Серия
Высшее образование)
С. И. Гарагуля
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ я зы к
р я СТУДЕНТОВ
СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Learning Building Construction
in English
Рекомендовано
Государственным образовательным учреждением
высшего профессионального образования
«Московский государственный лингвистический университет»
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов,
обучающихся по специальностям ВПО
270102 «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»,
270105 «Городское строительство и хозяйст во»,
120303 «Городской кадастр», 270114 «Проектирование зданий»
Ростов-на-Дону
«ФЕНИКС»
2011
УДК 811 111 69 0(0758)
ББК 81 2А нгл-923
КТК 8032
Г20
Рецензенты:
доктор филологических наук, профессор О Н Прохорова
(Белгородский государственный университет)
доктор технических наук, профессор А Г Юрьев
(Белгородский государственный технологический
университет им В Г Шухова)
Р2о
Гарагуля С. И.
Английский язык для студентов строительных специ­
альностей. Learning Building Construction in English :
учебное пособие / С. И. Гарагуля. — Ростов н/Д :
Феникс, 2011. — 347, [1] с. — (Высшее образование).
ISBN 978-5-222-18653-4
Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта
курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчита­
но на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Ос­
новная цель учебного пособия — развитие и совершенствова­
ние умения читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по
специальности, а также навыков устной речи и аудирования
в пределах пройденной тематики. Уделяется особое внима­
ние расширению словарного запаса по строительному делу,
изучению и тренировке грамматических структур, которые
характеризуются высокой частотностью употребления в на­
учной речи
Предназначено для студентов инженерно-строительных ву­
зов, может быть рекомендовано магистрантам, аспирантам,
научным работникам и широкому кругу специалистов-практиков, желающих повысить свой уровень владения профес­
сиональным английским языком.
ISBN 978-5-222-18653-4
УДК 811.111 69 0(075 8)
ББК 81.2А нгл-923
© Гарагуля С И , 2011
© Оформление ООО «Феникс», 2011
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов
инженерно-строительных вузов, обучающихся по специально­
стям «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», «Город­
ское строительство и хозяйство», «Городской кадастр», «Про­
ектирование зданий» и др. Оно может быть рекомендовано
магистрантам, аспирантам, научным работникам и широко­
му кругу специалистов-практиков, желающих повысить свой
уровень владения профессиональным английским языком.
Пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса ино­
странного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на про­
фессионально-ориентированный этап обучения.
Основная цель учебного пособия — развитие и совершен­
ствование умения читать и переводить оригинальную литера­
туру на английском языке по специальности, а также навыков
устной речи и аудирования в пределах пройденной тематики.
Уделяется особое внимание расширению словарного запаса по
строительному делу, повторению грамматических структур ба­
зового курса и их тренировке.
Весь материал учебного пособия разделен на 12 уроков-тем
(Units) и включает части Supplementary Readings Tapescripts.
Каждый урок-тема, посвященный конкретной инженерно­
строительной проблематике, состоит из четырех разделов
(Sections): Vocabulary and Word Study, Grammar, Reading and
Speaking и Listening and Speaking.
Раздел Vocabulary and Word Study знакомит студентов с про­
фессиональной лексикой, которая определяется содержанием
текстов в пределах изучаемой темы. Активный словарь отра­
жает наиболее важные понятия и явления, представленные в
литературе по строительству. Терминологическая лексика зак­
репляется в разнообразных упражнениях, которые построены
и расположены по принципу «от простого к сложному» —
от уровня слова, словосочетания, предложения до уровня
4
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
сверхфразового единства. Имеются упражнения на словооб­
разование, многозначность, определение значений именных
словосочетаний с препозитивными определениями, узнава­
ние интернациональных слов и терминов
В разделе Grammar представлены коммуникативно-ори­
ентированные задания, нацеленные на развитие грамматичес­
ких навыков чтения специальной литературы на английском
языке. Грамматический материал включает преимуществен­
но те явления, которые характеризуются высокой частотнос­
тью употребления в научной речи. Прежде всего, это отно­
сится к структуре предложения, формам страдательного зало­
га, модальным глаголам, неличным формам глагола и др.
Каждый раздел Reading and Speaking содержит три аутен­
тичных текста - А, В и С, объединенных тематикой урока и
системой упражнений, которые ориентированы на овладение
студентами основными видами чтения и обучение говорению.
Текст А, рассматриваемый в качестве основного, предназна­
чен для изучающего чтения. К нему даются предтекстовые и
послетекстовые упражнения. Предтекстовые задания пресле­
дуют цель формирования навыков прогнозирования и умения
вести беседу общего содержания по теме урока. Упражнения
послетекстового этапа способствуют развитию монологичес­
кой речи —констатировать факт или высказать мнение, сде­
лать короткое сообщение или обобщение. К данному тексту
предусмотрено задание на чтение определенного абзаца вслух.
Тексты В и С предполагают формирование навыков ознако­
мительного, просмотрового или поискового чтения. Упраж­
нения к этим текстам направлены на определение основной
темы или идеи текста, поиск конкретных данных, использо­
вание определенной информации в соответствии с коммуни­
кативными задачами.
В разделе Listening and Speaking представлены задания к
двум аудиотекстам, которые могут быть прочитаны препода­
вателем или звучать в записи. Небольшие по объему тексты
монологического характера непосредственно связаны с темой
Предисловие
5
урока. Контроль понимания осуществляется с помощью воп­
росно-ответных упражнений, путем заполнения таблиц/схем
и др. Цель заданий состоит в понимании общего смысла про­
слушанного текста, нахождении или извлечении конкретной
информации, которые служат основой для краткого изложе­
ния содержания аудиотекста, дискуссии по теме и т.д.
В разделе Tapescripts приводятся тексты для аудирования
К этой части учебника студенты обращаются на заключитель­
ном этапе работы над разделом Listening and Speaking, что
позволяет им проверить правильность понимания текста, а
также выявить непонятные фрагменты, выписав и выучив
незнакомые слова.
Раздел Supplementary Reading включает дополнительные
тексты без заданий (статьи из британского журнала “New Civil
Engineer International”), которые могут быть использованы
как для работы в группе, так и для самостоятельной работы
студентов. Они либо расширяют информацию по строитель­
ству, представленную в уроках-темах, либо освещают новые
проблемы в области строительства.
Материалы настоящего учебного пособия прошли апроба­
цию на занятиях со студентами различных групп и уровней
архитектурно-строительного института Белгородского государ­
ственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова.
Автор считает своим долгом выразить искреннюю при­
знательность рецензентам —доктору филологических наук,
профессору Ольге Николаевне Прохоровой за детальный
анализ рукописи и ценные критические замечания, а также
доктору технических наук, профессору Александру Гаври­
ловичу Юрьеву за консультации по отбору материала для
данного пособия.
Автор
UNIT 1
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
R e a d an d m e m o r iz e th e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y to t h e t e x t
“B u ild in g E n g in e e r in g a s a D is c ip lin e ” and tr a n sla te t h e given
1. b uild (b u ilt) [b ild ] v — с т р о и т ь
b u ild in g
n — здан и е, стр о ен и е, сооруж ение; строи тель­
ство
b u ild in g d e sig n [ d i 'z a i n ] — п р о е к т и р о в а н и е з д а н и й
T hey
build n e w h o u s e s in th a t a r e a . T y p e s o f buildings m a y b e
building
c la ssifie d a c c o r d in g t o th e ro le in t h e c o m m u n ity . M o d e m
c o n s titu te s a v ita l e l e m e n t o f n a tio n a l in d u s tr y
2. c o n s tr u c t [ k a n 's tr A k t] v — с т р о и т ь , с о о р у ж а т ь
c o n str u c tio n [ k s n 's t r s k j n ]
n — строительство, стр о й к а
b u ild in g c o n str u c tio n — д о м о с т р о е н и е
T h e y a r e p la n n in g
to construct a n e w s u p e r m a r k e t n e a r o u r
h o u s e . T h e fa c to r s t h a t c o n d itio n th e s e le c tio n o f m a te r ia ls f o r
construction in c lu d e a v a ila b ility , c o s t a n d p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s .
D u r in g building construction, se v e ra l th in g s w e n t w r o n g .
3. building e n gin eerin g L e n d ji'm a r ir j] — с т р о и т е л ь с т в о г р а ж ­
дан ски х здани й
и ш 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
U
civil e n g in e e r in g [ 's iv l] — г р а ж д а н с к о е с т р о и т е л ь с т в о
stru ctu ra l e n g in e e r in g ['s trA k tfra l] — п р о е к т и р о в а н и е з д а ­
н и й и сооруж ений
B u ild in g s c ie n c e a n d
building engineering a re fie ld s o f s tu d y
c o n c e r n e d w ith t h e t e c h n i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f b u ild in g s , b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls , a n d b u ild in g s y s te m s . I a m d o in g a
civil engineenng
c o u rs e a t th e u n iv e rs ity , w h ic h is v e ry h a rd , b u t I a m re a lly e n jo y in g
it.
Structural engineering h a s m a d e ra p id s tr id e s in t h e la s t c e n tu r y .
4 . a ir -c o n d itio n in g [ 'e a k a n .d ijr iirt]
a ir -c o n d itio n e r
n — кондиционирование
n — кондиционер
air-conditioning. T h e r e a re m a n y s im ila r itie s in
an air-conditioner w o rk s t o th e w a y a re fr ig e r a to r w o rk s.
B u ild in g s h a v e
th e w a y
5. m e a n [m i:n ] (m e a n t [ m e n t] ) v — з н а ч и т ь ; п о д р а з у м е в а т ь
m e a n s [m i:n z ]
n — средство, сп особ ; ресурсы
by m eans o f — п о с р е д с т в о м
means “ S t o p ” . T h e y d i d n ’t p r o v id e m e w ith a n y
means o f tr a n s p o r t. T h e te s ts w e re m a rk e d by means o f a c o m p u te r .
T h e r e d lig h t
6 . d iv e r se [ d a i'v a :s ]
adj — р а з н о о б р а з н ы й , р а з н ы й
n — р азн о о б р ази е, м н о го о б р ази е
d iv ersity [d a i'v a :s iti]
T h e g ro w in g b u ild in g in d u s tr y o ffe rs
H e h a s a g re a t
diverse j o b o p p o r tu n itie s .
diversity o f in te re s ts .
7. im p a ct [T m p s e k t] —
n воздей стви е, вл и ян и е
T h e c o m p u t e r h a s h a d ( m a d e ) a g re a t
8 . m e a su r e [ ' т е з а ] —
impact o n m o d e m life.
n v м ера; и зм ерять, и м еть р азм ер ы
п — разм ер , и зм ер ен и е
m e a su r e m e n t [ ' т е з э т э т ]
take c e r t a i n measures t o re d u c e t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e
m a te r ia l. S h e measured th e ta b le T h is ta b le measures tw o m e tr e s
We
L_l
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b y o n e m e tr e . W e c a n f in d th e s iz e o f s o m e th in g b y m e a n s o f
measurement.
9
va ry [ 'ѵ е э п ] v — м е н я т ь , и з м е н я т ь , в а р ь и р о в а т ь
v a rio u s [ 'v e a r ia s ]
adj — р а з л и ч н ы й , р а з н ы й , р а з н о о б ­
разн ы й
v a r ie ty [ v a 'r a ia ti]
n — р азн о о б р ази е
S te e l v a rie s c o n s id e r a b ly in its m ic r o s tr u c tu r e . T h e d e m a n d f o r
various b u ild in g m a te r ia ls is e n o r m o u s . A w id e variety o f m a s s p r o d u c e d e le m e n ts a r e n o w a v a ila b le .
10. m a in ta in [ m e i n 't e i n ] v — о б с л у ж и в а т ь , с о д е р ж а т ь в и с ­
п р ав н о сти , п од д ерж и вать, со х р ан ять, сод ер ж ать
m a in te n a n c e [ 'm e i n t a n a n s ]
п — уход, с о д ер ж ан и е в и с ­
правности, текущ ий рем онт, поддерж ка, содерж ание,
сохранение
to maintain. T h e s e o p e r a tio n s
in v o lv e th e c o n s tr u c tio n , maintenance o f s tr u c tu r e s , g r o u n d s , a n d
S o m e f lo o r m a te n a ls a re e a s y
so o n .
11. stru ctu re ['strA k tJb ]
n — конструкция, сооруж ение, стро­
ен и е, здани е, конструкция
bu ild in g str u c tu r e — с т р о и т е л ь н а я к о н с т р у к ц и я , з д а н и е
W ood
structures w e r e v e ry c o m m o n in e a r lie r tim e s . T h e m o r e
the building structure c o s ts .
in s u la tio n w e p r o v id e , t h e m o r e
12.
fo u n d a tio n [ f a u n 'd e i j n ] и — ф у н д а м е н т
F ir s t t h e y la id
the foundation, a n d t h e n t h e y b u ilt th e w a lls.
13. c o m p u te r -a id e d d e sig n (C A D ) [ k a m / p j u : t a ( r ) 'e i d i d ] — а в ­
то м ати зи р о в ан н о е п р о ек ти р о в ан и е
T o d a y , t h e u se o f C o m p u te r - A id e d D e s ig n t e c h n i q u e s h a s
r e v o lu tio n is e d d e sig n a n d c o n s tr u c tio n p ro c e sse s w ith in th e in d u stry .
UNIT
1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
14. fa c ility [ f a 's i l i t i ]
h
n — устройство, п р и сп особ лен и е, об о ­
(pi.) у с л о в и я , в о з м о ж н о с т и ,
рудовани е; со оруж ен и е;
ср едства
A new
facility h a d b e e n b u ilt ju s t o u ts id e t h e c ity t o p r o c e s s a ll
t h e s e w a g e . T h e n e w f a c to r y h a s e n a b le d t o b r in g r e s e a r c h a n d
d e v e lo p m e n t a c tiv itie s u n d e r t h e s a m e r o o f a s a ll p r o d u c t i o n
facilities
15. perform [ р э Т з т а ]
v — исп олн ять, вы п олн ять, соверш ать
n — прои зводи тельн ость, эф ­
p e r fo r m a n c e [ p a 'f o m a n s ]
ф екти вн ость, кпд; эксп луатац и он н ы е характеристи ки;
работа
They
perform a c o n s id e r a b le a m o u n t o f b u ild in g w o r k a t t h e
performance o f th e b e a m s.
fa c to ry . T h is e n a b le s u s t o e n s u re th e g o o d
16. u tility [ ju :'tiliti]
n — (pi.) и н ж е н е р н ы е с е т и ; к о м м у н а л ь ­
ны е у слуги ; к о м м у н а л ь н ы е п р е д п р и я т и я о б сл у ж и в ан и я
(со о р у ж ен и я )
c o n se r v a tio n u tility [ .k o n s a 'v e i j n ] — у п р а в л е н и е п о о х р а ­
не п ри роды и р ац и о н ал ьн о го п р и р о д о п о л ьзо ван и я
T h e in tr o d u c t i o n o f u r b a n
17. su r v e y [ 's a :v e i] [ s s 'v e i ]
utilities im p r o v e d life in t h e c ity
n v — топ о гр аф и ч еская съем ка
(с л у ж б а ); п р о и з в о д и т ь т о п о г р а ф и ч е с к у ю с ъ е м к у , м е ж е ­
вать
su r v e y in g
п — съем ка, пром ер, картировани е
п — гео д ези ст, м а р к ш е й д е р
su r v e y o r [ s s 'v e i a ]
Surveys a r e m a d e f o r m a n y p u r p o s e s , s u c h a s t h e d e te r m in a tio n
to survey t h e p ie c e
o f la n d t h a t t h e n e w m o to r w a y w ill p a s s t h r o u g h . Surveying is
o f a r e a s , a n d t h e p lo ttin g o f m a p s . T h e y s t a r t e d
e m p lo y e d t o m e a s u r e a n d lo c a te lin e s a n d a n g le s o n t h e s u r f a c e o f
t h e e a r th . M a n y n e w i n s tr u m e n ts a r e e m p lo y e d t o f a c ilita te th e
surveyor’s w o rk .
10JАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
18. ap p ly [ э 'р і а і ] ѵ — и с п о л ь з о в а т ь , п р и м е н я т ь
a p p lied s c ie n c e [ 's a i a n s ] — п р и к л а д н а я н а у к а
a p p lic a tio n [ ,a e p l i 'k e i j h ]
n
— п ри м ен ен и е, использо­
ван ие
T h is b u ild in g m e t h o d is s u c c e s s fu lly
a n d to w n s i n th is c o u n tr y .
Application
applied in
d iff e r e n t c itie s
o f p la s tic s in t h e b u ild in g
fie ld w id e n s f r o m y e a r t o y e a r.
19. o p e r a te [ 'o p a r e i t ] v — р а б о т а т ь , п р и в о д и т ь в д е й с т в и е
o p e r a tio n
п — работа,
T h e in s tr u m e n t w a s s e t
operations o n
о п ерац и я , эксп луатац и я
to operate
a t a c e r t a i n p re s s u re . A ll
th e s ite a re m in im iz e d .
20 . r e n o v a te [ 'r e n a v e i t ] v — в о с с т а н а в л и в а т ь , в о з о б н о в л я т ь
ren ovation [,г е п э и 'ѵ е і/п ]
n—
реконструкция, восстанов­
ление
T he house
was renovatedby th e c u rre n t o w n e rs t o p ro v id e m o d e m
renovation.
liv in g . T h e s ta d iu m is re - o p e n in g a fte r a t h r e e - y e a r
2.
R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
part o f sp eech .
n, f u n c t i o n n, e ffe c t n, g lo b a l adj, m a n if e s ta tio n n,
adj , p r o d u c e v, in te g ra te v, te c h n o lo g y n, d e s ig n n v,
d is c ip lin e n, in te r d is c ip lin a r y adj, m a n a g e r n, m a n a g e m e n t n,
o p e ra tio n n, tra d itio n a l adj, v e n tila tio n n, m e c h a n ic a l adj, a c o u stic s
n, p ro je c t n, m e th o d o lo g y n, c y c le n, e f f ic ie n c y n, c a r e e r n,
b u d g e t n v, lo g is tic s n, t e n d e r n, re s o u rc e n.
A c tiv ity
n a tu r a l
и ш 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
11
3 . M a t c h th e p a ir s o f sy n o n y m s from A an d В and t r a n s la te
th em .
A
В
1. r e p a ir
a . im p a c t
2. o p e r a t i o n
b. m e a n s
3. c o n s t r u c t i o n
c . a p p lic a tio n
4 . a p p lia n c e
d . fo u n d a tio n
5. r e s to r a tio n
e . d iv e r s e
6. u se
f. m a in te n a n c e
7. base
g. p e rfo rm a n c e
8. w a y
h . f a c ility
9. i n f lu e n c e
i. b u i l d i n g
10. v a r io u s
j . r e n o v a tio n
4 . M a t c h th e verb o n t h e le ft w ith a su ita b le ite m o n t h e
rig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. d o
a. a n a i r - c o n d i t i o n e r
2. m e a s u r e
b. a h o u se
3. in s ta ll
c . u tility s e r v ic e s
4. c a rry o u t
d . m a n a g e m e n t p r in c ip le s
5. b u ild
e . t h e w in d o w s
6. tr a in
f. m e a s u r e m e n ts
7. a p p ly
g. a m o n g C A D s y s te m s
8. t a k e
h . a c iv il e n g in e e r in g c o u r s e
9. p r o v id e
i. a s a s u r v e y o r
10. v a ry
j. b u ild in g d e s ig n
5.
M a k e t h e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s c o m p le te b y tr a n sla tin g th e
w o rd s a n d p h r a se s in b r a c k e ts.
1.
T h e in v e n tiv e m o n ito r in g m e t h o d c o n s is ts m d e t e r m in in g
lo a d s a p p lie d to ( с т р о и т е л ь н ы е к о н с т р у к ц и и ) . 2. T h e n e w o w n e r
ilJ- Английский: [ДЛЯстудентовстроительныхспециальностей
w a n ts t o ( р е к о н с т р у и р о в а т ь ) t h e b u ild in g h e b o u g h t. 3 . T h e
b u ild in g e n g in e e r in g p r o g r a m m e is p r e s e n t e d ( п о с р е д с т в о м )
le c tu r e s , tu to r ia ls , s e m in a r s a n d c a s e s tu d ie s . 4 T h e c o m p a n y
se e k s a b u ild in g e n g in e e r t o ( и с п о л ь з о в а т ь ) a n d ( о б с л у ж и в а т ь )
all b u ild in g e q u ip m e n t a n d sy ste m s. 5. A d e g re e c o u r s e in ( п р о е к ­
т и р о в а н и е з д а н и й и с о о р у ж е н и й ) t a k e s f o u r y e a r s in t h e U K .
6.
T h e c ity e n g in e e r ( п р о и з в е л т о п о г р а ф и ч е с к у ю с ъ е м к у ) t h e
p r o p e r ty t o a m e n d th e m a p . 7. F o r p e o p le in te r e s te d i n t h e m a n y
w e ll- p a y in g c a r e e r s in ( д о м о с т р о е н и е ) , th is a s s o c ia tio n o ffe rs
n u m e r o u s e d u c a tio n a l a n d c a r e e r re so u rc e s. 8. T h is c o u r s e p ro v id e s
s tu d e n ts w ith a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f а ( р а з н о ­
о б р а з и е ) o f m a te r ia ls u s e d in b u ild in g . 9. T h e c o m p a n y h ir e d a
c o n t r a c t o r to ( в ы п о л н и т ь ) c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k o n a n e w b u ild in g .
10.
W h a t d o e s th e te r m
utility ( з н а ч и т ь ) 9
6.
R e a d a n d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g w ord c o m b in a tio n s w h ich
c o m e fro m th e te x ts o f th e U n it. M in d th e u se o f n o u n s a s
a ttr ib u te s in p r e p o sitio n . L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
Example
a ) a r c h b u ild in g — а р о ч н о е з д а н и е
b ) m a r k e t b u ild in g — з д а н и е р ы н к а
c ) e x h ib itio n b u ild in g — з д а н и е д л я в ы с т а в к и
P o w e r d is tr ib u tio n , i n d o o r a i r q u a lity , p r o je c t m a n a g e m e n t ,
c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e m e n t, d e s ig n e n g in e e r , c o s t e n g in e e r , p r o c e s s
e n g in e e r, H V A C (h e a tin g , v e n tila tio n a n d a ir- c o n d itio n in g )
e n g in e e r, fa c ility m a n a g e r, o p e r a tio n
m a n a g e r, c o m p u te r
p r o g r a m m in g , t h e life c y c le o f a b u ild in g , e n e r g y e f f ic ie n c y ,
c o n t r o l s y s te m s , e a r t h q u a k e r e s i s t a n c e , w in d e f f e c ts , c a r e e r
p o s s i b i l i t i e s , s o il m e c h a n i c s , b u i l d i n g s e r v ic e s y s te m s , c r a f t
tr a d itio n s , m a te r ia l p r o p e r tie s a n d p e r f o r m a n c e , s a fe ty s ta n d a r d s ,
s ite s a f e ty , c o n s tr u c tio n d e la y s , c o n s t r u c t i o n te c h n o lo g ie s , te n d e r
d o c u m e n ts , q u a lity c o n tr o l, b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c t, lo c a l
b u ild in g a u th o r ity r e g u la tio n s , h ig h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , o n a p e r
s q u a r e m e tr e ( f o o t) b a sis.
UNIT
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
7.
13
S tu d y t h e fo llo w in g p a t t e r n s sh o w in g t h e w a y s s o m e n o u n s
a r e fo rm e d fro m v e rb s . C o m p le te th e c h a r t s . S o m e o f t h e m is s in g
w o rd s a r e f ro m t h e t e x t s o f t h e U n it. R e a d a n d t r a n s l a t e th e m
in to
R u s s ia n . U se y o u r d ic tio n a ry to
h e lp y o u w ith th e
p r o n u n c ia tio n .
Pattern 1
I
V e rb + - e r / - o r —> N o u n |
T h e - e r / - o r su ffix e s a re u s e d fo r a p e r s o n w h o d o e s
a n a c tiv ity a n d f o r th in g s w h ic h d o a p a r t i c u l a r jo b .
Example, b u ild
— с т р о и т ь - > b u ild e r — с т р о и т е л ь
Verb
Noun
m anage
______________________
c o m p u te
______________________
d ire c t
______________________
d e s ig n
______________________
su rv e y
______________________
c o n tra c t
______________________
ele v a te
______________________
I
V e rb + - m e n t —> N o u n
T h e - m e n t s u ffix is u s e d f o r a n a c t o r r e s u lt o f s o m e th in g .
Example, a c h ie v e
— д о с т и г а т ь —> a c h ie v e m e n t — д о с т и ж е н и е
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
2ІІ
Verb
Noun
m anage
--------------------
e n v ir o n
--------------------
d e v e lo p
--------------------
a rra n g e
--------------------
e sta b lish
--------------------
im p ro v e
--------------------
e le v a te
--------------------
Pattern 3
V e rb + - i o n / - a t i o n / - i t i o n / - s i o n / - t i o n - » N o u n
T h e - io n / - a t i o n / - M o n / - s i o n / - t i o n su ffix e s a re u s e d
f o r a n a c t, s ta te , o r re s u lt o f s o m e th in g .
Example:
c o n s tru c t — с т р о и т ь
c o n s tr u c tio n — с т р о и т е л ь ­
ство
Verb
Noun
e d u c a te
______________________
m a n ife s t
______________________
re n o v a te
______________________
fo u n d
______________________
in te g ra te
______________________
v e n tila te
______________________
d is trib u te
______________________
d e c id e
______________________
e x e c u te
______________________
o p e ra te
_________________ _
UNIT
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
lii
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8 . A rran ge th e s e w ord s in th e r ig h t o r d e r . U s e a c a p ita l le tte r
to b e g in e a c h s e n te n c e . M a r k e a c h re w r itte n s e n t e n c e S V Q M
P T t o sh o w S u b je c t, V erb , O b je c t, M a n n e r ( H o w ? ) , P la c e
(W h e r e ? ), T im e (W h e n ? ).
Example
w o r k e d , till 5 o ’c lo c k , P e te r , a t t h e p l a n t . — ( S ) P e t e r (V )
w o r k e d ( P ) a t th e p l a n t (T ) till 5 o ’c lo c k .
1.
w e ll, I , E n g lis h , s p e a k . 2 . b e g in s , in S e p te m b e r , m y te r m .
3. u s e , fo r m a n y , s c ie n tis ts , c o m p u te r s , d iffe re n t p u rp o s e s .
4 . a n o ld , m a th e m a tic s , s c ie n c e , is. 5. f r o m t h e u n iv e r s ity , w ill,
a n e n g in e e r , h e , b e , a f te r g r a d u a tio n . 6 . t h e k n o w le d g e o f , t o d a y ,
is, v e r y , E n g lis h , i m p o r t a n t . 7 . b e g i n , a t 9 o ’c l o c k , i n t h e
m o r n in g , t h e le c tu r e s . 8. to m o r r o w , w ill, in R o m e , b e , s h e .
9. e v e ry , y e a r , le a v e , s c h o o ls , m illio n s o f, s e c o n d a r y , c h ild r e n .
10. t h e te r m , a tte n d , d u r in g , a n d , l e c tu r e s , s e m in a r s , s tu d e n ts .
11. a c o tta g e , in th e s u b u r b s , c o n s t r u c t e d , o f M o s c o w , th e y .
12. s ta tis tic a l, in t h e i r w o r k , u s e , th e r e s e a r c h e r s , m e th o d s .
9 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g c o m p le x s e n t e n c e s w ith
d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f su b o r d in a te c la u s e s . U s e y o u r d ic tio n a r y if
1.
T e c h n i c a l o c c u p a tio n s r e q u ir e m o r e t r a in in g a s a g r e a te r
t e c h n i c a l k n o w le d g e is r e q u ir e d . 2 . C o n s t r u c t i o n c o lle g e s o f f e r a
s p e c ia liz e d l e a r n in g e n v i r o n m e n t f o r s tu d e n ts w h o w a n t t o le a r n
h o w t o u n d e r s ta n d b a s ic c o n c e p ts a b o u t b u ild in g p ro c e s s e s . 3. T h e
in d u s tr y e x p e r ts h a v e p r e d ic te d t h a t t h e r e w ill b e m o r e t h a n 4 5 ,0 0 0
n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n jo b s i n S c o tla n d o v e r t h e n e x t d e c a d e . 4 . I n th e
fie ld s o f a r c h ite c tu r e a n d c iv il e n g in e e n n g , c o n s tr u c tio n is a p ro c e s s
16
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure.
5. That this type of cables must be placed correctly is essential.
6. Once the design is completed by the design team, a number of
construction companies may be asked to make a bid for the work.
7. A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other
legal obligations, each of which must be carefully considered.
8. Construction managers may travel considerably when they are
responsible for activities at many sites. 9. Although the construction
work is not dangerous, injuries can occur. 10. What is important
is the correct sequence of building operations.
10.
Read and translate the following complex sentences with
relative clauses in which the relative conjunctions are left out.
Example
I haven’t seen the fax we received this morning. — Я не видел
факс, который мы получили сегодня утром.
1.
The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for
their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed
for. 2. There are lots of different types of engineering. The one
thing they have in common is that they use Maths and Science to
improve industry and manufacturing. 3. The report he made after
the delegation had visited our plant shows that he has finally realized
the importance of the work we are doing here. 4. The noise I heard
was caused by the arrival of the lorries with new products. 5. The
way the weight of the components of concrete is determined is
specified by the requirements of the project and the various local
building codes and regulations. 6. The type of houses the constructors
were building was part of the great construction boom.
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
17
11. In some of these sentences you don’t need who, which or
that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like
this: (who), (which), (that).
Example
The job that he got wasn’t very interesting, (that can be left out)
The people who work in the office are highly skilled experts, (who
is necessary here)
1. The technique that they used in structures was worked out by
the design team. 2. A number of advantages that ceramic tiles
offer to builders make them an attractive proposition. 3. Prospects
will be best for people who have a bachelor or higher degree in
construction science. 4. The students who we met at the construction
site were having practical training. 5. Different plastics which
architects use for decorative purposes include glass fibre.
12. Read and translate the following emphatic sentences it is
that/which/who into Russian.
Example
It is the data that (which) are reliable. — Именно эти данные
являются надежными.
1. It is this method that speeds up construction work. 2. It is
the college which offers a course in building construction. 3. It
was Lomonosov who first discovered the law of conservation of
energy. 4. It is only by performing a lot of experiments that progress
can be made. 5. It is the construction management course that
covers several areas of construction science and basic business
practices.
18
Английский языкдля студентов строительных специальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before you read Text 1A “Building Engineering as a
Discipline” , discuss these questions with your groupmates or
teacher.
a) Do you know how building construction began?
b) Is there any difference between civil engineering and building
engineering?
c) Is building engineering a big subject?
d) Why is building engineering very important in modem life?
e) What building engineering courses are usually taught at higher
educational institutions?
f) What degrees do building engineering academic programmes
provide?
14. Read Text 1A to find out if your answers are right or
wrong. The following phases may be helpful: Quite so. Exactly.
I t’s (partly) true. Just the opposite. I don’t think so. That’s right.
That’s wrong.
• TEXT 1A
Building Engineering as a Discipline
Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began
with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means
by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide
variety of climates and become a global species.
Building construction today is a significant part of industrial
culture, a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a
measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely
UNIT 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
19
varied built environment to serve
the diverse needs of society.
Education in the field o f
Building Engineering as one of
the areas of civil engineering is
the study o f th e integrated
a p p lic a tio n o f en g in eerin g
principles and technology to
building design and architecture.
Institution of Civil
B uilding en g in eerin g is an
Engineering headquarters in
interdisciplinary engineering
London
subject that offers a general
engineering approach to the planning, design, construction,
operation, renovation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as
with their impacts on the surrounding environment. The discipline
requires pertinent knowledge integrated from traditional wellestablished disciplines: civil engineering for building structures and
foundation; mechanical engineering for heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning system (HVAC), and for mechanical service
systems; physics for building science, lighting and acoustics;
electrical engineering for power distribution and control; chemistry
and biology for indoor air quality; architecture for form, function
and specifications; economics for project management.
Building engineering students are ideally trained in all phases of
the life cycle of a building, and learn to appreciate buildings as an
advanced technological system requiring close integration of many
sub-systems and their individual components. Technical problems
and appropriate solutions are studied to improve the performance of
the building in areas, such as energy efficiency, construction
management, HVAC and control systems, advanced building
materials, earthquake resistance, wind effects on buildings,
computer-aided design.
The building engineering graduate may work as a consulting
engineer, design engineer, project manager, construction manager,
cost engineer, facility manager, conservation-utility director,
20
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
HVAC engineer, operation manager, process engineer, or in
research and development, among other career possibilities.
Building engineering academic programmes normally provide
an accredited academic degree. The completed degree may be
designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science,
Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science depending
upon the university or institute. The length of study is four years
and the programme consists of basics of engineering and sciences
(technical drawing, engineering m echanics, m echanics o f
materials, thermodynamics, mathematics, computer programming,
surveying), subjects in building engineering sciences (structural
analysis and design, soil mechanics, building engineering systems,
building econom ics, co n stru ctio n m anagem ent, therm al
environment and building service systems). In some programmes,
elective courses allow students to specialize in one or more sub­
disciplines.
Graduates may pursue a postgraduate degree, such as a Master
of Engineering, Master of Applied Science, an Engineer’s degree,
or a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. The Master and
Engineer’s degree may consist of either research, coursework or a
mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant
research component and it is often viewed as the entry point to
academia.
15. Find in Text 1A the paragraph about the areas in which
building engineering graduates may work and translate it into
Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraph 3.
17. Explain the following references.
a)
Building construction today is a significant part of industrial
culture, a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a
measure of its mastery of natural forces.
What does the pronoun its refer to?
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
21
b) Building engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering
discipline that offers a general engineering approach to the
planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and
maintenance of buildings, as well as with their impacts on the
surrounding environment.
What does the pronoun their refer to?
c) Building engineering students are ideally trained in all phases
of the life cycle of a building, and learn to appreciate buildings as
an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many
sub-systems and their individual components.
What does the pronoun their refer to?
d) The Master and Engineer’s degree may consist of either
research, coursework or a mixture of the two.
What are those two?
e) The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research
component and it is often viewed as the entry point to academia.
What does the pronoun it refer to?
18. Underline or mark the main ideas of Text 1A and retell it
in English.
19. Skim Text IB “History of the Building Industry” and try
to understand what it is about. Give a brief overview of its
structure and contents.
• TEXT IB
History of the Building Industry
In early times there were few specialist builders. People
constructed their homes from whatever material was available where
they lived. The only large buildings were communal ones such as
granaries and places of worship for their gods. In ancient Egypt,
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Greece, and Rome, large buildings were financed by the rulers of
the country and built by slaves who had been captured in battle.
Stone was used if it was available and where it was not, brick­
making industry developed.
After the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD there
was very little large-scale building done in Europe for about six
hundred years. There were two kinds of buildings other than cottages
and farm buildings: castles and churches. Building a cathedral was
such a vast undertaking that someone was required to organize all
the craftsmen needed for the work. This was usually a master
stonemason.
At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries a
new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a philos­
opher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get together
a team of building workers and make arrangements to pay them.
This was the beginning of the profession of architecture.
The Industrial Revolution in
the 19th century brought to an
end the craft tra d itio n s in
building. Many new functional
buildings were put up in the big
towns that were developing —
buildings that were not planned
to be beautiful but were there to
Building construction for
house machinery and the workers
several apartment blocks
who operated it. They had to be
built quickly and cheaply. The
building materials were brought across the country on the new canals
and railways that were quickly constructed to get the raw materials
for industry and the finished products to the places where they were
needed.
When the railways were built, tunnels were dug, and bridges,
aqueducts, and roads were built. New materials such as steel were
introduced and engineers were trained to use them. Advances in
science meant that building designers could calculate in advance
UNIT 1.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
23
how a building should be constructed to ensure that it would stand
up, instead of relying on a system of trial and error, for it sometimes
happened that a building would collapse while it was being built.
It was important to calculate accurately the cost of materials and
labour, and there came to be so much competition for doing the
work that a system of tendering developed. Different contractors
would calculate what it would cost to complete a project and then
the lowest estimate would be chosen. The quantity surveyor emerged
in the late 19th century as a professional specialist in building
finance, who could accurately predict the cost of a project.
In the late 19th century, all kinds o f new technological
developments alfected the building industry. The emergence of the
skyscraper in Chicago, United States, was made possible not only
by the use of steel framing in the structure, but also by the invention
of the elevator, the telephone, and air conditioning.
The present state of building construction is complex. There is
a wide range of building products and systems which are aimed
primarily at groups of building types or markets. The design process
for buildings is highly organized and draws upon research
establishments that study material properties and performance, code
officials who adopt and enforce safely standards, and design
professionals who determine user needs and design a building to
meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organized;
it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the
craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors
who employ and coordinate the work o f the craftsmen, and
consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction
management, quality control, and insurance.
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph o f Text IB .
2 1 . C om plete the sen tences choosing the best variant
corresponding to the contents of Text IB .
24
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1) In early times people constructed their homes from
a) stone available.
b) any material available.
c) bricks.
2) At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries
a new sort of building specialist was
a) a master stonemason.
b) a craftsman.
c) an artist.
3) In the 19th century advances in science meant that
a) a system of trial and error was relied on.
b) design calculations were introduced.
c) new materials began to be used.
4) The construction of the skyscraper was made possible by
a) the use of steel framing, the invention of the elevator, the
telephone, and air conditioning.
b) the use of steel framing.
c) the invention of the elevator and air conditioning.
5) Now the construction process is highly organized because
a) it includes the manufacturers of building products.
b) it involves design professionals.
c) it involves different sorts of building experts.
22. Read Text 1C “Construction Projects” and answer the
following questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) What does a construction process involve?
b) What is required for the successful execution of a construction
project?
c) How many types of construction are there?
d) Who ensures positive end results of construction projects?
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
25
e) Why can the cost of construction vary?
f) What is the negative outcome of residential construction?
g) What are the new methods of construction characterized by?
h) Why is industrial construction a very important part of the
construction industry?
• TEXT 1C
Construction Projects
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction
is a process that consists of the building or assembling of
infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale
construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed
by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager,
design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is
essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the
infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact
of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety,
availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc.
In general, there are two types of construction: building construction
and industrial construction. Each type of construction project
requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and maintain
the project.
Building construction is
the process of adding structure
f1
to real property. The vast
majority of building construction
projects are small renovations,
such as addition of a room, or
renovation of a bathroom. The
owner of the property often acts
as labourer, paymaster, and
Construction on a building
in Kansas City
design team for the entire
♦
4 • •-
-fr—«fro—.
26 I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
p ro je c t. H o w e v e r, a ll b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n p ro je c ts in c lu d e s o m e
e le m e n ts in c o m m o n — d e s ig n , fin a n c ia l, a n d le g a l c o n s id e ra tio n s .
M a n y p ro je c ts o f v a ry in g siz e s re a c h u n d e s ir a b le e n d re s u lts , s u c h
a s s tru c tu ra l c o lla p s e , c o s t o v e rru n s , a n d / o r litig a tio n re a s o n . T h o s e
w ith e x p e r ie n c e i n t h e fie ld m a k e d e t a ile d p la n s a n d m a in ta in
c a re fu l o v e rs ig h t d u r in g t h e p ro je c t t o e n s u re a p o s itiv e o u tc o m e .
R e sid e n tia l c o n s tru c tio n te c h n o lo g ie s a n d reso u rc e s m u s t c o n fo rm
t o lo c a l b u ild in g a u th o r ity r e g u la tio n s a n d c o d e s o f p r a c tic e .
M a t e r i a l s r e a d ily a v a ila b le in t h e a r e a g e n e r a l l y d i c t a t e t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n m a te r ia ls u s e d (e .g . b r ic k v e rs u s s to n e o r tim b e r ) .
T h e c o s t o f c o n s tr u c tio n o n a p e r s q u a r e m e tr e b a s is f o r h o u s e s
c a n v a ry d ra m a tic a lly b a s e d o n s ite c o n d itio n s , lo c a l r e g u la tio n s ,
e c o n o m ie s o f s c a le ( c u s to m d e s ig n e d h o m e s a re a lw a y s m o r e
e x p e n s iv e t o b u i l d ) a n d t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s k ille d w o r k e r s .
R e s id e n tia l a n d a ll o t h e r ty p e s o f c o n s tr u c tio n c a n g e n e ra te a lo t o f
w a s te , c a re fu l p la n n in g is n e e d e d a g a in h e re .
T h e p o p u l a r m e t h o d o f r e s id e n tia l c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d
S ta te s is w o o d f ra m e d c o n s tru c tio n . A s e ffic ie n c y c o d e s h a v e c o m e
in to e ffe c t in r e c e n t y e a rs , n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n o lo g ie s a n d
m e th o d s h a v e e m e rg e d . U n iv e rs ity C o n s t r u c t i o n M a n a g e m e n t
d e p a r tm e n ts a re o n th e c u ttin g e d g e o f t h e n e w e s t m e th o d s o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n in te n d e d t o im p ro v e e ffic ie n c y , p e r f o r m a n c e a n d
re d u c e c o n s tr u c tio n w a ste .
I n d u s tr ia l c o n s tr u c tio n , th o u g h a re la tiv e ly s m a ll p a r t o f th e
e n tir e c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s tr y , is a v e ry i m p o r t a n t c o m p o n e n t .
O w n e rs o f th e s e p r o je c ts a re u s u a lly la rg e , f o r - p r o f it, in d u s tria l
c o r p o r a tio n s . T h e s e c o r p o r a tio n s c a n b e f o u n d in s u c h in d u s tr ie s
a s m e d ic in e , p e tr o le u m , c h e m ic a l, m a n u f a c tu r in g , e tc . P ro c e s s e s
in t h e s e in d u s trie s r e q u ire h ig h ly s p e c ia liz e d e x p e rtis e in p la n n in g ,
d e s ig n , a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n . A s in b u ild in g a n d h e a v y /h ig h w a y
c o n s tru c tio n , th is ty p e o f c o n s tru c tio n re q u ire s a t e a m o f in d iv id u a ls
t o e n s u r e a s u c c e s s fu l p r o je c t.
Предисловие
27
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
2 3 . L is te n to th e T e x t “ B u ild in g s: F ir st I m p r e s s io n s ” .
Study the following commentary:
H a m p t o n C o u r t P a la c e — д в о р е ц с п а р к о м н а б е р е г у р е к и
Т е м з ы б л и з Л о н д о н а , к о р о л е в с к а я р е з и д е н ц и я д о 17 6 0 г.
a ) A n sw er th e q u e stio n s th a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t is th e m o s t s tr ik in g f e a tu r e o f B r itis h t o w n s a n d c itie s ?
2. W h a t d o e s a B r itis h in d iv id u a l h o u s e lo o k lik e ?
3
H o w d o y o u u n d e r s ta n d th e E n g lis h p r o v e r b : “ A n
E n g lis h m a n ’s h o m e is h is c a s tle ” ?
4 . W h e n d id c o u n c ils s ta r t b u ild in g b lo c k s o f f la ts?
5. A r e b lo c k s o f f la ts p o p u l a r in B r ita in ?
6. W h a t is th e f a v o u r ite b u ild in g m a te r ia l in B n t a i n to d a y ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
1A o f th e T e x t . L o o k up th e w ord s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t ab o u t so m e fe a tu r e s o f B r itish b u ild in g s.
d ) T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s ab o u t th e b lo c k o f f l a t s /t h e p riv a te
h o u se y o u live in .
2 4 . L iste n to th e T e x t “ S o m e T ren d s in th e H isto r y o f B u ild in g”
a b o u t th e ev o lu tio n o f d w ellin g s an d a n u m b er o f tr e n d s o f th e
h isto r y o f building.
a ) A s y o u lis te n , fill in th e c h a r t.
T h e first t r e n d
T h e seco n d tren d
T h e th ird tre n d
T h e f o u r th t r e n d
28
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b ) C h e c k you r a n sw e r s w ith yo u r g r o u p m a te s and T a p e sc r ip t
I B o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w ord s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t.
UNIT 2
GREAT CIVIL ENGINEERS
SECTION 1
Ш
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y to t h e t e x t
“ V la d im ir G . S h u k h o v ” a n d t r a n s l a t e th e g iv e n s e n te n c e s .
1. to w e r [ Ч а и э ]
n—
б аш н я; н еб о скр еб, вы со тн о е здани е
b r o a d c a s tin g to w e r [ 'b r a d k a i s t i p ] — р а д и о б а ш н я
T h e E iffe l
Tower is
a n 1889 i r o n
tower lo c a te d
in P a r is t h a t h a s
b e c o m e o n e o f t h e m o s t re c o g n iz a b le s tr u c tu r e s in th e w o rld . T h e r e
a r e o v e r 4 ,0 0 0 ro w e r b lo c k s , h o m e s f o r a b o u t 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 p e o p le .
2. f la n k [flaeijk] v — р а с п о л а г а т ь п о б о к а м , п р и м ы к а т ь
T h e c e n tr a l s t r e e t
isflanked b y
n—
3 . c u r v e [к э: v]
кривая; закругление
T h e w e ig h t is d is tr ib u te d a lo n g
n
4 . r o o f [ ru :f]
ro o fe r
п—
T h e c o n c r e te
Roofers w o rk
5. s t r e s s
tw o s l e n d e r o c ta g o n a l to w e r s .
the curve o f t h e
a rc h .
— кры ш а, кровля, кровельное покры тие
кровельщ ик
ro o fo i t h e
n e w f o u r - s to r e y b u ild in g w a s p u t o n .
o u td o o rs a n d a t h e ig h ts, a n d u se la d d e rs a n d scaffo ld in g .
n—
(м ех ан и ч еск о е) н а п р я ж е н и е
B u ild in g d e s ig n e r s h a v e t o k n o w a b o u t
stress.
30
j Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
6 . d eform [d i'fo :m ] v — д е ф о р м и р о в а т ь ( с я ) , к о р о б и т ь ( с я )
d efo rm a tio n
п — деф орм ация
H e a t deforms p l a s tic s . T h e a m o u n t a n d c h a r a c t e r o f the
deformations a re c o n n e c t e d w ith t h e c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n a n d
p h y s ic a l s tru c tu r e o f e n g in e e r in g m a te ria ls .
7 . b ea m [b i:m ]
n — балка
str a ig h t b ea m [ s t r e i t ] — п р я м а я б а л к а
Beams a re v e ry im p o r t a n t m e m b e r s i n m a n y s tru c tu re s .
8 . s h e ll
n — оболочка, каркас, обш и вка
grid (la ttic e ) s h e ll [ laetis] — с е т ч а т а я (р е ш е т ч а т а я ) о б о ­
лочка
shell o f th e
grid shells b e c a m e m o r e p o p u l a r n e w s o lu tio n s w e re
A fte r th e fire , a ll t h a t w a s le ft w a s t h e b u r n e d - o u t
b u ild in g . A s
d e v e lo p e d in te r m s o f c h o ic e o f m a te ria l. T h e S h u k h o v T o w e r
e x p e rie n c e s m in im u m w in d l o a d d u e t o its
lattice shell s tr u c tu r e .
9. m etal stru ctu re — м е т а л л и ч е с к а я к о н с т р у к ц и я
The metal structures o f t h e b u ild in g w e re a s s e m b le d o n th e site .
10. c a u s e [k a:z] v — б ы т ь п р и ч и н о й , в ы з ы в а т ь
U n s a tis fa c to ry o rg a n iz a tio n o f w o rk
11 te n s ile [ 't e n s a i l ]
causes d e la y s.
adj — р а б о т а ю щ и й н а р а с т я ж е н и е
A n e a r th q u a k e m a y m o v e th e a r c h a n d c a u s e
12.
s to r e y [ 's to :r i]
tensile fo rc e s i n it.
n — этаж
A ll b u ild in g s o f t h e f a c to r y w e re tw o -storey b u ild in g s .
13.
n v — свод; возводи ть свод
n — свод, возвед ен и е свода
v a u lt [v o :lt]
v a u ltin g
UNIT 2. GREAT CIVIL ENGINEERS
31
g la s s v a u ltin g — с т е к л я н н ы й с в о д
h ig h -p itc h v a u ltin g — в ы с о к и й с в о д
The vault a n d t h e d o m e w e re e v o lv e d i n t h e E a s t. T h e c e n t e r
p ie c e o f th is larg e c o m p le x is a fiv e -sto re y b r ic k h o u s e w ith in te rn a lly
c a s t- ir o n c o lu m n s a n d b r ic k
14.
vaulting.
c o n c r e t e [ 'k o r ) k r i:t]
nadj — б е т о н ; б е т о н н ы й
Concrete is c a p a b le o f w ith s ta n d in g h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s .
15.
tr u ss [trA s]
n — ф ерм а
s te e l tr u ss — с т а л ь н а я ф е р м а
I t is n e c e s s a r y t o p la c e
trusses t o c a r r y t h e e n d s o f t h e b e a m s .
16. h igh risin g ( r is e ) bu ild in g [ 'r a i z i g ] — в ы с о т н о е з д а н и е
A high-rise building is d e f in e d a s a b u ild in g 35 m e te r s o r g r e a te r
in h e ig h t, w h ic h is d iv id e d in to o c c u p ia b le le v e ls.
17
in n o v a tio n [ .m a u 'v e i j n ]
n — н ововведен и е, н овш ество
b rin g in n o v a tio n s — в в о д и т ь н о в ш е с т в а
in n o v a tiv e [ 'in a v e i t i v ]
adj — н о в а т о р с к и й , п е р е д о в о й
T h e n e w s y s te m i n t h e u n iv e r s ity c a n t e e n w a s a w e lc o m e
innovation. S o m e innovations were brought t o c o n s t r u c t i o n .
A n u m b e r o f innovative fa 3 a d e s y s te m s a r e a v a ila b le i n c lu d in g
c o m p o s ite p a n e ls .
18.
d e v e lo p [ d i 'v e t a p ] v — р а з р а б а т ы в а т ь , р а з в и в а т ь
d e v e lo p m e n t
n — р азв и ти е, р азр аб о тка; заст р о й к а
has been developed w h ic h is s u ita b le f o r b o t h in s id e
developed in t o a v e r y la r g e c ity . H e h a d
s o m e im p o r t a n t developments in b u i ld in g c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e n e w
development m o d if ie s a n e x is tin g e n v ir o n m e n t.
A la m in a te
a n d o u ts id e u s e . I t h a s
ill
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
19 support Isa'po-.t] ( i v - опора, поддерж ивать, подпирать
A simple beam is one that lies on two supports at the ends Beams
are used
to support floors in buildings
20 locate [lau'keit] v — располагать, назначать м есто
(syn.) place v — пом ещ ать, разм ещ ать
T he entrance to the house
is located on the south side. T he
UNIT 2.
GREATCIVILENGINEERS
33
4.
M atch the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. U se each item once only.
1. A roofer
a. changes an object.
2. A broadcasting tow er
b. is sem icircular in shape.
3 D eform ation
c. carry loads
4. A steel truss
d. brought innovations.
5. A vault
e. w ere erected.
fram es are placed betw een end walls and spaced at 3 m etre centres.
6. A grid shell
part of speech.
10. M etal structures
f. sends radio and TV signals.
7. T he construction com pany g. developed ro o f system s.
2.
Read aud translate the following international words. Look 8. Steel beam s
h. builds and repairs roofs.
op their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. M ind the
9. V .G . S hukhov
l. was pioneered by Shukhov.
A rchitect n, analysis я, industrial adj, innovation n, gallery
n, hyperboloid я, hyperbolic adj, calculation я, m em brane я,
optim al adj, theoretical adj, reservoir я, baige я, protection я,
transmission я, cyhndncal adj, elite adj, arch я, arcade я, term inal
я, onginally adv, gigantic adj, parabola n, grandiose adj, rotation я.
3.
them.
j. com prises triangular units.
5. R eplace the underlined words with the words below.
a) flank b) ro o f c) support d) shell
e) storey
f) vaulting g) truss h) cause
j) innovation
i) place
M atch the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate 1 O nly the fram ew ork o f the building stood after the fire.
2 T he w ooden beam s form a rigid structure to support a roof.
3 The survey exam ined the im pact o f current m odernization w ithin
A
В
the construction industry. 4. T hey installed a protective covering
1. im prove
a. high rising building
that form s the top o f the building. 5. T hey m anaged to solve the
2 ngid
b. innovative
technical aspects o f dom ing th at building. 6. Laige beam s b ear the
3. low rising building
c. high-pitch vaulting
dam aged wall. 7. This approach m ay lead to the im provem ent in
4 straight
d. deform
construction planning and m anagem ent. 8. H otels and room ing
5 solid
e. developm ent
houses still fine the streets in this tow n. 9. T hey decided to locate
6 regressive
f. tensile
7 stoppage
g. curve
8. low -pitch vaulting
h. lattice
a new co n stru ctio n site ju st 30 m iles from the city centre.
