хороших результатов в проектировании судов. 2. Северная война была вызвана необходимостью получить выход к Балтийскому морю. 3. Эти корабли строились для перевозки людей и товаров. 4. Выход к морю способствовал быстрому росту торговли. 5. Московский университет был учреждён позже, чем университет в Санкт-Петербурге. 6. В нашем городе есть верфи и различные предприятия. 7. Летний дворец для семьи Петра I был построен напротив Петропавловской крепости через реку Неву. 65 Part 2 1. Реформы Петра I привлекли в Россию множество иностранных специалистов. 2. Собор является главной туристической достопримечательностью этого города. 3. Все эти компьютеры соединены друг с другом. 4. Студентам не разрешено входить в эту лабораторию. Вам нужно получить особое разрешение. 5. Дата защиты дипломных работ уже назначена. 6. Я обычно ставлю будильник на 7 часов. 7. Исходный проект был изменен несколько раз. Part 3 1. Кировский завод производит различные изделия. 2. Существуют судовые энергетические установки разных видов. 3. «Алмаз», «Рубин» и «Малахит» – известные проектно-конструкторские бюро в Петербурге. 4. Продукция этого предприятия экспортируется во многие страны мира. 5. Промышленность развивается, и новые материалы и технологии приходят на смену старым. 6. Обычно спуск судна на воду — важное мероприятие, на которое приглашаются партнеры предприятия. 66 SCRIPTS Lesson 1 I. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics At the fundamental level I wanted to be able to use maths to find out something interesting, and really physics, it was the right thing to go into for me. Specifically, you should do physics at Merton because the tutors here are exceptionally encouraging, not just for the set academic: you need to do these problem sheets, you’ve got these exams. If you are interested in something, you know, you can ask them about it. II. Dr Alan Barr, Tutor in Physics I learn so much from the clever questions that people ask me in my own tutorials, and I love to be able to tell the undergraduates something about not just the physics of a hundred years ago but the really up-to-date stuff that’s happening now as well. III. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics The tutors here are involved in* some pretty high level research, for instance, Alan Barr. He is working at CERN on the Large Hadron Collider on the ATLAS experiment*. Notes: be involved in – участвовать в ATLAS experiment – одна из программ исследований в ЦЕРНе IV. Jessica Furness, Second Year, History I normally have two lectures a week, which are very civilized and are at 12 o’clock, and so are 9 o’clocks’ for me... And I have one tutorial a week which is normally for about an hour but can wind on up to two hours with a team partner or maybe in a small group of three or four. And they’ll be discussing their essay or essay they have done with the tutor and then the other topics they’ve been covering that week. So most of my week is spent preparing for the essay, reading in the library, or writing the essay. V. Matthew Constable, Second Year, Physics … For a typical week with me, I’ll usually have two or three lectures three times a week. And being a physicist, we also have labs to do; then probably a couple of classes and a tutorial, which is, you know, one tutor to maybe two or three of us. VI. Dr Jonathan Prag, Tutor in Ancient History I teach undergraduates on a weekly basis in tutorials, perhaps, half a dozen tutorials during a week, both students from Merton, but also students from other colleges. Since I teach principally Roman history, so if students are taking Greek history, then I do exchanges with colleagues and other colleges, so that students get somebody who actually teaches them the subject they are particularly interested in, and who is an expert in that subject. VII. Freya Edwards, Second Year, Medicine We have a lot of contact time as medics. So, you are, probably, going to have two or three lectures a day, and then a few practicals, and, maybe, three or four tutes for us at the moment a week. Then you are normally free from about two o’clock in the afternoon, which is great. It gives you a bit of time to do your work, and then you just go shopping or something. 67 Lesson 2 I. Introduction D: Hello everyone and welcome to our Channel. V: I’m Valerie here is Diane and this is Mind the Grad. V: We know coming to a new country can be very exciting but also super confusing. D: When we both came to the country, we had no idea where to go, what to do and who to ask for help. V: That’s why we prepared this video to outline the basics of British education. II. Pre-University Education V: A typical path is to go to study A-levels, which stands for… I have no idea. You don’t know, Diana? D: Yes, it stands for General Certificate of Secondary Education Advanced level. V: Thank you, Diana. D: I have a lot of words. V: So, what does it usually include? D: Well, you study A-levels for two years, you get to choose four subjects, then you get to drop one subject after one year, so you’ll be ending up with three A-levels and one AS-level, and this is a typical requirement to go to a UK University. V: So that was Diana’s route. I did a different thing. I did an IB, which stands for International Baccalaureate. It’s a simpler name but actually a more complex system. You do six subjects during the course of two years and you