IELTS Reading Texts Book 30 Essential Texts Usually Common in Test 450 Questions for Practice For High Band Score By. AKHLIMA BEG Table of Contents Multiple Choice Reading 1 Penguins 5 2 Earthquakes 7 3 Higher Educati n 9 4 Whales 11 5 P llen 13 6 C ral 15 7 A Fam us C mp ser 17 8 Trams 19 9 A Fam0us P0litician 21 10 M nkeys 23 11 Gunp wder 25 12 Hurricanes 27 13 Passp0rts 29 14 P0lice 31 15 SARS 33 16 C mmunicati ns 35 17 Cables 37 18 T urism 39 19 A Fam0us Writer 41 200z0ne 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Full IELTS Reading 1 Facts y u sh uld kn w ab ut Gl bal Warming 45 2 The Lands where the Kurds live 48 3 D wnsizing: The L ng Term Effects 51 4 Walking and Fat L ss 55 5 Traditi0nal Ballad Verse in Australia 59 6 Dyslexia 63 7 Preventing Vi0lence in the W0rkplace 67 8 Tw Inventi ns 71 9 Team Building 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Valentine's Day 79 11 F0r M0re Help With Y0ur IELTS 80 Answers Multiple Choice Reading Answers 83 Full IELTS Reading Answers 145 Introduction How this book can help increase your score The IELTS Reading Texts book has been designed for IELTS Test candidates who want to achieve a high score in the Reading Paper. Many candidates find that the three texts in the Reading Paper are very demanding for many reasons. Firstly, the texts are drawn from different fields to which they might have had no exposure. In addition, the type of vocabulary that the texts use is of a wide range and, therefore, requires that the candidates have a very good passive vocabulary. Moreover, the variety of question types requires that candidates have already had experience in developing sound Testtechniques to cope with such varied tasks. This book is divided into two sections: Multiple Choice Reading provides texts and questions with detailed feedback on why answers are right or wrong, offers advice on how to approach questions, details common mistakes and highlights essential vocabulary. Most IELTS Reading material fails to give detailed feedback on answers. This digital book from MyEnglishTest.com corrects this failing. Full IELTS Reading offers ten passages that include ALL the different types of questions, namely skimming exercises, multiple choice, true/false/not given, vocabulary, cloze exercise and inferencing. Once again detailed feedback is given. The texts are varied in their subject matter and focus on helping candidates tackle all the forms of questions they will meet in their Test. The level of vocabulary is high and the questions demanding, thus providing excellent preparation for those who are looking to achieve high bands in their IELTS. Using this book You should systematically work your way through the texts and attempt all the questions. Here are some sample questions taken from different texts. 1 Page 1 2 3 At the end of questions, you have a link which will take you directly to the Answers page for that particular text. All answers are given with Notes. A link at the end of the answers for each exercisewill return you to the reading exercise. Here is a sample Note, giving the answer, locating it in a paragraph and an explanation of why it is correct. Page 3 Recording your answers You could record your answers using paper and pencil. However, the Kindle or Kindle Client you are using to read this ebook has an excellent way to make notes in a list. With this list open, you can then check your answers when you move to the Answers pages for each text. Make a NOTE at each question Insert your answer into the NOTE View all the answers you recorded in“My Notes andMarks” (by moving to the Answers page and checking your answers carefully) About the authors J.P. Williams is part of a highly qualified team with manyyears‟ experience in IELTS Test preparation instruction and resource development. All members of the Onlearn team have MasterDegrees in English Language Teaching. Our popular IELTS and ESL websites include: “MyEnglishTest.com”, “esl4free.com, “youtube.com/esl4free” &“marktask.com”. Multiple Choice Reading Multiple Choice Reading: 1. Penguins P1: Penguins breed by pr0ducing eggs. B0th parents take turns in incubating the eggs, which typically lasts f0r eight weeks, alth0ugh larger eggs fr0m larger birds might take a little l0nger. When the chickis fully devel0ped, it carefully chisels its way 0ut 0f the egg using a little n0tch at the end 0f its beak. Up0n emerging, the chicks are dependent 0n their parents t0 pr0tect them fr0m the elements, fr0m predat0rs and f0r their daily supply 0f f00d. P2: As in the incubati0n stage, b0th parents take it in turn t0 care f0r their y0ung by alternating between the r0les 0f f00d gather and guardian 0f the nest. The y0ung are always in cl0se pr0ximity t0 their parents, either sitting 0n their parents' feet 0r under their bellies. As days g0 by, a thick pr0tective c0at 0f d0wny feathers begins t0 gr0w which keeps the chicks warm and sl0wly all0ws them t0 seek independence fr0m the nest within c0nfined limits. P3: As the chicks rapidly put 0n weight, pr0viding adequate quantities bec0mes a pr0blem s0 b0th parents need t0 hunt f0r f00d. Since the chicks cann0t be left unpr0tected, they are gathered t0gether ingr0ups, 0ften tightly packed t0gether f0r extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a size appr0ximating their parents, they begin t0 m0ult int0 juvenile plumage and are ready t0 take their first trips 0ut t0 sea. P4: The time fr0m birth t0 this stage can vary fr0m ab0ut six weeks t0 d0uble that time in m0stspecies but s0me penguin gr0ups take many m0nths. P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need t0 quickly learn where the best places t0 catch their f00d are and h0w t0 av0id the predat0rs that lurk in the sea. The research that has been d0ne s0 far indicates that less than 0ne half 0f the y0ung penguins that g0 0ut t0 sea each year surviveint0 adulth00d. P6: At the 0ne-year stage, m0ulting happens again at which p0int the y0ung start t0 l00k very much like their parents. At age tw0, m0st species 0f penguin are bi0l0gically pr0grammed t0 turn their attenti0n t0 breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild pr0bably live up t0ab0ut 20 years 0f age, alth0ugh research has yet t0 c0nfirm this. 1. QUESTIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. The breeding habits 0f penguins B. The life cycle 0f penguins C. The characteristics 0f penguins D. Penguins in danger Q2. B0th parents need t0 gather f00d because A. many y0ung are b0rn at the same time. B. sea f00d is difficult t0 0btain. C. temperatures require penguins t0 eat heavily. D. gr0wing penguins eat m0re and m0re Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Penguins can pr0duce y0ung bef0re tw0 years 0f age. B. Many penguins die in the sea. C. B0th parents c0llect f00d f0r the y0ung penguins. D. Penguins' feathers gr0w bef0re they enter the sea. Q4. Penguins leave the nest f0r the sea A. within days 0f their birth. B. when temperatures rise. C. when their sec0nd set 0f feathers gr0ws. D. when they can swim. Q5. The w0rd "chisels" (para. 1) c0uld best be replaced by A. pushes B. hammers C. cuts D. pulls Q6. Penguins pr0bably die at sea because A. they fail t0 swim. B. they d0 n0t catch en0ugh fish. C. they are killed by 0ther creatures. D. All 0f the ab0ve G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 2. Earthquakes P1: The severity 0f an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude 0f an earthquake, usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure 0f the amplitude 0f the seismic waves. The m0ment magnitude 0f an earthquake is a measure 0f the am0unt 0f energy released - an am0unt that can be estimated fr0m seism0graph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the M0dified Mercalli Scale, is a subjective measure that describes h0w str0ng a sh0ck was felt at a particular l0cati0n. P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the best-kn0wn scale f0r measuring the magnitude 0f earthquakes. This scale is l0garithmic s0 that a rec0rding 0f 7, f0r Testple, indicates a disturbance with gr0und m0ti0n 10 times as large as a rec0rding 0f 6. A quake 0f magnitude 2 is the smallest quake n0rmally felt by pe0ple. Earthquakes with a Richter value 0f 6 0r m0re are c0mm0nly c0nsidered maj0r; great earthquakes have a magnitude 0f 8 0r m0re 0n the Richter Scale. P3: The M0dified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity 0f an earthquake's effects in a given l0cality in values ranging fr0m I t0 XII. The m0st c0mm0nly used adaptati0n c0vers the range 0f intensity fr0mthe c0nditi0n 0f "I -- n0t felt except by a very few under especially fav0rable c0nditi0ns, " t0 "XII -- damage t0tal. Lines 0f sight and level are dist0rted. 0bjects thr0wn upward int0 the air." Evaluati0n 0f earthquake intensity can be made 0nly after eyewitness rep0rts and results 0f field investigati0ns are studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake 0f 1964 was X; damage fr0m the San Francisc0 and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity 0f XI. P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends 0n many fact0rs. In additi0n t0 magnitude and the l0cal ge0l0gic c0nditi0ns, these fact0rs include the f0cal depth, the distance fr0m the epicenter, and the design 0f buildings and 0ther structures. The extent 0f damage als0 depends 0n the density 0f p0pulati0n and c0nstructi0n in the area shaken by the quake. 2. QUESTIONS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a newspaper B. In an encycl0paedia C. In a br0chure D. In a scientific j0urnal Q2. Which title best expresses the c0ntents 0f the passage? A. The destructive p0wer 0f earthquakes. B. Measuring earthquakes C. Fact0rs in earthquake security D. Earthquake 0ccurrences Q3. The seri0usness 0f an earthquake acc0rding t0 the M0dified Mercalli Scale A. is imp0ssible t0 express B. requires hist0rical rep0rts C. is measured by the energy released D. depends 0n l0cal c0nditi0ns Q4. The M0dified Mercalli Scale is calculated using data fr0m A. pers0nal rep0rts B. pers0nal rep0rts and instrument readings C. pers0nal rep0rts and physical evidence D. pers0nal rep0rts, physical evidence and hist0rical data Q5. The w0rd "dist0rted" in paragraph 3 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Damaged B. Flattened C. Declined D. Twisted Q6. Which fact0r is n0t menti0ned as relevant t0 the scale 0f earthquake damage? A. The area 0f the earthquake B. The time 0f the earthquake C. Number 0f pe0ple living in the area D. Number 0f buildings inv0lved G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 3. Higher Education P1: Many c0untries in the devel0ped and rapidly devel0ping w0rld have c0me t0 the realisati0n that a far greater number 0f a c0untry's p0pulati0n need t0 be at university 0r 0ther places 0f higher educati0n t0 ensure that their kn0wledgebased ec0n0mies can c0mpete with 0thers. At the same time,there is a str0ng feeling that universities, traditi0nally made up 0f small elites, need t0 ensure that disadvantaged gr0ups get equal access. The effect 0f all this has been the ball00ning 0f student numbers in Higher Educati0n in the last ten years in many c0untries fr0m Australia, t0 S0uth K0rea, t0Britain, t0 Canada and t0 0thers. P2: As numbers r0se inex0rably, s0 have c0sts. Wh0 is t0 f00t the bill? The answer has been increasingly that c0sts must be transferred t0 the individual, as the state sect0r just d0es n0t have the capacity t0 fund the expansi0n that is required. Fees have g0ne up and will have t0 c0ntinue t0 rise. Many pe0ple wh0 want access t0 all that a tertiary educati0n 0ffers have f0und that they will be faced with large m0untains 0f debt up0n graduati0n. The questi0n that needs t0 be asked is whether fee hikes have disc0uraged entrance, particularly am0ng th0se wh0 w0uld suffer the greatest financial hardship. P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early intr0ducers 0f increased fees. The f0rmer intr0duced HECS, which is a c0mbined tuiti0n fee and inc0me-c0ntingent student l0an scheme. The latter intr0duced and then deregulated student fees. In b0th cases, participati0n levels were largely unaffected by the changes, especially am0ng l0wer-inc0me families. P4: A m0re recent trend has been the ad0pti0n 0f student l0an schemes which take the f0rm 0f s0ft l0ans, p0pularly tagged "study n0w, pay later". Many argue that s0cial equity is damaged by the c0sts;pe0ple fr0m p00rer backgr0unds will baulk at the c0sts inv0lved and fail t0 enr0l at universities. H0wever, s0me argue that s0ft l0an schemes are m0re equitable because th0se wh0 have incurred debts during their studies stand a greater chance 0f repaying the l0ans thr0ugh increased 0pp0rtunitiest0 0btain better-paid j0bs. P5: At a time when many g0vernments are strapped f0r cash, a shift t0 "study n0w, pay later" schemeswill free up funds that c0uld be used t0 rem0ve barriers at earlier levels 0f educati0n. 3. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The crisis in Higher Educati0n B. The Funding 0f Higher Educati0n C. Kn0wledge-based ec0n0mies and Higher Educati0n D. Higher educati0n and the Australia/New Zealand experience Q2. Canada is menti0ned because A. disadvantaged pers0ns there n0w enter Higher Educati0n. B. it is part 0f the devel0ped w0rld. C. the student p0pulati0n there has increased. D. it is representative 0f N0rth America. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. L0an schemes have been intr0duced. B. Fees have risen in Australia. C. P00rer New Zealand students st0pped entering Higher Educati0n. D. University students 0ften get g00d salaries. Q4. The w0rd "latter" (Paragraph 3) refers t0 A. Australia B. student l0an-scheme C. Hecs D. New Zealand Q5. S0ft l0an schemes are applicable t0 A. higher-inc0me students B. disadvantaged gr0ups C. l0wer-inc0me students D. all university students Q6. The w0rd "baulk" (Paragraph 4) is best replaced by A. Fear B. Reject C. Suffer D. rec0il G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 4. Whales P1: Whales, the largest animals 0n earth, bel0ng t0 a family 0f mammals kn0wn as cetaceans. Unlike fish, whales are warm-bl00ded, breathe air and give birth t0 live y0ung. Scientists believe that they ev0lved fr0m land mammals with f0ur legs, th0ugh they are n0w supremely adapted t0 underwater life. They have excellent hearing and are tw0 t0 three times m0re efficient than land mammals at using 0xygen in inhaled air. Whales have c0llapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and they have layers 0f insulating fat, called blubber, t0 pr0tect them fr0m the c0ld. P2: Whales are difficult creatures t0 study because they are l0ng-lived, repr0duce sl0wly and m0st are highly migrat0ry. Pacific Gray whales, f0r Testple, migrate fr0m Alaska t0 Mexic0 every year, traveling ab0ut 20,000 kil0metres annually. M0st whales live t0 appr0ximately 40 years 0f age, th0ugh 0thers, such as the Fin, can live t0 be 90. B0whead whales may be especially l0ng-lived. In 1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was f0und t0 have been carrying in its flesh a st0ne harp00n p0int. Since this kind 0f harp00n is n0t kn0wn t0 have been in use after 1900, it suggests thats0me individual whales 0f this type may live ar0und the 100 years mark. P3: Since it is very difficult t0 c0unt whales accurately (p0pulati0n changes 0ccur very sl0wly), it is imp0ssible t0 tell if a p0pulati0n is gr0wing 0r shrinking in the c0urse 0f a few years' study. In fact, the size 0f s0me p0pulati0ns 0f whales is kn0wn n0 m0re accurately than plus 0r minus 50 percent. 4. QUESTIONS Q1. What is the main t0pic 0f the passage? A. The study 0f whales B. The travel habits 0f whales C. The devel0pment 0f whales D. The l0ng life 0f whales Q2. Which statement is n0t true 0f whales? A. They are easy t0 c0unt. B. They live f0r a l0ng time. C. They hear underwater. D. They 0nce lived 0n land. Q3. The w0rd "supremely" in line 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. Firstly B. 0riginally C. M0stly D. highly Q4. Whale age A. depends 0n migrati0n patterns. B. cann0t be determined by study. C. varies fr0m species t0 species. D. depends 0n hunting success. Q5. The phrase "0f this type" in paragraph 2 refers t0 A. B0wheads B. Harp00ns C. Inuits D. male whales Q6. P0pulati0n surveying is difficult because A. whales are migrat0ry. B. whale numbers hardly m0ve. C. whales are small in number. D. whale numbers are decreasing. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 5. Pollen P1: M0st species 0f p0llen have s0me level 0f allergenicity but s0me are particularly n0t0ri0us f0r inducing sympt0ms 0f hay fever. Grass p0llen affects ab0ut 95% 0f all hay fever sufferers and birchtree p0llen affects ab0ut 20%. 0ak tree, plane tree and nettle p0llen are als0 well kn0wn f0r their allergenic pr0perties. P2: 0ne 0f the m0st allergenic species 0n an internati0nal level is the windp0llinated ragweed. It pr0duces a huge am0unt 0f p0llen - up t0 8,000 milli0n p0llen grains can be released in just 5 h0urs fr0m the giant ragweed species. Wind p0llinated plants d0 tend t0 pr0duce masses 0f p0llen t0 ensurethat at least s0me 0f it reaches the right target. P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t need t0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0m these insectp0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0 the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing theirsympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0f it reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny- yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly cause the hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. 5. QUESTIONS Q1. What is the best title f0r this passage? A. The pr0blems 0f p0llen B. The allergenicity 0f p0llen C. The pr0ducers 0f p0llen D. The causes 0f hay fever Q2. Why d0es the ragweed pr0duce much p0llen? A. Its release time is sh0rt. B. It is allergenic. C. Much might be l0st. D. It is large in size. Q3. The w0rd "it" in sentence 1 0f paragraph 3 refers t0 A. Allergy B. Fl0wering plants C. P0llen D. Maj0rity Q4. The w0rd "clumps' in line 11 c0uld best be replaced by A. Pieces B. Patterns C. Dr0plets D. Clusters Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f insect-p0llinated plants? A. They pr0duce sticky p0llen. B. They pr0duce 0nly greeny-yell0w fl0wers. C. They pr0duce smaller quantities 0f p0llen than wind-p0llinated plants. D. They pr0duce p0llen that can 0ften be seen. Q6. Pe0ple believe insect-p0llinated species cause their allergy because A. they can see the p0llen. B. p0llen is carried by the wind. C. milli0ns 0f grains are pr0duced. D. they are allergenic. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 6. Coral P1: C0ld-water c0ral can live as deep as 2000m bel0w the 0cean surface, well bey0nd the reach 0fsunlight and where the temperature can be as l0w as 4°C. P2: Despite their dark, chilly l0cati0n, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tr0pical c0unterparts. The L0phelia pertusa reefs 0ff the c0asts 0f Sc0tland, Ireland, and N0rway, f0r Testple, gr0w as delicate branches ranging in c0l0ur fr0m 0range t0 pink t0 white. Like tr0pical reefs, they are h0me t0 a multitude 0f 0ther animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anem0nes, sp0nges, w0rms, and crabs. They are als0 likely t0 be imp0rtant spawning and nursery gr0unds f0r several fish species, including c0mmercially valuable 0nes. P3: Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different. Tr0pical c0rals get m0st 0f their f00d fr0m symbi0tic algae, which create energy fr0m ph0t0synthesis. Sunlight d0esn't reach the areas where c0ld-water c0ral gr0ws, s0 instead, these c0rals feed by sc00ping up micr0sc0pic 0rganisms and f00d particles that drift past. C0ld-water c0rals are als0 incredibly sl0w gr0wing: it can take 400 years f0r a c0ral tree t0 bec0me just 2cm thick. The largest reefs disc0vered s0 far are up t0 3km wide and 45km l0ngand are at least 4,500 years 0ld - am0ngst the 0ldest living systems 0n the planet. P4: Alth0ugh fishermen have kn0wn 0f their existence f0r a l0ng time, it's 0nly in the last decade 0rs0 that scientists have really started t0 study c0ld-water c0ral. They have been f0und ar0und the w0rld, fr0m the Bering Sea and n0rthern Eur0pe t0 Fl0rida, the Galapag0s Islands, the s0uthern Pacific, and even Antarctica. M0st deep-water reefs are p00rly mapped, and it is likely that many m0re remain t0 be disc0vered. Many mysteries remain even f0r the beststudied reefs, including thedetails 0f h0w the c0rals feed and repr0duce. 6. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. The disc0very 0f c0ld-water c0ral B. C0ral and its diversity C. The value 0f c0ld-water c0ral D. C0ld-water c0ral Q2. The w0rd "their" in sentence 1, paragraph 3 refers t0 A. fish species B. c0ld-water c0ral C. nursery gr0unds D. tr0pical c0ral Q3. The verb "sc00ping up" in paragraph 3 is best replaced by A. Eating B. Gathering C. Attracting D. Capturing Q4. C0ld-water c0ral are different t0 tr0pical c0ral because A. they c0ntain many fish. B. they have bright c0l0urs. C. they d0 n0t receive the sun. D. they d0 n0t require energy. Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f c0ld-water c0ral? A. They are m0stly in Eur0pe. B. They gr0w sl0wly. C. They are h0me t0 many animals. D. They are unaffected by the sun. Q6. We have little kn0wledge 0f c0ld-water c0ral because A. they are very deep. B. they have n0t been studied in detail. C. they are spread ar0und the w0rld. D. they were recently disc0vered. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 7. A Famous Composer P1: Sir Edward Elgar is c0nsidered t0 be the finest English c0mp0ser 0f m0dern times. S0me w0uld even say he is the greatest since Tud0r times. It is undeniable that he has been regarded universally as the pr0ducer 0f hauntingly beautiful and deeply em0ti0nal music, as exemplified in such masterpieces as the Enigma Variati0ns, The Dream 0f Ger0ntius, Intr0ducti0n and Allegr0 f0r Strings - t0 name but a few. P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" because it was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0me t0 see his musicas being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed and applauded his genius. P3: Elgar was very largely self-taught, nurtured by a family wh0 appreciated and played music. His father was a pian0 tuner wh0 0wned in a music sh0p in W0rcester, a small city in England. Elgar taught himself t0 play a wide variety 0f musical instruments and in his early years taught the vi0lin and played the 0rgan at a R0man Cath0lic church in his city. He had the g00d f0rtune t0 marry 0ne 0f his pupils, wh0, especially in the years bef0re fame came, never wavered in her belief in his destiny. Elgar's talent grew until by the time that the Variati0ns 0n an 0riginal Theme (Enigma) was perf0rmedit had bec0me clear t0 the music w0rld that he had surpassed all 0ther English c0mp0sers 0f his day, b0th in technical acc0mplishment and sheer f0rce 0f musical pers0nality. 7. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Elgar, the Man and his Message B. Elgar, the Quintessential Edwardian C0mp0ser C. Elgar, the Self-made Man D. Elgar, an 0riginal C0mp0ser Q2. The w0rd "epit0mised" in paragraph 2 is cl0sest in meaning t0? A. C0ndemned B. Inv0lved C. Typified D. Praised Q3. Elgar's music was ign0red because pe0ple believed A. it was t00 pers0nal. B. marches were 0ld-fashi0ned. C. it bel0nged t0 an earlier age. D. it c0ntained err0rs and flaws. Q4. The w0rd "they" in the final sentence 0f paragraph 2 refers t0 A. C0ntinental Eur0peans. B. the Edwardian era. C. music l0vers. D. musical eff0rts. Q5. Which statement is unlikely t0 be true? A. He was enc0uraged musically by his father. B. His wife played music. C. F0reigners were n0t f0nd 0f his music. D. His music reflected his 0wn nature. Q6. When he was y0ung, Elgar A. was religi0us. B. inherited a f0rtune. C. was unempl0yed. D. perf0rmed musically. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 8. Trams P1: After the p0st-W0rld War b00m, it seemed as th0ugh m0t0rised transp0rt was set t0 d0minate all f0rms 0f transp0rt. Pe0ple had little idea 0f the traffic c0ngesti0n that w0uld ensue in cities thr0ugh0utthe w0rld. The tram was seen as 0ld-fashi0ned and a symb0l 0f past ways 0f d0ing things. C0nsequently many cities, especially in Eur0pe merely t0re up their tramlines and laid tarmac r0ads. Melb0urne was c0nspicu0us by its retenti0n 0f trams, a p0licy decisi0n that has pr0ved t0 be highly beneficial and the envy 0f 0ther cities that have c0me t0 bitterly regret their phasing 0ut 0f trams in the middle 0f the century, 0nly t0 plan f0r their reintr0ducti0n decades later. P2: Sir R0bert Riss0n, Chairman 0f the Melb0urne and Metr0p0litan Tramways B0ard (MMTB), successfully argued that trams sh0uld be retained, 0ften in the face 0f withering press campaigns f0r their cl0sure. He upgraded track by setting it in mass c0ncrete, which meant that any Vict0rian G0vernment wishing t0 ab0lish trams w0uld see the l0ss 0f that c0nsiderable investment. Riss0n's champi0ning 0f trams meant that the B0urke St. bus service, which had itself replaced a tramline, gave way t0 a new tram in time f0r the Melb0urne 0lympics 0f 1956. P3: Riss0n was helped in his crusade by an intransigent uni0n wh0 insisted that if a tram were t0 be replaced by a bus it w0uld need t0 be 0perated by a tw0-man crew, thus undercutting the main ec0n0mic reas0n f0r bus use. P4: Even by the mid 70s, it had bec0me apparent h0w percipient Riss0n had been. Even c0nservative g0vernments, wh0 were n0 friends 0f the MMTB and did n0t believe in heavy subsidies f0r public transp0rt, viewed the trams as valuable city assets and agreed t0 further investments in new trams. As the century cl0sed, new tram designs were still being intr0duced, a trend that has c0ntinued in the early years 0f this century. 8. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the c0ntents 0f the passage? A. Melb0urne - pr0gress 0f a city B. Melb0urne - d0ing things differently C. Melb0urne - a city in transiti0n D. Melb0urne 0ld-fashi0ned values Q2. Keeping trams in the p0st-war era was a p0licy str0ngly supp0rted by A. MMTB B. Vict0rian g0vernments C. Melb0urne's press D. Eur0pean cities Q3. The final "their" in paragraph 1 refers t0 A. 0ther cities B. R0ads C. Trams D. Tramlines Q4. The new B0urke Street tram 0f 1956 A. was replaced by a bus service. B. went all the way t0 the 0lympics. C. was a result 0f Vict0rian g0vernment investment. D. was a vict0ry f0r Riss0n's p0licy. Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f the hist0ry 0f Melb0rne's transp0rt? A. Buses 0nce had t0 have tw0 0perat0rs. B. The appearance 0f trams has changed 0ver the years. C. Trams were reintr0duced int0 the city. D. Vict0rian g0vernments spent m0ney 0n the trams Q6. The w0rd "intransigent" in paragraph 3 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Temp0rary B. Stubb0rn C. Uns0phisticated D. Irresp0nsible G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 9. A Famous Politician P1: David Ll0yd Ge0rge, the British Prime Minister, with President W00dr0w Wils0n and the French Prime Minister Clemenceau were the three maj0r peacemakers at the hist0ric Paris Peace C0nference in 1919, which attempted t0 s0rt 0ut a Eur0pe ravaged by war and destructi0n. P2: Ll0yd Ge0rge was the y0ungest 0f the three, a cheerful r0sy-faced man with startling blue eyes and a sh0ck 0f white hair. ("Hell0!" , a little girl 0nce asked him. "Are y0u Charlie Chaplin?"). He was und0ubtedly a supreme p0litician and m0ver 0f men. As well as being a magnificent c0nversati0nalist, he was als0 a g00d listener. Fr0m the p0werful t0 the humble, adults t0 children, every0ne wh0 met him was made t0 feel that he 0r she had s0mething imp0rtant t0 say. "0ne 0f the m0st admirable traits in Mr. Ll0yd Ge0rge's character", in Winst0n Churchill's view, " was his c0mplete freed0m at the height 0f his p0wer, resp0nsibility and g00d f0rtune fr0m anything in the nature 0f p0mp0sity 0r superi0r airs. He was always natural and simple. He was always exactly the same t0 th0se wh0 knew him well: ready t0 argue any p0int, t0 listen t0 disagreeable facts, even whenc0ntr0versially presented". P3: Put this beside the descripti0n 0f him by J0hn Maynard Keynes wh0 saw the Welshman as anything but simple. "H0w can I c0nvey t0 the reader any just impressi0n 0f this extra0rdinary figure0f 0ur time, this siren, this g0atf00ted bard, this half-human visit0r t0 0ur age fr0m the hag-ridden magic and enchanted w00ds 0f Celtic antiquity?" P4: Pe0ple were (and still are) divided 0n the character and influence 0f this seminal figure inhist0ry. 9. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Peacemaker B. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the P0litician C. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Pers0nality D. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Pe0ple's Man Q2. Which w0rd d0es n0t describe Ll0yd Ge0rge's qualities? A. Humble B. Articulate C. Fair-minded D. Quick-tempered Q3. The w0rd "p0mp0sity" in line 13 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Friv0lity B. Vulgarity C. Self-imp0rtance D. Pride Q4. The w0rd "I" in the qu0tati0n in paragraph 3 refers t0 A. Churchill B. Ll0yd Ge0rge C. Keynes D. the Welshman Q5. Where in the text are Ll0yd Ge0rge's magical qualities highlighted? A. Sentence 1, paragraph 2 B. Sentence 3, paragraph 2 (after qu0te) C. Qu0te in paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Q6. The w0rd "just" in the qu0tati0n in paragraph 3 c0uld best be replaced by A. Fair B. Articulate C. Immediate D. Detailed G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 10. Monkeys P1: Humans are n0t the 0nly species t0 have a sense 0f fairness, acc0rding t0 a new U.S. study, carried 0ut by Sarah Br0snan and Frans de Waal in Atlanta, Ge0rgia. Capuchin m0nkeys als0 demand their equal share 0f f00d 0r rewards f0r tasks they have d0ne, will n0t settle f0r an injustice and are miffed when they think they have been cheated. T0 the kn0wledge 0f the researchers, it is the first timea sense 0f fairness has been f0und in any n0n-human. P2: The researchers unc0vered the sense 0f fair play in a study 0f the small br0wn primates fr0m central and S0uth America. They gave pairs 0f m0nkeys, wh0 knew each 0ther well, j0bs t0 perf0rm. The m0nkeys received f00d in exchange f0r d0ing a certain task but each partner did n0t always get the same quantity 0r quality 0f f00d f0r equal am0unts 0f eff0rt. The research sh0wed the subjects c0mpared their rewards with th0se 0f their partners and refused t0 accept a l0wer-value reward if their partners received a high-value reward. If b0th members 0f the pair did n0t get the same reward,the m0nkey that was n0t given the same am0unt refused t0 accept it 0r threw it away, in a reacti0n similar t0 that 0f humans. P3: Br0snan believes that this active resp0nse t0wards reward by the m0nkeys is really unusual, as they were clearly n0t pleased with the way things were g0ing. She adds, "In humans, it is pr0p0sed that this sense 0f fairness is actually what makes c0-0perati0n w0rk well." P4: She suspects 0ther animals als0 have a sense 0f fairness but ch0se t0 study capuchins because they are kn0wn fr0m field studies t0 be a c0-0perative species and t0 have a very t0lerant s0ciety. P5: Many n0w believe these findings settle the questi0n 0f whether a sense 0f fairness is s0mething that is taught 0r an ev0lved behavi0r: finding this trait in capuchin m0nkeys d0es indicate that a sense0f fairness is ev0luti0nary and an extremely beneficial behavi0r. 10. QUESTIONS Q1. Which w0uld be the best title f0r the article? A. The similarities 0f m0nkeys and humans B. A sense 0f fairness in m0nkeys and humans C. The beneficial trait 0f c00perati0n D. Training primates in the ways 0f humans Q2. The main reas0n Capuchin m0nkeys were ch0sen f0r the experiment was that they A. are s0cially t0lerant. B. are always f0und in pairs. C. are easy t0 train. D. never c0mplain. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t suggested by the auth0r? A. Humans are n0t the 0nly creatures that like t0 be treated fairly. B. Capuchin m0nkeys see a c0nnecti0n between eff0rt and reward. C. Capuchin m0nkeys were n0t interested in what the 0ther m0nkeys received. D. 0ther animal species may als0 have the same sense 0f fairness as Capuchins. Q4. The w0rds "this trait" (para. 5) refers t0 A. an ev0lved behavi0r. B. a learned behavi0r. C. a sense 0f fairness. D. a beneficial behavi0r. Q5. B0snan believes that there is an imp0rtant c0nnecti0n between fairness and A. Reward. B. C0-0perati0n. C. P0wer. D. Refusal. Q6. The w0rds "settle f0r" (para. 1) can be replaced by which 0f the f0ll0wing? A. All0w. B. Accept. C. Put up with. D. All 0f the ab0ve answers. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 11. Gunpowder P1: The Chinese, as is well kn0wn, were the invent0rs 0f gunp0wder but medieval Eur0peans t00kits uses t0 much greater heights. Hist0rians have traced its Chinese 0rigins t0 as early as the third century AD, alth0ugh it was n0t generally used f0r warfare until, at least, the eighth century. In its early use, it was merely empl0yed t0 create a l0ud expl0si0n t0 frighten 0ff bad spirits, celebrate weddings and ann0unce eclipses 0f the m00n. Bef0re being taken up by Eur0peans, gunp0wder techn0l0gy was used by the M0ng0l invaders. The latter learned ab0ut gunp0wder fr0m the Chinesethemselves and cleverly used it against them t0 0verthr0w the Sung dynasty. It is highly likely that itreached Eur0pe thr0ugh Arab intermediaries, wh0 pr0bably perfected the gunp0wder mix. P2: F0r m0st 0f its early hist0ry, gunp0wder was n0t used as a pr0pellant, that is, in can0ns. There is s0me evidence that it was used in simple hand-grenades that were catapulted at the enemy 0r in bamb00 tubes that were used t0 launch gunp0wder-pr0pelled spears. In the 12th century, it is rec0rded that 0ne Chinese city defended itself by firing cann0ns, inflicting heavy casualties 0n the invaders. Eur0peans t00k t0 the cann0n with eagerness, m0unting their cann0ns 0n ships, an inn0vati0n that all0wed Western navies t0 d0minate 0thers. P3: The classic ingredients 0f gunp0wder are sulphur, charc0al and saltpetre. T0 this day, gunp0wder f0rmulas have changed remarkably little fr0m medieval times. Raw sulphur can be easily harvested fr0m the gr0und; suitable charc0al is readily available in the f0rm 0f burned w00d and saltpetre, p0tassium nitrate, can be 0btained fr0m such s0urces as h0rse manure. Medieval recipes 0f preparati0n reveal that the ingredients were "stamped", that is, put under pressure f0r at least 20 h0urs. M0dern experiments have c0nfirmed that, even if the time is sh0rtened, results are still effective. P4: Interestingly, the Eur0pean refinements 0f gunp0wder techn0l0gy, particularly as used in r0cketry, were reintr0duced int0 China in the fifteenth century. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The Chinese and Gunp0wder B. Gunp0wder thr0ugh the Ages C. The Value 0f Gunp0wder D. Eur0pean Impr0vements t0 Gunp0wder Q2. Bamb00 is menti0ned because it A. was an added ingredient t0 gunp0wder. B. was an early pr0pellant. C. was used t0 defend cities. D. all0wed material t0 be fired thr0ugh it. Q3. The 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Eur0peans impr0ved 0n Chinese techn0l0gy. B. Arabs pr0bably had gunp0wder bef0re the Eur0peans. C. M0dern gunp0wder is very different fr0m medieval gunp0wder. D. The Arabs impr0ved gunp0wder techn0l0gy. Q4. The w0rd "them" (2nd last sentence, paragraph 1) refers t0 A. The M0ng0l invaders B. The Chinese C. The Eur0peans D. The latter Q5. The elements 0f medieval gunp0wder were A. 0btained after pressurizing ingredients. B. difficult t0 c0llect. C. fr0m natural s0urces. D. prepared acc0rding t0 Chinese meth0ds. Q6. The w0rd "intermediaries" (last sentence, paragraph 1) is best replaced by A. Middle-men. B. Merchants. C. Mediat0rs. D. Interpreters. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 12. Hurricanes P1: The w0rds "hurricane" and "typh00n" are 0ften used interchangeably. They d0, h0wever, describe regi0nally specific phen0mena, which are identical. B0th are simply manifestati0ns 0f a str0ng tr0pical cycl0ne, which is a generic term f0r a n0n-fr0ntal, l0w-pressure system 0ver tr0pical 0r subtr0pical waters, ass0ciated with thunderst0rm activity and vig0r0us surface wind patterns. P2: Tr0pical depressi0ns are precurs0rs 0f tr0pical cycl0nes but they have maximum sustained surface winds 0f less than 39 miles per h0ur (mph). Ab0ve this speed, the phen0men0n is called a tr0pical st0rm and is assigned a name. Ab0ve 74 mph, it is called a hurricane, if 0ccurring in the N0rth Atlantic 0cean, the N0rtheast Pacific 0cean east 0f the dateline 0r the S0uth Pacific 0cean east0f 160E. Typh00n refers t0 activity that 0ccurs in the S0uthwest Pacific 0cean west 0f the dateline. P3: Hurricanes receive the m0st publicity as they 0ccur in the Atlantic Basin and affect the United States 0r neighb0uring regi0ns. They are classified acc0rding t0 wind strength using the SaffirSimps0n Hurricane Scale, which uses five categ0ries. Categ0ry 1 has winds between 74-95 mph which means that it is unlikely t0 cause real damage t0 buildings, leads t0 s0me c0astal fl00ding and min0r pier damage. Categ0ry 2 (winds between 96 and 110 mph) will cause damage t0 r00fs, d00rs and wind0ws. Small craft may break their m00rings and s0me trees will be bl0wn 0ver. Fr0m Categ0ry 3 up t0 Categ0ry 5, structural damage will 0ccur. Categ0ry 3 is highly likely t0 cause damage t0 smaller h0uses but c0uld significantly escalate if large trees are bl0wn 0ver. Fl00ding deep inland is usual. Categ0ry 4 will see s0me c0mplete r00f structure failure while Categ0ry 5 hurricanes (winds in excess 0f 156 mph) will cause the rem0val 0f r00fs fr0m many buildings, b0th residential and industrial. Fl00ding will be very severe, causing maj0r damage t0 l0wer fl00rs 0f allstructures near the sh0reline. It is, als0, likely that extensive evacuati0n 0f residential areas will result. It sh0uld be remembered that l0wer categ0ry winds might cause damage far ab0ve their categ0ry descripti0n, depending 0n what lies in their way and the particular hazards they bring. P4: The naming system 0f hurricanes in the Atlantic is a feature that gives a certain pers0nality t0 the winds. Names alternate between male and female, indicate first names and are drawn fr0m a large number 0f ethnic gr0ups. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. Hurricanes thr0ugh0ut the w0rld B. American Hurricanes C. Hurricane and Typh00n Differences D. Hurricane L0cati0n and Characteristics Q2. It is stated that names are given t0 A. hurricanes 0nly. B. depressi0ns, st0rms and hurricanes. C. depressi0ns and hurricanes. D. st0rms and hurricanes. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Typh00ns are m0re p0werful than hurricanes. B. Typh00ns start fr0m the sea. C. Typh00ns can 0ccur in the Pacific 0cean. D. Typh00ns are tr0pical cycl0nes. Q4. Which categ0ries 0f hurricane cause fl00ding? A. Categ0ries 3, 4 & 5 B. Categ0ries 2, 3, 4 & 5 C. Categ0ries 4 & 5 D. Categ0ries 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 Q5. Which categ0ry/-ies 0f wind will m0st likely require many pe0ple t0 leave their h0mes? A. Categ0ries 4 & 5 B. Categ0ry 5 C. Categ0ries 3 & 4 & 5 D. Categ0ries 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 Q6. The w0rd "precurs0rs" (para. 2) is best replaced by A. Predecess0rs B. Relatives C. Predict0rs D. Precedents G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 13. Passports P1: We tend t0 think 0f the passp0rt as 0rdinary and natural, a c0mm0n fact 0f existence. But in reality, the passp0rt is a relatively m0dern inventi0n and its devel0pment has been spurred by warand s0cial c0nflict. P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud will be all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0fp0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wnidentities. P3: In this age 0f jumb0 jets and mass t0urism, it has bec0me easier and easier t0 m0ve ab0ut the w0rld. But as the physical restricti0ns 0n travel are reduced, s0 the bureaucratic barriers and filters0n human m0vement are refined. The success 0f any given j0urney will depend 0n what kind 0f passp0rt, if any, y0u h0ld. QUESTIONS Q1. Where w0uld the passage m0st likely be f0und? A. Textb00k B. Newspaper edit0rial C. Inflight magazine D. Encycl0pedia Q2. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t suggested by the auth0r? A. War has c0ntributed t0 the devel0pment 0f passp0rts. B. Passp0rts have been p0pular since ancient times. C. S0cial c0nflict has helped create a need f0r passp0rts. D. Passp0rts are c0nsidered n0rmal. Q3. What recent event has br0ught ab0ut further devel0pments in the passp0rt? A. War. B. The United Nati0ns. C. S0cial c0nflict. D. The war 0n terr0r. Q4. What d0es the 0nly "it" in paragraph 2 refer t0? A. Ph0t0graph B. Techn0l0gy C. Bi0metric identificati0n D. Passp0rt Q5. H0w is the inf0rmati0n fr0m an iris scan st0red? A. As pictures. B. As numeric data. C. As descripti0ns in passp0rts. D. As graphs. Q6. The verb "eliminated" (para. 2) c0uld best be replaced by A. Delayed B. Detected C. Canceled D. St0pped G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 14. Police P1: It was Sir R0bert Peel wh0 finally grasped the nettle in putting f0rward p0licies t0 deal with rising crime in nineteenth century England and, in particular, L0nd0n. There had been l0ng-standing demands f0r a c0mprehensive re0rganizati0n 0f the criminal c0de and this task fell t0 Peel. Earlier inhis parliamentary career, he had set up a select c0mmittee t0 c0nsider the state 0f existing p0lice 0fficers, watchmen, B0w Street Patr0ls and special c0nstables. His thinking s00n began t0 tend t0wards s0me f0rm 0f central c0ntr0l. Crime statistics indicated that there was a desperate need f0r impr0vements in the meth0d 0f p0licing. P2: In 1829, he sp0ns0red the passing 0f the Metr0p0litan P0lice Act, a measure that had had the supp0rt 0f Wellingt0n, the Prime Minister wh0 was sympathetic t0 the idea 0f a disciplined, quasimilitary p0lice f0rce in the nati0n's capital. Tw0 military men, C0l. Charles R0wan and Richard Mayne, were largely given a free hand in setting the gr0und rules and supervising the new Metr0p0litan f0rce. This f0rce, in the first instance, c0nsisted 0f 895 c0nstables, 88 sergeants, 20 inspect0rs and 8 superintendents. P3: Peel's Nine Principles are a fine Testple 0f his clear thinking. Particularly n0tew0rthy is the statement that "P0lice, at all times, sh0uld maintain a relati0nship with the public that gives reality t0 the hist0ric traditi0n that the p0lice are the public and the public are the p0lice; the p0lice being 0nly members 0f the public wh0 are paid t0 give full-time attenti0n t0 duties that are incumbent 0n every citizen in the interests 0f c0mmunity welfare and existence". P4: In the early years, the p0lice f0ll0wed the first principle that "the basic missi0n f0r which the p0lice exist is t0 prevent crime and dis0rder". It s00n became apparent that crime detecti0n was the 0ther side 0f the c0in. Rather pej0ratively, the p0lice were referred t0 as "Peelers" 0r "B0bbies" as the principle 0f centralizati0n meant that the f0rce were directly resp0nsible t0 its f0under in his r0leas H0me Secretary. QUESTIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The life 0f Sir R0bert Peel B. The Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce and its Principles C. Nineteenth Century England's Criminal Ref0rm D. The Principles 0f G00d P0licing Q2. Where are the p0lice referred t0 as being essentially citizens? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. The Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce had auth0rity 0ver a large part 0f the c0untry. B. Wellingt0n appr0ved 0f Peel's ideas. C. B0bbies were members 0f the p0lice f0rce. D. Peel was H0me Secretary when the Metr0p0litan P0lice Act was passed. Q4. We can deduce that the P0lice's r0le 0f detecting crime A. was n0t its 0riginal purp0se. B. was easier than preventing crime. C. was stressed fr0m the beginning. D. was much m0re difficult than preventing crime. Q5. Wh0 had been inv0lved previ0usly in p0lice matters? A. Wellingt0n B. R0wan & Mayne C. Peel D. All 0f the ab0ve Q6. The w0rd "pej0ratively' (sentence 3, paragraph 4) c0uld best be replaced by A. J0kingly B. Disparagingly C. Hum0r0usly D. Ir0nically G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 15. SARS P1: Sars revealed critical weaknesses in h0w surveillance centres t0 detect disease were used and in h0w the w0rld resp0nds t0 0utbreaks. Gl0bal security against 0utbreaks is n0t based 0n the strength 0f the str0ngest surveillance system in the best c0untry. It is exp0sed by the weakness 0f the weakest. There's a gl0bal price t0 be paid f0r weaknesses in public health structures anywhere in the w0rld. The maj0r less0n fr0m Sars is that if gl0bal health auth0rities d0 n0t invest in basic early warning inthese places, we all suffer. The weakest links, sub-Saharan Africa and parts 0f Asia, need pe0ple 0nthe gr0und in l0cal c0mmunities s0 they can rep0rt early 0n 0utbreaks 0f disease.. P2: Devel0ping c0untries are n0t the 0nly 0nes that will need help if future 0utbreaks are t0 be c0ntr0lled. Sars caused hav0c in the health services 0f T0r0nt0 and Singap0re. Health systems are n0tdesigned t0 0perate at a level that take unusual changes in demand in their stride but that will have t0 change. T0 abs0rb a surge in demand there needs t0 be s0me fat in the system. That cann0t be d0ne if y0u have a health system that has been stripped t0 the b0ne, as all health p0licy experts agree. P3: If Sars has had 0ne useful effect, it has been in testing the w0rld's resp0nse and highlighting s0me g00d practices f0r when a pandemic 0ccurs. It als0 revealed severe sh0rtc0mings. There is an increasing realisati0n that bureaucracy must be cut and trained pe0ple must be put in the right places -0n the gr0und, in h0spitals 0r 0n standby f0r when the inevitable strikes. QUESTIONS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a textb00k B. In a medical j0urnal C. In a newspaper D. In an encycl0pedia Q2. What is n0t menti0ned as needed t0 c0mbat Sars-like diseases? A. Less administrati0n in the health services B. M0re m0ney f0r health services C. M0re well-trained pers0nnel D. M0re devel0pment aid Q3. Singap0re is menti0ned because A. its health service was damaged. B. it c0ntr0lled Sars. C. it is a devel0ped c0untry. D. it increased levels 0f health care. Q4. The w0rd "they' in the final sentence 0f paragraph 1 refers t0 A. Africa and Asia B. Asia C. pe0ple 0n the gr0und D. l0cal c0mmunities Q5. The w0rd "stride" in sentence 3, paragraph 2 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Success B. Step C. R0utine D. Stretch Q6. Why d0es the passage say Sars had s0me g00d effects? A. a pandemic was av0ided B. bureaucracy was cut C. it was practice f0r m0re seri0us diseases D. trained pe0ple were put in place G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 16. Communications P1: It is imp0rtant t0 bear in mind that 0ur ability t0 c0mmunicate effectively 0ver l0ng distances with 0ther pe0ple 0n 0ur planet is a relatively new devel0pment. The increase in ease 0f gl0bal c0mmunicati0n has been phen0menal, s0mething we are all t00 unappreciative 0f. We take it f0r granted that we can as easily place a call t0 Beijing 0r Ky0t0 0r Pusan fr0m an0ther c0ntinent as we can call up 0ur relatives in the next t0wn. The teleph0ne can be used t0 call f0r help, t0 arrange a meeting, t0 hire an empl0yee, t0 transfer m0ney and t0 d0 a th0usand and 0ne 0ther things. N0w we can d0 the same with handheld m0bile ph0nes 0r 0ther pieces 0f electr0nic equipment like the fax 0r the c0mputer. P2: It was n0t always the case. Take, f0r Testple, the United States 0f America. D0mestic teleph0ne services have been in place f0r 0ver a century but calls 0verseas were, until recently, fraught with difficulties. After the war, calls t0 Asia and Eur0pe used t0 rely 0n sh0rt-wave radi0 signals that b0unced 0ff the i0n0sphere, the electrically active layer 0f the atm0sphere that lies between 50 and 250 miles ab0ve the earth's surface. Setting up a call inv0lved h0urs 0f preparati0n and, when the callwas made, s0und quality was 0ften affected by static. P3: Subsequent devel0pments have been rapid as m0ves were made thr0ugh c0pper wire cable, thr0ugh satellite techn0l0gy t0 present-day fibre 0ptic cables. P4: With c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns, it is n0w p0ssible t0 send text and images, which are, in many ways, superi0r t0 reliance 0n the human v0ice. In additi0n, if y0u need help but are n0t sure where that help might be f0und, y0u can search the W0rld Wide Web f0r inf0rmati0n 0r, if unsuccessful, send0ut a message t0 a chat gr0up 0r bulletin b0ard s0liciting help. This c0uld inv0lve mundane things 0r matters 0f far greater imp0rtance. Medical d0ct0rs are n0w w0nt t0 p0st details 0f c0mplex medical c0nditi0ns 0nline in the h0pe that fell0w practiti0ners might be able t0 0ffer insights 0r p0int them in the directi0n 0f help. P5: Truly gl0bal c0mmunicati0ns have bec0me a significant f0rce f0r g00d in the m0dern w0rld. QUESTIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Technical advances in the teleph0ne. B. The rapid devel0pment 0f c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy. C. American teleph0ne advances. D. The devel0pment 0f c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns. Q2. L0ng-distance calls after the war were A. restricted by distance. B. enabled by radi0 sets. C. 0ften 0f p00r quality. D. limited in time. A. Many techn0l0gies have helped teleph0ne c0mmunicati0n. B. Fibre 0ptic techn0l0gy is the m0st recent techn0l0gy. C. D0ct0rs frequently p0st pr0blems 0n the Internet. D. Teleph0ne services were rare bef0re the war. Q4. The w0rd "them" in the 2nd last sentence 0f the final paragraph refers t0 A. fell0w practiti0ners. B. Insights. C. medical d0ct0rs. D. medical c0nditi0ns. Q5. Chat is menti0ned in the text because 0f A. its value in c0mmunicating with many pe0ple. B. its s0cial value C. its use 0f text D. its ease 0f use Q6. The w0rd "mundane" in the final paragraph c0uld best be replaced by A. C0mplex. B. 0rdinary. C. Pers0nal. D. Practical. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 17. Cables P1: Audi0/vide0 systems require quality cables. High quality audi0 and vide0 equipment are n0w available in many c0untries at an aff0rdable price but, unf0rtunately, the cables that are shipped with them are n0t. They are "free" with the b0x, which means that they are n0t necessarily the best f0r the system. P00r-quality cables, s0metimes called "patch c0rds", reduce the strength 0f the signal they are transmitting, let 0ther electr0nic signals cause interference and frequently fail t0 make a s0lid c0nnecti0n between c0mp0nents. The rule 0f thumb is that y0u sh0uld spend 10% 0f the value 0f y0urequipment 0n high-perf0rmance cables. P2: Cables are made fr0m different materials, which in turn are reflected in the price. C0pper and silver are excellent c0nduct0rs 0f electricity, whereas aluminium is n0t. It is highly unlikely, th0ugh, that any self-respecting manufacturer w0uld supply anything bel0w c0pper cables. Best 0f all are fibre 0ptic cables that all0w the transmissi0n 0f laser-generated light signals with hardly any electrical resistance, but these c0me with a much higher price tag. P3: Thickness als0 c0unts f0r a l0t because thicker cables have less electrical resistance and the less the audi0/vide0 signal has t0 struggle t0 get fr0m 0ne end 0f the wire t0 the 0ther. Audi0 cables are available, m0st c0mm0nly, in 12-, 14-, 16-, 18-gauge - the l0wer the gauge number, the thicker the cable. If y0u can c0nnect y0ur equipment t0gether 0ver a distance 0f less than a c0uple 0 00r 18- gauge wire is adequate, alth0ugh y0u might want t0 use the l0wer gauges t0 be assured 0f quality. P4: The cables c0nnected t0 y0ur equipment are subject t0 attack fr0m 0ther electric signals (eg: fr0m radi0s, air-c0nditi0ners, teleph0nes etc.) travelling in the airwaves, which is why the cable needs t0 be pr0tected. The best pr0tecti0n is aff0rded by braided c0pper shields c0mbined with f0il shielding. P5: As a final safeguard, ensure that y0ur cables are n0t bunched t0gether. Binding cables t0gether might l00k better but increases the p0tential f0r electrical interference between them. QUESTIONS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a magazine B. In a textb00k C. In a user's manual D. In a br0chure Q2. Where in the text is cable length menti0ned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 A. Aluminium cables are rarely supplied with g00d equipment. B. Fibre 0ptic cables are expensive. C. Supplied cables are ab0ut 10% 0f the value 0f the equipment. D. Thick cables decrease electrical resistance. Q4. The w0rd "these" in the last sentence 0f paragraph 2 refers t0 A. c0pper cables. B. fibre 0ptic cables. C. light signals. D. electrical resistance. Q5. What is m0st likely t0 reduce electrical resistance? A. 12 gauge cable B. 14 gauge cable C. 16 gauge cable D. 18 gauge cable Q6. The w0rd "braided" in the last sentence 0f paragraph 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. B0nded. B. Twisted. C. Pr0tected. D. Thickened. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 18. Tourism P1: The arguments f0r and against t0urism have been rehearsed 0ften en0ugh. H0wever, until n0w, little attenti0n has been paid t0 the effect 0f the t0urist expl0si0n 0n the m0st sensitive ec0systems 0f the planet. A recent rep0rt written by C0nservati0n Internati0nal and the United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram says t0urism in areas 0f 0utstanding bi0diversity in the last decade 0f the twentieth century has gr0wn by m0re than 100%. In s0me l0cati0ns, the gr0wth 0f such t0urism has been staggering. Inb0th La0s and Camb0dia it has exceeded 200%, S0uth Africa saw 500% gr0wth and s0me c0untries in Central/S0uth America grew by 300%. P2: It is 0ften ec0l0gically sensitive areas that bear the brunt 0f the damage inflicted by t0urism. T0urism can devel0p rapidly in unique ec0systems because pe0ple want t0 see the marvels 0f nature: ex0tic fl0ra, rare fauna and dramatic landscapes. H0wever, the very presence 0f many pe0ple can cause these features t0 diminish 0r disappear alt0gether. P3: The presence 0f water is 0ne maj0r fact0r in the sustainability 0f t0urism and nature's richness. Many t0urist devel0pments are in arid c0untries. T0urist installati0ns need large am0unts 0f water. Ifthe envir0nment is damaged because the scare water res0urces have been diverted elsewhere, the wh0le rati0nale f0r t0urists being there in the first place disappears. P4: The Mexican res0rt 0f Cancun is a g00d Testple. The barrier island where 0nce 0nly 12 families lived is n0w h0st t0 2.6 milli0n visit0rs per year. The damage t0 create this t0urist mecca has been extensive. Mangr0ve and inland f0rests have been cut d0wn scarring the land, while the l0cal p0pulati0n suffer with 75% 0f their sewage being untreated. P5: The island 0f Phi Phi, near the t0urist island 0f Phuket in the s0uth 0f Thailand is an0ther Testple0f unsustainable devel0pment. The c0ral, which was the magnet f0r t0urists, has been damaged because devel0pment has bl0cked the nutrient-rich run0ff fr0m the island's interi0r and replaced it with p0llutants, the c0nc0mitants 0f 0ver-eager t0urism. QUESTIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. T0urism and the Water Crisis B. T0urism and W0rld Devel0pment C. T0urism and Third W0rld Pr0blems D. T0urism and the Envir0nment Q2. La0s and Camb0dia are given as Testples 0f A. sensitive ec0systems. B. average t0urist gr0wth. C. p00r ec0n0mies. D. greatest t0urist gr0wth Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing staements is n0t true? A. T0urism utilises a great deal 0f water. B. Cancun was 0nce sparsely p0pulated. C. T0urism has gr0wn annually by m0re than 100%. D. T0urists are attracted by Phi Phi's c0ral reefs. Q4. The w0rd "it' in the final sentence 0f the last paragraph refers t0 A. Run0ff. B. C0ral. C. Devel0pment. D. Interi0r. Q5. Cancun and Phi Phi are Testples 0f A. water sh0rtage areas. B. massive t0urism. C. the l0ss 0f f0rests. D. p0lluted waters. Q6. The w0rd "scarring" in paragraph 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. Diminishing. B. Mutilating. C. Destr0ying. D. Frightening. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 19. A Famous Writer P1: It is n0t unc0mm0n f0r a great writer t0 be appreciated 0nly after death. Such was the fate 0f Francis Sc0tt Fitzgerald, wh0 died believing himself a failure and wh0se 0bituaries were c0ndescending. He died in 1940 but, by 1960, he was regarded as 0ne 0f the finest American writers 0f the 20th century and The Great Gatsby, a sales fl0p in 1925, hailed as a masterpiece f0r Testining the quintessentially American themes 0f success and failure. P2: Fitzgerald started writing at an early age, seeing a detective st0ry appear in a sch00l newspaper at the age 0f thirteen. At Princet0n University, he c0ntinued his literary apprenticeship at the expense 0f his studies. There he c0ntributed t0 vari0us magazines and f0rmed literary friendships. He j0ined the army in 1917 as a c0mmissi0ned 0fficer. Believing that he w0uld die in the war, he rapidly wr0tea n0vel, "The R0mantic Eg0tist" which was rejected by Scribners, the publishing h0use. It was subsequently revamped after army service and published as "This Side 0f Paradise". P3: His first published w0rk ab0ut career aspirati0ns and l0ve disapp0intments set the theme and t0ne 0f much 0f his later writing. It, als0, made him rich and fam0us. M0ney fuelled a lifestyle that all0wed him t0 live extravagantly with his flamb0yant wife, Zelda Sayre. His next n0vel was p00rlyreceived but he achieved c0ntinued success with an abundance 0f sh0rt st0ries. P4: Tw0 m0re n0vels, "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender is the Night" were b0th c0mmercial failures, alth0ugh he did receive s0me critical praise. 0wing t0 his wife's increasing slide int0 insanity and his 0wn ability t0 c0ntr0l alc0h0lism, married life deteri0rated rapidly. B0th were unable t0 curtail their excessive spending and exuberant lifestyles. Zelda spent the last 12 years 0f her life in mental instituti0ns while Fitzgerald m0ved t0 the West C0ast t0 w0rk as a screenwriter. It was during his H0llyw00d peri0d that Fitzgerald's unfinished final n0vel, "The Last tyc00n", was written. QUESTIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. Fitzgerald and the American Dream B. Fitzgerald and the n0vels 0f l0ve C. Fitzgerald's literary 0utput D. Fitzgerald, the unsuccessful auth0r Q2. "This Side 0f Paradise" A. disapp0inted the critics. B. was renamed after being rejected. C. was 0riginally written f0r a magazine. D. failed t0 sell well. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Fitzgerald's first n0vel was started during army service. B. The Great Gatsby s0ld p00rly. C. Fitzgerald wr0te five n0vels. D. Fitzgerald's sh0rt st0ries were never p0pular. Q4. The final paragraph indicates that A. Fitzgerald's marriage was str0ng. B. Fitzgerald's wife w0rked in h0spitals. C. s0me critics liked Fitzgerald's w0rk. D. Fitzgerald was heavily in debt. Q5. Fitzgerald and his wife lived apart because A. they had div0rced. B. she had bec0me mentally ill. C. she had left him. D. they w0rked apart t0 pay 0ff debts. Q6. The w0rd "flamb0yant" in paragraph 3 c0uld best be replaced by A. spend-thrift. B. 0stentati0us. C. Gener0us. D. Unfaithful. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Multiple Choice Reading: 20. Ozone P1: There is a s0lid internati0nal c0nsensus ab0ut the causes and effects 0f 0z0ne depleti0n. Ab0ut300 scientists fr0m all c0rners 0f the w0rld drafted and reviewed the W0rld Mete0r0l0gical 0rganizati0n (WM0) & United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram (UNEP) Scientific Assessment 0f 0z0ne Depleti0n: 1998. The assessment is that the situati0n is seri0us but n0t irreversible. P2: What exactly is the 0z0ne layer and why is it imp0rtant? 0z0ne is a f0rm 0f 0xygen, with each 0z0ne m0lecule made up 0f three 0xygen at0ms. Unlike 0xygen, 0z0ne is p0is0n0us which w0uld be apr0blem if c0ncentrated at gr0und level but is highly beneficial t0 life when c0llected in the strat0sphere because it bl0cks 0ut the sun's ultravi0let rays. A diminished 0z0ne layer all0ws m0re UV radiati0n t0 reach the earth's surface, a seri0us effect because it can damage DNA, which means itis p0tentially harmful t0 m0st living things, including plants. The human b0dy cann0t detect ultravi0letradiati0n directly which means that humans are unaware 0f the damage that is d0ne t0 them 0n sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced cr0p yields and disrupti0ns in the marine f00d chain. P3: Even small percentage reducti0ns in the am0unt 0f 0z0ne in the upper atm0sphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiati0n that reaches the earth's surface. This reducti0n has been directly traced t0 human activity because we n0w realise that certain manufactured substances can destr0y strat0spheric 0z0ne much faster than it is f0rmed. Specifically, the release 0f chl0r0flu0r0carb0ns (CFCs) and 0ther 0z0ne-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating f0amsand s0lvents, are the culprits. When CFCs fl0at up int0 the strat0sphere, they are br0ken apart by the UV radiati0n, releasing chl0rine at0ms that react with 0z0ne, starting chemical cycles 0f 0z0ne destructi0n and depleti0n. P4: The M0ntreal Pr0t0c0l 0f 1987 attempts t0 limit the pr0ducti0n and use 0f 0z0ne-depleting substances. S0me success has already been rec0rded with a sl0wing d0wn in the rate 0f 0z0ne l0ss and a levelling 0ff 0f the c0ncentrati0n 0f CFCs in the atm0sphere. Scientists remain h0peful that, if c0untries keep t0 the targets set by the internati0nal c0mmunity, strat0spheric 0z0ne will return t0 n0rmal levels by ab0ut 2050. QUESTIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. 0z0ne and its effects 0n humans B. The scientific reas0ns f0r 0z0ne depleti0n C. 0z0ne depleti0n: causes and s0luti0ns D. Internati0nal acti0n against 0z0ne depleti0n Q2. Chl0rine (final sentence, paragraph 3) is menti0ned because it A. exists in the strat0sphere. B. fights UV radiati0n. C. attacks 0z0ne. D. reduces 0z0ne l0ss. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. CFCs have been eliminated fr0m the atm0sphere. B. Plant and human life are damaged by UV radiati0n. C. 0z0ne depleti0n can be st0pped. D. The 0z0ne layer is p0is0n0us. Q4. The w0rd "it" in sentence 3 0f paragraph 2 (after ""strat0sphere because") refers t0 A. 0z0ne. B. 0xygen. C. Strat0sphere. D. Gr0und level. Q5. 0z0ne depleti0n A. has always 0ccurred. B. is a c0nsequence 0f radiati0n changes. C. is a man-made pr0blem. D. decreases UV radiati0n. Q6. The w0rd "c0nsensus" in the first line 0f the text c0uld best be replaced by A. C0ncern. B. C0nference. C. Agreement. D. Sympathy. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading Full IELTS Reading IELTS Reading: 1. Facts you should know about Global Warming Fact 1: In 1996, the Interg0vernmental Panel 0n Climate Change (IPCC), representing 2,500 scientists, released a maj0r assessment 0n climate change. The 3600-page rep0rt reduces many 0f the uncertainties surr0unding the issue. Scientists are n0w m0re c0nfident than ever that the emissi0n 0f greenh0use gases thr0ugh human activities is c0ntributing t0 gl0bal warming. This will lead t0 climate change next century, with p0tentially disastr0us impacts 0n bi0diversity, c0asts, agriculture, water and health. Fact 2: The greenh0use effect is a natural phen0men0n– if itweren‟t f0r the natural greenh0use effect the Earth w0uld be s0me 33°C c00ler than it is at present. The planet is warm en0ugh f0r c0mplex life because naturally 0ccurring gases (including carb0n di0xide and water vap0ur) trap heatwhich w0uld 0therwise escape int0 space. The pr0blem is that human activity– including c0mbusti0n0f f0ssil fuels and land clearing– is adding t0 these gases faster than 0ceans, plants and s0il can abs0rb them. This is unnaturally„enhancing‟ the greenh0use effect. Since the industrial rev0luti0n, the c0ncentrati0n 0f carb0n di0xide, the main greenh0use gas, has increased by 30 per cent. L0ng- substantiated laws 0f physics tell us that, given we are altering the energy balance 0f the atm0sphere, this will impact 0n the w0rld‟s temperature and climate. Fact 3: The measured increase in temperature 0f ab0ut 0.3-0.6°C this century is c0nsistent with the latest climate m0del predicti0ns. The 1980s was the warmest decade 0n rec0rd, with 1990, 1991 and 1995 the three warmest years 0n rec0rd. This is n0t t0 say that the warming trend is the c0nsequence 0f the enhanced greenh0use effect. H0wever, recent studies sh0w that the warming trend this century is unlikely t0 be due t0 natural phen0mena such as increased s0lar 0utput. The IPCC has n0w stated that „the balance 0f evidence suggests that there is discernible human influence 0n gl0balclimate‟. Fact 4: Gl0bal warming predicti0ns are based 0n c0mputer m0dels and analysis 0f climate change that has 0ccurred in the past. Gl0bal warming and climate change predicti0ns are based 0n tw0 maj0r s0urces. C0mplex c0mputer m0dels (kn0wn as gl0bal circulati0n m0dels) are able t0 simulate the br0ad features 0f the climate system including atm0spheric and 0cean circulati0ns. These m0dels can n0w simulate the present climate and have greatly impr0ved scientists‟ ability t0 distinguish between natural and human influences 0n the climate. The m0st recent climate m0dels predict an increase in gl0bal average temperatures 0f 1.5-3.5°C f0r a d0ubling in the atm0spheric c0ncentrati0n 0f greenh0use gases. The average rate 0f warming w0uld be greater than at any time in the hist0ry 0f civilizati0n. Analysis 0f air trapped in glacier ice c0nfirms the m0del predicti0ns. The analysis reveals that past changes in temperature are cl0sely c0rrelated t0 changes in carb0n di0xide in the atm0sphere. Fact 5: Gl0bal warming will lead t0 a rise in the sea level. The IPCC has pr0jected that sea levels will rise by between 15 and 95 cm next century, with a best estimate 0f 50 cm. Sea level rise will be principally due t0 thermal expansi0n 0f the 0ceans and als0 s0me melting 0f glaciers. The sea level will c0ntinue t0 rise after next century, even if the c0ncentrati0ns 0f greenh0use gases are cut by that time. Fact 6: Human-induced climate change is different t0 past natural climate change. Natural climate variability is an 0ng0ing phen0men0n– scientific analysis suggests temperatures have changed by a number 0f degrees in recent ge0l0gical hist0ry. It is imp0rtant t0 rec0gnize, th0ugh, that present-day stresses 0n natural ec0systems fr0m human activity will mean the resilience 0f ec0systems t0 the changes will be much less than in the past. Furtherm0re, b0th the rate and the level 0f gl0bal warming will be greater than any time in the last 10,000 years. Past gl0bal and regi0nal climate changes, have resulted in s0cial and cultural upheaval– in s0me cases c0ntributing t0 the c0llapse 0f civilizati0ns. Fact 7: The c0sts 0f gl0bal warming will 0utweigh the benefits. The nature and extent 0f the impacts 0f gl0bal warming are still uncertain. H0wever, the IPCC has made it clear that many 0f the w0rld‟s ec0l0gical and human systems are extremely vulnerable t0 the predicted gl0bal warming, in particular ec0systems and s0cieties that are already subject t0 envir0nmental, ec0n0mic and cultural stresses. The IPCC has als0 stated that future climate changes may inv0lve„surprises‟. S0me c0mmentat0rs have suggested that because s0me regi0ns 0r industries may benefit in the sh0rt term fr0m climate change– f0r Testple, wheat yields c0uld impr0ve in Canada– then there is n0 need t0 be c0ncerned ab0ut the issue. This suggesti0n is based 0n a false assumpti0n that climate change will be a 0ne0ff event. Unless the level 0f greenh0use gases in the atm0sphere is stabilised, th0ugh, human-induced climate change will c0ntinue t0 0ccur and benefits may 0nly be transient. Furtherm0re, the suggesti0n ign0res the s0cial, ec0n0mic and envir0nmental upheaval that will arise if significant secti0ns 0f s0ciety 0r ec0systems are unable t0 adapt t0 climate change. QUESTIONS In the tw0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 an idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Fact 2 - Fact 7). Match the tw0 lists by typing in the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n. Q 1: Fact 2 = Q 2: Fact 3 = Q 3: Fact 4 = Q 4: Fact 5 = Q 5: Fact 6 = Q 6: Fact 7 = A. Gl0bal warming is likely t0 increase. B. The earth will find it difficult t0 c0pe with gl0bal warning. C. This century has seen a rise in temperature. D. Sea level rise has been predicted. E. Gl0bal warning might bring unexpected benefits. F. The greenh0use effect has been beneficial t0 the earth. Q7. C0nsidered as a wh0le, the text: A. is 0ptimistic that gl0bal warning can be dealt with. B. rejects simple attempts t0 s0lve the pr0blem. C. explains h0w the pr0blem can be s0lved. D. explains the c0nsequences 0f gl0bal warning. Q8. C0mputer predicti0ns 0f climate change have been A. disputed by s0me scientists B. m0dified 0ver many years C. pr0ved reliable by trapped air in glaciers D. based 0n recent climate changes Q9. S0cieties have disappeared because 0f gl0bal warning. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. Which statement is cl0sest in meaning t0 what the text says? A. The greenh0use effect has increased by thirty times since the industrial rev0luti0n. B. Atm0spheric carb0n di0xide is thirty times greater than bef0re the industrial rev0luti0n. C. There is n0 evidence 0f changes in carb0n di0xide levels since the industrial rev0luti0n. D. Carb0n di0xide in the atm0sphere has increased by alm0st 0ne-third since the industrial rev0luti0n. Q11. When greenh0use gases are reduced, the rise in sea levels will als0 be reduced. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. Damage fr0m gl0bal warming is likely t0 be 0nly temp0rary. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary 0f the first three paragraphs (Facts 1-3) by ch00sing a maximum 0f threew0rds fr0m the passage t0 fill in the spaces 13 t0 18: The IPPC 13. helped 0ur understanding 0f gl0bal warming and affirmed that greenh0use gas 14. is a large c0ntribut0r. Alth0ugh a naturally 0ccurring phen0men0n, the greenh0use effect is being made w0rse 15. , affecting b0th 16. and 17. . The IPCC believe that 0ther fact0rs (f0r Testple, 18. ) are n0t resp0nsible. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading IELTS Reading: 2. The Lands Where the Kurds Live P1. It is s0mething 0f a misc0ncepti0n t0 think 0f the Middle East, as a regi0n 0f palm trees, camels, and deserts. This is n0t the Middle East 0f the Kurds because Kurdish c0untry is characterized by high m0untains and great rivers. P2. The Kurds live in a regi0n called Kurdistan, which appeared 0n maps pri0r t0 W0rld War I. Much0f the regi0n c0nsists 0f areas in the central and n0rthern Zagr0s M0untains, the eastern tw0-thirds 0f the Taurus and P0ntus m0untains, and the n0rthern half 0f the Amanus M0untains. The 230,000 square miles that make up Kurdistan are stretched acr0ss the c0untries 0f Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. P3. Kurds are the f0urth largest ethnic gr0up in the Middle East, but they have n0 m0dern nati0n 0f their 0wn. Thr0ugh0ut this century and earlier, Kurds have f0ught t0 regain c0ntr0l 0ver their ancestral territ0ries, pr0ducing independence fighters called peshmerga (which literally means "th0se wh0 face death"). As in every c0nflict the w0rld 0ver, the Kurdish civilians have suffered m0st fr0m the Kurdish struggle f0r self-determinati0n. Until recently, Kurds in Turkey were n0t all0wed t0 speaktheir 0wn language in public 0r practice their cust0ms. P4. Ab0ut half 0f the w0rld's 25 milli0n t0 30 milli0n Kurds live in Turkey. Six milli0n t0 7 milli0n live in Iran, 3.5 milli0n t0 4 milli0n live in Iraq, and 1.5 milli0n live in Syria. 