10. M any firm s are likely to consider renovating o r constructing
m u lti-floor buildings.
ill
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
19 support Isa'po-.t] ( i v - опора, поддерж ивать, подпирать
A simple beam is one that lies on two supports at the ends Beams
are used
to support floors in buildings
20 locate [lau'keit] v — располагать, назначать м есто
(syn.) place v — пом ещ ать, разм ещ ать
T he entrance to the house
is located on the south side. T he
UNIT 2.
GREATCIVILENGINEERS
33
4.
M atch the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. U se each item once only.
1. A roofer
a. changes an object.
2. A broadcasting tow er
b. is sem icircular in shape.
3 D eform ation
c. carry loads
4. A steel truss
d. brought innovations.
5. A vault
e. w ere erected.
fram es are placed betw een end walls and spaced at 3 m etre centres.
6. A grid shell
part of speech.
10. M etal structures
f. sends radio and TV signals.
7. T he construction com pany g. developed ro o f system s.
2.
Read aud translate the following international words. Look 8. Steel beam s
h. builds and repairs roofs.
op their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. M ind the
9. V .G . S hukhov
l. was pioneered by Shukhov.
A rchitect n, analysis я, industrial adj, innovation n, gallery
n, hyperboloid я, hyperbolic adj, calculation я, m em brane я,
optim al adj, theoretical adj, reservoir я, baige я, protection я,
transmission я, cyhndncal adj, elite adj, arch я, arcade я, term inal
я, onginally adv, gigantic adj, parabola n, grandiose adj, rotation я.
3.
them.
j. com prises triangular units.
5. R eplace the underlined words with the words below.
a) flank b) ro o f c) support d) shell
e) storey
f) vaulting g) truss h) cause
j) innovation
i) place
M atch the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate 1 O nly the fram ew ork o f the building stood after the fire.
2 T he w ooden beam s form a rigid structure to support a roof.
3 The survey exam ined the im pact o f current m odernization w ithin
A
В
the construction industry. 4. T hey installed a protective covering
1. im prove
a. high rising building
that form s the top o f the building. 5. T hey m anaged to solve the
2 ngid
b. innovative
technical aspects o f dom ing th at building. 6. Laige beam s b ear the
3. low rising building
c. high-pitch vaulting
dam aged wall. 7. This approach m ay lead to the im provem ent in
4 straight
d. deform
construction planning and m anagem ent. 8. H otels and room ing
5 solid
e. developm ent
houses still fine the streets in this tow n. 9. T hey decided to locate
6 regressive
f. tensile
7 stoppage
g. curve
8. low -pitch vaulting
h. lattice
a new co n stru ctio n site ju st 30 m iles from the city centre.
10. M any firm s are likely to consider renovating o r constructing
m u lti-floor buildings.
I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
34
6 . R ea d and tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g grou p s o f s e n te n c e s pa y in g
a tte n tio n to th e w o rd s in ita lic s w h ich c a n fu n ctio n a s a noun
and a verb , o r a verb and an a d je c tiv e , o r a noun an d a n a d jectiv e,
w ith th e sa m e fo rm . T h e y c a n h a v e sim ila r o r d ifferen t m ea n in g s.
L o o k up yo u r d ictio n a ry if n e c e s s a r y .
1.
a. D id t h e s p e a k e r
stress th e n e e d fo r b e t t e r e d u c a tio n ?
Stress c a n le a d to t h e b u ild in g c o lla p s in g .
stress o n m o n e y a n d p o s itio n .
a. H e m e n t i o n e d t h e cause o f s tr u c tu r a l fa ilu re .
b . T h e s e fa c ts cause a n in c re a s e i n t h e s p a n o f t h e b e a m .
c. D o n ’t s ta y a w a y w ith o u t g o o d cause.
a. T h e y s h o u ld concrete t h e g a r d e n p a th .
b . T h is c a u s e d t h e e x p a n s io n o f t h e concrete flo o r.
c. T h e w a lk w a s p a v e d w ith concrete.
a. Beams o f lig h t p e n e t r a t e d th e d a rk n e s s .
b . T h e tr a n s m itte r beams r a d io w av es all o v e r t h e c o u n try .
c. A f r a m e c o n s i s t s o f beams a n d c o l u m n s w i t h
b.
c. T h e y p la c e t o o m u c h
2.
3.
4.
fo u n d a tio n .
5.
a. V a rio u s m a te r ia ls c a n b e u s e d t o c o n s tr u c t a w a te r
tower.
b . T h e h ig h m o u n ta in s
tower o v e r t h e little to w n .
c. P ile s w e re d riv e n f o r a p l a tf o r m t o s u p p o r t a
tower
c ra n e .
7 . S tu d y th e fo llo w in g p a tte r n s sh o w in g th e w a y s so m e n o u n s
are form ed from verbs and a d jectiv es, and so m e adverbs are form ed
from a d jectiv es. C o m p lete th e c h a r ts. S o m e o f th e m issin g w ord s
a re from th e te x ts o f th e U n it. R ea d and tr a n sla te th em in to
R u ssia n . U s e y o u r d ictio n a ry to h elp yo u w ith th e p r o n u n cia tio n .
Pattern 4
I
V e rb /A d je c tiv e
+
- a n c e /- e n c e - » N o u n
T h e - a n c e /- e n c e su ffix es a re u s e d
f o r a n a c tio n , o r q u a lity o f s o m e th in g
|
UNIT
Example,
2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS
a c c e p t - п р и н и м а т ь - > a c c e p ta n c e — п р и н я т и е
dep en d — зави сеть - » depen d en ce — зав и си м о сть
Verb/Adjective
Noun
resist
appear
e le g a n t
abundant
im p o r ta n t
ex ist
occur
absent
c o n v e n ie n t
d iffe re n t
Pattern 5
V e rb + - u r e - > N o u n
T h e - u r e su ffix is u s e d f o r a n a c t o r c o n d i t i o n o f s o m e th in g .
Example,
Verb
d ep art
d isc lo se
p le a se
ex p o se
m ix
clo se
2*
fail — р а з р у ш а т ь с я - > f a ilu r e — р а з р у ш е н и е
Noun
36
Английский лзыкдлл студентов строительных специальностей
Pattern 6
I A d je c tiv e + -ly - » A d v e rb |
Example e x a c t — т о ч н ы й
e x a c tly — т о ч н о
Adjective
Adverb
in d e p e n d e n t
___________________
c o rre c t
___________________
equal
___________________
cheap
___________________
o b v io u s
___________________
p ro p er
___________________
fre q u e n t
_________________ _
r a p id
___________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
A . C o m p le te th e te n s e c h a rt. U s e th e verb w r ite fo r th e
A c tiv e V o ic e .
A C T IV E
P re se n t
P a st
F u tu re
P re se n t P erfect
P a s t P erfect
F u tu re P erfect
S im p le
h e writes
C o n tin u o u s
w e are writing
UNIT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS 37
B . C o m p a r e th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s a n d tr a n s la te th e m .
clean th e o f f ic e e v e r y d a y . T h e y are cleaning th e o ffic e
n o w . T h e y have cleaned th e o ffic e f o r tw o h o u r s . T h e y have been
cleaning th e o f f ic e f o r t w o h o u r s 2 T h e y cleaned t h e o f f ic e
y e s te rd a y . T h e y have j u s t cleaned t h e o ffic e . T h e y were cleaning
th e o ffic e w h e n t h e b o s s c a m e . T h e y had cleaned the o ffic e w h e n
t h e b o ss c a m e . T h e y had been cleaning t h e o f f ic e f o r tw o h o u r s
w h e n th e b o s s c a m e . 3 . 1 t h i n k th e y will clean th e o ffic e t o m o r r o w .
T h e y will be cleaning th e o ffic e w h e n th e b o s s c o m e s . T h e y will
have cleaned t h e o ffic e b y t h e ti m e th e b o s s c o m e s . T h e y will have
been cleaning t h e o ffic e f o r tw o h o u r s w h e n t h e b o s s c o m e s .
1.
They
9.
W r ite th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s in th e n e g a tiv e fo rm . T h e n
c h a n g e th em t o g e n e r a l, a lte r n a tiv e , sp e c ia l (b e g in n in g w ith th e
q u e stio n -w o r d s g iv e n in b r a c k e ts) and t a g q u e s tio n s .
1. T h e y c o n s tr u c te d tw o h o u s e s la s t y e a r. ( W h e n ? W h a t? H o w
m a n y ? W h o ? ) 2 . M y f r ie n d s a r e b u ild in g t h e i r o w n h o u s e n o w .
( W h a t? W h e n ? W h o ? W h o s e ? ) 3 H e h a s k n o w n h im f o r a lo n g
tim e . ( W h o ? H o w L o n g ? ) 4 . T h e o ffic e u s u a lly c lo s e s a t 7 o ’c lo c k
in t h e e v e n in g . ( W h e n ? W h a t t im e ? W h a t1
78
6
*
) 5. T h e c h i e f e n g in e e r
w ill b e v isitin g th e c o n s tr u c tio n s ite i n t h e s u b u r b s o f th e to w n f r o m
2 o ’c lo c k till 4 o ’clo c k to m o rro w . (W h e re ? W h e n ? W h a t tim e ? W h o ? )
6. T h e y h a d b u ilt a n e w h o s p ita l b e fo re I c a m e t o t h a t t o w n . (W h a t?
W h e n ? W h o ? ) 7. T h e d e s ig n e r w a s u s in g a c o m p u t e r in t h e o ffic e
a t 3 o ’c lo c k y e s te r d a y . ( W h e r e ? W h a t? W h e n ? W h a t tim e ? W h o ? )
8. M y f e llo w s tu d e n ts w ill h a v e t h e i r f ie ld tr a i n i n g d u r in g th e
v a c a tio n . ( W h e n ? W h a t? W h o ? W h o s e ? ) 9. T h e y w ill h a v e fin is h e d
c o n s t r u c t i o n b y t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r. ( W h a t? W h e n ? W h o ? ) 10. W e
h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p in g th is p r o d u c t f o r tw o y e a rs. (W h a t? H o w lo n g ?
W ho?)
38
I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1 0 . F ill th e g a p s w ith th e c o r r e c t form o f th e verb . T r a n sla te
th e s e n te n c e s in to R u ssia n .
1.
_ _ _ _ _
T h e n u m b e r o f p e o p le w o rk in g in b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n
(g o d o w n ) . 2. T h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f th e s e s tr u c tu r e s
._________ (g ro w ) o v e r se v e ra l d e c a d e s . 3 . 1 a m s u re t h e y __________
(o f f e r ) h im a n e w j o b n e x t w e e k
4 . B y t h e m id - 1 9 9 0 s , th e
c o u n t r y ’s p r o d u c t i o n o f b u ild in g m a t e r i a l s _________ ( d o u b le ) . 5.
T e c h n i c a l r e q u ir e m e n ts in b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n _________ (g ro w )
d a y t o d a y n o w . 6 . T h e y _________ (ta k e u p ) r e p a irs f o r v a rio u s
r o a d s la st y e a r. 7 T h e b u ild e r sa y s h e _________ (fin is h ) th e r o o f
b y n e x t S a tu r d a y 8. T h e y _________ ( m a k e ) p r o d u c t s a t th e lo w e s t
p o s s ib le c o s t a t t h a t tim e . 9. M a n y c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c ts u s u a lly
_________ (s u ffe r) f r o m fin a n c ia l p r o b le m s . 1 0 . 1 __________ (w o rk )
a t t h e p l a n t fo r th r e e y e a s w h e n m y b r o t h e r a rriv e d . 11. T h e
c o m p a n y __________( m a k e ) n e w ty p e s o f p r o d u c ts a t th is t im e n e x t
y e a r. 12. W h e n M r. B ro w n re tire s n e x t y e a r, h e _________ (w o rk )
f o r th is c o m p a n y f o r 25 y e a rs.
1 1 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s in to R u ssia n
p a y in g a tte n tio n to th e p r e d ic a te s u se d in th e S im p le , C o n tin u o u s,
P e r fe c t a n d P e r fe c t C o n tin u o u s fo r m s. 1
1.
A b o u t t w o t h o u s a n d p h o to s a n d n e g a tiv e s m a d e b y V la d im ir
G . S h u k h o v h a v e s u rv iv e d u n til th is d a y . 2. T h e y h a v e b e e n w o rk in g
o u t a n e w p r o d u c t i o n p l a n fo r t w o w e e k s . 3. C itie s w ill g ro w , b u t
t h e g ro w th m u s t b e c o n tr o lle d . 4 . V la d im ir G . S h u k h o v b r o u g h t
a lo t o f in n o v a tio n s t o t h e o il i n d u s tr y a n d th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f
n u m e r o u s b n d g e s a n d b u ild in g s
5. T h e y w e re c o n d u c tin g a n
in te re s tin g e x p e n m e n t o n th e c o n s tr u c tio n site fro m 9 o ’c lo c k till 12
o ’c lo c k y e s te rd a y . 6. A t p re s e n t th is d e p a r tm e n t is c o n d u c tin g te s ts
o n n e w m a te n a ls . 7. A fte r t h e e x h ib itio n h a d c lo s e d , t h e t o w e r o f
ra re b e a u ty w a s b o u g h t b y th e w e ll- k n o w n M a e c e n a s a n d p la c e d m
h is e s ta te . 8. S te e l tru s s e s a re c le a rly v is ib le , a n d t h e y d e m o n s tr a te
t h e e le g a n c e o f th e g ra n d io s e b u ild in g . 9. V la d im ir G . S h u k h o v ’s
UNIT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS
39
in n o v a tiv e a n d e x q u isite c o n s tr u c tio n s still g ra c e m a n y to w n s a c ro s s
R u s s ia . 10. T h e i n v e s tig a tio n h a s s h o w n t h a t , i f p r o p e r ly u s e d ,
t o w e r c r a n e s w ill e f f e c t c o n s id e r a b le s a v in g s m b u ild in g c o s ts b y
a v o id in g th e n e c e s s ity f o r d o u b le h a n d lin g o f m a te r ia ls a n d b y
e n a b lin g la rg e p ie c e s o f a s tru c tu re t o b e p r e f a b n c a te d o n th e g r o u n d
a n d t h e n h o iste d in to p o s itio n 11. H e h a s k n o w n th e c h i e f e n g in e e r
f o r th r e e y e a rs.
12.
R e a d an d t r a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s w ith u s e d to
(р а н ь ш е , п р е ж д е , к о г д а - т о , в п р о ш л о м ).
Example
Н е used to b e a n e n g in e e r . — Когда-то о н б ы л и н ж е н е р о м .
1.
B u ild in g o p e r a tio n s u s e d to s to p in v e ry b a d w in te r
c o n d itio n s . 2 . I u s e d t o h a v e a c a r , b u t 1 s o ld it. 3 . T h e f a c to r y
u s e d t o b e in t h e c ity c e n tr e . 4 . H e u s e d t o w o r k a s a c o n s t r u c t i o n
w o r k e r b e f o r e h e s ta r t e d h is o w n b u s in e s s . 5. D id h e u s e t o liv e in
t h a t to w n w h e n h e w a s a c h ild ? 6 . 1 d i d n ’t u s e t o d r iv e t o w o rk .
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
W h a t d o y o u k n o w ab o u t V la d im ir G . S h u k h o v ? R e a d th e
s t a te m e n ts g iv e n b e lo w an d s a y i f th e y a r e rig h t o r w r o n g . I f th e
s ta te m e n ts a r e n o t r ig h t, m a k e th e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c tio n s .
a ) V .G . S h u k h o v d e v e lo p e d h y p e r b o lo id s tr u c tu r e s .
b ) B a s e d o n th e c a lc u la tio n s o f t h e o p tim a l d i a m e t e r a n d w all
th ic k n e s s o f p i p e l i n e s ,
Shukhov
d e s ig n e d t h e first R u s s ia n o il
ta n k e r.
c ) V .G . S h u k h o v c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w
a r c h i t e c t u r a l f o r m s i n R u s s ia .
40
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
d ) T h e first h y p e ib o lo id stru c tu re in th e w o rld w as t h e s te e l la ttic e
3 7 - m e t e r to w e r b u ilt b y V .G
S h u k h o v fo r t h e 1896 A ll-R u s s ia
i n d u s t n a l a n d a r t e x h ib itio n in N iz h n iy N o v g o ro d .
e ) P etro v sk y P assag e, a n elite d e p a rtm e n t sto re , a n d th e K iyevsky
R a il T e r m in a l m M o s c o w w e re d e s ig n e d b y V .G . S h u k h o v .
0 T h e S h u k h o v r a d io to w e r , a ls o k n o w n a s t h e S h a b o lo v k a
to w e r , is n o t a h y p e r b o lo id s tru c tu re .
14.
R ea d T e x t 2 A to fin d o u t i f y o u a r e rig h t o r w ro n g . U s e
th e in tro d u cto ry p h r a se s g iv en in U n it 1.
• TEXT 2A
V lad im ir G. Shukhov
V la d im ir G rig o ry e v ic h S h u k h o v (1 8 5 3 —
1939) w as a g re a t R u s s ia n e n g in e e r, s c ie n tis t
a n d a r c h ite c t r e n o w n e d fo r h is p io n e e rin g
w orks o n new m eth o d s o f analysis fo r structural
e n g in e e n n g
t h a t le d t o b r e a k th r o u g h s in
in d u s tn a l d e sig n . B e sid e s th e in n o v a tio n s he
b ro u g h t to th e o il in d u stry a n d t h e c o n s tru c tio n
o f n u m e ro u s b rid g e s a n d b u ild in g s , S h u k h o v
w a s t h e in v e n to r o f a n e w fa m ily o f d o u b ly c u r v e d s tr u c tu r a l fo rm s . T h e s e fo rm s b a s e d
o n n o n - E u c l i d e a n h y p e rb o lic g e o m e tr y a re
k n o w n to d a y as h y p e rb o lo id s o f r e v o lu tio n .
S h u k h o v d e v e lo p e d n o t o n ly m a n y v a r ie tie s o f lig h t- w e ig h t
h y p e rb o lo id to w e rs a n d r o o f s y ste m s, b u t also th e m a th e m a tic s fo r
t h e i r an aly sis.
V .G S h u k h o v is r e fe rre d as t h e R u s s ia n E d is o n H e w a s o n e
o f t h e firs t t o d e v e lo p p r a c tic a l c a l c u l a t i o n s o f s tre s s e s a n d
d e fo rm a tio n s o f b e a m s , sh ells a n d m e m b ra n e s o n elastic fo u n d a tio n .
T h e s e th e o re tic a l re su lts a llo w e d h im t o d e sig n th e first R u s s ia n oil
t a n k e r , n e w ty p e s o f o il ta n k e r b a rg e s , a n d o il re s e rv o irs T h e
UNIT 2.
GREATCIVILENGINEERS
41
s a m e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e s h e ll o n a n e la s tic f o u n d a tio n a llo w e d
c a lc u la tin g th e o p tim a l d ia m e te r , w all t h ic k n e s s a n d flu id s p e e d fo r
th e f lu id p ip e lin e s .
V G . S h u k h o v a lso le ft a la s tin g le g a c y t o th e C o n s tr u c tiv is t
a r c h ite c tu r e o f e a rly S o v ie t R u ssia. A s a le a d in g sp e c ia list o f m e ta llic
s tr u c tu r e s ( h y p e r b o lo id s tr u c tu r e s , th i n - s h e l l s t r u c tu r e s , te n s ile
s t r u c t u r e s ) , h e m a y b e c o m p a r e d w ith G . E iffe l. S h u k h o v ’s
in n o v a tiv e a n d e x q u isite c o n s tr u c tio n s still g r a c e m a n y to w n s a c ro ss
R u s s ia .
F o r t h e 1896 A ll- R u s s ia in d u s tn a l a n d a r t e x h ib itio n in N iz h n iy
N o v g o r o d V .G . S h u k h o v b u ilt t h e s te e l la ttic e 3 7 - m e te r t o w e r
w h ic h b e c a m e t h e f irs t h y p e r b o lo id s tr u c tu r e in t h e w o rld . T h e
a sto n ish in g h y p e rb o lo id ste e l g n d shell c a u s e d d e h g h t o f th e E u r o p e a n
s p e c ia lists. A f te r t h e e x h ib itio n h a d c lo s e d , t h e t o w e r o f ra r e b e a u ty
w a s b o u g h t b y t h e w e ll- k n o w n M a e c e n a s o f t h a t t i m e Y u .S .
N e c h a y e v -M a lts o v a n d p la c e d in h is e s ta te P o lib in o , L ip e ts k o b la s t,
w h e r e it h a s p r e s e r v e d u n t i l n o w u n d e r t h e s ta te p r o te c tio n . I n t h e
s u b s e q u e n t y ears, S h u k h o v d e v e lo p e d n u m e r o u s stru c tu re s o f v a n o u s
h y p e r b o lo id s te e l g n d s h e lls a n d u s e d th e m in h u n d r e d s o f w a te r
to w e r s , s e a lig h th o u s e s a n d s u p p o r ts f o r p o w e r tr a n s m is s io n lin e s .
T h e h y p e r b o lo id s tr u c tu r e s a p p e a r e d a b r o a d o n ly 10 y e a rs a f te r
S h u k h o v ’s in v e n tio n .
P etro v sk y P assage is a n e lite d e p a r tm e n t s to re o p e n e d in P e tro v k a
S tr e e t in d o w n to w n M o s c o w in 1906. V la d im ir S h u k h o v d e s ig n e d
a c o v e r e d a r c a d e w ith tw o w id e t h r e e - s to r e y g a lle rie s c o v e r e d w ith
h ig h - p itc h e d s e m i- c y lin d r ic a l g la ss v a u ltin g . T h e s e c o n d s to re y s o f
o p p o s ite g a lle rie s are c o n n e c te d b y e x q u isite ly d e sig n e d fe rro c o n c re te
c a tw a lk s. I n t h e 1990s, th e s h o p w a s r e v a m p e d a s t h e c e n tr e o f o n e
o f th e m o s t e x p e n s iv e s h o p p in g a re a s in E u r o p e .
T h e K iy e v sk y R a il T e r m in a l is o n e o f th e n in e ra il t e r m in a ls o f
M o s c o w . T h e s t a tio n w a s b u i l t b e tw e e n 1914 a n d 1918 m th e
B y z a n tin e R e v iv a l s ty le . O r ig in a lly n a m e d t h e B r y a n s k R a il
T e r m in a l, it w a s d e s ig n e d b y Iv a n R e r b e ig a n d V la d im ir S h u k h o v ;
it is c o n s id e re d a n i m p o r ta n t l a n d m a rk o f a r c h ite c tu re a n d e n g in e e n n g
o f th e tim e . T h e s ta t i o n b u ild in g is f la n k e d b y a g ig a n tic la n d in g
42 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
p la tf o r m w h ic h is d is tin g u is h e d b y its s im p lic ity a n d c o n s tr u c tiv e
b o ld n e ss. T h e p la tfo rm s a re c o v e re d b y m assive glassed a rc h s tru c tu re s
in t h e fo rm o f a p a ra b o la . O p e n -w o rk s te e l tru sse s a re c le a rly visible,
a n d t h e y d e m o n s tr a te th e e le g a n c e o f th e g ra n d io s e b u ild in g .
T h e S h u k h o v ra d io t o w e r, a lso k n o w n as t h e S h a b o lo v k a to w e r,
is a b r o a d c a s tin g t o w e r in M o s c o w d e s ig n e d b y V . S h u k h o v . T h e
1 6 0 -m e tre -h ig h f re e -s ta n d in g ste e l s tr u c tu r e w a s b u ilt in th e p e rio d
o f 191 9 — 1922. It is a h y p e rb o lo id s tr u c tu r e . D u e t o its la ttic e
stru c tu re th e ste e l sh e ll o f th e S h u k h o v T o w e r e x p e rie n c e s m in im u m
w in d lo a d ( th e m a in h a z a r d fo r h ig h - r is in g b u ild in g s ). T h e t o w e r
s e c tio n s a re sin g le -c a v ity h y p e rb o lo id s o f r o ta tio n m a d e o f s tra ig h t
b e a m s , t h e e n d s o f w h ic h re s t a g a in s t c ir c u la r f o u n d a tio n s . T h e
to w e r is l o c a te d a few k ilo m e te r s s o u th o f t h e M o s c o w K re m lin .
S h u k h o v is a ls o r e p u te d fo r h is o rig in a l d e s ig n s o f m o r e th a n
180 b rid g e s a c ro s s th e V o lg a , Y e n is e y , D n i e p e r , a n d o t h e r riv e rs.
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 2 A th e p aragrap h sa y in g ab o u t th e str u c tu r e
o f th e S h u k h o v ra d io to w e r and tr a n s la te it in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a ra g ra p h s 2 an d 3 o f T e x t 2A .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s.
a)
These fo rm s
b a s e d o n n o n - E u c l i d e a n h y p e rb o lic g e o m e tr y
a re k n o w n to d a y a s h y p e rb o lo id s o f r e v o lu tio n .
W h a t d o e s th e d e m o n s tra tiv e a d je c tiv e
these r e fe r to ?
their a n a ly sis.
b ) V . S h u k h o v d e v e lo p e d th e m a t h e m a tic s fo r
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
their re f e r t o ?
c ) V .G . S h u k h o v is r e fe rre d t o a s t h e R u s s ia n
W h o is
Edison re fe rre d
Edison.
to ?
d ) h e m a y b e c o m p a r e d w ith
G. Eiffel.
W h o is G. Eiffel r e fe rre d to ?
e ) it is c o n s id e r e d a n im p o r t a n t la n d m a r k o f a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d
e n g in e e r in g o f t h e tim e .
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
it re f e r to ?
UNIT 2.
f)
GREATCIVILENGINEERS
43
T h . s ta tio n b u ild in g is fla n k e d b y a g ig a n tic la n d in g p la tf o r m
w h ic h is d is tin g u is h e d b y
its s im p lic ity a n d
its r e f e r to ?
c o n s tr u c tiv e b o ld n e s s
W h a t d o es th e p r o n o u n
1 8 . Fin d in T e x t 2A so m e k e y w ord s an d e x p r e s s io n s t o sp e a k
a b o u t V .G . S h u k h o v ’s in n o v a tio n s in b u ild in g e n g in e e r in g an d
a r c h ite c tu r e . R e te ll th e T e x t in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 2 B “ V .G . S h u k h o v ’s B io g r a p h y ” an d tr y to
u n d erstan d w h a t it is a b o u t a n d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is n e w t o y o u .
• TEXT 2B
V.G . SHUKHOV'S BIOGRAPHY
V la d im ir S h u k h o v w a s b o m in t h e to w n o f G r a iv o r o n , B e lg o ro d
u y e z d , K u r s k g u b e m iy a ( in p r e s e n t- d a y B e lg o r o d o b la s t) in t o a
p e tty n o b le fa m ily . H is f a t h e r G r ig o r y S h u k h o v w a s a m in o r
g o v e r n m e n t o ffic ia l, p r o m o t e d f o r h is e f f o r ts in th e C r i m e a n W a r.
F o r a w h ile G r ig o r y s e r v e d a s M a y o r o f G r a i v o r o n a n d la te r a s a n
a d m in is tr a to r in W a rs a w
In 1864 V la d im ir e n te r e d S t. P e te rs b u rg g y m n a s iu m fr o m w h ic h
h e g r a d u a te d w ith d is tin c tio n in 1871 D u r in g h is h ig h sc h o o l y e a rs
h e s h o w e d m a t h e m a t i c a l t a l e n t s , o n c e d e m o n s t r a t i n g t o h is
cla ssm a te s a n d te a c h e r a n o rig in a l p r o o f o f th e P y th a g o re a n th e o r e m .
T h e te a c h e r p r a is e d h is skills b u t h e fa ile d th e
g r a d e f o r v io l a t i n g t h e g u i d e l i n e s o f t h e
te x tb o o k .
A f te r g r a d u a t i n g f r o m t h e g y m n a s iu m ,
S h u k h o v e n te re d th e
Im p e ria l M o sc o w
T e c h n ic a l S c h o o l in w h ic h h is te a c h e rs m c lu d e d
P a f n u ty C h e b y s h e v , A le k s e y L e tn ik o v , a n d
N ik o la y Z h u k o v s k y .
In
1876
Shukhov
g ra d u a te d f r o m th e s c h o o l w ith d is tin c tio n a n d
a G o l d M e d a l. C h e b y s h e v p r o p o s e d h im a
j o b a s a le c tu r e r in m a th e m a tic s a t th e Im p e r ia l
44 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
M o s c o w T e c h n ic a l S c h o o l, b u t S h u k h o v d e c id e d t o s e e k a j o b in
t h e in d u s try in s te a d .
T h e re u p o n S h u k h o v w e n t t o P h ila d e lp h ia t o w o rk o n th e R u ssia n
p a v ilio n a t th e W o r ld ’s F a ir a n d t o s tu d y t h e i n n e r w o rk in g s o f th e
A m e n c a n in d u s try . D u r in g h is s ta y in t h e U S S h u k h o v c a m e to
k n o w a R u s s ia n - A m e n c a n e n t r e p r e n e u r , A le x a n d e r B a ri w h o a lso
w o rk e d o n t h e o rg a n iz a tio n o f t h e F a ir.
I n 1877 S h u k h o v r e t u r n e d t o R u s s ia a n d j o i n e d t h e d ra ftin g
o ffic e o f t h e W a rs a w -V ie n n a r a ilro a d . W ith in s e v e ra l m o n th s ,
S h u k h o v ’s fru s tra tio n w ith s ta n d a rd a n d ro u tin e e n g i n e e n n g m a d e
h im a b a n d o n th e o ffic e a n d jo i n a m ilita r y - m e d ic a l a c a d e m y . O n
h is c o m in g t o R u s s ia in 1 877, B a n p e r s u a d e d S h u k h o v t o g iv e u p
his m e d ic a l e d u c a tio n a n d t o a s s u m e th e o ffic e o f C h i e f E n g in e e r in
a n e w c o m p a n y s p e c ia liz in g in in n o v a tiv e e n g i n e e n n g . S h u k h o v
w o rk e d w ith B a n f o r th is c o m p a n y u n til t h e O c to b e r R e v o lu tio n
T h e ir w o rk s r e v o lu tio n iz e d m a n y a re a s o f c iv il e n g in e e r in g , s h i p
e n g in e e n n g , a n d o il in d u s try . T h e t h e r m a l c ra c k in g m e th o d , t h e
S h u k h o v c ra c k in g p r o c e s s , w a s p a t e n t e d b y V la d im ir S h u k h o v in
1891
S h u k h o v a lw a y s f o u n d t i m e f o r a p a s s i o n a t e h o b b y —
p h o to g r a p h y . T h e p h o to g r a p h ic w o rk s o f S h u k h o v o p e n e d n e w
tr e n d s a h e a d o f t h e i r flo u ris h in g o f fin e a r t p h o to g r a p h y . H e m a d e
p h o to s in v a n o u s g e n re s : c ity la n d s c a p e , p o r tr a it, c o n s tru c tiv is m .
A b o u t tw o t h o u s a n d p h o t o s a n d n e g a tiv e s m a d e b y S h u k h o v h a v e
su rv iv e d u n til th is d a y .
A fte r t h e O c to b e r R e v o lu tio n S h u k h o v d e c id e d t o s ta y in th e
S o v ie t U n io n d e sp ite h a v in g re c e iv e d a llu rin g j o b o ffe rs f ro m a ro u n d
t h e w o rld . M a n y sig n a l S o v ie t e n g in e e r in g p ro je c ts o f t h e 1920s
w e re a s s o c ia te d w ith h is n a m e . I n 1919 h e f r a m e d h is slo g a n : “ W e
s h o u ld w o rk i n d e p e n d e n tly fro m p o litic s . T h e b u ild in g s , b o ile rs ,
b e a m s a re n e e d e d a n d s o a re w e ” . I n t h e la te r 1 930s h e r e tir e d
fr o m e n g in e e n n g w o rk . S h u k o v d ie d o n F e b r u a r y 2 , 1939 in
M o s c o w a n d w a s b u n e d a t t h e N o v o d e v ic h y C e m e te ry
UNrT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS 45
2 0 . I d e n tify th e to p ic o f e a c h p a r a g r a p h o f T e x t 2 B .
2 1 . A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s.
a ) W h e r e w a s V .G . S h u k h o v b o r n 9
b ) W h a t fa m ily w a s h e b o m in to ?
c ) W h y d id t h e h ig h s c h o o l t e a c h e r p r a is e V la d im ir ’s sk ills?
d ) D id V .G . S h u k h o v w o r k a s a le c t u r e r in m a t h e m a tic s a t t h e
I m p e r ia l M o s c o w T e c h n ic a l S c h o o l?
e ) W h y d id V .G . S h u k h o v g o t o P h ila d e lp h ia ?
f) W h a t in n o v a tio n s d id V .G . S h u k h o v b r in g t o c iv il a n d s h ip
e n g i n e e n n g , w o rk in g w ith B a n 9
g) W h a t w a s V .G . S h u k h o v ’s h o b b y ?
h ) D id S h u k h o v r e c e iv e a n y j o b o f f e r s f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r ld ?
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 2 C “ J o h n S m e a t o n — th e F ir s t C iv il E n g in e e r ”
a n d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t io n s . D i s c u s s y o u r a n s w e r s w ith y o u r
gro u p m a tes.
a ) W h y is J o h n S m e a to n r e g a r d e d a s t h e f a th e r o f th e civ il
e n g in e e n n g p r o f e s s io n ?
b ) W h a t w a s J o h n S m e a t o n ’s r e s e a r c h in to p o w e r so u r c e s ?
c ) W h a t w a s J o h n S m e a to n c h a r g e d w ith b y th e P r e s id e n t o f th e
R o y a l S o c ie ty ?
d ) W h a t w e re J o h n S m e a t o n ’s d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e fie ld o f th e
e n g in e e r in g u se o f c e m e n t a n d c o n c r e te ?
e ) W h y is th e d e p t h o f J o h n S m e a t o n ’s in f lu e n c e o n c iv il
e n g in e e r in g p h e n o m e n a l?
f) W h y d id J o h n S m e a to n w a n t p ra c tis in g p ro fe s s io n a l e n g in e e r s
to d in e to g e th e r ?
g ) W h a t le d t o t h e f o u n d in g o f t h e I n tu itio n o f C iv il E n g in e e r s ?
46
I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TEXT 2С
John Smeaton — the F irst C ivil Engineer
J o h n S m e a to n firs t d e s c rib e d h im s e lf a s a
c iv il e n g i n e e r m
В
1768.
I n d o in g s o , h e
id e n tifie d a n e w p ro fe s s io n t h a t w a s d is tin c t
f r o m t h a t o f t h e m ilita ry e n g in e e rs w h o , s in c e
a n c ie n t tim e s, h a d u n d e rta k e n th e c o n s tru c tio n
o f all p u b lic in fra s tru c tu re . T h u s , a t t h e tim e ,
civil e n g in e e rin g e n c o m p a s s e d all n o n -m ilita ry
e n g in e e rin g . A lth o u g h in 1847, a fte r a fre n z y
o f ra ilw a y
c o n s tru c tio n ,
m e c h a n ic a l
e n g in e e rin g b ifu rc a te d fro m c iv il e n g in e e rin g
as a n in d e p e n d e n t d is c ip lin e .
A n in n o v a tiv e a n d in te llig e n t m a n , S m e a to n re m a in s o n e o f
th e m o s t re v e re d p ro fe s s io n a ls o f e n g in e e r in g a n d is re g a rd e d as
t h e fa th e r o f th e c iv il e n g in e e rin g p ro fe s s io n .
T h e s o n o f a Y o rk s h ire la w y e r, J o h n S m e a to n w a s b o r n in
1724, in A u s th o r p e , L e e d s , U K . B e fo re h is 16 th b ir th d a y , w h ile
s till a t s c h o o l, h is ta l e n t fo r e n g in e e r in g a n d u s e o f m e c h a n ic a l
to o ls p o sse sse d h im to a sse m b le a tu rn in g -la th e . S m e a to n p ro c e e d e d
t o b e c o m e a n i n s t r u m e n t- m a k e r . H is re s e a r c h in t o w in d m ills ,
w a te rm ills a n d o t h e r s o u rc e s o f p o w e r r e s u lte d , in 1 754, in a
s y s te m a tic s e t o f s c ie n tific e x p e n m e n t s t h a t m a d e it c l e a r t h a t a n
o v e rs h o t w a te rw h e e l is m o re e ffic ie n t t h a n a n u n d e r s h o t w h e e l.
In 1756 th e P resident o f th e R oyal S ociety fam ously ch a ig e d S m e a to n
w ith th e c o n stru c tio n o f th e E d d y sto n e L ig h th o u se , a stru c tu re re q u ire d
to w a rn shi p s a w a y fro m th e E d d y s to n e ro c k s, 14 m iles s o u th w e s t o f
P ly m o u th . S m e a t o n ’s d e s ig n , w h ic h re m a in s a sy m b o l o f th e
p ro fe s s io n , w a s c o m p le te d in 1759 a n d la s te d u n til 1881.
S m e a to n ’s in d u s try re s u lte d in tw o d e v e lo p m e n ts t h a t m a d e a n
im p o r ta n t c o n tr ib u tio n to th e su c c e ss o f th e E d d y s to n e L ig h th o u se .
F irs t, h e u s e d a n e w k in d o f i n te r lo c k in g s to n e c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d
s e c o n d , h e d e v e lo p e d a w a te r - r e s is ta n t ( h y d ra u lic ) m o r t a r t o b in d
t h e b lo c k s to g e t h e r b y m ix in g b lu e lim e a n d p o z z o la m c m a te ria l
UNIT 2.
GREATCIVILENGINEERS
f r o m Ita ly . S m e a t o n ’s o b s e r v a tio n t h a t th e b e s t h y d r a u lic c e m e n ts
w e re th o s e m a d e f r o m lim e s to n e c o n ta in in g c e r ta in p r o p o r tio n s o f
c la y e y m a te r ia l a r e r e g a r d e d a s t h e s ta r tin g p o i n t o f t h e m o d e m
e n g in e e r in g u se o f c e m e n t a n d c o n c r e te .
T o d a y S m e a t o n r e m a i n s o n e o f c iv il e n g i n e e r i n g h e a v y ­
w e ig h ts — t h e b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h o f h is in f lu e n c e a r e p h e n o m e n a l.
I n h is c a r e e r , S m e a to n d e s ig n e d t h e first su c c e s s fu l E d d y s to n e
L i g h th o u s e , g r e a tly i m p r o v e d o n N e w c o m e n ’s s te a m e n g in e , a n d
d e s ig n e d w in d m ills , w a te r m ills , c a n a ls a n d
bridges.
J o h n S m e a to n d ie d o n t h e 2 8 O c to b e r , 1 792.
H is e n d u r in g le g a c y is m o r e t h a n t h e e n g in e e r in g w o r k s , s o m e
o f w h ic h r e m a in a s m o n u m e n ts t o t h e g r e a t m a n h im s e lf. N o t o n ly
is h e w id e ly r e g a r d e d a s t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e c iv il e n g in e e r in g
p r o f e s s io n , b u t h is m e th o d s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite m a n a g e m e n t a n d
s u p e r v is io n a re still in u se to d a y . J o h n S m e a to n c le a r ly u n d e r s to o d
t h a t m a n a g in g p e o p le c o r r e c tly w a s a s im p o r t a n t a s d e s ig n a n d
c o n s tr u c tio n .
I t w a s S m e a t o n ’s d e s ire t h a t p r a c tis in g p r o f e s s io n a l e n g in e e r s
s h o u ld d in e to g e th e r — so t h a t th e y m ig h t g e t t o k n o w o n e a n o th e r
b e t t e r a n d th e r e b y a v o id p o te n tia l h o s tility t h a t m ig h t a ris e in t h e ir
p u b lic d e a lin g s — t h a t s p a w n e d t h e f o r m a tio n o f th e S o c ie ty o f C ivil
E n g in e e r s in 1771.
W h ile t h e S o c ie ty r e m a in s as a s o c ia l s o c ie ty t o d a y , it is tr u e
t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f c o - o p e r a tio n in c o m p e titio n b e tw e e n e n g in e e r s
le d t o th e f o u n d in g o f t h e I n s t itu tio n o f C iv il E n g in e e r s in 1818.
t
23.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
L iste n to th e T e x t “T h e F a th er o f th e A m erican S k y sc r a p e r ”
a b ou t th e A m erica n civ il e n g in e e r and a r c h ite c t W illia m L e B a r o n
Jen n ey.
Study the following commentary.
t h e L e ite r B u ild in g — з д а н и е м а г а з и н а ф и р м ы “ Л е й т е р ”
48 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a ) A n sw e r th e q u e stio n s th a t follow .
1. W h e n a n d w h e r e w a s W illia m J e n n e y b o r n 7
2. W h e r e d id h e b e g in h is fo r m a l e d u c a t i o n 7
3. W h y d id h e m o v e t o P a n s 7
4. W h o w a s h is c la s s m a te ?
5. W h e r e d id W illia m J e n n e y b e g in h is o w n a r c h ite c tu r a l o ffic e ?
6. W h a t b u ild in g is J e n n e y m o s t f a m o u s fo r?
7 W h a t is t h e d e s ig n o f t h i s b u ild in g 7
8. W h a t m e th o d d id h e u s e to re d u c e th e w e ig h t o f t h e b u ild in g ?
9. H o w d id h e s o lv e t h e p r o b le m o f f ir e p r o o f c o n s tr u c tio n ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
2 A o f th e T e x t . L o o k up th e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t W illiam J e n n e y .
d) T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s ab o u t s o m e o th e r A m erica n o r B ritish
civ il e n g in e e r s and a r c h ite c ts yo u k n o w .
24.
L iste n to th e T e x t “ N ik o la i V . N ik itin ” .
a ) Y ou w ill h e a r th e n u m b ers given b e lo w in th e c h a r t. S a y
w h a t t h e s e n u m b ers r e fe r to .
1907
1930
1932
1949
1953
85
1937
540
1957
1963
3
1973
240
1967
500
42
b ) C h e c k yo u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
2 B o f th e T e x t . L o o k up th e w o r d s you do n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t .
UNIT 3
JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 1
Ш
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
R e a d an d m e m o r iz e th e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y to t h e t e x t
“O c c u p a tio n s in th e C o n str u c tio n In d u str y ” an d t r a n s la te th e
given s e n te n c e s.
1. o c c u p y [ 'a k j u p a i ] v — з а н и м а т ь ( п о м е щ е н и е и т п .)
o c c u p a tio n [ p k j u 'p e i j n ]
п — род зан яти й , проф есси я
tr a d e — п р о ф е с с и я , р е м е с л о ; п р о и з в о д с т в о , п р о м ы ш ­
л енность
tr a d e w o r k e r (la b o u r e r ) — п р о м ы ш л е н н ы й р а б о ч и й
c o n str u c tio n tr a d e w ork er — с т р о и т е л ь н ы й р а б о ч и й
occupied a s m a ll f la t. P le a s e s ta te y o u r n a m e ,
occupation. T h e b u ild in g in d u s tr y c o m p r is e s s k ille d
a n d u n s k ille d w o r k e r s in m a n y trades. H a v in g c o m p le te d th e
p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s ite , the trade workers b e g in t h e in itia l sta g e
T h e fa m ily
ad d re ss, a n d
2. c o n tr a c to r [ k a n 't r a s k t a ]
n — подрядчик
c o n str u c tio n c o n tr a c to r — с т р о и т е л ь н ы й п о д р я д ч и к
g e n e r a l c o n tr a c to r — г е н е р а л ь н ы й п о д р я д ч и к
su b c o n tr a c to r L s A b k a n 'tr a e k ta ]
n — субподрядчик
The contractor s h o u ld a lso b e a w a r e o f all the subcontractors so
t h a t t h e b e s t s e q u e n c e o f b u i l d i n g o p e r a tio n s c a n b e s e c u r e d .
50
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
3. sewer ['s(j)u.s] ѵ — канализационный коллектор
sewerage ['s(j)u:9rid3] п — канализационная система
install a sewerage system — прокладывать (устанавли­
вать) канализационную систему
The removal of all kind of liquid waste is usually done by means
of sewers which are a part of a sewerage system.
4. relate (to) [ri'leit] v — относиться, иметь отношение
closely related — тесно связанный
The form of a building component is related to the way in which
it is used Air-conditioning is closely related to ventilation.
5. carpentry ['ka:pantri] — плотничье дело, плотничьи ра­
боты
carpenter ['kccpsnta] п — плотник, столяр
The coming of the Iron Age brought tools which made possible
the development of carpentry. A carpenter checks vertical and
horizontal work.
6. plumbing І'рілтіг)] n — водопроводная система
plumber ['рілтэ] n — водопроводчик
Great technological advances have been made in plumbing. As
soon as the plumbers have finished their work, the carpenters begin.
7 schedule ['Jedju:l] n — график, режим (работы), распи­
сание
complete a job on schedule — закончить работу по гра­
фику
The building was completed on schedule.
8. plaster ['pla:sta] n v — штукатурка; штукатурить
apply plaster — наносить штукатурку
plasterer n — штукатур
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 51
the plaster o n a
The plasterer u s u a lly s h o w s u p a f te r a ll th e in te r n a l w a lls
A f lo a t ( м а с т е р о к ) is a t o o l f o r s m o o t h i n g
w a ll.
w e re b u ilt.
9. r e in fo r c e [ ,r i:in 'f 3 :s ] v — у к р е п л я т ь , у с и л и в а т ь
r e in fo r c e m e n t
n — арм атура, а р м и р о в ан и е, у к р еп л ен и е
To reinforce o r d in a r y c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s is t o in tr o d u c e s te e l
r o d s . T h e r e a r e t w o k in d s o f r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e : w ith o r d in a r y
reinforcement a n d c o n c r e t e w ith p r e s tr e s s e d reinforcement.
10. s it e
n — м есто работ, те р р и т о р и я стро и тел ьства
c o n s tr u c tio n (bu ild in g) s it e — с т р о й п л о щ а д к а
The site f o r t h e n e w fa c to r y h a s n o t b e e n d e c id e d . T h e b u ild in g
the construction sites.
m a te r ia ls p r o d u c e d a r e tr a n s p o r te d t o
11. or d e r [ 'o :d a ]
n v — заказ; по р ядо к; п р и к аз; зак азы вать
o b ta in an o r d e r [ s b 't e i n ] — п о л у ч а т ь з а к а з
in o r d e r to — д л я т о г о , ч т о б ы
Y our
order is n e a r ly re a d y . T h e h o u s e is in g o o d order. T h e y
ordered s o m e n e w f in is h in g m a te r ia ls . C a r e f u l th o u g h t h a d t o b e
in order to m a k e it fire p ro o f.
g iv e n to t h e c o m p o s itio n o f th e p la s tic
12.
e m p lo y [ i m 'p b i ] v — н а н и м а т ь ( н а р а б о т у ) ; и с п о л ь з о в а т ь
e m p lo y e r [ i n T p b i a ] и — н а н и м а т е л ь , р а б о т о д а т е л ь
be employed f o r r e in f o r c e d
employer f o r a p a y rise .
O n ly h ig h q u a lity c e m e n t s h o u ld
c o n c r e te w o rk . H e a s k e d h is
13. h a n g ( w a ll)p a p e r — о к л е и в а т ь о б о я м и
paper b an ger — о к л е й щ и к о б о е в
to hang papers o n t h e w all b u t I w o u ld r a th e r p a in t
Paper hangers, lik e m o s t p e r s o n s w h o w o r k in th e d e c o r a tin g
M y w ife w a n ts
th e m .
in d u s tr y , t e n d t o h a v e a n e y e f o r c o lo u r , te x tu r e , a n d fo rm .
52 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14. m a so n ['m e is n ]
п — кам ен щ и к ; п р оизводить кладку
brick m ason — к а м е н щ и к
m ason ry [ 'm e is n r i]
п — ки р п и чн ая или кам ен н ая кладка
masonry c o n s tr u c tio n
mason c a n n o t b e re c tifie d easily.
S k ille d l a b o u r is r e q u ir e d fo r g o o d s to n e
b e c a u s e th e d e fe c ts left b y a c a re le ss
15. su p erv ise ['s ( j) u :p a v a iz ] v — н а б л ю д а т ь , к о н т р о л и р о в а т ь
n — н ад зо р , к о н тр о л ь
n — бри гади р, руководитель р абот
su p e r in te n d e n t [ , s ( j ) u : p 3 r i n 't e n d 3 n t ] n — у п р а в л я ю щ и й ,
su p ervision [,s ( j) u :p 3 'v in 3 n ]
su p erv iso r
руководитель, заведую щ и й
supervised th e la b o u re rs o n th e c o n s tr u c tio n s ite . H e c a n
o n ly o p e r a te th e m a c h in e u n d e r supervision. The supervisor will
sh o w y o u h o w t o w o rk th e m a c h in e . The supenntendant\s in c h a rg e
He
o f b u ild in g .
16. v a rn is h ['v Q -.nif] v — л а к , о л и ф а ; п о к р ы в а т ь л а к о м
s ta in л ѵ — к р а с к а ; п р о т р а в а , м о р и л к а ; к р а с и т ь ; п р о т р а в ­
лять
Varnish p la y s a n im p o r ta n t r o le in fin is h in g w o o d e n s u rfa c e s .
are varnished t o e n h a n c e t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e
p a in t. Stain is u s e d t o c h a n g e t h e c o l o u r o f v a rio u s ty p e s o f c h e a p
q u a lity w o o d . T h e w o o d e n d o o r s were stained b ro w n .
P a in te d s u rfa c e s
17. p a rtitio n [ p a : 't i j n ] — п е р е г о р о д к а , в н у т р е н н я я с т е н а
Partitions s e p a ra te s p a c e f ro m s p a c e .
18. g la z e [ g le iz ] v — в с т а в л я т ь с т е к л а , з а с т е к л я т ь
g la z ie r [ 'д і е ш э ]
n — стекольщ ик
T h e r e a re d iffe re n t ty p e s o f
glazing c o m p o u n d s th a t c a n b e u s e d
to glaze w in d o w s. T h e h e a tin g c o n t r a c t o r w o rk s a t t h e s a m e tim e as
the glaziers.
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 53
19
in su la te [ 'i n s j u l e i t ] v — и з о л и р о в а т ь
in su la tio n [ ,i n s j u 'l e i j n ]
n — и золяц и я, и золяц и он н ы й
м атериал
M a n y h o u se s c o u ld b e w a r m e r i f t h e y
were insulated a g a in s t h e a t
lo ss. M u d w a s u s e d f o r fillin g t h e s p a c e s b e tw e e n b r ic k s a n d a c te d
as c o n c re te a n d
insulation.
2 0 . fin ish Л Ѵ -
о т д е л к а п о в е р х н о с ти (р езу л ь тат); о тд е л ы ­
вать
ap p ly fin ish e s — о т д е л ы в а т ь п о в е р х н о с т ь
fin ish in g m a te r ia ls — о т д е л о ч н ы е м а т е р и а л ы
B u ild e r s o f t e n finish s u r f a c e s m p l a s tic m a te r ia ls . T h e n a tu r a l
finishes o f m a te n a ls p r o v id e th e d e c o r a tiv e e ffe c t T h e fa c to ry s h o w s
s o m e v e ry i n te r e s tin g u s e s o f finishing materials.
2 . R e a d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir t r a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p art o f sp e e c h .
n, g e n e r a l adj, r e s i d e n t i a l adj, c o m m e r c i a l adj,
n, t u n n e l n, c o o r d in a te v, s p e c ia liz e v, p o r tio n л,
p a n e l n, e l e c tr ic ia n n, c o m m u n i c a t i o n n, s e le c t v, d e c o r a tiv e adj,
i n te r io r n adj, e x te r io r n adj, a s p h a lt n, th e r m o p la s tic n, c o lu m n
n, f o r m v, e x c a v a tio n n, a ssist v, c o d e n, o r g a n iz a tio n a l adj,
p h a s e n.
Segm ent
in f r a s tr u c tu r e
3 . M a t c h t h e w o r d s w ith th e d e fin itio n s b e lo w .
a)
p lu m b e r
b) paper hanger
c ) s u p e r v is o r
d)
c o n tra c to r
e ) e m p lo y e r
f) t r a d e w o r k e r
g)
g la z ie r
h ) p l a s te r e r
l) m a s o n
j) c a rp e n te r
54
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1. а person who manages
2. a worker skilled at applying plaster
3. a person who gives a job to others
4. a person skilled at making and repairing wooden objects
5. a person who cuts and fits glass
6. a person skilled at sticking wallpaper on the walls of a room
7. a person who builds or works with stone or brick
8. a person or firm that promises to do work at a fixed rate
9. a skilled worker
10. a person whose job is to fit and repair water pipes, bathroom
apparatus, etc
4.
Match the English word combinations with the Russian
equivalents.