choose three at high level and three at standard level and your high level is kind of … you need to focus on what you are going to study at university. It’s very widely accepted throughout Europe. III. Undergraduate Education V: And the day has come, and you decide to apply to a UK university. D: Once you get enrolled in a course at a UK University, you’re an undergraduate student. V: Congratulations. D: Congratulations. V: The name of your course can have a different abbreviation next to it depending on what you are going to study. D: Yes, for example Valerie and I, we both studied BA for our Bachelor’s Degree, which stands for a Bachelor of Arts. V: What it actually means is that this course is based on studying humanities, social sciences or liberal arts. D: Bachelor of Science (BSc) is completely different because it’s more based on numbers and analysis of data. V: For example, a course in mathematics is going to be BSc and a course in literature is going to be BA. But there are some special subjects that have different abbreviations, for example…. D: For example law abbreviates LLB. V: … and medicine is like BMBS. IV. Postgraduate Education V: And here you are. You’ve graduated from undergraduate study and you want to continue education because you love it so much. D: So what comes next up to Bachelor’s is a Master’s Degree. And if you’d like to study a Master’s Degree, there are also three main different routes that you can go. 68 V: First – MA, which stands for Masters of Arts. D: Second – MSc, which stands for Masters of Science. V: And the third one – MRes, which stands for Masters of Research. Actually, there is another option – MBA. D: I believe it stands for Masters of Business Administration. V: Correct, but there is a special criterion which applies to it. D: You have to do at least three years of work experience. V. Continuing Education… V: And after all this studying you still want to do more. Then you apply for a PhD. D: Once you finish your PhD, you’ll be able to put Doctor in front of your name. V: Yes, so you won’t be a Mrs. Parker, you’ll be Dr. Parker. D: Sounds wonderful, worth the effort. V: Definitely. So, PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy and you’ll be awarded a beautiful Doctor before your name. (Music) V: So this was a very brief picture of British educational system. Now I want to give you a bit of a timeline so you have a good picture in your head. A-levels or IB, so it’ll be two years of your life, then if you’re lucky, you go to university. Three years – Bachelor’s Degree. D: After that, there’s one year of Master’s Degree – very short, but lots of information to take in; and after that – doctorate degree which is usually three years, can be longer, can be even longer. V: Maybe all your life – you’ll be doing PhD after PhD. (Music) Any questions – please let us know below. Also subscribe, like, share our videos. We really appreciate your support. D: Or don’t do any of those things and study, get into university and have LIFE! V: Okay, okay. So, thank you so much for being with us. It was Mind the Grad. Bye… Lesson 3 The Aurora At the beginning of autumn 2014, cruiser Aurora went for another refit—her tenth in more than a hundred years of the ship’s history. There wasn’t anything special about her, Aurora was an ordinary cruiser of that time. Today, few remember the names of the other two ships of this class, while the story of Aurora is truly amazing. Her life was a chain of grandiose events and lucky circumstances that allowed her to survive and be preserved as she is now. 1 Shortly after the commissioning trials* in 1903, Aurora headed to the Pacific Ocean accompanied by other ships in order to provide enforcement for the First Pacific Squadron of the Russian Empire. On May 27, 1905, the Russian squadron [the Second Pacific squadron] was met by a Japanese fleet under the command of Admiral Togo at the Korea Strait. At 13:49, the Battle of Tsushima commenced*. The events progressed in a worst-case scenario. The Russian squadron was utterly defeated: four brand new battleships were sunk, another one—Oryol—was heavily damaged and barely stayed afloat. 69 Cruiser Aurora engaged in the battle 45 minutes after it started. In the company of other cruisers, she defended transport ships that were part of the squadron against the Japanese superior forces. Then she accompanied the line of Russian battleships. The Japanese pelted Aurora with fire. During the battle, the number of hits received by the cruiser amounted to almost twenty. Aurora withstood the day despite the damage received, and once it was dark, the cruiser managed to break through the tight encirclement of the enemy destroyers and shake off their pursuit. Named after the goddess of the dawn* and starry sky, the cruiser was fortunate from the very beginning: to be among the ten surviving ships and return home after the Battle of Tsushima— doesn’t that prove that Aurora was born under a lucky star? Notes: commissioning trials – ходовые испытания, приемка commence – начинать (офиц.) goddess of the dawn – богиня утренней зари 2 Almost the entire battle core of the Russian fleet was destroyed, and even ships that were considered obsolete like Aurora and Diana, which had survived the Russian-Japanese War, could still be useful to the fleet. In 1909, cruiser Aurora became a training ship and entered the First World War with that status. Aurora was part of the Second Cruiser Squadron of the Baltic Fleet. Its main mission was to not let the Imperial German Navy reach St. Petersburg. So, laying the minefield in the Gulf of Finland was a priority task. The cruiser’s job was to patrol these minefields and support destroyers. That’s all. So, Aurora fulfilled those tasks from the very beginning. But it should be noted that the ship was already outdated by 1914, 1915, 1916. It was in constant need of repairs. The steam engine had to be completely replaced. In this condition, Aurora met the February Revolution in Russia, and she was almost in the same condition during the October Revolution. 