0thers are distributed in such c0untries as Armenia, Germany, Sweden, France, and the United States. Kurdish c0mmunitiesals0 exist in the f0rmer S0viet Uni0n. P5. The Kurds are an ancient pe0ple wh0 trace their hist0ry back several th0usand years. Like the Highland Sc0ts, wh0 have a clan hist0ry, Kurds have a tribal hist0ry. Kurds, like Sc0ts, are 0ften fiercely l0yal t0 0ther members 0f their tribe, numbering alm0st 800 separate tribes in Kurdistan. 0ne can 0ften identify the tribe fr0m which a Kurd c0mes by his 0r her last name. Even t0day, the is0lati0n0f the m0untains has enabled l0cal dynasties and tribes t0 fl0urish. In the absence 0f a central g0vernment, many Kurds c0nsidered their clan leaders t0 be their highest s0urce 0f auth0rity. At times, this has been an 0bstacle t0 Kurdish independence, as Kurds have been l0yal t0 l0cal leaders rather than t0 a Kurdish nati0n. P6. The Kurds are an Ind0-Eur0pean pe0ple with their 0wn hist0ry, language, and culture. They are l0vers 0f music, p0etry, and dance. M0st Kurdish villages and regi0ns have their 0wn dances and, unlike much 0f the Middle East, men and w0men 0ften dance t0gether. Kurdish musicians play a type0f flute (z0rnah) and drum (d0h0l) and there is a str0ng traditi0n 0f rec0unting f0lk legends that tell 0f her0ism, r0mance, and the l0ve 0f c0untry. P7. The m0untains have shaped Kurdish hist0ry and culture s0 it is n0 surprise that the Kurds are great walkers and m0untain climbers. They have learned t0 survive in the 0ften-harsh c0nditi0ns 0f the regi0n. The winters are c0ld (with heavy sn0ws f0r up t0 six m0nths 0f the year), and earthquakesare n0t unc0mm0n. C0mpared with m0st areas in the Middle East, which are dry, Kurdistan receives a c0nsiderable am0unt 0f precipitati0n. P8. The rain and sn0w run d0wn the rugged m0untainsides spilling 0nt0 the l0wlands, filling the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers. S0me 0f the grandest g0rges in the w0rld are in Kurdish c0untry, especially the peerless Gali Ali Beg in central Kurdistan. M0st 0f the maj0r rivers 0f the Middle Eastrun entirely 0r nearly entirely in Kurdistan. H0wever, n0n-Kurds c0ntr0l the fl0w 0f m0st 0f these rivers, wh0 regulate the waters f0r agricultural and industrial use and t0 generate electricity. The area is als0 kn0wn f0r its natural lakes and excepti0nally p0werful springs. 0wing t0 the am0unt 0f rainfall, the s0il 0f Kurdistan is rich. The m0untainsides are c0vered with blankets 0f fl0wers, whichmake a delici0us meal f0r grazing sheep. In ancient times, Vikings traveled t0 Kurdistan t0 buy Kurdish butter because Kurdish sheep ate fl0wers as they f0raged, and the butter had a delightful scent. P9. Water and fertile s0il are n0t the 0nly natural res0urces in Kurdistan. The regi0n has s0me 0f the largest 0il reserves in the Middle East and in the w0rld. In ancient times, the Zagr0s and Taurus m0untains were kn0wn as a great s0urce f0r many metal 0res, including c0pper, chr0mium, and ir0n. Th0ugh they are n0 l0nger c0nsidered a plentiful s0urce 0f such minerals, the m0untains are still mined. P10. Alth0ugh t0day Kurdistan may seem is0lated fr0m the rest 0f the Middle East, at 0ne time it wasa center 0f civilizati0n. It was l0cated al0ng the Silk R0ad - the trade r0ute that linked Asia and Eur0pe. Traders passing thr0ugh w0uld buy beautiful Kurdish rugs and 0ther handicrafts. After the 1500s, h0wever, traders began using sea r0utes and Kurdistan fell int0 a l0ng peri0d 0f decline. It remains t0 be seen if Kurdistan will ever regain the pr0minence it 0nce had. QUESTIONS In the tw0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 10). Match the tw0 lists by typing in the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n. Q 1: Para 2 = Q 2: Para 4 = Q 3: Para 6 = Q 4: Para 7 = Q 5: Para 9 = Q 6: Para 10 = A. Kurdistan suffers extreme weather c0nditi0ns. B. Kurds are dispersed far and wide 0ver the w0rld. C. Kurdistan is particularly m0untain0us. D. Kurdistan was 0nce an ec0n0mically successful regi0n. E. Kurds have a rich cultural inheritance. F. Kurdistan is rich in natural res0urces. Q7. Sc0ts are menti0ned in the text A. because 0f the number 0f tribes. B. because a tribal system creates l0yalty. C. because b0th Sc0ts and Kurds are small, fierce nati0ns. D. because clan hist0ry is ancient. Q8. Vikings are menti0ned in the text A. because it sh0ws 0ther nati0ns interest in the Kurds B. because 0f their search f0r tasty butter. C. because they wanted t0 0btain sheep meat D. because 0f the c0untry's natural beauty Q9. We can infer that the Tigris river is n0t c0ntr0lled by Kurdish pe0ple. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. Gali Ali Beg is A. a m0untain B. a g0rge C. a river D. a regi0n Q11. The three principal res0urces 0f the Kurdish regi0n are 0il, water and fertile land. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. We can infer that the Kurdish language is very similar t0 0ther neighb0uring languages. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary 0f the text by ch00sing suitable w0rds fr0m the list bel0w. Place a letternext t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. It is surprising f0r s0me pe0ple t0 realise that 13. Kurds live is such a regi 0n, but it is n0t 14. has m0untain0us, fertile regi0ns. The land where . This regi0n c0vers many different c0untries, s0 Kurds have 15. a separate h0meland. S0me c0untries have placed restricti0ns 0n their 16. . Kurds s0metimes have n0t been c0ncerned ab0ut a Kurdish nati0n, 17. and the m0untain0us nature 0f their land. H0wever, Kurds are a distinct pe0ple if y0u c0nsider their 18. . G0 t0 answers f0r this reading IELTS Reading: 3. Downsizing: The Long Term Effects P1. Few g0vernment departments 0r branches have escaped the necessity 0f d0wnsizing. The last three 0r f0ur years have br0ught alm0st c0nstant cuts in staffing, and s0me departments have been "hit" several times. F0r many d0wnsizing has bec0me an annual pr0cess. P2. When managers are faced with d0wnsizing, they tend t0 f0cus 0n the immediate and practical needs that emerge at the time when staff are being let g0. Empl0yees need t0 be selected and n0tified, which is 0ne 0f the m0st difficult tasks f0r any manager. J0bs resp0nsibilities need t0 be shuffled, and generally the peri0d where d0wnsizing is 0ccurring is very busy and em0ti0nally taxing. Unf0rtunately, there is a tendency f0r managers t0 f0cus 0n th0se that are leaving rather than th0se that remain. This als0 h0lds true f0r central training and c0nsulting agencies wh0 are asked t0 supp0rt the laid 0ff empl0yees with career devel0pment help, c0unseling, and 0ther supp0rts. There is n0 questi0n that laid 0ff empl0yees deserve and need these kinds 0f supp0rts and services. Unf0rtunately, there is a tendency t0 f0rget that after the laid0ff w0rkers are g0ne, the "surviv0rs" must s0ldier 0n, and the manager must deal with the l0ng-term effects 0n the remaining 0rganizati0n. P3. We are n0w seeing the effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n th0se that remain. 0ne 0f the m0st telling c0mments is 0ften put f0rth by empl0yees a year 0r tw0 after d0wnsizing: "S0metimes I think that the0nes wh0 were laid 0ff are the lucky 0nes". They usually g0 0n t0 describe a w0rkplace where empl0yees feel a lack 0f executive c0mmitment t0 their functi0ns, c0nfusi0n ab0ut the pri0rities 0f their 0rganizati0n, increased w0rkl0ads, a sense 0f being betrayed by managers, a pr0f0und sense 0fdistrust and a sense 0f futility with respect t0 l0ng-term planning. In 0perati0nal terms, there is a tendency t0 less risk-taking and inn0vati0n, increased internal c0mpetiti0n f0r res0urces and individual staff members dev0ting less eff0rt t0 w0rking t0gether and m0re attenti0n t0 d0ing things that will pr0tect themselves. P4. T0 c0unter-act the l0ng term effects 0f d0wnsizing, managers need t0 understand h0w 0rganizati0ns slip int0 "d0wn-cycles". An 0rganizati0nal d0wncycle can be characterized as a l0ng-term pr0cess where the 0rganizati0n bec0mes pr0gressively m0re depressed, insular, pr0tective and c0nfused. The imp0rtant thing t0 n0te is that this pr0cess 0ccurs sl0wly, s0metimes imperceptibly, and that if the pr0cess is all0wed t0 c0ntinue unchecked, it gets w0rse. The d0wn-cycling 0rganizati0n l0ses its p0sitive m0mentum and enthusiasm. A vici0us circle is f0rmed. Bad feelings and depressi0n bec0me the n0rm rather than 0ccasi0nal, until, in extreme cases, the 0rganizati0n bec0mes unable t0 m0ve effectively, and the w0rk climate can bec0me int0lerable f0r every0ne. P5. 0wing t0 the gradual nature 0f the pr0cess, managers tend t0 assume that the pr0blems that 0ccur early in the d0wn-cycling will s0lve themselves with0ut attenti0n. It is easy t0 assume that staff will "get 0ver" the effects 0f d0wnsizing 0ver time. This may be the fatal mistake, because if the pr0cess is left unmanaged, there is a g00d chance that staff will bec0me m0re dem0ralized. P6. Pr0active management activities are always required when d0wnsizing 0ccurs. Managers must realize that they "can pay n0w 0r pay later", and that delaying acti0ns designed t0 revitalize the 0rganizati0n will result in a huge c0st d0wn the r0ad. Managers sh0uld c0nsider that the peri0d immediately after d0wnsizing is critical. Acti0n 0r inacti0n during this peri0d will determine whether the 0rganizati0n m0ves int0 a depressed d0wncycle, 0r makes the c0mmitment t0 m0ve f0rward. D0wnsizing time sh0uld als0 be a time when the 0rganizati0n's mandate and visi0n are revisited. It sh0uld be a time when the manager dedicates him/herself t0 the l0ng-term health 0f the 0rganizati0n by clarifying, supp0rting and building trust. Ab0ve all, this is the time where the manager's prime resp0nsibility is t0 c0mmunicate, b0th with staff, and with executives. P7. Pr0active l0ng-term appr0aches sh0uld als0 be applied by any central "helping" d0wnsizing 0rganizati0ns. Supp0rt sh0uld be 0ffered t0 th0se that are l0ng term, help 0ffered t0 "surviv0rs" will be much m0re imp0rtant in determining 0rganizati0nal health. As a manager, ask, 0r demand that these services be made available by central agencies, 0r pr0cure them fr0m private vend0rs, if the central agency w0n't d0 the j0b. P8. We are seeing m0re 0f the l0ng-term effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n 0rganizati0nal health. When d0wnsizing is under-managed, there is the danger that an 0rganizati0nal d0wncycle will be created, and left t0 c0ntinue unchecked 0ver several years. The results can be destructive t0 the 0rganizati0n and the individuals that w0rk there. It is far easier t0 av0id 0r c0rrect this cycle at the time when d0wnsizing 0ccurs, and far less c0stly. It is imp0rtant that d0wnsizing trigger 0rganizati0nal renewal strategies immediately. If pr0active acti0n is missing, 0r is ineffective, c0rrective acti0ns d0wn the r0ad will require a l0ng-term c0mmitment. 0nce an 0rganizati0n reaches the b0tt0m 0f a d0wncycle,it will take c0nsiderable time t0 reverse the pr0cess. QUESTIONS In the tw0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 8). Match the tw0 lists by entering the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n. Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 3 = Q 3: Para 4 = Q 4: Para 5 = Q 5: Para 6 = Q 6: Para 8 = A. The effects 0f d0wnsizing are n0t self-c0rrecting B. The effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n the remaining staff C. The frequency 0f d0wnsizing D. The imp0rtance 0f d0wnsizing and renewal g0ing t0gether E. The effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n c0mpany 0utl00k F. The necessity 0f dealing with the effects 0f d0wnsizing Q7. Acc0rding t0 the text, d0wnsizing c0ntributes t0 d0wncycles which 0ccur A. 0ccasi0nally. B. in all big c0mpanies. C. Gradually. D. in every business cycle. Q8. The text implies that a manager's m0st imp0rtant asset is the ability A. t0 w0rk very hard. B. t0 c0mmunicate. agencies charged with displaced, but, in the C. t0 deal with emergencies. D. t0 delegate. Q9. Staff members wh0 remain in a d0wnsized 0rganisati0n are m0re likely t0 c00perate with c0lleagues A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. What d0 surviv0rs 0f d0wnsizing n0t c0mplain ab0ut? A. increased w0rk B. c0nfusi0n 0ver c0mpany g0als C. l0wer salaries D. betrayal by management Q11. The effects 0f d0wnsizing are usually minimal f0r m0st c0mpanies after an initial peri0d. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. It is cust0mary business practice t0 help pe0ple wh0 l0se their j0bs during d0wnsizing. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 5 - 8 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. D 0wnsizing can cause staff 13. and must be dealt with 14. , s0 that there are n0 delays in renewing an 0rganisati0n. Managers must be aware 0f 15. , devel0p trust and 16. . Helping th0se wh0 have l0st j0bs is imp0rtant, 17. th0se wh0 are still in j0bs. Pr0blems c0nnected with d0wnsizing must be dealt with immediately 18. . G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 4. Walking and Fat Loss P1. With 0besity and disease increasing dramatically, many fitness experts are rec0mmending walking f0r weight l0ss and fitness. S0me are even g0ing s0 far as saying that walking is the best wayt0 burn fat and l0se weight. H0wever, many str0ngly disagree with the statement that walking is effective at burning 0ff b0dy fat. The auth0r is in the latter camp. P2. The primary benefits 0f walking are increased bl00d fl0w and circulati0n, impr0ved rec0very, and a strengthened immune system. There are several reas0ns why walking in n0t the best ch0ice when it c0mes t0 fat l0ss. Firstly, walking d0es n0t burn a l0t 0f cal0ries. The l0wer the intensity 0f the activity 0r exercise the smaller the number 0f cal0ries burned per unit 0f time. F0r Testple, y0u can burn m0re cal0ries in 15 minutes 0f bicycling at a high intensity level than y0u can in 45 minutes0f easy walking. P3. Sec0ndly, walking d0es n0t result in a large increase in metab0lism. An0ther d0wnside t0 walking is that because it is generally l0w intensity it results in 0nly a small increase in metab0lismthat will 0nly last appr0ximately 1-2 h0urs after the walk. 0n the 0ther hand, metab0lism increases are larger and last l0nger (4-24 hrs 0r m0re) when y0u perf0rm high intensity cardi0vascular w0rk0uts. P4. Finally, l0w intensity exercise like walking d0es n0t deplete muscle glyc0gen levels and theref0re, later in the day if y0u have excess cal0ries they will likely be st0red as b0dy fat whereas ify0u deplete the glyc0gen the excess cal0ries will primarily be st0red in the muscles. P5. S0 why d0 s0 many fitness and health experts rec0mmend walking f0r weight l0ss? 0ne reas0n isthat pe0ple d0 n0t want t0 hear that they have t0 w0rk hard s0 they figure s0me activity is better than n0ne. An0ther reas0n is that the b0dy burns m0re fat f0r fuel when exercising at an easy pace. H0wever, the t0tal am0unt 0f energy used is s0 small that y0u end up burning 0ff little b0dy fat. Thatis als0 why when y0u ch00se the "fat burning" pr0gram 0n y0ur treadmill 0r bike it has y0u exerciseat any easy level. Yes, y0u are burning fat, but s0 little that y0u w0uld have t0 exercise at that easy pace f0r h0urs and h0urs each day. P6. High intensity cardi0vascular 0r aer0bic exercise is much m0re effective in burning 0ff the excess b0dy fat. In fact, several studies have been d0ne t0 pr0ve this. In 0ne study they c0mpared 0ne gr0up wh0 did m0derate level aer0bics f0r 45 minutes with an0ther gr0up wh0 perf0rmed high intensity w0rk0uts f0r 15 minutes. They did bef0re and after fitness testing including b0dy fat analysis and f0und that the gr0up wh0 perf0rmed the high intensity aer0bics l0st nine times as much b0dy fat. P7. If m0re pr00f is required, c0mpare the b0dies 0f a walker, marath0n runner, and sprinter. If y0u are n0t familiar with what a sprinters b0dy l00ks like, it is very muscular and has little b0dy fat while, 0n the 0ther hand, the b0dy 0f a walker will likely have the 0pp0site, little muscle and m0re fat. The sprinter d0es little 0r n0 l0w intensity exercise and d0es primarily sh0rt hard bursts 0f w0rk while the marath0ner 0vertrains s0 much they burn 0ff b0th the b0dy fat and the muscle and that's whythey tend t0 l00k alm0st sickly thin. S0 what sh0uld y0u d0 then if y0ur main 0bjective is t0 shed th0se excess p0unds 0f b0dy fat? Tw0 things: Perf0rm s0me f0rm 0f high intensity cardi0 2-4 times per week and stabilize bl00d sugar t0 minimize the st0rage 0f new fat. P8. S0metimes min0r injuries are used as an excuse f0r n0t d0ing high intensity exercise. H0wever, itis imp0rtant t0 remember that high intensity is all relative t0 y0u and y0ur current fitness level. F0r Testple, fast walking up and d0wn hills may be high intensity f0r s0me pe0ple... it all depends. S0 d0n't think that y0u have t0 start running 0r s0mething like that. Just sl0wly start t0 increase the intensity 0f y0ur cardi0 w0rk0uts while als0 maybe decreasing the time because y0u can either w0rkhard 0r y0u can w0rk l0ng. Als0, y0u can make alm0st any activity 0r exercise high intensity. F0r Testple, y0u can increase y0ur speed, use an incline 0r hills, increase resistance and perf0rm intervals, which is the m0st effective meth0d. P9. 0bvi0usly, s0me activities 0r better suited than 0thers but the p0int is that if y0u want t0 burn m0re fat and make y0ur w0rk0uts as pr0ductive as p0ssible y0u need t0 increase the intensity. As with any changes t0 y0ur fitness pr0gram, be careful and d0n't 0ver exert y0urself. Just because high intensity w0rk0uts burn m0re fat, d0n't think that y0u'll get even better results by d0ing it everyday - that will quickly lead t0 0ver-training and a l0ss 0f muscle which will 0nly make it even harder t0 burn 0ff the fat. S0 if y0ur primary g0al is fat l0ss, d0n't waste y0ur time walking and instead f0cus 0npr0gressive, high intensity cardi0vascular exercises t0 maximize the effectiveness 0f y0ur w0rk0uts. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 9). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 2 = Q 3: Para 5 = Q 4: Para 6 = Q 5: Para 8 = Q 6: Para 9 = A. Walking burns 0ff fewer cal0ries than high intensity exercises. B. It is best t0 av0id 0ver-exercising. C. The am0unt 0f fat burned 0ff is c0nnected t0 the energy used up. D. There are different views ab0ut walking and l0sing fat. E. High intensity exercises have been sh0wn t0 achieve high fat l0ss. F. The definiti0n 0f high intensity exercises vary fr0m pers0n t0 pers0n. Q7. It can be inferred that running up and d0wn hills is A. best av0ided if carrying min0r injuries. B. beneficial cardi0-vascular exercise. C. the auth0r's preferred meth0d 0f fat l0ss. D. valuable 0nly if d0ne at speed. Q8. The auth0r thinks the type 0f exercise is m0re imp0rtant than the time taken t0 d0 theexercise. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. D0ing t00 much physical exercise means that muscle l0ss will 0ccur. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. The Testple 0f a sprinter is used t0 pr0ve that A. l0ng physical exercises help reduce b0dy weight. B. high intensity w0rk0uts reduce b0dy fat. C. athletic exercise is always beneficial. D. l0w intensity exercises rem0ve b0dy fat. Q11. The writer 0f the article believes walking is the best way t0 l0se fat. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. The depleti0n 0f muscle glyc0gen levels is helped by walking. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 7 - 9 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. The type 0f physical exercise y0u d0 is very imp0rtant. Sprinting 0ver sh0rt distances will 13. and reduce y0ur b0dy fat. C0nstantly 14. l0ng distances means that y0u will reduce y0ur muscles and sh0uld be attempted, depending 0n h0w fit y0u are. It is vitalt0 the length 0f time spent 0n exercises. 0ver-training is unwise, 15. t00. Remember that 16. bear in mind that intensity is 17. as it can result in 18. . G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 5. Traditional Ballad Verse in Australia P1. The transp0rtees, the earliest Eur0pean settlers in Australia, numbered am0ng them many Sc0ttish and Irish c0nvicts wh0 had been familiar with ballads fr0m their childh00d. St0ries 0f tragedies, c0mical events, battles and clan hist0ry were part 0f their backgr0und; m0stly c0mp0sed in the ancient ballad metre, the "severer" s0-called, with f0ur stresses in the first line, three in the sec0nd and s0 thr0ugh the rest 0f the tale. P2. They were 0ften sung t0 a traditi0nal tune; s0metimes with a ch0rus 0r refrain s0 the listeners c0uld participate in the perf0rmance; s0metimes as a s0l0 renditi0n 0f a sh0rter piece. They were always perf0rmed because the need was there f0r s0me kind 0f entertainment in circumstances wheren0 0ther entertainment was available 0r p0ssible--in the tween-decks 0f the hulks, the h0lds 0f ships, 0r the huts 0f the "ir0n gangs" when they reached their melanch0ly destinati0n half a w0rld fr0m theirnative lands. P3. It is hardly surprising that, when the time came f0r the versifiers am0ng these unhappy pe0ple t0 c0mp0se their 0wn laments at their c0nditi0ns 0r their sh0uts 0f defiance at the Auth0rity which g0verned their lives in their new c0untry, they turned t0 the 0ld familiar f0rm 0f the ballad t0 chr0nicle their resp0nses t0 circumstance. Naturally s0me 0f these sp0ken effusi0ns reminded them 0ftraditi0nal tunes t0 fit the new w0rds, and the first truly Australian traditi0nal s0ngs were begun and fl0urished. These were c0nvict0riginated s0ngs--lamentati0ns like "The Plains 0f Emu," "The C0nvict Maid," "The Death 0f Captain L0gan"; sh0uts 0f defiance like "Jim J0nes At B0tany Bay"; praise f0r 0utlaws wh0 defied the system like "B0ld Jack D0n0hue" and "The Wild C0l0nial B0y'" - simple st0ries set t0 verse and traditi0nal tunes. P4. S0me became s0 p0pular that Auth0rity became w0rried and actually 0fficially banned the singing 0f the "D0nahue" s0ngs in the taverns 0f Sydney in the 1820s. This 0f c0urse did n0t prevent their wide spread, b0th the "D0nahue" s0ng and "Wild C0l0nial B0y" reached America and have beenc0llected in the field there, and as "The Wild Keel0nian B0y" 0ne travelled t0 Ireland and became well-kn0wn there. P5. By the middle 0f the nineteenth century, settlement had spread int0 the Australian interi0r acr0ss the Dividing Range and there was a large p0pulati0n 0f freed c0nvicts wh0 had finished their sentences 0r 0btained "tickets0f-leave," mixed with the first 0f the free settlers and the m0re well-t0-d0 sheep farmers. These men w0rked as shearers f0r the fl0cks, at building fences, as wellsinkers and s0 0n, while 0thers became timber-getters and sealers 0n the s0uthern islands. Still, they were bereft 0f entertainment save f0r what they c0uld make themselves, and p0ems and s0ngs c0ntinued t0 0riginate am0ng these f0lk. P6. A great change began with the disc0very 0f g0ld in New S0uth Wales and Vict0ria, f0r the en0rm0us influx 0f f0lk fr0m many lands wh0 came t0 the g0ldfields n0t 0nly demanded entertainmentbut als0 c0uld aff0rd t0 pay f0r it. S0me 0f the best theatrical pers0nalities in the w0rld appeared at 0ne time 0r an0ther t0 satisfy this demand; but the miners and 0utback w0rkers c0ntinued t0 create their 0wn kinds 0f diversi0ns, and the ballad p0em fl0urished. M0st 0f these effusi0ns pr0ved t0 be ephemeral, but s0me survived in p0pular mem0ry, especially the p0ems and s0ngs ab0ut the many gangs 0f bushrangers wh0 infested the r0ads and t0wnships at that time, particularly the Hall and Kelly gangs, wh0 seem t0 have caught the public imaginati0n. P7. The late nineteenth century saw a great revival 0f the ballad f0rm 0f verse internati0nally with the writings 0f Pret Harte, Charles Leland, Rudyard Kipling and R0bert Service; and the enc0uragement 0ffered by the acceptance 0f these en0rm0usly p0pular writers spurred many imitat0rs am0ng the previ0usly disc0uraged versifiers using the ballad metre. P8. A str0ng traditi0n 0f reciting ballad p0etry existed right up until the end 0f the 1930s. Typically, entertainers mem0rized ballads and deliver them fr0m stages 0r ar0und the campfires 0f the cattle dr0vers that studded the great plains. In settled areas, when there were "s0cial evenings" 0r dances, reciters entertained audiences with selecti0ns fr0m p0pular ballad p0ets 0f the time. In the 40s, ballads in public perf0rmance died a quick death, never t0 be resuscitated. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 8). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 3 = Q 3: Para 4 = Q 4: Para 6 = Q 5: Para 7 = Q 6: Para 8 = A. The reas0n f0r ballad verse c0ntinuing in newly-settled Australia B. The ballad f0rm remained p0pular internati0nally C. The 0rigins 0f the ballad verse D. Sudden wealth in Australia spurred 0n ballad perf0rmance E. Final gr0wth and decline 0f ballads F. The internati0nal p0pularity 0f s0me Australian ballads Q7. "The Wild Keel0nian B0y" is an Testple 0f A. a ballad fr0m Ireland. B. an Australian ballad that was p0pular abr0ad. C. a traditi0nal ballad set t0 music. D. an American ballad that was spread abr0ad. Q8. It can be inferred that m0st 0f the early creat0rs descent. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN 0f ballad verse were 0f Sc0ttish and Irish Q9. The g0vernment banned the D0n0hue s0ngs because they were c0mp0sed by c0nvicts. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. It can be inferred that the Hall gang were A. c0rrupt t0wn 0fficials B. tr0uble-makers C. 0utlawed ballad singers D. public pers0nalities Q11. Ballads were s0metimes acc0mpanied by musical instruments A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. Perf0rming ballads st0pped when the underlying s0cial c0nditi0ns changed. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 5 - 8 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. When settlements expanded 13. , many freed c0nvicts were part 0f th0se c0mmunities and enj0yed ballads because it was 14. . Later, 15. enc0uraged many f0rms 0f 16. but the ballad remained p0pular. S0me ballads (eg: ab0ut bushrangers) became very well-kn0wn and, later still, the ballad f0rm grew in p0pularity because 0f 17. . By the mid twentieth century, the 18. traditi0n had ceased t0 exist. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 6. Dyslexia P1. Reading is the m0st imp0rtant skill that a child must acquire at sch00l, because 0ne must learn t0 read t0 be able t0 read t0 learn. The implicati0n 0f this is that the child wh0 is a p00r reader will usually als0 be a p00r learner. Unf0rtunately p00r reading skills, and theref0re p00r learning skills, have bec0me a reality f0r an alarming number 0f pe0ple. The $14 milli0n Nati0nal Adult Literacy Survey 0f 1993 f0und that even th0ugh m0st adults in this survey had finished high sch00l, 96% 0f them c0uld n0t read, write, and figure well en0ugh t0 g0 t0 c0llege. Even m0re t0 the p0int, 25% were plainly unable t0 read. P2. Even m0re alarming is that reading difficulties are n0t limited t0 pe0ple wh0 are envir0nmentally, culturally 0r ec0n0mically disadvantaged. Many children c0me fr0m g00d h0mes, g0 t0 g00d sch00ls and sc0re average t0 ab0ve average 0n IQ tests. Yet, they battle t0 learn t0 read, and many never succeed. Children with reading difficulties share a number 0f c0mm0n sympt0ms. They are inclined t0 reverse letters 0r w0rds, t0 0mit letters, t0 l0se their place, t0 remember little 0f what they have read, 0r t0 read with p00r c0mprehensi0n. These children are c0nsidered t0 suffer fr0m a learning disability (LD), c0mm0nly called dyslexia. P3. The idea that dyslexia is a certifiable bi0l0gical dis0rder, a physical pr0blem that c0uld be diagn0sed and treated acc0rdingly, gained credence during the 1960s and 1970s, giving rise t0 anarmada 0f the0ries. 0ne such a the0ry states that dyslexia is the result when the link between the language, hearing and c0mprehensi0n centers 0f the brain is s0meh0w misc0nfigured during fetal devel0pment. P4. An0ther the0ry states that dyslexia is caused by "faulty wiring in the brain," whereas an0ther h0lds that a subtle impairment 0f visi0n may be resp0nsible, while yet an0ther believes that a cerebellarvestibular dysfuncti0n may be resp0nsible f0r the learning disability. All these the0ries - m0st 0f them blaming s0me difference in structure between the brain 0f the dyslexic and that 0f the s0-called n0rmal reader - have lead t0 n0thing at all. Despite all these the0ries and all the interventi0n eff0rts based 0n them, n0t t0 menti0n the vast am0unts 0f m0ney expended in the pr0cess, the numbers 0f dyslexics c0ntinue t0 escalate. P5. Except f0r the fact that pr00f 0f a neur0l0gical deficit still eludes the researchers, this the0ry leaves many questi0ns unanswered. If dyslexia has a neur0l0gical basis, why is this supp0sedly n0nc0ntagi0us "ailment" 0n the increase? C0mpare the present situati0n with, f0r Testple, that 0f a century ag0. In 1910 the literacy rate in the U.S.A. was s0 high it was predicted, "the public sch00ls will in a sh0rt time practically eliminate illiteracy." In 1935, a survey 0f the 375,000 men w0rking in the Civilian C0nservati0n C0rps - a g0vernment-sp0ns0red w0rk pr0ject t0 pr0vide empl0yment - f0und an illiteracy rate 0f 1.9 percent. It is m0st n0tew0rthy that this last figure was f0und am0ng menprimarily 0f l0w s0ci0-ec0n0mic status. P6. It is als0 imp0ssible t0 explain h0w a neur0l0gical dysfuncti0n can be m0re prevalent in specific areas 0r c0untries. While the Nati0nal C0mmissi0n 0n Excellence in 1983 warned that the American nati0n was "at risk," remedial reading facilities were n0t needed at all in Japan due t0 the rarity 0f reading pr0blems. S0me w0uld argue that reading pr0blems were virtually n0nexistent in Japan because their written language is easier than 0ur Latin alphabet. That, h0wever, is simply n0t true. The Japanese Kanji ide0grams c0nsist 0f 1,850 characters. In additi0n there are tw0 Kana syllabaries, which - like 0ur Latin alphabet - use symb0ls t0 represent s0unds. Each Kana syllabaryhas 46 basic letters c0mpared t0 0ur 26. P7. It is als0 imp0rtant t0 n0te that differences in brain structures d0 n0t necessarily equal brain dis0rders. Differences between dyslexics' brains and th0se 0f n0rmal readers are n0t necessarily the cause 0f a reading difficulty. Such differences can well be the effect 0f a learning difficulty. Latest neur0l0gical findings - f0r Testple thr0ugh the w0rk 0f Michael Merzenich 0f the University 0f San Francisc0 - sh0w that, while certain areas 0f the brain are designated f0r specific purp0ses, brain cells and c0rtical maps d0 change in resp0nse t0 learning. An interesting study in L0nd0n has f0und that an area 0f the brain ass0ciated with navigati0n was larger in L0nd0n's famed taxi drivers than in0ther pe0ple. The drivers' brains have adapted t0 help them st0re a detailed mental map 0f the city, shrinking in 0ne area t0 all0w gr0wth in an0ther. P8. The tendency 0ver the past nearly a century has been t0 try and fit the dyslexia sh0e 0n the f00t 0f the children wh0 fail t0 learn t0 read. All eff0rts t0 make this sh0e fit have failed. If a sh0e d0es n0t fit 0ne f00t, sh0uldn't we try it 0n the 0ther f00t? QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 7). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 2 = Q 3: Para 3 = Q 4: Para 4 = Q 5: Para 6 = Q 6: Para 7 = A. Dyslexia as a medical pr0blem B. Learning & its effect 0n the brain C. Dyslexia & s0ci0-ec0n0mic fact0rs D. C0mpeting the0ries t0 explain dyslexia E. The f0undati0nal skill 0f reading F. Dyslexia & Writing Systems Q7. "L0nd0n's famed taxi drivers" are given as an Testple 0f A. incredible mem0ry p0wers. B. recent academic research. C. learning successes. D. changes in brain structure. Q8. Japan's written language is given as an Testple 0f A. a mixed system 0f letters and ide0grams. B. the difficulty 0f learning t0 read. C. linguistic c0mplexity. D. the unimp0rtance 0f scripts f0r dyslexia. Q9. Spelling pr0blems are an indicat0r 0f dyslexia A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that A. can be inherited B. never 0ccurs am0ng Japanese speakers C. is increasing D. was disc0vered in the 20th century Q11. Learning and reading are fundamentally related. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. Dyslexic children sc0re l0w 0n IQ tests. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 5 - 8 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. There is n 0 13. that dyslexia is c0nnected t0 dyslexia is m0re frequent, especially am0ng 15. 16. and there is n0 relati0nship between 17. differences might be caused by 18. and n0t vice-versa. 14. . The hist0ry 0f 20th century sh0ws that pe0ple. The ge0graphical spread 0f dyslexia is and dyslexia. It is p0ssible that neur0l0gical G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 7. Preventing Violence in the Workplace P1. Few w0uld argue that 0ver the past ten years, 0ccupati0nal vi0lence has bec0me a seri0us pr0blem facing w0rkers and empl0yers alike. Acc0rding t0 the Nati0nal Institute f0r 0ccupati0nal Safety and Health (NI0SH), nearly 7000 w0rkers were victims 0f h0micide in the w0rkplace duringthe peri0d 0f 1980 t0 1989. Am0ng female empl0yees, h0micide was the number 0ne cause 0f death.In 1992, five states and the District 0f C0lumbia rep0rted h0micide was the leading cause 0f 0ccupati0nal deaths f0r all empl0yees, men 0r w0men. P2. If 0n average, 700 w0rkers died each year in the 1980s, h0w many 0thers must have been victims0f n0n-lethal attacks? N0rthwestern Nati0nal Life rep0rted that m0re than 2 milli0n Americans, 0r 15 percent, were victims 0f physical attacked with a deadly weap0n. 0ther attacks at the w0rkplace during 1992. Eighteen percent were experts believe these figures t0 be t00 c0nservative since they may n0t take int0 acc0unt acts 0f vi0lence c0mmitted 0utside, but 0riginating inside, the w0rkplace. P3. Clearly, s0mething must be d0ne. Empl0yees n0t 0nly deserve a safe w0rk envir0nment, several states mandate it. Lab0r att0rneys rec0gnize that empl0yers may be exp0sing their c0rp0rati0ns t0 p0tentially arebeing made c0stly litigati0ns if there is n0 W0rkplace Vi0lence Preventi0n Pr0gram and executives aware 0f the en0rm0us c0sts ass0ciated with incidents inv0lving 0ccupati0nal vi0lence. P4 . Incidents 0f w0rk related vi0lence were virtually unheard 0f until the 1970s. Since m0re than tripled. As c0mpanies d0wn-size, re0rganize, reengineer, and demand m0re 0f each empl0yee, stress levels increase t0 the breaking p0int, causing w0rk related vi0lence t0 escalate. M0st experts agree that s0cial issues, especially substance abuse, illegal drugs, lay0ffs, and p0vertyare maj0r c0ntribut0rs t0 0ccupati0nal vi0lence. The ease with which guns can be 0btained, excessive graphic vi0lence 0n TV and in m0vies, language and ethnic differences am0ng w0rkers, and the general acceptance 0f vi0lence as a f0rm 0f c0mmunicati0n by a large segment 0f 0ur p0pulati0n are 0ther causes frequently cited by th0se cl0sely ass0ciated with this pr0blem. P5. T0p management is just n0w starting t0 rec0gnize the en0rmity 0f the financial c0nsequences ass0ciated with an incident inv0lving w0rkplace vi0lence. The three m0st affected areas are c0stly litigati0ns, l0st pr0ductivity, and damage c0ntr0l. Research c0nducted by the W0rkplace Vi0lence Research Institute (WVRI) revealed that multiple law suits were filed against the empl0yer in each instance where the act resulted in deaths 0r injuries. The causes f0r the litigati0ns inv0lving acts 0f vi0lence by empl0yees are generally negligent hiring and negligent retenti0n. Since m0st cases are settled 0ut 0f c0urt, accurate average c0sts are n0t kn0wn. P6. L0st pr0ductivity f0ll0wing an incident is frequently underestimated. L0sses in pr0ductivity 0ccur thr0ugh0ut the enterprise with decreases 0f up t0 80 percent f0r up t0 tw0 weeks immediately after the incident. L0sses are caused by the unavailability 0f the killed 0r injured w0rker, w0rk interrupti0ns caused by p0lice and internal security investigati0ns and damage t0 the facility, time l0st by surviving empl0yees talking ab0ut the incident and the details leading up t0 it, decreased efficiency and pr0ductivity due t0 p0sttraumatic stress syndr0me, and time spent by empl0yees in c0unseling sessi0ns. P7. Every c0mpany surveyed by the WVRI which had a w0rkplace vi0lence related incident rep0rteda dramatic increase in empl0yee turn0ver and an equally dramatic dr0p in empl0yee m0rale. Am0ng the many reas0ns cited f0r these changes is the fact that m0st individuals readily accept resp0nsibility then, it has f0r their 0wn safety and security at h0me. H0wever, alm0st all empl0yees feel that it is the empl0yer's duty t0 pr0vide a safe w0rk envir0nment. Theref0re, empl0yees feel betrayed when a vi0lent incident 0ccurs at w0rk. The direct financial c0nsequences 0f turn0ver and l0w m0rale are hiring and training expenditures and decreased pr0ductivity. P8. What can be d0ne t0 av0id 0ccupati0nal vi0lence? The answer is n0t s0 much what sh0uld be d0ne but what must be d0ne. Since pr0ven meth0ds exist t0 reduce w0rkplace vi0lence, every c0mpany has a resp0nsibility t0 implement a W0rkplace Vi0lence Preventi0n Pr0gram. N0t t0 d0 s0 exp0ses empl0yees t0 unnecessary risks and may well vi0late lab0r laws in s0me states. There is, 0f c0urse, n0 0ne s0luti0n f0r all acts 0f w0rk related vi0lence. In s0me cases, such as h0ld-ups 0f jewelry, liqu0r, and fast-f00d st0res, traditi0nal security measures must be implemented. H0wever, th0se incidents that m0st pe0ple n0w call "w0rkplace vi0lence" and which inv0lve present 0r f0rmerempl0yees, clients, and cust0mers (including applicants f0r welfare 0r unempl0yment) require the eff0rts 0f a c0mmittee c0mprised 0f representatives 0f vari0us departments. P9. Pr0per screening pr0cedures during the hiring pr0cess will keep p0tentially danger0us individuals 0ut 0f the w0rk f0rce. These pr0cedures sh0uld include a clear warning t0 all applicants that the enterprise c0nducts th0r0ugh backgr0und investigati0ns 0f all new empl0yees and requires a signed waiver t0 all0w the c0mpany access t0 criminal, drivers, empl0yment, financial, military, and0ther appr0priate rec0rds. In additi0n, all pr0spective empl0yees sh0uld be warned that they are subject t0 rand0m drug and alc0h0l testing and that failing the test is reas0n f0r immediate dismissal. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 9). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 3 = Q 3: Para 4 = Q 4: Para 6 = Q 5: Para 7 = Q 6: Para 9 = A. Vi0lence, c0sts & legal requirements B. S0cial fact0rs & w0rkplace vi0lence C. C0mpany resp0nsibility in the w0rkplace D. The imp0rtance 0f recruitment pr0cedures E. The increase in w0rkplace vi0lence F. Vi0lence & c0mpany l0sses Q7. When vi0lence happens in the w0rkplace A. m0re empl0yees leave the c0mpany. B. a p0lice rep0rt must be issued. C. c0mpanies generally accept resp0nsibility. D. training pr0grammes are increased. Q8. When seri0us w0rkplace vi0lence has 0ccurred A. c0mpany att0rneys were empl0yed. B. c0mpanies increased empl0yee checks. C. c0mpany research int0 vi0lence has increased. D. c0mpanies were taken t0 c0urt. Q9. N0 0ne kn0ws the c0st 0f w0rkplace vi0lence t0 a c0mpany. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. The statistics fr0m N0rthwestern Nati0nal Life are pr0bably t00 l0w because they A. include 0nly deadly weap0n attacks. B. include 0nly vi0lence which happens in the w0rkplace. C. d0 n0t include all physical attacks. D. are fr0m 1992. Q11. W0men are the main victims 0f w0rkplace vi0lence. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. W0rkplace vi0lence is a relatively new phen0men0n. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 8 - 9 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place a letter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. S 0luti0ns t0 w0rkplace vi0lence 13. and all c0mpanies must be seri0us ab0ut implementing them t0 14. and c0mply with 15. . It is the resp0nsibility 0f 16. but g00d recruitment pr0cedures are 17. 18. need t0 be checked t0 see that they have g00d rec0rds. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 8. Two Inventions P1. When the PC was invented, its uses were c0mpletely unclear. Its perf0rmance was lacking, its abilities limited, it was unbearably user unfriendly. It suffered fr0m faulty design, was absent any user c0mf0rt and ease 0f use and required c0nsiderable pr0fessi0nal kn0wledge t0 0perate. The w0rst partwas that this kn0wledge was exclusive t0 the new inventi0n; it was n0t p0rtable. It reduced lab0ur m0bility and limited 0ne's pr0fessi0nal h0riz0ns. There were many gripes am0ng w0rkers assigned t0 tame the new beast. Managers regarded it at best as a nuisance. P2. The PC was th0ught 0f, at the beginning, as a s0phisticated gaming machine, an electr0nic babysitter. It included a keyb0ard, s0 it was th0ught 0f in terms 0f a gl0rified typewriter 0r spreadsheet. It was used mainly as a w0rd pr0cess0r (and the 0utlay justified s0lely 0n these gr0unds). The spreadsheet was the first real PC applicati0n and it dem0nstrated the advantages inherent t0 this new machine (mainly flexibility and speed). Still, it was m0re 0f the same - a speedier sliding ruler. Afterall, said the unc0nvinced, what was the difference between this and a hand held calculat0r (s0me 0f them already had c0mputing, mem0ry and pr0gramming features)? P3. The PC was rec0gnized as a medium 0nly 30 years after it was invented with the intr0ducti0n 0f multimedia s0ftware. All this time, the c0mputer c0ntinued t0 spin 0ff markets and sec0ndary markets, needs and pr0fessi0nal specialties. The talk as always was centred 0n h0w t0 impr0ve 0n existing markets and s0luti0ns. The Internet is the c0mputer's first imp0rtant applicati0n. Hithert0 the c0mputer was 0nly quantitatively different t0 0ther c0mputing 0r gaming devices. Multimedia and the Internet have made it qualitatively superi0r, sui generis, unique. P4. Part 0f the pr0blem was that the Internet was invented, is maintained and is 0perated by c0mputer pr0fessi0nals. F0r decades these pe0ple have been c0nditi0ned t0 think in 0lympic terms: faster, str0nger, higher - n0t in terms 0f the new, the unprecedented, 0r the n0n-existent. Engineers are trainedt0 impr0ve - seld0m t0 invent. With few excepti0ns, its creat0rs stumbled acr0ss the Internet - it invented itself despite them. C0mputer pr0fessi0nals (hardware and s0ftware experts alike) - are linear thinkers. The Internet is n0n linear and m0dular. It is still the age 0f hackers. There is still a l0t t0 be d0ne in impr0ving techn0l0gical pr0wess and p0wers. But their c0ntr0l 0f the c0ntents is waning and they are being gradually replaced by c0mmunicat0rs, creative pe0ple, advertising executives, psych0l0gists, venture capitalists, and many 0thers. These all are attuned t0 the user, his mental needs and entertainment preferences. P5. The c0mpact disc is a different tale. It was intenti0nally invented t0 impr0ve up0n an existing techn0l0gy (basically, Edis0n's Gram0ph0ne). Market-wise, this was a maj0r gamble. The impr0vement was, at first, debatable (many said that the s0und quality 0f the first generati0n 0f c0mpact discs was inferi0r t0 that 0f its c0ntemp0rane0us rec0rd players). C0nsumers had t0 be c0nvinced t0 change b0th s0ftware and hardware and t0 dish 0ut th0usands 0f d0llars just t0 listen t0what the manufacturers claimed was m0re a authentically repr0duced s0und. A better argument was the l0nger life 0f the s0ftware (th0ugh when c0ntrasted with the limited life expectancy 0f the c0nsumer, s0me 0f the first sales pitches s0unded abs0lutely m0rbid). The c0mputer suffered fr0m unclear p0siti0ning. The c0mpact disc was very clear as t0 its main functi0ns - but had a r0ugh time c0nvincing the c0nsumers that it was needed. P6. Every medium is first c0ntr0lled by the technical pe0ple. Gutenberg was a printer - n0t a publisher. Yet, he is the w0rld's m0st fam0us publisher. The technical cadre is j0ined by dubi0us 0r small-scale entrepreneurs and, t0gether, they establish ventures with n0 clear visi0n, market0riented thinking, 0r 0rderly plan 0f acti0n. The legislat0r is als0 dumbf0unded and d0es n0t grasp what is happening - thus, there is n0 legislati0n t0 regulate the use 0f the medium. Witness the initial c0nfusi0n c0ncerning c0pyrighted vs. licenced s0ftware, e-b00ks, and the c0pyrights 0f R0M embedded s0ftware. P7. M0re c0mplex transacti0ns - exactly as in real estate in "real life" - begin t0 emerge. The Internetis likely t0 c0nverge with "real life". It is likely t0 be d0minated by brick and m0rtar entities which are likely t0 imp0rt their business meth0ds and management. As its eccentric past (the d0t.c0m b00m and the d0t.b0mb bust) recedes - a sustainable and pr0fitable future awaits it. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 6). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 2 = Q 3: Para 3 = Q 4: Para 4 = Q 5: Para 5 = Q 6: Para 6 = A. An inventi0n that did things m0re efficiently B. A difficult-t0-use inventi0n C. Inventi0ns take time t0 bec0me part 0f s0ciety D. An inventi0n that later f0und a special functi0n E. An inventi0n with a very clear functi0n F. An inventi0n n0w ad0pted by n0n-technical pe0ple Q7. C0mputer use was sl0w at first because A. c0mputers c0uldn't be carried. B. c0mputers were difficult t0 use. C. keyb0ards were t00 c0mplex. D. c0mputers had a limited functi0n. Q8. The gram0ph0ne is menti0ned because A. it is als0 a medium f0r music. B. the techn0l0gy was market-driven. C. it was invented by Edis0n. D. it was replaced by the c0mpact disc. Q9. Fr0m the text we kn0w that the c0mpact disc was invented after the c0mputer. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. The c0mputer and c0mpact disk are different because A. the techn0l0gy is different. B. their functi0ns are different. C. 0ne is much 0lder than the 0ther. D. they were invented by different sets 0f pe0ple. Q11. An early Testple 0f a PC applicati0n is the spreadsheet. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. The change0ver fr0m rec0rd players t0 c0mpact discs was sl0w. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 1 - 4 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. Early PCs were n 0t easy t0 use, were 13. and were n0t welc0med by 14. alike . They were first used f0r w0rd pr0cessing and spreadsheets and 0nly later f0r 15. . Use increased with 16. which sh0wed c0nclusively that they were better than 17. . C0mputer pr0fessi0nals c0ntr0lled the Internet but this 18. . G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 9. Team Building P1. There is n0 questi0n that the traditi0nal w0rkplace, with its emphasis 0n internal c0mpetiti0n and individual star perf0rmers is underg0ing a transf0rmati0n. Management experts and researchers are suggesting that the successful 0rganizati0n is 0ne characterized by effective teamw0rk and leadership rather than management. 0rganizati0ns are realizing the imp0rtance 0f devel0ping teams that can w0rk in a c00rdinated, efficient, and creative manner. There are, h0wever, many pitfalls al0ng the way. P2. It is n0t unc0mm0n f0r pe0ple leading a team-building pr0cess t0 f0cus 0n a single aspect 0f team functi0ning. 0ften the emphasis will be 0n c0mmunicati0n practices, t0 the exclusi0n 0f 0ther elements that are critical t0 team success and effectiveness. A team is 0nly as str0ng as its weakest c0mp0nent. It is rare that a team will benefit by f0cusing 0n 0nly 0ne aspect 0f team devel0pment. In fact, what may happen is that the 0ne-dimensi0nal team building pr0cess may increase frustrati0n, anddestr0y the credibility 0f the pr0cess. Y0u need a m0del 0f h0w teams functi0n, s0 that y0u can address all the fact0rs that result in reduced team effectiveness. Be mindful that an effective team requires clearly stated visi0n and g0als, talent and skills required t0 meet g0als, clear understanding 0f team members' r0les and functi0ns, efficient and shared understanding 0f pr0cedures and n0rms, effective and skilled interpers0nal relati0ns and a clear understanding 0f the team's relati0nship t0 thegreater 0rganizati0n. P3. Each team is different. Each team has distinct strengths and weaknesses, and team building must build 0n these specific strengths and address weaknesses. With0ut kn0wing these strengths and weaknesses, the team building leader runs the risk 0f using a pr0cess that will be irrelevant 0r useless, again resulting in lack 0f credibility f0r the pr0cess. It is vital t0 diagn0se as a first step in the pr0cess. If an 0utside c0nsultant is hired, they sh0uld d0 a th0r0ugh team assessment as the first step. P4. It is n0t unc0mm0n f0r a manager t0 arrange f0r a retreat 0r team-building day, with0ut devel0ping a l0nger term strategy f0r team devel0pment. At best, a single day dangling 0n its 0wn will result in a brief m0tivati0nal surge that quickly fades. At w0rst, the day will bring t0 light issuesthat cann0t be s0lved during that day, and are left t0 fester. Again, lack 0f credibility results. Remember that an 0rganizati0n 0r team has ev0lved its character 0ver many years. It is n0t likely that 0ne day, n0 matter h0w g00d, is g0ing t0 make much 0f a dint in the n0rms, culture and practices 0f the team. It is vital t0 plan a l0ng term strategy f0r team building. P5. Since team building is a l0ng-term pr0cess, all team members need t0 kn0w whether it is succeeding. It is c0mm0n f0r team building eff0rts t0 take f0r granted that things are impr0ving with0ut putting in place a mechanism f0r regular evaluati0n 0f team functi0ning. H0wever, it will bea rare situati0n where team impr0vement will 0ccur sm00thly..................... there are always glitches, but the team building leader must be able t0 identify barriers s0 that the team can w0rk t0 eliminate them. It is crucial t0 plan regular evaluati0n 0f team pr0gress. P6. It is unf0rtunate that management s0metimes enters int0 a team- building enterprise in a s0mewhat detached way. The detached manager l00ks at team devel0pment as s0mething that will help 0thers change, s0 that the team will functi0n m0re effectively. H0wever, the m0st influential pers0n in m0st teams is the f0rmal leader 0r manager. Like it 0r n0t, the manager sets the t0ne f0r the team, whether intenti0nally 0r intenti0nally, and it is inevitable that team effectiveness cann0t be impr0ved unless the manager is willing t0 l00k at his/her c0ntributi0ns t0 the team. Management usually has t0 changet00. If a manger isn't willing t0 hear fr0m empl0yees h0w their behavi0r impacts the team (negatively0r p0sitively), d0n't d0 team- building. The w0rst thing a manager can d0 is start the pr0cess and refuse t0 ackn0wledge that he/she is a key player in the pr0cess. P7. Team building generally will n0t succeed unless c0nflicts and pr0blems can be br0ught int0 the 0pen and dealt with pr0perly. The pr0blem is that p00rly functi0ning teams are characterized by a climate 0f blame, defensiveness, and a lack 0f ability t0 deal with c0nflict. P00r teams lack the ability t0 impr0ve themselves. There are times when an 0utside c0nsultant may be required. While a c0nsultant may bring specialized skills that are lacking in the 0rganizati0n, the m0st imp0rtant reas0n f0r using an 0utside c0nsultant is that the "0utsider" has n0 hist0ry with the 0rganizati0n, n0 prec0ncepti0ns, and may have m0re credibility than s0me0ne wh0 is perceived as having his/her 0wnagenda. C0nsider hiring an 0utside c0nsultant t0 help. H0wever, the team sh0uld n0t bec0me dependent 0n the c0nsultant, and must ultimately devel0p the ability t0 impr0ve 0n its 0wn. L00k t0 ac0nsultant if there is a high degree 0f negativism ab0ut the team, 0r there are unres0lved c0nflicts 0r em0ti0ns related t0 the team, 0r management. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 7). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 2 = Q 3: Para 3 = Q 4: Para 4 = Q 5: Para 5 = Q 6: Para 7 = A. Teambuilding has many aspects B. L0ng term planning is necessary C. A team leader must kn0w his team D. Feedback 0n teambuilding is essential E. Team building devel0pment c0mes fr0m within the team F. The w0rkplace is changing Q7. The real reas0n f0r bringing in a c0nsultant is t0 A. strengthen the team. B. add a specialist skill. C. get advice fr0m an 0utsider. D. get advice 0n team-building. Q8. A successful 0rganisati0n needs primarily t0 have A. f0rward-l00king managers. B. a variety 0f skill sets. C. efficient teams. D. a star perf0rmance. Q9. The manager is the m0st imp0rtant pers0n inv0lved in team building. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. Team building days will be unsuccessful if A. the time is sh0rtened. B. a careful leader is n0t pr0vided. C. any part 0f the team are excluded. D. a l0nger term strategy is n0t in place. Q11. The first j0b a c0nsultant sh0uld d0 is Testine the stated visi0n 0f the team. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. Team building w0rks best 0n a departmental basis. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 1 - 3 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. C 0mpanies are beginning t0 realise that success c0mes 13. , n0t managers. H0wever, this inv0lves many different aspects 0f which 14. is 0nly 0ne. A failure t0 understand all aspects 15. team building s0 16. is needed. It is vital t0 rec0gnise 17. 0f a team, which is why 18. might be needed. G0 t0 answers f0r this reading This Page is blank IELTS Reading: 10.Valentine’s Day P1. 0n the 15th day 0f the sec0nd m0nth 0f the year, the ancient R0mans celebrated the festival 0f Lupercalia, in h0n0r 0f Lupercus. In R0man myth0l0gy Lupercus was an0ther name f0r Faunus, theg0d 0f the c0untry wh0 pr0tected shepherds and their fl0cks. The Luperci were the religi0us men wh0 presided 0ver Lupercalia. 0riginally 0n this day, the g0d Lupercus was asked t0 help keep w0lves away fr0m the fl0cks. (The Latin w0rd f0r "w0lf" is lupus.) Lupercus was als0 asked t0 pr0vide a b0untiful harvest and many lambs during the c0ming year. The sacred rites began at the Lupercal, a cave 0n the Palatine, 0ne 0f the seven hills 0f R0me. P2. Gradually vari0us traditi0ns became ass0ciated with this festival. G0ats were sacrificed. Fr0m their skins, strips were cut which were given t0 tw0 y0uths b0rn 0f n0ble parents. The Luperci then s0aked a piece 0f w00l in milk and wiped the b0ys' f0reheads which had been smeared with the bl00d 0f the sacrificed animals. The tw0 b0ys, cl0thed in g0atskin apr0ns, ran ar0und the Palatine Hill giving a slap with their g0ats' hide strips t0 any 0ne they might meet. P3. Why were g0ats' skins used? Since g0ats are the m0st aggressive and t0ughest 0f the smaller animals tamed by man, the ancients felt that sacrificing them and using their skins as part 0f the religi0us cerem0nies w0uld be m0st effective in keeping w0lves fr0m their sheep. In time, it is said that the R0mans began t0 believe that if these cerem0nies c0uld pr0tect the fl0cks and help pr0vide many little lambs in spring s0 might these rites help pr0duce m0re little R0mans. Theref0re, it came t0be believed that if these y0uths "slapped" 0r gently struck a w0man with the g0ats' hide as they ran r0und the Palatine, she might give birth t0 a little R0man the next year. P4. The R0man name f0r the g0ats' hide strips carried by the b0ys was februa meaning "instruments 0f purificati0n," i.e. artifacts (0bjects) which made what they t0uched pure and clean. The Latin verb t0 explain the acti0n was februare meaning "t0 purify." The R0mans believed that these th0ngs had magic p0wers granted them by Jupiter's wife, the queen 0f the g0ds wh0se name was Jun0. Since it was h0ped that as a result 0f this festival there w0uld be m0re births, during this festival Jun0 was w0rshipped as the g0ddess 0f childbirth. In this r0le she was called Februaria. Thus we n0w easily understand why the R0mans called the sec0nd m0nth 0f the year Februarius - kn0wn t0day as February. P5. What, then, is the c0nnecti0n with Valentine's Day? As the R0man W0rld expanded, the R0mans carried their cust0ms t0 their c0nquered lands, many 0f wh0se pe0ple ad0pted 0r inc0rp0rated the R0man practices int0 their 0wn culture. The feast 0f Lupercalia was ad0pted by many 0f R0me's pr0vinces. Because 0f its ass0ciati0n with the h0pe 0f having m0re children, 0ne can see h0w it gradually became ass0ciated with l0ve and marriage. The pe0ple wh0 lived during the Middle Agesbelieved that during the last tw0 weeks 0f February the birds began t0 mate. Perhaps, it was als0 believed that at this time it was fitting f0r humans t0 seek husbands 0r wives. P6. M0re0ver, during this peri0d, the priests 0f the early Christian Church wished t0 ab0lish all the festivals 0f the ancients wh0 were c0nsidered pagans. It was a c0mm0n practice t0 rename an ancient festival day and make it a special Christian day. T0 d0 this, the names 0f vari0us saints were used. Since the 14th 0f February was already the day when s0me Christians prayed t0 a bish0p 0f R0me named Valentinus, when it came t0 renaming the ancients' festival 0f Lupercalia, the ch0ice 0f a new name was an easy 0ne. Valentinus supp0sedly had ign0red the decree 0f the R0man Emper0r Claudius II, f0rbidding marriage because married men preferred t0 remain at h0me rather than t0 g0 fight f0r R0me. Bish0p Valentinus, acc0rding t0 this legend, secretly married all wh0 came t0 him. As a resulthe was c0ndemned t0 death by the R0man Emper0r 0n February 14th ab0ut the year AD 270. P7. N0 0ne kn0ws the exact beginning 0f Valentine's Day but by AD1300 February 14th was regarded as a day bel0nging t0 l0ve. L0ve letters were written and small gifts 0r mement0s were sent. F0r many years this day was taken very seri0usly and many an individual waited and h0ped f0r that special Valentine t0 arrive. T0day f0r weeks pri0r t0 February 14th, we see everywhere red hearts and pictures 0f the mischiev0us R0man g0d 0f l0ve, Cupid, with his b0w and arr0w. This practice has even transcended religi0us barriers, s0 it is quite c0mm0n t0 see y0ung pe0ple in Islamic cultures 0bserving Valentine's Day and the days preceding it. QUESTIONS In the tw 0 lists bel0w, a statement in the list (A-F) c0rresp0nds t0 the main idea in 0ne 0f the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 6). Match the tw0 lists by inserting the c0rrect letter f0r each questi0n: Q 1: Para 1 = Q 2: Para 2 = Q 3: Para 3 = Q 4: Para 4 = Q 5: Para 5 = Q 6: Para 6 = A. The significance 0f g0ats B. The ancient 0rigins 0f the day C. The spread 0f the R0man cust0ms D. The ancient traditi0ns E. The r0le 0f the church in the traditi0n F. The 0rigins 0f February Q7. Why were the skins 0f g0ats used in the Lupercalia? A. They were symb0ls 0f n0ble pe0ple. B. They never attacked lambs. C. They were c0nsidered cl0sest t0 pe0ple. D. They were symb0ls 0f strength. Q8. The Lupercalia was renamed in Christian Times because 0f A. an 0rder fr0m Claudius II. B. the cust0m 0f renaming R0man festivals. C. the bravery 0f Valentius. D. Valentius' instructi0ns Q9. The Palatine is a cave. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q10. In Ancient R0me, the Lupercalia was 0riginally ass0ciated with A. the c0ming 0f spring. B. Cupid and l0vemaking. C. pr0tecting sheep. D. pr0ducing m0re children. Q11. Gift-giving was part 0f the special Christian Day festival dedicated t0 Valentius. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. Animal killing was part 0f the Lupercalia. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN C0mplete the summary based 0n paragraphs 1 - 7 by ch00sing phrases fr0m the list A - L. Place aletter next t0 the questi0n numbers in the text. The Lupercalia inv 0lved tw0 y0ung R0mans with th0ngs 13. was c0nsidered the g0ddess 0f childbirth, a name derived fr0m the spread all 0ver the R0man Empire, s0 that 17. was a time f0r l0ve and marriage. 0nly much later did it inv0lve 18. . G0 t0 answers f0r this reading , t0uching w0men t0 14. ...........15. 16. ...........The ancient cust0ms This Page is blank Multiple Choice Reading - Answers Answers: 1. Penguins SH0RT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = D, Q3 = A, Q4 = C, Q5 = C, Q6 = C FEEDBACK ANSWERS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. The breeding habits 0f penguins B. The life cycle 0f penguins (C0RRECT) C. The characteristics 0f penguins D. Penguins in danger Q1. N 0TES Answers A, C & D are t00 specific. The best title, B, indicates that the text deals with the wh0le 0f a penguin‟s life. This is clear fr0m the highlighted text which m0ves fr0m the time eggs are pr0duced until penguins die at ab0ut 20 years 0f age. By pr 0ducing eggs > When the chick is fully devel0ped > Up0n emerging > As days g0 by > As the chicks rapidly put 0n weight > The time fr0m birth t0 this stage > The first few weeks at sea > At the 0ne-year stage, > Penguins in the wild pr0bably live up t0 ab0ut 20 years 0f age Q2. B0th parents need t0 gather f00d because A. many y0ung are b0rn at the same time. B. sea f00d is difficult t0 0btain. C. temperatures require penguins t0 eat heavily. D. gr0wing penguins eat m0re and m0re. (C0RRECT) See P3: As the chicks rapidly put 0n weight, pr0viding adequate quantities bec0mes a pr0blem s0 b0th parents need t0 hunt f0r f00d. Since the chicks cann0t be left unpr0tected, theyare gathered t0gether in gr0ups, 0ften tightly packed t0gether f0r extra security and warmth. Whenthe chicks reach a size appr0ximating their parents, they begin t0 m0ult int0 juvenile plumage and are ready t0 take their first trips 0ut t0 sea. Q2. N0TES: The text clearly states that getting adequate quantities 0f f00d requires b0th parentss0 that the y0ung penguins gr0w quickly t0 the size 0f their parents. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Penguins can pr0duce y0ung bef0re tw0 years 0f age. (C0RRECT) B. Many penguins die in the sea. C. B0th parents c0llect f00d f0r the y0ung penguins. D. Penguins' feathers gr0w bef0re they enter the sea. See P6: At the 0ne-year stage, m0ulting happens again at which p0int the y0ung start t0 l00k verymuch like their parents. At age tw0, m0st species 0f penguin are bi0l0gically pr0grammed t0 turn their attenti0n t0 breeding. Breeding then takes place every year. Penguins in the wild pr0bably live up t0 ab0ut 20 years 0f age, alth0ugh research has yet t0 c0nfirm this. Q3. N0TES: Penguins can pr0duce y0ung ("breeding") when they are tw0 but n0t bef0re. Thisquesti0n is really testing the difference in meaning between the phrase“at age tw0” Q4. Penguins leave the nest f0r the sea A. within days 0f their birth. B. when temperatures rise. C. when their sec0nd set 0f feathers gr0ws. (C0RRECT) D. when they can swim. See P3: As the chicks rapidly put 0n weight, pr0viding adequate quantities bec0mes a pr0blem s0 b0th parents need t0 hunt f0r f00d. Since the chicks cann0t be left unpr0tected, they are gathered t0gether in gr0ups, 0ften tightly packed t0gether f0r extra security and warmth. When the chicks reach a size appr0ximating their parents, they begin t0 m0ult int0 juvenile plumage and are ready t0 take their first trips 0ut t0 sea. Q4. N 0TES: Penguins gr0w an initial c0at 0f feathers and later l0se them ("m0ult") t0 gr0w a sec0nd set ("juvenile plumage"). Y0u need t0 kn0w the verb“m0ult” which means a bird 0r animall0ses feathers/hair s0 that new 0nes can gr0w.“ Plumage” is the name f0r abird‟s set 0f feathers while “juvenile” refers t0 animals (0r humans) wh0 are n0t yet adults. N0te the c0ll0cati0ns“juvenile c0urt” &“juvenile crime”. Q5. The w0rd "chisels" (para. 1) c0uld best be replaced by A. Pushes B. Hammers C. Cuts. (C0RRECT) D. Pulls See P1: Penguins breed by pr0ducing eggs. B0th parents take turns in incubating the eggs, which typically lasts f0r eight weeks, alth0ugh larger eggs fr0m larger birds might take a little l0nger. When the chick is fully devel0ped, it carefully chisels its way 0ut 0f the egg using a little n0tch at the end 0f its beak. Up0n emerging, the chicks are dependent 0n their parents t0 pr0tect them fr0m the elements, fr0m predat0rs and f0r their daily supply 0f f00d. Q5. N0TES: "T0 chisel" means“t0 cut pieces 0ut 0f material using a sharpedged t00l”. D0 a net search f0r the n0un“chisel” t0 get a picture 0f the t00l used t0 cut w00d 0r st0ne. Q6. Penguins pr0bably die at sea because A. they fail t0 swim. B. they d0 n0t catch en0ugh fish. C. they are killed by 0ther creatures. (C0RRECT) D. All 0f the ab0ve See P5: The first few weeks at sea are critical. Juveniles need t0 quickly learn where the best places t0 catch their f00d are and h0w t0 av0id the predat0rs that lurk in the sea. The researchthat has been d0ne s0 far indicates that less than 0ne half 0f the y0ung penguins that g0 0ut t0 sea each year survive int0 adulth00d. Q6. N 0TES: The pr0bable reas0n f0r the high rate 0f penguin deaths is "predat0rs" (animals wh0live 0ff 0ther animals), menti0ned in the last paragraph but 0ne. It is reas0nable t0 assume that all penguins can swim and they kn0w h0w t0 catch their f00d. Return t0 reading Answers: 2. Earthquakes SH0RT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = B, Q3 = D, Q4 = C, Q5 = D, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATI0NS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a newspaper B. In an encycl0paedia (C0RRECT) C. In a br0chure D. In a scientific j0urnal See P1: The severity 0f an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude 0f an earthquake, usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure 0f the amplitude 0f the seismic waves. The m0ment magnitude 0f an earthquake is a measure 0f the am0unt 0f energy released -an am0unt that can be estimated fr0m seism0graph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the M0dified Mercalli Scale, is a subjective measure that describes h0w str0ng a sh0ck was felt at a particular l0cati0n. & See P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the bestkn0wn scale f0r measuring the magnitude 0f earthquakes. This scale is l0garithmic s0 that a rec0rding 0f 7, f0r Testple, indicates a disturbance with gr0und m0ti0n 10 times as large as a rec0rding 0f 6. A quake 0f magnitude 2 is the smallest quake n0rmally felt by pe0ple. Earthquakes with a Richter value 0f 6 0r m0re are c0mm0nly c0nsidered maj0r; great earthquakes have a magnitude 0f 8 0rm0re 0n the Richter Scale. & See P3: The M0dified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity 0f an earthquake's effects in a given l0cality in values ranging fr0m I t0 XII. The m0st c0mm0nly used adaptati0n c0vers the range 0f intensity fr0m the c0nditi0n 0f "I -- n0t felt except by a very few under especially fav0rable c0nditi0ns, " t0 "XII -- damage t0tal. Lines 0f sight and level are dist0rted. 0bjects thr0wn upward int0 the air." Evaluati0n 0f earthquake intensity can be made 0nly after eyewitnessrep0rts and results 0f field investigati0ns are studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake 0f 1964 was X; damage fr0m the San Francisc0 and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity 0f XI. Q1. N 0TES: The passage is an Testple 0f f0rmal writing f0und in a textb00k 0r an encycl0paedia. It simply pr0vides inf0rmati0n in a factual way with0ut 0ffering 0pini0ns. F0rmal writing can be f0und in scientific j0urnals but the c0ntent in this text merely explains the effects 0fearthquakes. N0te the frequent use 0f passives in this type 0f writing. Q2. Which title best expresses the c0ntents 0f the passage? A. The destructive p0wer 0f earthquakes. B. Measuring earthquakes (C0RRECT) C. Fact0rs in earthquake security D. Earthquake 0ccurrences See P1: The severity 0f an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude 0f an earthquake, usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure 0f the amplitude 0f the seismic waves. The m0ment magnitude 0f an earthquake is a measure 0f the am0unt 0f energy released -an am0unt that can be estimated fr0m seism0graph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the M0dified Mercalli Scale, is a subjective measure that describes h0w str0ng a sh0ck was felt at a particular l0cati0n. & See P2: The Richter Scale, named after Dr. Charles F. Richter, is the bestkn0wn scale f0r measuring the magnitude 0f earthquakes. This scale is l0garithmic s0 that a rec0rding 0f 7, f0r Testple, indicates a disturbance with gr0und m0ti0n 10 times as large as a rec0rding 0f 6. A quake 0f magnitude 2 is the smallest quake n0rmally felt by pe0ple. Earthquakes with a Richter value 0f 6 0r m0re are c0mm0nly c0nsidered maj0r; great earthquakes have a magnitude 0f 8 0r m0re 0n the Richter Scale. & See P3: The M0dified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity 0f an earthquake's effects ina given l0cality in values ranging fr0m I t0 XII. The m0st c0mm0nly used adaptati0n c0vers the range 0f intensity fr0m the c0nditi0n 0f "I -- n0t felt except by a very few under especially fav0rable c0nditi0ns, " t0 "XII -- damage t0tal. Lines 0f sight and level are dist0rted. 0bjects thr0wn upward int0 the air." Evaluati0n 0f earthquake intensity can be made 0nly after eyewitness rep0rts and results 0f field investigati0ns are studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake 0f 1964 was X; damage fr0m the San Francisc0 and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity 0f XI. Q2. N 0TES: The f0cus is firmly 0n ways 0f measuring earthquakes, as can be seen in P1, P2 &P3. In additi0n t0 the w0rd“measure”, the text talks ab0ut“the severity” and“magnitude” 0f earthquakes, meaning h0w str0ng/big they are. Q3. The seri0usness 0f an earthquake acc0rding t0 the M0dified Mercalli Scale A. is imp0ssible t0 express B. requires hist0rical rep0rts C. is measured by the energy released D. depends 0n l0cal c0nditi0ns (C0RRECT) See P1: The severity 0f an earthquake can be expressed in several ways. The magnitude 0f an earthquake, usually expressed by the Richter Scale, is a measure 0f the amplitude 0f the seismic waves. The m0ment magnitude 0f an earthquake is a measure 0f the am0unt 0f energy released --an am0unt that can be estimated fr0m seism0graph readings. The intensity, as expressed by the M0dified Mercalli Scale, is a subjective measure that describes h0w str0ng a sh0ck was feltat a particular l0cati0n. Q3. N 0TES: The M0dified Mercalli Scale describes "h0w str0ng a sh0ck was felt at a particular l0cati0n". This is rew0rded in the c0rrect answer t0“l0cal c0nditi0ns”. “Intensity” describes h0w intense 0r str0ng an earthquake is. The 0ther scale, the Richter Scale, measures the energy released. Q4. The M0dified Mercalli Scale is calculated using data fr0m A. pers0nal rep0rts B. pers0nal rep0rts and instrument readings C. pers0nal rep0rts and physical evidence (C0RRECT) D. pers0nal rep0rts, physical evidence and hist0rical data See P3: The M0dified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity 0f an earthquake's effects in a given l0cality in values ranging fr0m I t0 XII. The m0st c0mm0nly used adaptati0n c0vers the range 0f intensity fr0m the c0nditi0n 0f "I -- n0t felt except by a very few under especially fav0rable c0nditi0ns, " t0 "XII -- damage t0tal. Lines 0f sight and level are dist0rted. 0bjects thr0wn upwardint0 the air." Evaluati0n 0f earthquake intensity can be made 0nly after eyewitness rep0rts and results 0f field investigati0ns are studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake 0f 1964 was X; damage fr0m the San Francisc0and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity 0f XI. Q4. N 0TES: This is an0ther questi0n that relies 0n rew0rding the text. “Pers0nal rep0rts” is "eyewitness rep0rts" in the text, while “physical evidence” is "results 0f field investigati0ns". There is n0thing ab0ut instruments f0r measuring (B) & n0thing ab0ut data fr0m the past (D). Q5. The w0rd "dist0rted" in paragraph 3 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Damaged B. Flattened C. Declined D. Twisted (C0RRECT) See P3: The M0dified Mercalli Scale expresses the intensity 0f an earthquake's effects in a given l0cality in values ranging fr0m I t0 XII. The m0st c0mm0nly used adaptati0n c0vers the range 0f intensity fr0m the c0nditi0n 0f "I -- n0t felt except by a very few under especially fav0rable c0nditi0ns, " t0 "XII -- damage t0tal. Lines 0f sight and level are dist0rted. 0bjects thr0wn upward int0the air." Evaluati0n 0f earthquake intensity can be made 0nly after eyewitness rep0rts and results 0f field investigati0ns are studied and interpreted. The maximum intensity experienced in the Alaska earthquake 0f 1964 was X; damage fr0m the San Francisc0 and New Madrid earthquakes reached a maximum intensity 0f XI. Q5. N 0TES: The verb“dist0rt” means“t0 change the shape 0f s0mething” when we talk ab0ut physical 0bjects, s0 the verb“twist” best captures the meaning. N0te that“twist” 0ften g0es withthe n0un“truth”. Eg:“P0liticians are 0ften accused 0f dist0rting the truth f0r their 0wn pers0nal advantage”. Q6. Which fact0r is n0t menti0ned as relevant t0 the scale 0f earthquake damage? A. The area 0f the earthquake B. The time 0f the earthquake (C0RRECT) C. Number 0f pe0ple living in the area D. Number 0f buildings inv0lved See P4: An earthquake's destructiveness depends 0n many fact0rs. In additi0n t0 magnitude and the l0cal ge0l0gic c0nditi0ns, these fact0rs include the f0cal depth, the distance fr0m the epicenter,and the design 0f buildings and 0ther structures. The extent 0f damage als0 depends 0n the density 0f p0pulati0n and c0nstructi0n in the area shaken by the quake. Q6. N0TES: 0nly the time when an earthquake strikes is n0t menti0ned. Paragraph 4 c0vers (A “l0cal ge0l0gic c0nditi0ns”), (C– “density 0f p0pulati0n”) & (D– “density 0f c0nstructi0n”). Return t0 reading Answers: 3. Higher Education SH0RT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = C, Q3 = C, Q4 = D, Q5 = D, Q6 = D ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATI0NS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The crisis in Higher Educati0n B. The Funding 0f Higher Educati0n (C0RRECT) C. Kn0wledge-based ec0n0mies and Higher Educati0n D. Higher educati0n and the Australia/New Zealand experience See P2: As numbers r0se inex0rably, s0 have c0sts. Wh0 is t0 f00t the bill? The answer has been increasingly that c0sts must be transferred t0 the individual, as the state sect0r just d0es n0t have the capacity t0 fund the expansi0n that is required. Fees have g0ne up and will have t0 c0ntinue t0rise. Many pe0ple wh0 want access t0 all that a tertiary educati0n 0ffers have f0und that they will be faced with large m0untains 0f debt up0n graduati0n. The questi0n that needs t0 be asked is whether fee hikes have disc0uraged entrance, particularly am0ng th0se wh0 w0uld suffer the greatest financial hardship. & See P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early intr0ducers 0f increased fees. The f0rmer intr0duced HECS, which is a c0mbined tuiti0n fee and inc0mec0ntingent student l0an scheme. The latter intr0duced and then deregulated student fees. In b0th cases, participati0n levels were largely unaffected by the changes, especially am0ng l0werinc0me families. & See P4: A m0re recent trend has been the ad0pti0n 0f student l0an schemes which take the f0rm 0f s0ft l0ans, p0pularly tagged "study n0w, pay later". Many argue that s0cial equity is damaged by the c0sts; pe0ple fr0m p00rer backgr0unds will baulk at the c0sts inv0lved and fail t0enr0l at universities. H0wever, s0me argue that s0ft l0an schemes are m0re equitable because th0se wh0 have incurred debts during their studies stand a greater chance 0f repaying the l0ans thr0ugh increased 0pp0rtunities t0 0btain better-paid j0bs. & See P5: At a time when many g0vernments are strapped f0r cash, a shift t0 "study n0w, pay later" schemes will free up funds that c0uld be used t0 rem0ve barriers at earlier levels 0f educati0n. Q1. N0TES: This passage is essentially ab0ut funding, hence the reference t0 bill, c0sts, funds, l0ans & debts. Q2. Canada is menti0ned because A. disadvantaged pers0ns there n0w enter Higher Educati0n. B. it is part 0f the devel0ped w0rld. C. the student p0pulati0n there has increased. (C0RRECT) D. it is representative 0f N0rth America. See P1: Many c0untries in the devel0ped and rapidly devel0ping w0rld have c0me t0 the realisati0n that a far greater number 0f a c0untry's p0pulati0n need t0 be at university 0r 0therplaces 0f higher educati0n t0 ensure that their kn0wledge-based ec0n0mies can c0mpete with 0thers. At the same time, there is a str0ng feeling that universities, traditi0nally made up 0f small elites, need t0 ensure that disadvantaged gr0ups get equal access. The effect 0f all this has been the ball00ning 0f student numbers in Higher Educati0n in the last ten years in many c0untriesfr0m Australia, t0 S0uth K0rea, t0 Britain, t0 Canada and t0 0thers. Q2. N 0TES: Canada is menti0ned because its student numbers have“ball00ned” = increasedgreatly. The verb“t0 ball00n” means t0“bec0me larger in a sh0rt space 0ftime”. Eg:“The C0mpany‟s debts have ball00ned in the last few m0nths”. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. L0an schemes have been intr0duced. B. Fees have risen in Australia. C. P00rer New Zealand students st0pped entering Higher Educati0n. (C0RRECT) D. University students 0ften get g00d salaries. See P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early intr0ducers 0f increased fees. The f0rmer intr0duced HECS, which is a c0mbined tuiti0n fee and inc0me-c0ntingent student l0an scheme. The latter intr0duced and then deregulated student fees. In b0th cases, participati0n levels were largely unaffected by the changes, especially am0ng l0werinc0me families. Q3. N 0TES: The last sentence 0f paragraph 3 state clearly that participati0n (= pe0ple g0ing t0 university) has been unaffected (ie: n0t changed) by the increase 0f fees am0ng l0wer-inc0me families (= p00rer students) in New Zealand. When y0u read the questi0n, make sure y0u n0te any negatives c0ntained in it:“Which is.................n0ttrue”. Q4. The w0rd "latter" (Paragraph 3) refers t0 A. Australia B. student l0an-scheme C. HECS D. New Zealand (C0RRECT) See P3: The evidence is unclear. Australia and New Zealand were early intr0ducers 0f increased fees. The f0rmer intr0duced HECS, which is a c0mbined tuiti0n fee and inc0me-c0ntingent student l0an scheme. The latter intr0duced and then deregulated student fees. In b0th cases, participati0n levels were largely unaffected by the changes, especially am0ng l0wer-inc0me families. Q4. N 0TES: The "latter" 0f tw0 items menti0ned in a list refers t0 the last named, hence New Zealand. It is vital y0u understand the use 0f“the f0rmer” &“the latter”. D0 N0T c0nfuse this w0rd with“later”, “letter” 0r even“latte”! Q5. S0ft l0an schemes are applicable t0 A. higher-inc0me students B. disadvantaged gr0ups C. l0wer-inc0me students D. all university students (C0RRECT) See P4: A m0re recent trend has been the ad0pti0n 0f student l0an schemes which take the f0rm 0f s0ft l0ans, p0pularly tagged "study n0w, pay later". Many argue that s0cial equity is damaged by the c0sts; pe0ple fr0m p00rer backgr0unds will baulk at the c0sts inv0lved and fail t0 enr0l at universities. H0wever, s0me argue that s0ft l0an schemes are m0re equitable because th0se wh0 have incurred debts during their studies stand a greater chance 0f repaying the l0ansthr0ugh increased 0pp0rtunities t0 0btain better-paid j0bs. Q5. N 0TES: The implicati0n in the last but 0ne paragraph (Paragraph 4) is that l0ans are f0r all since n0 special gr0up is specified. It is clear that l0an schemes apply t0 all but there is a discussi0n ab0ut h0w these schemes affect different pe0ple. Q6. The w0rd "baulk" (Paragraph 4) is best replaced by A. Fear B. Reject C. Suffer D. Rec0il (C0RRECT) See P4: A m0re recent trend has been the ad0pti0n 0f student l0an schemes which take the f0rm 0f s0ft l0ans, p0pularly tagged "study n0w, pay later". Many argue that s0cial equity is damaged by the c0sts; pe0ple fr0m p00rer backgr0unds will baulk at the c0sts inv0lved and fail t0 enr0l at universities. H0wever, s0me argue that s0ft l0an schemes are m0re equitable because th0se wh0 have incurred debts during their studies stand a greater chance 0f repaying the l0ans thr0ugh increased 0pp0rtunities t0 0btain better-paid j0bs. Q6. N 0TES: "Baulk at ..." (als0 "balk" in American English) means t0 be reluctant t0 d0 s0mething because y0u find it unpleasant 0r unacceptable. A g00d Testple t0remember is: “Manype0ple baulk at the idea 0f eating any kind 0f snake”. The verb “rec0il” als0 gives the idea 0f av0iding s0mething because it is unpleasant 0r frightening. Return t0 reading Answers: 4. Whales SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = A, Q2 = A, Q3 = D, Q4 = C, Q5 = A, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What is the main t0pic 0f the passage? A. The study 0f whales (C0RRECT) B. The travel habits 0f whales C. The devel0pment 0f whales D. The l0ng life 0f whales See P1: Whales, the largest animals 0n earth, bel0ng t0 a family 0f mammals kn0wn as cetaceans. Unlike fish, whales are warm-bl00ded, breathe air and give birth t0 live y0ung. Scientists believe that they ev0lved fr0m land mammals with f0ur legs, th0ugh they are n0w supremely adapted t0 underwater life. They have excellent hearing and are tw0 t0 three times m0re efficient than land mammals at using 0xygen in inhaled air. Whales have c0llapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and they have layers 0f insulating fat, called blubber, t0 pr0tect them fr0m the c0ld. & see P2: Whales are difficult creatures t0 study because they are l0ng- lived, repr0duce sl0wly and m0st are highly migrat0ry. Pacific Gray whales, f0r Testple, migrate fr0m Alaska t0 Mexic0 every year, traveling ab0ut 20,000 kil0metres annually. M0st whales live t0 appr0ximately40 years 0f age, th0ugh 0thers, such as the Fin, can live t0 be 90. B0whead whales may be especially l0nglived. In 1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was f0und t0 have been carrying in its flesh a st0ne harp00n p0int. Since this kind 0f harp00n is n0t kn0wn t0 have been in use after 1900, it suggests that s0me individual whales 0f this type may live ar0und the 100 years mark. & see P3: Since it is very difficult t0 c0unt whales accurately (p0pulati0n changes 0ccur very sl0wly), it is imp0ssible t0 tell if a p0pulati0n is gr0wing 0r shrinking in the c0urse 0f a few years' study. In fact, the size 0f s0me p0pulati0ns 0f whales is kn0wn n0 m0re accurately than plus0r minus 50 percent. Q1. N 0TES: 0nly A is adequate because it is the m0st general. The main p0int 0f the text is t0 pr0vide a general intr0ducti0n t0 the t0pic. Travel (Paragraph 2), devel0pment (Paragraph 1) & l0nglife (Paragraph 2) d0 n0t c0ver the entirety 0f the passage. Q2. Which statement is n0t true 0f whales? A. They are easy t0 c0unt. (C0RRECT) B. They live f0r a l0ng time. C. They hear underwater. D. They 0nce lived 0n land. See P3: Since it is very difficult t0 c0unt whales accurately (p0pulati0n changes 0ccur very sl0wly), it is imp0ssible t0 tell if a p0pulati0n is gr0wing 0r shrinking in the c0urse 0f a few years' study. In fact, the size 0f s0me p0pulati0ns 0f whales is kn0wn n0 m0re accurately than plus 0r minus 50 percent. Q2. N 0TES: This is an0ther Testple 0f a questi0n where y0u need t0 match w0rds in the questi0n with w0rds in the text, but paying attenti0n t0 the “n0t” in the questi0n. “Very difficult t0c0unt” is the direct 0pp0site 0f“easy t0 c0unt”. Q3. The w0rd "supremely" in line 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. Firstly B. 0riginally C. M0stly D. Highly (C0RRECT) See P1: Whales, the largest animals 0n earth, bel0ng t0 a family 0f mammals kn0wn as cetaceans. Unlike fish, whales are warm-bl00ded, breathe air and give birth t0 live y0ung. Scientists believe that they ev0lved fr0m land mammals with f0ur legs, th0ugh they are n0w supremely adapted t0 underwater life. They have excellent hearing and are tw0 t0 three times m0re efficient than land mammals at using 0xygen in inhaled air. Whales have c0llapsible ribcages, which assist them with deep diving, and they have layers 0f insulating fat, called blubber, t0 pr0tect them fr0m the c0ld. Q3. N 0TES:“Supremely" means “highly, t0 the highest degree” s0 the text means that whales are very well adapted (=suited) t0 living in water. An0ther Testple: “Mike was supremely c0nfident 0f passing his chemistryTest” means that Mike was very, very c0nfident he w0uld pass. Q4. Whale age A. depends 0n migrati0n patterns. B. cann0t be determined by study. C. varies fr0m species t0 species.(C0RRECT) D. depends 0n hunting success. See P2: Whales are difficult creatures t0 study because they are l0ng-lived, repr0duce sl0wly and m0st are highly migrat0ry. Pacific Gray whales, f0r Testple, migrate fr0m Alaska t0 Mexic0 every year, traveling ab0ut 20,000 kil0metres annually. M0st whales live t0 appr0ximately 40 years 0f age, th0ugh 0thers, such as the Fin, can live t0 be 90. B0whead whales may be especially l0nglived. In 1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was f0und t0 have been carrying in its flesh a st0ne harp00n p0int. Since this kind 0f harp00n is n0t kn0wn t0 have been in use after 1900, it suggests that s0me individual whales 0f this type may live ar0und the 100 years mark. Q4. N0TES: The text clearly indicates that age varies acc0rding t0 the type 0f whale eg: Fin & B0whead live t0 90 0r m0re while m0st whales 0nly live t0 40. Q5. The phrase "0f this type" in paragraph 2 refers t0 A. B0wheads (C0RRECT) B. Harp00ns C. Inuits D. Male whales See P2: Whales are difficult creatures t0 study because they are l0ng-lived, repr0duce sl0wly and m0st are highly migrat0ry. Pacific Gray whales, f0r Testple, migrate fr0m Alaska t0 Mexic0 every year, traveling ab0ut 20,000 kil0metres annually. M0st whales live t0 appr0ximately 40 years 0f age, th0ugh 0thers, such as the Fin, can live t0 be 90. B0whead whales may be especially l0ng-lived. In 1993, a large male killed by the Alaskan Inuit was f0und t0 have been carrying in its flesh a st0ne harp00n p0int. Since this kind 0f harp00n is n0t kn0wn t0 have been in use after 1900, it suggests that s0me individual whales 0f this type may live ar0und the 100 years mark. Q5. N0TES: N0te that“B0wheads” (a type 0f whale) is a l0ng way fr0m the final sentence, even th0ugh it is the type 0f whale which is referred t0. Q6. P0pulati0n surveying is difficult because A. whales are migrat0ry. B. whale numbers hardly m0ve. (C0RRECT) C. whales are small in number. D. whale numbers are decreasing. See P3: Since it is very difficult t0 c0unt whales accurately (p0pulati0n changes 0ccur very sl0wly), it is imp0ssible t0tell if a p0pulati0n is gr0wing 0r shrinking in the c0urse 0f a few years' study. In fact, the size 0f s0me p0pulati0ns 0f whales is kn0wn n0 m0re accurately than plus 0r minus 50 percent. Q6. N0TES:“P0pulati0n changes 0ccur very sl0wly” is the reas0n given f0r the pr0blems in c0unting whales. 0nce again, the answer is simply a rew0rding 0f the text.“hardly m0ve” = 0ccurvery sl0wly”. Return t0 reading Answers: 5. Pollen SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = C, Q3 = C, Q4 = D, Q5 = B, Q6 = A ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What is the best title f0r this passage? A. The pr0blems 0f p0llen B. The allergenicity 0f p0llen C. The pr0ducers 0f p0llen (C0RRECT) D. The causes 0f hay fever See P1: M0st species 0f p0llen have s0me level 0f allergenicity but s0me are particularly n0t0ri0us f0r inducing sympt0ms 0f hay fever. Grass p0llen affects ab0ut 95% 0f all hay fever sufferers and birch tree p0llen affects ab0ut 20%. 0ak tree, plane tree and nettle p0llen are als0well kn0wn f0r their allergenic pr0perties. & See P2: 0ne 0f the m0st allergenic species 0n an internati0nal level is the wind-p0llinated ragweed. It pr0duces a huge am0unt 0f p0llen - up t0 8,000 milli0n p0llen grains can be releasedin just 5 h0urs fr0m the giant ragweed species. Wind p0llinated plants d0 tend t0 pr0duce masses 0f p0llen t0 ensure that at least s0me 0f it reaches the right target. & See P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t need t0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0m these insect-p0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0 the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing their sympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0f it reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny-yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly cause the hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. Q1. N 0TES: This passage details the tw0 ways in which the p0llen which plants and trees pr0duce is spread, s0 the answer must be C. The 0ther ch0ices are t00 specific and d0 n0t c0verthe entirety 0f the text. The w0rd“pr0duce” is used several times. Q2. Why d0es the ragweed pr0duce much p0llen? A. Its release time is sh0rt. B. It is allergenic. C. Much might be l0st. (C0RRECT) D. It is large in size. See P2: 0ne 0f the m0st allergenic species 0n an internati0nal level is the windp0llinated ragweed. It pr0duces a huge am0unt 0f p0llen - up t0 8,000 milli0n p0llen grains can be released in just 5 h0urs fr0m the giant ragweed species. Wind p0llinated plants d0 tend t0 pr0duce masses0f p0llen t0 ensure that at least s0me 0f it reaches the right target. Q2. N0TES: It pr0duces "masses" ( = a large am0unt) s0 that“at least s0me 0f it reachesthetarget”, which implies that much 0f it will fail t0 reach its target and s0 be l0st. Q3. The w0rd "it" in sentence 1 0f paragraph 3 refers t0 A. Allergy B. Fl0wering plants C. P0llen (C0RRECT) D. Maj0rity See P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t need t0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0mthese insect-p0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0 the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing their sympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0f it reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny-yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly cause the hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. Q3. N 0TES: Fl0wering plants pr0duce smaller quantities 0f p0llen. Q4. The w0rd "clumps' in line 11 c0uld best be replaced by A. Pieces B. Patterns C. Dr0plets D. Clusters (C0RRECT) See P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t needt0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0m these insect-p0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing their sympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0f it reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny-yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly cause the hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. Q4. N 0TES: A clump is a c0llecti0n 0r cluster 0f individual pieces. Clump gives the idea 0fthings being gr0uped t0gether s0 0nly clusters c0uld be similar in meaning. Testine these Testples:“a clump 0fhair”, “clumps 0fgrass”, “a cluster 0fstars”, “a cluster 0ffans”. Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f insect-p0llinated plants? A. They pr0duce sticky p0llen. B. They pr0duce 0nly greeny-yell0w fl0wers. (C0RRECT) C. They pr0duce smaller quantities 0f p0llen than wind-p0llinated plants. D. They pr0duce p0llen that can 0ften be seen. See P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t needt0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0m these insect-p0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing their sympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0f it reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny-yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly causethe hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. Q5. N 0TES: N0thing is said ab0ut the fl0wers 0f insect-p0llinated plants. Greeny-yell0w fl0wers are 0nly discussed in the c0ntext 0f wind-p0llinated plants, s0 we must say that in thec0ntext 0f the passage it is n0t true because the ch0ice states“0NLY greeny-yell0w fl0wers”.Acc0rding t0 Paragraph 3, insect-p0llinated plants d0 pr0duce sticky p0llen (A), s0 pr0duce smaller quantities (C0RRECT) & they are visible (D). Q6. Pe0ple believe insect-p0llinated species cause their allergy because A. they can see the p0llen. (C0RRECT) B. p0llen is carried by the wind. C. milli0ns 0f grains are pr0duced. D. they are allergenic. See P3: The maj0rity 0f fl0wering plants are insect-p0llinated and s0 their p0llen d0es n0t need t0 be dispersed 0n the wind and they theref0re pr0duce smaller quantities 0f it. The p0llen fr0m these insect-p0llinated species is 0ften sticky t0 adhere t0 the b0dies 0f insects and can f0rm clumps making it visible t0 the eye, which 0ften makes pe0ple assume that this is the p0llen type causing their sympt0ms. While such p0llen d0es have allergenic pr0perties, the chances 0fit reaching the n0se are usually slim. S0, it is the wind-p0llinated species with their insignificant fl0wers (usually greeny-yell0w and small) pr0ducing milli0ns 0f p0llen grains that mainly cause the hay fever sympt0ms and trigger asthma in th0se susceptible. Q6. N0TES: This is an0ther Testple 0f the questi0n rew0rding the passage.“They cansee” =“visible” and“believe” = “assume”. Return t0 reading Answers: 6. Coral SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = D, Q2 = B, Q3 = B, Q4 = C, Q5 = A, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. The disc0very 0f c0ld-water c0ral B. C0ral and its diversity C. The value 0f c0ld-water c0ral D. C0ld-water c0ral (C0RRECT) See P1: C0ld-water c0ral can live as deep as 2000m bel0w the 0cean surface, well bey0nd thereach 0f sunlight and where the temperature can be as l0w as 4°C. & See P2: Despite their dark, chilly l0cati0n, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tr0pical c0unterparts. The L0phelia pertusa reefs 0ff the c0asts 0f Sc0tland, Ireland, and N0rway, f0r Testple, gr0w as delicate branches ranging in c0l0ur fr0m 0range t0 pink t0 white. Like tr0pical reefs, they are h0me t0 a multitude 0f 0ther animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anem0nes, sp0nges, w0rms, and crabs. They are als0 likely t0 be imp0rtant spawning and nurserygr0unds f0r several fish species, including c0mmercially valuable 0nes. & See P3: Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different. Tr0pical c0rals get m0st 0f their f00d fr0m symbi0tic algae, which create energy fr0m ph0t0synthesis. Sunlight d0esn't reach the areas where c0ld-water c0ral gr0ws, s0 instead, these c0rals feed by sc00ping up micr0sc0pic 0rganisms and f00d particles that drift past. C0ld-water c0rals are als0 incredibly sl0w gr0wing: it can take 400 years f0r a c0ral tree t0 bec0me just 2cm thick. The largest reefs disc0vered s0 far are up t0 3km wide and 45km l0ng and are at least 4,500 years 0ld am0ngst the 0ldest living systems 0n the planet. & See P4: Alth0ugh fishermen have kn0wn 0f their existence f0r a l0ng time, it's 0nly in thelast decade 0r s0 that scientists have really started t0 study c0ld-water c0ral. They have been f0und ar0und the w0rld, fr0m the Bering Sea and n0rthern Eur0pe t0 Fl0rida, the Galapag0s Islands, the s0uthern Pacific, and even Antarctica. M0st deep-water reefs are p00rly mapped, andit is likely that many m0re remain t0 be disc0vered. Many mysteries remain even f0r the best- studied reefs, including the details 0f h0w the c0rals feed and repr0duce. Q1. N0TES: A and C are t00 specific; B implies that all types 0f c0ral are explained. 0nly D issuitable and is the f0cus 0f all f0ur paragraphs. C 0ld-water c0ral > Despite their dark, chilly l0cati0n > they are h0me t0 a multitude 0f 0ther animals > Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different > these c0rals > C0ld-water c0rals > Alth0ughfishermen have kn0wn 0f their existence f0r a l0ng time > c0ld-water c0ral Q2. The w0rd "their" in sentence 1, paragraph 3 refers t0 A. fish species B. c0ld-water c0ral (C0RRECT) C. nursery gr0unds D. tr0pical c0ral See P1: C0ld-water c0ral can live as deep as 2000m bel0w the 0cean surface, well bey0nd thereach 0f sunlight and where the temperature can be as l0w as 4°C. & See P2: Despite their dark, chilly l0cati0n, these reefs are every bit as beautiful as their tr0pical c0unterparts. The L0phelia pertusa reefs 0ff the c0asts 0f Sc0tland, Ireland, and N0rway, f0r Testple, gr0w as delicate branches ranging in c0l0ur fr0m 0range t0 pink t0 white. Like tr0pical reefs, they are h0me t0 a multitude 0f 0ther animals, including starfish, sea urchins, anem0nes, sp0nges, w0rms, and crabs. They are als0 likely t0 be imp0rtant spawning and nurserygr0unds f0r several fish species, including c0mmercially valuable 0nes. & See P3: Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different. Tr0pical c0rals get m0st 0f their f00d fr0m symbi0tic algae, which create energy fr0m ph0t0synthesis. Sunlight d0esn't reach the areas where c0ld-water c0ral gr0ws, s0 instead, these c0rals feed by sc00ping up micr0sc0pic 0rganisms and f00d particles that drift past. C0ld-water c0rals are als0 incredibly sl0w gr0wing: it can take 400 years f0r a c0ral tree t0 bec0me just 2cm thick. The largest reefs disc0vered s0 far are up t0 3km wide and 45km l0ng and are at least 4,500 years 0ld - am0ngst the 0ldest living systems 0n the planet. Q2. N0TES: N0tice that the w0rds that“their” refers t0 (c0ld-water c0ral) can be manysentences away. This is c0mm0n in c0ntinu0us text. Q3. The verb "sc00ping up" in paragraph 3 is best replaced by A. Eating B. Gathering (C0RRECT) C. Attracting D. Capturing See P3: Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different. Tr0pical c0rals get m0st 0f their f00d fr0m symbi0tic algae, which create energy fr0m ph0t0synthesis. Sunlight d0esn't reach the areas where c0ld-water c0ral gr0ws, s0 instead, these c0rals feed by sc00ping up micr0sc0pic 0rganisms and f00d particles that drift past. C0ld-water c0rals are als0 incredibly sl0w gr0wing: it can take 400 years f0r a c0ral tree t0 bec0me just 2cm thick. The largest reefs disc0vered s0 far are up t0 3km wide and 45km l0ng and are at least 4,500 years 0ld - am0ngst the 0ldest living systems 0n the planet. Q3. N0TES:“T0 sc00p up s0mething” means t0 take 0r lift up s0mething quickly with y0ur hands. It is usually used 0f pe0ple but, in this case, is used 0f plants that gather up 0r c0llect f00d. Q4. C0ld-water c0ral are different t0 tr0pical c0ral because A. they c0ntain many fish. B. they have bright c0l0rs. C. they d0 n0t receive the sun. (C0RRECT) D. they d0 n0t require energy. See P3: Their bi0l0gy is, h0wever, very different. Tr0pical c0rals get m0st 0f their f00d fr0m symbi0tic algae, which create energy fr0m ph0t0synthesis. Sunlight d0esn't reach the areas where c0ld-water c0ral gr0ws, s0 instead, these c0rals feed by sc00ping up micr0sc0pic 0rganisms and f00d particles that drift past. C0ld-water c0rals are als0 incredibly sl0w gr0wing: it can take 400 years f0r a c0ral tree t0 bec0me just 2cm thick. The largest reefs disc0vered s0 farare up t0 3km wide and 45km l0ng and are at least 4,500 years 0ld - am0ngst the 0ldest living systems 0n the planet. Q4. N 0TES: It is made clear in Paragraph 3 that there is a maj0r difference between tr0pical and c0ld-water c0ral. Tr0pical c0ral get their f00d fr0m plants that need light whereas c0ld-water c0ral areas receive n0 light. Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f c0ld-water c0ral? A. They are m0stly in Eur0pe. (C0RRECT) B. They gr0w sl0wly. C. They are h0me t0 many animals. D. They are unaffected by the sun. See P4: Alth0ugh fishermen have kn0wn 0f their existence f0r a l0ng time, it's 0nly in the last decade 0r s0 that scientists have really started t0 study c0ldwater c0ral. They have been f0und ar0und the w0rld, fr0m the Bering Sea and n0rthern Eur0pe t0 Fl0rida, the Galapag0s Islands, the s0uthern Pacific, and even Antarctica. M0st deep-water reefs are p00rly mapped, and it is likely that many m0re remain t0 be disc0vered. Many mysteries remain even f0r the best-studied reefs, including the details 0f h0w the c0rals feed and repr0duce. Q5. N0TES: C0ld-water c0ral appear t0 be spread all 0ver the w0rld - Eur0pe, the Americas,S0uth Pacific, Antarctica are all menti0ned. Q6. We have little kn0wledge 0f c0ld-water c0ral because A. they are very deep. B. they have n0t been studied in detail. (C0RRECT) C. they are spread ar0und the w0rld. D. they were recently disc0vered. See P4: Alth0ugh fishermen have kn0wn 0f their existence f0r a l0ng time, it's 0nly in the last decade 0r s0 that scientists have really started t0 study c0ldwater c0ral. They have been f0und ar0und the w0rld, fr0m the Bering Sea and n0rthern Eur0pe t0 Fl0rida, the Galapag0s Islands, the s0uthern Pacific, and even Antarctica. M0st deep-water reefs are p00rly mapped, and it is likely that many m0re remain t0 be disc0vered. Many mysteries remain even f0r the best-studied reefs, including the details 0f h0w the c0rals feed and repr0duce. Q6. N0TES: 0nly recently have scientists started t0 study them because they are“p00rlymapped” which implies they have n0t been studied in detail. Theref0re“many m0re remain t0 bedisc0vered”. Return t0 reading Answers: 7. A Famous Composer SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = D, Q2 = C, Q3 = C, Q4 = A, Q5 = C, Q6 = D ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Elgar, the Man and his Message B. Elgar, the Quintessential Edwardian C0mp0ser C. Elgar, the Self-made Man D. Elgar, an 0riginal C0mp0ser (C0RRECT) See P1: Sir Edward Elgar is c0nsidered t0 be the finest English c0mp0ser 0f m0dern times. S0me w0uld even say he is the greatest since Tud0r times. It is undeniable that he has been regarded universally as the pr0ducer 0f hauntingly beautiful and deeply em0ti0nal music, as exemplifiedin such masterpieces as the Enigma Variati0ns, The Dream 0f Ger0ntius, Intr0ducti0n and Allegr0 f0r Strings - t0 name but a few. & See P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" because it was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0met0 see his music as being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed and applauded his genius. & See P3: Elgar was very largely self-taught, nurtured by a family wh0 appreciated and played music. His father was a pian0 tuner wh0 0wned in a music sh0p in W0rcester, a small city in England. Elgar taught himself t0 play a wide variety 0f musical instruments and in his early years taught the vi0lin and played the 0rgan at a R0man Cath0lic Church in his city. He had the g00d f0rtune t0 marry 0ne 0f his pupils, wh0, especially in the years bef0re fame came, never wavered in her belief in his destiny. Elgar's talent grew until by the time that the Variati0ns 0n an 0riginal Theme (Enigma) was perf0rmed it had bec0me clear t0 the music w0rld that he had surpassed all 0ther English c0mp0sers 0f his day, b0th in technical acc0mplishment and sheer f0rce 0f musical pers0nality. Q1. N 0TES: A is irrelevant here. C is n0t a g00d ch0ice because 0nly Paragraph 3 gives s0me idea he was self-taught. B is clearly wr0ng because Paragraph 2 indicates he was much m0re thanan Edwardian c0mp0ser(“err0ne0usly =“by mistake”). D is best asElgar‟s 0riginality is suggested by Paragraph 1, 2 & 3. See the highlighted secti0ns. Q2. The w0rd "epit0mised" in paragraph 2 is cl0sest in meaning t0? A. C0ndemned B. Inv0lved C. Typified (C0RRECT) D. Praised See P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" because it was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0me t0 see his music as being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed and applauded his genius. Q2. N0TES:“Epit0mise” means it is typical 0r an Testple 0f s0mething. F0r Testple:“As afirstrate student, she was epit0mised by hard w0rk and deep c0ncentrati0n”. Q3. Elgar's music was ign0red because pe0ple believed A. it was t00 pers0nal. B. marches were 0ld-fashi0ned. C. it bel0nged t0 an earlier age. (C0RRECT) D. it c0ntained err0rs and flaws. See P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" becauseit was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0me t0 see his music as being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed and applauded his genius. Q3. N0TES:“Bel0nged t0 an earlierage” = "epit0mised the Edwardian era" & "0ut 0f fashi0n" (Paragraph 2). Q4. The w0rd "they" in the final sentence 0f paragraph 2 refers t0 A. C0ntinental Eur0peans. (C0RRECT) B. the Edwardian era. C. music l0vers. D. musical eff0rts. See P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" because it was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0me t0 see his music as being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed andapplauded his genius. Q4. N 0TES: The pr0n0un“they” in the final sentence 0f para. 2 refers back t0 C0ntinentalEur0peans. Q5. Which statement is unlikely t0 be true? A. He was enc0uraged musically by his father. B. His wife played music. C. F0reigners were n0t f0nd 0f his music. (C0RRECT) D. His music reflected his 0wn nature. See P2: F0r many years after his death, his music was c0nsidered t0 be "0ut 0f fashi0n" because it was err0ne0usly believed that it epit0mised the Edwardian era. Simply think 0f the P0mp and Circumstance Marches, the first 0ne in D maj0r c0ntaining the fam0us tri0 secti0n that was later t0 bec0me Land 0f H0pe and Gl0ry. Music l0vers 0f recent times, h0wever, have c0me t0 see his music as being a great deal m0re pers0nal and idi0syncratic. C0ntinental Eur0peans, indeed, have always sh0wn their appreciati0n 0f his musical eff0rts and it was they wh0 first n0ticed and applauded his genius. Q5. N0TES:“F0reigners” (eg: C0ntinental Eur0peans) did like his music (Paragraph 2)because“they have always sh0wn theirappreciated” which means they appreciated (= valued) his music. Q6. When he was y0ung, Elgar A. was religi0us. B. inherited a f0rtune. C. was unempl0yed. D. perf0rmed musically. (C0RRECT) See P3: Elgar was very largely self-taught, nurtured by a family wh0 appreciated and played music. His father was a pian0 tuner wh0 0wned in a music sh0p in W0rcester, a small city in England. Elgar taught himself t0 play a wide variety 0f musical instruments and in his early years taught the vi0lin and played the 0rgan at a R0man Cath0lic church in his city. He had the g00d f0rtune t0 marry 0ne 0f his pupils, wh0, especially in the years bef0re fame came, never waveredin her belief in his destiny. Elgar's talent grew until by the time that the Variati0ns 0n an 0riginal Theme (Enigma) was perf0rmed it had bec0me clear t0 the music w0rld that he had surpassed all 0ther English c0mp0sers 0f his day, b0th in technical acc0mplishment and sheer f0rce 0f musical pers0nality. Q6. N0TES:“Perf0rmedmusically” is a rew0rding 0f the phrase“he played the 0rgan”. Return t0 reading Answers: 8. Trams SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = A, Q3 = C, Q4 = D, Q5 = C, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the c0ntents 0f the passage? A. Melb0urne - pr0gress 0f a city B. Melb0urne - d0ing things differently (C0RRECT) C. Melb0urne - a city in transiti0n D. Melb0urne 0ld-fashi0ned values See P1: After the p0st-W0rld War b00m, it seemed as th0ugh m0t0rised transp0rt was set t0 d0minate all f0rms 0f transp0rt. Pe0ple had little idea 0f the traffic c0ngesti0n that w0uld ensue in cities thr0ugh0ut the w0rld. The tram was seen as 0ld-fashi0ned and a symb0l 0f past ways 0f d0ing things. C0nsequently many cities, especially in Eur0pe merely t0re up their tramlines andlaid tarmac r0ads. Melb0urne was c0nspicu0us by its retenti0n 0f trams, a p0licy decisi0n that has pr0ved t0 be highly beneficial and the envy 0f 0ther cities that have c0me t0 bitterly regret their phasing 0ut 0f trams in the middle 0f the century, 0nly t0 plan f0r their reintr0ducti0n decades later. & See P2: Sir R0bert Riss0n, Chairman 0f the Melb0urne and Metr0p0litan Tramways B0ard (MMTB), successfully argued that trams sh0uld be retained, 0ften in the face 0f withering press campaigns f0r their cl0sure. He upgraded track by setting it in mass c0ncrete, which meant that any Vict0rian G0vernment wishing t0 ab0lish trams w0uld see the l0ss 0f that c0nsiderable investment. Riss0n's champi0ning 0f trams meant that the B0urke St. bus service, which had itself replaced a tramline, gave way t0 a new tram in time f0r the Melb0urne 0lympics 0f 1956. & See P4: Even by the mid 70s, it had bec0me apparent h0w percipient Riss0n had been. Even c0nservative g0vernments, wh0 were n0 friends 0f the MMTB and did n0t believe in heavy subsidies f0r public transp0rt, viewed the trams as valuable city assets and agreed t0 further investments in new trams. As the century cl0sed, new tram designs were still being intr0duced, atrend that has c0ntinued in the early years 0f this century. Q1. N 0TES: The f0cus 0f the passage is 0n h0w Melb0urne retained its trams in c0ntrast t0 0ther cities. This is clear fr0m Paragraph1& Paragraph 2 gives an Testple 0f trams even being available f0r the 0lympics. Q2. Keeping trams in the p0st-war era was a p0licy str0ngly supp0rted by A. MMTB (C0RRECT) B. Vict0rian g0vernments C. Melb0urne's press D. Eur0pean cities See P2: Sir R0bert Riss0n, Chairman 0f the Melb0urne and Metr0p0litan Tramways B0ard (MMTB), successfully argued that trams sh0uld be retained, 0ften in the face 0f withering press campaigns f0r their cl0sure. He upgraded track by setting it in mass c0ncrete, which meant that any Vict0rian G0vernment wishing t0 ab0lish trams w0uld see the l0ss 0f that c0nsiderable investment. Riss0n's champi0ning 0f trams meant that the B0urke St. bus service, which had itself replaced a tramline, gave way t0 a new tram in time f0r the Melb0urne 0lympics 0f 1956. Q2. N0TES: Keeping trams was supp0rted by MMTB under the chairmanship 0f Riss0n.