1. to complete on schedule
2. to build a partition
3. to reinforce masonry
4. to apply a varnish
5. to install insulation
6. to supervise a project
7. to install sewerage
8. to relate to construction
9. to apply finishes
10. to apply plaster
11 to select an occupation
12. to glaze a window
a. армировать кладку
b. руководить проектом
c. отделывать поверхность
d. относиться к строительству
e. выбирать профессию
Г закончить по графику
g. наносить штукатурку
h. застеклять окно
i. устраивать изоляцию
j. построить перегородку
k. прокладывать канализацию
l. нанести лаковое покрытие
5.
Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention
to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below.
I. a) finish v — отделывать
b) finish n — отделка поверхности
c) finisher n — рабочий-отделочник
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 55
d ) f in is h in g
e ) f in is h e d
n a d j— о к о н ч а т е л ь н а я
adj — о б р а б о т а н н ы й
отделка; отделочн ы й
I . T h e w o o d h a s a b e a u tif u l f in is h . 2. T h e f in is h e d s u r f a c e
m u s t h a v e a u n if o r m a p p e a r a n c e . 3. T h e y s h o w e d tw o g o o d w a y s
to in s u la te a n d f in is h a f o u n d a t i o n w all. 4 . S e n s itiv e p e o p le w ith
a lle rg ie s o r r e s p ir a to r y c o n d i t i o n s o f te n r e q u e s t c e r t a i n f in is h in g
m a te r ia ls . 5. A f in is h e r p e r f o r m s t h e la st s te p in a m a n u f a c tu r in g
p r o c e s s . 6 . A f te r a ll th e i n te r io r fin is h in g is d o n e in s ta ll t h e c a r p e t
s o t h a t th e r e is n o d a m a g e d o n e t o it.
II. a) o rd er v — зак азы вать; п р и к азы в ать
b) o rd er n — зак аз; п р и к аз; п о р я д о к
c ) in o r d e r t h a t — с т е м , ч т о б ы
d ) in o r d e r t o — д л я т о г о , ч т о б ы
e) o u t o f o rd e r — н е и с п р а в н ы й
1.
T h is c o m p a n y is o n e o f th e v e ry fe w p la c e s w h e r e y o u c a n
p la c e a n o r d e r f o r l u m b e r a n d r e la te d b u ild in g m a te r ia ls o n - l i n e .
2.
T h e h o u s e is in g o o d o r d e r . 3. W e o r d e r h ig h q u a n t i t i e s a t o u r
s u p p lie r s in o r d e r n o t t o r u n o u t o f m a te r ia l d u r in g a b u ild in g
p h a s e . 4 . Y o u w ill h a v e t o o b e y m y o r d e r s . 5. I n o r d e r t o g iv e
ti m b e r a n e w c h a n c e a s a c o n s t r u c t i o n m a te r ia l, t h e d if f e r e n t
r e s e a r c h d e v e lo p m e n t a n d m a r k e tin g p r o g r a m s s h o u ld a im a t q u ic k
u s a g e o f th e n e w t e c h n i q u e s in t i m b e r e n g in e e r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n .
6.
8.
T h e m a c h in e is o u t o f o r d e r . 7 . H e o r d e r e d m e t o s t a n d u p .
S h e c h e c k e d a ll h e r f ig u re s in o r d e r t h a t t h e r e p o r t m ig h t b e a s
a c c u r a te a s p o ssib le .
III.
a ) s ite n — у ч а с т о к , м е с т о ( п о л о ж е н и е )
b ) o n s ite — н а с т р о и т е л ь н о й п л о щ а д к е
c ) w e b s ite — с а й т в И н т е р н е т е
d ) s ite v — р а с п о л а г а т ь , в ы б и р а т ь м е с т о
1. P r o te c tiv e h e lm e ts m u s t b e w o r n o n s ite . 2 . T h e c o m p a n y is
tr y in g t o d e c id e w h e r e t o s ite t h e n e w f a c to r y . 3 . S h e h a s a j o b o n
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
а building site. 4. The site for the new factory has not been decided
yet. 5. Visit our website to check out the latest deals on building
materials. 6. Students in this major prepare for careers managing
and inspecting construction sites and buildings.
6. Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Construction industry, civil engineering construction
contractors, trade contractors, construction trade workers, brick
masons, insulation workers, first-line supervisors and managers,
construction management occupations, field manager, waste water
treatment plants, design and construction processes, specialty trade
contractor, conceptual development stage, site preparation,
construction site activities.
7. Study the following patterns showing the ways some nouns
are formed from verbs and adjectives. Complete the charts with
nouns of the following verbs. Some of the missing words are from
the texts of the Unit. Read and translate them into Russian. Use
your dictionary to help you with the pronunciation.
Pattern 7
Verb + -age -» Noun
The -age suffix is used for an action, result,
or cost of something.
Example, cover — покрывать -> coverage — покрытие, охват
Verb
sew
break
Noun
_________________
_________________
UNITВ. JOBSINCONSTRUCTION
57
store
stop
waste
pack
use
Pattern 8
Verb + -al —>Noun
The -al suffix is used for an action of something.
Example, renew — обновлять -н> renewal — обновление
Verb
remove
dismiss
deny
arrive
Noun
_________________
_________________
_________________
Pattern 9
Verb + -ant -> Noun
The -ant suffix is used for a person or thing that does an activity.
Example: assist — помогать —> assistant — помощник
Verb
consult
occupy
Noun
_________________
_________________
58 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
inhabit
account
Pattern 10
I A dje c t i ve + - ity - » N o u n ~ |
T h e - i t y su ffix is u s e d f o r q u a lity .
Example, c o m p le x — с л о ж н ы й - » c o m p le x ity — с л о ж н о с т ь
Adjective
a
c
p
r o
f
a
Noun
t
d
i
u
t
v
c
e
______________________
t i v
a
e
l
______________________
_____________ _________
se c u re
f
______________________
o
r
m
a
l
______________________
div e rse
c re a tiv e
______________________
fa m ilia r
_____________ _________
re s p o n s ib le
a
e le c tn c
b
_____________ _________
l
e
______________________
____________
UNIT 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
59
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
A . C o m p le te th e t e n s e c h a r t. U s e t h e verb m a k e fo r th e
P a s s iv e V o ic e .
P A S S IV E
P re se n t
S im p le
it is made
P a st
F u tu re
P re se n t P e rfe c t
it
they
they
P a s t P e rfe c t
F u tu re P e rfe c t
it
they
C o n tin u o u s
th e y
it
are being made
B . C o m p a r e th e fo llo w in g p a ir s o f th e s e n t e n c e s a n d tr a n s la te
th e m (A c tiv e V o ic e v s. P a s s iv e V o ic e ) .
discuss th is film . T h is film is being discussed
have discussed th i s f ilm f o r t w o h o u r s . T h is film
has been discussed f o r tw o h o u r s . 3. T h e y discussed t h i s film
y e s te r d a y . T h e film w a s discussed y e s te r d a y . 4 . T h e y have ju s t
discussed t h is film . T h is f ilm A a s ju s t been discussed. 5. T h e y were
discussing th is film w h e n s h e c a m e . T h is f ilm w a s being discussed
w h e n s h e c a m e . 6. T h e y had discussed t h i s f ilm w h e n s h e c a m e
T h e f ilm had been discussed w h e n s h e c a m e . 7. I t h i n k t h e y will
discuss th is film t o m o r r o w . T h is film will be discussed to m o r r o w .
8. T h e y will have discussed t h i s f ilm b y t h e t im e s h e c o m e s . T h e
film will have been discussed b y t h e tim e s h e c o m e s .
1. T h e y o f te n
now .
9.
2. T h e y
R e w r ite th e a c tiv e s e n t e n c e s a s p a ssiv e o n e s an d tr a n s la te
Example
M y r e la tiv e s are constructing t h e h o u s e . — T h e h o u s e is being
constructed b y m y re la tiv e s
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
60
1
G e n e ra l c o n tr a c to r s b u ild re s id e n tia l, in d u s tria l a n d
c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s . 2. T h e y w e re s p e c ia liz in g in o n e ty p e o f
c o n s tr u c tio n a t t h a t tim e 3. T h e y h a v e j u s t o b ta in e d s o m e o r d e r s
f o r t h e i r w o rk fro m th e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r 4
T h e e le c tr ic ia n s
in s ta lle d th e b u ild in g e le c tn c a l s y ste m s la st w e e k . 5. T h e in s u la tio n
w o rk e rs h a d c o v e re d s tru c tu re s w ith in s u la tin g m a te n a ls b y th e e n d
o f th e w e e k . 6. T h e p lu m b e rs a re m a in ta in in g m a n y d iffe re n t ty p e s
o f pi p e system s n o w . 7. T h e p la ste re rs will a p p ly c o n c re te to e x te n o r
w a lls in a w e e k 8 T h e y w ill h a v e p l a n n e d th e jo b b y th e e n d o f
th e m o n t h
1 0 . C o m p le te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s . U s e th e p a ssiv e form
(S im p le , C o n tin u o u s o r P e r fe c t) o f th e verb s in th e b r a c k e ts.
1.
T h e w o r k _______ ( e x e c u te ) in t e a m n o w . 2. T h e firs t
b u ild in g s _________
( c o n s t r u c t ) b y h a n d o r w ith s im p le to o ls .
3 B y 19 9 3 , 1.5 m illio n c o u n c il h o u s e s _________ (s e ll) i n G r e a t
B n t a i n . 4 . T h e c o m p o n e n t s _________ ( p r e f a b n c a t e ) , in c lu d in g
a ll w e ld e d j o i n t s , b y t h e tim e th e c o n s t r u c t i o n b e g in s . 5. In th e
n e a r f u tu re , th e p r e s e n t s tru c tu re o f B u ild in g C o n s tr u c tio n s tu d ie s
_________ (m o d ify ) b y th e im p le m e n ta tio n o f B o lo g n a P ro c e s s .
6.
T e c h n ic a l c h a n g e s in th e b u ild in g in d u s t r y _______( s tim u la te )
b y la rg e h o u s in g p ro g ra m s in th e re c e n t y ears. 7. T h e h o t e l _________
(b u ild ) o n th e e d g e o f th e la k e a t t h a t tim e la st y e a r. 8. C o n s tru c tio n
w o r k e r s _________ ( e m p lo y ) in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s tr y a n d w o rk
p re d o m in a te ly o n c o n s tr u c tio n site s.
1 1 . R e a d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s in to R u ssia n
p a y in g a tte n tio n t o th e p r e d ic a te s u sed in th e P a s s iv e V o ic e .
A)
Example
A t m o s t u n iv e rsitie s t h e a c a d e m ic y e a r
is divided in to
th re e te rm s .
— В б о л ь ш и н с т в е б р и т а н с к и х у н и в е р с и т е т о в у ч е б н ы й го л р а з ­
д е л е н /д е л и т с я н а т р и с е м е с тр а .
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 61
1.
C o n s t r u c t i o n is u s u a lly d o n e o r c o o r d i n a t e d b y g e n e r a l
c o n tr a c to r s . 2. T h e b u ild in g m a te r ia ls h a v e b e e n d e liv e r e d t o th e
c o n s tr u c tio n s ite o n tim e 3. D e c is io n s re g a rd in g d a ily c o n s tr u c tio n
a c tiv itie s w ill b e m a d e a t th e jo b s ite . 4. M a n a g e m e n t o f o v e rs e a s
c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c ts u s u a lly e n ta ils te m p o r a r y r e s id e n c e in t h e
c o u n t r y in w h ic h th e p r o je c t is b e in g c a r r i e d o u t. 5. T h e s ite s a n d
v e h ic le s h a d b e e n p r o te c te d b y sig n s a n d b a rric a d e s .
B)
He
Example
was offered a
1.
n e w jo b . — Е м у п р е д л о ж и л и н о в у ю р а б о т у .
T h e c a r p e n t e r w ill b e s h o w n w h a t t o d o . 2. T h e s u p e r v is o r
is u s u a lly b r o u g h t p a p e r s t o s ig n a t 4 o ’c lo c k in th e a f te r n o o n
3.
T h e tr a d e w o r k e r h a s b e e n a s k e d t o b r in g th e to o ls . 4 T h e y
w e r e m e t a t th e r a ilw a y s t a tio n b y th e ir f r ie n d s . 5. T h e p l u m b e r
w a s to l d to f in is h h is w o r k o n tim e .
C)
Example
T h e p a in tin g w a s a tte n tiv e ly
lookedgt.
— Н а картину вн и м а­
тельно см отрели.
1.
T h e b r i c k m a s o n w a s s e n t f o r a s h e w a s th e o n ly o n e t o d o
t h a t jo b . 2. E a c h s t u d e n t w a s s p o k e n t o s e p a r a te ly . 3 . T h is a u t h o r
w a s r e f e r r e d t o in t h a t jo u r n a l . 4 . T h is b u ild in g m e t h o d w ill b e
d e a lt w ith a t t h e n e x t s ta g e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . 5. T h e f in a l d e c is io n
w a s a r r iv e d a t a f te r tw o h o u r s ’ d is c u s s io n .
12.
R e a d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s w ith e m p h a tic
in version .
1.
I n c lu d e d in th is d e v e lo p m e n t o f in d iv id u a ls a re b a s ic t e c h n ic a l
s k ills c o u p le d w ith a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e e c o n o m i c a n d s o c ia l
p r o c e s s t h a t in f lu e n c e s t h e b u ild in g in d u s tr y . 2 . A t t a c h e d t o t h e
o f f ic e b u i l d i n g a r e a la b o r a t o r y , a w o r k s h o p a n d a c a n t e e n .
3.
C o m p l e t e d p r o p e r ly a n d e x p e d itio u s ly is e v e r y p h a s e o f th e
p r o je c t. 4 . N e v e r b e f o r e h a d w e re c e iv e d s u c h r e s u lts . 5. W o r k in g
a t th is d e s ig n a r e m a n y c o n s u l t a n t e x p e rts .
I
62
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
1 3 . B e fo r e r e a d in g T e x t З А “ O c c u p a tio n s in th e C o n str u c tio n
Ind u stry” , d isc u ss th e s e q u estio n s w ith you r g rou p m ates o r tea ch er.
a) W h a t s e g m e n ts is th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try d iv id e d in to ?
b ) W h a t a re th e g e n e ra l c o n t r a c to r s ’ re sp o n s ib ilitie s ?
c ) W h a t is t h e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n a g e n e ra l c o n t r a c t o r a n d a
s p e c ia lty t ra d e c o n tra c to r?
d ) W h a t are a s o f th e c o n s tru c tio n in d u stry a re c o n s tru c tio n tra d e s
w o rk e rs e m p lo y e d in 0
e) W h o a ssists c o n s tr u c tio n tra d e s w o rk e rs?
0
g)
W h a t a re c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs ’ d u tie s ?
W h o is re s p o n s ib le fo r c o m p le tin g a p r o je c t o n s c h e d u le ?
1 4 . R ea d T e x t З А t o find o u t i f y o u a r e rig h t o r w r o n g . U s e
th e in tr o d u c to r y p h r a se s g iv e n in U n it 1.
• TEXT ЗА
Occupations in the Construction In d u stry
T h e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try is d iv id e d in to t h r e e m a jo r s e g m e n ts .
T h e c o n s t m c t i o n o f b u ild in g s s e g m e n t i n c lu d e s c o n t r a c t o r s c a lle d
g e n e ra l c o n tr a c to r s w h o b u ild r e s id e n tia l, in d u s tr ia l, c o m m e r c ia l,
a n d o t h e r b u ild in g s . H e a v y a n d civ il e n g in e e r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o n tr a c to r s b u ild s e w e rs , r o a d s , h ig h w a y s , b rid g e s , t u n n e ls , a n d
o t h e r p ro je c ts r e la te d t o in fra s tru c tu re . S p e c ia lty tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s
p e rfo rm sp e c ia liz e d activ itie s re la te d t o all ty p e s o f c o n s tru c tio n s u c h
as c a r p e n tr y , p a in tin g , p l u m b in g , a n d e le c tric a l w o rk .
C o n s tru c tio n is u su a lly d o n e o r c o o rd in a te d b y g e n e ra l c o n tra c to rs
w h o s p e c ia liz e in o n e ty p e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s u c h a s r e s id e n tia l o r
c o m m e rc ia l b u ild in g . T h e y t a k e full re sp o n s ib ility fo r th e c o m p le te
jo b , e x c e p t fo r s p e c ifie d p o r t i o n s o f t h e w o r k t h a t m a y b e o m itte d
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION
63
f r o m t h e g e n e r a l c o n tr a c t. A lth o u g h
g e n e ra l c o n tra c to rs m a y d o a p o rtio n
o f th e w o r k w ith th e i r o w n c re w s , th e y
o f te n s u b c o n tr a c t m o s t o f t h e w o r k to
h e a v y c o n s t r u c t i o n o r s p e c ia lty t r a d e
c o n tr a c to r s .
S p e c ia lty tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s u s u a lly
d o th e w o r k o f o n ly o n e tr a d e , s u c h a s
p a in tin g , c a rp e n try , o r e le c tric a l
w o rk , o r o f tw o o r m o r e c lo s e ly re la te d
tr a d e s , s u c h a s p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g .
B e y o n d fittin g th e i r w o rk to t h a t o f th e
o th e r tra d e s , sp e c ia lty t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s
h a v e n o re s p o n s ib ility f o r th e s tr u c tu r e
a s a w h o le . T h e y o b t a i n o r d e r s f o r
t h e i r w o r k f r o m g e n e r a l c o n tr a c to r s ,
a r c h ite c ts , o r p r o p e r t y o w n e rs .
C o n s t r u c t i o n tr a d e s w o r k e r s a r e e m p lo y e d i n a la r g e v a r ie ty o f
o c c u p a t i o n s t h a t a r e in v o lv e d in a ll a s p e c ts o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
in d u s tr y . B n c k m a s o n s b u ild a n d r e p a ir w a lls , f lo o r s , p a r t i t i o n s
a n d o t h e r s t r u c tu r e s w ith b n c k , p a n e ls , c o n c r e t e b lo c k , s to n e ,
a n d o t h e r m a s o n r y m a te n a ls . C a r p e n te r s c o n s tr u c t, e r e c t, in s ta ll,
o r r e p a i r s t r u c tu r e s m a d e o f w o o d , s u c h as p a r titio n s , p u t t i n g in
d o o r s a n d w in d o w s , b u ild in g s ta ir s , a n d la y in g flo o r s . E l e c t n c i a n s
in s ta ll, c o n n e c t , te s t, a n d m a i n t a i n b u ild in g e le c tr ic a l s y s te m s
w h ic h c a n a ls o in c lu d e lig h tin g , c lim a te c o n t r o l , s e c u r ity , a n d
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s . G la z ie r s a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r s e le c tin g , c u t t i n g ,
in s ta llin g , r e p la c in g , a n d r e m o v in g a ll ty p e s o f g la ss. I n s u la tio n
w o r k e r s lin e a n d c o v e r s tr u c tu r e s w ith in s u la tin g m a te ria ls . P a in te r s
a n d p a p e r h a n g e r s s t a i n , v a r n is h , a n d a p p ly o t h e r f in is h e s t o
b u ild in g s a n d o t h e r s tr u c tu r e s a n d a p p ly d e c o r a tiv e c o v e r in g s t o
w a lls a n d c e ilin g s . P lu m b e r s in s ta ll, m a i n t a i n , a n d r e p a i r m a n y
d if f e r e n t ty p e s o f p i p e sy s te m s . T h e y m a y a ls o in s ta ll h e a tin g a n d
c o o lin g e q u ip m e n t a n d m e c h a n ic a l c o n tr o l sy ste m s. P la ste re rs a p p ly
p la s te r , c o n c r e t e , a n d s im ila r m a t e n a l s t o i n t e n o r a n d e x te r io r
64
IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
w a lls a n d c e ilin g s . R o o fe rs r e p a ir a n d in s ta ll ro o fs m a d e o f t a r o r
a s p h a lt a n d g ra v e l, ru b b e r o r t h e r m o p la s tic , m e t a l o r s h in g le s .
R e in f o r c in g ir o n a n d m e ta l w o rk e rs p la c e a n d in s ta ll i r o n o r s te e l
g ird e rs , c o lu m n s , a n d o t h e r s tru c tu ra l m e m b e rs t o fo r m c o m p le te d
s tr u c tu r e s o r fra m e w o rk s o f b u ild in g s , b rid g e s , a n d o th e r
s tru c tu r e s . L a s tly , c o n s t r u c t i o n la b o u r e r s p e r f o r m a w id e r a n g e o f
p h y sic a lly d e m a n d in g ta sk s a t c o n s tru c tio n site s, s u c h a s e x c a v a tio n ,
w a s te re m o v a l, a n d d e m o litio n . M a n y c o n s tr u c tio n tr a d e s w o rk e rs
p e r f o r m t h e i r se rv ic e s w ith th e a s s is ta n c e o f h e lp e rs . T h e s e w o rk e rs
a ssist tr a d e s w o rk e rs a n d p e r f o r m d u tie s r e q u irin g less skill.
F i r s t - l i n e s u p e rv is o rs a n d m a n a g e rs o f c o n s tr u c tio n t ra d e s a n d
e x tr a c tio n w o rk e rs o v e rs e e tr a d e s w o rk e rs a n d h e lp e rs a n d e n s u re
t h a t w o rk is d o n e w e ll, sa fe ly , a n d a c c o r d in g t o th e c o d e . T h e y
p l a n t h e j o b a n d s o lv e p r o b le m s a s t h e y a rise . T h o s e w ith g o o d
o ig a n iz a tio n a l skills a n d e x c e p tio n a l su p e rv iso ry a b ility m a y a d v a n c e
to c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e m e n t o c c u p a tio n s , in c lu d in g p ro je c t
m a n a g e r , fie ld m a n a g e r o r s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . T h e s e w o rk e rs a re
re s p o n s ib le fo r g e ttin g a p ro je c t c o m p le te d o n s c h e d u le b y w o rk in g
w ith t h e a r c h i t e c t ’s p la n s , m a k in g s u re t h a t m a te ria ls a re d e liv e re d
o n tim e , a s s ig n in g w o rk , o v e rs e e in g c ra ft s u p e rv is o rs , a n d e n s u rin g
t h a t e v e r y p h a s e o f t h e p r o j e c t is c o m p l e t e d p r o p e r l y a n d
e x p e d itio u s ly T h e y a lso re so lv e p ro b le m s a n d m a k e s u re t h a t w o rk
p ro c e e d s w ith o u t in te rru p tio n s .
15.
F in d in T e x t З А th e p a r a g r a p h d e s c r ib in g d iffe r e n t
c o n s tr u c tio n tr a d e s w o r k e r s’ o c c u p a tio n s and tr a n s la te it in to
1 6 . R ea d alou d p aragrap h s 2 - 3 .
17 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
they o fte n
s u b c o n tra c t m o s t o f th e w o rk to h e a v y c o n s tr u c tio n
o r s p e c ia lty t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
they r e fe r to ?
и ш 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
b)
65
They o f t e n o b t a i n o r d e r s f o r t h e i r w o r k f r o m g e n e r a l
c o n t r a c t o r s , a r c h ite c ts , o r p r o p e r t y o w n e r s
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
c)
they r e f e r to ?
These w o r k e r s a ssist t r a d e w o r k e r s .
these r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s t h e d e m o n s tr a tiv e a d je c tiv e
d)
They a ls o r e so lv e p r o b le m s a n d m a k e s u r e t h a t w o r k p r o c e e d s
w i th o u t in te r r u p tio n s .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
e)
they r e f e r to ?
They m a y a ls o in s ta ll h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g e q u i p m e n t
they r e f e r to ?
W h at does th e p ro n o u n
1 8 . U n d e r lin e o r m a r k th e m a in id e a s o f T e x t З А an d r e te ll it
in E n g lish .
19 . S k im T e x t 3 B “ C o n s t r u c t io n M a n a g e r s ” an d tr y t o
u n d erstan d w h a t it is a b o u t and w h a t in fo r m a tio n is n e w t o y o u .
• TEXT 3B
Construction Managers
C o n s t r u c t i o n m a n a g e r s p la n , d ir e c t, c o o r d i n a t e , a n d b u d g e t a
w id e v a r ie ty o f c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c ts , i n c lu d in g t h e b u ild in g o f all
ty p e s o f r e s id e n tia l, c o m m e r c ia l, a n d in d u s t n a l s tr u c tu r e s , r o a d s ,
b r id g e s , w a s te w a te r t r e a t m e n t p la n ts , a n d s c h o o ls a n d h o s p ita ls .
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e r s m a y s u p e rv is e a n e n tir e p r o je c t o r j u s t p a r t
o f o n e . T h e y s c h e d u le a n d c o o r d i n a t e a ll d e s ig n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n
p ro c e s s e s , in c lu d in g th e s e le c tio n , h in n g , a n d o v e rs ig h t o f sp e c ia lty
t r a d e c o n tr a c to r s , s u c h a s c a r p e n tr y , p lu m b in g , o r e le c tr ic a l, b u t
t h e y d o n o t u s u a lly d o a n y a c tu a l c o n s tr u c tio n o f t h e s tr u c tu r e .
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e r s a re m a n a g e r s w h o o v e rs e e c o n s t r u c t i o n
s u p e rv is o rs a n d p e r s o n n e l. T h e y a r e o f te n c a lle d p r o je c t m a n a g e r s ,
3 Зак 312
бб I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o n s tr u c to r s , c o n s t r u c t i o n s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s , p r o je c t e n g in e e r s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n s u p e rv is o rs , o r g e n e ra l c o n tr a c to r s .
T h e se m a n a g e rs c o o rd in a te a n d su p e rv ise th e c o n s tru c tio n p ro c e ss
fro m t h e c o n c e p tu a l d e v e lo p m e n t s ta g e t h r o u g h f in a l c o n s tr u c tio n ,
m a k in g s u re th a t t h e p ro je c t g e ts c o m p le te d o n tim e a n d w ith in th e
b u d g e t. T h e y o fte n w o rk w ith e n g in e e rs , a rc h ite c ts , a n d o th e r s
w h o a re in v o lv e d in th e p ro c e s s . G iv e n th e d e s ig n s fo r b u ild in g s ,
ro a d s , b rid g e s , o r o t h e r p ro je c ts , c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs s u p e rv is e
th e p l a n n in g , s c h e d u lin g , a n d i m p le m e n ta tio n o f th o s e d e sig n s.
L a rg e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c ts , s u c h a s a n o ffic e b u ild in g o r a n
in d u s t n a l c o m p le x , a r e o f te n to o c o m p l i c a t e d f o r o n e p e r s o n to
m a n a g e . A c c o rd in g ly , t h e s e p r o je c ts a re d iv id e d in t o v a rio u s
s e g m e n ts : s ite p r e p a r a t i o n , in c lu d in g c le a r in g a n d e x c a v a tio n o f
th e l a n d , in s ta llin g s e w a g e s y s te m s , a n d l a n d s c a p in g a n d r o a d
c o n s t r u c tio n ; b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n , in c lu d in g la y in g f o u n d a tio n s
a n d e r e c tin g t h e s t r u c t u r a l fra m e w o r k , f lo o rs , w a lls, a n d ro o fs ;
a n d b u i l d i n g s y s te m s , i n c l u d i n g p r o t e c t i n g a g a i n s t f ir e a n d
in s ta llin g e le c t r i c a l , p l u m b i n g , a n d a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s te m s .
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs m a y b e in c h a ig e o f o n e o r s e v e ra l o f th e s e
ac tiv itie s.
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs d e te r m in e th e b e s t w a y t o g e t m a te ria ls
t o t h e s ite a n d th e m o s t c o s t - e f f e c tiv e p l a n fo r c o m p l e t i n g t h e
p r o je c t. T h e y d iv id e a ll r e q u i r e d c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite a c tiv itie s i n t o
lo g ic a l s te p s , e s t im a tin g a n d b u d g e tin g t h e t im e r e q u ir e d t o m e e t
e s ta b l i s h e d d e a d l i n e s . D o i n g t h i s m a y r e q u i r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d
s c h e d u lin g a n d c o s t- e s t i m a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s u s in g c o m p u t e r s w ith
s p e c ia liz e d s o ftw a re .
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs a ls o m a n a g e th e s e le c tio n o f g e n e r a l
c o n tra c to rs a n d tr a d e c o n tr a c to r s to c o m p le te sp e c ific p h a s e s o f th e
p ro je c t w h ic h c o u ld in c lu d e e v e ry th in g fro m s tru c tu ra l m e ta lw o rk in g
a n d p l u m b in g t o p a in tin g , in s ta llin g e le c tr ic ity a n d c a rp e tin g .
C o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs d e te r m in e th e la b o u r r e q u ir e m e n ts o f
t h e p r o je c t a n d , in s o m e c a s e s , s u p e rv is e t h e h ir in g a n d d is m is s a l
o f w o rk e rs . T h e y o v e rs e e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a ll t r a d e c o n t r a c t o r s
UNIT 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
67
a n d a r e re s p o n s ib le f o r e n s u r in g t h a t a ll w o r k is c o m p l e t e d o n
s c h e d u le .
C o n s tru c tio n m a n a g e rs d ire c t a n d m o n ito r th e p ro g re ss o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n a c tiv itie s th r o u g h c o n s t r u c t i o n s u p e r v is o r s o r o t h e r
c o n s tru c tio n m a n a g e rs
n e c e ssa ry
T h e y a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r o b t a in in g a ll
lic e n s e s a n d , d e p e n d in g
upon
th e c o n tr a c tu a l
a r r a n g e m e n ts , f o r d ir e c tin g o r m o n i t o r i n g in c o m p l i a n c e w ith
b u ild in g a n d s a fe ty c o d e s , o t h e r r e g u la tio n s , a n d r e q u ir e m e n ts s e t
b y th e p r o je c t in s u r e r s . T h e y a lso o v e r s e e t h e d e liv e r y a n d u s e o f
m a te ria ls , to o ls , a n d e q u ip m e n t, w o rk e rs ’ s a fe ty a n d p ro d u c tiv ity ,
a n d t h e q u a lity o f th e c o n s tr u c tio n .
W o r k in g o u t o f a m a in o ffic e o r o u t o f a fie ld o ffic e a t th e
c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite , c o n s t r u c t i o n m a n a g e r s m o n i t o r t h e o v e r a ll
c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t . D e c i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g d a ily c o n s t r u c t i o n
a c tiv itie s a r e g e n e r a lly m a d e a t t h e jo b s ite .
M a n a g e rs m ig h t tra v e l c o n s id e r a b ly w h e n th e c o n s tr u c tio n site is
n o t c lo s e t o t h e i r m a in o ffic e o r w h e n t h e y a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r
a c tiv itie s a t t w o o r m o r e sites. M a n a g e m e n t o f o v e rse a s c o n s tr u c tio n
p r o je c ts u su a lly e n ta ils te m p o r a r y r e s id e n c e in th e c o u n tr y in w h ic h
t h e p r o je c t is b e in g e a r n e d o u t.
2 0 . F in d in T e x t 3 B th e in fo r m a tio n a b o u t c o n s t r u c t io n
m a n a g e r s ’ d u tie s and r e sp o n sib ilitie s in t h e fo llo w in g a r e a s an d
d e sc r ib e them :
a ) d e s ig n p r o c e s s c o o r d in a tio n ;
b ) s u p e r v is io n o f a p r o je c t;
c ) c o n t r a c t u r a l a r r a n g e m e n ts ;
d ) p e r s o n n e l ’s s e le c tio n a n d o v e rs e e in g ;
e ) c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite a c tiv itie s .
2 1 . S a y w h e th e r y o u a g r e e o r d isa g r e e w ith th e v ie w s e x p r e sse d
in T e x t 3 B . P r o v e y o u r p o in ts o f v ie w .
3*
68 I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
22.
R ea d T e x t З С “ C o n s tr u c tio n S ite S a fe ty ” and find th e
a n sw e r s to th e s e q u e s tio n s . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw ers w ith y o u r
gro u p m a tes or te a c h e r .
a) W h y is c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n s id e r e d to b e t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s
w o rk in g are a ?
b ) W h y is it d iffic u lt to c o n t r o l w o rk e n v iro n m e n t?
c) W h a t a re th e m a in s a fe ty h a z a r d s o n site?
d ) W h o is re g a rd e d as a n o n - w o r k e r ?
e) W h a t a re s a fe ty sig n s a n d b a rr ic a d e s u r g e n tly re q u ir e d a t
c o n s tr u c tio n sites?
f) W h a t re g u la tio n s a n d o r g a n iz a tio n s p la c e r e q u ir e m e n ts o n
e m p lo y e rs to p ro te c t w o rk e rs ’ safety ?
• TEXT 3C
Construction S ite S afety
C o n s tr u c tio n is t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s la n d b a s e d w o rk s e c t o r in
E u ro p e (th e fish in g in d u stry b e in g m o re d an g e ro u s). I n th e E u ro p e a n
U n i o n , t h e fa ta l a c c id e n t r a t e is n e a r ly 13 w o rk e rs p e r 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 as
a g a in s t 5 p e r 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 fo r th e a ll s e c to r av e ra g e .
I n th e U .S . t h e r e w e re 1 ,2 2 5 fa ta l o c c u p a tio n a l in ju rie s in t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c to r in 2 0 0 1 w ith a n in c id e n c e r a te o f 13.3 p e r
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y e d w o rk e rs . F o r t h e s a m e y e a r th e c o n s t r u c t i o n
in d u s tr y e x p e r ie n c e d 4 8 1 ,4 0 0 n o n f a ta l in ju rie s a n d illn e sse s a t a
ra te o f 7 .9 p e r 100 fu ll- tim e w o rk e rs in th e in d u s tiy . C o n s t r u c t i o n
h a s a b o u t 6 % o f U .S . w o rk e rs , b u t 2 0 % o f t h e f a ta litie s — t h e
la rg e s t n u m b e r o f f a ta litie s r e p o r te d fo r a n y in d u s tiy s e c to r.
T h e p r o b le m is n o t th a t th e h a z a rd s a n d risk s a re u n k n o w n , it is
t h a t th e y a re v e ry d iffic u lt t o c o n tr o l in a c o n s ta n tly c h a n g in g w o rk
e n v iro n m e n t.
T h e le a d in g s a fe ty h a z a r d s o n s ite a re falls f ro m h e ig h t, m o t o r
v e h ic le c ra sh e s, e le c tro c u tio n , m a c h in e s , a n d b e in g s tru c k b y fallin g
o b je c ts . S o m e o f t h e m a in h e a l t h h a z a r d s o n s ite a re a s b e s to s ,
s o lv e n ts , n o is e , a n d m a n u a l h a n d lin g a c tiv itie s .
UNIT 3. JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
M a n y c o n s tr u c tio n site s c a n n o t c o m p le te ly e x c lu d e n o n -w o rk e rs .
R o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite s m u s t o f te n a llo w tr a f f ic t o p a s s th r o u g h .
T h is p la c e s n o n - w o r k e r s a t s o m e d e g r e e o f n s k .
R o a d c o n s tr u c tio n s ite s a re b lo c k e d - o f f a n d tra ffic is r e d ir e c te d .
T h e s ite s a n d v e h ic le s a r e p r o t e c t e d b y s ig n s a n d b a r r ic a d e s .
H o w e v e r, s o m e tim e s e v e n th e s e sig n s a n d b a rric a d e s c a n b e a h a z a rd
to v e h ic le tr a f f ic . F o r e x a m p le , im p r o p e r ly d e s ig n e d b a r r ic a d e s
c a n c a u s e c a r s t h a t s t n k e t h e m t o ro ll o v e r o r e v e n b e t h r o w n in to
t h e a ir. E v e n a s im p le s a f e ty s ig n c a n p e n e t r a t e th e w in d s h ie ld o r
r o o f o f a c a r if h i t f r o m c e r ta in a n g le s.
U n d e r E u r o p e a n U n i o n L a w , th e r e a r e E u r o p e a n U n i o n
D ir e c tiv e s in p l a c e t o p r o t e c t w o r k e r s , n o ta b ly D ir e c tiv e 8 9 /3 9 1
( t h e F r a m e w o r k D ir e c tiv e ) a n d D ir e c tiv e 9 2 /5 7 ( th e T e m p o r a r y
a n d M o b ile S ite s D ir e c tiv e ) . T h is le g is la tio n is tr a n s p o s e d in to t h e
M e m b e r S ta te s a n d p la c e s r e q u ir e m e n ts o n e m p lo y e r s a n d o th e r s
t o a sse ss a n d p r o t e c t w o r k e r s ’ h e a lth a n d sa fe ty .
I n t h e U n i t e d S ta te s t h e O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e ty a n d H e a l t h
A d m in is tr a tio n se ts a n d e n fo rc e s th e sta n d a r d s c o n c e r n in g w o rk p la c e
sa fe ty a n d h e a lth .
*
23.
a)
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKIN G
L is te n t o th e T e x t “ C o n str u c tio n C a r e e r s ” .
A n sw e r t h e q u e stio n s t h a t fo llo w .
1. A r e c o n s t r u c t i o n c a r e e r s t h e s a m e in d if f e r e n t c o u n tr ie s ?
2 . W h a t is th e f irst tie r o f c o n s tr u c tio n c a r e e r s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y ?
3 . W h a t is s p e c if ic o f t h e s e c o n d t i e r o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c a r e e r s ?
4 . W h a t is t h e t h i r d t i e r o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c a r e e r s b a s e d o n ?
5 . H o w a re f u r th e r e d u c a tio n q u a lific a tio n s o b ta in e d in B r ita in ?
6.
H ow
m a n y c o n s tr u c tio n - r e la te d a p p r e n tic e s h ip s w e re
c o m m e n c e d in B r ita in in 2 0 0 7 ?
7. W h a t p r o f e s s io n s r e q u ir e m o r e le g a l r e s p o n s ib ility ?
70
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
ЗА of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about different construction careers.
d) Tell your groupmates about any construction career your
relatives or friends made.
24. Listen to the Text "Construction Engineers”.
a) As you listen, make notes under the following headings.
1 The areas in which construction engineers are involved.
2. The design o f structures in the 19th - 21st centuries
3 Construction engineers’ role on the building site
4, Construction engineers’ skills.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
3B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about construction engineers’ responsibilities.
UNIT 4
A LIVING PLACE
SECTION 1
ffl
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e th e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y t o th e t e x t
“ B u ild in g S t y le s ” a n d tr a n s la te th e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1. r a n g e [ 'r e in tf e ]
n v
— ряд, серия, д и ап азон , интервал,
предел; к о лебаться в пределах, класси ф и ц и р о в ать, п р о ­
стираться
W e w ill c o n t i n u e w i t h o u r p l a n n e d
a g g r e g a te
ranges in
range o f
p r o d u c ts . C o u r s e
s iz e f r o m 2 0 m m t o 4 0 m m .
2 . add v — д о б а в л я т ь , п р и б а в л я т ь , п р и с о е д и н я т ь
a d d itiv e [ 'a e d a tiv ]
a d d itio n [ 'a e d if n ]
n — добавка, п рисадка,
n — добавка, присадка
прим есь
in a d d itio n to — в д о п о л н е н и е к , к р о м е т о г о , к т о м у ж е
I f th e re s is ta n c e o f a ll th e e le m e n ts o f th e r o o f s tr u c tu r e
is added,
th is g iv e s t h e t o t a l o r o v e r a ll th e r m a l r e s is ta n c e . T h is is t h e m o s t
e f f e c tiv e p r o t e c t i o n a g a in s t fre e z in g w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f h a r m f u l
c h e m ic a l
additives. In addition to g iv in g
a g e n e r a l in tr o d u c t i o n t o
c o m p u te r s , th e c o u r s e a ls o p r o v id e s p r a c tic a l e x p e r ie n c e .
3 . d w ellin g
n
— ж илищ е, индивидуальны й ж илой дом
T h e c ity p la n m u s t b e fle x ib le s o t h a t it m a y r e n e w its
dwellings.
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
72
4.
m a n s io n [ 'm a e n f n j
A handsom e
5
п — ж илой дом , особняк
mansion w as e r e c te d u p o n a n e w site.
c o n d o m in iu m [ ( k o n d a 'm in i3 m ]
n — амер. м н о г о к в а р т и р ­
н ы й д о м (в к о т о р о м к в а р т и р ы н а х о д я т с я в ч а с т н о м в л а ­
дении)
T h is is a lu x u rio u s p n v a te
condominium c o m p r is in g 16 v illas
w ith p riv a te g a rd e n s a n d a lso a la rg e s w im m in g p o o l.
6. te n e m e n t [ 't e n o m o n t ]
n — м н огокварти рн ы й дом , сда­
ваем ы й в аренду
The
tenement b lo c k s o n e a c h s id e o f th e s tr e e t, c o m p r is in g
21 fla ts , a re to b e s o ld off.
7. b lo c k o f fla ts — м н о г о к в а р т и р н ы й ж и л о й д о м
M an y new
blocks o f flats a re t o b e b u ilt a c c o r d in g t o t h e n e w
d e v e lo p m e n t p la n .
8. tim ber-fram ed b o u se — д е р е в я н н ы й к а р к а с н ы й д о м
d eta ch ed h o u se [d i'ta e tft] — о т д е л ь н о с т о я щ и й ж и л о й д о м
se m i-d e ta c h e d h o u se (s e m is ) — д о м и з д в у х к в а р т и р
d u p lex h o u s e [ 'd j u .p l e k s ] —
амер. д в у х э т а ж н ы й д о м ,
д о м - д у п л е к с (с к в а р т и р а м и , р а с п о л о ж е н н ы м и о д н а н а д
д ругой )
r a n c h -s ty le h o u s e [ 'r a m t f s t a i l ] — д о м т и п а р а н ч о
ap a rtm en t h o u s e [o 'p c n tm o n t] — м н о г о к в а р т и р н ы й д о м
m o b ile h o u se [ 'm a u b a il] — п е р е д в и ж н о й д о м
terra ced h o u s e s [ 't e r o s t ] — д о м а р я д о в о й з а с т р о й к и
P e o p le in t h e w o r ld ’s c o ld e s t c lim a te s p r e f e r t o liv e in timberframe houses. M a n y B ritis h p e o p le t h i n k t h a t a detached house is
t h e b e s t ty p e o f h o u s e to h a v e P lo t 5 is a t h r e e b e d r o o m semi­
detached house w ith p a rk in g s p a c e . T h is b e d r o o m duplex house is
lo c a te d ju s t 10 m e te rs fro m th e sea. A 15th c e n tu r y to w e r is a tta c h e d
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
to a n e a t
73
ranch-style house. Apartment houses a re m o s tly b u ilt t o
Mobile houses h a v e v e r y s m a ll w h e e ls a n d
s u it u r b a n c o n d i t i o n s
a re r a r e ly m o v e d f r o m t h e i r u s u a l p la c e
9.
s tu d io ['stju .-d isu ] (sy n .) lo ft
n
— одноком натная квар­
тира
A la rg e
studio a p a r t m e n t
in th is b lo c k is lo c a te d w i t h i n w a lk in g
d is ta n c e t o t h e tu b e .
10. h o u sin g e s t a t e [ l 's t e i t ] — р а й о н ж и л о й з а с т р о й к и
L a rg e m o d e m
housing estates a d ja c e n t t o
th e s c h o o l c o n tr a s t w ith
t h e f a r m la n d o p p o s ite th e site .
11. h o u sin g d e v e lo p m e n t — з а с т р о й к а ж и л о г о к в а р т а л а
T h e s ite s a r e b a s e d w i t h i n t h e E a s t o f S c o tla n d a n d a r e m a in ly
la rg e v o lu m e
housing developments.
12. tile d r o o f [ T a ile d ] — ч е р е п и ч н а я к р ы ш а
p o in te d r o o f — о с т р о к о н е ч н а я к р ы ш а , о с т р о в е р х а я
кры ш а
t h a tc h e d r o o f ['G a e tft] — с о л о м е н н а я , т р о с т н и к о в а я
кры ш а
T h is r e d b r i c k h o u s e b u ilt w ith
a tiled roof is s itu a te d
in a n ic e
a r e a w ith a g a r d e n s h e d . I t is a h u g e , h a n d s o m e b u ild in g w ith a
a pointed roof. T h e
w a lls a n d thatched roof.
c e n t r a l r in g o f s le n d e r i r o n p illa r s s u p p o r tin g
c o tta g e l o o k e d s o s tr a n g e w ith its lo w w h ite
13. e x te n d [ i k 's t e n d ] v — р а с ш и р я т ь ( д о м и т . п .) , у д л и н я т ь
T h e w a lls c a n b e m o v e d a n d r e c o n s t r u c t e d
14. r a th e r th a n ['г с и З э ] — а н е , в м е с т о
I c a n d o it n o w
rather than
to m o rro w .
to extend t h e
shop.
74 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
15. d esp ite [ d i 's p a i t ]
Despite s u rp lu s
prep —
несм отря на
h o u s in g o n t h e m a r k e t, m a n y fa m ilie s s till re ly
o n so c ia l h o u s in g c o n s tru c tio n .
16. co n ta in [ k a n 't e i n ] v — с о д е р ж а т ь , в к л ю ч а т ь , в м е щ а т ь
T h e f o r m u la in c lu d e s s a n d a n d m in e r a ls w h ic h
contain
o x id e s
o f a l u m in u m , iro n c a lc iu m a n d m a g n e s iu m .
17. d a te (fro m ) v — с у щ е с т в о в а т ь (с к а к о г о - л . в р е м е н и ) ,
о т н о с и т ь с я к о п р е д е л е н н о м у в р е м е н и , в е с т и н а ч а л о (о т
ч е г о -л .)
dates from V ic to r ia n
T h is ty p e o f h o u s e
tim e s .
18. pull dow n v — с н о с и т ь (с о о р у ж е н и е )
In o ld to w n s a n d c itie s t h e h o u s e s w h ic h n o lo n g e r m e e t m o d e m
re q u ir e m e n ts
have been pulled down.
19. s im ila r (t o ) [ 's i m o b ]
adj
— подобны й, схож ий, по­
хож ий
sim ila rity [^ s im o 'Ia e ro ti]
M y h o u s e is
similar to
n—
по д о б и е, сходство
y o u rs . H o w m u c h
similarity
is th e r e
b e tw e e n th e s e tw o b u ild in g styles?
20. c lo s e (to ) [ 'k la u s ]
adv
— б л и зк о
C e m e n t s h o u ld b e s to re d as
2.
close to t h e
m ix e rs as p o ssib le .
R ea d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o rd s. L o o k
up th e ir tra n scrip tio n s in th e d ictio n a ry i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a rt o f s p e e c h
P u b lic
n,
m o b ile
p a ir
n,
adj,
adj,
n,
n, b u n g a lo w n,
adj, p ro fe s s io n a l adj, m o d e r n iz e
s ty le
s e p a r a te
n,
t r a ile r
a s s o c ia te v, a p a r tm e n t
n,
c o tta g e
b a s ic
adj,
v,
p lu s
adv,
c h a r a c t e r n,
e x tre m e ly
UN IT4 . A LIVING PLACE
p o p u l a r adj, s t a r t v, d o u b le
e q u iv a le n t adj.
3.
75
adj, a s b e s to s n, d r a in a g e n, fix v,
M a t c h th e p a ir s o f sy n o n y m s fr o m A and В and t r a n s la te
A
В
1. c lo s e
a. r e s e m b la n c e
2 . e x te n d
b . i n c lu d e
3. s tu d io
c. hou se
4 . s im ila r ity
d . le n g th e n
5. s e m i - d e t a c h e d h o u s e
e . im p re s s iv e h o u s e
6 . d w e llin g
f. v a r ie ty
7. r a n g e
g. n e a r
8. c o n t a i n
h . s e m is
9. m a n s io n
l. a d d itiv e
10. a d d itio n
j . lo f t
4 . M a t c h th e verb o n th e le ft w ith a su ita b le ite m o n
r ig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. la y
a. c h e m ic a l a d d itiv e s
2. b u ild
b . a n a p a r t m e n t in a t e n e m e n t
3. r a n g e
c . f r o m t h e 1 0 th c e n tu r y A D
4. u se
d. a tile d r o o f
5. liv e
e. d o w n a n o ld b l o c k o f fla ts
6. d a te
f. in q u a n tity a n d in te n s ity
7. s e ll
g. f a s h io n a b le w ith p e o p le
8. p u ll
h . o f f a r a n c h - s ty le h o u s e
9. re n t
i. in a n a p a r t m e n t h o u s e
10. b e c o m e
j . a ti m b e r - f r a m e d h o u s e
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
76
5 . M a k e th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s c o m p le te b y tr a n sla tin g th e
w ords and p h ra ses in b r a ck ets.
I.
T h e m a p s h o w s th e ra n g e o f (з а с т р о й к и ж и л ы х к в а р т а л о в )
a r o u n d M a n h a tta n . 2. T e c h n ic a lly , а ( м н о г о к в а р т и р н ы й д о м ,
в к о т о р о м к в а р т и р ы н а х о д я т с я в ч а с т н о м в л а д е н и и ) is а
c o lle c tio n o f in d iv id u a l h o m e u n its a lo n g w ith t h e la n d u p o n w h ic h
t h e y s it 3. L a rg e n u m b e r s o f (д о м а р я д о в о й з а с т р о й к и ) w e re
b u ilt in t h e s u b u rb s o f la rg e A u s tra lia n c itie s in th e 1850s 4. ( К р о ­
м е ) b u y in g a n d s e llin g u s e d tru c k s , t h e c o m p a n y is a ls o a d e a le r
fo r n e w c o n s tr u c tio n e q u i p m e n t . 5. T h e d e c is io n w a s t a k e n fo r
p o litic a l (а н е ) m ilita ry re a s o n s . 6. A l th o u g h s te e l f r a m in g is (с х о ­
ж и й ) t r a d i t i o n a l f r a m i n g in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s , t h e
c o n s tr u c tio n m a te n a ls a re v a stly d iffe re n t, a n d b u ild e rs n e e d t o b e
tra in e d to u se t h e m c o rre c tly . 7. S p a c io u s a n d d ig n ifie d a p a r tm e n ts
o f th e (р а й о н ж и л о й з а с т р о й к и ) a re e s p e c ia lly e x q u is ite d u e t o
h ig h ly in d iv id u a l d e s ig n e r a p p r o a c h . 8 . L o o k u p a n d y o u w ill s e e
o u r b u ild in g , a ta ll b u ild in g w ith а ( о с т р о к о н е ч н а я к р ы ш а ) . 9.
( Н е с м о т р я н а ) b e in g e n th u s ia s tic a b o u t h a v in g a g r e e n r o o f, w e
re a lly h a d n o id e a h o w t o c o n s t r u c t o n e . 10. C o tta g e h o u s in g
p ro v id e s a n o p tio n th a t p re s e rv e s th e p n v a c y a n d p e r s o n a l s p a c e o f
а ( о т д е л ь н о с т о я щ и й ж и л о й д о м ) in a s m a lle r a n d le ss c o s tly
u n it.
6 . R ea d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g g ro u p s o f s e n te n c e s pa y in g
a tte n tio n to th e w o rd s in ita lic s w h ich c a n fu n c tio n a s a nou n
and a verb , o r a v erb an d an a d jectiv e, o r a n o u n an d a n a d jectiv e,
w ith th e s a m e fo rm . T h e y ca n h a v e sim ila r o r d ifferen t m ea n in g s.
L o o k up y o u r d ictio n a ry if n e c e s s a r y .
range o f b u ild in g m a te n a ls .
range f r o m m o d e m t o c o u n t r y o n e s
T h e y in s ta lle d a n e w e l e c t n c range.
T h e s e c h u r c h e s dale f r o m t h e 1 2 th c e n tu ry .
T h is c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d is v e ry u p - t o -date.
I c a n ’t r e a d t h e date o n th is le tte r.
1. a. T h e c o m p a n y p u ts o u t a la rg e
b . B u ild in g s ty le s
c.
2. a.
b.
c.
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
3 . a. M a n y f a m ilie s a r e in n e e d o f b e t t e r
housing.
b . T h a t m a c h in e s h o u ld b e p r o t e c t e d b y a m e ta l
housing p r o b le m is m r e n o v a tio n
T h e s h o p s close o n S u n d a y s .
T h e h o u s e is close t o t h e p a r k .
T h e tw o b r o t h e r s a r e v e ry close.
T h e y liv e in t h e t o p flat.
T h e r o o f o f th i s b u ild in g is flat
H is c a r h a d a fla t ty r e
c . T h e m a in
4. a.
b.
c.
5. a.
b.
c.
7.
77
housing.
o f b u ild in g s .
S tu d y th e fo llo w in g p a tte r n s sh o w in g th e w a y s s o m e n o u n
a r e fo r m e d fr o m a d je c tiv e s and o th e r n o u n s. C o m p le te th e c h a r ts
w ith n o u n s. S o m e o f th e m issin g w o r d s a r e fr o m th e t e x t s o f th e
U n it. R e a d and tr a n s la te th e m in to R u ssia n . U s e y o u r d ic tio n a r y
t o h e lp y o u w ith th e p r o n u n c ia tio n .