3 During the revolutionary events of 1917, the sailors of the Baltic Fleet, Aurora in particular, played an almost decisive role in the Bolsheviks’ victory. Aurora was anchored* near a factory wall, where there were plenty of workers. So it was natural for the crew to get involved in the revolutionary movement. And when the revolution began on February 23, 1917, the Aurora sailors supported it. On October 25, the cruiser stood in the fairway of the Neva River near Nikolayevsky Bridge. At 21:45, her bow gun fired a shot, which began the October Revolution. In the summer of 1918, guns were removed from Aurora and sent to the frontline of the Russian Civil War. However, despite her merits* for the revolution, Aurora had every chance to get scrapped. The young Soviet republic had no funds to promptly rebuild its fleet. Of the two cruisers of this type, Aurora and Diana, the former had an important advantage: she had been overhauled. As a result, Diana was scrapped, and Aurora returned to service as a training ship. Notes: anchor – стоять на якоре despite her merits – несмотря на свои заслуги 4 In September 1941, German troops were breaking through to Leningrad (renamed St. Petersburg). Every cannon and every soldier were integral. And again, Aurora’s guns were removed from the ship and placed in the suburbs of the city. Together with the guns, seamen left the cruiser to fight on the ground. Aurora’s main battery fought at Duderhof Hills; the crew showed themselves to be heroes, and almost all of them fell defending the city. The cruiser herself was fighting German aircraft in the port of Oranienbaum. Seriously damaged by enemy air bombs and artillery shells, Aurora was run aground, but still continued to defend the sky of Leningrad from German aviation. Though Aurora was sitting on the ground, she 70 remained in the ranks throughout the entire war. And her flying flag was a symbol of this. The flag showed that Aurora was in the ranks, Aurora was fighting—she was fulfilling her duty. As Aurora was beginning her fifth decade in service, she was already considered a legendary ship in the Soviet Navy. For this reason, even before World War II was over, a decision was taken to preserve the ship as a monument of military history and the Revolution. The ship was brought afloat, handed over to the Nakhimov Naval School, and anchored in front of the historic Peter the Great Palace*, which hosts the school. Note: Неточность в тексте: здание Нахимовского училища было построено в 1910-1912 годах для Городского училищного дома имени Петра Великого. Военно-морское училище размещается в нем с 1944 года. 5 Commissioned in 1903, cruiser Aurora could have been destroyed in the Battle of Tsushima, could have got sunk by a German submarine during World War I, or could have been scrapped after the Russian Revolution and the Civil War. In World War II, she could have got destroyed by German aircraft or artillery. But the cruiser is still in service. Doesn’t this prove that she’s not only the most legendary, but also the luckiest ship in the history of the Russian Navy? And now, having celebrated her 113th birthday, Aurora has returned to her place at the Petrograd Embankment as a symbol of St. Petersburg and the history of the Russian Navy. Lesson 4 The State Hermitage Museum Russia’s state Hermitage is one of the world’s greatest art museums with the collection numbering around 3 million works of art. The superb architectural ensemble of the museum buildings is situated in the very centre of St. Petersburg and includes the Winter Palace, the former official residence of the Russian emperors, as well as the buildings of the Small, Large and New Hermitages and the Hermitage Theatre. The Jordan staircase opens the way to the suite of state rooms in the imperial residence. Grand processions would ascend* it on their way to the large Throne Room. That hall created in the austere neoclassical style is striking for the grandeur of its architectural concept. At the far end, the throne of the Russian emperors stands on a raised dais*. The Small Throne Room has a commemorative* function being devoted to the memory of Peter the Great, the founder of St. Petersburg. The 1812 War Gallery was conceived* by Emperor Alexander I to celebrate Russia's victory over Napoleon. Hanging on its walls are 332 portraits of generals who fought heroically in what became known as the Patriotic War. One of the most striking rooms in the museum is the Pavilion Hall where the interior decoration combines Renaissance motifs with a Mauresque style. A significant* place in the museum display in the Winter Palace is occupied by the living apartments of the Imperial