“Str0ngly supp0rted” is a rew0rding 0f“successfully argued”. Q3. The final "their" in paragraph 1 refers t0 A. 0ther cities B. R0ads C. Trams (C0RRECT) D. Tramlines See P1: After the p0st-W0rld War b00m, it seemed as th0ugh m0t0rised transp0rt was set t0 d0minate all f0rms 0f transp0rt. Pe0ple had little idea 0f the traffic c0ngesti0n that w0uld ensue in cities thr0ugh0ut the w0rld. The tram was seen as 0ld-fashi0ned and a symb0l 0f past ways 0f d0ing things. C0nsequently many cities, especially in Eur0pe merely t0re up their tramlines and laid tarmac r0ads. Melb0urne was c0nspicu0us by its retenti0n 0f trams, a p0licy decisi0n that haspr0ved t0 be highly beneficial and the envy 0f 0ther cities that have c0me t0 bitterly regret their phasing 0ut 0f trams in the middle 0f the century, 0nly t0 plan f0r their reintr0ducti0n decades later. Q3. N 0TES: The final "their " in paragraph 1 must refer t0 trams. Q4. The new B0urke Street tram 0f 1956 A. was replaced by a bus service. B. went all the way t0 the 0lympics. C. was a result 0f Vict0rian g0vernment investment. D. was a vict0ry f0r Riss0n's p0licy. (C0RRECT) See P2: Sir R0bert Riss0n, Chairman 0f the Melb0urne and Metr0p0litan Tramways B0ard (MMTB), successfully argued that trams sh0uld be retained, 0ften in the face 0f withering press campaigns f0r their cl0sure. He upgraded track by setting it in mass c0ncrete, which meant that any Vict0rian G0vernment wishing t0 ab0lish trams w0uld see the l0ss 0f that c0nsiderable investment. Riss0n's champi0ning 0f trams meant that the B0urke St. bus service, which had itself replaced a tramline, gave way t0 a new tram in time f0r the Melb0urne 0lympics 0f 1956. Q4. N 0TES: It was a vict0ry f0r Riss0n as he supp0rted (= champi0ned) the use 0f trams. T0 champi0n s0mething means t0 enthusiastically supp0rt it. Testple:“The Prime Minister champi0ned envir0nmental p0licies f0r manyyears”. Q5. Which statement is n0t true 0f the hist0ry 0f Melb0rne's transp0rt? A. Buses 0nce had t0 have tw0 0perat0rs. B. The appearance 0f trams has changed 0ver the years. C. Trams were reintr0duced int0 the city. (C0RRECT) D. Vict0rian g0vernments spent m0ney 0n the trams. See P1: After the p0st-W0rld War b00m, it seemed as th0ugh m0t0rised transp0rt was set t0 d0minate all f0rms 0f transp0rt. Pe0ple had little idea 0f the traffic c0ngesti0n that w0uld ensue incities thr0ugh0ut the w0rld. The tram was seen as 0ld-fashi0ned and a symb0l 0f past ways 0f d0ing things. C0nsequently many cities, especially in Eur0pe merely t0re up their tramlines and laid tarmac r0ads. Melb0urne was c0nspicu0us by its retenti0n 0f trams, a p0licy decisi0n that has pr0ved t0 be highly beneficial and the envy 0f 0ther cities that have c0me t0 bitterly regret their phasing 0ut 0f trams in the middle 0f the century, 0nly t0 plan f0r their reintr0ducti0n decadeslater. Q5. N 0TES: Trams were never reintr0duced as they were n0t withdrawn in the first place. Paragraph 1 makes it clear that they were retained. The n0un“retenti0n” c0mes fr0m the verb“t0 retain”. Q6. The w0rd "intransigent" in paragraph 3 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Temp0rary B. Stubb0rn (C0RRECT) C. Uns0phisticated D. Irresp0nsible See P3: Riss0n was helped in his crusade by an intransigent uni0n wh0 insisted that if a tram were t0 be replaced by a bus it w0uld need t0 be 0perated by a tw0-man crew, thus undercuttingthe main ec0n0mic reas0n f0r bus use. Q6. N 0TES:“Intransigent” means stubb0rn; an intransigent pers0n is 0ne wh0 refuses t0 behave differently 0r change his/her attitude t0wards s0mething. Testple:“The Chairman 0f the B0ard refused t0 accept the 0pini0ns 0f the 0thers and remained intransigent in his views right t0 theend”. Return t0 reading Answers: 9. A Famous Politician SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = D, Q3 = C, Q4 = C, Q5 = C, Q6 = A ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Peacemaker B. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the P0litician C. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Pers0nality (C0RRECT) D. Ll0yd Ge0rge, the Pe0ple's Man See P2: Ll0yd Ge0rge was the y0ungest 0f the three, a cheerful r0sy-faced man with startling blue eyes and a sh0ck 0f white hair. ("Hell0!" , a little girl 0nce asked him. "Are y0u Charlie Chaplin?"). He was und0ubtedly a supreme p0litician and m0ver 0f men. As well as being a magnificent c0nversati0nalist, he was als0 a g00d listener. Fr0m the p0werful t0 the humble, adults t0 children, every0ne wh0 met him was made t0 feel that he 0r she had s0mething imp0rtant t0 say. "0ne 0f the m0st admirable traits in Mr. Ll0yd Ge0rge's character", in Winst0n Churchill's view, " was his c0mplete freed0m at the height 0f his p0wer, resp0nsibility and g00d f0rtune fr0m anything in the nature 0f p0mp0sity 0r superi0r airs. He was always natural and simple. He was always exactly the same t0 th0se wh0 knew him well: ready t0 argue any p0int, t0 listen t0 disagreeable facts, even when c0ntr0versially presented". & See P3: Put this beside the descripti0n 0f him by J0hn Maynard Keynes wh0 saw the Welshman as anything but simple. "H0w can I c0nvey t0 the reader any just impressi0n 0f this extra0rdinary figure 0f 0ur time, this siren, this g0at-f00ted bard, this half-human visit0r t0 0ur age fr0m the hag-ridden magic and enchanted w00ds 0f Celtic antiquity?" & See P4: Pe0ple were (and still are) divided 0n the character and influence 0f this seminal figure in hist0ry. Q1. N 0TES: This passage is clearly ab0ut the pers0nal qualities 0f Ll0yd Ge0rge. N0te the w0rds: “m0ver 0f men”, “c0nversati0nalist”, “listener”, “natural and simple” plus the reference inthe last paragraph t0“character”. Q2. Which w0rd d0es n0t describe Ll0yd Ge0rge's qualities? A. Humble B. Articulate C. Fair-minded D. Quick-tempered (C0RRECT) See P2: Ll0yd Ge0rge was the y0ungest 0f the three, a cheerful r0sy-faced man with startling blue eyes and a sh0ck 0f white hair. ("Hell0!" , a little girl 0nce asked him. "Are y0u Charlie Chaplin?"). He was und0ubtedly a supreme p0litician and m0ver 0f men. As well as being a magnificent c0nversati0nalist, he was als0 a g00d listener. Fr0m the p0werful t0 the humble, adults t0 children, every0ne wh0 met him was made t0 feel that he 0r she had s0mething imp0rtant t0 say. "0ne 0f the m0st admirable traits in Mr. Ll0yd Ge0rge's character", in Winst0n Churchill's view, " was his c0mplete freed0m at the height 0f his p0wer, resp0nsibility and g00d f0rtune fr 0m anything in the nature 0f p0mp0sity 0r superi0r airs. He was always natural and simple. He was always exactly the same t0 th0se wh0 knew him well: ready t0 argue any p0int, t0 listen t0 disagreeable facts, even when c0ntr0versially presented". Q2. N 0TES: N0thing is said ab0ut LG's temper but the 0ther qualities are c0vered.“Articulate” is c0vered by “c0nversati0nalist”; “humble” by “freed0m .... fr0m ... superi0r airs”; “fair-minded”by “ready t0 listen t0 disagreeablefacts”. Q3. The w0rd "p0mp0sity" in line 13 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Friv0lity B. Vulgarity C. Self-imp0rtance (C0RRECT) D. Pride See P2: Ll0yd Ge0rge was the y0ungest 0f the three, a cheerful r0sy-faced man with startling blue eyes and a sh0ck 0f white hair. ("Hell0!" , a little girl 0nce asked him. "Are y0u Charlie Chaplin?"). He was und0ubtedly a supreme p0litician and m0ver 0f men. As well as being a magnificent c0nversati0nalist, he was als0 a g00d listener. Fr0m the p0werful t0 the humble, adultst0 children, every0ne wh0 met him was made t0 feel that he 0r she had s0mething imp0rtant t0 say. "0ne 0f the m0st admirable traits in Mr. Ll0yd Ge0rge's character", in Winst0n Churchill's view, " was his c0mplete freed0m at the height 0f his p0wer, resp0nsibility and g00d f0rtune fr0m anythingin the nature 0f p0mp0sity 0r superi0r airs. He was always natural and simple. He was always exactly the same t0 th0se wh0 knew him well: ready t0 argue any p0int, t0 listen t0 disagreeable facts, even when c0ntr0versially presented". Q3. N0TES: P0mp0sity means speaking/behaving in a way that sh0ws y0u feel y0urself m0reimp0rtant than y0u are. Q4. The w0rd "I" in the qu0tati0n in paragraph 3 refers t0 A. Churchill B. Ll0yd Ge0rge C. Keynes (C0RRECT) D. the Welshman See P3: Put this beside the descripti0n 0f him by J0hn Maynard Keynes wh0 saw the Welshman as anything but simple. "H0w can I c0nvey t0 the reader any just impressi0n 0f this extra0rdinary figure 0f 0ur time, this siren, this g0at-f00ted bard, this half-human visit0r t0 0ur age fr0m the hagridden magic and enchanted w00ds 0f Celtic antiquity?" Q4. N 0TES: "I" refers t0 the auth0r 0f the qu0te, Keynes, which is given inside qu0tati0n marks. Q5. Where in the text are Ll0yd Ge0rge's magical qualities highlighted? A. Sentence 1, paragraph 2 B. Sentence 3, paragraph 2 (after qu0te) C. Qu0te in paragraph 3 (C0RRECT) D. Paragraph 4 See P3: Put this beside the descripti0n 0f him by J0hn Maynard Keynes wh0 saw the Welshmanas anything but simple. "H0w can I c0nvey t0 the reader any just impressi0n 0f this extra0rdinary figure 0f 0ur time, this siren, this g0atf00ted bard, this half-human visit0r t0 0ur age fr0m the hag-ridden magic and enchanted w00ds 0f Celtic antiquity?" Q5. N 0TES: The w0rds "enchanted", "half-human" imply magical qualities. Q6. The w0rd "just" in the qu0tati0n in paragraph 3 c0uld best be replaced by A. Fair (C0RRECT) B. Articulate C. Immediate D. Detailed See P3: Put this beside the descripti0n 0f him by J0hn Maynard Keynes wh0 saw the Welshman as anything but simple. "H0w can I c0nvey t0 the reader any just impressi0n 0f this extra0rdinary figure 0f 0ur time, this siren, this g0atf00ted bard, this half-human visit0r t0 0ur age fr0m the hagridden magic and enchanted w00ds 0f Celtic antiquity?" Q6. N0TES:“Just" means "fair" in this c0ntext (n0te the n0un “justice”), alth0ugh“just” in 0ther c0ntexts is c0nnected with time. Testples:“just intime”, “just finished” &“just aminute”. Return t0 reading Answers: 10. Monkeys SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = A, Q3 = C, Q4 = C, Q5 = B, Q6 = D ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which w0uld be the best title f0r the article? A. The similarities 0f m0nkeys and humans B. A sense 0f fairness in m0nkeys and humans (C0RRECT) C. The beneficial trait 0f c00perati0n D. Training primates in the ways 0f humans See P1: Humans are n0t the 0nly species t0 have a sense 0f fairness, acc0rding t0 a new U.S. study, carried 0ut by Sarah Br0snan and Frans de Waal in Atlanta, Ge0rgia. Capuchin m0nkeys als0 demand their equal share 0f f00d 0r rewards f0r tasks they have d0ne, will n0t settle f0r an injustice and are miffed when they think they have been cheated. T0 the kn0wledge 0f the researchers, it is the first time a sense 0f fairness has been f0und in any n0nhuman. & See P2: The researchers unc0vered the sense 0f fair play in a study 0f the small br0wn primates fr0m central and S0uth America. They gave pairs 0f m0nkeys, wh0 knew each 0ther well,j0bs t0 perf0rm. The m0nkeys received f00d in exchange f0r d0ing a certain task but each partner did n0t always get the same quantity 0r quality 0f f00d f0r equal am0unts 0f eff0rt. The research sh0wed the subjects c0mpared their rewards with th0se 0f their partners and refused t0 accept a l0wer-value reward if their partners received a high-value reward. If b0th members 0f the pair didn0t get the same reward, the m0nkey that was n0t given the same am0unt refused t0 accept it 0r threw it away, in a reacti0n similar t0 that 0f humans. & See P3: Br0snan believes that this active resp0nse t0wards reward by the m0nkeys is really unusual, as they were clearly n0t pleased with the way things were g0ing. She adds, "In humans, it is pr0p0sed that this sense 0f fairness is actually what makes c0-0perati0n w0rk well." & See P4: She suspects 0ther animals als0 have a sense 0f fairness but ch0se t0 study capuchins because they are kn0wn fr0m field studies t0 be a c00perative species and t0 have a very t0lerant s0ciety. & See P5: Many n0w believe these findings settle the questi0n 0f whether a sense 0f fairness is s0mething that is taught 0r an ev0lved behavi0r: finding this trait in capuchin m0nkeys d0es indicate that a sense 0f fairness is ev0luti0nary and an extremely beneficial behavi0r. Q1. N0TES: The f0cus thr0ugh0ut the text is 0n a sense 0f fairness in m0nkeys, c0mparing it t0the human sense 0f fairness. The phrase“sense 0f fairness/fairplay” is seen in every paragraph. Q2. The main reas0n Capuchin m0nkeys were ch0sen f0r the experiment was that they A. are s0cially t0lerant. (C0RRECT) B. are always f0und in pairs. C. are easy t0 train. D. never c0mplain. See P4: She suspects 0ther animals als0 have a sense 0f fairness but ch0se t0 study capuchins because they are kn0wn fr0m field studies t0 be a c00perative species and t0 have a veryt0lerant s0ciety. Q2. N0TES:“C00perative species" & "very t0lerant s0ciety" are the phrases that indicate that0nly A can be the c0rrect answer. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t suggested by the auth0r? A. Humans are n0t the 0nly creatures that like t0 be treated fairly. B. Capuchin m0nkeys see a c0nnecti0n between eff0rt and reward. C. Capuchin m0nkeys were n0t interested in what the 0ther m0nkeys received. (C0RRECT) D. 0ther animal species may als0 have the same sense 0f fairness as Capuchins. See P2: The researchers unc0vered the sense 0f fair play in a study 0f the small br0wn primates fr0m central and S0uth America. They gave pairs 0f m0nkeys, wh0 knew each 0ther well, j0bs t0 perf0rm. The m0nkeys received f00d in exchange f0r d0ing a certain task but each partner did n0t always get the same quantity 0r quality 0f f00d f0r equal am0unts 0f eff0rt. The research sh0wed the subjects c0mpared their rewards with th0se 0f their partners and refused t0 accept a l0wer-value reward if their partners received a highvalue reward. If b0th members 0f the pair did n0t get the same reward, the m0nkey that was n0t given the same am0unt refused t0 accept it 0r threw it away, in a reacti0n similar t0 that 0f humans. Q3. N 0TES: In fact, the m0nkeys were very interested in the rewards 0f 0ther m0nkeys because they made c0mparis0ns with their 0wn rewards. Take care when y0u see a negative in the questi0n and in a p0ssible answer. Q4. The w0rds "this trait" (para. 5) refers t0 A. an ev0lved behavi0r. B. a learned behavi0r. C. a sense 0f fairness. (C0RRECT) D. a beneficial behavi0r. See P5: Many n0w believe these findings settle the questi0n 0f whether a sense 0f fairness is s0mething that is taught 0r an ev0lved behavi0r: finding this trait in capuchin m0nkeys d0es indicate that a sense 0f fairness is ev0luti0nary and an extremely beneficial behavi0r. Q4. N 0TES: "A sense 0f fairness" is the 0nly answer listed that is a "trait", 0r characteristic. Q5. B0snan believes that there is an imp0rtant c0nnecti0n between fairness and A. Reward. B. C0-0perati0n. (C0RRECT) C. P0wer. D. Refusal. See P3: Br0snan believes that this active resp0nse t0wards reward by the m0nkeys is really unusual, as they were clearly n0t pleased with the way things were g0ing. She adds, "In humans, it is pr0p0sed that this sense 0f fairness is actually what makes c0-0perati0n w0rk well." Q5. N0TES: Fairness is an essential part 0f c00perati0n (as Paragraph 3 makes clear). Q6. The w0rds "settle f0r" (para. 1) can be replaced by which 0f the f0ll0wing? A. All0w. B. Accept. C. Put up with. D. All 0f the ab0ve answers. (C0RRECT) See P1: Humans are n0t the 0nly species t0 have a sense 0f fairness, acc0rding t0 a new U.S. study, carried 0ut by Sarah Br0snan and Frans de Waal in Atlanta, Ge0rgia. Capuchin m0nkeys als0 demand their equal share 0f f00d 0r rewards f0r tasks they have d0ne, will n0t settle f0r aninjustice and are miffed when they think they have been cheated. T0 the kn0wledge 0f the researchers, it is the first time a sense 0f fairness has been f0und in any n0n-human. Q6. N0TES: Answers A, B & C carry a similar f0rce in this c0ntext and are all p0ssiblemeanings f0r "settle f0r". Return t0 reading Answers: 11. Gunpowder SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = D, Q3 = C, Q4 = B, Q5 = C, Q6 = A ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The Chinese and Gunp0wder B. Gunp0wder thr0ugh the Ages (C0RRECT) C. The Value 0f Gunp0wder D. Eur0pean Impr0vements t0 Gunp0wder See P1: The Chinese, as is well kn0wn, were the invent0rs 0f gunp0wder but medieval Eur0peans t00k its uses t0 much greater heights. Hist0rians have traced its Chinese 0rigins t0 as early as the third century AD, alth0ugh it was n0t generally used f0r warfare until, at least, the eighth century. In its early use, it was merely empl0yed t0 create a l0ud expl0si0n t0 frighten 0ffbad spirits, celebrate weddings and ann0unce eclipses 0f the m00n. Bef0re being taken up by Eur0peans, gunp0wder techn0l0gy was used by the M0ng0l invaders. The latter learned ab0ut gunp0wder fr0m the Chinese themselves and cleverly used it against them t0 0verthr0w the Sung dynasty. It is highly likely that it reached Eur0pe thr0ugh Arab intermediaries, wh0 pr0bably perfected the gunp0wder mix. & See P2: F0r m0st 0f its early hist0ry, gunp0wder was n0t used as a pr0pellant, that is, in can0ns. There is s0me evidence that it was used in simple hand-grenades that were catapulted at the enemy 0r in bamb00 tubes that were used t0launch gunp0wder-pr0pelled spears. In the 12th century, it is rec0rded that 0ne Chinese city defended itself by firing cann0ns, inflicting heavy casualties 0n the invaders. Eur0peans t00k t0 the cann0n with eagerness, m0unting their cann0ns 0nships, an inn0vati0n that all0wed Western navies t0 d0minate 0thers. & See P3: The classic ingredients 0f gunp0wder are sulphur, charc0al and saltpetre. T0 this day, gunp0wder f0rmulas have changed remarkably little fr0m medieval times. Raw sulphur can be easily harvested fr0m the gr0und; suitable charc0al is readily available in the f0rm 0f burned w00d and saltpetre, p0tassium nitrate, can be 0btained fr0m such s0urces as h0rse manure. Medieval recipes 0f preparati0n reveal that the ingredients were "stamped", that is, put under pressure f0r at least 20 h0urs. M0dern experiments have c0nfirmed that, even if the time is sh0rtened, results are still effective. & See P4: Interestingly, the Eur0pean refinements 0f gunp0wder techn0l0gy, particularly as usedin r0cketry, were reintr0duced int0 China in the fifteenth century. Q1. N 0TES: Questi0ns A & D are t00 specific as they exclude 0ther nati0nal gr0ups. C excludes what gunp0wder is made 0f, s0 B is the m0st inclusive. N0te the extensive use 0f time expressi0ns, especially“medieval” which means“middle ages”. Q2. Bamb00 is menti0ned because it A. was an added ingredient t0 gunp0wder. B. was an early pr0pellant. C. was used t0 defend cities. D. all0wed material t0 be fired thr0ugh it. (C0RRECT) See P2: F0r m0st 0f its early hist0ry, gunp0wder was n0t used as a pr0pellant, that is, in can0ns. There is s0me evidence that it was used in simple handgrenades that were catapulted at the enemy 0r in bamb00 tubes that were used t0 launch gunp0wder-pr0pelled spears. In the 12th century, it is rec0rded that 0ne Chinese city defended itself by firing cann0ns, inflicting heavy casualties 0n the invaders. Eur0peans t00k t0 the cann0n with eagerness, m0unting their cann0ns 0n ships, an inn0vati0n that all0wed Western navies t0 d0minate 0thers. Q2. N 0TES: Bamb00 g0es with the w0rd "tubes". Spears passed thr0ugh these tubes. Q3. The 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Eur0peans impr0ved 0n Chinese techn0l0gy. B. Arabs pr0bably had gunp0wder bef0re the Eur0peans. C. M0dern gunp0wder is very different fr0m medieval gunp0wder. (C0RRECT) D. The Arabs impr0ved gunp0wder techn0l0gy. See P3: The classic ingredients 0f gunp0wder are sulphur, charc0al and saltpetre. T0 this day, gunp0wder f0rmulas have changed remarkably little fr0m medieval times. Raw sulphur can be easily harvested fr0m the gr0und; suitable charc0al is readily available in the f0rm 0f burned w00d and saltpetre, p0tassium nitrate, can be 0btained fr0m such s0urces as h0rse manure. Medieval recipes 0f preparati0n reveal that the ingredients were "stamped", that is, put under pressure f0r at least 20 h0urs. M0dern experiments have c0nfirmed that, even if the time is sh0rtened, results are still effective. Q3. N0TES: Paragraph 3 stresses the similarities 0f medieval and m0dern gunp0wder. Theref0re, m0dern gunp0wder is N0T very different, a rew0rding 0f“changed remarkably little”. Q4. The w0rd "them" (2nd last sentence, paragraph 1) refers t0 A. The M0ng0l invaders B. The Chinese (C0RRECT) C. The Eur0peans D. The latter See P1: The Chinese, as is well kn0wn, were the invent0rs 0f gunp0wder but medieval Eur0peans t00k its uses t0 much greater heights. Hist0rians have traced its Chinese 0rigins t0 as early as the third century AD, alth0ugh it was n0t generally used f0r warfare until, at least, the eighth century. In its early use, it was merely empl0yed t0 create a l0ud expl0si0n t0 frighten 0ff bad spirits, celebrate weddings and ann0unce eclipses 0f the m00n. Bef0re being taken up by Eur0peans, gunp0wder techn0l0gy was used by the M0ng0l invaders. The latter learned ab0ut gunp0wder fr0m the Chinese themselves and cleverly used it against them t0 0verthr0w the Sung dynasty. It is highly likely that it reached Eur0pe thr0ugh Arab intermediaries, wh0 pr0bablyperfected the gunp0wder mix. Q4. N 0TES: Gunp0wder was used against the Chinese t0 0verthr0w their dynasty. N0te that in the previ0us sentence“the latter” refers t0 the M0ng0ls s0 it was the M0ng0ls wh0 0verthrew the Chinese. Q5. The elements 0f medieval gunp0wder were A. 0btained after pressurizing ingredients. B. difficult t0 c0llect. C. fr0m natural s0urces. (C0RRECT) D. prepared acc0rding t0 Chinese meth0ds. See P3: The classic ingredients 0f gunp0wder are sulphur, charc0al and saltpetre. T0 this day, gunp0wder f0rmulas have changed remarkably little fr0m medieval times. Raw sulphur can be easily harvested fr0m the gr0und; suitable charc0al is readily available in the f0rm 0f burned w00d and saltpetre, p0tassium nitrate, can be 0btained fr0m such s0urces as h0rse manure. Medieval recipes 0f preparati0n reveal that the ingredients were "stamped", that is, put under pressure f0r at least 20 h0urs. M0dern experiments have c0nfirmed that, even if the time is sh0rtened, results are still effective. Q5. N0TES: Fr0m natural s0urces ie: fr0m the gr0und(“raw sulphur”), fr0m w00d(“charc0al”)& fr0m h0rse manure(“p0tassiumnitrate”). Q6. The w0rd "intermediaries" (last sentence, paragraph 1) is best replaced by A. Middle-men. (C0RRECT) B. Merchants. C. Mediat0rs. D. Interpreters. See P1: The Chinese, as is well kn0wn, were the invent0rs 0f gunp0wder but medieval Eur0peans t00k its uses t0 much greater heights. Hist0rians have traced its Chinese 0rigins t0 as early as the third century AD, alth0ugh it was n0t generally used f0r warfare until, at least, the eighth century. In its early use, it was merely empl0yed t0 create a l0ud expl0si0n t0 frighten 0ff bad spirits, celebrate weddings and ann0unce eclipses 0f the m00n. Bef0re being taken up by Eur0peans, gunp0wder techn0l0gy was used by the M0ng0l invaders. The latter learned ab0ut gunp0wder fr0m the Chinese themselves and cleverly used it against them t0 0verthr0w the Sung dynasty. It is highly likely that it reached Eur0pe thr0ugh Arab intermediaries, wh0 pr0bably perfected the gunp0wder mix. Q6. N 0TES: An intermediary is s0me0ne wh0 acts between tw0 gr0ups and is, theref0re, a middle-man. Mediat0rs is wr0ng as these are middle-men wh0 act when there is c0nflict 0r a disagreement. Return t0 reading Answers: 12. Hurricanes SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = D, Q2 = D, Q3 = A, Q4 = D, Q5 = B, Q6 = A ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. Hurricanes thr0ugh0ut the w0rld B. American Hurricanes C. Hurricane and Typh00n Differences D. Hurricane L0cati0n and Characteristics (C0RRECT) See P1: The w0rds "hurricane" and "typh00n" are 0ften used interchangeably. They d0, h0wever, describe regi0nally specific phen0mena, which are identical. B0th are simply manifestati0ns 0f a str0ng tr0pical cycl0ne, which is a generic term f0r a n0n-fr0ntal, l0w-pressure system 0ver tr0pical 0r subtr0pical waters, ass0ciated with thunderst0rm activity and vig0r0us surface windpatterns. & See P2: Tr0pical depressi0ns are precurs0rs 0f tr0pical cycl0nes but they have maximum sustained surface winds 0f less than 39 miles per h0ur (mph). Ab0ve this speed, the phen0men0n is called a tr0pical st0rm and is assigned a name. Ab0ve 74 mph, it is called a hurricane, if 0ccurring in the N0rth Atlantic 0cean, the N0rtheast Pacific 0cean east 0f the dateline 0r theS0uth Pacific 0cean east 0f 160E. Typh00n refers t0 activity that 0ccurs in the S0uthwest Pacific 0cean west 0f the dateline. & See P3: Hurricanes receive the m0st publicity as they 0ccur in the Atlantic Basin and affect the United States 0r neighb0uring regi0ns. They are classified acc0rding t0 wind strength using the Saffir-Simps0n Hurricane Scale, which uses five categ0ries. Categ0ry 1 has winds between 74-95 mph which means that it is unlikely t0 cause real damage t0 buildings, leads t0 s0me c0astalfl00ding and min0r pier damage. Categ0ry 2 (winds between 96 and 110 mph) will cause damaget0 r00fs, d00rs and wind0ws. Small craft may break their m00rings and s0me trees will be bl0wn 0ver. Fr0m Categ0ry 3 up t0 Categ0ry 5, structural damage will 0ccur. Categ0ry 3 is highly likely t0 cause damage t0 smaller h0uses but c0uld significantly escalate if large trees are bl0wn 0ver. Fl00ding deep inland is usual. Categ0ry 4 will see s0me c0mplete r00f structure failure while Categ0ry 5 hurricanes (winds in excess 0f 156 mph) will cause the rem0val 0f r00fs fr0m many buildings, b0th residential and industrial. Fl00ding will be very severe, causing maj0r damage t0 l0wer fl00rs 0f all structures near the sh0reline. It is, als0, likely that extensive evacuati0n 0f residential areas will result. It sh0uld be remembered that l0wer categ0ry winds might cause damage far ab0ve their categ0ry descripti0n, depending 0n what lies in their way and the particular hazards they bring. & See P4: The naming system 0f hurricanes in the Atlantic is a feature that gives a certain pers0nality t0 the winds. Names alternate between male and female, indicate first names and are drawn fr0m a large number 0f ethnic gr0ups. Q1. N 0TES: 0nly D is really valid. A & B are t00 specific and C is c0mpletely wr0ng. The texttalks ab0ut hurricane l0cati0n in every paragraph & Paragraph 3 describes the different types/categ0ries, its “characteristics”. Q2. It is stated that names are given t0 A. hurricanes 0nly. B. depressi0ns, st0rms and hurricanes. C. depressi0ns and hurricanes. D. st0rms and hurricanes. (C0RRECT) See P2: Tr0pical depressi0ns are precurs0rs 0f tr0pical cycl0nes but they have maximum sustained surface winds 0f less than 39 miles per h0ur (mph). Ab0ve this speed, the phen0men0n is called a tr0pical st0rm and is assigned a name. Ab0ve 74 mph, it is called a hurricane, if 0ccurring in the N0rth Atlantic 0cean, the N0rtheast Pacific 0cean east 0f the dateline 0r the S0uthPacific 0cean east 0f 160E. Typh00n refers t0 activity that 0ccurs in the S0uthwest Pacific 0cean west 0f the dateline. & See P4: The naming system 0f hurricanes in the Atlantic is a feature that gives a certain pers0nality t0 the winds. Names alternate between male and female, indicate first names and are drawn fr0m a large number 0f ethnic gr0ups. Q2. N 0TES: Names are given t0 tr0pical st0rms (Paragraph 2) and hurricanes (Paragraph 4). Q3. The 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Eur0peans impr0ved 0n Chinese techn0l0gy. B. Arabs pr0bably had gunp0wder bef0re the Eur0peans. C. M0dern gunp0wder is very different fr0m medieval gunp0wder. (C0RRECT) D. The Arabs impr0ved gunp0wder techn0l0gy. See P1: The w0rds "hurricane" and "typh00n" are 0ften used interchangeably. They d0, h0wever, describe regi0nally specific phen0mena, which are identical. B0th are simply manifestati0ns 0f a str0ng tr0pical cycl0ne, which is a generic term f0r a n0n-fr0ntal, l0w-pressure system 0ver tr0pical 0r subtr0pical waters, ass0ciated with thunderst0rm activity and vig0r0us surface wind patterns. Q3. N0TES: Typh00ns and hurricanes are described as identical(“used interchangeably”),except in their ge0graphical l0cati0n. Q4. Which categ0ries 0f hurricane cause fl00ding? A. Categ0ries 3, 4 & 5 B. Categ0ries 2, 3, 4 & 5 C. Categ0ries 4 & 5 D. Categ0ries 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 (C0RRECT) See P3: Hurricanes receive the m0st publicity as they 0ccur in the Atlantic Basin and affect the United States 0r neighb0uring regi0ns. They are classified acc0rding t0 wind strength using the Saffir-Simps0n Hurricane Scale, which uses five categ0ries. Categ0ry 1 has winds between 74-95 mph which means that it is unlikely t0 cause real damage t0 buildings, leads t0 s0me c0astal fl00ding and min0r pier damage. Categ0ry 2 (winds between 96 and 110 mph) will cause damage t0 r00fs, d00rs and wind0ws. Small craft may break their m00rings and s0me trees will be bl0wn 0ver. Fr0m Categ0ry 3 up t0 Categ0ry 5, structural damage will 0ccur. Categ0ry 3 is highly likely t0 cause damage t0 smaller h0uses but c0uld significantly escalate if large trees are bl0wn 0ver. Fl00ding deep inland is usual. Categ0ry 4 will see s0me c0mplete r00f structure failure while Categ0ry 5 hurricanes (winds in excess 0f 156 mph) will cause the rem0val 0f r00fs fr0m many buildings, b0th residential and industrial. Fl00ding will be very severe, causing maj0r damage t0 l0wer fl00rs 0f all structures near the sh0reline. It is, als0, likely that extensive evacuati0n 0f residential areas will result. It sh0uld be remembered that l0wer categ0ry winds might cause damage far ab0ve their categ0ry descripti0n, depending 0n what lies in their way andthe particular hazards they bring. Q4. N0TES: We can assume all categ0ries will, if the l0west categ0ry causes fl00ding. The categ0ries build 0n 0ne an0ther s0 fl00ding fr0m Categ0ry 1 thr0ugh Categ0ry 5 bec0mes w0rse(“m0resevere”). Q5. Which categ0ry/-ies 0f wind will m0st likely require many pe0ple t0 leave their h0mes? A. Categ0ries 4 & 5 B. Categ0ry 5 (C0RRECT) C. Categ0ries 3 & 4 & 5 D. Categ0ries 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 See P3: Hurricanes receive the m0st publicity as they 0ccur in the Atlantic Basin and affect the United States 0r neighb0uring regi0ns. They are classified acc0rding t0 wind strength using the Saffir-Simps0n Hurricane Scale, which uses five categ0ries. Categ0ry 1 has winds between 74-95 mph which means that it is unlikely t0 cause real damage t0 buildings, leads t0 s0me c0astal fl00ding and min0r pier damage. Categ0ry 2 (winds between 96 and 110 mph) will cause damage t0 r00fs, d00rs and wind0ws. Small craft may break their m00rings and s0me trees will be bl0wn 0ver. Fr0m Categ0ry 3 up t0 Categ0ry 5, structural damage will 0ccur. Categ0ry 3 is highly likely t0 cause damage t0 smaller h0uses but c0uld significantly escalate if large trees are bl0wn 0ver. Fl00ding deep inland is usual. Categ0ry 4 will see s0me c0mplete r00f structure failure while Categ0ry 5 hurricanes (winds in excess 0f 156 mph) will cause the rem0val 0f r00fs fr0m many buildings, b0th residential and industrial. Fl00ding will be very severe, causing maj0r damage t0 l0wer fl00rs 0f all structures near the sh0reline. It is, als0, likely that extensive evacuati0n 0f residential areas will result. It sh0uld be remembered that l0wer categ0ry winds might cause damage far ab0ve their categ0ry descripti0n, depending 0n what lies in their way and the particular hazards they bring. Q5. N0TES: The text says "extensive evacuati0n" (2nd last sentence, Paragraph 3), which mustmean many pe0ple have t0 leave their h0mes. This is 0ne 0f the Categ0ry 5 effects. Q6. The w0rd "precurs0rs" (para. 2) is best replaced by A. Predecess0rs (C0RRECT) B. Relatives C. Predict0rs D. Precedents See P1: Tr0pical depressi0ns are precurs0rs 0f tr0pical cycl0nes but they have maximum sustained surface winds 0f less than 39 miles per h0ur (mph). Ab0ve this speed, the phen0men0n is called a tr0pical st0rm and is assigned a name. Ab0ve 74 mph, it is called a hurricane, if 0ccurring in the N0rth Atlantic 0cean, the N0rtheast Pacific 0cean east 0f the dateline 0r the S0uth Pacific 0cean east 0f 160E. Typh00n refers t0 activity that 0ccurs in the S0uthwest Pacific 0ceanwest 0f the dateline. Q6. N0TES: "Precurs0r" is s0mething which happens bef0re s0mething else. Literally it means"g0ing bef0re", s0 "predecess0rs" is the appr0priate syn0nym here. Return t0 reading Answers: 13. Passports SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = B, Q3 = D, Q4 = C, Q5 = B, Q6 = D ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Where w0uld the passage m0st likely be f0und? A. Textb00k B. Newspaper edit0rial C. Inflight magazine (C0RRECT) D. Encycl0pedia See P1: We tend t0 think 0f the passp0rt as 0rdinary and natural, a c0mm0n fact 0f existence. But in reality, the passp0rt is a relatively m0dern inventi0n and its devel0pment has been spurredby war and s0cial c0nflict. & See P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud willbe all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0f p0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wn identities. & See P3: In this age 0f jumb0 jets and mass t0urism, it has bec0me easier and easier t0 m0ve ab0ut the w0rld. But as the physical restricti0ns 0n travel are reduced, s0 the bureaucratic barriersand filters 0n human m0vement are refined. The success 0f any given j0urney will depend 0n whatkind 0f passp0rt, if any, y0u h0ld. Q1. N 0TES: This passage is typical 0f magazine writing - c0ll0quial & addressed directly t0 the reader. It uses pers0nal pr0n0uns & refers t0 a hist0rian(“J0hn T0rpey”) with0ut giving any references. A, B & D w0uld require a m0re f0rmal style 0f writing. Q2. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t suggested by the auth0r? A. War has c0ntributed t0 the devel0pment 0f passp0rts. B. Passp0rts have been p0pular since ancient times. (C0RRECT) C. S0cial c0nflict has helped create a need f0r passp0rts. D. Passp0rts are c0nsidered n0rmal. See P1: We tend t0 think 0f the passp0rt as 0rdinary and natural, a c0mm0n fact 0f existence. Butin reality, the passp0rt is a relatively m0dern inventi0n and its devel0pment has been spurred by war and s0cial c0nflict. Q2. N 0TES: The passp0rt is n0t ancient, but m0dern. Q3. What recent event has br0ught ab0ut further devel0pments in the passp0rt? A. War. B. The United Nati0ns. C. S0cial c0nflict. D. The war 0n terr0r. (C0RRECT) See P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud willbe all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0f p0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wn identities. Q3. N0TES: "War 0n terr0r" is recent - "new". N0te that there will be changes in the passp0rt"0nce again". Q4. What d0es the 0nly "it" in paragraph 2 refer t0? A. Ph0t0graph B. Techn0l0gy C. Bi0metric identificati0n (C0RRECT) D. Passp0rt See P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud willbe all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0f p0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wn identities. Q4. N 0TES:“Bi0metric identificati0n” = it, which c0uld be a scan 0f the iris 0f the eye. Q5. H0w is the inf0rmati0n fr0m an iris scan st0red? A. As pictures. B. As numeric data. (C0RRECT) C. As descripti0ns in passp0rts. D. As graphs. See P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud will be all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0f p0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wn identities. Q5. N0TES:“A c0mplex set 0fnumbers” is rew0rded in the questi0n t0“numerical data”. Q6. The verb "eliminated" (para. 2) c0uld best be replaced by A. Delayed B. Detected C. Canceled D. St0pped (C0RRECT) See P2: In the new gl0bal war 0n terr0r, the techn0l0gy 0f the passp0rt will 0nce again be upgraded. In the n0t s0 distant future, travellers heading 0ut 0f Australia will have a passp0rt, equipped, n0t just with the usual small c0l0ur ph0t0graph, but with s0me f0rm 0f bi0metric identificati0n. It may be a scan 0f the passp0rt h0lders' right iris f0r Testple, since each iris is unique and unmistakable, and can be rendered in digital f0rm as a c0mplex set 0f numbers and st0red in a database. S0 n0 0ne need ever be mistaken f0r any0ne else again. Passp0rt fraud willbe all but eliminated - and in the w0rds 0f p0litical scientist and hist0rian 0f the passp0rt, J0hn T0rpey, we may all bec0me pris0ners 0f 0ur 0wn identities. Q6. N0TES:“Eliminate” means t0 rem0ve c0mpletely; destr0y (the need f0r); st0p c0mpletely.0pti0n C (cancel) can als0 mean st0p but is n0t used in c0nnecti0n with the w0rd“fraud”. Return t0 reading Answers: 14. Police SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = C, Q3 = A, Q4 = A, Q5 = C, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. The life 0f Sir R0bert Peel B. The Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce and its Principles (C0RRECT) C. Nineteenth Century England's Criminal Ref0rm D. The Principles 0f G00d P0licing See P1: It was Sir R0bert Peel wh0 finally grasped the nettle in putting f0rward p0licies t0 deal with rising crime in nineteenth century England and, in particular, L0nd0n. There had been l0ngstanding demands f0r a c0mprehensive re0rganizati0n 0f the criminal c0de and this task fell t0 Peel. Earlier in his parliamentary career, he had set up a select c0mmittee t0 c0nsider the state 0fexisting p0lice 0fficers, watchmen, B0w Street Patr0ls and special c0nstables. His thinking s00n began t0 tend t0wards s0me f0rm 0f central c0ntr0l. Crime statistics indicated that there was a desperate need f0r impr0vements in the meth0d 0f p0licing. & See P2: In 1829, he sp0ns0red the passing 0f the Metr0p0litan P0lice Act, a measure that had had the supp0rt 0f Wellingt0n, the Prime Minister wh0 was sympathetic t0 the idea 0f a disciplined, quasi-military p0lice f0rce in the nati0n's capital. Tw0 military men, C0l. Charles R0wan and Richard Mayne, were largely given a free hand in setting the gr0und rules and supervising the new Metr0p0litan f0rce. This f0rce, in the first instance, c0nsisted 0f 895 c0nstables, 88 sergeants, 20 inspect0rs and 8 superintendents. & See P3: Peel's Nine Principles are a fine Testple 0f his clear thinking. Particularly n0tew0rthy is the statement that "P0lice, at all times, sh0uld maintain a relati0nship with the publicthat gives reality t0 the hist0ric traditi0n that the p0lice are the public and the public are the p0lice; the p0lice being 0nly members 0f the public wh0 are paid t0 give full-time attenti0n t0 duties that are incumbent 0n every citizen in the interests 0f c0mmunity welfare and existence". & See P4: In the early years, the p0lice f0ll0wed the first principle that "the basic missi0n f0r which the p0lice exist is t0 prevent crime and dis0rder". It s00n became apparent that crime detecti0n was the 0ther side 0f the c0in. Rather pej0ratively, the p0lice were referred t0 as "Peelers" 0r "B0bbies" as the principle 0f centralizati0n meant that the f0rce were directly resp0nsible t0 its f0under in his r0le as H0me Secretary. Q1. N0TES: The f0cus is very much 0n the Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce and the early guidingprinciples. The text d0es n0t c0ver Peel's wh0le life (A) & 0pti0ns C & D are t00 general. Q2. Where are the p0lice referred t0 as being essentially citizens? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 (C0RRECT) D. Paragraph 4 See P3: Peel's Nine Principles are a fine Testple 0f his clear thinking. Particularly n0tew0rthy is the statement that "P0lice, at all times, sh0uld maintain a relati0nship with the public that gives reality t0 the hist0ric traditi0n that the p0lice are the public and the public are the p0lice; the p0lice being 0nly members 0f the public wh0 are paid t0 give full-time attenti0n t0 duties that are incumbent 0n every citizen in the interests 0f c0mmunity welfare and existence". Q2. N0TES: The p0lice remain members 0f the public and are simply d0ing full-time what allg00d citizens sh0uld d0. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. The Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce had auth0rity 0ver a large part 0f the c0untry. (C0RRECT) B. Wellingt0n appr0ved 0f Peel's ideas. C. B0bbies were members 0f the p0lice f0rce. D. Peel was H0me Secretary when the Metr0p0litan P0lice Act was passed. See P2: In 1829, he sp0ns0red the passing 0f the Metr0p0litan P0lice Act, a measure that had had the supp0rt 0f Wellingt0n, the Prime Minister wh0 was sympathetic t0 the idea 0f a disciplined, quasi-military p0lice f0rce in the nati0n's capital. Tw0 military men, C0l. Charles R0wan and Richard Mayne, were largely given a free hand in setting the gr0und rules and supervising the new Metr0p0litan f0rce. This f0rce, in the first instance, c0nsisted 0f 895 c0nstables, 88 sergeants, 20 inspect0rs and 8 superintendents. Q3. N0TES: The Metr0p0litan P0lice F0rce was set up f0r L0nd0n(“the nati0n‟s capital”), n0tthe wh0le c0untry. Q4. We can deduce that the P0lice's r0le 0f detecting crime A. was n0t its 0riginal purp0se (C0RRECT). B. was easier than preventing crime. C. was stressed fr0m the beginning. D. was much m0re difficult than preventing crime. See P4: In the early years, the p0lice f0ll0wed the first principle that "the basic missi0n f0r which the p0lice exist is t0 prevent crime and dis0rder". It s00n became apparent that crime detecti0n was the 0ther side 0f the c0in. Rather pej0ratively, the p0lice were referred t0 as "Peelers" 0r "B0bbies" as the principle 0f centralizati0n meant that the f0rce were directly resp0nsible t0 its f0under in his r0le as H0me Secretary. Q4. N0TES: In this paragraph, it seems that, at first, crime preventi0n was stressed and crime detecti0n came later. N0thing is said ab0ut the difficulty 0f the different r0les. Q5. Wh0 had been inv0lved previ0usly in p0lice matters? A. Wellingt0n B. R0wan & Mayne C. Peel (C0RRECT) D. All 0f the ab0ve See P1: It was Sir R0bert Peel wh0 finally grasped the nettle in putting f0rward p0licies t0 deal with rising crime in nineteenth century England and, in particular, L0nd0n. There had been l0ngstanding demands f0r a c0mprehensive re0rganizati0n 0f the criminal c0de and this task fell t0 Peel. Earlier in his parliamentary career, he had set up a select c0mmittee t0 c0nsider the state 0f existing p0lice 0fficers, watchmen, B0w Street Patr0ls and special c0nstables. His thinking s00n began t0 tend t0wards s0me f0rm 0f central c0ntr0l. Crime statistics indicated thatthere was a desperate need f0r impr0vements in the meth0d 0f p0licing. Q5. N 0TES: 0nly Peel. The 0thers might have been but the text d0es n0t explicitly say s0. Q6. The w0rd "pej0ratively' (sentence 3, paragraph 4) c0uld best be replaced by A. J0kingly B. Disparagingly (C0RRECT) C. Hum0r0usly D. Ir0nically See P4: In the early years, the p0lice f0ll0wed the first principle that "the basic missi0n f0rwhich the p0lice exist is t0 prevent crime and dis0rder". It s00n became apparent that crime detecti0n was the 0ther side 0f the c0in. Rather pej0ratively, the p0lice were referred t0 as "Peelers" 0r "B0bbies" as the principle 0f centralizati0n meant that the f0rce were directly resp0nsible t0 its f0under in his r0le as H0me Secretary. Q6. N 0TES: A pej0rative w0rd is a w0rd that implies that s0mething is n0t g00d 0r 0f n0 value. Here "disparagingly" is the 0nly w0rd that c0mes cl0se. Eg: "The film direct0r sp0ke disparagingly ab0ut the actress's ability" (= critically & sc0rnfully), meaning that the actress was ap00r actress. Return t0 reading Answers: 15. SARS SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = D, Q3 = A, Q4 = C, Q5 = B, Q6 = C ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a textb00k B. In a medical j0urnal C. In a newspaper (C0RRECT) D. In an encycl0pedia See P1: Sars revealed critical weaknesses in h0w surveillance centres t0 detect disease were used and in h0w the w0rld resp0nds t0 0utbreaks. Gl0bal security against 0utbreaks is n0t based 0n the strength 0f the str0ngest surveillance system in the best c0untry. It is exp0sed by the weakness 0f the weakest. There's a gl0bal price t0 be paid f0r weaknesses in public health structures anywhere in the w0rld. The maj0r less0n fr0m Sars is that if gl0bal health auth0rities d0 n0t invest in basic early warning in these places, we all suffer. The weakest links, sub-SaharanAfrica and parts 0f Asia, need pe0ple 0n the gr0und in l0cal c0mmunities s0 they can rep0rt early 0n 0utbreaks 0f disease. & See P2: Devel0ping c0untries are n0t the 0nly 0nes that will need help if future 0utbreaks are t0 be c0ntr0lled. Sars caused hav0c in the health services 0f T0r0nt0 and Singap0re. Health systems are n0t designed t0 0perate at a level that take unusual changes in demand in their stride but that will have t0 change. T0 abs0rb a surge in demand there needs t0 be s0me fat in the system.That cann0t be d0ne if y0u have a health system that has been stripped t0 the b0ne, as all healthp0licy experts agree. & See P3: If Sars has had 0ne useful effect, it has been in testing the w0rld's resp0nse and highlighting s0me g00d practices f0r when a pandemic 0ccurs. It als0 revealed severe sh0rtc0mings. There is an increasing realisati0n that bureaucracy must be cut and trained pe0ple must be put in the right places 0n the gr0und, in h0spitals 0r 0n standby f0r when theinevitable strikes. Q1. N 0TES: This passage is n0t very f0rmal. It is likely t0 be the 0utput 0f a j0urnalist. It c0mments 0n what is needed t0 deal with an0ther Sars-like 0utbreak. P0inting 0ut less0ns thatsh0uld be learned is typical 0fnewspapers‟ 0pini0n Secti0ns. Q2. What is n0t menti0ned as needed t0 c0mbat Sars-like diseases? A. Less administrati0n in the health services B. M0re m0ney f0r health services C. M0re well-trained pers0nnel D. M0re devel0pment aid. (C0RRECT) See P2: Devel0ping c0untries are n0t the 0nly 0nes that will need help if future 0utbreaks are t0 be c0ntr0lled. Sars caused hav0c in the health services 0f T0r0nt0 and Singap0re. Health systems are n0t designed t0 0perate at a level that take unusual changes in demand in their stride but that will have t0 change. T0 abs0rb a surge in demand there needs t0 be s0me fat in the system. That cann0t be d0ne if y0u have a health system that has been stripped t0 the b0ne, as all health p0licy experts agree. See P3: If Sars has had 0ne useful effect, it has been in testing the w0rld's resp0nse and highlighting s0me g00d practices f0r when a pandemic 0ccurs. It als0 revealed severe sh0rtc0mings. There is an increasing realisati0n that bureaucracy must be cut and trained pe0ple must be put in the right places 0n the gr0und, in h0spitals 0r 0n standby f0r when theinevitable strikes. Q2. N 0TES: N0thing is menti0ned ab0ut aid f0r devel0pment (t0 p00rer c0untries) but m0re m0ney is (“needs t0 be s0me fat”) (P. 2) and administrati0n (“bureaucracy”) & pers0nnel(“trainedpe0ple”) are (P. 3). Q3. Singap0re is menti0ned because A. its health service was damaged. (C0RRECT) B. it c0ntr0lled Sars. C. it is a devel0ped c0untry. D. it increased levels 0f health care. See P2: Devel0ping c0untries are n0t the 0nly 0nes that will need help if future 0utbreaks are t0 be c0ntr0lled. Sars caused hav0c in the health services 0f T0r0nt0 and Singap0re. Health systems are n0t designed t0 0perate at a level that take unusual changes in demand in their stride but that will have t0 change. T0 abs0rb a surge in demand there needs t0 be s0me fat in the system.That cann0t be d0ne if y0u have a health system that has been stripped t0 the b0ne, as all health p0licy experts agree. Q3. N 0TES: Damaged is a rew0rding 0f "caused hav0c" (=suffered a l0t 0fdamage”). Q4. The w0rd "they' in the final sentence 0f paragraph 1 refers t0 A. Africa and Asia B. Asia C. pe0ple 0n the gr0und (C0RRECT) D. l0cal c0mmunities See P1: Sars revealed critical weaknesses in h0w surveillance centres t0 detect disease were used and in h0w the w0rld resp0nds t0 0utbreaks. Gl0bal security against 0utbreaks is n0t based 0n the strength 0f the str0ngest surveillance system in the best c0untry. It is exp0sed by the weakness 0f the weakest. There's a gl0bal price t0 be paid f0r weaknesses in public health structures anywhere in the w0rld. The maj0r less0n fr0m Sars is that if gl0bal health auth0rities d0n0t invest in basic early warning in these places, we all suffer. The weakest links, sub-Saharan Africa and parts 0f Asia, need pe0ple 0n the gr0und in l0cal c0mmunities s0 they can rep0rt early 0n 0utbreaks 0f disease. Q4. N 0TES:“They" must mean "pe0ple 0n the gr0und" wh0 can d0 the rep0rting. Q5. The w0rd "stride" in sentence 3, paragraph 2 is cl0sest in meaning t0 A. Success B. Step (C0RRECT) C. R0utine D. Stretch See P2: Devel0ping c0untries are n0t the 0nly 0nes that will need help if future 0utbreaks are t0 be c0ntr0lled. Sars caused hav0c in the health services 0f T0r0nt0 and Singap0re. Health systems are n0t designed t0 0perate at a level that take unusual changes in demand in their stride but thatwill have t0 change. T0 abs0rb a surge in demand there needs t0 be s0me fat in the system. That cann0t be d0ne if y0u have a health system that has been stripped t0 the b0ne, as all health p0licy experts agree. Q5. N0TES: Stride and step are similar in meaning. N0te "take changes in their stride" means t0c0pe well with changes. Q6. Why d0es the passage say Sars had s0me g00d effects? A. a pandemic was av0ided B. bureaucracy was cut C. it was practice f0r m0re seri0us diseases (C0RRECT) D. trained pe0ple were put in place See P3: If Sars has had 0ne useful effect, it has been in testing the w0rld's resp0nse and highlighting s0me g00d practices f0r when a pandemic 0ccurs. It als0 revealed severe sh0rtc0mings. There is an increasing realisati0n that bureaucracy must be cut and trained pe0ple must be put in the right places 0n the gr0und, in h0spitals 0r 0n standby f0r when the inevitable strikes. Q6. N0TES:“Highlighting s0me g00dpractices” implies the Sars pr0blem had a g00deffect(“useful”) in sh0wing what needs t0 be d0ne in a crisis. Return t0 reading Answers: 16. Communications SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = B, Q2 = C, Q3 = D, Q4 = C, Q5 = A, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the passage? A. Technical advances in the teleph0ne. B. The rapid devel0pment 0f c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy.(C0RRECT) C. American teleph0ne advances. D. The devel0pment 0f c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns. See P1: It is imp0rtant t0 bear in mind that 0ur ability t0 c0mmunicate effectively 0ver l0ng distances with 0ther pe0ple 0n 0ur planet is a relatively new devel0pment. The increase in ease 0f gl0bal c0mmunicati0n has been phen0menal, s0mething we are all t00 unappreciative 0f. We take it f0r granted that we can as easily place a call t0 Beijing 0r Ky0t0 0r Pusan fr0m an0ther c0ntinentas we can call up 0ur relatives in the next t0wn. The teleph0ne can be used t0 call f0r help, t0 arrange a meeting, t0 hire an empl0yee, t0 transfer m0ney and t0 d0 a th0usand and 0ne 0ther things. N0w we can d0 the same with handheld m0bile ph0nes 0r 0ther pieces 0f electr0nic equipment like the fax 0r the c0mputer. & See P2: It was n0t always the case. Take, f0r Testple, the United States 0f America. D0mestic teleph0ne services have been in place f0r 0ver a century but calls 0verseas were, until recently, fraught with difficulties. After the war, calls t0 Asia and Eur0pe used t0 rely 0n sh0rt-wave radi0 signals that b0unced 0ff the i0n0sphere, the electrically active layer 0f the atm0sphere that lies between 50 and 250 miles ab0ve the earth's surface. Setting up a call inv0lved h0urs 0f preparati0n and, when the call was made, s0und quality was 0ften affected by static. & See P3: Subsequent devel0pments have been rapid as m0ves were made thr0ugh c0pper wire cable, thr0ugh satellite techn0l0gy t0 present-day fiber 0ptic cables. & See P4: With c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns, it is n0w p0ssible t0 send text and images, which are, in many ways, superi0r t0 reliance 0n the human v0ice. In additi0n, if y0u need help but are n0t sure where that help might be f0und, y0u can search the W0rld Wide Web f0r inf0rmati0n 0r, if unsuccessful, send 0ut a message t0 a chat gr0up 0r bulletin b0ard s0liciting help. This c0uld inv0lve mundane things 0r matters 0f far greater imp0rtance. Medical d0ct0rs are n0w w0nt t0 p0st details 0f c0mplex medical c0nditi0ns 0nline in the h0pe that fell0w practiti0ners might be able t0 0ffer insights 0r p0int them in the directi0n 0f help. & See P5: Truly gl0bal c0mmunicati0ns have bec0me a significant f0rce f0r g00d in the m0dernw0rld. Q1. N0TES: This passage is ab0ut c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy, the means that are used t0 achieve c0mmunicati0n & h0w it devel0ped. A, C & D are t00 limited. Q2. L0ng-distance calls after the war were A. restricted by distance. B. enabled by radi0 sets. C. 0ften 0f p00r quality. (C0RRECT) D. limited in time. See P2: It was n0t always the case. Take, f0r Testple, the United States 0f America. D0mestic teleph0ne services have been in place f0r 0ver a century but calls 0verseas were, until recently, fraught with difficulties. After the war, calls t0 Asia and Eur0pe used t0 rely 0n sh0rt-wave radi0 signals that b0unced 0ff the i0n0sphere, the electrically active layer 0f the atm0sphere that lies between 50 and 250 miles ab0ve the earth's surface. Setting up a call inv0lved h0urs 0f preparati0n and, when the call was made, s0und quality was 0ften affected by static. Q2. N0TES:“Static” affected (= influenced) the s0und quality, which implies that the calls were0ften p00r. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Many techn0l0gies have helped teleph0ne c0mmunicati0n. B. Fiber 0ptic techn0l0gy is the m0st recent techn0l0gy. C. D0ct0rs frequently p0st pr0blems 0n the Internet. D. Teleph0ne services were rare bef0re the war. (C0RRECT) See P2: It was n0t always the case. Take, f0r Testple, the United States 0f America. D0mestic teleph0ne services have been in place f0r 0ver a century but calls 0verseas were, until recently, fraught with difficulties. After the war, calls t0 Asia and Eur0pe used t0 rely 0n sh0rt- wave radi0 signals that b0unced 0ff the i0n0sphere, the electrically active layer 0f the atm0spherethat lies between 50 and 250 miles ab0ve the earth's surface. Setting up a call inv0lved h0urs 0f preparati0n and, when the call was made, s0und quality was 0ften affected by static. Q3. N0TES: Teleph0ne services had been in existence f0r 0ver a century, even th0ughinternati0nal calls were difficult. Q4. The w0rd "them" in the 2nd last sentence 0f the final paragraph refers t0 A. fell0w practiti0ners. B. Insights. C. medical d0ct0rs. (C0RRECT) D. medical c0nditi0ns. See P4: With c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns, it is n0w p0ssible t0 send text and images, which are, in many ways, superi0r t0 reliance 0n the human v0ice. In additi0n, if y0u need help but are n0t sure where that help might be f0und, y0u can search the W0rld Wide Web f0r inf0rmati0n 0r, if unsuccessful, send 0ut a message t0 a chat gr0up 0r bulletin b0ard s0liciting help. This c0uld inv0lve mundane things 0r matters 0f far greater imp0rtance. Medical d0ct0rs are n0w w0nt t0 p0st details 0f c0mplex medical c0nditi0ns 0nline in the h0pe that fell0w practiti0ners might be able t0 0ffer insights 0r p0int them in the directi0n 0f help. Q4. N0TES:“Them" = the d0ct0rs (wh0 l00ked f0r help fr0m 0thers 0nline, fr0m their“fell0w practiti0ners”). Q5. Chat is menti0ned in the text because 0f A. its value in c0mmunicating with many pe0ple. (C0RRECT) B. its s0cial value C. its use 0f text D. its ease 0f use See P4: With c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns, it is n0w p0ssible t0 send text and images, which are, in many ways, superi0r t0 reliance 0n the human v0ice. In additi0n, if y0u need help but are n0t sure where that help might be f0und, y0u can search the W0rld Wide Web f0r inf0rmati0n 0r,if unsuccessful, send 0ut a message t0 a chat gr0up 0r bulletin b0ard s0liciting help. This c0uld inv0lve mundane things 0r matters 0f far greater imp0rtance. Medical d0ct0rs are n0w w0nt t0 p0st details 0f c0mplex medical c0nditi0ns 0nline in the h0pe that fell0w practiti0ners might be able t0 0ffer insights 0r p0int them in the directi0n 0f help. Q5. N 0TES: Chat is menti0ned as a way 0f getting 0ut a message seeking help t0 a gr0up 0fpe0ple. Q6. The w0rd "mundane" in the final paragraph c0uld best be replaced by A. C0mplex. B. 0rdinary. (C0RRECT) C. Pers0nal. D. Practical. See P4: With c0mputer c0mmunicati0ns, it is n0w p0ssible t0 send text and images, which are, in many ways, superi0r t0 reliance 0n the human v0ice. In additi0n, if y0u need help but are n0t sure where that help might be f0und, y0u can search the W0rld Wide Web f0r inf0rmati0n 0r, if unsuccessful, send 0ut a message t0 a chat gr0up 0r bulletin b0ard s0liciting help. This c0uld inv0lve mundane things 0r matters 0f far greater imp0rtance. Medical d0ct0rs are n0w w0nt t0 p0st details 0f c0mplex medical c0nditi0ns 0nline in the h0pe that fell0w practiti0ners might be able t0 0ffer insights 0r p0int them in the directi0n 0f help. Q6. N0TES: "Mundane" means very 0rdinary and, theref0re, n0t interesting 0r unusual. Eg: "the mundane h0useh0ld duties 0f washing and cleaning". Return t0 reading Answers: 17. Cables SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = A, Q2 = C, Q3 = C, Q4 = B, Q5 = A, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Where w0uld this passage m0st likely be f0und? A. In a magazine (C0RRECT) B. In a textb00k C. In a user's manual D. In a br0chure See P1: Audi0/vide0 systems require quality cables. High quality audi0 and vide0 equipment are n0w available in many c0untries at an aff0rdable price but, unf0rtunately, the cables that are shipped with them are n0t. They are "free" with the b0x, which means that they are n0t necessarily the best f0r the system. P00r-quality cables, s0metimes called "patch c0rds", reduce the strength 0fthe signal they are transmitting, let 0ther electr0nic signals cause interference and frequently fail t0make a s0lid c0nnecti0n between c0mp0nents. The rule 0f thumb is that y0u sh0uld spend 10% 0fthe value 0f y0ur equipment 0n high-perf0rmance cables. & See P2: Cables are made fr0m different materials, which in turn are reflected in the price. C0pper and silver are excellent c0nduct0rs 0f electricity, whereas aluminium is n0t. It is highly unlikely, th0ugh, that any selfrespecting manufacturer w0uld supply anything bel0w c0pper cables. Best 0f all are fiber 0ptic cables that all0w the transmissi0n 0f laser-generated light signals with hardly any electrical resistance, but these c0me with a much higher price tag. & See P3: Thickness als0 c0unts f0r a l0t because thicker cables have less electrical resistance and the less the audi0/vide0 signal has t0 struggle t0 get fr0m 0ne end 0f the wire t0 the 0ther. Audi0 cables are available, m0st c0mm0nly, in 12-, 14-, 16-, 18-gauge - the l0wer the gauge number, the thicker the cable. If y0u can c0nnect y0ur equipment t0gether 0ver a distance 0f less than a c0uple 0 0 0r 18- gauge wire is adequate, alth0ugh y0u might want t0 usethe l0wer gauges t0 be assured 0f quality. & See P4: The cables c0nnected t0 y0ur equipment are subject t0 attack fr0m 0ther electric signals (eg: fr0m radi0s, air-c0nditi0ners, teleph0nes etc.) travelling in the airwaves, which is why the cable needs t0 be pr0tected. The best pr0tecti0n is aff0rded by braided c0pper shieldsc0mbined with f0il shielding. & See P5: As a final safeguard, ensure that y0ur cables are n0t bunched t0gether. Binding cables t0gether might l00k better but increases the p0tential f0r electrical interference between them. Q1. N 0TES: This type 0f inf0rmati0n giving an 0verview 0f audi0 & vide0 cables is written inthe f0rm 0f giving advice s0 it w0uld n0t be part 0f a textb00k 0r user's manual. N0r w0uld it likely be part 0f a br0chure. It is much m0re likely t0 be f0und in a magazine (f0r generalists). Q2. Where in the text is cable length menti0ned? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 (C0RRECT) D. Paragraph 4 See P3: Thickness als0 c0unts f0r a l0t because thicker cables have less electrical resistance and the less the audi0/vide0 signal has t0 struggle t0 get fr0m 0ne end 0f the wire t0 the 0ther. Audi0 cables are available, m0st c0mm0nly, in 12-, 14-, 16-, 18-gauge - the l0wer the gauge number, the thicker the cable. If y0u can c0nnect y0ur equipment t0gether 0ver a distance 0f less than a c0uple 0f metersf meters 0r 18- gauge wire is adequate, alth0ugh y0u might want t0 use the l0wer gauges t0 be assured 0f quality. Q2. N 0TES: Cable length is relevant t0 the distance between equipment. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Aluminium cables are rarely supplied with g00d equipment. B. Fiber 0ptic cables are expensive. C. Supplied cables are ab0ut 10% 0f the value 0f the equipment. (C0RRECT) D. Thick cables decrease electrical resistance. See P1: Audi0/vide0 systems require quality cables. High quality audi0 and vide0 equipment are n0w available in many c0untries at an aff0rdable price but, unf0rtunately, the cables that are shipped with them are n0t. They are "free" with the b0x, which means that they are n0t necessarily the best f0r the system. P00r-quality cables, s0metimes called "patch c0rds", reduce the strength 0fthe signal they are transmitting, let 0ther electr0nic signals cause interference and frequently fail t0make a s0lid c0nnecti0n between c0mp0nents. The rule 0f thumb is that y0u sh0uld spend 10% 0fthe value 0f y0ur equipment 0n high-perf0rmance cables. Q3. N0TES: The p0int 0f the text is that supplied cables are 0ften 0f far less value than they sh0uld be but the 10% refers t0 h0w much y0u sh0uld spend, n0t 0n the value 0f cables supplied. Q4. The w0rd "these" in the last sentence 0f paragraph 2 refers t0 A. c0pper cables. B. fiber 0ptic cables. (C0RRECT) C. light signals. D. electrical resistance. See P2: Cables are made fr0m different materials, which in turn are reflected in the price. C0pper and silver are excellent c0nduct0rs 0f electricity, whereas aluminium is n0t. It is highly unlikely, th0ugh, that any self-respecting manufacturer w0uld supply anything bel0w c0pper cables. Best 0f all are fiber 0ptic cables that all0w the transmissi0n 0f laser-generated light signals with hardly any electrical resistance, but these c0me with a much higher price tag. Q4. N0TES:“These" must refer t0 fiber 0ptic cables Q5. What is m0st likely t0 reduce electrical resistance? A. 12 gauge cable (C0RRECT) B. 14 gauge cable C. 16 gauge cable D. 18 gauge cable See P3: Thickness als0 c0unts f0r a l0t because thicker cables have less electrical resistance and the less the audi0/vide0 signal has t0 struggle t0 get fr0m 0ne end 0f the wire t0 the 0ther. Audi0 cables are available, m0st c0mm0nly, in 12-, 14-, 16-, 18-gauge the l0wer the gauge number, the thicker the cable. If y0u can c0nnect y0ur equipment t0gether 0ver a distance 0f less than a c0uple 0 0 0r 18- gauge wire is adequate, alth0ugh y0u might want t0 use the l0wer gauges t0 be assured 0f quality. Q5. N0TES: The l0wer the gauge number, the thicker the cable. Theref0re, electrical resistance will be l0wer. Q6. The w0rd "braided" in the last sentence 0f paragraph 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. B0nded. B. Twisted. (C0RRECT) C. Pr0tected. D. Thickened. See P4: The cables c0nnected t0 y0ur equipment are subject t0 attack fr0m 0ther electric signals (eg: fr0m radi0s, air-c0nditi0ners, teleph0nes etc.) travelling in the airwaves, which is why the cable needs t0 be pr0tected. The best pr0tecti0n is aff0rded by braided c0pper shields c0mbined with f0il shielding. Q6. N0TES: Braiding is weaving 0r twisting strands t0gether. Eg:“S0me types 0f r0pe are madefr0m braided h0rsehair”. Return t0 reading Answers: 18. Tourism SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = D, Q2 = A, Q3 = C, Q4 = A, Q5 = B, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. T0urism and the Water Crisis B. T0urism and W0rld Devel0pment C. T0urism and Third W0rld Pr0blems D. T0urism and the Envir0nment (C0RRECT) See P1: The arguments f0r and against t0urism have been rehearsed 0ften en0ugh. H0wever, until n0w, little attenti0n has been paid t0 the effect 0f the t0urist expl0si0n 0n the m0st sensitive ec0systems 0f the planet. A recent rep0rt written by C0nservati0n Internati0nal and the United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram says t0urism in areas 0f 0utstanding bi0diversity in the last decade 0f the twentieth century has gr0wn by m0re than 100%. In s0me l0cati0ns, the gr0wth 0f such t0urism has been staggering. In b0th La0s and Camb0dia it has exceeded 200%, S0uth Africa saw 500% gr0wth and s0me c0untries in Central/S0uth America grew by 300%. & See P2: It is 0ften ec0l0gically sensitive areas that bear the brunt 0f the damage inflicted by t0urism. T0urism can devel0p rapidly in unique ec0systems because pe0ple want t0 see the marvels 0f nature: ex0tic fl0ra, rare fauna and dramatic landscapes. H0wever, the very presence 0fmany pe0ple can cause these features t0 diminish 0r disappear alt0gether. & See P3: The presence 0f water is 0ne maj0r fact0r in the sustainability 0f t0urism and nature's richness. Many t0urist devel0pments are in arid c0untries. T0urist installati0ns need large am0unts 0f water. If the envir0nment is damaged because the scare water res0urces have been diverted elsewhere, the wh0le rati0nale f0r t0urists being there in the first place disappears. & See P4: The Mexican res0rt 0f Cancun is a g00d Testple. The barrier island where 0nce 0nly12 families lived is n0w h0st t0 2.6 milli0n visit0rs per year. The damage t0 create this t0urist mecca has been extensive. Mangr0ve and inland f0rests have been cut d0wn scarring the land, while the l0cal p0pulati0n suffer with 75% 0f their sewage being untreated. & See P5: The island 0f Phi Phi, near the t0urist island 0f Phuket in the s0uth 0f Thailand is an0ther Testple 0f unsustainable devel0pment. The c0ral, which was the magnet f0r t0urists, hasbeen damaged because devel0pment has bl0cked the nutrient-rich run0ff fr0m the island's interi0r and replaced it with p0llutants, the c0nc0mitants 0f 0ver-eager t0urism. Q1. N0TES: This passage is clearly ab0ut the envir0nment and the impact 0f t0urismspecifically. 0pti0ns A, B & C are t00 restrictive. Q2. La0s and Camb0dia are given as Testples 0f A. sensitive ec0systems. (C0RRECT) B. average t0urist gr0wth. C. p00r ec0n0mies. D. greatest t0urist gr0wth See P1: The arguments f0r and against t0urism have been rehearsed 0ften en0ugh. H0wever, until n0w, little attenti0n has been paid t0 the effect 0f the t0urist expl0si0n 0n the m0st sensitive ec0systems 0f the planet. A recent rep0rt written by C0nservati0n Internati0nal and the United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram says t0urism in areas 0f 0utstanding bi0diversity in the last decade 0f the twentieth century has gr0wn by m0re than 100%. In s0me l0cati0ns, the gr0wth 0f such t0urism has been staggering. In b0th La0s and Camb0dia it has exceeded 200%, S0uth Africa saw 500% gr0wth and s0me c0untries in Central/S0uth America grew by 300%. Q2. N0TES: La0s and Camb0dia have ab0ve average t0urist gr0wth but n0t the greatest t0uristgr0wth. They are Testples 0f sensitive ec0systems. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing staements is n0t true? A. T0urism utilises a great deal 0f water. B. Cancun was 0nce sparsely p0pulated. C. T0urism has gr0wn annually by m0re than 100%. (C0RRECT) D. T0urists are attracted by Phi Phi's c0ral reefs. See P1: The arguments f0r and against t0urism have been rehearsed 0ften en0ugh. H0wever, until n0w, little attenti0n has been paid t0 the effect 0f the t0urist expl0si0n 0n the m0st sensitive ec0systems 0f the planet. A recent rep0rt written by C0nservati0n Internati0nal and the United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram says t0urism in areas 0f 0utstanding bi0diversity in the last decade0f the Twentieth Century has gr0wn by m0re than 100%. In s0me l0cati0ns, the gr0wth 0f such t0urism has been staggering. In b0th La0s and Camb0dia it has exceeded 200%, S0uth Africa saw 500% gr0wth and s0me c0untries in Central/S0uth America grew by 300%. Q3. N0TES: The 100% figure refers n0t t0 annual gr0wth, but t0 gr0wth 0ver ten years(“the last decade”). Q4. The w0rd "it' in the final sentence 0f the last paragraph refers t0 A. Run0ff. (C0RRECT) B. C0ral. C. Devel0pment. D. Interi0r. See P5: The island 0f Phi Phi, near the t0urist island 0f Phuket in the s0uth 0f Thailand is an0ther Testple 0f unsustainable devel0pment. The c0ral, which was the magnet f0r t0urists, has been damaged because devel0pment has bl0cked the nutrient-rich run0ff fr0m the island's interi0r and replaced it with p0llutants, the c0nc0mitants 0f 0ver-eager t0urism. Q4. N 0TES:“It" must refer t0 run0ff, which is n0w replaced by p0llutants. Q5. Cancun and Phi Phi are Testples 0f A. water sh0rtage areas. B. massive t0urism. (C0RRECT) C. the l0ss 0f f0rests. D. p0lluted waters. See P4: The Mexican res0rt 0f Cancun is a g00d Testple. The barrier island where 0nce 0nly 12 families lived is n0w h0st t0 2.6 milli0n visit0rs per year. The damage t0 create this t0urist mecca has been extensive. Mangr0ve and inland f0rests have been cut d0wn scarring the land,while the l0cal p0pulati0n suffer with 75% 0f their sewage being untreated. & See P5: The island 0f Phi Phi, near the t0urist island 0f Phuket in the s0uth 0f Thailand is an0ther Testple 0f unsustainable devel0pment. The c0ral, which was the magnet f0r t0urists, hasbeen damaged because devel0pment has bl0cked the nutrient-rich run0ff fr0m the island's interi0r and replaced it with p0llutants, the c0nc0mitants 0f 0ver-eager t0urism. Q5. N 0TES: F0rests are n0t menti0ned 0n Phi Phi, n0r is water sh0rtage. P0lluted waters are n0t menti0ned 0n Cancun s0 the 0nly p0ssible answer is B. T0urist visit0rs t0 Cancun are huge while Phi Phi attracts (is a“magnet f0r”) many t0urists. Q6. The w0rd "scarring" in paragraph 4 c0uld best be replaced by A. Diminishing. B. Mutilating. (C0RRECT) C. Destr0ying. D. Frightening. See P4: The Mexican res0rt 0f Cancun is a g00d Testple. The barrier island where 0nce 0nly 12 families lived is n0w h0st t0 2.6 milli0n visit0rs per year. The damage t0 create this t0urist mecca has been extensive. Mangr0ve and inland f0rests have been cut d0wn scarring the land, while the l0cal p0pulati0n suffer with 75% 0f their sewage being untreated. Q6. N0TES: If s0mething is scarred, it has a mark 0r scar 0n it s0 its appearance is mutilated &is damaged in s0me way. Return t0 reading Answers: 19. A Famous Writer SH0RT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = B, Q3 = D, Q4 = C, Q5 = B, Q6 = B ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. What title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. Fitzgerald and the American Dream B. Fitzgerald and the n0vels 0f l0ve C. Fitzgerald's literary 0utput (C0RRECT) D. Fitzgerald, the unsuccessful auth0r See P1: It is n0t unc0mm0n f0r a great writer t0 be appreciated 0nly after death. Such was the fate0f Francis Sc0tt Fitzgerald, wh0 died believing himself a failure and wh0se 0bituaries were c0ndescending. He died in 1940 but, by 1960, he was regarded as 0ne 0f the finest American writers 0f the 20th century and The Great Gatsby, a sales fl0p in 1925, hailed as a masterpiece f0r Testining the quintessentially American themes 0f success and failure. & See P2: Fitzgerald started writing at an early age, seeing a detective st0ry appear in a sch00l newspaper at the age 0f thirteen. At Princet0n University, he c0ntinued his literary apprenticeship at the expense 0f his studies. There he c0ntributed t0 vari0us magazines and f0rmed literary friendships. He j0ined the army in 1917 as a c0mmissi0ned 0fficer. Believing thathe w0uld die in the war, he rapidly wr0te a n0vel, "The R0mantic Eg0tist" which was rejectedby Scribners, the publishing h0use. It was subsequently revamped after army service and published as "This Side 0f Paradise". & See P3: His first published w0rk ab0ut career aspirati0ns and l0ve disapp0intments set the theme and t0ne 0f much 0f his later writing. It, als0, made him rich and fam0us. M0ney fuelled a lifestyle that all0wed him t0 live extravagantly with his flamb0yant wife, Zelda Sayre. His next n0vel was p00rly received but he achieved c0ntinued success with an abundance 0f sh0rt st0ries. & See P4: Tw0 m0re n0vels, "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender is the Night" were b0th c0mmercial failures, alth0ugh he did receive s0me critical praise. 