Pattern 11
A d j e c tiv e /N o u n + -ia n —►N o u n
T h e - ia n su ffix is u s e d f o r a p e r s o n s k ille d in o r s tu d y in g
th e s ta te d su b je c t.
Example', t e c h n ic a l
Adjective/Noun
— т е х н и ч е с к и й —> te c h n ic ia n — т е х н и к
Noun
e le c tr ic
______________________
h is to ric
______________________
m a th e m a tic s
______________________
o p tic a l
______________________
p o litic a l
______________________
78 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Pattern 12
N o u n + -is t
N oun
T h e - i s t su ffix is u s e d fo r a p e r s o n w h o s tu d ie s , p r o d u c e s ,
p la y s , o r o p e ra te s .
Example, e c o n o m ic s
— э к о н о м и к а - » e c o n o m is t — э к о н о м и с т
Noun
Noun
s c ie n c e
______________________
p h y sics
______________________
to u r
______________________
novel
______________________
e d u c a tio n
______________________
ty p e
______________________
Pattern 13
I A d je c tiv e + - n e s s - » N o u n
|
T h e - n e s s su ffix is u s e d fo r a c o n d i t i o n , q u a lity ,
o r d e g re e o f s o m e th in g .
Example
Adjective
effectiv e
h ap p y — с ч а с т л и в ы й
—>h a p p in e s s
— счастье
Noun
______________________
a ttra c tiv e
______________________
aw are
______________________
k in d
______________________
frie n d ly
______________________
w eak
______________________
UNIT 4. A LIVING PLACE
79
Pattern 14
I
A d je c tiv e /N o u n
+- c y - > N o u n
|
T h e - c y su ffix is u s e d f o r a s ta te o r q u a lity .
Example, a c c u r a te — т о ч н ы й —» a c c u r a c y — т о ч н о с т ь
Adjective/Noun
Noun
d e f ic ie n t
e f fic ie n t
_______
dependent
_______
fre q u e n t
______________________
c o n s u lta n t
______________________
p r e s id e n t
______________________
agent
______________________
©
8.
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
U s e t h e m o d e l v erb s m u s t (д о л ж е н ), c a n ( м о г у , у м е ю ) , m a
(м о ж н о , р а з р е ш е н о ) , sh o u ld (с л е д у е т / с о в е т / ) , o u g h t to ( с л е д у ­
е т / у п р е к / ) t o c o m p le te t h e s e n t e n c e s . T h e r e m a y b e m o r e th a n
1.
I t ’s to o f a r t o w a lk f r o m h e r e t o t h e s ta tio n . Y o u ... ta k e
ta x i. 2 . S a r a h g o t t h e j o b b e c a u s e s h e ... s p e a k fiv e la n g u a g e s .
3.
T h e w in d o w s a r e d ir ty . I ... c l e a n t h e m . 4 . Y o u ... u s e a
d ic tio n a r y . 5 . 1 lik e t h i s h o t e l r o o m . Y o u ... s e e t h e la k e f r o m t h e
w in d o w . 6 . I t ’s a g o o d film . Y o u ... s e e it. 7 . H e ... ta k e m y
b o o k . 8 . W e ... g o t o t h e b a n k to d a y . W e h a v e n o m o n e y .
9.
W h e n y o u a r e d r iv in g , y o u ... w e a r a s e a t b e lt. 10. W e ... se e
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
80
th e la k e f r o m o u r w in d o w
11. I f y o u h a v e tim e , y o u ... v isit t h e
m u s e u m . I t ’s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g .
to m o r r o w .
13
12. I ... c o m e a n d s e e y o u
S h e ... u s e t h i s c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m .
14. Y o u r
s a la r y is v e ry lo w . Y o u ... lo o k f o r a n o t h e r jo b . 15. M a r y is a
v e ry in te r e s tin g p e r s o n . Y o u .
m e e t h e r . 16. T a k e a n u m b r e lla
w ith y o u w h e n y o u g o o u t. I t ... r a in la te r . 17 S a n d r a ... d r iv e
b u t s h e h a s n ’t g o t a c a r 18. T o m o r r o w th e g a m e is v e ry im p o r ta n t
f o r u s. W e . . w in . 19. S t u d e n t s ... b r in g te x tb o o k s in t o t h e
e x a m in a tio n r o o m . 2 0 . I t ’s la te a n d y o u ’re v e ry tir e d . Y o u ... g o
to b e d .
9 . R e fe r th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s to th e p a s t and th e fu tu re by
ch a n g in g th e fo rm s o f th e m o d a l v erb s m u s t ( h a v e t o / b e to ) , c a n
(c o u ld , b e a b le to ) , m a y ( b e a llo w e d to ); u se th em in th e n e g a tiv e
and in te r r o g a tiv e . T r a n sla te th e s e n t e n c e s in to R u ssia n .
A ) 1. H e m u s t r e a d th e b o o k . 2 . A s e c r e ta r y m u s t c o m e t o w o rk
in tim e . 3. W e m u s t p a s s t h e e x a m i n a t i o n m E n g lis h . 4 . I m u s t
f in is h th e tr a n s l a t i o n in tim e 5 . H e m u s t w o r k h a r d .
B ) 1. S h e c a n tr a n s la te th is s e n te n c e f r o m E n g lis h in to R u s s ia n .
2 J a n e c a n c o n tin u e h e r s tu d ie s a t th e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e d e p a r tm e n t.
3.
1 c a n h ire a c a r f r o m o u r lo c a l g a r a g e
4. D r P a r k e r c a n se e
y o u a t tw e lv e o n T u e s d a y . 5. T h e y c a n u se a c o m p u t e r t o d o
c a lc u la tio n s .
C ) 1. Y o u m a y s to p w o r k e a r ly t o d a y . 2 T h e s t u d e n ts m a y u se
th is lib r a r y . 3. H e m a y ta k e m y b ik e . 4 . J o h n m a y u se m y o ffic e .
5.
Y o u m a y g o h o m e a f t e r y o u r le c tu r e s .
1 0 . R e a d a n d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s w ith th e m o d a l
v erb s e x p r e ssin g d e g r e e s o f c e r ta in ty a n d p o ssib ility in th e p r e se n t
a n d in th e fu tu re: m u s t (н а в е р н о е , д о л ж н о б ы т ь ) , m a y /m ig h t
( в е р о я т н о , в о зм о ж н о ), c a n ’t ( н е м о ж е т б ы т ь ).
1.
Н е m a y liv e in a n a p a r t m e n t in t h e d o w n to w n a r e a o f t h
c ity 2. Y o u a r e a b u ild in g e n g in e e r , a r e n ’t y o u ? T h a t m u s t b e a n
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
81
in te r e s tin g jo b . 3. I m a y a sk y o u t o h e lp m e la te r 4 M a ry m u s t
g e t v e ry t ir e d in h e r jo b S h e d o e s th e s a m e th i n g ev e ry d a y . 5. H e
m ig h t n o t b e w o rk in g t o d a y . 6 T h a t c a n ’t b e J o h n , h e is in
London.
1 1 . R ea d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s w ith th e m o d a l
v erb s ex p r e s s in g d e g r e e s o f c e r ta in ty , p o ssib ility o r o b lig a tio n in
th e p a st.
Example
H e must h a v e
lo st h is p e n s o m e w h e re . — О н
должно быть г д е -
т о по тер ял с во ю книгу.
Y ou
should h a v e
d o n e t h a t jo b . — В а м
следовало {бы) с д е л а т ь
эту работу.
1.
M o s t o f th e s e p i p e s m u s t h a v e b e e n h id d e n f ro m v ie w in t h e
f in is h e d h o u s e . 2. C o u n c il h o u s e s w e re s o b a d ly b u ilt t h a t th e y
s h o u ld h a v e b e e n p u lle d d o w n t e n y e a rs a g o . 3. T h e y c a n ’t h a v e
b u ilt th e h o u s e o f t h e i r o w n o u t o f th e n e a r e s t a v a ila b le m a te ria ls .
4.
T h is te c h n o lo g y m u s t h a v e b e e n a p p lie d t o a n e w ly d e s ig n e d
b u ild in g . 5. T h e s e b u ild in g e x p e rts s h o u ld h a v e b e c o m e in v o lv e d
m o re a c tiv e ly in th e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s . 6. T h is ty p e o f h o u s e
m a y n o t h a v e b e c o m e a m a n s io n .
1 2 . R ea d and tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s in to R u ssia n
p a y in g a tte n tio n to th e m ea n in g and u se o f th e m o d a l verb s and
th e ir eq u iv a len t fo rm s.
1.
T h e f o u n d a tio n h a s t o b e s tr o n g e n o u g h t o h o l d u p th e
b u ild in g . 2. W e t p la s te r m u s t b e g iv e n a fe w w e e k s t o d r y o u t
b e fo re t h a t c a n b e d o n e . 3. T h e d e s ig n e r m u st p la n t h e r e la tio n s h ip
b e tw e e n th e p o s itio n o f th e c r a n e , th e l o c a tio n o f th e h e a v ie r lo a d s
to b e lifte d , a n d t h e p o s itio n w h e re th e y a re to b e p l a c e d in th e
b u ild in g . 4 . A n a p a r t m e n t w ith o n ly o n e r o o m m a y b e c a lle d a
s tu d io o r a lo ft. 5. W h ile t h e f o u n d a tio n s a re b e in g b u i l t , t h e
82
I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
m a in d r a in s m u s t b e la id t o c o n n e c t u p t o t h e p u b lic se w e rs. 6.
T ra v e l fro m W e s te rn F ra n c e a c ro s s to th e U ra ls a n d y o u w ill be a b le
t o s e e c itie s s u r r o u n d e d b y m o d e m h ig h - r is e b lo c k s o f flats. 7. H e
c a n ’t h a v e f in is h e d t h a t jo b y e s te rd a y . 8 O n c e t h e f o u n d a tio n a n d
flo o r w e re c o m p le te , th e m a in p a r t o f t h e h o u s e c o u ld b e b u ilt u p .
9. A ll c o n s tru c tio n p re p a ra tio n s m a y h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d last w eek
10. T h e c o n s u ltin g e n g in e e r s a re o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t a ste e l f ra m e
o u g h t to b e u s e d in th e in te re s ts o f th e s p e e d o f c o n s tr u c tio n . 11
P la s te r m ig h t b e a p p lie d s tra ig h t o n t o b a c k w a lls. 12. T h e first
c o u rs e s o f b ric k s w ill h a v e to b e b u ilt c a re fu lly , fo r th e w h o le b u ild in g
w ill re s t o n th e m . 13. H e a v y tim b e r s s h o u ld b e u s e d fo r s u p p o rtin g
th e ro o f. 14. T h e y w ill b e a llo w e d t o b e g in w o r k in s id e th e h o u s e
w h e n th e o u t e r s h e ll is c o m p le te . 16. H e s h o u ld h a v e m o v e d fr o m
a h o u s e in to a b u n g a lo w . 17. S in c e t h e 198 0 s, c o u n c il t e n a n t s
h a v e b e e n a b le t o b u y t h e i r o w n h o m e s v e r y c h e a p ly i f th e y h a v e
liv e d in th e m fo r o v e r tw o y e a rs . 18. I f re n t s a re h ig h n e a r w h e re
p e o p le w o rk , t h e y h a v e t o c o m m u t e lo n g d is ta n c e s b y c a r o r b u s
e v e ry d ay .
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
B e fo r e y o u r e a d T e x t 4 A “ B u ild in g S t y le s ” , stu d y th e
s ta te m e n ts g iv e n b e lo w . D o y o u th in k th e y a r e tr u e o r fa lse ?
a ) T h e r e a re o n ly o ld b u ild in g s in B rita in .
b ) T h e r e a re a l o t o f la rg e h o u s e s in th e U n ite d S ta te s .
c ) A m e r ic a n s d o n ’t lik e t o live in c ity c e n tre s .
d ) T h e r e a re a l o t o f d iffe re n t ty p e s o f h o u s e s i n t h e U S .
e ) V illa g e s a re n o t p le a s a n t p la c e s t o liv e .
f) A d e t a c h e d h o u s e is th e m o s t p re s tig io u s ty p e o f h o u s e .
g ) A s e m i- d e ta c h e d h o u s e is t h e m o st e x p e n s iv e ty p e o f h o u s e .
h ) O n ly w o r k in g p e o p le liv e in te r r a c e d h o u s e s .
l)
C o tta g e s a re re g a rd e d a s d r e a m h o m e s b y s o m e p e o p le ,
g)
B lo c k s o f fla ts w e re b u ilt b e c a u s e t h e y d i d n ’t n e e d a n y re p a ir.
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
14.
83
R ea d T e x t 4A . F in d th e a n sw ers to th e tr u e /fa ls e sta te m e n ts.
T h e r e is o n e s ta te m e n t fo r e a c h p a r a g r a p h . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s
w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
• TEXT 4A
B u ild in g S tyles
H o u s e s a n d p u b lic b u ild in g s in B r ita in a n d t h e U S h a v e b e e n
b u i l t i n a ra n g e o f s ty le s a n d m a te r ia ls . O ld a n d n e w s t a n d s id e b y
s id e . I n B r ita in t h e r e a r e tim b e r - f r a m e d h o u s e s , b u ild in g s o f b r ic k
o r s t o n e , a n d m o d e m c o n c r e t e a n d g la ss s tr u c tu r e s . M a n y U S
a r c h ite c tu r a l s ty le s c a m e o r ig in a lly f r o m E u r o p e .
I n t h e U S t h e r e is p l e n t y o f s p a c e , e x c e p t in b ig c itie s , s o m a n y
h o u s e s a r e la ig e a n d h a v e a lo t o f g a r d e n a r o u n d th e m . M o s t a r e
d e t a c h e d , b u t th e r e a r e a ls o d u p le x e s . R a n c h - s ty le h o u s e s a r e b u ilt
o n o n e f lo o r o n ly . M a n s io n s a re v e ry la rg e h o u s e s w h e r e n c h p e o p le
liv e . S o m e ty p e s o f h o u s e s a r e a s s o c ia te d w ith c e r t a i n p a r t s o f th e
c o u n try .
N e w Y o rk C ity ,
fo r in s ta n c e ,
is f a m o u s f o r i t s
b r o w n s to n e , ta ll, n a r r o w b u ild in g s n a m e d a f t e r th e m a te r ia l u s e d
t o b u ild th e m . I n th e M id w e s t th e r e a re m a n y w o o d e n f r a m e h o u se s
w ith p o i n t e d ro o fs. T h e S o u th h a s w o o d e n h o u s e s b u ilt b e f o r e th e
C iv il W a r in t h e a n t e b e llu m s ty le . B u t a ll o v e r th e U S h o u s e s a r e
b u ilt in m a n y d if f e r e n t sty le s.
M a n y A m e ric a n s p r e f e r to live
in t h e s u b u r b s r a t h e r t h a n in a
c ity c e n tr e in o r d e r t o h a v e a
p le a s a n t e n v ir o n m e n t a n d p le n ty
o f s p a c e . T h e y o f t e n liv e o n
h o u s in g d e v e lo p m e n ts , a re a s
w h e r e all th e h o u s e s w e re b u ilt a t
th e s a m e t im e a n d a r e s im ila r in
s ty le .
I n c itie s m a n y p e o p le r e n t a n
a p a r tm e n t in a n a p a r tm e n t
b u ild in g . A p a r tm e n ts u su a lly h a v e
84
I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
n o m o re th a n th r e e b e d r o o m s , a n d a re o f te n re n te d fu rn is h e d .
A n a p a r tm e n t w ith o n ly o n e r o o m m a y b e c a lle d a s tu d io o r a
lo ft. A b u ild in g in w h ic h th e a p a r tm e n ts a re o w n e d b y t h e p e o p le
w h o live in th e m is c a lle d a c o n d o m in iu m o r a c o - o p . P o o r p e o p le
m a y liv e in a p a r tm e n ts in te n e m e n t s in th e d o w n to w n a r e a o f a
c ity , in s m a ll, v e ry b a sic h o u s e s o r in m o b ile h o m e s . D e s p ite th e
n a m e , m a n y p e o p le k e e p t h e ir m o b ile h o m e in a t r a i l e r p a r k a n d
n e v e r m o v e it.
M a n y p e o p le in B n ta in liv e in th e s u b u rb s c o n s is tin g o f n e w
h o u sin g e states, w hile o th e rs w ere o rig in ally villages th a t h av e b e c o m e
jo in e d to th e to w n as it h a s g ro w n . V illag es a re c o n s id e r e d t o b e
p le a s a n t p la c e s t o liv e, a s t h e y a re q u ie t e r a n d le ss p o l l u t e d t h a n
to w n s a n d a re c lo s e r to th e c o u n tr y s id e . T h e y u s u a lly c o n t a i n a
ra n g e o f h o u s e s , in c lu d in g o ld c o tta g e s a n d n e w h o u s e s a n d
b u n g a lo w s.
M o s t h o u s e s a re b u ilt o f b n c k w ith a tile d ro o f, th o u g h s o m e a re
b u ilt o f s to n e . T h e la rg e s t a n d m o s t e x p e n s iv e ty p e o f h o u s e is a
d e ta c h e d h o u s e , w h ic h is n o t j o in e d to o th e r h o u s e s a n d h a s a
g a r d e n all r o u n d it. D e ta c h e d h o u s e s h a v e a t le a st th r e e b e d r o o m s
a n d o n e o r tw o b a th r o o m s u p s ta ir s , a n d o n e o r m o re liv in g r o o m s
p lu s a s e p a ra te d in in g r o o m a n d k i t c h e n d o w n s ta irs .
S e m i- d e ta c h e d h o u s e s , o r s e m is , a re e x tre m e ly c o m m o n . T h e y
a re b u ilt in p a irs w ith o n e h o u s e j o i n e d t o th e o th e r a lo n g o n e sid e .
T h e s e h o u se s u su ally h av e tw o o r th re e b e d ro o m s . T h e re is a se p a ra te
g a r d e n a t th e f ro n t a n d th e b a c k f o r e a c h h o u se .
T e r r a c e d h o u s e s d a te fr o m V ic to r ia n a n d E d w a rd ia n tim e s a n d
w e re b u ilt m a in ly f o r w o r k in g - c la s s p e o p le . F o u r o r m o r e h o u s e s
a re jo in e d to g e t h e r i n a ro w . T e r r a c e d h o u s e s w e re o rig in a lly q u ite
sm a ll. M o s t h a v e n o w b e e n e x te n d e d a n d b a th r o o m s a d d e d , a n d in
so m e to w n s th e y h av e b e c o m e fa sh io n a b le w ith p ro fe s s io n a l p e o p le .
C o tta g e s a re s m a ll, v e ry o ld v illag e h o u s e s . S o m e h a v e th a tc h e d
ro o fs. M a n y h a v e b e e n m o d e r n iz e d in s id e b u t still k e e p th e w o o d e n
b e a m s a n d o th e r f e a tu re s t h a t a r e t h o u g h t t o g iv e t h e m c h a r a c te r .
S o m e p e o p le t h i n k o f a c o u n t r y c o tta g e a s th e ir d r e a m h o m e .
B u n g a lo w s h a v e o n e s to re y , a n d th is m a k e s th e m e sp e c ia lly p o p u la r
w ith o ld e r p e o p l e T h e y a r e m o s tly f o u n d in v illa g e s o r o n h o u s in g
e s tates.
H i g h - r i s e b l o c k s o f fla ts , s o m e t i m e s o v e r 2 0 s to r e y s h i g h w ith
s e v e ra l fla ts o n e a c h f l o o r , w e re b u i l t in m a n y t o w n s in t h e m i d
2 0 th ce n tu ry . M a n y h a v e s in c e b e e n p u lle d d o w n b e c a u s e th e y n e e d e d
a lo t o f r e p a i r s a n d b e c a u s e p e o p l e d id n o t lik e liv in g in t h e m
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 4 A th e p a ra g ra p h s a y in g a b o u t th e ty p e o f
h o u s e s m o s t B r itis h p e o p le p r e fe r t o liv e a n d t r a n s la te i t in to
R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a r a g r a p h s 6 —7 .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
.
Old a n d new s t a n d s id e b y s id e .
old a n d new r e f e r t o ?
W h a t d o t h e a d je c tiv e s
b)
They o f t e n liv e o n h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s .
they r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
c)
others w e re o rig in a lly v illa g e s t h a t h a v e b e c o m e j o i n e d t o t h e
t o w n a s it h a s g ro w n .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
d)
others r e f e r t o ?
They u s u a lly c o n t a i n a ra n g e o f h o u s e s , in c lu d in g o ld c o tta g e s
a n d n e w h o u s e s a n d b u n g a lo w s .
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
e)
they r e f e r to ?
some a r e b u i l t o f s to n e .
some r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
f)
this m a k e s them e s p e c ia lly p o p u l a r w i t h o l d e r p e o p le .
this a n d them r e f e r t o ?
W h at d o th e p ro n o u n s
86 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециаль>.<ктей
1 8 . F in d in T e x t 4 А so m e k ey w o r d s an d e x p r e s s io n s t o sp e a k
a b o u t d ifferen t ty p e s o f h o u se s in G r e a t B r ita in an d th e U n ite d
S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a . R e te ll th e T e x t in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 4 B “ B u ild in g H o u s e s ” and try t o u n d ersta n d
w h a t it is ab o u t an d w h a t in fo rm a tio n is a lread y k n o w n t o y o u .
• TEXT 4B
Building Houses
I n o r d e r t o u n d e r s ta n d h o w a
h o u s e is b u i l t w e m u s t s ta r t a t th e
b e g in n in g . T h e f ir s t t h i n g t o d o is
t o le v e l t h e g r o u n d a n d m a k e t h e
f o u n d a tio n s . T h e s e a re u su a lly m a d e
o f c o n c r e t e w h ic h is p o u r e d in t o
t r e n c h e s d u g in th e g r o u n d . T h e y
h a v e t o b e s tr o n g e n o u g h t o h o ld
u p th e
b u ild in g , a n d
so
i t is
im p o r t a n t t o p r e v e n t t h e m f r o m c r a c k in g o r s h if tin g . W h ile t h e
f o u n d a tio n s a re b e in g b u ilt, th e m a in d r a in s m u st b e la id t o c o n n e c t
u p t o t h e p u b lic s e w e rs.
A t i m b e r - f r a m e d b u ild in g h a s c o n c r e te f o u n d a tio n w alls o n to p
o f a f o o tin g o f c o n c r e te , a n d th e n t i m b e r sills w h ic h a r e a n c h o r e d
t o th e c o n c r e te w h ile it is still w e t. I n b r ic k - b u ilt h o u s e s th e c o u r s e s
o f b n c k s s ta r t o n t o p o f th e c o n c r e te f o u n d a tio n s . T h e firs t c o u r s e s
o f b r ic k s m u s t b e b u ilt c a re fu lly , f o r th e w h o le h o u s e w ill re s t o n
th e m
O n c e th e f o u n d a tio n s a n d f lo o r a r e c o m p le te , th e m a in p a r t o f
th e h o u s e c a n b e b u ilt u p . I n tim b e r - f r a m e d h o u s e s th e m a in
su p p o rtin g jo is ts a re s o m e tim e s m a d e o f s te e l o r re in fo rc e d c o n c re te .
H e a v y tim b e r s m u s t b e u s e d f o r s u p p o r tin g t h e r o o f a n d s ta ir s a n d
f o r d o o r a n d w in d o w f r a m e s ; f o r th e r e s t o f t h e s tr u c tu r e lig h te r
tim b e r is u se d . I n b r ic k - b u ilt h o u s e s th e w a lls are b u ilt u p in d o u b le
la y e rs a n d th e w o o d e n f r a m e w o r k f o r d o o r s a n d w in d o w s a s w e ll a s
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
87
t h e w o o d e n j o is ts f o r t h e flo o r s a r e in c o r p o r a t e d a s w o r k g o e s o n .
A s t h e h o u s e rises it is n e c e s s a ry t o p r o v id e s c a ffo ld in g a n d p la tf o r m s
f o r th e w o rk e rs t o s ta n d o n . T h is is m a d e o f s te e l tu b in g w ith p la n k s
l a id a c r o s s , la d d e r s t o g o u p a n d d o w n , a n d h o is ts t o lift u p th e
b u ild in g m a te r ia ls .
T h e r o o f o f t h e h o u s e m a y b e fla t o r s lo p in g . R a f te r s o f w o o d
a r e la id a c r o s s , w h ic h a re th e n c o v e r e d w ith s la te s o r tile s . I n s o m e
p la c e s th e y a r e c a lle d s h in g le s . T h e y m a y b e m a d e o f a n y m a te r ia l
t h a t is w a te r p r o o f , in c lu d in g c la y , c o n c r e te , m e ta l, a n d a s b e s to s .
T h e y a re l a id s o t h a t t h e y o v e r la p a n d le t t h e w a t e r r u n o ff.
A tim b e r - f r a m e d h o u s e m u s t b e c o v e r e d w ith e i t h e r tim b e r ,
b r ic k s , o r s o m e o t h e r c o v e r in g t o f in is h t h e w a lls . T h e r e w ill a ls o
p r o b a b ly b e a n in s u la tin g la y e r o f , f o r in s t a n c e , g la s s fib r e , t o
k e e p t h e h o u s e w a r m a n d d ry . T h is w ill b e p u t in b e t w e e n th e
liv in g s p a c e a n d th e r o o f t o p r e v e n t h e a t e s c a p in g u p w a r d s . B r ic k b u ilt h o u s e s h a v e in s u la tio n p u t in th e c a v ity b e tw e e n th e w a lls a n d
b e lo w th e ro o f.
W h e n th e o u t e r s h e ll is c o m p le te , w o r k c a n b e g in in s id e th e
h o u s e . T h e w alls a r e u su a lly lin e d w ith p la s te r . T h is m a y b e a p p lie d
s tra ig h t o n t o b r ic k w a lls o r it m a y c o m e in th e f o r m o f p la s te r b o a r d ,
w h i c h is a tt a c h e d to t h e w a lls o n s t r i p s o f w o o d c a lle d b a tte n s .
L a t e r it w ill b e p a i n t e d o r p a p e r e d f o r d e c o r a t i o n ; w e t p la s t e r
m u s t b e g iv e n a few w e e k s t o d r y o u t b e f o r e t h a t c a n b e d o n e .
P la s te r in g m u s t b e c a r e f u lly t i m e d t o f it in w i t h t h e w o r k o f th e
p lu m b e r s a n d e le c tr ic ia n s .
P lu m b e r s la y th e p i p e s f o r t h e w a te r s u p p ly , h e a tin g s y s te m ,
a n d d ra in a g e . T h e y a lso h a v e t o f ix th e d ra in a g e p ip e s o n th e o u ts id e
o f t h e h o u s e , w h ic h w ill j o i n u p t o th e d r a in s a n d s e w e r s , a n d p u t
i n t h e b a t h r o o m a n d k i t c h e n f ittin g s t o w h ic h t h e p i p e s a r e
c o n n e c te d . M o s t o f th e s e p i p e s h a v e to b e h id d e n f r o m v ie w in th e
f in is h e d h o u s e a n d s o s o m e o f th e m w ill b e f ix e d s o t h a t t h e y a r e
b e h in d th e p la s te r a f te r it h a s b e e n a p p lie d , a n d s o m e w ill b e u n d e r
t h e flo o r b o a r d s . S im ila rly , th e e le c tr ic w ire s a n d fittin g s w ill m o s tly
b e e m b e d d e d in p la s te r o r la id u n d e r th e flo o rs . S o m e t i m e s th e
w ire s a re e n c a s e d in p la s tic tu b e s w h ic h a r e la id a r o u n d th e e d g e o f
88 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
th e flo o rs a n d w in d o w fra m e s . T h e p lu m b e r a n d e le c tr ic ia n a ls o
w o rk to g e th e r in in s ta llin g s u c h th in g s a s c e n tr a l- h e a tin g b o ile rs .
A t th e s a m e tim e , c a r p e n te r s w ill b e w o rk in g in s id e th e h o u s e
fin is h in g t h e w o o d e n flo o rs, s ta irc a s e s , w in d o w f r a m e s a n d d o o r s ,
a s w ell a s fittin g c u p b o a rd s . L a s t o f a ll, th e p a in te r s a n d d e c o r a to r s
c o m e in to p a in t th e h o u s e in s id e a n d o u t.
2 0 . Id en tify th e to p ic o f e a c h p aragrap h o f T e x t 4 B .
2 1 . C o m p le t e t h e s e n t e n c e s c h o o s in g t h e b e s t v a r ia n t
co rresp o n d in g to th e c o n te n ts o f T e x t 4 B .
1) T h e f o u n d a tio n s h av e t o b e s tro n g e n o u g h
a) t o p r e v e n t th e m f r o m c ra c k in g .
b ) t o le v e l th e g r o u n d .
c ) to s u p p o r t th e b u ild in g .
2) T h e h o u s e w ill re s t o n
a ) a c o n c r e te fo u n d a tio n .
b ) th e firs t c o u rs e s o f b ric k s .
c ) to p o f a fo o tin g o f c o n c r e te .
3 ) S c a ffo ld in g a n d p la tf o r m s a re p ro v id e d fo r th e w o rk e rs
a) to s ta n d o n .
b ) to lift u p th e b u ild in g m a te ria ls .
c ) to g o u p a n d d o w n .
4 ) S la te s a re m a d e o f
a ) c lay .
b) w ood.
c) a n y w a te r p r o o f m a te ria ls .
5 ) D ra in a g e p ip e s a re c o n n e c te d to
a ) th e b a th r o o m a n d k itc h e n fittin g s.
b ) th e d r a in s a n d se w e rs.
c ) th e f lo o rb o a rd s
6)
T h e la s t t h i n g t o d o i n t h e h o u s e is
a ) t o i n s ta ll c e n t r a l h e a t i n g b o ile r s .
b ) t o f in is h t h e w o o d e n flo o rs , w in d o w f ra m e s a n d d o o rs .
c ) to p a in t th e h o u se .
22.
R ea d T e x t 4 C “ H o u s e s a n d H o m e s ” a n d fin d th e a n sw e r s
to th e s e q u e s tio n s . D is c u s s y o u r a n s w e r s w ith y o u r g ro u p m a te s .
a) H o w d o y o u k n o w th a t y o u a re m a n o th e r c o u n try ?
b ) W h a t w e r e t h e r e a s o n s t o c o n s t r u c t b lo c k s o f flats?
c ) W h a t p r o b l e m s d o p e o p l e f a c e , liv in g in b lo c k s o f fla ts?
d ) W h a t is t h e b a s ic i d e a o f h o m e f o r t h e E n g lis h ?
e ) H o w d o t h e E n g lis h d i s t i n g u i s h a f la t f r o m a h o u s e ?
f) W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e w o r d s
house a n d home?
g ) H o w d o e s a h o u s e q u a lify a s o l d in R u s s ia a n d E n g la n d ?
• TEXT 4C
Houses and Homes
E v e r y c o u n t r y h a s its d i s t i n c t i v e h o u s in g . C r o s s f r o m E n g l a n d
in to S c o tla n d o r fro m F ra n c e in to G e r m a n y o r S p a in , a n d y o u
k n o w in s ta n tly t h a t y o u a re in a n o t h e r c o u n tr y . I t is p a r t l y a m a t t e r
o f a r c h ite c tu r e , p a rtly a m a tte r o f th e w ay p e o p le c h o o s e to
d o m e s tic a te th e ir im m e d ia te s u rro u n d in g s.
T h e E n g lis h a re d is tin c tiv e in
t h e i r a v e r s i o n t o fla ts a n d t h e i r
d e v o t i o n t o r o w s o f s m a ll b r ic k
h o u ses. T rav el
fro m
W e s te r n
F ra n c e a c ro s s E u ro p e to th e U ra ls
a n d y o u w ill s ee c itie s s u r r o u n d e d
b y m o d e m b l o c k s o f h ig h - r is e
flats. T h e d etails o f a rc h ite c tu re w ill
v a ry , b u t all c o u n tr ie s h a v e f o u n d
t h a t th e o b v io u s so lu tio n t o c h e a p
n e w h o u s in g t o a c c o m m o d a t e
90 [ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
fa m ilie s m o v in g in fr o m th e c o u n tr y s id e o r d e m a n d in g im p ro v e d
c o n d itio n s w ith in th e to w n s is t o b u ild b lo c k s o f fla ts . T h e y s ta n d
in ro w s a n d c lu s te rs , n o t b e a u tifu l, n o t s p a c io u s , b u t c o n v e n ie n t
a n d e ffic ie n t. T h e p ro b le m s a re sim ila r: n o is e , c r a m p e d p u b lic
a re a s , u n p re d ic ta b le w a te r su p p lie s , b ro k e n lifts b u t t h e y a re h o m e s
f o r m illio n s o f p e o p le w h o p r e f e r th e m t o t h e m o r e p r im itiv e
c o n d itio n s th e y h a v e le ft. I n E n g la n d , h o w e v e r, t h i s is n o t so.
O f c o u rs e s o m e E n g lis h p e o p le e n jo y f la t-life , b u t fo r th e v a st
m a jo n ty o f th e m , th e b a s ic id e a o f h o m e is a b n c k h o u s e w ith
r o o m s u p s ta irs a n d d o w n s ta irs . A n d a lre a d y t h e E n g lis h h a v e a
c o n fu s io n o f te rm s in tra n s la tin g to a n d fro m R u s s ia n . T h e E n g lis h
u s e th e w o r d
house fo r a d w e llin g in te n d e d fo r o n e fa m ily . T h e y
a block o f flats t h a t it is a house, a n d h e n c e
w o u ld n e v e r sa y o f
“ D O M ” h a s n o e x a c t e q u iv a le n t in E n g lish . T h e y alw a y s d is tin g u is h
a fla t fr o m a h o u s e , n o t b e c a u s e a h o u s e is g r a n d e r ( it m a y b e a
tin y s e c tio n o f a ro w o f d w e llin g s ) b u t b e c a u s e t h e fla t is still
u n u s u a l, e x c e p t i n c ity c e n tr e s w h e r e it is u n u s u a l t o liv e a n y w a y .
T h e w o rd
home is
m u c h m o r e p e r s o n a l, m u c h w a r m e r : y o u r
home
is th e p la c e w h e re y o u live w h ic h y o u h a v e c re a te d — its fu rn is h in g s
b u t a ls o its a t m o s p h e r e , y o u r se n s e o f o t h e r p e o p le w h o liv e in it,
y o u r fe e lin g s a b o u t its p a s t a s w e ll a s its p r e s e n t. S o m e th in g o f t h e
R u s s ia n fe e lin g a b o u t t h e p riv a c y o f k itc h e n s is f o u n d i n th e E n g lis h
w o rd
home.
T h e R u s s ia n s h a v e a h a b it o f d e s c rib in g a n y th in g b u ilt b e fo re
a b o u t 1955 a s “ o l d ” . I n E n g la n d a h o u s e d o e s n o t q u a lify a s o ld
u n le s s it w a s b u ilt a t le a s t a h u n d r e d y e a rs a g o . T h e E n g lis h still
h a v e h u n d r e d s o f th o u s a n d s o f re a lly o ld h o u s e s , b u ilt b e tw e e n th e
1 4 th a n d 1 8 th c e n tu rie s s c a tte re d t h r o u g h o u t th e c o u n try . T h e y a re
c o n s id e r e d v e ry d e s ira b le a n d a re v e ry e x p e n s iv e e v e n i f th e y a re
sm a ll. M a n y o f th e m a re strik in g ly b e a u tifu l. A t t h e o t h e r e n d o f
t h e sc a le a re b u n g a lo w s , sm a ll b r ic k h o u s e s o f o n ly o n e s to re y ,
b u ilt e s p e c ia lly fo r t h e e ld e rly M a n y o l d e r p e o p le m o v e f r o m a
h o u s e in t o a b u n g a lo w .
UNIT 4 . A LIVING PLACE
91
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
2 3 . L iste n to th e T e x t “ B u ild in g ” .
a ) A n sw e r th e q u e stio n s th a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t d o e s b u ild in g r e f e r t o 9
2 . W h a t n e e d s d o b u ild in g s s e r v e 9
3. W h a t ty p e s o f b u ild in g s a r e m e n t i o n e d in t h e t e x t 9
4 W h a t is th e r e a s o n f o r h ig h g r o u n d p r ic e s 9
5.
W h a t a r e t h e a d v a n ta g e s o f m u lti- s to r e y e d b u ild in g s ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
4 A o f th e T e x t . L o o k u p th e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t ab o u t d ifferen t ty p e s o f b u ild in g s.
d ) A re th e r e an y m u lti-s to r e y e d b u ild in g s in yo u r to w n ? I f y e s ,
d e sc r ib e th em .
2 4 . L iste n to th e T e x t “ S k y s c r a p e r s ” .
a)
W h ic h o f th e s e s ta te m e n ts are tr u e an d w h ic h a r e fa lse ?
1. S k y s c ra p e rs w e re d e v e lo p e d in th e 2 0 th c e n tu r y a s a re s u lt o f
te c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e m e n t.
2. T h e g r o u n d b e n e a th th e c ity o f N e w Y o r k is n o t s o lid e n o u g h
to b e a r th e w e ig h t o f s k y s c ra p e rs .
3. A m e r ic a n a rc h ite c ts w e re e x p e r im e n tin g w ith ste e l r a th e r th a n
ir o n .
4 . H ig h - n s e b u ild in g s w e re re q u ire d f o r th o s e p e o p le w h o w a n te d
to live a n d w o r k in a b ig a re a .
5 . S k y s c r a p e r s a re u se fu l w h e r e la n d is n o t c h e a p .
92 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6. T h e s tre e ts in w h ic h sk y sc ra p e rs a re b u ilt m a y be o v e rc ro w d e d
a t th e e n d o f th e d a y .
7. H ig h -ris e b u ild in g s d o n o t h a v e a n y d is a d v a n ta g e s .
8 . S k y s c ra p e rs c a n h a rd ly m a k e th e s u rro u n d in g s a ttra c tiv e .
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
4 B o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t ab o u t h ig h -r is e b u ild in gs.
UNIT 5
BUILDING MATERIALS
Ш
1.
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ M a t e r ia ls U s e d in B u d d in g ” an d tr a n s la te th e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1. c la y [ 'k l e i ]
n — гл и н а
n — песок
n — дерево, д ревесина, лесом атери алы
lu m b er а м е р .[ Т л т Ь э ] (syn). tim b er n — п и л о м а т е р и а л ,
sa n d
w ood
строительны й лес
rock
n — горн ая порода, кам ень
clay. M ix it w ith w a s h e d
sand. M y d e s k is m a d e o f wood. T h e y g o t the lumber to b u ild a
h o u s e . T o b u ild th is t u n n e l w e h a d t o c u t th r o u g h th e s o lid rock.
T h e soil w a s r e m o v e d d o w n t o th e n a tu ra l
2. a p a rt fro m [ a 'p a . t ] — н е г о в о р я у ж е о , к р о м е , н е с ч и т а я
Apartfrom c iv il e n g in e e r in g , m y in te r e s t is m a th e m a tic s .
3. o c c u r [ a 'k a : ] v — п р о и с х о д и т ь ; в с т р е ч а т ь с я , п о п а д а т ь с я
I f a b o d y is s u b je c te d t o e x te r n a l lo a d s, d e f o r m a tio n s
4. p r o c e ss [ 'p r a u s e s ] [ p r a u 's e s ]
occur in it.
n v — п р о ц есс; об р аб аты вать
W e a r e u s in g a n e w process to m a k e c o n c r e te . T h e in f o r m a tio n
is being processed by th e c o m p u te r .
94 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5 . la s t [ la :s t] v — п р о д о л ж а т ь с я , д л и т ь с я
la s tin g — п р о ч н ы й , д о л г о в е ч н ы й , д л и т е л ь н ы й
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o tta g e
lo n g e s t lasting b u ild in g m a te ria l.
adj
6. d e n se
lasted t w o
y e a rs . S to n e is th e
— п л о т н ы й , гу сто й , н е п р о н и ц а е м ы й
d e n sity [ 'd e n s s t i ] — п л о т н о с т ь , к о н ц е н т р а ц и я
T h e c o n c r e te , w h e n f in a lly p la c e d , m u s t b e
dense
a n d m u st
c lo s e ly s u r r o u n d th e r e in f o r c e m e n t. A n e w in te r n a l w a ll s u r f a c e is
c r e a te d u sin g a v e ry s tro n g , v ery v e rsa tile , h ig h
7. m o rta r [ 'm o :t3 ]
n—
строи тельн ы й раствор
T h e jo i n t s a r e f ille d w ith
8. board [bD-d]
n
p lan k [p lserjk ]
board,
F o r th is
density p o ly e th y le n e .
mortar m a d e
o f c e m e n t a n d san d .
— доска, пилом атери ал, панель, лист
n
— п л а н к а , д о с к а (то л щ и н о й 5 - 1 0 см )
s p e c ia l ty p e s o f tim b e r s a r e c a r e f u lly c h o s e n .
W h ile t h e s te e l f r a m e is b e in g e r e c t e d , th e w a ll
9 . b end
n
п
— и зги б ан и е, сги бан и е
bends
e a sily . W o o d c a n b e fle x ib le u n d e r lo a d in g ,
k e e p in g s tr e n g th w h ile
10.
fix e d .
v — изгиб, ко л ен о ; изгибать, гнуть
b en d in g
T h e w ire
planks a r e
bending.
m ou ld (m o ld ) [ 'm o u ld ]
n
— ф о р м а, п р есс-ф о р м а, о п а ­
лубка
m o u ld in g (m o ld in g )
n
— ф орм овка, прессование
A m o lte n s u b s ta n c e , s u c h a s m e ta l, o r a p la s tic s u b s ta n c e is
p o u r e d o r f o r c e d in to
a mould a n d
a llo w e d t o h a r d e n .
The moulding
o f b r ic k s a n d tile s is o n ly a p a r t o f t h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f c e r a m ic
p ro d u c ts .
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
95
11. d a y b rick — г л и н я н ы й к и р п и ч
c in d e r b r ic k [ s m d o ] — ш л а к о в ы й к и р п и ч , з о л ь н ы й
кирпич
cin d er b lo c k — б л о к и з ш л а к о б е т о н а , ш л а к о б л о к
Clay bricks c a n b e f o r m e d
cinder bricks
w a ll m a te r ia ls ,
in a m o u ld in g C o m p a r e d w ith o t h e r
h a v e e x c e lle n t p r o p e r tie s a n d a lo w
p r ic e . L o w - c o s t b ric k s in c lu d e
cinder block
m a d e m o s tly w ith
c o n c re te
12. a g g r e g a te [ 'a e g r ig a t]
T h e m a x im u m siz e o f
n
— зап о л н и тел ь
the aggregate s h o u ld
n o t g r e a te r t h a n o n e
q u a r t e r o f th e m i n i m u m th ic k n e s s o f t h e f in is h e d c o n c r e te .
13. b in d er [ 'b a i n d a ]
n
— вяж ущ ее, вяж ущ и й м атери ал
C o n c re te is a c o m p o s ite b u ild in g m a te ria l c o m p ris e d o f a g g re g a te
and
a binder
( c e m e n t) .
14. s tr e n g th [stre p G ]
n—
прочн ость, си ла
te n sile str e n g th [ 't e n s a i l ] — п р о ч н о с т ь н а р а с т я ж е н и е
s tr e n g th e n ['s tre ijG n ] v — у к р е п л я т ь , у с и л и в а т ь
T h re e b a s ic fa c to rs in a r c h ite c tu r e — c o n v e n ie n c e ,
strength a n d
b e a u ty — a re alw a y s p r e s e n t a n d in te r r e la te d in th e b e s t s tru c tu re s .
T h e p u r p o s e o f r e in f o r c in g is t o p ro v id e a m a te r ia l w i t h a h ig h
tensile strength.
T hey
strengthened th e
w a ll w ith m e ta l s u p p o r ts .
15. r e in fo r c e d c o n c r e te [,ri:in f o :s t'k o r ) k r i:t] — ж е л е з о б е т о н
Reinforced concrete'Mas u s e d
16. b ar [b a :]
n—
in th e s e s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts .
ар м ату р н ы й пруток, ар м ату р н о е ж елезо
re b a r [ n 'b a : ] v — а р м а т у р н ы й с т е р ж е н ь
T h is ty p e o f c o n c r e t e is s tr e n g th e n e d b y bars o f s te e l. A f te r t h e
f o r m w o r k h a s b e e n in s ta lle d , a g rid o f th r e e rebars is t i e d t o t h e
o u ts id e o f th e fo rm w o rk .
96
Английский язык
длястудентов строительных специальностей
17. co n cern [ k a n 's s m ]
п ѵ — заб ота,
б еспокойство, о тн ош е­
н и е, ин тер ес; к асаться, и м еть о тн о ш ен и е, заб о ти ться,
б есп окои ться
co n cern in g prep — о т н о с и т е л ь н о , к а с а т е л ь н о
M a n y n e w b u ild in g m a te n a ls a re e n v iro n m e n ta l h a z a rd s , w h ic h
h a v e b e c o m e a b ig concern to all. H e w ro te t o m e
c o n s tr u c tio n b u s in e s s .
18. availab le [з 'ѵ е іІэ Ы ]
adj —
concerning o u r
наличны й, им ею щ ийся в рас­
поряж ении
ava ila b ility [э ,ѵ еі1 э 'Ь і1 эгі]
п
— наличие
I n s o m e lo c a litie s w a te r is available m u n l i m i t e d q u a n titie s .
T h e la c k o f availability o f b u ild in g m a te ria ls le d to a d e c re a s e in
n e w h o u s in g c o n s tru c tio n .
19. p ro d u ce [ p r a 'd j u : s ] v — п р о и з в о д и т ь , в ы п у с к а т ь
p ro d u ct ['p ro d A k t] n — п р о д у к т , и з д е л и е
m a n -m a d e prod u cts — и с к у с с т в е н н а я п р о д у к ц и я
p ro d u ctio n [ p ra 'd A k J n ]
T h e s e p la n ts
produce larg e
n—
п р о и зво д ство , изготовлен и е
a m o u n t s o f p r e f a b r ic a te d u n its a n d
e l e m e n ts T h e la y o u t o f th e f a c to r y w ill d e p e n d o n t h e ty p e o f th e
products t o b e m a n u fa c tu re d . O n e o f th e g re a te s t a d v a n ta g e s o f man­
made products is t h e i r lo w c o s t. T h e s y s te m fo r h o u s in g p r o v is io n
re lie d o n th e c e n tr a liz e d production o f b u ild in g m a te ria ls .
2 0 . due to [ 'd j u : t u : ]
prep
H is s u c c e s s is e n tir e ly
— благодаря
due to h a r d
w o rk .
2.
R ea d and tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o rd s. L o o k
up th eir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a rt o f s p e e c h .
P ro d u c t
m a n ip u la tio n
n,
n,
sy n th e tic
m in im a lly
adj,
adv.
ty p ic a lly
adv,
c a t e g o r i z e v,
p re s s v, v e r tic a lly
adv,
m ix tu re
UNIT 5. BUILDING
«, m o d e rn
adj,
c o m b in e v, d a m
n,
c ra n e
n,
3.
tr a n s p o r t
n,
p a s te
cem ent
MATERIALSj
97
n, c o l o u r n, o r g a n ic adj, t o l e r a n c e n,
n, d e te r m in e v, c o m p r e s s io n n, c lin k e r
n.
M a t c h th e p a irs o f a n to n y m s fro m A a n d В a n d t r a n s la te
th em .
A
В
1. u n o b ta in a b le
a. stre n g th e n
2 . s tr a ig h te n
b. d en se
3. d is p e r s e d
c. m a n - m a d e
4. e n d
d. co n c e rn
5 . b e a v o id e d
e. b e n d
6. w e a k e n
f. la s t
7. n a tu ra l
g. o c c u r
8 . in d if f e r e n c e
h . a v a ila b le
4.
M a t c h th e n o u n (s ) o n th e le f t w ith a su ita b le ite m o n th e
r ig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. M o r t a r
a. w e re p u t d o w n a s a f lo o r.
2 . B ric k s
b . d e p e n d s o n th e m a te r ia l q u a lity .
3 . S te e l
c. is s tr e n g th e n e d b y b a rs.
4 . C la y
d . is u s e d to f o r m c la y b ric k s .
5. T h e b o a r d s
e. h a s h ig h te n s ile s tr e n g th .
6 . R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te
f. is u s e d in a d h e s iv e a p p lic a tio n s .
7. C la y
g . w a s p r e s s e d in t o s te e l m o u ld s .
8. A m o u ld in g
h . a c ts a s a c e m e n tin g m a te r ia l,
9 . T h e b r ic k w o r k s tr e n g th
10. A b i n d e r
4 Зак 312
l.
a r e p u t to g e t h e r t o f o r m a w a ll,
j. is p la s tic .
98 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5 . R e p la c e th e u n d erlin ed w o r d s w ith th e w o r d s b elo w .
a)
p ro cess
e)
a p a r t f r o m f) a g g re g a te
i)
la s tin g
1.
b) tim b e r
c ) d u e to
d) bend
g) p ro d u ce
h ) b o a rd
j ) c o n c e r n in g
T h a n k s t o th is p r o je c t, s m a ll c o m p a n ie s c a n m a n u f a c tu r e
a ffo rd a b le b u ild in g m a te ria ls lo c a lly , u s in g t h e i r o w n r e s o u rc e s .
2 W e h a v e a p r o b le m w ith t h e a i r t e m p e r a tu r e m th is r o o m . I t is
to o c o ld . T h is is b e c a u s e o f i n a d e q u a te th e r m a l in s u la tio n . 3. T h e y
e n c o u ra g e d th e re s e a rc h a c tiv itie s o n a p p ro a c h e s a n d m e th o d s w ith
re g a rd t o b u ild in g m a te ria ls a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n o lo g y . 4 . T h e
p ro p e rtie s o f c o n c re te a re d ire c tly re la te d t o th o s e o f its c o n s titu e n ts .
5. T h a t w as a n e w m e th o d to tr e a t c e m e n t- b a s e d b u ild in g m a te ria ls
h y d ro th e rm a lly . 6. R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te c o m e s c h e a p a n d w ill
s u p p o r t s tru c tu r e s fo r a lo n g a m o u n t o f tim e , b u t it is c o n s id e r e d
to b e le ss s tro n g a n d d u r a b le th a n b n c k b u ild in g s . 7. V a rio u s
b u ild in g m a te ria ls a n d a u x ilia ry b u ild in g m a te r ia ls c a n b e
m a n u f a c tu r e d f ro m w a s te g la ss in a n e n v ir o n m e n ta lly s o u n d w a y .
E x c e p t fo r lig h t-w e ig h t c o n c r e te a n d p l a s te r th e s e a r e , a b o v e a ll,
g la s s w o o l m a ts f o r p u r p o s e s o f s o u n d a n d h e a t in s u l a t i o n .
8.
M o d e m w e s te rn sty le h o m e is o f te n b u ilt w ith lu m b e r f ra m e s
a n d fitte d w ith b ric k s . 9 W o o d is u s e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n p u rp o s e s
w h e n c u t o r p r e s s e d in to l u m b e r , s u c h a s p la n k s . 10. T h e y a re
s tu d y in g a n e la s tic b e n d o f a b e a m u n d e r lo a d .
6 . R ea d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g w o rd c o m b in a tio n s w h ich
c o m e from th e t e x ts o f th e U n it. M in d th e u s e o f n o u n s a s
a ttr ib u te s in p r e p o sitio n . L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
C o n s tru c tio n
p u rp o s e , s to n e -lik e
m a te ria l,
c o n c re te
c o n s tr u c tio n , s te e l ro d s a n d b a rs , e x te rn a l s u rfa c e c o v e rin g , m e ta l
a llo y , h e a t t o le r a n c e , p o ly u r e th a n e fo a m , w o rld w id e s c a le , b rid g e
s u p p o rts , a irfie ld ru n w a y , ste e l re in f o r c e m e n t, c e m e n t la y e r, m e ta l
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS J
99
b o x - l i k e m o u l d , s t i f f - c l a y p r o c e s s , e x t r u s i o n m a c h i n e , c la y
p a r tic le s , r a il tr u c k s , c a l c i u m s ilic a te b r ic k s , s a n d lim e b r ic k s ,
b r ic k s h a p e .
7.
S tu d y th e fo llo w in g p a tte r n s sh o w in g th e w a y s s o m e n o u n s
a r e form ed from o th e r n o u n s an d so m e a d je c tiv e s a r e fo rm ed from
n o u n s. C o m p le te th e c h a r ts . S o m e o f t h e m issin g w o r d s a r e from
th e t e x t s o f th e U n it. R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e m in to R u ssia n . U s e
y o u r d ic tio n a r y t o h e lp y o u w ith th e p ro n u n c ia tio n .
Pattern 15
N o u n + -s h ip - > N o u n
T h e -s h ip s u ffix is u s e d f o r e s p e c ia lly a s ta tu s , c o n d i t i o n ,
o r sk ill.
