Lecture 1

TURBINE INSTALLATIONS
OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS
INTRODUCTION. CYCLES
Zenkov Andrey Viktorovich
CONTACT
INFORMATION
Zenkov Andrey Viktorovich
avz41@tpu.ru
Building 4, room 112
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FEATURES OF STEAM TURBINES
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FEATURES OF STEAM TURBINES
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FEATURES OF STEAM TURBINES
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STEAM TURBINE OPERATION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPg7hOxFItI
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CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF A POWER
PLANT
The steam turbine is used as a prime mover
in power plants for power utilities and industrial
users, or as a large-scale mechanical driver for
various industrial uses
The following cycles are mainly adopted for
the standard cycle of the actual steam prime
mover:
1. Rankine cycle;
2. Regenerative cycle;
3. Reheat cycle;
4. Reheat regenerative cycle.
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RANKINE CYCLE
Rankine cycle is the most basic system for a
steam prime mover in actual plants.
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RANKINE CYCLE
The following sequence shows the condition of the fluid at
each point:
 1: Superheated steam at the boiler super-heater outlet
(steam turbine inlet).
 1-2: Adiabatic expansion in the steam turbine (ideal
condition) from turbine inlet to turbine outlet (the
condenser inlet).
 2: Wet steam at the steam turbine outlet (the condenser
inlet).
 2-3: Condensing process in the condenser.
 3: The condenser outlet (the boiler feed pump inlet).
 3-4: Adiabatic pressure rising process to the boiler
pressure in the boiler feedwater pump.
 4: Compressed water at the boiler feed pump outlet (the
boiler inlet).
 4-5: Heating process under constant pressure to saturate
conditions in the boiler.
 5: Point at saturated condition of water in the boiler.
 5-6: Evaporating process under constant pressure in the
boiler evaporator.
 6: Saturated steam at the boiler evaporator outlet (the
super heater inlet).
 6-1: Heating process under constant pressure in the boiler
super heater.
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THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Theoretical thermal efficiency of the
Rankine cycle:
Internal thermal efficiency of the steam
turbine:
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REHEAT CYCLE
 steam is reheated after the high-pressure
turbine;
 higher thermal efficiency (by 4-5%);
 lower moisture content in low-pressure
turbine.
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REGENERATIVE CYCLE
 reduce this heat loss by means of extracting steam to the
feedwater heater from the intermediate stages of the steam
turbine;
 thermal efficiency improvement;
 equipment costs increase.
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BWR CYCLE
 generates steam from water in the
reactor itself, and uses the steam
directly to drive the steam turbine;
 lower pressure conditions than
PWR;
 the steam used in the turbines
includes the radioactive materials;
 the radiation shields for the
components,
 measures towards leakage
prevention of the radioactive steam
from the turbines,
 the decontamination of the
components at their maintenance
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PWR CYCLE
 two coolant systems;
 the secondary coolant system is
separated from the primary coolant
system;
 steam turbines do not require the
radiation protection measures in
their operation and maintenance.
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PWR CYCLE
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TYPES OF STEAM TURBINES
 condensing turbines;
 back pressure turbines;
 extraction back pressure turbines;
 extraction condensing turbines;
 mixed-pressure turbines.
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CONDENSING TURBINE
 is able to use the total energy of the inlet
steam flow to a maximum extent;
 is used for power utilities that want to
supply electricity to consumers as much as
possible;
 has a lot of heat discharge loss;
 consists of many turbine stages and has
large steam flow in the LP turbine;
 requires a larger condenser.
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EXTRACTION TURBINE
 is able to change the electric power
and the process steam flow
independently by adjusting inlet
steam flow and process steam flow.
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BASIC EQUATIONS
Basic equations of one-dimensional flow of compressible fluid
essential for describing the process of power conversion in a
turbine stage and its calculation:
p k  const
1.
equation of state
2.
equation of continuity
3.
momentum equation
4.
energy equation (energy conservation)
G0 
F0 c0
0
 G1 
F1c1
1
h0  c02 / 2  q  h1  c12 / 2  l.
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