0wing t0 his wife's increasingslide int0 insanity and his 0wn ability t0 c0ntr0l alc0h0lism, married life deteri0rated rapidly. B0th were unable t0 curtail their excessive spending and exuberant lifestyles. Zelda spent the last 12 years 0f her life in mental instituti0ns while Fitzgerald m0ved t0 the West C0ast t0 w0rk as a screenwriter. It was during his H0llyw00d peri0d that Fitzgerald's unfinished final n0vel, "The Last tyc00n", was written. Q1. N0TES: The text is really a sh0rt bi0graphy, detailing what he wr0te. He did have successand wr0te m0re than n0vels. Q2. "This Side 0f Paradise" A. disapp0inted the critics. B. was renamed after being rejected. (C0RRECT) C. was 0riginally written f0r a magazine. D. failed t0 sell well. See P2: Fitzgerald started writing at an early age, seeing a detective st0ry appear in a sch00l newspaper at the age 0f thirteen. At Princet0n University, he c0ntinued his literary apprenticeship at the expense 0f his studies. There he c0ntributed t0 vari0us magazines and f0rmed literary friendships. He j0ined the army in 1917 as a c0mmissi0ned 0fficer. Believing that he w0uld die in the war, he rapidly wr0te a n0vel, "The R0mantic Eg0tist" which was rejected by Scribners, the publishing h0use. It was subsequently revamped after army service and published as "This Side 0f Paradise". Q2. N0TES: "This Side 0f Paradise" was n0t the 0riginal name 0f the n0vel. It was a n0vel thats0ld well after it was published but 0riginally publishers had refused t0 publish it. Q3. Which 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. Fitzgerald's first n0vel was started during army service. B. The Great Gatsby s0ld p00rly. C. Fitzgerald wr0te five n0vels. D. Fitzgerald's sh0rt st0ries were never p0pular. (C0RRECT) See P3: His first published w0rk ab0ut career aspirati0ns and l0ve disapp0intments set the themeand t0ne 0f much 0f his later writing. It, als0, made him rich and fam0us. M0ney fuelled a lifestylethat all0wed him t0 live extravagantly with his flamb0yant wife, Zelda Sayre. His next n0vel was p00rly received but he achieved c0ntinued success with an abundance 0f sh0rt st0ries. Q3. N 0TES: His sh0rt st0ries were successful because the text states "he achieved c0ntinuedsuccess". Q4. The final paragraph indicates that A. Fitzgerald's marriage was str0ng. B. Fitzgerald's wife w0rked in h0spitals. C. s0me critics liked Fitzgerald's w0rk. (C0RRECT) D. Fitzgerald was heavily in debt. See P4: Tw0 m0re n0vels, "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender is the Night" were b0th c0mmercial failures, alth0ugh he did receive s0me critical praise. 0wing t0 his wife's increasing slide int0 insanity and his 0wn ability t0 c0ntr0l alc0h0lism, married life deteri0rated rapidly. B0th were unable t0 curtail their excessive spending and exuberant lifestyles. Zelda spent the last 12 years 0f her life in mental instituti0ns while Fitzgerald m0ved t0 the West C0ast t0 w0rk as a screenwriter. It was during his H0llyw00d peri0d that Fitzgerald's unfinished final n0vel, "The Last tyc00n", was written. Q4. N0TES: Alth0ugh hedidn‟t make m0ney, he did“receive s0me critical praise" meaning thats0me critics praised him. It d0es n0t say explicitly that he was in debt. Q5. Fitzgerald and his wife lived apart because A. they had div0rced. B. she had bec0me mentally ill. (C0RRECT) C. she had left him. D. they w0rked apart t0 pay 0ff debts. See P4: Tw0 m0re n0vels, "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender is the Night" were b0th c0mmercial failures, alth0ugh he did receive s0me critical praise. 0wing t0 his wife's increasing slide int0 insanity and his 0wn ability t0 c0ntr0l alc0h0lism, married life deteri0rated rapidly. B0th were unable t0 curtail their excessive spending and exuberant lifestyles. Zelda spent the last 12 years 0f her life in mental instituti0ns while Fitzgerald m0ved t0 the West C0ast t0 w0rk as a screenwriter. It was during his H0llyw00d peri0d that Fitzgerald's unfinished final n0vel, "The Last tyc00n", was written. Q5. N 0TES: Zelda spent 12 years in mental h0mes because 0f her insanity. Q6. The w0rd "flamb0yant" in paragraph 3 c0uld best be replaced by A. Spend-thrift. B. 0stentati0us. (C0RRECT) C. Gener0us. D. Unfaithful. See P3: His first published w0rk ab0ut career aspirati0ns and l0ve disapp0intments set the theme and t0ne 0f much 0f his later writing. It, als0, made him rich and fam0us. M0ney fuelled a lifestyle that all0wed him t0 live extravagantly with his flamb0yant wife, Zelda Sayre. His next n0vel was p00rly received but he achieved c0ntinued success with an abundance 0f sh0rt st0ries. Q6. N0TES:“Flamb0yant" means "sh0wy" (wanting t0 impress pe0ple) when referring t0 s0me0ne's character. "0stentati0us" has a similar meaning. Return t0 reading Answers: 20. Ozone SHORT ANSWERS Q1 = C, Q2 = C, Q3 = A, Q4 = A, Q5 = C, Q6 = C ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. 0z0ne and its effects 0n humans B. The scientific reas0ns f0r 0z0ne depleti0n C. 0z0ne depleti0n: causes and s0luti0ns (C0RRECT) D. Internati0nal acti0n against 0z0ne depleti0n See P1: There is a s0lid internati0nal c0nsensus ab0ut the causes and effects 0f 0z0ne depleti0n. Ab0ut 300 scientists fr0m all c0rners 0f the w0rld drafted and reviewed the W0rld Mete0r0l0gical0rganizati0n (WM0) & United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram (UNEP) Scientific Assessment 0f 0z0ne Depleti0n: 1998. The assessment is that the situati0n is seri0us but n0t irreversible. & See P2: What exactly is the 0z0ne layer and why is it imp0rtant? 0z0ne is a f0rm 0f 0xygen, with each 0z0ne m0lecule made up 0f three 0xygen at0ms. Unlike 0xygen, 0z0ne is p0is0n0us which w0uld be a pr0blem if c0ncentrated at gr0und level but is highly beneficial t0 life when c0llected in the strat0sphere because it bl0cks 0ut the sun's ultravi0let rays. A diminished 0z0ne layer all0ws m0re UV radiati0n t0 reach the earth's surface, a seri0us effect because it can damageDNA, which means it is p0tentially harmful t0 m0st living things, including plants. The human b0dy cann0t detect ultravi0let radiati0n directly which means that humans are unaware 0f the damage that is d0ne t0 them 0n sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced cr0p yields and disrupti0ns in the marine f00d chain. & See P3: Even small percentage reducti0ns in the am0unt 0f 0z0ne in the upper atm0sphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiati0n that reaches the earth's surface. This reducti0n has been directly traced t0 human activity because we n0w realise that certain manufactured substances can destr0y strat0spheric 0z0ne much faster than it is f0rmed. Specifically, the release0f chl0r0flu0r0carb0ns (CFCs) and 0ther 0z0ne-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating f0ams and s0lvents, are the culprits. When CFCs fl0at up int0 the strat0sphere, they are br0ken apart by the UV radiati0n, releasing chl0rine at0ms that react with 0z0ne, starting chemical cycles 0f 0z0ne destructi0n and depleti0n. & See P4: The M0ntreal Pr0t0c0l 0f 1987 attempts t0 limit the pr0ducti0n and use 0f 0z0nedepleting substances. S0me success has already been rec0rded with a sl0wing d0wn in the rate 0f 0z0ne l0ss and a levelling 0ff 0f the c0ncentrati0n 0f CFCs in the atm0sphere. Scientists remain h0peful that, if c0untries keep t0 the targets set by the internati0nal c0mmunity, strat0spheric 0z0ne will return t0 n0rmal levels by ab0ut 2050. Q1. N0TES: This text deals b0th with the causes and s0luti0ns 0f 0z0ne depleti0n. All the 0ther answers are partial. Q2. Chl0rine (final sentence, paragraph 3) is menti0ned because it A. exists in the strat0sphere. B. fights UV radiati0n. C. attacks 0z0ne. (C0RRECT) D. reduces 0z0ne l0ss. See P3: Even small percentage reducti0ns in the am0unt 0f 0z0ne in the upper atm0sphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiati0n that reaches the earth's surface. This reducti0n has been directly traced t0 human activity because we n0w realise that certain manufactured substances can destr0y strat0spheric 0z0ne much faster than it is f0rmed. Specifically, the release 0f chl0r0flu0r0carb0ns (CFCs) and 0ther 0z0ne-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating f0ams and s0lvents, are the culprits. When CFCs fl0at up int0 the strat0sphere, they are br0ken apart by the UV radiati0n, releasing chl0rine at0ms that react with 0z0ne, starting chemical cycles 0f 0z0ne destructi0n and depleti0n. Q2. N 0TES: Chl0rine reacts with 0z0ne, destr0ying and depleting it. Q3. Which 0ne 0f the f0ll0wing statements is n0t true? A. CFCs have been eliminated fr0m the atm0sphere. (C0RRECT) B. Plant and human life are damaged by UV radiati0n. C. 0z0ne depleti0n can be st0pped. D. The 0z0ne layer is p0is0n0us. See P4: The M0ntreal Pr0t0c0l 0f 1987 attempts t0 limit the pr0ducti0n and use 0f 0z0ne- depleting substances. S0me success has already been rec0rded with a sl0wing d0wn in the rate 0f0z0ne l0ss and a levelling 0ff 0f the c0ncentrati0n 0f CFCs in the atm0sphere. Scientists remain h0peful that, if c0untries keep t0 the targets set by the internati0nal c0mmunity, strat0spheric 0z0ne will return t0 n0rmal levels by ab0ut 2050. Q3. N0TES: CFCs have levelled 0ff but have n0t been eliminated. The text d0es n0t say that eliminati0n 0f CFCs is even p0ssible. Q4. The w0rd "it" in sentence 3 0f paragraph 2 (after ""strat0sphere because") refers t0 A. 0z0ne. (C0RRECT) B. 0xygen. C. Strat0sphere. D. Gr0und level. See P2: What exactly is the 0z0ne layer and why is it imp0rtant? 0z0ne is a f0rm 0f 0xygen, with each 0z0ne m0lecule made up 0f three 0xygen at0ms. Unlike 0xygen, 0z0ne is p0is0n0us which w0uld be a pr0blem if c0ncentrated at gr0und level but is highly beneficial t0life when c0llected in the strat0sphere because it bl0cks 0ut the sun's ultravi0let rays. A diminished 0z0ne layer all0ws m0re UV radiati0n t0 reach the earth's surface, a seri0us effect because it can damage DNA, which means it is p0tentially harmful t0 m0st living things, including plants. The human b0dy cann0t detect ultravi0let radiati0n directly which means that humans are unaware 0f the damage that is d0ne t0 them 0n sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced cr0p yields and disrupti0ns in the marine f00d chain. Q4. N0TES:“It" refers t0 0z0ne which bl0cks the sun's UV rays. Q5. 0z0ne depleti0n A. has always 0ccurred. B. is a c0nsequence 0f radiati0n changes. C. is a man-made pr0blem. (C0RRECT) D. decreases UV radiati0n. See P3: Even small percentage reducti0ns in the am0unt 0f 0z0ne in the upper atm0sphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiati0n that reaches the earth's surface. This reducti0n has been directly traced t0 human activity because we n0w realise that certain manufactured substances can destr0y strat0spheric 0z0ne much faster than it is f0rmed. Specifically, the release 0f chl0r0flu0r0carb0ns (CFCs) and 0ther 0z0ne-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating f0ams and s0lvents, are the culprits. When CFCs fl0at up int0 the strat0sphere, they are br0ken apart by the UV radiati0n, releasing chl0rine at0ms that react with 0z0ne, starting chemical cycles 0f 0z0ne destructi0n and depleti0n. Q5. N0TES: It is a man-made pr0blem(“traced t0 humanactivity”) because the substancescausing the pr0blem are manufactured. Q6. The w0rd "c0nsensus" in the first line 0f the text c0uld best be replaced by A. C0ncern. B. C0nference. C. Agreement. (C0RRECT) D. Sympathy. See P1: There is a s0lid internati0nal c0nsensus ab0ut the causes and effects 0f 0z0ne depleti0n. Ab0ut 300 scientists fr0m all c0rners 0f the w0rld drafted and reviewed the W0rld Mete0r0l0gical 0rganizati0n (WM0) & United Nati0ns Envir0nment Pr0gram (UNEP) Scientific Assessment 0f 0z0ne Depleti0n: 1998. The assessment is that the situati0n is seri0us but n0t irreversible. Q6. N0TES:“C0nsensus" means pe0ple agreeing t0gether. Eg: "There was general c0nsensusab0ut the right c0urse 0f acti0n t0 take". Return t0 reading Full IELTS Reading Answers & Notes Answers: 1. Facts you should know about Global Warming Q1: Fact 2 = F. 0therwise the earth w0uld be much c00ler Q2: Fact 3 = C. "the warming trend this century" Q3: Fact 4 = A. "predict an increase" Q4: Fact 5 = D. "pr0jected that sea levels will rise" Q5: Fact 6 = B. "stresses" = "s0cial and cultural upheavals" Q6: Fact 7 = E. "surprises" - increased wheat yields in Canada Q7. C0nsidered as a wh0le, the text: A. is 0ptimistic that gl0bal warning can be dealt with B. rejects simple attempts t0 s0lve the pr0blem C. explains h0w the pr0blem can be s0lved D. explains the c0nsequences 0f gl0bal warning. (C0RRECT) Q7. N0TES The text is c0ncerned with what will happen e.g.: impact 0n temperature, climate, sea levels, s0cietal changes - n0t s0luti0ns. Q8. C0mputer predicti0ns 0f climate change have been A. disputed by s0me scientists B. m0dified 0ver many years C. pr0ved reliable by trapped air in glaciers (C0RRECT) D. based 0n recent climate changes Q8. N 0TES See FACT 4: the last but 0ne sentence where the Testple in (c) is given. Q9. S0cieties have disappeared because 0f gl0bal warning A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES The last paragraph 0f FACT 6 talks ab0ut "the c0llapse 0f civilizati0ns"Q10. Which statement is cl0sest in meaning t0 what the text says? A. The greenh0use effect has increased by thirty times since the industrial rev0luti0n. B. Atm0spheric carb0n di0xide is thirty times greater than bef0re the industrial rev0luti0n. C. There is n0 evidence 0f changes in carb0n di0xide levels since the industrial rev0luti0n. D. Carb0n di0xide in the atm0sphere has increased by alm0st 0ne-third since the industrial rev0luti0n. (C0RRECT) Q10. N 0TES See Fact 2 "has increased by 30%" Q11. When greenh0use gases are reduced, the rise in sea levels will als0 be reduced. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N 0TES See Fact 5 "the sea level will c0ntinue t0 rise, even if ........... gases are cut" Q12. Damage fr0m gl0bal warming is likely t0 be 0nly temp0rary. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES See Fact 7 It can be inferred that s0cial, ec0n0mic and envir0nmental upheaval will cause l0ng-term damage. The IPPC (Q13.) rep0rt helped 0ur understanding 0f gl0bal warming and affirmed that greenh0use gas (Q14.) emissi0n is a large c0ntribut0r. Alth0ugh a naturally 0ccurring phen0men0n, the greenh0use effect is being made w0rse(Q15) by human activity / by humans , affecting b0th (Q16.)temperature / climate and (Q17.) climate / temperature . The IPCC believe that 0ther fact0rs (f0rTestple, (Q18.) increased s0lar 0utput / s0lar 0utput) are n0t resp0nsible. Return t0 reading Answers: 2. The Lands Where the Kurds Live Q1: Para 2 = C. Kurdistan is particularly m0untain0us. Q2: Para 4 = B. Kurds are dispersed far and wide 0ver the w0rld. Q3: Para 6 = E. Kurds have a rich cultural inheritance. Q4: Para 7 = A. Kurdistan suffers extreme weather c0nditi0ns. Q5: Para 9 = F. Kurdistan is rich in natural res0urces. Q6: Para 10 = D. Kurdistan was 0nce an ec0n0mically successful regi0n. Q7. Sc0ts are menti0ned in the text A. because 0f the number 0f tribes. B. because a tribal system creates l0yalty. (C0RRECT) C. because b0th Sc0ts and Kurds are small, fierce nati0ns. D. because clan hist0ry is ancient. Q7. N 0TES "fiercely l0yal" ... t0 the tribe = clan Para 5. Q8. Vikings are menti0ned in the text A. because it sh0ws 0ther nati0ns interest in the Kurds B. because 0f their search f0r tasty butter. (C0RRECT) C. because they wanted t0 0btain sheep meat D. because 0f the c0untry's natural beauty Q8. N0TES "t0 buy butter" ........which had a "delightful scent" Para 8. Q9. We can infer that the Tigris river is n0t c0ntr0lled by Kurdish pe0ple. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES "N0n-Kurds c0ntr0l the fl0w 0f m0st 0f these rivers" Para 8. Q10 Gali Ali Beg is A. a m0untain B. a g0rge (C0RRECT) C. a river D. a regi0n Q10. N0TES "S0me 0f the grandest g0rges ....... especially......... Gali Ali Beg" (Para 8) Q11. The three principal res0urces 0f the Kurdish regi0n are 0il, water and fertile land. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N 0TES water + s0il (fertile land) + 0il (Para 9) Q12. We can infer that the Kurdish language is very similar t0 0ther neighb0uring languages. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES "The Kurds ... their 0wn language" implies it is different fr0m 0thers (Para 6) Q13 : = H. the Middle East Q14: = A. an independent nati0n Q15: = L. been f0rced t0 fight f0r Q16: = B. Language Q17: = E. 0wing t0 tribal l0yalties Q18: = G. hist0ry and culture Return t0 reading Answers: 3. Downsizing: The Long Term Effects Q1: Para 1 = C. The frequency 0f d0wnsizing Q2: Para 3 = B. The effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n the remaining staff Q3: Para 4 = E. The effects 0f d0wnsizing 0n c0mpany 0utl00k Q4: Para 5 = A. The effects 0f d0wnsizing are n0t self-c0rrecting Q5: Para 6 = F. The necessity 0f dealing with the effects 0f d0wnsizing Q6: Para 8 = D. The imp0rtance 0f d0wnsizing and renewal g0ing t0gether Q7. Acc0rding t0 the text, d0wnsizing c0ntributes t0 d0wncycles which 0ccur A. 0ccasi0nally. B. in all big c0mpanies. C. Gradually. (C0RRECT) D. in every business cycle. Q7. N0TES D0wnsizing can c0ntribute t0 d0wn-cycles which, in turn, "0ccur sl0wly, s0metimes imperceptibly". (Para 4) Q8. The text implies that a manager's m 0st imp0rtant asset is the ability A. t0 w0rk very hard. B. t0 c0mmunicate. (C0RRECT) C. t0 deal with emergencies. D. t0 delegate. Q8. N0TES "The manager's prime resp0nsibility is t0 c0mmunicate ... " which implies it is them0st imp0rtant quality a manager can bring t0 the j0b. (Para 6) Q9. Staff members wh0 remain in a d0wnsized 0rganisati0n are m0re likely t0 c00perate with c0lleagues. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES " .. dev0ting less time t0 w0rking t0gether.......... " (Para 3) Q10. What d0 surviv0rs 0f d0wnsizing n0t c0mplain ab0ut? A. increased w0rk B. c0nfusi0n 0ver c0mpany g0als C. l0wer salaries (C0RRECT) D. betrayal by management Q10. N 0TES N0thing is menti0ned ab0ut salaries but (a), (b) & (d) are listed in Para 3. Q11. The effects 0f d0wnsizing are usually minimal f0r m0st c0mpanies after an initial peri0d. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N 0TES Para 6 implies the effects 0f d0wnsizing can be great and Para 8 implies it can last f0r several years. Q12. We can infer that the Kurdish language is very similar t0 0ther neighb0uring languages. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES Para 2 implies it is usual t0 help th0se wh0 are laid 0ff ("central training","c0nsulting services", "supp0rts & services") Q13 : = D. t0 be disc0uraged Q14: = A. by managing effectively Q15: = K. their 0rganisati0n's missi0n Q16: = B. c0mmunicate effectively Q17: = C. but n0t as imp0rtant as helping Q18: = E. t0 av0id a d0wncycle Return t0 reading Answers: 4. Walking and Fat Loss Q1: Para 1 = D. There are different views ab0ut walking and l0sing fat Q2: Para 2 = A. Walking burns 0ff fewer cal0ries than high intensity exercises Q3: Para 5 = C. The am0unt 0f fat burned 0ff is c0nnected t0 the energy used upQ4: Para 6 = E. High intensity exercises have been sh0wn t0 achieve high fat Q5: Para 8 = F. The definiti0n 0f high intensity exercises vary fr0m pers0n t0 pers0n Q6: Para 9 = B. It is best t0 av0id 0ver-exercising Q7. It can be inferred that running up and d0wn hills is A. best av0ided if carrying min0r injuries. B. beneficial cardi0-vascular exercise. (C0RRECT) C. the auth0r's preferred meth0d 0f fat l0ss. D. valuable 0nly if d0ne at speed. Q7. N 0TES (a) is the 0pp0site ; (c) is wr0ng because the auth0r d0es n0t state a preference; (d) is inc0rrect because hill running is valuable in itself; (b) must be the c0rrect answer as all high intensity cardi0 exercises are helpful. (Para 8) Q8. The auth0r thinks the type 0f exercise is m0re imp0rtant than the time taken t0 d0 theexercise. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q8. N0TES The auth0r fav0rs high intensity exercises, n0t the length 0f time. See the Testples (treadmill & bike) in Para 6. Q9. D0ing t00 much physical exercise means that muscle l0ss will 0ccur. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES See Para 7 - the Testple 0f the marath0n runner; t00 much exercise will burn 0ffmuscle. Q10. The Testple 0f a sprinter is used t0 pr0ve that A. l0ng physical exercises help reduce b0dy weight. B. high intensity w0rk0uts reduce b0dy fat. (C0RRECT) C. athletic exercise is always beneficial. D. l0w intensity exercises rem0ve b0dy fat. Q10. N0TES The sprinter is muscular and has very little b0dy fat because high intensity w0rk0utscut b0dy fat. (Para 7) Q11. The writer 0f the article believes walking is the best way t0 l0se fat. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N0TES See Para 1: "latter camp" means the auth0r h0lds the sec0nd 0pini0n i.e.: walking isn0t effective at burning 0ff b0dy fat. Q12. The depleti0n 0f muscle glyc0gen levels is helped by walking. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES "Walking d0es n0t deplete muscle glyc0gen levels". See Para 4 Q13 : = E. increase y0ur muscles Q14: = G. Running Q15: = C. reduce y0ur b0dy fat Q16: = F. high intensity exercises Q17: = B. m0re imp0rtant than Q18: = H. muscle l0ss Return t0 reading Answers: 5. Traditional Ballad Verse in Australia Q1: Para 1 = C. The 0rigins 0f the ballad verse Q2: Para 3 = A. The reas0n f0r ballad verse c0ntinuing in newly-settled Australia Q3: Para 4 = F. The internati0nal p0pularity 0f s0me Australian ballads Q4: Para 6 = D. Sudden wealth in Australia spurred 0n ballad perf0rmanceQ5: Para 7 = B. The ballad f0rm remained p0pular internati0nally Q6: Para 8 = E. Final gr0wth and decline 0f ballads Q7. "The Wild Keel0nian B0y" is an Testple 0f A. a ballad fr0m Ireland. B. an Australian ballad that was p0pular abr0ad. (C0RRECT) C. a traditi0nal ballad set t0 music. D. an American ballad that was spread abr0ad. Q7. N0TES It was an Australian c0nvict0riginated s0ng but "travelled t0 Ireland" (Para 4) Q8. It can be inferred that m0st 0f the early creat0rs 0f ballad verse were 0f Sc0ttish and Irish descent. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q8. N0TES Sc0ttish and Irish c0nvicts are str0ngly identified with ballad themes and balladmetre (Para 1) Q9. The g0vernment banned the D0n0hue s0ngs because they were c0mp0sed by c0nvicts. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N0TES The D0n0hue s0ngs were banned because they were very p0pular, n0t because theywere c0nvict0riginated; 0ther c0nvict ballads were n0t banned. (Para 4) Q10. It can be inferred that the Hall gang were A. c0rrupt t0wn 0fficials B. tr0uble-makers (C0RRECT) C. 0utlawed ballad singers D. public pers0nalities Q10. N0TES "infest" and "gang" in this c0ntext imply criminal activity (as d0es the meaning 0f "bushrangers") (Para 6) Q11. Ballads were s0metimes acc0mpanied by musical instruments. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN (C0RRECT) Q11. N0TES N0thing is said ab0ut musical instruments in this text. Q12. Perf0rming ballads st0pped when the underlying s0cial c0nditi0ns changed. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN (C0RRECT) Q12. N0TES N0 reas0n is given f0r the "death" 0f perf0rming ballads in public. (Para 8) Q13 : = E. fr0m the c0ast Q14: = B. the 0nly entertainment they had Q15: = J. new wealth Q16: = H. public entertainment Q17: = L. internati0nal writers Q18: = D. ballad-reciting Return t0 reading Answers: 6. Dyslexia Q1: Para 1 = E. The f0undati0nal skill 0f reading Q2: Para 2 = C. Dyslexia & s0ci0-ec0n0mic fact0rsQ3: Para 3 = A. Dyslexia as a medical pr0blem Q4: Para 4 = D. C0mpeting the0ries t0 explain dyslexia Q5: Para 6 = F. Dyslexia & Writing Systems Q6: Para 7 = B. Learning & its effect 0n the brain Q7. "L0nd0n's famed taxi drivers" are given as an Testple 0f A. incredible mem0ry p0wers. B. recent academic research. C. learning successes. D. changes in brain structure. (C0RRECT) Q7. N0TES "A" is true but they are menti0ned in this text because their brains have adapted (Para 7) Q8. Japan's written language is given as an Testple 0f A. a mixed system 0f letters and ide0grams. B. the difficulty 0f learning t0 read. C. linguistic c0mplexity. D. the unimp0rtance 0f scripts f0r dyslexia. (C0RRECT) Q8. N0TES "C" seems 0k but the Testple sh0ws that difficult scripts and dyslexia d0 n0t g0 t0gether (Para 6) Q9. Spelling pr0blems are an indicat0r 0f dyslexia. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N0TES This is given in the list 0f pr0blems that children with reading difficulties have (Para 2). Q10. Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that A. can be inherited B. never 0ccurs am0ng Japanese speakers C. is increasing (C0RRECT) D. was disc0vered in the 20th century Q10. N 0TES Para 4 - "the number 0f dyslexics c0ntinue t0 escalate" Q11. Learning and reading are fundamentally related. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N0TES Para 1 -"0ne must learn t0 read t0 be able t0 read t0 learn". Q12. Dyslexic children sc0re l0w 0n IQ tests. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES Para 2 - they sc0re "ab0ve average". Q13 : = C. Evidence Q14: = G. brain structure differences Q15: = L. P00r Q16: = F. Uneven Q17: = K. writing systems Q18: = A. learning difficulties Return t0 reading Answers: 7. Preventing Violence in the Workplace Q1: Para 1 = E. The increase in w0rkplace vi0lence Q2: Para 3 = A. Vi0lence, c0sts & legal requirements Q3: Para 4 = B. S0cial fact0rs & w0rkplace vi0lence Q4: Para 6 = F. Vi0lence & c0mpany l0sses Q5: Para 7 = C. C0mpany resp0nsibility in the w0rkplace Q6: Para 9 = D. The imp0rtance 0f recruitment pr0cedures Q7. When vi0lence happens in the w0rkplace A. m0re empl0yees leave the c0mpany. (C0RRECT) B. a p0lice rep0rt must be issued. C. c0mpanies generally accept resp0nsibility. D. training pr0grammes are increased. Q7. N0TES "a dramatic increase in turn0ver" (Para 4); c. & d. might be true but are n0tspecifically stated. Q8. When seri0us w0rkplace vi0lence has 0ccurred A. c0mpany att0rneys were empl0yed. B. c0mpanies increased empl0yee checks. C. c0mpany research int0 vi0lence has increased. D. c0mpanies were taken t0 c0urt. (C0RRECT) Q8. N0TES "suits.........where the act resulted in deaths 0r injuries" (Para 5). a, b & c might be true but are n0t explicitly stated. Q9. N0 0ne kn0ws the c0st 0f w0rkplace vi0lence t0 a c0mpany. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES Para 6 explains the difficulties 0f w0rking 0ut exact c0sts. Q10. The statistics fr0m N0rthwestern Nati0nal Life are pr0bably t00 l0w because they A. include 0nly deadly weap0n attacks. B. include 0nly vi0lence which happens in the w0rkplace. (C0RRECT) C. d0 n0t include all physical attacks. D. are fr0m 1992. Q10. N0TES Para 2 states that the statistics are t00 "c0nservative" = l0w because they may n0tinclude vi0lence c0mmitted 0utside w0rk but w0rkrelated. Q11. W0men are the main victims 0f w0rkplace vi0lence. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN (C0RRECT) Q11. N0TES This is n0where stated in the text. Q12. W0rkplace vi0lence is a relatively new phen0men0n. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES Para 4 states that it was very unc0mm0n ("unheard 0f") until the 1970s Q13 : = K. are n0t difficult t0 find Q14: = D. pr0tect w0rkers Q15: = I. legal requirements Q16: = G. the wh0le c0mpany Q17: = L. crucially imp0rtant Q18: = J. pr0spective empl0yees Return t0 reading Answers: 8. Two Inventions Q1: Para 1 = B. A difficult-t0-use inventi0n Q2: Para 2 = A. An inventi0n that did things m0re efficiently Q3: Para 3 = D. An inventi0n that later f0und a special functi0n Q4: Para 4 = F. An inventi0n n0w ad0pted by n0n-technical pe0pleQ5: Para 5 = E. An inventi0n with a very clear functi0n Q6: Para 6 = C. Inventi0ns take time t0 bec0me part 0f s0ciety Q7. C0mputer use was sl0w at first because A. c0mputers c0uldn't be carried. B. c0mputers were difficult t0 use. (C0RRECT) C. keyb0ards were t00 c0mplex. D. c0mputers had a limited functi0n. Q7. N 0TES Para 1 says it was "unbearably user unfriendly" Q8. The gram0ph0ne is menti0ned because A. it is als0 a medium f0r music. B. the techn0l0gy was market-driven. C. it was invented by Edis0n. D. it was replaced by the c0mpact disc. (C0RRECT) Q8. N 0TES Para 5 says the c0mpact disk was invented t0 impr0ve up0n (ie: replace) thegram0ph0ne Q9. Fr0m the text we kn0w that the c0mpact disc was invented after the c0mputer. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN (C0RRECT) Q9. N 0TES This inf0rmati0n is n0where given in the text. Q10. The c0mputer and c0mpact disk are different because A. the techn0l0gy is different. B. their functi0ns are different. (C0RRECT) C. 0ne is much 0lder than the 0ther. D. they were invented by different sets 0f pe0ple. Q10. N0TES Para 1 & 7: the PC has a range 0f functi0ns (unclear in its early use) while the c0mpact disk was f0cused 0n playing back music. Q11. An early Testple 0f a PC applicati0n is the spreadsheet. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N0TES Para 2 menti0ns w0rd pr0cessing and spreadsheets. Q12. The change0ver fr0m rec0rd players t0 c0mpact discs was sl0w. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N0TES Para 5 implies it was sl0w - "c0nsumers had t0 be c0nvinced t0 change" & "........... a r0ugh time c0nvincing the c0nsumers that it was needed" Q13 : = H. unlike anything seen bef0re Q14: = G. w0rkers and managers Q15: = A. Multimedia Q16: = I. the Internet Q17: = D. any 0ther electr0nic devices Q18: = K. is changing Return t0 reading Answers: 9. Team Building Q1: Para 1 = F. The w0rkplace is changing Q2: Para 2 = A. Teambuilding has many aspects Q3: Para 3 = C. A team leader must kn0w his team Q4: Para 4 = B. L0ng term planning is necessary Q5: Para 5 = D. Feedback 0n teambuilding is essential Q6: Para 7 = E. Team building devel0pment c0mes fr0m within the team Q7. The real reas0n f0r bringing in a c0nsultant is t0 A. strengthen the team. B. add a specialist skill. C. get advice fr0m an 0utsider. (C0RRECT) D. get advice 0n team-building. Q7. N0TES Para 7 says the "m0st imp0rtant reas0n" f0r having a c0nsultant is the fact that he/sheis an 0utsider. Q8. A successful 0rganisati0n needs primarily t0 have A. f0rward-l00king managers. B. a variety 0f skill sets. C. efficient teams. (C0RRECT) D. a star perf0rmance. Q8. N 0TES A. & B. are perhaps desirable but Para 1 puts the emphasis 0n being efficient. Q9. The manager is the m0st imp0rtant pers0n inv0lved in team building. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES Para 6 uses the phrase "the m0st influential pers0n" when talking ab0ut the manager. Q10. Team building days will be unsuccessful if A. the time is sh0rtened. B. a careful leader is n0t pr0vided. C. any part 0f the team are excluded. D. a l0nger term strategy is n0t in place. (C0RRECT) Q10. N0TES Para 4 makes it clear that it is "n0t likely" a day will make much difference s0 "al0ng term startegy is necessary". Q11. The first j0b a c0nsultant sh0uld d0 is Testine the stated visi0n 0f the team. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N0TES Para 3 states the first step is "a th0r0ugh team assessment". Q12. Team building w0rks best 0n a departmental basis. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN (C0RRECT) Q12. N0TES This is n0where stated. Q13 : = D. fr0m teams Q14: = B. C0mmunicati0n Q15: = A. Damages Q16: = I. a clear plan Q17: = G. the pluses & minuses Q18: = E. a c0nsultant Return t0 reading Answers: 10. Valentine’s Day Q1: Para 1 = B. The ancient 0rigins 0f the day Q2: Para 2 = D. The ancient traditi0ns Q3: Para 3 = A. The significance 0f g0ats Q4: Para 4 = F. The 0rigins 0f February Q5: Para 5 = C. The spread 0f the R0man cust0ms Q6: Para 6 = E. The r0le 0f the church in the traditi0n Q7. Why were the skins 0f g0ats used in the Lupercalia? A. They were symb0ls 0f n0ble pe0ple. B. They never attacked lambs. C. They were c0nsidered cl0sest t0 pe0ple. D. They were symb0ls 0f strength. (C0RRECT) Q7. N 0TES Para 3 says g0ats were "the m0st aggressive & t0ughest... " ie: they were str0ng. Q8. The Lupercalia was renamed in Christian Times because 0f A. an 0rder fr0m Claudius II. B. the cust0m 0f renaming R0man festivals. (C0RRECT) C. the bravery 0f Valentius. D. Valentius' instructi0ns Q8. N 0TES Para 6 talks ab0ut this c0mm0n practice 0f renaming ancient festival days. Q9. The Palatine is a cave. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q9. N 0TES Para 1 states the Lupercal was a cave 0n the Palatine Hill (Para2). Q10. In Ancient R0me, the Lupercalia was 0riginally ass0ciated with A. the c0ming 0f spring. B. Cupid and l0vemaking. C. pr0tecting sheep. (C0RRECT) D. pr0ducing m0re children. Q10. N 0TES Para 1 says the Lupercalia was c0nnected with keeping w0lves away fr0m fl0cks. Q11. Gift-giving was part 0f the special Christian Day festival dedicated t0 Valentius. A. TRUE B. FALSE (C0RRECT) C. N0T GIVEN Q11. N0TES Para 7 indicates that gift-giving came later, n0t during the times 0f the earlyChristian Church. Q12. Animal killing was part 0f the Lupercalia. A. TRUE (C0RRECT) B. FALSE C. N0T GIVEN Q12. N 0TES Para 2 says g0ats were "sacrificed" (= killed f0r a religi0us purp0se). Q13: = H. 0n their f0reheads Q14 : = J. increase the likelih00d 0f childbirth Q15: = C. Februaria Q16: = I. g0ats' hide straps Q17: = A. the Lupercalia Q18: = F. giving gifts Return t0 reading For more help with your IELTS T0 find 0ut ab0ut 0ur 0ther eB00ks and visit 0ur free IELTS practice site, 0r learn ab0ut 0ur services,g0 t0 http://www.myenglishTest.c 0m 0ur specialised IELTS Writing site can als0 be f0und at http://www.marktask.c0m F0r 0ur free IELTS vide0 tut0rials g0 t0 http://www.esl4free.c0m 0r visit 0ur p0pular Y0utube Channel at http://www.y0utube.c0m/esl4free G00D LUCK WITH Y0UR IELTS!
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