Example,
c itiz e n — г р а ж д а н и н - » c itiz e n s h ip — г р а ж д а н с т в о
Noun
4*
Noun
le a d e r
----------------------------------
s tu d e n t
----------------------------------
f r ie n d
----------------------------------
r e la tio n
----------------------------------
m em ber
----------------------------------
p a r tn e r
----------------------------------
p r o p r ie to r
----------------------------------
sp a c e
----------------------------------
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Pattern 16
I N o u n + -fill -> A d je c tiv e
T h e -fill su ffix m e a n s fu ll
Example, s u c c e s s
Noun
|
o f o r having the quality o f the noun
— у с п е х - > su ccessfu l — у с п е ш н ы й
Adjective
cane
______________________
pow er
______________________
d u ty
______________________
use
______________________
h a rm
______________________
Pattern 17
I
N o u n + - l e s s - » A d je c tiv e
T h e -le s s s uffix m e a n s
Example,
j
without.
u s e — п о л ь з а - » u s e le s s — б е с п о л е з н ы й
Noun
Adjective
effo rt
______________________
h e lp
______________________
m e a n in g
______________________
m o tio n
______________________
hope
______________________
h a rm
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
101
Pattern 18
N o u n + - ic - » A d je c tiv e
T h e - ic s u ffix m e a n s
Example,
like,
or
connected with.
a to m — а т о м - > a to m ic — а т о м н ы й
Noun
Adjective
cube
----------------------------------
econom y
----------------------------------
a c id
----------------------------------
lin g u is tic s
----------------------------------
m agnet
----------------------------------
sy m b o l
----------------------------------
b u reau crat
______________________
p a tn o t
----------------------------------
SE C T IO N 2
GRAM M AR
8.
R e a d a n d tr a n s la te t h e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o t h e d iffe r e n t fo r m s o f t h e in fin itiv e an d th e ir m e a n in g .
to go h o m e e a r ly to d a y . 2 . I t ’s n ic e to be sitting h e re .
to have left s c h o o l. 4 . H e d o e s n ’t lik e to be interrupted
w h ile h e ’s w o r k in g . 5 . 1 r e m e m b e r to have been asked t h i s q u e s tio n
6 I ’d lik e to have been sitting th e r e w h e n s h e w a lk e d in . 7 . S h e
a s k e d m e not to forget to post t h e le tte r 8 . I w a s s o r r y not to have
phoned y o u . 9 . W e m u s t make c a r e f u l p la n s . 10. I w o u ld r a th e r
go b y m y se lf.
1.
3.
I ’d lik e
I ’m g la d
102I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
9.
R ea d and tr a n s la te th e s e n te n c e s w ith in fin itiv es u sed as:
a ) S u b ject
Example
To read b o o k s
in b a d lig h t is h a rm fu l. —
Читать к н и г и
при
плохом о свещ ен и и вредно.
1.
Т о b e a p ro fe s s io n a l in b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n re q u ire s s tu d y
a t a u n iv e rs ity o r c o lle g e . 2. T o fill th e g a p s b e tw e e n t h e c e m e n t
p a rtic le s w a s v e ry i m p o r ta n t. 3. T o in c re a s e d u ra b ility o f c o n c r e te
w a s n e c e s s a ry . 4 . T o s h o r te n t h e s e ttin g tim e o f c o n c r e te w a s all
th a t th e y w a n te d 5. T o w o rk in b u ild in g c o n s tru c tio n w as t h e d re a m
o f h is life.
b ) A dverbial m o d ifier
Example
to master E n g lis h . — М ы д о л ж н ы м н о г о
чтобы овладеть а н г л и й с к и м я з ы к о м .
То improve h is E n g lis h h e w e n t t o E n g la n d . — Чтобы улуч­
шить а н г л и й с к и й я з ы к , о н п о е х а л в А н г л и ю .
W e m u s t w o rk h a r d
работать,
1.
A fte r b e in g fo r m e d , b ric k s a re lo a d e d o n ra il tru c k s a n d
p u s h e d in to d rie rs , a n d th e n in to k iln s t o b e fire d . 2. D iffe re n t
fo rm s o f m o rta r w e re u s e d t o h o ld th e s to n e s to g e th e r. 3. T o p ro d u c e
glass w ith d iffe re n t c o lo u rs o r c h a ra c te ris tic s a d d itiv e s a re v e ry o fte n
a d d e d t o t h e m ix tu re w h e n m a k in g . 4 . T o m a k e r e in fo rc e d c o n c re te
t h e ste e l ro d s a re h e ld in p o s itio n a n d t h e c o n c r e te p o u r e d ro u n d
t h e m . 5. W in d o w s h a v e b e e n u s e d s in c e th e i n v e n tio n o f g lass t o
c o v e r s m a ll o p e n in g s in a b u ild in g . 6 . A t i m b e r f ra m e is c o v e r e d
w i t h b ric k s t o p ro v id e a n o u t e r c o v e rin g .
c ) O b ject
Example
H e hopes
р аб о ту .
to find a
g o o d jo b . — О н н а д е е т с я
найти х о р о ш у ю
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
1.
103
C o n c r e t e is s tr o n g in its r e s is ta n c e t o lo a d s tr y in g t o c r u s h it
( c o m p r e s s io n ) , b u t m u c h w e a k e r in r e s is tin g fo r c e s t h a t t e n d t o
p u ll it a p a r t ( te n s io n ) . 2 . B ric k s w e r e m o r e f la m e r e t a r d a n t t h a n
w o o d , a n d c h e a p t o p r o d u c e . 3 . C o n c r e t e is p r e f e r r e d t o n a tu r a l
r o c k , w h ic h is d iffic u lt t o e x tr a c t f r o m t h e g r o u n d a n d w h ic h h a s to
b e w o r k e d t o t h e r e q u ir e d s h a p e . 4 . I t is i m p o r t a n t n o t t o u s e to o
m u c h w a te r a s th is w ill m a k e t h e c o n c r e t e w e a k . 5 . A n y fo rc e s
te n d in g t o p u ll t h e r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te a p a r t w ill b e r e s is te d b y t h e
g r e a t s tr e n g th o f t h e s te e l b a rs .
d ) A ttr ib u te
Example
to connect t h e s e t w o t o w n s is b e in g b u ilt. — Д о р о г а ,
которая должна соединить э т и д в а г о р о д а , с т р о и т с я .
Н е г е is t h e t e x t to be translated. — В о т т е к с т , который нужно
{надо) перевести.
T h e ro a d
1.
W in d o w s p r o v id e d h u m a n s w ith t h e a b ility t o b o t h le t lig h t
in to ro o m s w h ile a t th e sa m e tim e k e e p in g in c le m e n t w e a th e r o u tsid e .
2.
T h e y d e s ig n e d th e b u ild in g s tr u c tu r e s t o su c c e s s fu lly s u p p o r t a n d
r e s is t t h e lo a d s w h ic h a c t o n th e m . 3 . F a c in g b r ic k s t o b e u s e d in
th e o u t e r w a lls o f b u ild in g s c a n b e g iv e n a ro u g h o r te x tu r e d s u rfa c e .
4 . A r c h e s c a lle d tr u s s e s a r e u s e d t o s p a n t h e a r e a t o b e le ft o p e n .
5. T h e first d e g r e e in C iv il E n g in e e r in g to b e a w a r d e d t o a w o m a n
in t h e U S A w a s g r a n te d b y C o r n e ll U n iv e r s ity t o N o r a B la tc h in
1905.
e ) P a r t o f a p r e d ic a te
Example
to get t h e r e in tim e .
добраться т у д а в о в р е м я .
T h e p r o b le m w a s
том , чтобы
1.
— Задача состояла в
A n o t h e r w a y w a s to s p a n a la r g e s p a c e w h i c h c a n b e u s e d a s
a d o m e . 2. T h e e ffe c t is to c o m p r e s s th e ro w o f b lo c k s s o t h a t t h e y
f o r m a b e a m o r g ir d e r . 3. T h e p r o b le m is t o c o n tr o l t h e h a z a r d s
104 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a n d risk s t o c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s m a c o n s t a n t l y c h a n g in g w o r k
e n v ir o n m e n t. 4 . T h e m a in o b je c tiv e s o f e a r t h q u a k e e n g i n e e n n g
a r e t o u n d e r s ta n d th e in te r a c tio n o f s tru c tu r e s w ith s h a k y g r o u n d
a n d fo re s e e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f p o s s ib le e a r th q u a k e s . 5. O n e o f
th e c o n s tr u c tio n su rv e y o rs ’ ta s k s is t o su rv e y e x is tin g c o n d itio n s o f
t h e fu tu re w o r k s ite .
1 0 . R e p la c e th e gro u p o f w o r d s in b o ld ty p e b y a n in fin itiv e .
T r a n sla te th e s e n te n c e s .
Example
H e w a s the first m a n who came t o t h e p a rty .
to come t o t h e p a r ty . — О н первым пришел н а
1.
— H e w as
the first
вечеринку.
J o s e p h L . L a m b o t w a s th e first m a n w h o d e v e lo p e d r e in fo rc e d
c o n c r e te in F r a n c e in 1849. 2. E v e ry b o d y w a s la te e x c e p t m e .
who arrived o n t i m e 3. F i o n a w a s t h e o n ly
who passed th e e x a m . 4 . N e il A rm s tr o n g w a s t h e firs t m a n
who walked o n t h e M o o n . 5. H e w a s t h e firs t m a n who swam t h e
I w a s t h e o n ly o n e
s tu d e n t
E n g lis h C h a n n e l.
1 1 . R e a d and tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s p a y in g sp e c ia l
a tte n tio n t o th e u se o f th e O b je c tiv e an d S u b je c tiv e In fin itiv e
A ) O b je c tiv e In fin itiv e C o n str u c tio n (C o m p le x O b je c t).
Example
H e w a n ts
I expect
м не.
1 sa w
I sa w
парк.
me to go h o m e . — О н х о ч е т , чтобы я пошел д о м о й .
him to write t o m e - Я н а д е ю с ь , что он напишет
them go to t h e p a rk . — Я
them going to th e p a rk .
I m ade
him do t h a t jo b .
ви дел,
как они пошли
в парк.
— Я ви дел, как о н и ш ли в
— Я застави л
его сделать э т у
р аботу.
UNIT 5. BUILDING
1.
MATERIALS
105
W e c o n s id e r u ltr a - lig h tw e ig h t c o n c r e te to b e o n e o f th e m o s t
f u n d a m e n ta l b u lk m a te r ia ls o f t h e f u tu r e . 2. T h e y w a n te d th e
m a n a g e r t o o r g a n iz e a ll t h e w o r k e r s n e e d e d f o r c o n s tr u c tio n jo b s
3.
I h e a r d y o u b r e a k s o m e th in g . W h a t w a s it? 4 . T h e y m a d e
c o n s tr u c tio n w o r k e r s w e a r t h e p e r s o n a l p r o t e c t i v e e q u i p m e n t —
h a r d h a ts , s t e e l - t o e b o o t s a n d h ig h v is ib ility j a c k e ts . 5 1 s a w h e r
p ic k u p t h e p a r c e l, o p e n it a n d ta k e o u t a b o o k . 6 . T h e y e x p e c te d
th e s tu d e n ts t o p a s s a n e x a m o n m a th e m a tic s t o s t a r t b u ild in g
c o n s t r u c t i o n s tu d ie s . 7 . I s a w b r ic k la y e r s c o n s t r u c t i n g b r ic k w o r k
a n d p lu m b e r s in s ta llin g d r a in a g e sy s te m s .
B ) S u b je c tiv e In fin itiv e C o n s tr u c tio n ( C o m p le x S u b je c t).
Example
This man is s a id to know e v e ry b o d y h e r e . — Г о в о р я т , ч т о этот
человек знает з д е с ь в с е х .
Не is k n o w n to be a good student. — И з в е с т н о , ч т о он хоро­
ший студент.
The child s e e m e d to be sleeping. — К а з а л о с ь , ч т о р е б е н о к
спит.
They a r e
вернутся в о
1.
lik e ly
to come back
o n T u esd ay . — В ер о я т н о ,
они
вторник.
T h is ty p e o f c o n c r e te is k n o w n to h a v e r e in f o r c e m e n t in th e
f o r m o f w ire s . 2. R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te is s a i d t o c r a c k in t e n s i o n
r a t h e r t h a n in c o m p r e s s io n . 3. S te e l r o d s a r e s u r e t o b e e m b e d d e d
m t h e m ix tu r e , th u s f o r m in g r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
4 . S a n d lim e
b r ic k s a r e r e p o r te d t o b e m a d e b y p r e s s in g a m ix tu r e o f m o is t s a n d
a n d lim e in t o b n c k s h a p e b y m a c h in e . 5 . T h e f in a l s tr e n g th o f th e
c e m e n t p a s te is lik e ly t o b e r e a c h e d in th r e e w e e k s 6 . C o n c r e te is
u s u a lly c o n s id e r e d n o t to s h n n k d u e to h y d r a tio n .
106
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
12. А). Read and translate the following sentences paying
attention to the For-to infinitive Construction.
Example
He spoke loudly fo r them (the people) to hear him. — Он гово­
рил громко, чтобы они (люди) его слышали.
It is necessary fo r us to do this work. — Нам необходимо сде­
лать эту работу вовремя.
It is necessary fo r society to allocate resources economically. —
Необходимо, чтобы общество экономно размещало ресурсы.
1. It was important for them to calculate accurately the cost of
materials and labour. 2. It is necessary for building engineers to
have an understanding of different technical disciplines as projects
often involve many of them at the same time. 3. It makes sense for
builders to use many naturally occurring substances, such as clay,
sand, wood and rocks for construction of buildings. 4. This makes
it possible for construction people to use synthetic polystyrene or
polyurethane foam as part of a structural insulated panel where the
foam is sandwiched between wood or cement. 5. It was possible
for them to make concrete
on the building site. 6. It is increasingly common for many
builders to reduce the size of reinforced concrete beams if the
reinforcement is stretched before the concrete is poured into position.
B ) Rewrite these sentences using the For-to Infinitive
Construction.
Example:
She can’t come. (It’s impossible ) — It’s impossible for her to
come.
1. Nick shouldn’t change his job just now. (It would be a
mistake ...) 2. Can Mary come to the meeting? (Is it possible ...?)
3. Pete shouldn’t go to Africa. (It’s a bad idea ...) 4. The meeting
UNIT 5.
BUILDING MATERIALS
107
needn’t jtart before seven. (There is no need ...) 5. I’ll be happy if
you take holiday. (I’ll be happy ...) 6 . 1 want the children to go to
a good school. (I’m anxious ...) 7. The car should have regular
services. (It’s important...)
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before reading Text 5A “Materials Used in Building”,
discuss these questions with your groupmates or teacher.
a) What naturally occurring and man-made building materials
do you know?
b) What areas is the use of building materials usually segmented
into?
c) What is the longest lasting building material?
d) What is specific of wood used in construction?
e) What types of bricks do you know? What are the advantages
of bricks?
f) What materials are bricks made from?
g) Why is concrete the predominant building material in this
modem age?
h) What materials is concrete made from?
i) What type of buildings is metal used for?
j) What did glass as a building material provide people with?
k) What do you know about the use of plastics for construction
purposes?
l) What insulation materials are used in buildings?
m) Are there any environmental problems of using and producing
building materials?
108I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14.
R e a d T e x t 5 А t o fin d o u t if y o u are righ t o r w r o n g .
• TEXT 5A
M aterials used in Building
B u ild in g
m a t e r i a l is a n y
m a t e r i a l w h i c h is u s e d f o r a
c o n s tru c tio n
p u rp o se .
M any
n a t u r a lly o c c u r r in g s u b s ta n c e s ,
s u c h a s c la y , s a n d , w o o d a n d
r o c k s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o c o n s tr u c t
b u ild in g s , A p a r t f r o m n a tu r a lly
o c c u r r in g m a te r ia ls , m a n y m a n ­
m a d e p r o d u c ts a r e in u s e , s o m e
m o re a n d s o m e less sy n th e tic . T h e
u se o f b u ild in g
m a t e r i a l s is
ty p i c a l l y s e g m e n t e d i n t o s p e c if ic tr a d e s , s u c h a s c a r p e n t r y ,
p lu m b in g , r o o f in g a n d in s u la tio n w o rk .
B u ild in g m a te r ia ls c a n b e c a te g o r iz e d in to t w o s o u r c e s , n a tu r a l
a n d s y n t h e t i c . N a t u r a l b u i l d i n g m a te r ia ls a r e t h o s e t h a t a r e
u n p r o c e s s e d o r m in im a lly p r o c e s s e d b y in d u s tr y ( l u m b e r o r g la ss).
S y n th e tic m a te r ia ls a r e m a d e i n in d u s tr ia l s e ttin g s a f te r h u m a n
m a n i p u l a t i o n s ( p la s tic s a n d p a in ts ) .
R o c k is t h e lo n g e s t la s tin g b u ild in g m a te r ia l a v a ila b le . I t is a
v e ry d e n s e m a te r ia l s o it g iv e s a lo t o f p r o t e c t i o n to o . D r y - s to n e
w a lls h a v e b e e n b u ilt f o r a s lo n g a s h u m a n s h a v e p u t o n e s t o n e o n
t o p o f a n o th e r . E v e n tu a lly d if f e r e n t fo r m s o f m o r t a r w e r e u s e d t o
h o ld t h e s to n e s to g e th e r , c e m e n t b e in g th e m o s t c o m m o n p la c e n o w .
W o o d is a p r o d u c t o f tr e e s a n d s o m e tim e s o t h e r f ib r o u s p la n ts
u s e d f o r c o n s tr u c tio n p u r p o s e s w h e n c u t o r p r e s s e d in to lu m b e r
a n d tim b e r , s u c h as b o a r d s o r p la n k s . W o o d c a n b e v e ry fle x ib le
u n d e r lo a d s , k e e p in g s tr e n g th w h ile b e n d in g , a n d is in c r e d ib ly
s tr o n g w h e n c o m p r e s s e d v e rtic a lly .
A b n c k is a b lo c k m a d e o f k iln - f ir e d m a te r ia l, u s u a lly c la y o r
s h a le . C la y b r ic k s a r e f o r m e d in a m o u ld , o r i n c o m m e r c ia l
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
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m a n u f a c tu r e m o r e f r e q u e n tly b y e x tr u d in g c la y t h r o u g h a d ie a n d
t h e n w ir e - c u ttin g t h e m t o t h e p r o p e r s iz e . B ric k s h a v e b e e n u s e d a s
a b u ild in g m a te r ia l s in c e t h e 1 700s T h is w a s p r o b a b ly d u e t o t h e
f a c t t h a t it w a s m u c h m o r e f la m e r e ta r d a n t t h a n w o o d , a n d c h e a p
t o p r o d u c e . C i n d e r b lo c k s r e p la c e d c la y b r ic k s in t h e la te 2 0 th
c e n tu r y . T h e y a r e m a d e m o s tly w ith c o n c r e te .
C o n c r e t e is a c o m p o s ite b u ild in g m a te r ia l m a d e f r o m t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n o f a g g r e g a te a n d a b in d e r . A f te r m ix in g , t h e c e m e n t
h y d r a te s a n d e v e n tu a lly h a r d e n s in to a s t o n e - lik e m a te r ia l. T h is is
t h e m a te r ia l r e f e r r e d t o b y t h e t e r m
concrete.
F o r a c o n c r e te
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n y s iz e , a s c o n c r e t e h a s a lo w te n s ile s tr e n g th , it
is s t r e n g th e n e d u s in g s te e l r o d s o r b a rs . T h is s t r e n g th e n e d c o n c r e te
is c a lle d r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te . C o n c r e t e h a s b e e n t h e p r e d o m i n a n t
b u ild in g m a te ria l in th is m o d e m a g e d u e t o its lo n g e v ity , fo rm a b ility ,
a n d e a s e o f tr a n s p o r t.
M e ta l is u s e d a s s tr u c tu r a l f r a m e w o r k f o r la r g e r b u ild in g s s u c h
a s s k y s c r a p e r s , o r a s a n e x te r n a l s u r f a c e c o v e r in g . T h e r e a r e m a n y
ty p e s o f m e ta ls u s e d f o r b u ild in g . S te e l is a m e ta l a llo y w h o s e
m a jo r c o m p o n e n t is iro n , a n d is th e u s u a l c h o ic e f o r m e ta l s tru c tu ra l
b u ild in g m a te r ia ls . It is s tr o n g , fle x ib le , a n d i f t r e a t e d w e ll la s ts a
lo n g tim e .
C le a r w in d o w s h a v e b e e n u s e d s in c e t h e in v e n tio n o f g la ss t o
c o v e r s m a ll o p e n in g s in a b u ild in g . T h e y p r o v id e d h u m a n s w ith
t h e ab ility t o b o th let lig h t in to r o o m s w h ile a t t h e sa m e tu n e k e e p in g
i n c le m e n t w e a th e r o u ts id e . G la s s w h ic h is v e r y b r ittle is g e n e r a lly
m a d e f r o m m ix tu r e s o f s a n d a n d s ilic a te s in a v e r y h o t fire sto v e
c a lle d a k iln . A d d itiv e s a r e v e ry o f te n a d d e d t o t h e m ix tu r e w h e n
m a k in g t o p r o d u c e g lass w ith d if f e r e n t c o lo u r s o r c h a r a c te r is tic s .
T h e te rm
plastics c o v e rs
a r a n g e o f s y n th e tic o r s e m i- s y n th e tic
o r g a n ic p o ly m e r iz a tio n p r o d u c ts . P la s tic s v a r y i m m e n s e ly in h e a t
to le ra n c e ,
h a rd n e s s , a n d r e s ilie n c y .
C o m b in e d w ith th is
a d a p ta b ility , th e g e n e r a l u n if o r m ity o f c o m p o s itio n a n d lig h tn e s s o f
p la s tic s e n s u r e s th e ir u se in a lm o s t a ll in d u s tr ia l a p p lic a tio n s t o d a y .
M o r e r e c e n tly s y n th e tic p o ly s ty r e n e o r p o l y u r e t h a n e f o a m h a s
b e e n u s e d o n a lim ite d s c a le . I t is lig h t w e ig h t, e a s ily s h a p e d a n d
110 Английский языкдля студентов строительных специальностей
a n e x c e lle n t in s u la to r. It is u s u a lly u s e d a s p a r t o f a s t r u c tu r a l
in s u la te d p a n e l w h e r e t h e f o a m is s a n d w ic h e d b e tw e e n w o o d o r
c e m e n t.
N o w a d a y s th e p ro d u c tio n o f ra w m a te ria ls f o r b u ild in g p u rp o s e s
is o n a w o rld w id e sc a le . E n v iro n m e n ta l c o n c e rn s a re a ls o b e c o m in g
a m a jo r w o rld to p ic c o n c e rn in g t h e a v a ila b ility o f c e r ta in m a te n a ls ,
a n d t h e e x tr a c tio n o f s u c h la rg e q u a n titie s n e e d e d f o r t h e h u m a n
h a b ita t.
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 5 A th e p a r a g r a p h s s a y in g a b o u t th e u s e an d
p r o d u c tio n o f b r ic k s an d c o n c r e te in c o n str u c tio n an d tr a n sla te
th e m in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d alou d p a r a g r a p h s 1 an d 2 o f T e x t 5 A .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
so
it g iv e s a lo t o f p r o t e c t i o n to o .
it r e f e r t o ?
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
b)
They a re m a d e m o s tly w ith c o n c re te .
they r e f e r t o 9
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
c)
it is s tr e n g th e n e d u sin g s te e l ro d s o r b a rs.
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n / / r e f e r to ?
It is s tro n g , fle x ib le , a n d i f t r e a t e d w e ll la s ts a lo n g tim e .
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n it r e fe r t o ?
d)
e)
It is lig h t w e ig h t, e a s ily s h a p e d a n d a n e x c e lle n t in s u la to r.
it r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
f)
It is u su a lly u s e d a s p a r t o f a s tr u c tu r a l in s u la te d p a n e l
it r e f e r t o ?
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
и Ш 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS
111
1 8 . U n d e r lin e o r m ark t h e m a in id e a s o f T e x t 5 Л to sp e a k
ab o u t d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f b u ild in g m a te r ia ls . R e te ll th e T e x t in
E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 5 B “ C o n c r e t e ” an d try t o u n d e r sta n d w h a t it is
ab o u t an d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is k n o w n to y o u .
• TEXT 5B
Concrete
C o n c r e te is a k in d o f artific ia l ro c k m a d e f r o m h y d r a u lic c e m e n t,
c r u s h e d s to n e o r g ra v e l, a n d s a n d . It h a s t h e g r e a t a d v a n ta g e t h a t it
c a n b e m a d e in w h a te v e r s h a p e is n e e d e d . F o r th is r e a s o n c o n c r e te
is p r e f e r r e d t o n a tu r a l r o c k , w h ic h is d if f ic u lt t o e x t r a c t f r o m th e
g r o u n d a n d w h ic h h a s t o b e w o r k e d to t h e r e q u ir e d s h a p e .
B y m e a n s o f c o n c r e te it is p o ssib le t o f o r m s u c h p a r ts o f b u ild in g s
as w a lls, flo o rs , b e a m s o r c o lu m n s , b n d g e s u p p o r t s a n d g ir d e r s ,
d a m s , ro a d s a n d a ir f ie ld r u n w a y s , o r b lo c k s o f s t o n e o f a n y d e s ir e d
s h a p e . C o n c r e te m a y b e d e liv e r e d r e a d y - m ix e d , b u t it is o n e o f t h e
fe w b u ild in g m a te n a ls t h a t c a n b e m a d e o n t h e b u i l d i n g site .
I n t h e m a k in g o f c o n c r e te , t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e s a n d , g ra v e l,
a n d P o r tla n d o r s im ila r c e m e n t a r e c a re fu lly m e a s u r e d . T h e s tr e n g th
o f th e
c o n c re te
is p a r t l y
d e te rm in e d by th e a m o u n t o f
c e m e n t in t h e m ix tu r e . M o r e
c e m e n t w o u ld g iv e a s tr o n g e r ,
m o r e d u r a b le m ix , b u t w o u ld
be
m o re
e x p e n s iv e .
I t is
im p o r ta n t n o t t o u se to o m u c h
w a t e r a s t h i s w ill m a k e t h e
c o n c r e te w e a k . O n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , th e c o n c re te m u st b e
p a c k e d d e n s e ly in t h e m o u ld s ,
w h ic h c a n n o t b e d o n e if th e
m ix tu r e is t o o d ry . P r o d u c in g
A modern building: Boston City
Hall is largely constructed of
concrete, both pre-cast and
poured-in-place.
112 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o n c r e t e o f g o o d q u a l i t y is t h e r e f o r e a s k ille d b u s in e s s N o w a d a y s
m e c h a n ic a l v ib ra to rs a re u s e d t o m a k e s tro n g c o m p a c t c o n c r e te f ro m
fa irly d r y m ix e s .
C o n c r e t e is s t r o n g m its r e s is ta n c e t o lo a d s t r y i n g t o c r u s h it
( c o m p r e s s i o n ) , b u t m u c h w e a k e r in re s is tin g f o r c e s t h a t t e n d t o
p u ll it a p a r t (te n s io n ). It is n o t t h e r e f o r e s u ita b le b y its e lf f o r m a k in g
b e a m s o r o t h e r p a r ts lia b le t o b e b e n t o r p u lle d . T o o v e r c o m e t h i s
w e a k n e s s , s te e l r o d s m a y b e e m b e d d e d in t h e m ix tu re , t h u s f o rm in g
r e in fo rc e d c o n c re te . R e in fo rc e d c o n c re te w as first d ev e lo p e d m F ra n c e
b y J o s e p h L . L a m b o t m 1 8 49. T o m a k e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e t h e
s te e l ro d s a r e h e ld in p o s itio n a n d th e c o n c r e t e p o u r e d r o u n d th e m .
T h e c o n c r e te b o n d s to t h e ste e l r e in fo rc e m e n t. A n y f o rc e s te n d in g
t o p u ll t h e r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e a p a r t w ill b e r e s is te d b y t h e g r e a t
s t r e n g t h o f t h e s te e l ro d s , o r b a rs . N e a r l y a ll c o n c r e t e u s e d f o r
b u ild in g s a n d s t r u c t u r e s is re in fo rc e d .
T h e siz e o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b e a m s c a n b e r e d u c e d i f th e
r e in f o r c e m e n t is s tr e tc h e d b e fo re t h e c o n c r e te is p o u r e d i n to p o s itio n
a n d t h e p u l l m a i n t a i n e d u n til t h e c o n c r e t e is h a r d a n d s tr o n g . T h e
s t r e t c h i n g f o r c e is t h e n r e m o v e d a n d , a s a r e s u lt, t h e b e a m is
c o m p r e s s e d . T h is t y p e o f c o n c r e t e u s u a lly h a s r e i n f o r c e m e n t in t h e
f o r m o f w ire s a n d is k n o w n a s p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e . S o m e t i m e s
se p a ra te b lo c k s o f c o n c re te a re m a d e w ith h o le s th r o u g h th e m . C a b le s
o f w ire a r e t h r e a d e d th r o u g h th e s e h o le s s o t h a t t h e c o n c r e t e b lo c k s
a re lik e b e a d s o n a strin g . T h e c a b le s a r e fe tc h e d , w e d g e s a r e p l a c e d
in t h e h o le s o f t h e e n d b lo c k , a n d t h e c a b le s a r e t h e n re le a s e d . T h e
e ffe c t is t o c o m p r e s s t h e ro w o f b lo c k s s o t h a t t h e y f o r m a b e a m o r
g ird e r.
L ig h tw e ig h t c o n c r e te c a n b e m a d e b y i n c lu d in g p ro c e s s e d c lin k e r
o r a i r in t h e m ix . C o n c r e t e c a n b e m a d e in d i f f e r e n t c o l o u r s o r
p a i n t e d w i t h s p e c ia l p a i n t . D i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s c a n b e m a d e o n t h e
s u rfa c e b y u s in g d iffe re n t ty p e s o f s h u tte n n g . S o m e tim e s t h e c e m e n t
la y e r o n t h e s u r f a c e is r e m o v e d a f t e r t h e c o n c r e t e h a s s e t to e x p o s e
t h e s to n e s . T h is is c a lle d e x p o s e d a g g re g a te . C o n c r e t e c a n b e u s e d
f o r t h i n r o o fs c a lle d s h e lls o v e r la rg e s p a c e s s u c h a s g y m n a s iu m s o r
a ir c r a f t h a n g a r s . T h e t h i n s la b is s t r e n g t h e n e d b y c u rv in g .
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
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P r e - c a s t c o n c re te is c o n c re te a lre a d y m a d e in to b u ild in g s e c tio n s
f o r la te r u s e in h o u s in g , b rid g e s , a n d o t h e r s tr u c tu r e s . T h e y a re
ta k e n t o th e s ite , lifte d b y c r a n e s , a n d fix e d to g e th e r w ith c o n c r e te .
2 0 . Id en tify th e to p ic o f e a c h p a ra g ra p h o f T e x t 5 B .
2 1 . C o m p le t e th e s e n t e n c e s c h o o s in g t h e b e s t v a r ia n t
c o rresp o n d in g to th e c o n te n ts o f T e x t 5 B .
1) C o n c r e te h a s th e g re a t a d v a n ta g e b e c a u s e
a ) it is m a d e fr o m h y d ra u lic c e m e n t, c r u s h e d s to n e o r g rav el,
a n d sand.
b ) it is m a d e in a n y s h a p e .
c ) it h a s to b e w o r k e d t o t h e r e q u ir e d s h a p e .
2 ) C o n c r e te is th e b u ild in g m a te r ia l t h a t
a ) c a n b e m a d e o n t h e b u ild in g site.
b ) c a n ’t b e d e liv e re d r e a d y - m ix e d t o t h e b u ild in g site .
c ) c a n s u p p o r t w a lls , flo o rs , b e a m s , c o lu m n s , g ird e rs .
3 ) T h e s tr e n g th o f c o n c r e te is d e te r m in e d b y t h e q u a n tity o f
a ) s a n d a n d g ra v e l.
b ) w a te r.
c ) c e m e n t.
4 ) T o m a k e c o n c r e te s tr o n g e r
a) it s h o u ld b e p u t u n d e r lo a d s .
b ) s te e l ro d s s h o u ld b e e m b e d d e d .
c ) it s h o u ld b e p u t u n d e r c o m p r e s s io n o r te n s io n .
5 ) T h e re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te b e a m is c o m p r e s s e d b e c a u s e
a ) it is s tr e tc h e d .
b ) th e s tr e tc h in g fo rc e is re m o v e d .
c ) h o le s a re m a d e th r o u g h it.
114I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6)
L ig h tw e ig h t c o n c r e te c a n b e m a d e b y u s in g
a ) p r o c e s s e d c l in k e r o r air.
b ) d iffe re n t ty p e s o f s h u tte n n g .
c ) e x p o s in g th e s to n e s .
22.
R e a d T e x t 5 C “ B r ic k s ” a n d fin d t h e a n s w e r s t o t h e s e
q u e s tio n s . D is c u s s y o u r a n s w e rs w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s .
a) W h y a r e b ric k s c o n s id e r e d t o b e t h e m o s t la s tin g o f m a n ­
m a d e b u ild in g m a te ria ls ?
b ) W h a t w a y s a re b ric k s m a d e in ?
c) W h a t is th e s o f t- m u d p ro c e s s c h a ra c te riz e d b y ?
d) W h a t d o e s t h e stiff-c la y p ro c e s s c o n s is t in ?
e) W h a t is sp e c ific o f th e p re s s e d b n c k p ro c e s s ?
f) W h e n a re b a c k s re a d y f o r f in n g ?
g) W h a t p ro c e s s p ro d u c e s t h e b a c k s o f lig h t s a n d y c o lo u r?
h) W h a t a d v a n ta g e s d o lig h te r b ric k s h av e?
i) W h a t fa c to rs d o e s t h e c o lo u r o f c la y b ric k s d e p e n d o n ?
j)
W h a t a re o v e rs iz e b ric k s c a lle d ?
• TEXT 5C
Bricks
G o o d b ric k s a re t h e m o s t lastin g o f m a n - m a d e b u ild in g m aterials.
T h e y a re n o t m u c h a ffe c te d b y t h e w e a th e r a n d , i f a b u ild in g c a tc h e s
fire , b n c k w o r k re sists t h e e ffe c ts o f fire l o n g e r t h a n m o s t o t h e r
fo rm s o f c o n s tru c tio n . B a c k s a re fairly s m a ll a n d lig h t a n d th e re fo re
e a s y t o h a n d le , b u t w h e n t h e y a re b o n d e d t o g e t h e r w ith m o r t a r
th e y m a k e e x tre m e ly s tro n g s tru c tu re s . G o o d b n c k w o r k n e e d s v e ry
little m a in te n a n c e , la s ts fo r a lo n g t im e , a n d lo o k s a ttra c tiv e .
B n c k is fo rm e d in th re e w ays, th e s o ft-m u d , stiff-clay , a n d p re sse d
b r ic k p ro c e s s e s . I n t h e s o f t- m u d p ro c e s s , c la y is m ix e d w i t h w a te r
to f o rm a s tif f p a s te w h ic h is t h e n t h r o w n b y h a n d o r f o r c e d b y
m a c h in e in to w o o d e n o r m e ta l b o x -lik e m o u ld s o f th e siz e o f a
b ric k . S a n d o r w a te r is s p rin k le d o n th e in s id e o f th e m o u ld s to
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS
\2±
k e e p th e c la y f r o m s tic k in g . T h e s a n d o r w a t e r a ls o g iv e s th e b r ic k
a p le a s a n t f in is h . S u c h b r ic k s a r e c a lle d s a n d - s t r u c k o r w a te r s tr u c k b r ic k s . T h e s o f t, w e t b r ic k s a r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e m o u ld s
f o r d r y in g .
I n t h e s tif f - c la y p r o c e s s , t h e g r o u n d c la y is m ix e d w ith w a te r in
a lo n g t r o u g h c o n ta in in g a re v o lv in g s h a f t w ith b la d e s . T h e b la d e s
m ix t h e c la y w ith w a te r a s th e y re v o lv e a n d a t t h e s a m e tim e p u s h it
f o r w a r d in t o a n e x tr u s io n m a c h i n e . T h i s f o r c e s it t h r o u g h a
r e c t a n g u l a r o p e n in g . I t is e x tr u d e d in a lo n g b a r o f t h e le n g th a n d
w id th o f a b r ic k . A m o v in g b e lt c a r r ie s t h e c la y b a r t o a c u t t e r ,
w h ic h is a m e ta l fr a m e w ith a n u m b e r o f w ir e s s tr e tc h e d a c r o s s it.
T h e w ir e s a r e b r o u g h t d o w n o n t h e b a r t o c u t it i n t o b r ic k s , w h ic h
a r e t h e n d r ie d . B r ic k s f o r m e d in t h i s w a y a r e k n o w n a s e x tr u d e d
w i r e - c u t b r ic k s .
I n t h e p r e s s e d b n c k s y s te m , t h e c la y is s e m i- d r y , a n d is p r e s s e d
b y a h e a v y m a c h in e in to m e ta l m o u ld s u n d e r s u c h h ig h p r e s s u r e
th a t th e c la y p a r tic le s h o ld to g e th e r . B e c a u s e p r e s s e d b n c k h a s v e ry
little w a te r , it n e e d s little d ry in g .
A f te r b e in g
fo rm e d , b n c k s are
lo a d e d o n ra il tr u c k s a n d p u s h e d in to
d r ie r s , a n d t h e n in to k iln s t o b e
fire d . D r y in g ta k e s tw o t o th r e e d a y s
a n d t h e n t h e b r ic k s a r e r e a d y f o r
fin n g .
C la y is t h e m a t e n a l m o s t o f te n
a s s o c ia te d w i t h b r ic k s , b u t s in c e th e
la te 1 9 th c e n tu r y o t h e r m a te ria ls h a v e
b e e n u s e d . F o r e x a m p le , c a lc iu m
s ilic a te b r ic k s , s o m e tim e s k n o w n a s
san d
lim e b r ic k s , a r e
m ade by
p re s s in g a m ix tu r e o f m o is t s a n d a n d
lim e in to b r ic k s h a p e b y m a c h in e .
T h e b r ic k s a r e t h e n s te a m e d u n d e r
h ig h p r e s s u r e in a n a u to c la v e . T h is
p ro c e s s p r o d u c e s b ric k s
o f an
The world's highest
brick tower of
St. Martin's Church in
Lands hut, Germany,
completed in 1500
Ja
116
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a ttr a c tiv e lig h t s a n d y c o lo u r w h ic h c a n b e t e x tu r e d a n d p ig m e n te d
in a v a r ie ty o f w a y s
N o t all b r ic k s a r e c o m p le te ly s o lid S o m e h a v e fro g s in th e m .
T h e y m a k e it e a s ie r to p r e s s a n d fire th e b ric k s a n d r e d u c e th e
w e ig h t L ig h te r b ric k s a re e a s ie r t o h a n d le a n d c h e a p e r t o tr a n s p o r t.
N o w a d a y s m a n y m a c h in e - m a d e b n c k s h a v e h o le s in th e m fo r sim ila r
re a s o n s . T h e s e a re c a lle d p e r f o r a te d b ric k s . S p e c ia ls as t h e n a m e
s u g g e sts, a re b r ic k s m a d e f o r a s p e c if ic p u r p o s e T h e y a r e u s u a lly
s h a p e d t o fit a n g le s a n d c u rv e s o r t o p r o d u c e a d e c o r a tiv e e ffe c t.
T h e c o lo u r o f c la y b n c k s d e p e n d s o n s e v e ra l fa c to r s . T h e ty p e
o f c la y u s e d , c h e m ic a ls in th e c la y , th e s u p p ly o f o x y g e n w h ile th e
b n c k s a r e b e in g f ire d , a n d th e t e m p e r a tu r e th e b r ic k s r e a c h d u n n g
firin g . T h e c o lo u r s v a ry f r o m d a r k p u r p le t o lig h t y e llo w . F a c in g
b ric k s to b e u s e d in th e o u t e r w a lls o f b u ild in g s c a n b e g iv e n a
r o u g h o r te x tu r e d s u r f a c e , o r t h e y m a y b e g la z e d t o a d d t o t h e i r
a ttra c tiv e n e ss.
S a n d - l i m e b r ic k s a r e n a t u r a l l y w h i t e , o f f - w h i t e , o r p in k ,
d e p e n d in g o n t h e s a n d u s e d t o m a k e t h e m . B y a d d in g p ig m e n ts ,
a n y c o lo u r s f r o m p a le p a s te ls t o d a r k t o n e s c a n b e p ro d u c e d .
B lo c k s a r e e s s e n tia lly o v e rs iz e b r ic k s — c o m m o n l y a b o u t th e
s iz e o f six b ric k s . T h e y m a y b e m a d e o f c la y o r c o n c r e te . C la y
b lo c k s a r e h o llo w ; c o n c r e te b lo c k s m a y b e s o lid o r h o llo w . T h e
a d v a n ta g e o f b lo c k s o v e r b r ic k s is t h a t b u ild in g c a n b e e a r n e d o u t
f a s te r w ith th e m .
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
L is te n t o t h e T e x t “ R o m a n C o n c r e te ” .
Study the following commentary:
T h e B a th s o f C a r a c a lla — т е р м ы р и м с к о г о и м п е р а т о р а К а р а к а л л а (1 8 6 —2 1 7 г г .)
T h e P a n th e o n — П а н т е о н , в Р и м е п а м я т н и к д р е в н е р и м с к о й
а р х и т е к т у р ы ( о к 125 г. н .э .)
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS 117
a ) A n sw er th e q u e s tio n s th a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t c o m p o n e n t s w a s R o m a n c o n c r e te m a d e fro m ?
2 . W h y w a s c o n c r e t e r e g a r d e d a s a re v o lu tio n a r y m a te r ia l9
3. W h a t is th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n R o m a n c o n c r e te a n d m o d e m
stru c tu ra l c o n c re te ?
4 . W h y h a v e m a n y R o m a n s t r u c t u r e s s u r v iv e d t o t h e p r e s e n t
day?
5 . W h a t te c h n i q u e d id t h e R o m a n s u s e in t h e i r s tr u c tu r e s ?
6. W h e n w a s th e s e c r e t o f R o m a n c o n c r e te lo s t?
7. W h o p i o n e e r e d t h e r e - u s e o f c o n c r e te ?
8 . W h a t a g g re g a te s a r e u s e d in m o d e m c o n c r e te ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
5 A o f th e T e x t. L o o k u p th e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t th e u se an d p r o d u c tio n o f c o n c r e te .
d) T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s ab o u t th e m o d ern u se o f c o n c r e te
b a se d o n th e in fo r m a tio n to b e c o lle c te d .
24.
a)
L iste n t o th e T e x t “ F r o m th e H is to r y o f B r ic k m a k in g ” .
A s y o u lis te n , fill in th e c h a r t to d e sc r ib e th e p e r io d s o f th e
d ev e lo p m e n t o f b r ick m a k in g .
Sun-dried bricks
The invention of a brick kiln
The spread of the ancient craft
of bnckmaking
The loss of brickmaking art
The revival ot brickmaking art
The replacement of timber
framework for brick-built walls
b)
C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g ro u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
5 B o f th e T e x t . L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u d o n o t k n ow in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t ab o u t b rick m a k in g .
UNIT 6
BUILDING SCIENCE
Ш
1.
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ S tr e n g th o f M a t e r ia ls ” and t r a n s la te th e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1. str e n g th o f m a te r ia ls — с о п р о т и в л е н и е м а т е р и а л о в
com p ressive stren gth [ k a m 'p r e s iv ] — п р о ч н о с т ь н а с ж а т и е
fa tig u e s tr e n g th [ f a 't k g ] — у с т а л о с т н а я п р о ч н о с т ь
im p act stren gth [ ' im p a e k t] — р а б о т а д е ф о р м а ц и и п р и у д а р ­
н о м и зл о м е, у д ар н ая вя зк о с ть
s t a t ic s tr e n g th [ 's ta e tik ] — с т а т и ч е с к а я п р о ч н о с т ь , п р о ч ­
н о сть п р и стати ческ о й нагрузке
y ie ld str e n g th [ji:ld ] — у с л о в н ы й п р е д е л т е к у ч е с т и
T h is b o o k c o v e rs r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r a n e n g in e e n n g u n d e r g r a d u a te
c o u r s e o n strength o f materials a n d s tr u c tu r e s . O n e o f th e e s s e n tia l
p r o p e r tie s o f c o n c r e t e is its compressive strength. T h e p r o c e s s is
a p p lie d t o h ig h p e r f o r m a n c e e q u i p m e n t w h e r e it is n o t p o s s ib le t o
in c r e a s e thefatigue strength b y a d d in g m o r e m a te ria l. Impact strength
o n r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te s tr u c tu r e s w a s e s tim a te d b y th is m e th o d . W e
in v e s tig a te d t h e re s is ta n c e t o fr a c tu r e in r e la tio n t o the static strength
a n d s tr u c tu r e o f tw o b e a m s . P r i o r t o the yield strength t h e m a te r ia l
w ill d e f o r m e la s tic a lly a n d w ill r e t u r n t o its o r ig in a l s h a p e .
2. d a m a g e ['d aem icfe] n v — п о в р е ж д е н и е , р а з р у ш е н и е , д е ­
ф ек т; п овреж д ать, разр у ш ать, н ан о си т ь ущ ерб
T h is w ill d o a lo t o f
damage t o th e b e a m . F ir e s damage p a r ts o f
b u ild in g s a n d w h o le b u ild in g s .
120
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
3 fail ['fell] v — повреждать, разрушать, выходить из
строя
failure ['feilp] п — разрушение, авария, сбой, неисп­
равность
brittle failure [britl] — хрупкое разрушение
compressive (compression) failure — разрушение при сжа­
тии
ductile failure ['dAktail] — вязкое (пластическое) разру­
шение
tensile failure — разрушение при растяжении
The roofjoint failed because of the roof heating up. Frost action
causes serious failures of concrete. One of the most important
charactenstics of the structural strength of steels is the resistance to
brittle failure. The complexities of compressive failure become
apparent when a solid block of matenal is squeezed between parallel
plates. Damage models can be used to predict ductile failure in
metal forming processes. The standard way to measure tensile
strength is to use a small bar with uniform width and to pull at
each end until the bar fails.
4. prevent (from) [pri'vent] v — предотвращать, предохра­
нять
Temporary end stops should be used to prevent concrete from
flowing along the bottom of the shutters and segregating.
5. dimension [dai'menjn] n — размер, объем
A room has three spatial dimensions, length, height and width.
6 strain [strein] n v — деформация, напряжение, натя­
жение
The change of dimensions in a matenal due to a stress is called
strain.
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE
121
7 w ith sta n d [ w id 's ta e n d ] v — п р о т и в о с т о я т ь , в ы д е р ж и в а т ь
R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te c a n u s e fu lly
withstand b e n d in g
lo a d .
8. b e a r [ 'Ь е э ] ( b o r e , b o r n e ) v - п о д д е р ж и в а т ь , с л у ж и т ь
опорой
b e a r in g
n — опора
b e a r in g r e a c tio n s — о п о р н о е д а в л е н и е
T he b n d g e m ust
bear t h e
w e ig h t o f t h e c a r s a n d tr u c k s . T h e
e x p e r i m e n t w a s a n in v e s tig a tio n in to th e p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f f ix in g
bearings. A n e x p e n m e n t a l
m e a s u r e m e n t o f bearing reactions
p r e c a s t u n i t s d i r e c tly o n t o t h e i r b e a m
t e c h n i q u e is d e s c r ib e d f o r th e
in b r id g e s la b s .
9. e n a b le [ і'п е іЫ ] v — д а в а т ь ( с о з д а в а т ь ) в о з м о ж н о с т ь
A ll f lo o r s m u s t b e c o n s t r u c t e d b e f o r e t h e r o o f is p u t o n a n d
w a te r p r o o f e d
to enable f in is h in g
w o rk to b e g in .
10. im p le m e n t v — в ы п о л н я т ь , о с у щ е с т в л я т ь , р е а л и з о в ы ­
вать
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m m i t t e e ’s s u g g e s tio n s
will be implemented
im m e d ia te ly .
11. b e su b je c te d to [ s a b 'd j e k t i d ] — п о д в е р г а т ь с я
A b e a m is a s t r u c tu r a l e l e m e n t t h a t
is subjected to fo r c e s
a c tin g
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o it.
12. d e fle c tio n [ d i 'f l e k f n ]
The deflection o f a
n—
прогиб, упругая д еф о р м ац и я
b e a m d e p e n d s o n its le n g th , its c r o s s - s e c tio n a l
s h a p e , t h e m a te r ia l, w h e r e t h e d e fle c tin g f o r c e is a p p lie d , a n d h o w
th e b e a m is s u p p o r te d .
122 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
13. sh ea r str e ss ['/ і э ] — к а с а т е л ь н о е н а п р я ж е н и е
ten sile str e ss — р а с т я г и в а ю щ е е н а п р я ж е н и е
Shear stress is c a lc u la te d
b a s e d o n th e p n n c i p l e o f c o n s e rv a tio n
o f m o m e n tu m . T h e r e a re s o m e k in d s o f m a te n a ls w h ic h c a n n o t
w ith s ta n d
tensile stress.
14. ten sio n [ 't e n f n ]
n—
растяж ение, н атяж ение
C o n c r e t e h a s a m u c h h i g h e r s t r e n g t h w h e n it is u n d e r
c o m p re s s io n t h a n it h a s w h e n it is s u b je c te d t o
tension.
15. a s s e s s [ a 's e s ] v — о ц е н и в а т ь
a s se ssm e n t [ a 's e s m a n t]
n—
оц ен к а
to assess th e d a m a g e to th e b u ild in g . T h is o rg a n iz a tio n
the assessment a n d c o n tr o l o f c o n s tr u c tio n p ro d u c ts .
T h e y trie d
p ro v id e s
16. c a p a b le (o f) [ 'k e i p a b l ] adj — с п о с о б н ы й
ca p a b ility [ ,к е і р э 'Ь і Ы і ] n — с п о с о б н о с т ь , в о з м о ж н о с т ь ,
м ощ ность, производительность
А n e w s p o rts h a ll
capable o f a c c o m m o d a tin g
6 ,0 0 0 p e o p le h a s
re c e n tly b e e n c o m p le te d . T h e e n g in e e r e x p la in e d th e t e c h n i c a l
capabilities o f
th e b u ild in g s tr u c tu r e .
17. fulfil [fu l'fil] v — в ы п о л н я т ь , и с п о л н я т ь
fu lfilm en t [ f u l'f ilm a n t]
n—
вы п олн ен и е
T h is ty p e o f fin is h e s fulfils d iffe re n t f u n c tio n s .
18. in c r e a s e [ 'ip k r iis ] [ in 'k r i i s ]
n
v — возрастан и е, у вели че­
н и е; возрастать, увел и ч и вать
d e c r e a se ['d i:k ri:s ] [ ,d i : 'k r i : s ]
nv—
ум еньш ение, сниж е­
н и е, п ад ен и е; у м ен ьш ат ь, сн и ж ат ь, п адать, уб ы вать
An increase in
th e v o lu m e o f b u ild in g c a n o n ly b e a c h ie v e d b y
g r e a te r p ro d u c tiv ity . B y u s in g in d u s tr ia l m e th o d s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE
th e sp e e d o f c o n s tr u c tio n m a y
to c o n s id e r a b ly decrease t h e
be c o n s id e ra b ly increased.
123
It is p o ssib le
b u ild in g c o s ts b y u s in g p r e f a b n c a tio n .
19. e x p a n d [ ik s 'p a e n d ] v — р а с ш и р я т ь , у в е л и ч и в а т ь с я в
объем е
e x p a n sio n [ i k 's p a e n jn ]
n—
T h o u s a n d s o f c o u n t r y to w n s
р асш и рен и е, растяги ван и е
expanded in to g r e a t in d u s tr ia l o r
expansion t o d o u b le
c o m m e r c ia l c e n tr e s . T h e s ite a llo w s f o r f u r th e r
th e p r e s e n t siz e o f th e f a c to r y .
2 0 . d isp la c e [ d is 'p le is ] v — в ы д а в л и в а т ь , в ы т е с н я т ь
d isp la c e m e n t
n
— п ер ем ещ ен и е, сдви г, см ещ ен и е
T h e d e n s e r c o ld w a te r s in k s
to displace th e
h e a t e d w a te r , w h ic h
is f o rc e d to n se . W e c a n d e s c rib e q u a n tita tiv e ly th e a m o u n t o f la te ra l
displacement o f th e
beam .
2 . R e a d a n d t r a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in t h e d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a rt o f s p e e c h .
n v, p h e n o m e n a n, o p tim iz e v, p r e v e n t v,
adj, p e r m a n e n t adj, s e r v ic e n, e s th e tic s n,
n, n e u tr a liz e v , e q u ilib r iu m л , g r a v ita tio n a l adj, t e r m n,
s tr e s s n, e x p r e s s v, c o m p r e s s iv e adj, o p p o s e v, lim it n,
n, th e r m a l adj.