family, notably the Malachite Room, Golden Drawing Room and Crimson Boudoir. These authentic interiors have survived down to the present day. The beginnings of the Hermitage’s famous art collection were laid in 1764, when Empress Catherine II acquired* 225 Western European paintings. That year is considered the date of the museum’s foundation. One of the largest sections in the gallery consists of works of Italian art. 71 The Hermitage is justly proud of its masterpieces by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian and other great names. It is also home to one of the world’s finest collections of works by the brilliant 17th century Dutch artist Rembrandt that includes some of the master’s most significant creations. The collection of the great Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens embraces* all the periods of his career. The Hermitage can boast a fine collection of works of Roman art spanning the period from 1st century BC to 4th century AD, and Italian sculpture of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The modern gallery opens with a constellation* of brilliant French painters. Art lovers from around the world come to the Hermitage to view its masterpieces by the Impressionists – Monet, Renoir, and post-impressionists Degas, Van Gogh and Gauguin, and early works by Matisse and the father of cubism Pablo Picasso. The State Hermitage has become one of the symbols of St. Petersburg, and today it is simply impossible to imagine cultural life in Russia without this world-famous Museum. significant – значительный acquire – приобретать embrace – обнимать, охватывать constellation – созвездие Notes: ascend – подниматься dais – помост, возвышение conceive – задумывать The Tourist Attraction St. Petersburg lies around 400 miles to the north-west of Moscow. Nestled on the Neva River, it spreads out from its banks and across a series of islands that lie within the river delta. With a wealth of extravagant palaces, breathtaking cathedrals and magnificent gardens, St. Petersburg is truly Russia’s Imperial city. Its grandiose architecture and picturesque canals were born from the glittering ambition of Peter the Great early in the 18th century, and progressively guilded by generations of Russian royalty. Over the centuries, this dynasty sought to create a city to rival the greatest cities of Europe, and as you step onto the cobblestone streets here, you’ll discover they succeeded. Most visitors start their adventures right in the heart of historic St. Petersburg. Palace Square is dominated by the Alexander Column and is home to the Winter Palace. This monumental palace is the legacy of Catherine the Great and was designed to reflect the might and power of Imperial Russia. Experience some of the country’s most extravagant architecture by strolling along Nevsky Prospect, the city’s main avenue. During St. Petersburg’s construction, Peter the Great banned the use of stone elsewhere in Russia so wealth and talent poured into the city. Visit the Church of the Saviour on the Spilled Blood, with its extraordinary mosaics, and Kazan Cathedral, another architectural gem. Further along the river is St. Isaac’s Cathedral, whose gold plated dome has been glittering under Russia’s sun for more than 100 years. Climb to the top for superb views over the city. St. Petersburg was also important strategically as it gave Russia a year-round gateway to the Baltic Sea. Admire the golden spire of the Admiralty building where more than 10,000 tradesmen toiled around the clock to create Russia’s first warships. Just across the river is the Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg’s official citadel. The cathedral here is the oldest church in the city and the final resting place of many Russian Emperors and Empresses. 72 The days of Imperial Russia may be over but the echoes of treachery and intrigue still resonate in regal estates all over the city. Take a hydrofoil to the sumptuous Peterhoff Palace and Gardens complex, which was created to rival the Palace of Versailles in France. Stand before the shimmering waters of the Great Cascade, a triumph of engineering with more than 60 fountains running entirely without pumps. To the south-east of the city is the Catherine Palace, its roof guilded with more than 100 kilograms of gold. Back in the heart of the city, visit the Summer Palace and Gardens. Imagine the extravagant balls that were once held here and see where Tsar Peter planned the graceful canal system that spreads throughout the city’s many islands. These elegant waterways, crossed by over 300 bridges, are the perfect compliment to the city’s soaring spires. As the sun sets, take a canal cruise to discover the romance of St. Petersburg at night. Pass through a network of draw-bridges on a journey that shows the true scale of Peter the Great’s vision. Romantic, opulent and spectacular, St. Petersburg is a glittering testament to Russia’s royal history and a celebration of the power of one man’s dream. 73 Учебное издание Силина Екатерина Кузьминична Суринова Елена Аркадьевна WELCOME ABOARD Учебное пособие по английскому языку Верстка: Е.К.Силина Подписано в печать 21.08.2022 г. Печать цифровая. Формат 70x100/16. Объем 6,0 усл. печ. л. Заказ № 14641. Дополнительный тираж 500 экз. Типография «Скифия-принт» 197198. С.-Петербург, ул. Б. Пушкарская, д. 10, лит.З. пом. 32-Н