C o l l e c t i o n л , fo c u s
s p e c if ic , h y p e r s ta tic
r e a c tio n
tr e n d л ,
m anner
3 . M a t c h th e w o rd s w ith th e d e fin itio n s b e lo w .
a ) te n s ile fa ilu r e
b)
te n s ile s tr e s s
c ) c o m p r e s s iv e s tr e n g th
d)
c o m p r e s s iv e fa ilu r e
e)
g)
te n s io n
s h e a r s tr e s s
0 fa tig u e s t r e n g th
y ie ld s tr e n g th
j)
i)
h)
im p a c t s tr e n g th
b n t t l e f a ilu r e
124
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1 the condition of being stretched
2. the ability of a material to resist shock loading
3 the resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart
4 the ability of a metal to tolerate gradual progressive force
without permanent deformation
5 collapse caused by compression
6 the form of stress in a material that tends to produce cutting
rather than stretching or bending
7. the strength of a substance under tension
8. a complete fracture of the specimen in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of loading
9. the maximum stress a matenal can endure for a given
number of cycles without failure
10. the ability of a material to resist forces attempting to crush it
4. Match the following English words and word combinations
with the Russian equivalents.
1. fulfil
2. assess
3. dimension
4. deflection
5. displacement
6. implement
7. prevent
8 strength of materials
9. decrease
10. ductile failure
11. failure
12. capability
13 enable
14. withstand
15. bear
a. прогиб, упругая деформация
b. давать возможность
c. выполнять, осуществлять
d. разрушение, неисправность
e. уменьшать, снижать
f. оценивать
g. вязкое разрушение
h. противостоять, выдерживать
i. способность, производительность
j. поддерживать, служить опорой
k. выполнять, исполнять
l. сопротивление материалов
т . сдвиг, смещение
п. предотвращать, предохранять
о размер, объем
иш6.
BUILDING SCIENCE
125
5 . F ill th e g a p s w ith th e su ita b le w o rd s b elo w .
1.
a ) c o m p re ss
d)
b ) c o m p r e s s ib le
c ) c o m p r e s s iv e
c o m p r e s s ib ility e ) c o m p r e s s io n
f) c o m p r e s s o r
I. T h e r e a r e m a n y p r o b le m s in w h ic h a b e a m is s u p p o r te d o n a
f o u n d a tio n e x e rtin g a d is trib u tiv e r e a c tio n o n t h e b e a m o f in te n s ity
p ro p o rtio n a l to th e
2. I n o r d e r t o s e le c t th e a p p r o p n a t e siz e o f a
f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n u se , it is n e c e s s a r y t o k n o w w h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n
d e v ic e s a r e t o b e p o w e r e d b y t h e c o m p r e s s e d a ir. 3
b u ild in g
m a te ria ls a re u se d t o r e d u c e t h e p re s s u re s t r a n s m itte d t o f o u n d a tio n s
a n d sla b s. 4 . W o o d is s tr o n g w h e n w e
it v e rtic a lly . 5. B e n d in g
o c c u r s w h e n a s tr a ig h t m a te r ia l b e c o m e s c u r v e d ; o n e sid e s q u e e z e s
t o g e th e r in c o m p r e s s io n , a n d t h e o t h e r s id e s tr e tc h e s a p a r t in
te n s io n . 6. A m a te r ia l w h ic h c a n r e sist h ig h f o r c e s h a s t h e p r o p e r ty
o f h ig h s tr e n g th .
II.
a) expand
b ) expanse
c ) e x p a n s io n
d)
e ) e x p a n s ib ility
d ) e x p a n s iv e
e x p a n s ib le
1. A r e s in c o m p o s itio n c o n ta in in g le ss t h a n 5 p e r c e n t b y w e ig h t
o f w h o lly in o r g a n ic c la y p a r tic le s is w e ll d is p e r s e d . 2. C o n s tr u c tio n
o f th e p o r t is o n a v a s t o f 6 0 0 a c r e s w ith a u n iq u e s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
c a r g o h a n d lin g f a c ilitie s . 3. T h e a p p lic a tio n o f
c o n c r e t e is t h e
e f f e c tiv e w a y to so lv e t h e d e f e c t p r o b le m s o f p ile s . 4 . T h e y s tu d ie d
t h e e f f e c ts o f v a r io u s f a c to r s o n t h e o f c o n c r e t e f o r la r g e d a m s . 5.
T h is m a te r ia l c a n w h e n th e te m p e r a tu r e n s e s o r w h e n th e m o is tu r e
c o n t e n t in c r e a s e s . 6. T h is s y s te m is p r o v id e d t o a llo w f o r o f th e
w a te r.
6 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te t h e fo llo w in g g r o u p s o f s e n t e n c e s p a y in g
a tte n tio n t o th e w ord s in it a lic s w h ic h c a n fu n c tio n a s a n o u n
an d a verb o r a n a d je c tiv e , o r a n o u n an d a n ad je c tiv e o r a
p articip le, w ith th e sa m e form . L o o k up yo u r diction ary if n e c e ssa r y .
126 I
1.
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a. A lim itin g
strain
b. A
strain
d e f in e s t h e fa ilu r e o f r e in f o r c e m e n t.
lim it o f 1% s h o u ld b e a p p lie d .
c . I f th e s tre ss is s m a ll, t h e m a t e n a l m a y
2.
b. N o
increase in
little .
increase.
t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c h a r g e s w ill b e m a d e .
c. R e s id e n tia l c o n s t r u c t i o n is o n th e
3.
strain a
a. T h e s tr e n g th p r o p e r tie s o f th is ty p e o f s te e l m a y
a S to r m c a u s e d a lo t o f
damage to
increase.
th e house.
damage p r e v e n tio n m e a s u re s s h o u ld b e ta k e n .
damage u n r e in f o r c e d m a s o n r y b u ild in g s.
a. A lo a d bearing w all c a m e s th e p a rts o f th e h o u s e u p o n it.
b . T h e c o lu m n s bearing the. lo a d m u s t b e p r o p e r ly lo c a te d .
c. A s te e l b e a m bearing was in s ta lle d o n c o n c r e te m a s o n ry .
a. T h e m a te n a l w a s subjected to th e a p p lie d lo a d .
b. T h e y subjected t h e b e a m to v a n o u s te sts.
c. T h e y te s te d th e s tr u c tu r e s subjected t o w in d fo rc e s.
b. T h e flo o d
c. E a rth q u a k e s c a n
4.
5.
7.
S tu d y the follow in g p a ttern s sh ow in g th e w a y s so m e ad jecti
a re form ed from n o u n s o r v e r b s. C o m p le te th e c h a r ts . S o m e o f
t h e m issin g w o rd s are from t h e t e x t s o f th e U n it. R e a d and
t r a n s la t e th e m . U s e y o u r d ic t io n a r y t o h e lp y o u w ith t h e
p r o n u n c ia tio n .
J
Pattern 19
N o u n + - a l - » A d je c tiv e
T h e - a l s u ffix m e a n s
Example,
|
o f or concerning.
a d d itio n — д о п о л н е н и е - » a d d itio n a l — д о п о л н и ­
тельны й
Noun
Adjective
p h y sic s
______________________
p ra c tic e
______________________
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE
127
m e c h a n ic s
m a th e m a tic s
g ra v ita tio n
axis
s tru c tu re
Pattern 20
I N o u n /V e r b + -o u s -> A d je c tiv e |
T h e - o u s su ffix m e a n s
causing or having.
Example, f a m e — и з в е с т н о с т ь - > fa m o u s — и з в е с т н ы й
Noun/Verb
Adjective
a d v a n ta g e
______________________
s im u lta n e ity
______________________
c o n tin u e
______________________
v ary
______________________
Pattern 21
I
N o u n /V e r b + -a r y - > A d je c tiv e
T h e - a i y su ffix m e a n s
|
o f or concerning.
Example, i n f l a t i o n — и н ф л я ц и я - > i n f l a t i o n a l — и н ф л я ц и ­
онны й
Noun/Verb
Adjective
s u p p le m e n t
______________________
c u s to m
----------------------------------
v o lu n te e r
----------------------------------
128 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
im a g in e
benefit
Pattern 22
N o u n / V e i b + - а Ы е /іЫ е
A d je c tiv e
having a stated quality
can be done.
T h e - a b l e / i b l e su ffix e s m e a n
or condition
Example
or
a c c e p t — п р и н и м а т ь -> a c c e p ta b le — п р и е м л е м ы й
Noun/Verb
Adjective
c o m p re s s
_____________________
re c o v e r
_____________________
accept
_____________________
su it
_____________________
flex
_____________________
v alu e
_____________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
R e a d a n d t r a n s l a t e th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio
to th e fo r m s a n d f u n c tio n s o f t h e P r e s e n t P a r tic ip le .
a)
A ttr ib u te
Example
T h e playing b o y is m y s o n . — Играющий м а л ь ч и к — м о й с ы н .
T h e b o y playing in t h e g a r d e n is m y s o n . — М а л ь ч и к , играю­
щий в с а д у , — м о й с ы н .
UNIT
6.
BUILDING SCIENCE
129
T h e b rid g e being built a c r o s s th e riv e r w ill b e v e r y big . — М о с т ,
строящийся (который строится) ч е р е з р е к у , б у д е т о ч е н ь б о л ь ­
ш им.
1.
B u ild in g s c ie n c e is th e c o lle c tio n o f s c ie n tif ic k n o w le d g e th a t
fo c u s e s o n t h e a n a ly s is a n d c o n tr o l o f th e p h y s ic a l p h e n o m e n a
a f f e c tin g b u ild in g s . 2
T h is j o b b e in g m a n a g e d b y th e p r o je c t
m a n a g e r a n d s u p e r v is e d e n g in e e r w ill b e d o n e o n tim e . 3. T h e
s tr e n g th o f m a te r ia ls g iv e s th e v a lu e o f th e b e a r in g r e a c tio n s o f th e
h y p e rsta tic stru c tu re s. 4. H y d r a tio n involves m a n y d iffe re n t re a c tio n s
o f te n o c c u r r in g a t t h e s a m e tim e . 5. Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s d e s c r ib e s
t h e te n d e n c y o f a n o b je c t to d e f o r m a lo n g a n ax is w h e n o p p o s in g
f o r c e s a re a p p lie d a lo n g t h a t ax is. 6 T h e d e s ig n b e in g p r e p a r e d b y
th e h ig h ly s k ille d e x p e r ts ’ t e a m w ill b e c o m p le te d n e x t m o n th .
b)
A d verb ial m o d ifier
Example
(W h ile )
reading h e w a s m a k in g s o m e n o te s . — Читая, о н д е ­
л ал зам етки .
Having lost t h e k e y h e c o u l d n ’t g e t in t o t h e h o u s e . — Потеряв
клю ч, он не м ог п опасть в дом
Being built o f w o o d t h e b r id g e c o u l d n ’t c a r r y h e a v y lo a d s . —
Т а к к а к м о с т б ш построен (будучи построенным) и з д е р е в а ,
о н н е м о г вы д ер ж ать тя ж ел ы х н агр у зо к.
Having been translated in to m a n y la n g u a g e s T o ls to y ’s b o o k s
После того как к н и г и Т о л ­
с т о г о были переведены н а м н о г и е я з ы к и , о н и с т а л и и з в е с т н ы
b e c a m e k n o w n a ll o v e r th e w o rld . —
во всем м и ре.
1.
I n g e n e r a l s to n e s a r e u s e d a s b a s ic s tr u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s in
b u ild in g s , w h ile m u d is u s e d t o fill in th e s p a c e b e tw e e n , a c tin g a s
a ty p e o f c o n c r e t e a n d in s u la tio n . 2 . T o p e r f o r m s u c c e s s f u lly in
t h e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y s t u d e n ts m u s t d e v e lo p t h e i r s k ills in t h e
t e c h n ic a l a s p e c ts o f c o n s tr u c tio n w h ile a p p ly in g u se fu l c o n s tr u c tio n
m a n a g e m e n t p r a c tic e s a n d to o ls to m a in ta in c o n t r o l a n d p ro v id e
5 Зак 312
130I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
o p tim a l d e c is io n s . 3 . H a v in g l o o k e d th r o u g h a ll th e d o c u m e n ts
a n d le tte rs h e c a lle d h is s e c re ta ry . 4 . H a v in g b e e n in t h e b u ild in g
a n d c o n s tr u c t io n b u s in e s s f r o m th e v e ry b e g in n in g w e h a v e m u c h
p re v io u s e x p e n e n c e fro m th e b u ild in g p o in t o f view . 5. C o n s tru c tio n
m a n a g e rs c o o r d in a te a n d su p e rv is e th e c o n s tr u c t i o n p ro c e s s fro m
th e c o n c e p tu a l d e v e lo p m e n t stag e th ro u g h fin al c o n s tru c tio n , m a k in g
s u re th a t th e p r o je c t g e ts c o m p le te d o n t im e a n d w ith in b u d g e t.
6 . H a v in g b e e n r e p a ir e d th e d e v ic e b e g a n w o rk in g m u c h b e tte r .
7. H a v in g e x a m in e d th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n stre s s a n d s tra in w e
d e te r m in e d t h e e la s tic m o d u lu s . 8. W h e n p u r c h a s in g a n e w h o u s e
th e b u y e r h a s less le g a l p r o te c t io n t h a n w h e n b u y in g a n e w c a r.
9.
R ead and tra n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s pa y in g a tte n tio n
to th e form s and fu n ctio n s o f th e P a s t P a r tic ip le .
a)
A ttrib u te
Example
received b y t h e i r lib ra ry . — О н
полученные и х б и б л и о т е к о й .
H e s h o w e d u s s o m e m a g a z in e s
п о к азал н ам ж ур н ал ы ,
T h e te le g ra m
sent w as s ig n e d b y t h e d ire c to r. — О т п р а в л е н н а я
телеграм м а б ы л а п од п и сан а директором .
broken c h a ir s in th e ro o m . — В к о м н а т е н е ­
сломанных сту л ь ев .
T h e r e a re a fe w
сколько
1. T h e s tra in in creases u n til th e s tresses a re su ffic ie n t to n e u tra liz e
th e fo rc e a p p lie d , w h e n t h e b o d y is a g a in in a c o n d it i o n o f
e q u ilib r iu m . 2 . S tr e n g th o f m a te r ia ls s tu d ie s t h e m e c h a n ic a l
p ro p e r tie s o f m a te n a l s u s e d in t h e c o n s tr u c t i o n in d u s try . 3. W e
a re g o in g to s tu d y th e s tre ss s ta te c a u s e d b y s q u e e z in g th e m a te ria l.
4 T h e s tre n g th o f s tr u c tu r e s o f e q u a l c ro s s s e c tio n a l a r e a lo a d e d in
te n s io n is in d e p e n d e n t o f c ro s s s e c tio n g e o m e tr y . 5. T h e e la s tic
m o d u lu s is t h e s tre s s r e q u ir e d t o c a u s e a s a m p le o f th e m a t e n a l to
d o u b le in le n g th . 6. I n c re a s e d s tr e n g th a n d d u r a b ility a re a ls o a
p a r t o f th e d riv e t o re d u c e th e e n v ir o n m e n ta l f o o tp n n t o f th e b u ilt
e n v ir o n m e n t b y t h e e ffic ie n t u s e o f re s o u rc e s .
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE
b)
131
A d verb ial m o d ifie r
Example
W h e n questioned, I d i d n ’t k n o w w h a t t o a n s w e r. — Когда меня
стали расспрашивать, я н е з н а л , ч т о о т в е т и т ь .
1. T h e m o d u lu s o f rig id ity d e s c n b e s th e te n d e n c y o f a n o b je c t to
s h e a r w h e n a c te d u p o n b y t h e fo rc e s. 2. O n c e c e rtifie d , th e e n g in e e r
is d e s ig n a te d th e t itle o f t h e p r o f e s s io n a l e n g in e e r . 3. D e s ig n
c o n s i d e r a tio n s w ill in c lu d e s tr e n g th , s tiffn e s s , a n d s ta b ility o f t h e
s tr u c tu r e w h e n s u b je c te d to lo a d s w h ic h m a y b e s ta tic , o r d y n a m ic .
4
W h e n fa c e d w ith u n e x p e c te d e v e n ts o r d e la y s , c o n s t r u c t i o n
m a n a g e r s s h o u ld b e d e c is iv e a n d w o r k w ell u n d e r p re s s u re .
10.
M in d th e u s e o f th e P r e s e n t and P a s t P a r tic ip le s in th e
p a ir s o f th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s . R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e m in to
R u s s ia n .
Example
The book
written b y th is e n g in e e r describes n e w tr e n d s in
написанная э т и м и н ж е н е р о м , описы­
c o n s tr u c tio n . — К н и г а ,
вает н о в ы е н а п р а в л е н и я в с т р о и т е л ь с т в е .
T h e b o o k describing n e w tr e n d s in c o n s tr u c tio n is written b y th is
e n g in e e r . — К н и г а , описывающая н о в ы е н а п р а в л е н и я в с т р о ­
и т е л ь с т в е , написана э т и м и н ж е н е р о м .
1. S o m e ty p e s o f p la s tic s p r o d u c e d a t th is p la n t p r o v id e s o m e
d e c o ra tiv e e ffe c ts . S o m e ty p e s o f p la s tic s p r o v id in g s o m e d e c o ra tiv e
e ffe c ts a r e p r o d u c e d a t th is p la n t. 2 M a n y p la n ts p r o d u c in g p r e c a s t
r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e a r e i n o p e r a t i o n in th is c o u n t r y n o w . M a n y
p l a n t s b e in g in o p e r a t i o n in th is c o u n t r y n o w p r o d u c e p r e c a s t
r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te . 3. M ic r o c o m p u te r s in v e n te d in th e 1970s h e lp
m u c h in re s e a r c h w o rk . M ic r o c o m p u te r s h e lp in g m u c h in r e s e a r c h
w o r k w e r e in v e n te d in t h e 1 9 7 0 s. 4 . T h e r e p o r t o n n e w b u ild in g
m e th o d s m a d e b y B o b is b e in g d i s c u s s e d n o w . T h e r e p o r t o n n e w
b u ild in g m e th o d s b e in g d is c u s s e d n o w w a s m a d e b y B o b .
132
I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5. M a te ria ls b e h a v in g in th is m a n n e r a re c a lle d e la s tic . M a te r ia ls
c a lle d e la s tic b e h a v e in th is m a n n e r .
1 1 . T r a n sla te w h at is g iv e n in b r a c k e ts u sin g th e P r e s e n t and
P a s t P a r tic ip le s.
1. T h e s h e e r siz e a n d s c o p e o f th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try m e a n s
t h a t th e ( с о п р о в о ж д а ю щ и й с я ) e c o n o m ic i m p a c t w ill b e h u g e . 2.
W h ile ( в ы п о л н я я ) c o m p le x c a lc u la tio n s w e c a n a p p ly c o m p u te r s .
3.
( П о с л е т о г о , к а к м н е с к а з а л и ) th e title o f m y re p o rt o n stre n g th
o f m a te ria ls I d e c id e d t o g o to t h e lib ra ry t o w o r k a t it. 4 . P e o p le
(р а б о т а ю щ и е ) i n t h e i r o w n b u s in e s s s h o u ld c a lc u la te th e c o s t o f
t h e i r o w n tim e ( п о т р а ч е н н о е ) in r u n n in g t h e b u s in e s s . 5. T e n s ile
s tre ss is th e stre s s s ta te ( в ы з в а н н ы й ) b y a n ( п р и л о ж е н н ы й ) lo a d
t h a t te n d s to e lo n g a te th e m a te r ia l in th e a x is o f t h e ( п р и л о ж е н ­
н ы й ) lo a d . 6. ( В ы п о л н и в ) th e te r m s o f th e c o n t r a c t t h e y re fu s e d
to d o s o m e o t h e r jo b s a t t h e c o n s tr u c tio n s ite . 7. T h e n e w h o u s in g
p r o je c t ( с т р о я щ и й с я ) in th is to w n w ill b e in t h e fo r m o f a h u g e
c ir c le . 8. ( О ц е н и в а я ) d e la y s in c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k , th e y c a n
im p ro v e t h e w a y th e c o n s tr u c tio n t e a m m e m b e rs in te ra c t. 9. ( В ы б ­
р а в ) th e g e n e ra l c o n tr a c to r , th e c o m p a n y m u s t ta k e s te p s to sa tisfy
t h e i r n e e d s . 10 T h e b u ild in g c o s ts la rg e ly d e p e n d e d o n th e ( и с ­
п о л ь з о в а н н ы й ) m a te n a ls .
1 2 . R ea d a n d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o th e A b so lu te P a r tic ip le C o n str u c tio n .
Example
The weather being fine, w e s ta r te d fo r a w a lk . — Так как
погода была хорошая, т о м ы о т п р а в и л и с ь н а п р о г у л к у .
Му sister having come back, I w e n t to se e h e r . — После того
как моя сестра вернулась, я п о ш е л н а в е с т и т ь е е .
1. A ll th in g s b e in g e q u a l, c o n c r e t e w ith a lo w e r w a t e r - c e m e n t
r a tio n m a k e s a s tr o n g e r c o n c r e t e t h a n t h a t w ith a h i g h e r r a tio . 2.
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE
133
R e s id e n tia l a s w e ll a s a ll o t h e r ty p e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n g e n e r a tin g a
lo t o f w a ste , c a r e f u l p la n n in g is n e e d e d in th is a r e a 3. T h e y fin is h e d
t h e e x p e r im e n t, th e r e s u lt b e in g q u ite s a tis f a c to r y 4 . T h e w o r k
h a v in g b e e n f i n is h e d , t h e w o r k e r s le f t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite .
5. M o s t in d u s tr ie s m a k e u s e o f a v a rie ty o f m a c h in e s , e a c h m a c h in e
c a r r y in g o u t a d if f e r e n t o p e r a tio n . 6 S o m e c e m e n t p la n ts a r e v e ry
la rg e , th e i r a n n u a l p r o d u c tio n e x c e e d in g 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
7.
tons o f c e m e n t.
T h e n e w m e th o d s h a v in g b e e n in tr o d u c e d , t h e la b o u r p ro d u c tiv ity
w e n t u p . 8. T h e s t u d e n t k n o w in g E n g lis h w e ll, t h e e x a m in a tio n
d id n o t la st lo n g . 9. A n e x te r n a l fo rc e b e in g a p p lie d , a d e f o r m a tio n
ta k e s p la c e . 10. T h e n e w m e t h o d h a v in g b e e n s tu d ie d in d e ta il,
th e p la n t m a n a g e m e n t d e c id e d to i n tr o d u c e it a t th e p la n t.
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
W h a t d o y o u k n o w ab ou t s tr e n g th o f m a te r ia ls? R e a d th e
s ta te m e n ts g iv e n b e lo w and s a y if th e y a r e tr u e or fa ls e . I f th e
s ta te m e n ts a r e n o t tr u e , m ak e th e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c tio n s .
a) T h e s t r e n g th o f m a te n a ls is o n e o f th e fie ld s o f b u ild in g
s c ie n c e .
b ) T h e s t r e n g th o f m a te r ia ls o n ly s tu d ie s b e a r in g r e a c tio n s o f
s tr u c t u r a l s y s te m s .
c ) T h e s t r e n g th o f m a te r ia ls d o e s n o t c o v e r d im e n s io n s a n d
c h o ic e o f m a te r ia ls .
d ) A d e f o r m a tio n ta k e s p la c e w h e n th e m a te r ia l is in a s ta te o f
s tre s s .
e ) S tr a in e x p re s s e s th e d e f o r m a tio n c h a n g e .
f)
C o m p r e s s iv e s tr e s s e lo n g a te s th e m a te r ia l in th e a x is o f th e
a p p lie d lo a d .
g) T e n s ile stre ss re d u c e s th e le n g th o f t h e m a te r ia l in th e a x is o f
t h e a p p lie d lo a d .
134I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
h)
S h e a r s tre ss c a u s e s o p p o s in g fo rc e s t o a c t a lo n g p a ra lle l lin e s
o f a c tio n .
1) Y ie ld s tre n g th , c o m p re s s iv e s tre n g th , te n s ile s tre n g th , fa tig u e
s tre n g th , a n d im p a c t s tre n g th a re n o t th e te rm s in th e s tre n g th
o f m a te ria ls .
14.
R ea d T e x t 6 A “ S tr e n g th o f M a te r ia ls ” an d s a y if y o u a r e
rig h t o r w ro n g . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g ro u p m a tes o r
tea ch er.
• TEXT 6A
Strength o f M aterials
B u ild in g s c ie n c e is th e c o lle c tio n o f s c ie n tific k n o w le d g e t h a t
fo c u s e s o n th e a n a ly s is a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e p h y s ic a l p h e n o m e n a
a ffe c tin g b u ild in g s . T h is in c lu d e s th e d e ta ile d a n a ly s is o f b u ild in g
m a te ria ls a n d b u ild in g e n v e lo p e s y s te m s . T h e p r a c tic a l p u r p o s e o f
b u ild in g s c ie n c e is to p ro v id e p re d ic tiv e c a p a b ility t o o p tim iz e
b u ild in g p e r f o r m a n c e a n d u n d e r s ta n d o r p re v e n t b u ild in g fa ilu re s .
O n e o f th e field s o f b u ild in g s c ie n c e is th e s tre n g th o f m a te ria ls .
Its p u rp o s e is to d e te r m in e t h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e c o n s tr u c tio n s in
o r d e r t o re s is t t o s tra in s w h ic h t h e y h a v e t o w ith s ta n d , o r t o c h e c k
i f a s p e c ific c o n s tr u c tio n is a b le t o w ith s ta n d c e r t a i n s tra in s . T h e
s tre n g th o f m a te ria ls a ls o g iv es t h e v a lu e o f t h e b e a n n g re a c tio n s o f
th e h y p e rs ta tic s tru c tu re s. It e n a b le s to e n s u re th e g o o d p e rfo rm a n c e
o f th e b e a m s u n d e r th e p e rm a n e n t a n d
HP
A material loaded in
a) compression,
b) tension,
c) shear.
s e rv ic e lo a d s . F u r t h e r m o r e , th is s c ie n c e
s tu d ie s th e m e c h a n ic a l p ro p e rtie s o f
m a te ria ls u s e d in th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try .
T h e s tre n g th o f m a te ria ls is a lso th e s tu d y o f
d i m e n s i o n s a n d c h o i c e o f m a te r ia ls t o
i m p l e m e n t in a c o n s tr u c tio n . T o d e s ig n a
m e c h a n ic a l p a r t , a s t r u c tu r e , it is in itia lly
t o im a g i n e t h e f o r m s a n d g e o m e t r i c a l
s k e le to n w h ic h fu lfil th e sp e c ific fu n c tio n s ;
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE
135
t h e n , it is t o d e te r m in e th e q u a n titie s o f m a t t e r n e c e s s a r y a n d
s u ffic ie n t to a c h ie v e th e s e fo r m s a n d to e n s u r e a r e s is ta n c e w ith o u t
d a m a g e to th e o b je c t w ith all th e s tra in s it w ill b e su b je c te d to d u rin g
its se rv ic e . T h is d im e n s io n in g c a lls u p o n c a lc u la tio n s t h a t f o r e c a s t
th e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e o b je c t w h o se d e s ig n m u s t c o m b in e th e b e s t
c o n d i t i o n s o f s e c u r ity , e c o n o m y , a n d e s th e tic s .
I n g e n e r a l, w h e n a n e x te r n a l f o r c e is a p p lie d t o a b o d y , a
d e f o r m a tio n ta k e s p la c e ; th is is c a lle d th e s tr a in . T h is d e f o r m a tio n
c a u s e s f o r c e s t o b e s e t u p in t h e in te r n a l s tr u c tu r e o f th e m a te r ia l,
a n d t h e m a te r ia l is t h e n s a id t o b e in a s ta te o f s tr e s s . T h e s tr a in
i n c r e a s e s u n til th e r e s u ltin g stre s s e s a r e s u f f ic ie n t t o n e u tr a liz e th e
a p p lie d fo r c e w h e n t h e b o d y is a g a in i n a c o n d i t i o n o f e q u ilib r iu m .
D e f o r m a tio n o f t h e m a te ria l is th e c h a n g e in g e o m e tr y w h e n stre s s is
a p p lie d i n t h e f o r m o f f o r c e l o a d in g , g r a v ita tio n a l f ie ld , t h e r m a l
e x p a n s io n , e tc . D e f o r m a tio n is e x p re s s e d b y t h e d is p la c e m e n t fie ld
o f th e m a te r ia l. S tr a in o r r e d u c e d d e f o r m a t i o n is a m a th e m a t i c a l
te r m t o e x p r e s s t h e t r e n d o f th e d e f o r m a tio n c h a n g e a m o n g th e
m a te r ia l field . F o r u n ia x ia l lo a d in g — d is p la c e m e n ts o f a s p e c im e n
( f o r e x a m p le , a b a r e l e m e n t ) it is e x p r e s s e d a s th e q u o t i e n t o f th e
d is p la c e m e n t a n d th e le n g th o f t h e s p e c im e n . D e f le c tio n is a t e r m
to d e sc rib e th e m a g n itu d e to w h ic h a s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n t b e n d s u n d e r
a lo a d .
T h e r e a re th r e e k in d s o f stresses: c o m p r e s s iv e , te n s ile a n d s h e a r.
C o m p r e s s iv e stre ss is t h e stre ss s ta te c a u s e d b y a n a p p lie d lo a d t h a t
a c ts t o r e d u c e th e l e n g th o f th e m a te r ia l in t h e ax is o f t h e a p p lie d
lo a d , in o t h e r w o r d s th e stre s s s ta te c a u s e d b y s q u e e z in g th e
m a te r ia l. C o m p r e s s iv e s t r e n g th f o r m a t e n a l s is g e n e r a lly h ig h e r
th a n th a t o f te n s ile stre ss. T e n s ile stre s s is th e stre s s s ta te c a u s e d b y
a n a p p lie d lo a d th a t t e n d s t o e lo n g a te th e m a te r ia l in t h e a x is o f th e
a p p lie d lo a d , in o t h e r w o r d s th e s tr e s s c a u s e d b y p u llin g th e
m a t e n a l . T h e s tr e n g th o f s tr u c tu r e s o f e q u a l c r o s s s e c tio n a l a r e a
lo a d e d in te n s io n is i n d e p e n d e n t o f c r o s s s e c t i o n g e o m e tr y . S h e a r
stre ss is t h e stre ss s ta te c a u s e d b y o p p o s in g f o r c e a c tin g a lo n g p a ra lle l
lin e s o f a c tio n t h r o u g h t h e m a te r ia l.
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
136 I
T h e r e a re s o m e s tr e n g th te r m s in th e s tr e n g th o f m a te ria ls . Y ie ld
s tr e n g th is t h e lo w e s t stre s s t h a t g iv e s p e r m a n e n t d e f o r m a tio n in a
m a te n a l. C o m p re s s iv e s tr e n g th is a lim it s ta te o f c o m p re s s iv e stre ss
t h a t le a d s t o c o m p r e s s iv e fa ilu re in th e m a n n e r o f d u c tile fa ilu re o r
in th e m a n n e r o f b r ittle fa ilu r e . T e n s ile s t r e n g th is a lim it s ta te o f
te n s ile s tr e s s t h a t le a d s t o te n s ile f a ilu r e in t h e m a n n e r o f d u c tile
fa ilu r e ( y ie ld a s t h e fir s t sta g e o f f a ilu r e , s o m e h a r d e n in g in t h e
s e c o n d sta g e a n d b r e a k a f te r a p o s s ib le n e c k f o r m a tio n ) o r in th e
m a n n e r o f b r ittle f a ilu r e ( s u d d e n b r e a k in g in s o m e p ie c e s w ith a
lo w s tr e s s s t a te ) . F a tig u e s tr e n g th is a m e a s u r e o f t h e s t r e n g th o f a
m a t e n a l o r a c o m p o n e n t u n d e r c y c lic lo a d in g , a n d is u s u a lly m o r e
d iffic u lt t o a sse ss th a n t h e sta tic s tr e n g th m e a s u re s . I m p a c t s tr e n g th
is th e c a p a b ility o f t h e m a te r ia l i n w ith s ta n d in g b y th e s u d d e n ly
a p p lie d lo a d s.
15 .
F in d in T e x t 6 A t h e p a ra g ra p h sa y in g a b o u t s o m e s tr e n g th
te r m s u sed in t h e str e n g th o f m a te r ia ls and tr a n s la te it in to
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p aragrap h 2 o f T e x t 6A .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
Its p u rp o s e is t o d e te r m in e t h e d im e n s io n s o f th e c o n s tr u c tio n s
in o r d e r t o r e s is t t o s tr a in s w h ic h th e y h a v e t o w ith s ta n d
W h a t do es th e p ro n o u n
its r e f e r to ?
b ) //e n a b l e s t o e n s u r e th e g o o d p e r f o r m a n c e o f th e b e a m s u n d e r
t h e p e r m a n e n t a n d se rv ic e lo a d s.
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
c)
it r e f e r t o ?
this s c ie n c e s tu d ie s th e m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f m a te r ia ls
u s e d in t h e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try .
W h a t d o e s t h e d e m o n s tr a tiv e a d je c tiv e
this r e f e r t o 9
UNIT 6 . BUILDING SCIENCE
d)
it is t o d e te r m in e t h e q u a n titie s o f m a t t e r n e c e s s a r y a n d
s u f f ic ie n t t o a c h ie v e
these fo r m s
W h a t d o e s th e d e m o n s tr a tiv e a d je c tiv e
e)
137
these re f e r to ?
this is c a lle d t h e s tr a in .
this r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
f)
it is e x p r e s s e d a s t h e q u o t i e n t o f th e d is p l a c e m e n t a n d th e
le n g th o f th e s p e c im e n .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
it r e f e r to ?
g ) C o m p r e s s iv e s t r e n g t h f o r m a t e n a l s is g e n e r a lly h i g h e r t h a n
that o f te n s ile stre ss.
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
that r e f e r to ?
1 8 . Fin d in T e x t 6 A s o m e k e y w o rd s an d e x p r e s s io n s t o sp e a k
ab o u t th e str e n g th o f m a te r ia ls . R e te ll t h e T e x t in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 6 B “ S t r e s s - S t r a i n R e la t io n s ” a n d tr y to
u n d erstan d w h at it is a b ou t an d w h at in fo rm a tio n is k n ow n t o y o u .
• TEXT 6B
S tre ss-stra in R elatio ns
E la s tic ity is th e a b ility o f a m a te r ia l t o r e t u r n to its p r e v io u s
s h a p e a f te r stre s s is re le a s e d . I n m a n y m a te r ia ls , th e r e la tio n
b e tw e e n a p p lie d stress a n d t h e r e su ltin g str a in is d ire c tly p r o p o r tio n a l
to a c e r t a i n lim it, a n d a g r a p h r e p r e s e n tin g th o s e tw o q u a n titie s is
a s tr a ig h t lin e . T h e slo p e o f th is lin e is k n o w n a s Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s ,
o r t h e m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity . T h e m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity is th e
m a th e m a tic a l d e s c r ip tio n o f a n o b je c t o r s u b s ta n c e te n d e n c y to b e
d e f o r m e d e la stic a lly (i.e . n o n - p e r m a n e n tly ) w h e n a fo rc e is a p p lie d
to it T h e e la s tic m o d u lu s o f a n o b je c t is d e f in e d a s t h e s lo p e o f its
s t r e s s - s tr a in c u r v e in th e e la s tic d e f o r m a tio n r e g io n
138I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^
stress
strain
W h e re la m b d a is t h e e la s tic m o d u lu s ; s tre ss is th e fo rc e c a u s in g
t h e d e f o r m a tio n d iv id e d b y t h e a r e a to w h ic h th e fo rc e is a p p lie d ;
a n d stra in is th e ra tio o f th e c h a n g e c a u s e d b y th e s tre ss to t h e o rig in a l
s ta te o f th e o b ject. A n a lte rn a tiv e d e fin itio n is th a t th e e la stic m o d u lu s
is th e stre s s r e q u ir e d t o c a u s e a s a m p le o f th e m a t e n a l t o d o u b le in
le n g th . T h is is n o t re a lis tic fo r m o s t m a te ria ls a s th e v a lu e is g re a te r
t h a n th e y ie ld s tre s s o f t h e m a te r ia l o r t h e p o i n t w h e re e lo n g a tio n
b e c o m e s n o n l i n e a r , b u t s o m e m a y fin d t h i s d e f i n i t i o n m o r e
in tu itiv e .
S p e c ify in g h o w s tre s s a n d s tr a in a re t o b e m e a s u r e d , i n c lu d in g
d ir e c tio n s , a llo w s f o r m a n y ty p e s o f e la s tic m o d u li t o b e d e fin e d .
T h e th r e e p rim a r y o n e s a re:
- Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s d e s c rib e s te n s ile e la s tic ity o r t h e te n d e n c y
o f a n o b je c t t o d e fo rm a lo n g a n a x is w h e n o p p o sin g fo rc e s a re a p p lie d
a lo n g t h a t ax is; it is d e fin e d as t h e r a tio o f t e n s ile s tre s s t o te n s ile
s tra in . It is o fte n r e fe rre d to s im p ly a s th e e la s tic m o d u lu s .
- T h e s h e a r m o d u lu s o r m o d u lu s o f rig id ity d e s c n b e s th e
t e n d e n c y o f a n o b je c t to s h e a r w h e n a c te d u p o n b y o p p o s in g fo rc e s;
it is d e fin e d a s s h e a r stre s s o v e r s h e a r s tra in . T h e s h e a r m o d u lu s
is p a r t o f th e d e riv a tio n o f v isc o sity .
- T h e b u lk m o d u lu s d e s c rib e s v o lu m e tr ic e la s tic ity , o r t h e
te n d e n c y o f a n o b je c t to d e f o r m in a ll d ir e c tio n s w h e n u n if o r m ly
lo a d e d in a ll d ir e c tio n s ; it is d e fin e d a s v o l u m e t n c stre s s o v e r
v o l u m e t n c s tr a in , a n d is t h e in v e rs e o f c o m p re s s ib ility . T h e b u lk
m o d u lu s is a n e x te n s io n o f Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s to t h r e e d im e n s io n s .
P la s tic ity o r p la s tic d e f o r m a tio n is t h e o p p o s ite o f e la s tic
d e f o r m a t i o n a n d is a c c e p t e d a s u n r e c o v e r a b le s tr a in . P la s tic
d e fo rm a tio n is r e ta in e d e v e n a fte r th e re la x a tio n o f th e a p p lie d stress.
M o s t m a te ria ls in th e lin e a r-e la s tic c a te g o ry a re u s u a lly c a p a b le o f
p la s tic d e f o r m a t i o n . B r ittle m a te r ia ls , lik e c e r a m i c s , d o n o t
e x p e rie n c e a n y p la s tic d e fo rm a tio n a n d w ill fra c tu re u n d e r rela tiv e ly
lo w stre s s . M a t e n a l s s u c h a s m e ta ls u s u a lly e x p e n e n c e a s m a ll
a m o u n t o f p la s tic d e f o r m a tio n b e fo re fa ilu re w h ile s o ft o r d u c tile
p o ly m e rs w ill p la s tic a lly d e fo rm m u c h m o re
2 0 . G iv e a b r ie f ov e r v ie w o f th e str u c tu r e an d c o n t e n t s o f T e x t
6B.
2 1 . A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s.
a ) W h a t is e la s tic ity ?
b ) W h a t is t h e ty p e o f th e lin e r e p r e s e n tin g a p p lie d stre s s a n d
th e r e s u ltin g str a in ?
c ) W h a t a r e t h e d e f in itio n s o f m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity ?
d) W h a t d o Y o u n g ’s m o d u lu s , th e s h e a r m o d u lu s a n d t h e b u lk
m o d u lu s d e s c rib e ?
e ) W h a t is p la s tic d e fo r m a tio n ?
f)
W h a t m a te r ia ls e x p e r ie n c e p la s tic d e f o r m a tio n 9
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 6 C “ N a n o te c h n o lo g y an d C o n s tr u c tio n ” and
an sw e r th e q u e stio n s. D is c u s s y o u r an sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a) W h a t is n a n o te c h n o lo g y ?
b ) W h y is th e siz e o f p a r tic le s so i m p o r t a n t in n a n o te c h n o lo g y ?
c ) Is n a n o t e c h n o lo g y a n e w s c ie n c e ?
d ) W h a t p r o s p e c ts d o e s n a n o te c h n o lo g y o ffe r?
e ) W h a t w ill c o n s tr u c tio n b e n e f it f r o m n a n o te c h n o lo g y ?
0 W h a t n a n o - s iz e d p a r tic ip le s a r e a p p lie d to b u ild in g m a te n a ls ?
g) W h a t h o ld s b a c k th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f n a n o te c h n o lo g y ?
h ) W h e n w ill th e a d v a n c e s in th e u s e o f n a n o te c h n o lo g y a rriv e ?
• TEXT 6C
Nanotechnology and Construction
N a n o te c h n o lo g y is th e u se o f very sm a ll p a rtic le s o f m a te ria l e ith e r
b y th e m s e lv e s o r b y t h e i r m a n i p u l a t i o n to c r e a te n e w la rg e s c a le
m a te r ia ls . T h e siz e o f th e p a r tic le s is v e r y im p o r t a n t b e c a u s e a t th e
le n g th s c a le o f th e n a n o m e tr e , 10-9 m , th e p r o p e r tie s o f th e m a te n a l
a c tu a lly b e c o m e a f f e c te d . T h e p r e c is e s iz e a t w h ic h th e s e c h a n g e s
a r e m a n if e s te d v a rie s b e tw e e n m a te r ia ls , b u t is u s u a lly in th e o r d e r
140[Английский
я зы к для
студентовстроительныхспециальностей
o f 100 n m o r less. N a n o te c h n o lo g y is n o t a n e w s c ie n c e a n d it is
n o t a n e w te c h n o lo g y . It is r a t h e r a n e x te n s io n o f t h e s c ie n c e s a n d
te c h n o lo g ie s th a t h a v e a lre a d y b e e n in d e v e lo p m e n t fo r m a n y y e a rs
a n d it is th e logical progression o f th e w ork th a t h as b e e n d o n e to e x a m in e
th e n a tu re o f o u r w o rld a t a n e v e r sm a lle r sc a le . A n a n o m e tr e is a
b i l lio n th o f a m e tre . T h e r e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e s tu d y a n d
m a n ip u la tio n o f m a te ria ls a n d p r o c e s s e s a t th e n a n o s c a le o ffe r th e
ta n ta liz in g p r o s p e c t o f p r o d u c in g n e w m a c r o m a te r ia ls , p ro p e r tie s
a n d p ro d u c ts .
T h e c o n s tr u c tio n b u s in e s s w ill in e v ita b ly b e a b e n e fic ia ry o f th is
n a n o te c h n o lo g y , in fa c t it is a lr e a d y in t h e fie ld s o f c o n c r e t e , ste e l
a n d g la ss
C o n c r e te is s tr o n g e r , m o r e d u ra b le a n d m o r e e a s ily
p la c e d , s te e l t o u g h e r a n d g la ss s e lf-c le a n in g . In c r e a s e d s tr e n g th
a n d d u ra b ility a re also a p a rt o f th e d n v e t o re d u c e t h e e n v iro n m e n ta l
fo o tp r in t o f th e b u ilt e n v ir o n m e n t b y th e e ffic ie n t u s e o f re s o u rc e s .
T h is is a c h ie v e d b o th p rio r to th e c o n s tru c tio n p ro c e s s b y a r e d u c tio n
in p o l l u t i o n d u r in g th e p r o d u c t i o n o f m a te ria ls (e .g . c e m e n t ) a n d
a lso in se rv ic e t h ro u g h e ffic ie n t u s e o f e n e rg y d u e to a d v a n c e m e n ts
in in s u la tio n .
T w o n a n o - s iz e d p a rtic le s t h a t s ta n d o u t in th e i r a p p lic a tio n to
c o n s tr u c tio n m a te ria ls a re t i t a n i u m d io x id e ( T i 0 2 ) a n d c a r b o n
n a n o tu b e s ( C N T s ) T h e fo r m e r is b e in g u s e d fo r its a b ility t o b re a k
d o w n d ir t o r p o llu tio n a n d th e n a llo w it t o b e w a s h e d o f f b y r a m
w a te r o n e v e ry th in g fro m c o n c r e te to g la ss a n d th e l a tte r is b e in g
u s e d to s tre n g th e n a n d m o n i t o r c o n c r e te C N T s h a v e m a n y m o r e
p ro p e rtie s , a p a rt fro m e x c e p tio n a l s tre n g th , th a t a re b e in g re s e a rc h e d
in c o m p u tin g , a e ro s p a c e a n d o t h e r a re a s a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
in d u s try w ill b e n e fit d ire c tly o r in d ire c tly fro m th o s e a d v a n c e m e n ts
a s w ell.
C o s t a n d th e re la tiv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r o f p r a c tic a l a p p lic a tio n s
f o r n o w h o ld b a c k m u c h o f t h e p r o s p e c ts fo r n a n o te c h n o lo g y .
H o w e v e r, c o n s tr u c tio n a lso te n d s to b e a f ra g m e n te d , lo w r e s e a r c h
o n e n t e d a n d c o n s e rv a tiv e e n d e a v o u r a n d th is p la y s a g a in s t its
a d o p t i o n o f n e w t e c h n o lo g ie s , e s p e c ia lly o n e s t h a t a p p e a r so fa r
re m o v e d fr o m its c o re b u s in e s s . M a te r ia ls a re c o n s t r u c t i o n c o r e
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE
141
b u s in e s s a n d th e p r o s p e c ts f o r m o r e c h a n g e s a r e s ig n if ic a n t in th e
n o t to o d is ta n t fu tu re . In fa c t, th e re se a rc h e rs su rv e y e d a n d p r e d ic te d
th a t m a n y a d v a n c e s w o u ld a r r iv e w ith in fiv e y e a rs . T h e s h e e r size
a n d s c o p e o f th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s try m e a n s t h a t th e a c c o m p a n y in g
e c o n o m ic im p a c t w ill b e h u g e . In o r d e r to c a p ita liz e o n th e e ffe c ts
o f n a n o te c h n o lo g y o n t h e b u s in e s s , h o w e v e r , m u c h m o r e f u n d in g
fo r
c o n s tru c tio n re la te d re se a rc h ,
in c re a se d in te rd is c ip lin a ry
w o r k in g b e tw e e n r e s e a r c h e r s a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e tw e e n th o s e
r e s e a r c h e r s a n d in d u s tr y is n e e d e d .
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
L is te n to th e T e x t “ T h e E la s t ic T h e o r y o f S tr u c t u r e s ” .
a ) A n sw e r th e q u e stio n s t h a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t w a s a s ig n if ic a n t a c h ie v e m e n t o f t h e first i n d u s t n a l
age?
2. W h a t w a s it u s e d fo r?
3. T h e n a m e s o f s o m e f a m o u s s c ie n tis ts a r e m e n t i o n e d in th e
t e x t : L E u ler, T h . Y o u n g , L. N avier, S. W h ip p le , A. R itter,
J .C . M a x w e ll, a n d O . M o h r . W h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n s d id t h e y
m a k e to th e e la s tic t h e o r y o f str u c tu r e s ?
4 . W h a t w e r e t h e s t r u c tu r e s o f t h e 1 9 th c e n t u r y d e s ig n e d a n d
fa b ric a te d w ith ?
5. W h y d id t h e e la s tic t h e o r y f o r m t h e b a s is o f th e s tr u c tu r a l
a n a ly s is u n til W o r ld W a r I I ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
6 A o f th e T e x t . L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t ab o u t th e e la s t ic th e o r y o f str u c tu r e s.
142 IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
d)
G iv e s o m e e x a m p le s o f t h e u s e o f t h e e la s tic th e o r y o f
s t r u c tu r e s fro m y o u r o w n e x p e rie n c e .
24.
L is te n t o th e T e x t “ N a n o te c h n o lo g y 's f o r R e a l in t h e
B u ild in g I n d u s tr y ”
a ) C o m p le te t h e s e n te n c e s a c c o r d in g t o t h e T e x t .
1. N a n o te c h n o lo g y is s o m e t i m e s ___________ as all____________ ,
w ith little re a l-w o rld ___________.
2. T a k e th e __________ th a t w e live a n d ___________ in , fo r in sta n c e .
3. Y o u w ill f in d ___________ u s e d t o c r e a t e s tr o n g e r s te e l,
___________ g la s s , s o la r - c o lle c tin g fa b ric s , a n d e v e n ____________
c o n c re te
4. S o l a r - c o l l e c t i n g ___________ is t h e firs t o f a n e w w a v e o f
b u ild in g c o m p o n e n ts t h a t ___________s o la r ra d ia tio n in to ___________ .
5 .
__________ s te e l is m o r e c o r r o s i o n _____________ t h a n
c o n v e n tio n a l s te e l, a n d c a n r e d u c e ___________ c o s ts b y u p t o 5 0 % .
6 S m o g -e a tin g c o n c r e te is p r o d u c e d b y ___________a n a n o la y e r
o f tita n iu m d io x id e to __________ , w h ic h trig g e rs a c a ta ly tic re a c tio n
t h a t __________ . m a n y p o llu ta n ts in c o n ta c t w ith th e ___________.
7. A t t h e v e ry le a s t, th e s e m a t e r ia ls ___________ b u i ld i n g
__________ co sts, le a v in g m o re m o n e y f o r o th e r ___________ , a n d th e y
c a n h e lp c le a n u p th e ___________.
8. A n d fo r e v e ry n a n o m a te r ia l ___________ t o d a y , th e r e a re
___________s e v e n ty m o re i n ___________ a n d d e v e lo p m e n t, m e a n in g
th a t b u i l d i n g ___________ a n d a r c h ite c tu r e a re in fo r s o m e b ig
___________th a n k s to sm all te c h n o lo g y .
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n s w e rs w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s a n d T a p e s c r ip t
6 B o f th e T e x t. L o o k u p t h e w o rd s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a ry .
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t n a n o te c h n o lo g y .
UNIT 7
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1 . R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e th e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ S tr u c tu r a l S y s t e m s ” a n d t r a n s la te t h e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1 . cla d d in g
n — облицовка,
о б ш и в к а (с т е н з д а н и я )
e x te r io r c la d d in g [ i k 's t i a r i a ] — н а р у ж н а я о б ш и в к а
the cladding.
exterior cladding.
T h e s e a n g le s p r o v id e a s p a c e t o fix t h e t o p o f
T h e r e a r e m a n y d i f f e r e n t s ty le s a n d m a te r ia ls in
2 . la m in a ted v en e e r lu m b er [ 'l a e m i n e i t i d ѵ э 'п і э ] — Л В Л - б р у с ,
к о н стр у к ц и о н н ы й м атери ал, и зго то вл ен н ы й по тех н о ­
логии склейки н ескольки х слоев ш п о н а
p ly w o o d [ 'p l a i w u d ]
п
— ф анера, клееная ф ан ера
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
o ffe rs s e v e ra l a d v a n t a g e s o v e r
ty p ic a l m ille d lu m b e r : i t is s tr o n g e r , s tr a ig h te r , a n d m o r e u n if o r m .
T h e b a s e is m a d e f r o m t o p q u a l i t y
3 . sp a n
n v—
plywood w i t h
a ro u n d e d edge.
пролет; п ерекры вать
I n t h i s b u i l d i n g s te e l b e a m s h a v e b e e n u s e d b e c a u s e l o n g
a r e in v o lv e d . T h e p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e p a n e ls
span b e t w e e n
spans
th e beam s.
144I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4 . j o is t f 'd j o i s t ] я — о п о р н а я б а л к а , п е р е к л а д и н а , р и г е л ь
I - j o is t я — д в у т а в р , д в у т а в р о в ы й п р о ф и л ь
flo o r j o is t — б а л к а п о л а , б а л к а м е ж д у э т а ж н о г о п е р е ­
кры тия
o p e n w eb j o is t — б а л о ч н а я ф е р м а
w o o d j o is t — д е р е в я н н а я б а л к а
T h e w a lls s u p p o r t
the joists w h ic h c a r r y t h e f lo o r . I-joists a r e
k n o w n f o r t h e i r v a lu e w h e n it c o m e s t o s iz e , s t r e n g t h , a n d
r e lia b ility . T h e s p a c e s f o r the floor joists c a n b e c le a r ly s e e n . T h e
m a m f u n c tio n o f
an open webjoist is t o p r o v id e d ir e c t s u p p o r t f o r a
r o o f o r a f lo o r d e c k a n d to tr a n s f e r th e lo a d im p o s e d o n th e d e c k to
th e b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s .
Wood joists s h o u ld n o t b e b u ilt in to
s e p a r a tin g w alls.
5. align [ э 'і а і п ] v — в ы р а в н и в а т ь , ц е н т р о в а т ь
alig n m e n t я — в ы р а в н и в а н и е , ц е н т р о в к а
T h e resu lt o f th e se sh e a rin g stra in s is th a t th e fib e rs b e c o m e aligned
a t r ig h t a n g le s t o t h e s h e a r stre ss. F i n e I - b e a m alignment i n h ig h rise b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s r e q u ir e d .
6. g lu e [g lu :] я v — к л е й ; к л е и т ь
g lu ed la m in a te d b e a m — к л е ё н ы й б р у с , м н о г о с л о й н ы й
к л еён ы й брус, к л еён ы й п р о ф и л и р о в а н н ы й брус
the glue to
are glued to g e th e r .
T h e fo rc e o n o n e sh e e t o f w o o d is tr a n s m itte d th r o u g h
a n o t h e r s h e e t o f w o o d . T h e th i n s h e e ts o f w o o d
7. fa b r ic a te [ 'f a e b r ik e it] v — п р о и з в о д и т ь , и з г о т о в л я т ь
p refa b r ic a te v — и з г о т а в л и в а т ь з а в о д с к и м с п о с о б о м
p refa b rica tio n я — з а в о д с к о е и з г о т о в л е н и е
p refa b r ic a te d adj — с б о р н ы й , г о т о в ы й
T h e n e w c e m e n t m a k e s it p o ssib le tofabricate re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te
p r o d u c ts o f h ig h s tr e n g th . I n d u s tr ia lis e d b u ild in g m e a n s a h ig h
d e g r e e o f prefabrication a p p lie d t o d o m e s tic o r o t h e r c o n s tr u c tio n
s o a s t o r e d u c e site w o r k t o m in im u m . C ra n e s a re u s e d f o r asse m b lin g
la r g e - s iz e prefabricated e le m e n ts .
UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
145
8. roof truss — стропильная ферма
This is a high sloping ceiling attached directly to the roof trusses
and rising all the way to the top of the house.
9. strut n — стойка, распорка, сжатый элемент (конст­
рукции)
lumber strut —деревянная стойка
The formwork is put on the strut and the whole is concreted.
10. purlin ('pa: lin] n — прогон, обрешетина
The helicopter was used to hoist and place in position prestressed
concrete purlins.
11. brace ['breis] n v — растяжка, скоба, перекладина, стой­
ка, распорная балка; скреплять, связывать, придавать
жесткость
bracing п — связи жесткости, система связей, креп­
ление
The paper describes the economical placing of braces in the
walls of a rectangular building. We had to brace the walls when we
put the new roof on. During this phase the bracing is fixed.
12. shape ['Jeipj n — профиль, форма
T shape n — тавровый профиль
channel ['tfaenl] n — швеллер, швеллерный профиль
angle [ aerjl] n — уголковый профиль, уголок
It is climate which determines the shape and construction of
most buildings. The roof and floor frames are made up of beams
and channels. Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams.
13. weld v — сваривать, варить
welding n — сварка
The bottom of each column is welded to a base plate. Welding
can be done in many different environments, including open air,
under water and in outer space.
146
I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14. rod
п
— стер ж ен ь, п рут, р е й к а
The rods a re
p la c e d n e a r th e b o tto m o f t h e c o n c r e te b e a m .
15. in -situ co n c r e te [ m 's itju :] — б е т о н , у л о ж е н н ы й н а с т р о й ­
п лощ ад ке; м о н о л и т н ы й б етон
p reca st rein fo rced c o n c r e te — с б о р н ы й ж е л е з о б е т о н
A b n c k is n o t fa b r ic a te d o n t h e s ite a s
т -situ concrete,
b u t is
p re fa b ric a te d . It is precast reinforced concrete th a t p ro v id e d t h e h ig h
sc a le o f c o n s tr u c t io n in th is c o u n tr y .
16. e x c e e d [ ik 's i.d ] v — п р е в ы ш а т ь , п р е в о с х о д и т ь
T h e g a ra g e m u s t n o t
17. sla b
n—
exceed 3 0
m i in t h e f lo o r a re a .
плита, панель
c o n c r e te slab — б е т о н н а я п л и т а , б е т о н н а я п а н е л ь
flo o r sla b — п л и т а ( п а н е л ь ) п е р е к р ы т и я , п л и т а н а с т и л а
пола
h o llo w sla b [ 'Ь э іэ и ] — п у с т о т н а я п л и т а
The slabs
a c t as p e r m a n e n t fo r m w o r k a n d p ro v id e v ery g o o d
the concrete slabs w e re
The floor slabs m e a s u r e 3
in s u la tio n . A few w e e k s la te r,
la id a c ro s s
t h e tu n n e l to f o rm th e ro o f.
x 5 m and
th e y h a v e b e e n m o u n te d s im u lta n e o u s ly w ith t h e m a in s tru c tu re o f
th e b u ild in g .
18. fram ing ['fr e im ir j] — к а р к а с , р а м а , д е р е в я н н а я к о н с т ­
рукция
fram e (fra m in g ) co n str u c tio n — к а р к а с н а я к о н с т р у к ц и я ,
рам н ая к о н струкц и я
b a llo o n fra m in g [ b a 'h r .n ] — д е р е в я н н ы й б а л о ч н о - с т о е ч ­
н ы й ка р ка с (зд ан и я)
S in c e th e e a rly 1920s, a lm o s t all h o m e s h a v e b e e n b u ilt u s in g
w o o d framing construction.
Balloon frammg'HZ& e m p lo y e d
tw o -s to re y h o u s e s b e fo re 1930.
in m a n y
UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
19. b o lt [ 'b a u l t ]
n
J
147
v — болт; скр еп л ять, стяги вать болтам и
a n c h o r b o lt [ 'a s p к э ] — а н к е р н ы й б о л т
b o lte d c o n n e c tio n — б о л т о в о е с о е д и н е н и е
E a c h b a s e p la te is fix e d to a c o n c r e te c o lu m n b a s e b y tw o
T he beam s
are bolted to
2 0 . g ir d e r f 'g a . d a ]
The girders
n
bolts
s te e l c o lu m n s .
— главн ая балка, бал о чн ая ф ерм а
s u p p o r t s m a lle r b e a m s .
2 . R e a d a n d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s . L o o k
up th e ir tr a n s c r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
part o f sp eech .
n, b a s e n v, c o n s t a n t adj, e c o n o m i c a l adj, p r o f ile n,
adj, c o n f ig u r a tio n n, d o m i n a n t adj, h o r i z o n t a l adj,
u n iv e r s a l adj, r a d i u s n, m o m e n t n, r e s u lt n v , c o n d i t i o n n,
d i s tr ib u tio n n, n e u t r a l adj, c y lin d r ic a l adj, p o s i t i o n n v, a c c u r a c y
n, s ta b le adj, e x c lu s iv e ly adv, s ta b le a d j, r e s is ta n c e n, p la tf o r m
n, s e c tio n n, d o u b le v, b a r r i e r n
S ta n d a r d
c a t a s tr o p h ic
3 . M a t c h th e p a ir s o f s y n o n y m s fro m A an d В a n d t r a n s la te
A
В
1. m a n u f a c tu r e
2. b a r
a. sp an
b. p re fa b n c a tio n
3 . f a c in g
c . f a b r ic a te
4. fra m e w o rk
d . b o lt
5. f o r m
e . w e ld in g
6 . v a u lt
f. a l ig n m e n t
7. s c re w
g . f r a m in g
8. lin e a r r a n g e m e n t
h . sh a p e
9. p r e a s s e m b ly
i. r o d
10. s o ld e r in g
j. c l a d d in g
148 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4.
M a t c h th e verb o n th e le ft w ith a su ita b le ite m o n th e
rig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1 g lu e
a . t o a c e n t r e lin e o f a w a ll
2 exceed
3 b ra c e
b . a c o lu m n t o t h e s te e l c h a n n e l
4
a lig n
d . w o o d s h e e ts to g e th e r
5
in s ta ll
e . a d i s ta n c e o f 1 m e tr e
6
w e ld
f. a n g le s to c o n n e c tin g p la te s
7
sp an
g . t h e le n g th o f t h e b e a m
8
c a st
h. a h o u se
9. b o lt
10. p r e f a b r ic a te
5.
c . a c o n c r e te s la b o n th e g r o u n d
i. a g ir d e r t o s u p p o r t s m a lle r b e a m s
j. m a s o n r y w a lls d u r in g c o n s t r u c t i o n
M a k e th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s c o m p le te b y tr a n sla tin g th e
w o rd s an d p h r a s e s in b r a c k e ts.
1. T h e r e is m i n im a l f n c t i o n b e tw e e n t h e b o l t a n d th e w o o d in
t h e ( б о л т о в о е с о е д и н е н и е ) . 2. W ith t h e p a n e ls m a d e o f ( с б о р ­
н ы й ж е л е з о б е т о н ) , b u ild in g s u p t o 5 flo o rs h ig h c a n b e c o n s tr u c te d
w ith o u t c o lu m n s o r b e a m s . 3. I t is s e e n a s a n e a s ie r i n s ta lla tio n
a n d a b e t t e r s o lu tio n f o r s u p p o r tin g ro o f s a s o p p o s e d t o t h e u s e o f
d im e n s io n a l ( д е р е в я н н ы е с т о й к и ) a n d ( о б р е ш е т и н а ) a s b r a c in g .
4 . А ( ш в е л л е р ) is w id e ly u s e d in b u ild in g p r a c tic e a s a b e a m .
5. S te e l is u s e d f o r ( к а р к а с н а я к о н с т р у к ц и я ) b e c a u s e it h a s h ig h
te n s ile a n d c o m p r e s s iv e s tr e n g th . 6. ( Д е р е в я н н а я б а л о ч н о - с т о ­
е ч н а я к о н с т р у к ц и я ) o f r e s id e n tia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s
in c r e a s e d in th e tw e n tie th c e n tu r y a n d c o n tin u e s to b e th e s ta n d a r d
b u ild in g f o r m . 7. S te e l ( у г о л к и ) tie th e f r a m e to g e t h e r a n d a ls o
p r o v id e a p la c e t o fix t h e to p o f t h e c la d d in g . 8. ( П р о л е т ) is th e
c le a r d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e s u p p o r ts o f a n a r c h , b e a m o f ( с т р о ­
п и л ь н а я ф е р м а ) . 9. A c o n c r e te ( п л и т а п е р е к р ы т и я ) w a s p u t in
p la c e . 10. ( М о н о л и т н ы й б е т о н ) is s t r o n g , d u r a b l e , s ta b le ,
r e a d ily a v a ila b le a n d re la tiv e ly e c o n o m ic in te r m s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
149
a n d life t im e m a in te n a n c e . 11 T h e th ic k n e s s o f ( ф а н е р а ) u s e d
s h o u ld n o t b e le ss t h a n 6 m m in th is ty p e o f s h u tte r . 12. T h e r o o f
c o n s is ts o f a w a t e r p r o o f c o v e r in g a n d a r o o f s t r u c tu r e , w h ic h is
m a d e o f ti m b e r ( о п о р н а я б а л к а ) a n d w o o d - w o o l slab s
6 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g w ord c o m b in a tio n s w h ich
c o m e from th e t e x t s o f th e U n it. M in d th e u se o f n o u n s as
a ttr ib u te s in p r e p o sitio n . L o o k up yo u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
W o o d p r o d u c ts , r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , la m in a te d v e n e e r lu m b e r
f u n c tio n s , s u p p o r t w a lls, w o o d I - jo is ts , r o o f r a f te r s , c e ilin g jo is ts ,
a
s ta n d a r d tr u s s , to p a n d b o t t o m c h o r d s , c o n c r e t e f lo o r s la b s ,
h a n d - h e l d w r e n c h e s , a b e a m a n d g ir d e r s y s te m , w o o d a n d s te e l
c o n s t r u c t i o n , h a n d m a d e t i m b e r f o r m w o r k , f lo o r e l e m e n ts , m e ta l
c o n n e c to r s , s tr u c tu r a l c o m p re s s io n m e m b e rs , s te e l-fra m e
b u ild in g s , a b e a m p ro file , g ra v ity lo a d s , h ig h s tr e n g th s te e l te n d o n s
(п у ч к о в а я а р м а т у р а ), m o m e n t c a rry in g c a p a c ity , a h ig h w a y b n d g e ,
a b e a m f o r c e , a b e a m s u p p o r t, a fo r c e o r f le x ib ility m e t h o d , a
d ir e c t s tiffn e s s m e th o d , s te e l tru sse s.
7 . S tu d y th e follow in g p a tte r n s sh ow in g th e w ays so m e ad jectives
a r e fo rm ed from verb s a n d n o u n s. C o m p le te th e c h a r ts. S o m e o f
th e m issin g w o r d s a r e from t h e t e x t s o f th e U n it. R e a d and
t r a n s la t e t h e m . U s e y o u r d ic t io n a r y t o h e lp y o u w it h t h e
p r o n u n c ia tio n .
Pattern 23
V e rb + - e n t / - a n t - > A d je c tiv e
T h e - e n t / - a n t su ffix e s m e a n
having quality.
Example : d if f e r — р а з л и ч а т ь с я - > d if f e r e n t — р а з л и ч н ы й
150I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальноггей
Verb
Adjective
depend
c o rre s p o n d
d o m in a te
exist
d is ta n c e
Pattern 24
V erb + -iv e —> A d je c tiv e
T h e -iv e suffix m e a n s
having a tendency, character, or quality.
Example: c o n s t r u c t — с т р о и т ь - > c o n s t r u c t i v e — с т р о и ­
тельны й
Verb
Adjective
p ro d u c e
----------------------------------
act
----------------------------------
a ttra c t
----------------------------------
cre a te
----------------------------------
effect
----------------------------------
Pattern 25
V e r b + - y —> A d je c tiv e
T h e - y su ffix m e a n s fu ll
or converted with, tending to,
like or typical of.
Example: s u n — с о л н ц е - > s u n n y — с о л н е ч н ы й
им и 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Verb
Adjective
c lo u d
_________________
m ig h t
_________________
w o r th
_________________
sm oke
_________________
151
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
R e a d a n d t r a n s la te t h e f o llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
to th e fo r m s a n d f u n c tio n s o f t h e G eru n d .
a ) S u b je c t
Example
Smoking is n o t a llo w e d h e r e . — Курить (курение) з д е с ь н е
р азр еш ается.
1. K n o w in g E n g lis h is h e lp f u l f o r a n y b u i l d i n g e n g in e e r .
2.
C u ttin g s to n e s a n d ti m b e r s b e c a m e p o s s ib le w ith t h e in v e n tio n
o f to o ls . 3. L e a r n in g t o u s e a c o m p u t e r is i m p o r t a n t f o r e v e ry
civ il e n g in e e r . 4 . A d d in g h e a t t o a s u b s ta n c e d o e s n o t a lw a y s c a u s e
a ris e o f its te m p e r a tu r e . 5. M a i n t a i n i n g t h e e q u i p m e n t in g o o d
c o n d itio n h e lp s s tu d e n ts t o m a k e e x p e r im e n ts w ell.
b ) P a r t o f a P r e d ic a t e
Example
H is g r e a te s t p le a s u r e is
readingbooks. — С а м о е б о л ь ш о е у д о ­
чтение ( читать) к н и г ( и ) .
вольствие д л я него — это
1. I n R u s s ia , m o s t o f t h e h o u s e s b u ilt a f t e r W o r ld W a r 11 w e re
b ig , u s u a lly 5 - 1 0 s to r ie s h ig h , w ith s m a ll a p a r t m e n t s . I n th e s e
b o ro u g h s , th e g o a l w as s a v in g sp a c e a n d c r e a tin g a s m a n y a p a r tm e n ts
152 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
as p o ssib le . 2. S e e in g is b e lie v in g . 3. T h e m o s t c o m m o n f lo o r
fin is h is c a r p e tin g , m o s t o f w h ic h is n o w m a d e o f sy n th e tic fib re s.
4.
O u r a im is fin d in g n e w w ays o f u sin g th is m a te ria l in th e b u ild in g
in d u stry . 5. T h e p r o b le m to b e d isc u sse d is m a k in g a n e w p ro g ra m
f o r a c o m p u te r .
c ) D ir e c t O b ject
Example
I like readmg books. — М н е н р а в и т с я читать (чтение) к н и г и .
T o m lik e s being read s u c h b o o k s. — Т о м л ю б и т , когда ему
читают т а к и е к н и г и .
I r e m e m b e r having seen th is film . — Я п о м н ю , что я смотрел
этот ф ильм
I r e m e m b e r having been told a b o u t th is
мне рассказывали о б э т о м ф и л ь м е .
film . — Я п о м н ю ,
что
1. A t th e b u ild in g site , p r e c a s t m e m b e r s a re j o in e d to g e th e r b y
a n u m b e r o f m e th o d s , in c lu d in g w e ld in g to g e th e r m e ta l c o n n e c to r s
c a st in to th e m o r p o u r in g a la y e r o f i n s itu c o n c r e te o n t o p o f
f lo o r m e m b e rs , b o n d in g th e m to g e th e r. 2. I f y o u lik e w e a rin g
h ig h h eels a n d b e a u tifu l c lo th e s, y o u m a y n o t b e h a p p y o n a b u ild in g
site. 3. T h e y e x p e c te d b e in g g iv e n f u r th e r a s s is ta n c e . 4 . M o s t
lo c a l a u th o ritie s s ta rte d p ro v id in g so c ia l h o u s in g , m a in ly fo r e ld e rly
p e o p le w ith lo w in c o m e s . 5. H e r e m e m b e r s h a v in g b e e n s h o w n
th is p ro je c t.
d ) In d irect O b ject
Example
I a m p le a s e d with h is learning E n g lish . — Я д о в о л е н тем, что
изучает а н г л и й с к и й я з ы к .
W e a re in te r e s te d in being invited t o th e firs t n ig h t. — М ы з а ­
и н т е р е с о в а н ы в т о м , чтобы нас пригласили н а п р е м ь е р у .
Н е r e p r o a c h e d h im s e lf for having said it. — О н у п р е к а л с е б я
з а т о , что сказал э т о .
Н е w a s s u r p r is e d at having been asked a b o u t it. — О н б ы л
у д и в л е н , что его спросили о б э т о м .
он
UNIT
7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
153
1. T h e m u n i c i p a l e n g i n e e r s e rv e s lo c a l o r s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t
d ire c tly
in p la n n in g
a n d s u p e r v is in g th e
c o n s tru c tio n
and
m a n a g e m e n t o f w a t e r - s u p p l y a n d s e w a g e - d is p o s a l s y s te m s , r o a d s
a n d b n d g e s , p u b l i c - t r a n s p o r t s y s te m s , p u b l i c b u ild in g s , a n d m a n y
o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e s o f m o d e m life . 2 . M y f r i e n d is g o o d a t
s p e a k in g E n g lis h a n d G e r m a n . 3 . W h e n I w a s a t s c h o o l , I t h o u g h t
o f w o r k in g in c o n s t r u c t i o n . 4 . T h e s e d e c i s i o n s a r e c o n n e c t e d w ith
p la n n in g , o rg a n iz in g , d ire c tin g a n d c o n tr o llin g th e w o rk to b e
d o n e . 5 . T h e i n v e s t o r s in s i s t e d o n b e i n g i n f o r m e d a b o u t t h e
f in a n c i a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t t h e y s u p p o r t e d .
e ) A ttr ib u te
Example
I d o n ’t lik e h is m a n n e r o f
м анера
reading.
— М н е н е н р ав и тся его
чтения.
1. I t is s e e n a s a n e a s i e r i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n f o r
s u p p o r t i n g ro o fs a s o p p o s e d t o t h e u s e o f l u m b e r s t r u t s a n d p u r l i n s
a s b r a c i n g . 2. T h e r e a r e t h r e e h is to r i c a l l y c o m m o n m e t h o d s o f
f r a m i n g a h o u s e . 3 . T h e t a s k o f b u i l d i n g t h e p r o j e c t is t h e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a f ir m o f c o n t r a c t o r s . 4 . C iv il e n g i n e e r i n g is t h e
p r o f e s s io n o f d e s ig m n g a n d e x e c u tin g s tr u c tu r a l w o rk s t h a t se rv e t h e
g e n e r a l p u b lic . 5. M a t h e m a t i c a l m e t h o d s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e b e a m
fo rc e s in c lu d e th e m o m e n t d is tr ib u tio n m e th o d , th e fo rc e o r
fle x ib ility m e t h o d a n d t h e d i r e c t s tiffn e s s m e th o d .
f ) A d v erb ia l M o d ifie r
Example
reading b o o k s . — М ы о б о г а щ а ­
е м с в о и з н а н и я , читая ( чтением) к н и г и .
Н е e n te r e d t h e r o o m without being noticed. — О н в о ш е л в к о м ­
н а т у незамеченным.
W e e n n c h o u r k n o w le d g e b y
1. G l u e d l a m i n a t e d b e a m s a r e c r e a t e d b y g l u e i n g t h e fa c e s
t o g e t h e r t o c r e a t e b e a m s . 2 . T h e e n e r g y e ff e c tiv e n e s s o f s t o n e is
154I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o n s id e r e d a b ig d r a w - b a c k , a s s to n e is h a r d to k e e p w a r m w ith o u t
u s in g la rg e a m o u n ts o f h e a tin g r e s o u rc e s . 3. F o r m o v in g s m a lle r
v o lu m e s o f p e o p le a n d fre ig h t, h y d r a u lic e le v a to rs a r e u se d . 4 . A f te r
h a rd e n in g , th e flo o r s u rfa c e is m a c h m e p o lish e d to e x p o se t h e m a rb le
c h ip s . 5. T h e lig h te s t a n d m o s t e f f ic ie n t s tr u c tu r a l s h a p e is th e b a r
j o is t, a s ta n d a r d tr u s s m a d e w ith a n g le s f o r t h e t o p a n d b o t t o m
c h o r d s , jo i n e d b y w e ld in g t o a w e b m a d e o f a c o n t i n u o u s b e n t
r o d . 6 . T h e c o n c e p t o f a s ta tic a lly d e t e r m i n a t e s tr u c tu r e — t h a t is,
a s tr u c tu r e w h o s e fo r c e s c o u ld b e d e te r m in e d f r o m N e w t o n ’s la w s
o f m o t i o n a lo n e — w a s s e t f o r t h b y O t t o M o h r i n 18 7 4 , a f te r
h a v in g b e e n u s e d in tu itiv e ly f o r p e r h a p s 4 0 y e a rs .
9 . U s e t h e G eru n d o f th e v erb s in b r a c k e ts. D e fin e th e fu n c tio n s
o f t h e G eru n d an d tr a n sla te th e ir s e n t e n c e s .
1. T h e g o v e r n m e n t c r e a te d c o m p a n ie s t h a t e m p lo y e d p e o p le in
( to b u ild ) d a m s a n d r o a d s , h o u s e s a n d p a r k s . 2. W e k n e w n o t h in g
a b o u t h is ( to h a v e b e e n s e n t) t o N e w Y o rk . 3. T h e r e is a b ig
d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n ( b u ild ) a h o u s e a n d ( d e s ig n ) a c o m p u t e r
sy ste m . 4. B u ild in g is th e p ro c e s s o f ( c o n s tr u c t) b u ild in g s a s d is tin c t
f r o m t h e a r t o r s c ie n c e o f (d e s ig n ) b u ild in g s , w h ic h is a r c h ite c tu r e .
5. S o m e o r a ll th e jo in ts b e tw e e n t h e b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s a r e rig id ly
j o i n e d t o g e th e r b y (w e ld ) t h e s te e l o r ( p o u r ) t h e c o n c r e t e in s itu .
6. T h e y b e g a n ( ta lk ) a b o u t t h e s ta te o f t h e b u ild in g m a r k e t.
7. ( L o a d ) h e a v y w e ig h ts r e q u ir e s g r e a t sk ill. 8. H e is p r o u d o f
( h a v e w o n ) in th e c h e s s to u r n a m e n t . 9. I n ( p r o p o r t i o n ) t h e m ix ,
t h e a g g r e g a te s a r e g r a d e d in s iz e . 10. A s b e s to s is c a p a b le o f
( w ith s ta n d ) v e ry h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s , a n d a t th e s a m e t im e (d e f le c t)
h e a t. 11. T h e lig h te s t a n d m o s t e f f ic ie n t s tr u c tu r a l s h a p e is th e b a r
jo i s t , a s ta n d a r d tr u s s m a d e w ith a n g le s o n th e t o p a n d b o t t o m
c h o r d s , j o i n e d b y (w e ld ) t o a w e b o f a c o n t i n u o u s b e n t r o d .
1 0 . R e a d and tr a n sla te t h e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o th e verb al n o u n .
Example
There a r e
th re e
turnings to
th e rig h t.
UNIT
7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
155
cooking in t h e h o u s e .
making o f c o n c r e te is d iffic u lt.
T h e m e a t w ill b e f in e w ith slo w cooking.
T h is writing is h a r d t o re a d .
I h a v e d o n e so m e shopping th is m o rn in g .
M y s is te r d o e s th e
The
I. I n in d u s tr ia liz e d c o u n tr ie s t h e m ix in g a n d d e liv e ry o f liq u id
c o n c r e te t o b u i ld in g s ite s h a v e b e e n m e c h a n iz e d . I f th e s p a n is
la rg e r, t h e i n c r e a s in g lo a d r e q u ire s a lo c a l t h i c k e n i n g o f t h e sla b
a r o u n d th e c o lu m n s . 2. T h e p ro g r a m fo c u s e s o n th e u n d e rs ta n d in g
o f c o n s tr u c tio n te c h n o lo g y , c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e m e n t a n d
p r o d u c t i o n m a n a g e m e n t p ro c e s s e s . 3. I f t h e s p a n is la rg e r, t h e
in c re a s in g l o a d re q u ir e s s o m e th ic k e n in g o f t h e sla b a r o u n d th e
c o lu m n s . 4 . I t is n o w v e ry d iffic u lt t o f in d c h e a p h o u s in g fo r
r e n t. 5. W a ll s h e a th in g , u s u a lly a p ly w o o d o r o t h e r l a m in a te , is
u s u a lly a p p lie d t o th e fra m in g p r i o r t o e r e c t i o n , th u s e lim in a tin g
t h e n e e d t o s c a ffo ld . 6. T h is e c c e n t r i c lo a d in g c r e a te s a n i n te r n a l
m o m e n t, a n d , in t u r n , in c re a s e s t h e m o m e n t c a r r y in g c a p a c ity o f
t h e b e a m . 7. L in te ls a re t h e h o r iz o n ta l m e m b e r s p la c e d o v e r
w in d o w , d o o r a n d o t h e r o p e n in g s t o c a r r y lo a d s t o t h e a d jo in in g
s tu d s . 8 . T h e c o m in g o f th e in d u s tr ia l a g e m a r k e d a m a jo r c h a n g e
in t h e ro le o f th e b u ild in g e n g in e e r.
I I . F in d th e s e n te n c e s in w h ich th e - in g fo rm is a ) a verb al
n o u n o r b ) a g eru n d . T r a n s la te th e s e n te n c e s in to R u ssia n .
1. T h e p ile s a re p u t in p la c e b y d riv in g t h e m in to th e g ro u n d
w ith la rg e m e c h a n i c a l h a m m e r s . 2. T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f b r o n z e ,
a n d la te r ir o n , te c h n o lo g y in th is p e n o d le d t o t h e m a k in g o f m e ta l
to o ls fo r w o r k in g w o o d , s u c h a s a x e s a n d saw s. 3. T h e d ra w in g s
w e re e ra se d d u rin g th e fin a l fin ish in g o f th e w a ll su rfaces. 4. P o rtla n d
c e m e n t is e a s ily m a n u f a c t u r e d b y b u r n in g s h a le a n d lim e s to n e .
5. O p e n in g s w e re c u t th ro u g h th e fra m in g a n d s h e a th in g as re q u ire d .
6. T h e a v e ra g e w a itin g tim e f o r a n e le v a to r b e tw e e n p re s s in g t h e
c a ll b u t t o n a n d a m v a l m u s t b e le ss t h a n 3 0 s e c o n d s i n a n o ffic e
156],
156 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b u ild in g a n d le ss th a n 6 0 s e c o n d s in a n a p a r t m e n t b u ild in g .
7 A d d in g s o u n d -a b s o rb e n t m a te ria l to a h a ll im p ro v e s it fo r s p e e c h
b u t d e t r a c t s fro m its m u s ic a l q u a litie s . 8. I n b u ild in g s w ith fu lly
c o n t r o l l e d a tm o s p h e re s , d o u b le g la z in g is c o m m o n t o re d u c e h e a t
t r a n s f e r a n d b o th i n te r io r a n d e x t e n o r c o n d e n s a tio n o n t h e g la ss.
9 E x t e r i o r w a ll s tu d s a re th e v e r tic a l m e m b e r s to w h ic h th e w a ll
s h e a th in g a n d c la d d in g a re a tta c h e d . 10 T ru s s e s a re h o llo w e d - o u t
in w h i c h t h e s tre s s e s a re c h a n n e le d in to s le n d e r lin e a r m e m b e r s
m a d e o f ro lle d s h a p e s t h a t a re j o i n e d b y w e ld in g o r b o ltin g in to
sta b le t r i a n g u l a r c o n fig u ra tio n s .
12,
C o m p a r e th e -in g fo r m s — th e G er u n d , th e V erb a l N o u n
and t h e P r e s e n t P a r tic ip le in th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s . I n e v e r y
c a s e s t a t e th e su b je c t and th e p r e d ic a te . T r a n s la te th e s e n te n c e s
in to R u s s ia n .
1. M e m b e r s t h a t sp a n flo o rs a n d ro o fs a re u s u a lly p re te n s io n e d ,
a n o t h e r p re s tre s s in g te c h n iq u e , w h ic h is s im ila r in p r i n c i p l e t o
p o s t - t e n s i o m n g . 2. A b e a m is a s tr u c tu r a l e l e m e n t t h a t is c a p a b le
o f w it h s t a n d i n g lo a d p rim a rily b y re s is tin g b e n d in g 3. T h e m a k in g
o f c l e a r p la te g la ss w a s p e rfe c te d in t h e la te 1 9 th c e n tu ry . 4 U n d e r
g r a v ity lo a d s , t h e o rig in a l l e n g th o f th e b e a m is s lig h tly re d u c e d to
e n c l o s e a s m a lle r ra d iu s a rc a t t h e t o p o f th e b e a m , r e s u ltin g in
c o m p r e s s i o n . 5. W ith t h e c o m in g o f b u ild in g s c ie n c e , th e r e w a s a
f u r t h e r d iv is io n o f la b o u r in t h e d e s ig n p ro c e s s . 6. B a llo o n fra m in g
u s in g a t e c h n i q u e s u s p e n d in g flo o rs f ro m th e w a lls w a s c o m m o n
u n t i l t h e la te 1940s. 7. F r a m in g is a b u ild in g te c h n i q u e b a s e d
a r o u n d s tr u c tu r a l m e m b e rs w h ic h p ro v id e a sta b le fr a m e t o w h ic h
i n t e r i o r a n d e x te r io r w a ll c o v e rin g s a re a t t a c h e d a n d c o v e re d b y a
r o o f c o m p r is in g h o riz o n ta l c e ilin g jo is ts a n d slo p in g ra fte rs (to g e th e r
f o r m i n g a t r u s s s tm c tu r e ) . 8. A p re c is e t h e o r e tic a l u n d e r s ta n d in g
o f t h e t r u s s , a n d m a jo r u s e o f it in b u ild in g s , d id n o t c o m e u n til
t h e 1 9 th c e n tu r y . 9. T h e s ta n d a rd ro lle d s h a p e s a re fre q u e n tly u s e d
a s b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s , t h e w id e fla n g e , o r W s h a p e , b e in g th e
m o s t c o m m o n . 10. P l a tf o r m f r a m in g o f te n fo rm s w a ll s e c tio n s
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
h o r iz o n ta lly o n t h e s u b - f lo o r p r i o r to e r e c t i o n , e a s in g p o s i tio n in g
o f s tu d s a n d i n c r e a s in g a c c u r a c y w h ile c u t t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y
m a n p o w e r . 11. I n E g y p t t h e e x tr a c tin g , m o v in g , a n d w o r k in g o f
s to n e w e r e c o s tly p r o c e s s e s , a n d th e q u a r r y in g o f s to n e w a s a s ta te
m o n o p o ly .
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13 . B e fo r e yo u read T e x t 7 A “ S tr u c tu r a l S y s t e m s ” , d is c u s s th e
fo llo w in g q u e stio n s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s o r t e a c h e r .
a ) D o y o u k n o w w h a t s tr u c tu r a l s y s te m s a r e 9
b ) W h a t p a r ts o f a b u ild in g c a n b e m a d e f r o m w o o d ?
c ) H o w d o e s l a m i n a t e d v e n e e r lu m b e r f u n c tio n ?
d ) W h a t a r e I - jo is ts u s e d fo r?
e ) W h a t a d v a n ta g e s d o m a n u f a c tu r e d tr u s s e s h a v e ?
f) W h y is s te e l o n e o f th e m a jo r s tr u c tu r a l m a te r ia ls 9
g ) W h a t s tr u c tu r a l s h a p e s d o y o u k n o w ?
h ) H o w a r e s te e l fr a m e s e r e c te d a t th e b u ild in g s ite ?
i) W h a t is in s itu c o n c r e t e u s e d fo r?
j ) W h a t is th e o ld e s t f r a m in g s y s te m ?
k) W h a t is p r e te n s io n in g ?
l) W h a t m e t h o d s a r e u s e d to j o i n p r e c a s t e le m e n ts t o g e th e r ?
m ) W h a t is th e d o m i n a n t f o r m o f c o n s t r u c t i o n in R u s s ia 9
1 4 . R e a d T e x t 7 A t o fin d o u t i f y o u r a n sw e r s a r e r ig h t o r
w ron g.
• TEXT 7 A
S tru c tu ra l System s
T h e s tr u c tu r e s o f b u ild in g s a r e m o s tly s k e le to n fr a m e s o f v a rio u s
ty p e s . N e w d o m e s tic h o u s in g in m a n y p a r ts o f th e w o r ld t o d a y is
158I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o m m o n ly m a d e f r o m tim b e r - f r a m e d c o n s tr u c tio n . W o o d p r o d u c ts
a r e b e c o m in g a b ig g e r p a r t o f t h e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y . T h e y m a y
b e u s e d in b o t h r e s id e n tia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s a s s tr u c tu r a l
a n d a e s th e tic m a te r ia ls . In b u ild in g s m a d e o f o t h e r m a te n a ls , w o o d
is s t i l l f o u n d a s a s u p p o r t i n g m a t e r i a l , e s p e c i a l l y i n r o o f
c o n s tr u c tio n , in i n t e r i o r d o o r s a n d t h e i r f r a m e s , a n d a s e x te r io r
c l a d d in g .
L a m in a te d v e n e e r l u m b e r f u n c tio n s a s b e a m s t o p ro v id e s u p p o r t
o v e r la rg e s p a n s , s u c h as r e m o v e d s u p p o r t w a lls a n d p la c e s w h e r e
d im e n s io n a l lu m b e r is n o t s u f f ic ie n t, a n d a ls o in a r e a s w h e r e a
h e a v y lo a d is b e a r in g f r o m a f lo o r , w a ll o r r o o f a b o v e o n a s h o r t
s p a n . W o o d I - jo is ts a r e u s e d f o r f lo o r jo is ts o n u p p e r flo o rs . T h e y
a r e e n g in e e r e d f o r lo n g s p a n s a n d a r e d o u b le d u p in p la c e s w h e r e
a w all w ill b e a lig n e d o v e r th e m . G lu e d la m in a te d b e a m s a re c r e a te d
b y g lu e in g th e fa c e s to g e th e r to c r e a te b e a m s . B y g lu e in g m u lti p ie ,
c o m m o n siz e d
p ie c e s o f lu m b e r t o g e th e r a c t a s o n e la rg e r p ie c e o f
lu m b e r . M a n u f a c tu r e d tr u s s e s a r e u s e d in h o m e c o n s t r u c t i o n a s a
p r e - f a b r ic a te d r e p la c e m e n t f o r r o o f r a f te r s a n d c e ilin g jo is ts . I t is
s e e n a s a n e a s ie r in s ta lla tio n a n d a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n f o r s u p p o r t i n g
ro o fs
as o p p o s e d to
th e u se o f lu m b e r s tru ts a n d p u rlin s as
b ra c in g .
S te e l is o n e o f t h e m a j o r s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l s in b u ild in g s . I t
is a s t r o n g a n d s t i f f m a te r ia l. I t c a n b e q u i c k l y f a b n c a t e d a n d
e r e c t e d . T h e l ig h te s t a n d m o s t e f f i c i e n t s t r u c t u r a l s h a p e is t h e
b a r ( o r o p e n w e b ) j o i s t , a s t a n d a r d t r u s s m a d e w ith a n g le s f o r
th e to p a n d b o tto m
ch o rd s,
j o in e d b y w e ld in g to a w e b
m a d e o f a c o n tin u o u s b e n t
r o d . I t is u s e d a lm o s t e xclusively
to s u p p o r t r o o fs a n d c a n s p a n u p
to 45 m e tre s. T h e s ta n d a r d ro lle d
s h a p e s a r e f r e q u e n tly u s e d a s
A s te e l I-b e a m , in th is c a se
u s e d to s u p p o r t w o o d b e a m s
in a h o u s e .
b e a m s a n d c o ,u m n s ’ t h e W lde
fla n Be ’ o r W s h a P e - b e in 8 th e
m o s t c o m m o n . W h e re s te e l
UNIT
7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
159
b e a m s s u p p o r t c o n c r e te flo o r sla b s p o u r e d o n t o a m e ta l d e c k , th e y
c a n b e m a d e t o a c t c o m p o s ite ly w ith th e c o n c r e te .
S te e l c o lu m n s a re jo in e d t o f o u n d a tio n s w ith b a s e p la te s w e ld e d
to t h e c o lu m n s a n d h e ld b y a n c h o r b o lts e m b e d d e d in th e c o n c re te .
T h e e r e c tio n o f s te e l f r a m e s a t t h e b u ild in g s ite c a n p r o c e e d v ery
ra p id ly , b e c a u s e all t h e p ie c e s c a n b e h a n d le d b y c ra n e s a n d a ll th e
b o lte d c o n n e c tio n s c a n b e m a d e sw iftly b y w o rk e rs w ith h a n d - h e l d
w re n c h e s.
R e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e is a ls o a m a jo r s tr u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l in
b u ild in g s . I n s itu c o n c r e t e is u s e d f o r f o u n d a tio n s a n d f o r s t r u c ­
tu r a l s k e le to n fra m e s . T h e o ld e s t f r a m in g s y s te m is t h e b e a m a n d
g ir d e r s y s te m , w h o s e f o r m w a s d e r iv e d f r o m w o o d a n d s te e l
c o n s tru c tio n : slab s r e s t o n b e a m s , b e a m s rest o n g ird e rs , a n d g ird e rs
re s t o n c o lu m n s i n a r e g u la r p a tte r n . T h is s y s te m n e e d s m u c h
h a n d m a d e t i m b e r fo r m w o r k , a n d i n e c o n o m i e s w h e r e l a b o u r is
e x p e n s iv e o t h e r sy s te m s a re e m p lo y e d . O n e is t h e p a n j o i s t s y s te m ,
a s ta n d a r d iz e d b e a m a n d g ir d e r s y s te m o f c o n s t a n t d e p t h f o r m e d
w ith p r e f a b r ic a te d s h e e t - m e t a l fo rm s . T h e s im p le s t a n d m o s t
e c o n o m ic a l flo o r s y s te m is t h e flat p la te w h e r e a p la in f lo o r sla b
re s ts o n c o lu m n s s p a c e d a p a r t. I f th e s p a n is la rg e r, t h e in c r e a s in g
lo a d r e q u ire s a lo c a l t h i c k e n i n g o f th e slab a r o u n d t h e c o lu m n s .
C o n c r e t e c o lu m n s a re o f r e c ta n g u la r o r c i r c u l a r p ro f ile a n d a re
c a s t in p ly w o o d o r m e ta l fo rm s . T h e r e in fo rc in g steel n e v e r e x c e e d s
8 p e r c e n t o f t h e c r o s s - s e c tio n a l a r e a to g u a r d a g a in s t c a t a s t r o p h i c
b r ittle fa ilu re in c a s e o f a c c id e n ta l o v e rlo a d in g .
P r e c a s t c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s a re f a b r ic a te d u n d e r
c o n t r o l l e d c o n d itio n s in a fa c to ry . M e m b e r s t h a t s p a n flo o rs a n d
ro o fs a re u s u a lly p r e t e n s i o n e d , a n o t h e r p r e s tre s s in g t e c h n i q u e ,
w h ic h is sim ila r in p r in c ip le to p o s t-te n s io n in g . P re c a s t p re s tre s s e d
f lo o r e l e m e n ts a re m a d e i n a n u m b e r o f c o n f ig u r a tio n s . T h e s e
in c lu d e b e a m s o f r e c t a n g u l a r c ro s s s e c t i o n , h o llo w f l o o r s la b s ,
a n d s in g le - a n d d o u b l e - s t e m T s h a p e s . P r e c a s t c o n c r e t e c o l u m n s
a r e n o t u s u a lly p r e s tre s s e d a n d h a v e p r o je c tin g sh e lv e s t o re c e iv e
flo o r m e m b e r s . A t t h e b u ild in g s ite , p r e c a s t m e m b e r s a r e jo in e d
t o g e t h e r b y a n u m b e r o f m e t h o d s , i n c l u d i n g w e ld in g t o g e t h e r
160 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
m e ta l c o n n e c to r s c a st in to t h e m o r p o u n n g a l a y e r o f in situ c o n c r e te
on
to p o f flo o r m e m b e rs, b o n d in g th e m
to g e th e r. P re c a s t
p r e s tr e s s e d c o n s tr u c tio n is w id e ly u s e d , a n d it is th e d o m in a n t fo r m
o f c o n s t r u c t i o n in R u s s ia a n d E a s te r n E u r o p e
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 7A th e p aragrap h sa y in g a b o u t rein fo r c e d
c o n c r e t e r egard ed a s o n e o f th e m ajor str u c tu r a l m a te r ia ls in
b u ild in g s an d tr a n s la te it in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p aragrap h 6 o f T e x t 7 A .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s.
a ) They m a y b e u s e d in b o t h r e s id e n tia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l
b u ild in g s as s tr u c tu r a l a n d a e s th e tic m a te n a ls .
W h a t d o es th e p r o n o u n
b)
They
they r e f e r t o ?
a re e n g i n e e r e d f o r lo n g s p a n s a n d a r e d o u b le d u p in
p l a c e s w h e r e a w a ll w ill b e a lig n e d o v e r t h e m .
W h at d o es th e p ro n o u n
c)
It
It c a n
It is
it r e f e r t o ?
b e q u ic k ly f a b r ic a te d a n d e r e c te d .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
e)
to ?
is a s tr o n g a n d s tif f m a te r ia l.
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
d)
they re f e r
it re f e r
to 9
u s e d a lm o s t e x c lu s iv e ly t o s u p p o r t ro o fs
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
it r e f e r t o ?
0 they c a n b e m a d e t o a c t c o m p o s ite ly w ith t h e c o n c r e te .
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n they r e f e r to ?
g)
These i n c lu d e b e a m s o f r e c t a n g u la r c r o s s s e c tio n , h o llo w
f lo o r s la b s , a n d s in g le - a n d d o u b l e - s t e m T s h a p e s
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
these r e f e r
to ?
UNIT7.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
161
1 8 . U n d e r lin e o r m ark th e m ain id e a s o f T e x t 7A an d r e te ll it
in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 7 B “ B e a m s ” an d try to u n d e r sta n d w h a t it is
a b o u t an d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is k n ow n to y o u .
•TEXT 7 В
Beams
A b e a m is a s tr u c tu r a l e l e m e n t t h a t is c a p a b le o f w ith s ta n d in g
l o a d p r im a r ily b y re s is tin g b e n d in g . T h e b e n d in g fo rc e i n d u c e d
in to t h e m a te r ia l o f th e b e a m as a re s u lt o f t h e e x te r n a l lo a d s a n d
e x te r n a l re a c tio n s t o t h e s e lo a d s is c a lle d a b e n d in g m o m e n t.
B e a m s g e n e ra lly c a rry v e rtic a l g r a v ita tio n a l f o rc e s b u t c a n a ls o
b e u s e d t o c a rry h o n z o n ta l lo a d s (i.e . lo a d s d u e t o a n e a r th q u a k e o r
w in d ) . T h e lo a d s c a r r ie d b y a b e a m a re tr a n s f e r r e d t o c o lu m n s ,
w a lls, o r g ird e rs , w h ic h th e n tr a n s f e r th e fo rc e t o a d ja c e n t s tru c tu ra l
c o m p r e s s io n m e m b e r s .
B e a m s a re c h a ra c te riz e d b y t h e ir p ro file ( th e s h a p e o f t h e ir c ro s s s e c t i o n ) , t h e i r le n g t h , a n d t h e i r m a t e r i a l . In c o n t e m p o r a r y
c o n s tr u c tio n , b e a m s a re ty p ic a lly m a d e o f s te e l, re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te
o r w o o d . O n e o f t h e m o s t c o m m o n ty p e s o f s te e l b e a m is t h e Ib e a m o r w id e - f la n g e b e a m (a ls o k n o w n a s a u n iv e rs a l b e a m o r ,
f o r s t o u t e r s e c tio n s , a u n iv e rs a l c o l u m n ) . T h is is u s e d in s te e lf ra m e b u ild in g s a n d b rid g e s . O t h e r c o m m o n b e a m p r o file s a re th e
C -c h a n n e l, t h e h o llo w s tru c tu ra l s e c tio n b e a m , th e p i p e , a n d th e
a n g le .
I n te r n a lly , b e a m s e x p e r ie n c e c o m p r e s s iv e , te n s ile a n d s h e a r
s tre s s e s a s a r e s u lt o f th e l o a d s a p p lie d t o th e m . T y p ic a lly , u n d e r
g ra v ity lo a d s , t h e o rig in a l le n g th o f t h e b e a m is slig h tly re d u c e d to
e n c lo s e a s m a lle r r a d iu s a r c a t th e t o p o f t h e b e a m , re s u ltin g in
c o m p r e s s io n , w h ile t h e s a m e o n g in a l b e a m le n g th a t th e b o t t o m o f
th e b e a m is slig h tly s tr e tc h e d t o e n c lo s e a la rg e r ra d iu s a rc , a n d s o
is u n d e r te n s io n . A b o v e t h e s u p p o rts , t h e b e a m is e x p o s e d to s h e a r
s tre s s .
6 Зак 312
162 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
T h e r e a re s o m e re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te b e a m s t h a t a re e n tir e ly in
c o m p re s s io n . T h e se b e a m s a re k n o w n a s p re stre sse d c o n c re te b e a m s ,
a n d a re f a b n c a te d t o p ro d u c e a c o m p re s s io n m o re th a n th e e x p e c te d
t e n s io n u n d e r lo a d in g c o n d itio n s . H ig h s tre n g th s te e l te n d o n s a re
stre tc h e d w h ile th e b e a m is c a s t o v e r th e m . T h e n , w h e n th e c o n c re te
h a s b e g u n to c u r e , th e t e n d o n s a re re le a s e d a n d th e b e a m is
im m e d ia te ly u n d e r e c c e n t n c a x ia l lo a d s . T h is e c c e n t r i c lo a d in g
c r e a te s a n in te r n a l m o m e n t, a n d , in t u r n , in c re a s e s t h e m o m e n t
c a rry in g c a p a c ity o f th e b e a m . T h e y a re c o m m o n ly u s e d o n h ig h w a y
b rid g e s.
M a th e m a tic a l m e th o d s fo r d e te rm in in g t h e b e a m fo rc e s (in te rn a l
fo rc e s o f t h e b e a m a n d th e fo rc e s t h a t a re im p o s e d o n th e b e a m
s u p p o r t) in c lu d e th e m o m e n t d is tr ib u tio n m e t h o d , t h e fo r c e o r
fle x ib ility m e th o d a n d th e d ire c t stiffn e ss m e th o d .
M o s t b e a m s in re in fo rc e d c o n c r e t e b u ild in g s h a v e r e c ta n g u la r
c ro s s s e c tio n s , b u t t h e m o s t e f f ic ie n t c ro s s s e c tio n is a u n iv e rs a l
b e a m . A u n iv e rs a l b e a m is o n ly t h e m o s t e ffic ie n t s h a p e in o n e
d ir e c tio n o f b e n d in g - u p a n d d o w n lo o k in g a t th e p ro file a s a n I. I f
t h e b e a m is b e n t sid e to s id e , it f u n c tio n s a s a n H w h e r e it is le ss
e ffic ie n t. T h e m o s t e f fic ie n t s h a p e f o r b o t h d ir e c tio n s i n 2 D is a
b o x ( a s q u a re s h e ll), h o w e v e r t h e m o s t e f fic ie n t s h a p e f o r b e n d in g
in a n y d ir e c tio n is a c y lin d r ic a l sh e ll o r tu b e . E ffic ie n c y m e a n s
th a t fo r th e s a m e c ro s s s e c tio n a l a r e a ( v o lu m e o f b e a m p e r le n g th )
su b je c te d to t h e s a m e lo a d in g c o n d itio n s , t h e b e a m d e fle c ts less.
O t h e r s h a p e s , lik e L ( a n g le s ), C (c h a n n e ls ) o r t u b e s , a r e a ls o
u s e d in c o n s tr u c tio n w h e n th e r e a re sp e c ia l r e q u ire m e n ts .
2 0 . G ive a brief overview o f tb e structure and co n ten ts o f T e x t 7 B .
2 1 . R e la te e a c h h e a d in g t o th e c o r r e sp o n d in g p a r a g r a p h o f
T ext 7B.
a ) B e a m p ro file s.
b ) B e a m fo rc e s.
c ) A b e n d in g m o m e n t.
UNIT 7.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
163
d ) B e a m sh a p e s .
e ) T h e s tr e s s e s e x p e r ie n c e d b y a b e a m .
f) T h e lo a d s c a r r ie d b y a b e a m .
g ) P r e s tr e s s e d c o n c r e te b e a m s .
22.
R e a d T e x t 7 C “ F ra m in g C o n s tr u c tio n ” an d a n sw e r th e
q u e stio n s. D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a) W h a t s o r t o f b u ild in g t e c h n iq u e is f r a m in g ?
b ) W h a t m e m b e r s d o e s w a ll f r a m in g in c lu d e ?
c ) W h a t a re th e c o m m o n m e th o d s o f fr a m in g ?
d ) W h a t is p o s t a n d b e a m f ra m in g c h a r a c te r iz e d b y ?
e ) W h a t is sp e c ific o f b a llo o n fra m in g ?
f) W h a t d o e s p l a tf o r m fr a m in g c o n s is t in ?
g) W h y is a m u ltip le s tu d p o s t u s e d a t e x t e n o r c o m e r s ?
h ) W h a t s u p p o r ts t h e u p p e r flo o rs , c e ilin g a n d r o o f?
i) W h a t a r e lo a d b e a n n g a n d n o n - l o a d b e a r i n g w a lls?
j) W h a t a r e lin te ls c o n s tr u c te d o f?
k) W h e n a r e th e a s s e m b le d s e c tio n s n a ile d to g e th e r ?
• TEXT 7C
Fram ing Construction
F r a m in g is a b u ild in g te c h n iq u e b a s e d o n s tr u c t u r a l m e m b e r s
w h ic h p r o v id e a s ta b le f r a m e t o w h ic h i n t e r i o r a n d e x t e r i o r w a ll
c o v e rin g s a r e a tta c h e d a n d c o v e r e d b y a r o o f c o m p r is in g h o r iz o n ta l
c e ilin g jo is ts a n d slo p in g ra fte rs ( to g e th e r f o r m in g a tr u s s s t r u c tu r e )
o r m a n u f a c t u r e d p r e - f a b r i c a t e d r o o f t r u s s e s — a ll o f w h ic h a r e
c o v e r e d b y v a r io u s s h e a th in g m a te r ia ls t o g iv e w e a t h e r re s is ta n c e .
W a ll f r a m in g in h o u s e c o n s t r u c t i o n in c lu d e s t h e v e r tic a l a n d
h o r iz o n ta l m e m b e r s o f e x t e n o r w a lls a n d in t e r i o r p a r t i t i o n s , b o t h
o f b e a r in g w a lls a n d n o n - b e a r i n g w a lls. S tu d s , w a ll p la te s a n d
lin te ls s e rv e as a n a ilin g b a s e f o r a ll c o v e r in g m a te r ia l a n d s u p p o r t
th e u p p e r f lo o r p la tf o r m s , w h ic h p r o v id e t h e la te r a l s tr e n g th a lo n g
a w a ll. T h e p la tf o r m s m a y b e th e b o x e d s tr u c tu r e o f a c e ilin g a n d
6*
1 6 4 | Английский языкдля студентов строительных специальностей
r o o f , o r th e c e ilin g a n d f lo o r jo is ts o f th e s to r e y a b o v e . T h e r e a re
th r e e h is to r ic a lly c o m m o n m e th o d s o f fra m in g a h o u s e .
— P o s t a n d b e a m f r a m in g is n o w u s e d in b a r n c o n s tr u c tio n .
— B a llo o n fr a m in g u s in g a te c h n i q u e s u s p e n d in g flo o r s f r o m
t h e w a lls w a s c o m m o n u n til th e la te 1940s, b u t s in c e t h a t tim e
p la tf o r m f r a m in g h a s b e c o m e t h e p r e d o m i n a n t f o r m o f h o u s e
c o n s tr u c tio n .
— P la tf o r m fra m in g o fte n f o rm s w a ll s e c tio n s h o riz o n ta lly o n th e
s u b - f l o o r p r i o r t o e r e c t i o n , e a s i n g p o s i t i o n i n g o f s tu d s a n d
in c r e a s in g a c c u r a c y w h ile c u ttin g th e n e c e s s a ry m a n p o w e r. T h e to p
a n d b o t t o m p la te s a r e e n d - n a ile d to e a c h s tu d w ith tw o n a ils. S tu d s
a r e a t le a s t d o u b le d a t o p e n in g s , t h e j a c k s tu d b e in g c u t to re c e iv e
t h e lin te ls ( h e a d e r s ) t h a t a r e p l a c e d a n d e n d - n a i l e d th r o u g h th e
o u t e r s tu d s .
W a ll s h e a th in g , u s u a lly a p ly w o o d o r o t h e r l a m in a te , is u s u a lly
a p p lie d t o th e f r a m in g p r i o r to e r e c tio n , th u s e lim in a tin g th e n e e d
to sc a ffo ld . A m u l t ip le - s tu d p o s t m a d e u p o f a t le a s t th r e e s tu d s is
g e n e ra lly u s e d a t e x te r io r c o m e r s a n d in te r s e c tio n s t o s e c u r e a g o o d
tie b e tw e e n a d jo in in g w a lls a n d t o p r o v id e n a ilin g s u p p o r t f o r t h e
in t e r i o r f in is h a n d e x te r io r s h e a th in g . C o m e r s a n d in te r s e c tio n s ,
h o w e v e r, m u s t b e f r a m e d w ith a t le a st tw o stu d s . N a ilin g s u p p o r t
f o r th e e d g e s o f t h e c e ilin g is
r e q u ire d a t th e j u n c t i o n o f th e
w a ll
and
c e ilin g
w h e re
p a r titio n s r u n p a r a lle l t o th e
c e ilin g jo is ts .
W a ll f r a m i n g
c o n s tru c tio n
A two-story wooden-frame
house under construction —
the location of the upper floor
platform is readily discerned
by the wide joists between the
floors, and the upper structure
rests on this platform.
v e rtic a l
and
in h o u s e
in c lu d e s th e
h o riz o n ta l
m e m b e rs o f e x te r io r w alls a n d
in te r io r p a r titio n s . S tu d s ,
w a ll p la te s a n d lin te ls s e rv e a s
a n a ilin g b a s e f o r a ll c o v e r in g
m a te ria l a n d s u p p o rt th e u p p e r
flo o rs , c e ilin g a n d ro o f .
UNIT
7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
165
E x te r io r w a ll s tu d s a re t h e v e rtic a l m e m b e r s t o w h ic h t h e w a ll
s h e a th in g a n d c la d d in g a re a tta c h e d . T h e y a re s u p p o rte d o n a b o tto m
p la te o r f o u n d a t i o n sill a n d in t u r n s u p p o r t t h e t o p p la te . I n t e r i o r
p a r titio n s s u p p o r tin g flo o r, c e ilin g o r r o o f lo a d s a re c a lle d
lo a d b e a n n g w a lls; o t h e r s a re c a lle d n o n - l o a d b e a n n g o r s im p ly
p a r titio n s . I n t e n o r lo a d b e a r in g w a lls a re f r a m e d in th e s a m e w a y
a s e x t e n o r w alls.
L in te ls ( h e a d e r s ) a re t h e h o r i z o n t a l m e m b e r s p la c e d o v e r
w in d o w , d o o r a n d o t h e r o p e n in g s to c a r r y lo a d s t o th e a d jo in in g
s tu d s . L in te ls a re u s u a lly c o n s t r u c t e d o f tw o p ie c e s o f l u m b e r
s e p a ra te d w ith s p a c e rs to th e w id th o f th e s tu d s a n d n a ile d t o g e th e r
to f o r m a s in g le u n it. T h e p re fe r a b le s p a c e r m a t e r i a l is rig id
in s u la tio n .
T h e c o m p le te w a ll s e c tio n s a re th e n ra is e d a n d p u t in p la c e ,
te m p o r a r y b r a c e s a d d e d a n d t h e b o t t o m p l a te s n a ile d th r o u g h th e
su b flo o r t o th e f lo o r fra m in g m e m b e rs . O n c e th e a s s e m b le d s e c tio n s
a re p lu m b e d , th e y a re n a ile d to g e th e r a t th e c o r n e r s a n d
in te rs e c tio n s . A s t n p o f p o ly e th y le n e is o f te n p la c e d b e tw e e n th e
m t e n o r w a lls a n d t h e e x t e n o r w a ll, a n d a b o v e t h e firs t t o p p l a t e o f
i n te r io r w a lls b e f o r e t h e s e c o n d t o p p la te is a p p lie d t o a t t a i n
c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e a ir b a m e r w h e n p o ly e th y le n e is se rv in g th is
fu n c tio n . A s e c o n d t o p p la te u s u a lly la p s th e first p la te a t th e c o m e rs
a n d p a r t i t i o n i n t e r s e c tio n s a n d , w h e n n a ile d i n p l a c e , p r o v id e s a n
a d d itio n a l tie t o t h e f r a m e d w a lls.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
a)
L is te n t o th e T e x t “A H o r iz o n ta l S u p p o r t” .
A n sw e r th e q u e s tio n s th a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t is a b e a m ?
2. W h a t m a te r ia ls c a n b e a m s b e m a d e o f?
3 . W h a t f o rc e s a re b e a m s u s u a lly s u b je c te d to ?
166[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4 . W h a t c o n d itio n s a re re in f o r c e d b e a m s u s e d u n d e r ?
5 . W h a t e l e m e n ts c a n b e a m s re s t o n ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
7 A o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u d o n o t k n ow in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t b e a m s.
d ) T e ll y o u r g ro u p m a tes a b o u t b e a m s b a se d o n th e in fo rm a tio n
to b e c o lle c te d .
24.
L iste n t o th e T e x t “ R o o f” .
a ) W h ic h o f th e s e sta te m e n ts a r e tr u e an d w h ich a r e fa lse ?
1. T h e r o o f d e sig n d e p e n d s o n th e c lim a te o f t h e p la c e in w h ic h
a b u ild in g is lo c a te d .
2 . T h e r o o f o f a b u ild in g p r o t e c t s p e o p le fr o m r a in a n d s u n .
3. W h e re it o f te n ra in s , t h e r o o f s lo p e s s te e p ly .
4 . I t is c o n v e n ie n t t o liv e in a h o u s e w ith s lo p in g sid e s.
5. T r ia n g u la r fra m e w o rk s a re c a lle d tru s s e s .
6. I n th e M id d le A g e s th e w o o d e n fra m e o f t h e r o o f w a s h id d e n
b y a c e ilin g .
7. T h e h a m m e r - b e a m r o o f in c r e a s e d t h e e ffe c t o f h e ig h t a n d
sp a c e .
8. T h e w a te r p r o o f c o v e rin g o f a p i t c h e d r o o f is m a d e o f th ic k
sla b s o f b a k e d c la y .
9. S h e e ts o f w e a t h e r p r o o f ro o f in g - f e lt h e lp t o k e e p o u t ra in s .
10.
W h e n a r o o f c o v e rs a la rg e s p a c e , w o o d tru s s e s a re u s e d .
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
7 B o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n ow in th e
d iction ary.
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t d iffe r e n t ty p e s o f ro o fs.
UNIT 8
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
ffl
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1 . R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ E n g in e e r in g fo r B u ild in g s” an d tr a n sla te t h e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1. s a fe [ 's e if ] adj — б е з о п а с н ы й , н а д е ж н ы й
s a fe ty [ 's e r f ti] n — б е з о п а с н о с т ь , н а д е ж н о с т ь
A
safe c o n s t r u c t i o n
p l a n fo llo w s a ll
safety r e g u la tio n s .
2. c o lla p s e [ k a 'la e p s ] n v — р а з р у ш е н и е , в ы х о д и з с т р о я ,
кр у ш ен и е; р азр у ш аться, осл аб евать, вы х о д и ть и з стр о я
A f a ilu r e in te n s ile s t r e n g th m a y r e s u lt in the collapse o f th e
b e a m . B u ild in g s t e n d to collapse d u r in g a n e a r th q u a k e .
3. u tiliz e [ j u i t i l a i z ] v — и с п о л ь з о в а т ь , у т и л и з и р о в а т ь
In h e r n e w jo b h e r ta le n ts
will be b e t t e r utilized t h a n
b e fo re .
4 . g o a l [ 'g a u l ] n — ц е л ь , з а д а ч а
a c h ie v e a g o a l [ a 'tf i:v ] — д о с т и ч ь ц е л и
T h e f ir m m a n a g e d
to achieve s a fe ty goals th r o u g h
in c e n tiv e p a y .
5. s c a le [ 's k e il] n — м а с ш т а б , ш к а л а ; с в о д и т ь к о п р е д е л е н ­
н ом у м асш табу, оп ред елять м асш таб
H o u s e b u ild in g is b e in g c a r r ie d o u t o n a la r g e scale. T h is
t h e r m o m e t e r h a s tw o scales m a r k e d o n it. I n a m a p d r a w n t o th e
scale 1 : 5 0 ,0 0 0 , o n e c e n t i m e t e r r e p r e s e n ts h a l f a k ilo m e tr e .
168 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6. b e d istin c t fro m [ d i 's tir jk t] — о т л и ч н ы й ( о т д р у г и х )
T h o s e tw o c o n s tr u c tio n p la n s
are q u ite distinctfrom e a c h o th e r.
7. e m e r g e [ Т т э : cfc] v — п о я в л я т ь с я
em e r g e n c e [ Т т э : c fcans]
n — появление
S o m e n e w th e o n e s emerged on E g y p tia n p y r a m id c o n s tr u c tio n .
T h e 1980s s a w the emergence o f m a n y n e w b u ild in g p ra c tic e s .
8. d e a l (w ith ) [d i:l] v — и м е т ь д е л о ( с ) , р а с с м а т р и в а т ь
вопрос
I n th e b u ild in g fie ld w e u su a lly
9. se r v ic e [ 's a : vis]
deal with c o m p le x p la s tic s .
n — с л у ж б а , о б с л у ж и в а н и е ; (pi.) к о м м у ­
н и к ац и и , и н ж ен ерн ое оборудование здан и я
s e r v ic e a b ility [ ,s a :v is a 'b iliti] п — п о л е з н о с т ь , п р и г о д ­
н ость, э к с п л у атац и о н н ая н адеж н ость, р а б о то сп о со б ­
н о с ть
T h e y re q u ire a c c e s s to t h e c e ilin g v o id to in s ta ll the services. In
c iv il e n g in e e n n g , serviceability re fe rs to th e c o n d itio n s u n d e r w h ic h
a b u ild in g is still c o n s id e r e d u se fu l.
10. c a rry o u t v — п р о в о д и т ь , в ы п о л н я т ь
A ll o p e ra tio n s c a n
be carried out o n th e t o p o f th e c o n c r e te slab.
11. e n tir e [ i n 't a i a ]
adj — п о л н ы й , с о в е р ш е н н ы й , ц е л ы й
adv — п о л н о с т ь ю , в с е ц е л о , с о в е р ш е н н о
en tirely [in 'ta ia li]
T h e 2 0 th c e n tu ry s aw d e e p c h a n g e s in t h e entire ra n g e o f b u ild in g .
T h e u n its c a n b e p u t u p b y u n s k ille d la b o u r, entirely b y h a n d , a n d
w ith o u t th e u se o f m e c h a n ic a l e q u ip m e n t.
12
sw a y
n v — качание; качаться, н аклон яться
T h is n e w ty p e o f c o n s tr u c tio n is p e rfe c tly sa fe ; b u t in t h e s e a rc h
fo r a p e r f e c t c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n o t h e r f a c to r h a s e n t e r e d — sway.
L ik e tre e s , ta ll b u ild in g s m u s t b e a b le to sway in t h e w in d .
U N I T 8.
13. linear
[Ч
іп іэ
]
STRUCTURALENGINEERING
169
adj — линейный
A linear dimension is measured along a straight line.
14. retain [ri'tein] v — удерживать, поддерживать, сохра­
нять
A building with a large volume in relation to its surface area
retains more heat.
15. advance [ad'vams] n v — продвижение вперед, успех,
прогресс; продвигаться вперед, делать успехи, разви­
ваться
There have been great advances in building construction in the
last 50 years. The construction plan is advancing well.
16. behave [bi' heiv] v — работать (о конструкции, материале)
behaviour [bi'heivja] n — работа, свойства, характерис­
тика, поведение (системы)
Metals behave in different ways when heated. A system of equations
that describes the nonlinear behaviour of beams is presented.
17. technique [tek'ni:k] n — методика, метод, способ, про­
цедура, технический прием, технология
An interesting new technique for constructing concrete roofs
was developed by the structural engineering department.
18. conform (to) [ksn'fam ] v — соответствовать (чему-л.),
согласоваться (с), приспосабливаться, подчиняться (пра­
вилам)
19. precise [pri'sais] adj — точный, определенный
precisely [pri'saisli] adv — точно, определено
accurate ['aekjurat] adj — точный, тщательный
170I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a cc u r a te ly ['a e k ju r s tli]
adv — т о ч н о
T h is m a k e s it ea sy fo r t h e s u rv e y o r t o ta k e precise m e a s u re m e n ts
fo r an y p o in t o f th e a re a . T h e c o m in g o f th e I ro n A g e b ro u g h t to o ls
w h ic h m a d e p o s s ib le fin e
c a lc u la te d
20.
accurate s to n e c u ttin g . L o a d s c a n b e
accurately
term [ta :m ]
n — срок; терм и н
in te r m s o f — с т о ч к и з р е н и я
T h a t w a s h is s e c o n d
term a s P r i m e M i n i s t e r . T h i s is a
terms a n d b u ild in g in d u stry
c o m p re h e n s iv e d ic tio n a ry o f c o n s tru c tio n
te rm in o lo g y lis te d m a lp h a b e tic a l o rd e r. R o u g h c a r p e n tr y is t h e jo b
o f th e fra m in g c a i p e n t e r in terms o /c o n s t r u c t i o n .
2 . R ea d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g in tern a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th eir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p art o f sp e e c h .
C r ite r ia n, d is c o m fo rt n, e m p ir ic a l adj, u tiliz e v, in s ta ll v,
r e v o lu tio n n, p y r a m id n, f o rm a liz e v, d y n a m ic adj, c r e a tiv ity n,
lic e n s e v, a c c r e d it v, p r o fe s s io n a l n adj, e la s tic adj, t o p o g r a p h ic
adj, c lie n t n, s u m m a r iz e v, p r o c e s s n, a d a p t a t i o n n, a tm o s p h e r e
n, fin a l adj, fu n d n.
3 . M a tc h th e p a irs o f a n to n y m s from A and В an d tr a n s la te
them .
A
1. d i f f e r
2. d i s a p p e a r a n c e
3. in c o m p le te
4.
5.
6.
7.
c u rv e d
s ta n d
s im ila r
in e x a c t
8. ris k
В
a. e n tire
b . c o lla p s e
c. p re c is e
d. c o n fo rm
e. s a fe ty
f. e m e rg e n c e
g. l i n e a r
h . d is tin c t
UNIT 8 . STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
4.
I 171
M a t c h th e n o u n ( s ) o n th e le f t w ith a su ita b le ite m o n th
r ig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. A t e c h n i q u e
a . c a n ’t b e a c h ie v e d .
2. T h e a d v a n c e
b . c h e c k s t h e b e a m s tr a in .
3. T h e g o a l
c . is f o r t h r e e y e a rs.
4 . T h e b u ild in g sw a y
d . w a s p r o v id e d f o r.
5. T h e te r m
e . s h o w s s tr a n g e b e h a v io u r .
6 . S e r v ic e a b ility
f. w a s d e v e lo p e d .
7. A s t r u c tu r a l e n g in e e r
g . w a s t a k e n in to a c c o u n t.
8 . T h e s tr u c tu r e
h . w a s m a d e in c o n s t r u c t i o n .
5.
R e p la c e th e u n d erlin ed w o rd s w ith th e w o rd s b elo w .
a) c a rry o u t
b ) te c h n iq u e s
d)
r e ta in
e ) a c c u r a te
c ) u tiliz e
0
g)
em e rg e
h) behave
i) s e r v ic e s
j)
c o lla p s e
sw a y
1. A g r e a t a m o u n t o f e ffo rt is s p e n t o n th e c o r r e c t a p p lic a tio n o f
f o r m u l a s . 2 . R e s e a r c h in t h e
f ie ld p r o g r e s s e d t h e g e n e r a l
u n d e r s ta n d in g o f h o w s te e l b e a m s a c t u n d e r s in g le a n d c o m b in e d
lo a d s . 3. T h e y r e g u la r ly p e r f o r m u r g e n t r e p a ir s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
e q u i p m e n t a t th is p la n t. 4 . T h is b r id g e c a n fa ll d o w n u n d e r th e
w e ig h t o f t h e tr a in . 5. D e s ig n p r o f e s s io n a ls a n d b u ild e r s s h o u ld
w o r k in a n i n t e g r a te d p r o c e s s in o r d e r to s p e c ify a n d m a k e u se o f
m a t e r i a l s in a m a n n e r t h a t w ill r e d u c e o r e l i m i n a t e w a s te .
6.
S o m e c r a c k s in b e a m s c a n a p p e a r d u r in g c o n s tr u c tio n 7. D u r in g
r e c e n t y e a rs a n in te r e s tin g c h a n g e h a s b e e n g r a d u a lly b r o u g h t a b o u t
m th e v a rio u s m e th o d s o f b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e d m R u ssia.
8.
T h e p i p e s a n d c a b le s w h ic h p e n e t r a t e th e f l o o r /c e ilin g s y s te m
m u s t in c o r p o r a te a n a p p r o v e d fire s to p p in g s y s te m o r m u s t b e
e n c lo s e d in f ire r e s is tin g s h a fts . 9 W h a t is t h e le g a l te m p e r a t u r e a
b u ild in g m u s t k e e p in t h e w in te r in th is a r e a ? 10. T h e y d e v e lo p e d
s o m e m e th o d s f o r te s tin g s tr u c tu r e s p e r m i t t e d to m o v e to a n d f r o .
172 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6.
R ea d an d tr a n s la t e th e fo llo w in g gro u p s o f s e n t e n c e s p a y in g
a tte n tio n to t h e w ord s in ita lic s w h ich c a n fu n c tio n a s a n ou n
an d a verb , o r a verb an d a n a d je c tiv e , o r a n o u n an d an a d je c tiv e ,
w ith th e sa m e fo r m . T h e y c a n h a v e sim ila r o r d iffe r e n t m e a n in g s.
L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y .
terms.
terms o f e m p lo y m e n t.
c . S h e t h o u g h t o f e v e r y th in g in terms o f m o n e y .
1. a H e is f a m ilia r w ith b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n
b . T h e c o n t r a c t sp e c ifie s t h e
2. a. I k n o w h o w t o c o n v e r t F a h r e n h e it t o t h e c e n tig ra d e
b.
scale.
Scale t h e o ld p a i n t f r o m th e c e ilin g .
large-scale m a p .
H e u s u a lly deals w ith s u c h p r o b le m s e ffe c tiv e ly .
T h is b o o k deals w ith t h e life o f V .G . S h u k h o v .
T h e c o m p a n y deals i n b u ild in g m a te r ia ls .
T h e c o m p a n y w a n ts t o h ir e a safe d riv e r.
P u t y o u r v a lu a b le s in t h e safe.
T h e y c r e a t e d safe w o r k in g c o n d itio n s a t th e p la n t.
T h e y g a v e m e a n advance o f a m o n t h ’s p a y .
H e d id h is j o b in advance.
H e c o u l d advance a n e w th e o r y .
c . I a m l o o k in g f o r a
3. a.
b.
c.
4 . a.
b.
c.
5. a.
b.
c.
7.
S tu d y th e fo llo w in g p a tte r n s sh o w in g th e w a y s so m e verb s
a r e form ed fro m a d je c tiv e s o r n o u n s. C o m p le te th e c h a r ts. S o m e
o f th e m issin g w o r d s a r e from th e t e x t s o f th e U n it. R ea d an d
t r a n s la t e t h e m . U s e y o u r d ic t io n a r y t o h e lp y o u w ith t h e
p r o n u n cia tio n .
Pattern 26
A d je c tiv e /N o u n + - e n - » V e rb
Example, b r o a d — ш и р о к и й - » b r o a d e n — р а с ш и р я т ь
UNIT 8 . STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Adjective/Nom
173
Verb
s tr e n g th
--------------------
le n g th
--------------------
w id e
--------------------
w eak
--------------------
q u ic k
--------------------
Pattern 27
I
A d je c tiv e /N o u n
+-a te - » V e r b j
Example, m o tiv e — м о т и в - > m o tiv a te — м о т и в и р о в а т ь
Adjective/Noun
Verb
re g u la r
----------------------------------
a ctiv e
----------------------------------
s tim u lu s
----------------------------------
o n g in
----------------------------------
o rc h e s tra
----------------------------------
Pattern 28
j
A d j e c tiv e /N o u n + - i s e / - i z e - » V e rb
|
Example s p e c ia l — с п е ц и а л ь н ы й - > s p e c i a l i z e - с п е ц и а л и з и ­
роваться
Adjective/Noun
Verb
fo r m a l
m
i n
____________________ _
o
d
d
u
s
e
m
t r
i a
______________________
l ______________________
174I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o m p u te r
su m m a ry
Pattern 29
j
Example:
A d j e c tiv e /N o u n + - if y /- f y - » V e r b
[
d iv e rs e — р а з н о о б р а з н ы й —►d iv e rs ify — р а з н о о б ­
р ази ть
Adjective/Noun
Verb
p u re
______________________
sim p le
______________________
sp e c ific
______________________
in te n s e
______________________
SECTION 2
$
8.
GRAMMAR
R ead an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s w ith o n e (o n e s )
u se d a s in d e fin ite p r o n o u n s m e a n in g e v e r y o n e /a n y o n e a n d a s
s u b stitu tio n w o r d s. U s e y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
Example
One s h o u ld
b e c a re fu l w h e n c ro s s in g th e stre e t. — С л е д у е т б ы т ь
осторож н ы м п р и переходе через улицу.
1 d o n ’t h a v e a p e n . I m u s t b u y one. — У м е н я н е т р у ч к и . Я
долж ен купить
ручку.
1. S o m e tim e s o n e c a n f in d b r ic k s o f a m u c h la r g e r siz e t h a n a
n o r m a l o n e . 2. O n e c a n ’t l e a m E n g lis h m a m o n t h . 3. C o n c r e te
UNIT
8.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
175
s tr u c tu r a l f ra m e s h a v e th e a d v a n ta g e o f c o s tin g less th a n ste e l o n e s ,
b u t th e y m u s t u s u a lly b e r e in f o r c e d b y ste e l t o c a r r y l o a d s 4. O n e
c a n ’t g e t a d r iv in g lic e n c e u n t i l o n e is e ig h te e n . 5. M o s t g a r d e n s ,
e v e n s m a ll o n e s , h a v e f lo w e r s a n d a la w n . 6 C u r r e n tly , th e m a in
d is tin c tio n w h ic h ca u se s o n e to s p e a k o f c o m p u te r - a id e d a r c h ite c tu ra l
d e s ig n ( C A A D ) r a th e r t h a n c o m p u t e r - a i d e d d e s ig n ( C A D ) lie s m
th e d o m a i n k n o w le d g e ( a r c h i t e c t u r e - s p e c i f i c o b je c ts , t e c h n iq u e s ,
d a ta , a n d p r o c e s s s u p p o r t) e m b e d d e d in th e s y s te m . 7. O n e s h o u ld
k n o w t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c iv il e n g i n e e r i n g a n d b u il d i n g
e n g in e e r in g . 8. P e o p le t h i n k i n g o f b u y in g a h o u s e a s k a r e a lto r to
s h o w t h e m se v e ra l h o u s e s . W h e n th e y d e c id e o n o n e , th e y d is c u s s
th e p r ic e w ith th e p e o p le w h o a r e s e llin g it 9. I n e a r ly t im e s th e
o n ly la rg e b u ild in g s w e r e c o m m u n a l o n e s s u c h a s g r a n a r ie s a n d
p la c e s o f w o r s h ip f o r th e i r g o d s . 10. “ Is it e a s y t o g o c a m p in g in
th e c o u n t r y ? ” — “ Y e s , b u t o n e is n o t a llo w e d to c a m p w h e r e o n e
lik e s. O n e c a n o n ly u s e c a m p - s i t e s . ”
9.
R e a d an d t r a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
to t h e m e a n in g an d u s e s o f t h a t ( th o s e ) .
Example
that p e n c i l (those p e n c ils ) , p le a s e — Д а й т е м н е ,
тот к а р а н д а ш (m e к а р а н д а ш и ) .
T h e p r ic e o f g o ld is h ig h e r t h a n that o f silv e r. — Ц е н а н а з о л о ­
т о в ы ш е цены с е р е б р а .
T h e fa x that a r r iv e d in t h e m o r n i n g is in y o u r file — Ф а к с ,
который п р и б ы л у т р о м , н а х о д и т с я в в а ш е й п а п к е .
I t h i n k t h a t h e is r ig h t. — Я д у м а ю , что о н п р а в
G iv e m e
п ож алуйста,
1. O n ly w ith th e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f str u c tu r a l t h e o rie s th a t e m e rg e d
d u r in g t h e 1 9 th a n d 2 0 t h c e n t u r i e s th e p r o f e s s io n a l s tr u c t u r a l
e n g in e e r c a m e in to e x is te n c e . 2. C a v ity w a lls h a v e a h e a t- f lo w
r a te t h a t is 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h a t o f a s o lid w a ll. 3. T h e s e c o n d s y s te m
is d e e p s tr u c tu r e w h ic h m e a n s t h a t th e o p e r a tio n s p e r f o r m e d b y th e
c o m p u t e r h a v e n a tu r a l lim ita tio n s . 4. S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g is a
fie ld o f e n g in e e r in g d e a lin g w ith t h e a n a ly sis a n d d e sig n o f s tr u c tu r e s
176
I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
t h a t s u p p o r t o r resist lo a d s 5. T h e u p p e r lim it o f c o n c r e te s tr e n g th
is s e t b y t h a t o f th e s to n e u s e d in th e a g g re g a te . 6. T h e t r a d itio n a l
m e t h o d u s e s jo is ts s im ila r to th o s e o f f lo o r c o n s tr u c tio n t o s p a n
b e tw e e n e x t e n o r w a lls
7. C o m p le x b u ild in g r e g u la tio n s w e re
im p o s e d b y c ity a u th o n tie s t o e n s u r e t h a t b u ild in g s w e re stru c tu ra lly
s o u n d a n d s ta b le , th a t th e y h a d e n o u g h lig h t a n d a ir a r o u n d th e m ,
a n d t h a t t h e y lo o k e d n g h t. 8. N o w t h a t la c k o f h o u s in g is a s o c ia l
p r o b le m , e s p e c ia lly w ith t h e h ig h n s e in h o u s e p n c e s . 9. T h e
f o u n d a tio n s o f t h o s e b u ild in g s s u p p o r t c o n s id e r a b ly h e a v ie r lo a d s
th a n th o s e o f r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s . 10. T h e p e o p le c o n s tr u c te d
th o s e h o u s e s f ro m w h a te v e r m a te n a l w a s a v a ila b le w h e r e th e y liv e d .
11.
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g d e s ig n u tilis e s a re la tiv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r
o f b a s ic s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts to b u ild u p s tr u c tu r a l s y s te m s t h a t c a n
b e v e ry c o m p le x . 12. B u ild in g d e s ig n p ro f e s s io n a ls in c lu d e th o s e
lic e n s e d b y th e sta te — s u c h a s a rc h ite c ts a n d s tru c tu ra l, m e c h a n ic a l,
a n d e le c tric a l e n g in e e rs — w h o m u s t fo rm a lly c e rtify t h a t th e b u ild in g
th e y d e sig n w ill c o n f o r m to a ll g o v e r n m e n ta l c o d e s a n d re g u la tio n s .
10.
R e a d an d m em o rize th e p r e p o sitio n s o f tw o o r m o r e w o r d s.
T r a n s la te th e giv en s e n te n c e s .
1 according to согласно чет 7
2 apart from не считая кроме,
іе говоря уже о
3 as to относительно, что ка
Actordtng to the timetable
the tram leaves at
8 15am
Father was the only one who knew you
thoroughly, apart from me
Mr Pike inquired as to the exchange pnce
сается
4 as well as так же как
5 because of благодаря, из-за
6 by means of посредство и
lie to благодаря всіедствие
8 in addition to в допознениек
11 in spite of несмотря на
This article is interesting as well as useful
I couldn't get to work because of my illness
Thoughts are expressed b\ means o f words
Our success was due to luck
In addition to giving a general introduction to
computers, the course also provides practical
experience
I will wait for you m front o f the shop
He stood on the chair in order to reach the
top shelf.
In spite o f the threat of war, he says he
remains confident that peace is possible____
UNIT8. STRUCTURALENGINEERING
12 instead of вместо
13 in view of ввидi , принимая
во внимание
14 on account o f из-за по при­
чине, вследствие
15 owing to из-за, б тгодаря
16 with (in) reg ard to что ка­
сается относительно
17 thanks to б іагодаря из за
вследствие
177
He accepted the realities instead o f resisting
them.
In view o f his youth, the police have decided
not to press charges
He couldn’t read the speech himself, on
account of a sore throat
Flights were delayed owing to the stnke
With regard to your recent application, I am
afraid we are unable to offer you the job
Thanks to the new network, clerks will be
able to deal with all the payments at one
time
11.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the prepositions of two or more words.
1. This document forms an agreement between the client and
the design team as to the expected building size and performance.
2. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) refers to the use
of any computational technique m the field of architectural design
other than by means of architecture-specific software. 3. There
was a tax on bricks in England. From 1784 to 1850 you were taxed
according to the number of bricks you used in a building. 4 In
Egypt, in spite of the heavy loads that stone structures created,
foundations were of a surprisingly improvised character, made of
small blocks of poor quality stone. 5. Bricks were very popular as
a building material from 1700 to 1900s. This was probably due to
the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the
ever crowding cities, and cheap to produce 6. Apart from naturally
occurring matenals, many man-made products are in use, some
more and some less synthetic. 7. The complexity of modem
structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer
in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they
are subjected to. 8. The design of a building begins with its future
user or owner, who has in mind a perceived need for the structure,
as well as a specific site and a general idea of its projected cost.
9. In addition to general knowledge of building science, the design
178I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
t e a m c o lle c ts s p e c ific d a ta re la te d t o th e p r o p o s e d b u ild in g s ite
10.
M a d e f ro m c la y s , a n d e a s ie r t o u s e t h a n s to n e b e c a u s e o f th e ir
siz e a n d s ta n d a r d iz a tio n , b ric k s m a d e p o s s ib le t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f
th e a r c h e s , v a u lts , a n d d o m e s t h a t w e re p o p u l a r in E u r o p e fr o m
th e R o m a n e r a o n .
12.
S u p p ly th e m issin g p r e p o sitio n s o f tw o o r m o r e w o rd s from
e x e r c is e 10 . O n e o r m o re a n sw e r s m a y b e c o r r e c t.
1. I n t h e 1 5 th c e n tu r y b ric k r e m a in e d q u ite e x p e n s iv e t h e c o s t
o f th e fu e l n e e d e d to fire it, a n d it w a s u s e d m a in ly w h e re th e r e w a s
n o re a d ily a v a ila b le s to n e . 2. T h e c o m p a n y h a s h a d a s u c c e s s fu l
y e a r,
th e im p r o v e m e n t in e x p o r t sa le s. 3. T h e s e m a p p in g s a re
a b s tr a c tio n s th a t a re in tr o d u c e d d is c u s s th e p ro c e s s o f d e s ig n a n d
d e p lo y m e n t o f C A A D sy ste m s. 4. T h e r e is a s e p a r a te g a r d e n e a c h
h o u s e . 5. N o w ,
t h e fin a n c ia l c u t- b a c k s , th e p la n ts h a v e b e e n
c lo s e d . 6. T h e firs t p r o g r a m w a s in s ta lle d in t h e 1 9 6 0 ’s to h e lp
a r c h ite c ts sa v e tim e d ra w in g t h e i r b lu e p r in ts . 7. t h e f a c t t h a t all
th e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f th e g r o u p a r e g o in g , I t h i n k y o u s h o u ld g o
to o . 8. H e c o u l d n ’t g o t o w o r k in A f r ic a
9.
h is p o o r h e a lth .
c o n s tr u c tio n e q u i p m e n t , f o re ig n o r d e rs sa w a n e t d e c re a s e b y
19 p e r c e n t. 10. A rc h ite c ts d ir e c t th e w o rk o f e n g in e e rs ,
m any
o t h e r c o n s u lta n ts m s u c h s p e c ia liz e d a re a s a s lig h tin g , a c o u s tic s ,
a n d v e rtic a l t r a n s p o r ta tio n .
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
W h a t d o y o u k n ow a b o u t str u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g ? R ea d th e
sta te m e n ts given b e lo w and s a y if th e y a r e tr u e o r fa lse . I f th e
sta te m e n ts a r e n o t tr u e , m a k e th e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e c tio n s .
a ) S tr u c tu r a l e n g i n e e n n g c a n o n ly b e s tu d ie d o n its o w n rig h t.
b ) S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e rs a re in v o lv e d in th e d e s ig n o f s tr u c tu re s .
UNIT8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
179
c ) S t r u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g d e s ig n u s e s a la rg e n u m b e r o f b a s ic
s t r u c tu r a l e le m e n ts .
d ) P y r a m id s a r e re g a r d e d a s th e m o s t c o m m o n m a jo r s tr u c tu r e s
b e c a u s e t h e i r f o r m s a re s ta b le a n d sc a le d .
e ) T h e th e o r y o f stru c tu re s ex iste d a n d w as w id e ly u s e d th r o u g h o u t
a n c ie n t a n d m e d ie v a l h isto ry .
f) T h e p r o f e s s io n o f a s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r t o o k s h a p e i n th e
R e n a is s a n c e .
g ) T h e a r c h ite c t a n d t h e s tr u c tu r a l e n g i n e e r w e re d if f e r e n t
p r o f e s s io n s b e f o r e t h e in d u s tr ia l r e v o lu tio n .
h ) A s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r is c o n s id e r e d to b e fu lly q u a lif ie d a f te r
c o m p le tin g a t h r e e - y e a r c o u r s e o f s tu d y a t c o lle g e o r u n iv e r s ity .
14 .
R e a d T e x t 8 A “ E n g in e e r in g fo r B u ild in g s” an d sa y i f y o u
a r e rig h t o r w r o n g . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
• TEXT 8A
Engineering fo r B u ild in g s
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g is a f ie ld o f e n g in e e r in g d e a lin g w ith th e
a n a ly s is a n d d e s ig n o f s t r u c t u r e s t h a t s u p p o r t o r re s is t lo a d s .
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e n n g is u s u a lly c o n s id e r e d a s p e c ia lty w ith in civ il
e n g in e e r in g , b u t it c a n a ls o b e s tu d ie d in its o w n rig h t.
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s a r e m o s t c o m m o n ly in v o lv e d i n th e d e s ig n
o f b u ild in g s a n d la rg e n o n b u ild in g s tr u c tu r e s b u t th e y c a n a ls o b e
i n v o lv e d in t h e d e s ig n o f m a c h in e r y , m e d ic a l e q u i p m e n t , v e h ic le s
o r a n y ite m w h e r e s t r u c tu r a l in te g r ity a ff e c ts f u n c t i o n o r s a f e ty o f
t h e ite m . S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s m u s t e n s u r e t h e i r d e s ig n s satisfy g iv e n
d e s ig n c rite ria , p r e d ic a te d o n sa fe ty ( e g . s tr u c tu r e s m u s t n o t c o lla p s e
w i t h o u t d u e w a r n in g ) o r s e r v ic e a b ility a n d p e r f o r m a n c e ( e g .
b u ild in g s w a y m u s t n o t c a u s e d is c o m f o r t to th e o c c u p a n ts ) .
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g t h e o r y is b a s e d u p o n p h y s ic a l la w s a n d
e m p ir ic a l k n o w le d g e o f t h e s tr u c t u r a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f d if f e r e n t
l a n d s c a p e s a n d m a te r ia ls . S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g d e s ig n u tilis e s a
r e la tiv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r o f b a s ic s t r u c tu r a l e le m e n ts to b u ild u p
180 I
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
s tr u c tu r a l s y s te m s t h a t c a n b e v e ry c o m p le x . S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e rs
a re re s p o n s ib le f o r m a k in g c r e a tiv e a n d e f fic ie n t u s e o f fu n d s ,
s tru c tu ra l e le m e n ts a n d m a te n a ls t o a c h ie v e th e s e g o als.
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g h a s e x is te d s in c e h u m a n s first s ta r te d to
c o n s tr u c t t h e i r o w n s t ru c tu re s . It d a te s b a c k t o a t le a s t 2 7 0 0 B C
w h e n th e s te p p y r a m id f o r P h a r a o h D jo s e r w a s b u ilt b y I m h o te p ,
th e firs t e n g in e e r m h is to ry k n o w n b y n a m e . P y ra m id s w e re th e
m o s t c o m m o n m a jo r stru c tu re s b u ilt b y a n c ie n t civ ilizatio n s b e c a u s e
t h e s tr u c tu r a l f o rm o f a p y r a m id is i n h e r e n tly s ta b le a n d c a n b e
a lm o s t in fin ite ly s c a le d (a s o p p o s e d to m o s t o t h e r s tr u c tu r a l fo rm s
w h ic h c a n n o t b e lin e a rly in c re a s e d in size in p r o p o r tio n to in c re a s e d
lo ad s).
T h ro u g h o u t a n c ie n t an d m edieval h isto ry m o st a rc h ite c tu ra l d esig n
a n d c o n s tru c tio n w ere e a r n e d o u t b y a rtis a n s , s u c h a s s to n e m a s o n s
a n d c a rp e n te r s , ris in g to th e ro le o f m a s te r b u ild e r. N o th e o r y o f
s tru c tu re s e x is te d , a n d th e u n d e rs ta n d in g o f h o w s tru c tu re s s to o d
u p w as e x tr e m e ly lim ite d a n d b a s e d a lm o s t e n t ir e ly o n e m p ir ic a l
e v id e n c e o f “ w h a t h a d w o rk e d b e f o r e ” . K n o w le d g e w a s r e ta in e d b y
g u ild s a n d s e l d o m s u p p l a n t e d b y a d v a n c e s . S t r u c t u r e s w e re
re p e titiv e , a n d in c re a s e s m s c a le w e re in c r e m e n ta l.
No
re c o r d e x is ts o f th e firs t
c a lc u la tio n s o f th e s tre n g th o f s tru c tu ra l
m e m b e rs o r th e b e h a v io u r o f s tru c tu ra l
m a te ria l, b u t th e p ro fe s s io n o f a
s t r u c tu r a l e n g in e e r o n ly re a lly to o k
s h a p e w ith th e in d u s tria l r e v o lu tio n a n d
th e r e - i n v e n t i o n o f c o n c r e t e . T h e
p h y s ic a l s c ie n c e s u n d e rly in g s tru c tu ra l
e n g in e e n n g b e g a n t o b e u n d e rs to o d in
th e
R e n a is s a n c e a n d
have b een
d e v e lo p in g e v e r s in c e .
S tr u c tu r a l e n g i n e e n n g b e c a m e a
m o re d e fin e d p ro fe s s io n w ith th e
em e rg e n c e
p ro fe s s io n
o f th e
a rc h ite c tu re
as d is tin c t fro m
th e
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
181
e n g in e e n n g p r o f e s s io n d u n n g t h e in d u s tr ia l r e v o lu tio n in t h e la te
1 9 th c e n tu r y . U n t i l th e n , t h e a r c h i t e c t a n d th e s t r u c tu r a l e n g in e e r
w e r e o f te n o n e a n d th e s a m e — t h e m a s te r b u ild e r . O n ly w ith t h e
u n d e r s ta n d in g o f s tr u c tu r a l t h e o n e s t h a t e m e r g e d d u n n g th e 1 9 th
a n d 2 0 th c e n t u n e s t h e p r o f e s s io n a l s tr u c tu r a l e n g i n e e r c a m e in to
e x is te n c e .
T h e r o le o f a s tr u c tu r a l e n g i n e e r to d a y in v o lv e s a s ig n if ic a n t
u n d e r s ta n d in g o f b o th s ta tic a n d d y n a m ic lo a d in g , a n d th e s tr u c tu r e s
t h a t a re av ailab le to resist th e m . T h e c o m p le x ity o f m o d e m s tr u c tu r e s
o f t e n r e q u ir e s a g r e a t d e a l o f c r e a tiv ity f r o m t h e e n g in e e r i n o r d e r
to e n s u re th e s tru c tu re s s u p p o r t a n d resist th e lo a d s th e y a r e s u b je c te d
to . A s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r w ill t y p ic a lly h a v e a f o u r o r fiv e y e a r
u n d e r g r a d u a te d e g r e e f o llo w e d b y a m i n i m u m o f t h r e e y e a r s o f
p ro f e s s io n a l p r a c tic e b e f o r e b e in g c o n s id e r e d fu lly q u a lifie d
S tru c tu ra l e n g in e e rs a re lic e n se d o r a c c r e d ite d b y d iffe re n t le a r n e d
s o c ie tie s a n d re g u la to r y b o d ie s a r o u n d t h e w o r ld ( f o r e x a m p le , th e
I n s t i t u t i o n o f S t r u c tu r a l E n g in e e r s in t h e U K ) .
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 8 A t h e p a r a g r a p h s s a y in g a b o u t th e h isto r y
o f s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g an d t r a n s la te th e m in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a r a g r a p h s 8 an d 9 o f T e x t 8 A .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
they c a n
a ls o b e in v o lv e d in t h e d e s ig n o f m a c h in e r y
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
they refer to?
b ) s tr u c t u r a l e l e m e n ts a n d m a te r ia ls t o a c h ie v e these g o a ls.
W h a t d o e s th e d e m o n s tr a tiv e p r o n o u n these r e f e r to ?
c ) f irs t s t a r t e d t o c o n s t r u c t their o w n s t r u c tu r e s .
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n their r e f e r to ?
d ) t h e s t r u c tu r e s t h a t a r e a v a ila b le to r e s is t
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
them
r e f e r to ?
them.
182 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
е)
a n d r e s is t t h e lo a d s
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
they a r e s u b je c te d
they r e f e r to ?
to .
0 2 7 0 0 ; 19 ( tw ic e ) ; 2 0
W h a t d o th e s e n u m b e r s r e f e r t o ?
1 8 . Fin d in T e x t 8 A so m e k e y w ord s an d e x p r e s s io n s t o sp e a k
ab o u t str u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g . R e te ll th e T e x t in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 8 B “ B u ild in g D s ig n ” an d tr y to u n d e r sta n d
w h a t it is ab o u t an d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is k n o w n t o y o u .
• Text 8B
B u ildin g Design
T h e d e s ig n o f a b u ild in g b e g in s w ith its f u tu r e u s e r o r o w n e r ,
w h o h a s in m in d a p e r c e iv e d n e e d f o r t h e s tr u c tu r e , a s w e ll a s a
s p e c if ic s ite a n d a g e n e r a l id e a o f its p r o je c te d c o s t. T h e u s e r o r
c lie n t b rin g s th e s e fa c ts t o a te a m o f d e sig n p ro fe s s io n a ls c o m p o s e d
o f a r c h ite c ts a n d e n g in e e r s , w h o c a n d e v e lo p f r o m t h e m a se t o f
c o n s tr u c tio n d o c u m e n ts t h a t d e f in e th e p r o p o s e d b u ild in g e x a c tly
a n d f r o m w h ic h it c a n b e c o n s tr u c te d .
B u ild in g d e sig n p ro fe ssio n a ls in c lu d e th o s e lic e n s e d b y th e sta te ,
s u c h as a rc h ite c ts a n d s tru c tu ra l, m e c h a n ic a l, a n d e le c tn c a l
e n g in e e r s , w h o m u s t f o r m a lly c e r tif y t h a t th e b u ild in g t h e y d e s ig n
w ill c o n f o r m to a ll g o v e r n m e n ta l c o d e s a n d re g u la tio n s . A r c h ite c ts
a r e th e p r im a r y d e sig n p ro fe s s io n a ls ; th e y o r c h e s tr a te a n d d ir e c t th e
w o r k o f e n g in e e r s a s w e ll a s m a n y o t h e r c o n s u lta n ts i n s u c h
s p e c ia liz e d a r e a s a s lig h tin g , a c o u s tic s , a n d v e r tic a l tr a n s p o r ta tio n .
T h e d e s ig n p r o f e s s io n a ls d r a w u p o n a n u m b e r o f s o u r c e s in
p r e p a r in g t h e i r d e sig n . T h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l o f th e s e is b u ild in g
s c ie n c e , w h ic h h a s b e e n g r a d u a lly b u ilt u p o v e r t h e p a s t 3 0 0 y e a rs.
T h is in c lu d e s t h e p a r ts o f p h y s ic a l th e o r y t h a t r e la te to b u ild in g ,
s u c h a s th e e la s tic th e o r y o f s t r u c tu r e s a n d t h e o r ie s o f lig h t,
e le c tr ic ity , a n d f lu id flo w . T h e r e is a ls o a la rg e c o m p e n d i u m o f
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
183
in fo rm a tio n o n th e sp e c ific p ro p e rtie s o f b u ild in g m a te n a ls t h a t c a n
b e a p p lie d in m a th e m a t i c a l m o d e ls t o re lia b ly p r o je c t b u ild in g
p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e r e is a ls o a la rg e b o d y o f d a t a o n c r ite r ia fo r
h u m a n c o m f o r t in s u c h m a tte r s a s th e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t , lig h tin g
le v e ls, a n d s o u n d le v e ls t h a t in f lu e n c e a b u ild in g d e s ig n .
I n a d d itio n t o g e n e ra l k n o w le d g e o f b u ild in g s c ie n c e , th e d e s ig n
t e a m c o lle c ts s p e c ific d a ta re la te d t o th e p r o p o s e d b u ild in g site .
T h e s e in c lu d e to p o g r a p h ic a n d b o u n d a r y s u rv e y s , in v e s tig a tio n s o f
su b s o il c o n d itio n s fo r f o u n d a tio n a n d w a te r - e x c lu s io n d e s ig n , a n d
c lim a te d a ta a n d o t h e r lo c a l e le m e n ts .
C o n c u rre n tly w ith th e c o lle c tio n o f th e site d a ta , th e d esig n te a m
w o rk s w ith t h e c li e n t t o b e t t e r d e fin e t h e o f t e n v a g u e n o tio n s o f
b u ild in g f u n c t i o n in to m o r e p re c is e a n d c o n c r e t e te r m s . T h e s e
d e fin itio n s a re s u m m a r iz e d i n a b u ild in g s p a c e p r o g r a m m e , w h ic h
g iv e s a d e ta ile d w r itte n d e s c r ip tio n o f e a c h r e q u ire d s p a c e in te rm s
o f f lo o r a re a , e q u i p m e n t , a n d f u n c tio n a l p e r f o r m a n c e c rite r ia .
T h is d o c u m e n t fo rm s a n a g re e m e n t b e tw e e n th e c lie n t a n d th e d esig n
t e a m a s t o e x p e c te d b u ild in g s iz e a n d p e rf o r m a n c e .
T h e p ro c e s s b y w h ic h b u ild in g sc ie n c e , s ite d a ta , a n d th e b u ild in g
s p a c e p r o g r a m a r e u s e d b y t h e d e s ig n t e a m is t h e a r t o f b u ild in g
d e s ig n . It is a c o m p le x p r o c e s s in v o lv in g th e s e l e c t i o n o f s t a n d a r d
b u ild in g s y s te m s , a n d t h e i r a d a p t a t i o n a n d in te g r a tio n t o p r o d u c e
a b u ild in g t h a t m e e t s t h e c l i e n t ’s n e e d s w i t h i n t h e l i m ita tio n s o f
g o v e r n m e n t r e g u la tio n s a n d m a r k e t s ta n d a r d s . T h e s e s y s te m s h a v e
b e c o m e d iv id e d in to a n u m b e r o f c l e a r s e c to r s b y t h e b u ild in g ty p e
f o r w h ic h t h e y a r e i n t e n d e d . T h e d e s ig n p r o c e s s in v o lv e s th e
s e l e c t i o n o f s y s te m s f o r f o u n d a t i o n s , s t r u c t u r e , a t m o s p h e r e ,
e n c lo s u r e , s p a c e d iv is io n , e le c tr ic a l d i s t r ib u tio n , w a t e r su p p ly a n d
d r a in a g e , a n d o t h e r b u ild in g fu n c tio n s . T h e s e s y s te m s a re m a d e
fr o m a l im ite d r a n g e o f m a n u f a c t u r e d c o m p o n e n t s b u t p e r m i t a
w id e ra n g e o f v a r ia tio n i n th e fin a l p r o d u c t. O n c e t h e s y s te m s a n d
c o m p o n e n t s h a v e b e e n s e le c te d , th e d e s ig n t e a m p r e p a r e s a s e t o f
c o n tra c t d o c u m e n ts c o n s is tin g o f a w n tte n te x t a n d c o n v e n tio n a liz e d
d ra w in g s t o d e s c rib e c o m p le te ly t h e d e s ire d b u ild in g c o n f ig u r a tio n
in te r m s o f t h e s p e c ifie d b u ild in g s y s te m s a n d t h e i r e x p e c te d
184[
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
p e rf o r m a n c e W h e n th e c o n tr a c t d o c u m e n ts h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d ,
th e fin a l c o s ts o f th e b u ild in g c a n u s u a lly b e a c c u r a te ly e s tim a te d
a n d th e c o n s tr u c tio n p ro c e s s c a n b e g in .
2 0 . Id e n tify th e to p ic o f e a c h p aragrap h o f T e x t 8 B .
2 1 . A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s.
a ) W h a t d o e s th e d e s ig n o f a b u ild in g b e g in w ith ?
b ) W h o d e v e lo p s c o n s tr u c tio n d o c u m e n ts ?
c) W h a t a r e d e s ig n p r o f e s s io n a ls ’ re sp o n s ib ilitie s ?
d ) W h a t s o u r c e s d o d e s ig n p r o f e s s io n a ls u se to p r e p a r e t h e i r
d e sig n ?
e ) W h a t s ite i n f o r m a tio n is r e q u ir e d f o r d e s ig n e n g in e e r s ?
f) W h a t is a b u ild in g s p a c e p r o g r a m m e ?
g) W h a t is th e d e f in itio n o f th e a r t o f b u ild in g d e sig n ?
h) W h a t d o e s th e d e sig n p r o c e s s in v o lv e ?
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 8 C “ C o m p u te r -A id e d A r c h ite c tu r a l D e s ig n ”
an d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t io n s . D i s c u s s y o u r a n s w e r s w ith y o u r
g r o u p m a te s.
a ) W h a t s o ftw a re p r o g r a m s a re u s e d in th e b u ild in g d e sig n ?
b ) W h a t is C A A D ?
c) W h y w a s C A A D d e v e lo p e d a s a d is tin c t c la ss o f s o ftw a re ?
d ) W h a t is th e d if fe re n c e b e tw e e n C A D a n d C A A D 9
e ) W h a t s y ste m s d o e s C A A D h av e?
f) W h a t m a k e s it e a s y to p e r f o r m a r i t h m e t i c a l o p e r a t i o n s
e ffectively?
g) W h a t is th e tw o -w a y m a p p in g o f a c tiv itie s?
h) D o e s t h e d e sig n p r o c e s s c o v e r th e c o m p le te life c y c le o f a
b u ild in g ?
i)
j)
W h a t is m e a n t b y a d e s ig n c o n tin u u m ?
H o w is a g r a p h ic a l a p p r o a c h u s e d in t h e d e s ig n p ro c e s s ?
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
185
• TEXT 8C
Com puter-AIDED A rch ite c tu ra l Design
C o m p u te r-a id e d a r c h ite c tu ra l d e sig n (C A A D ) so ftw a re p ro g ra m s
a re th e re p o sito ry o f a c c u ra te a n d c o m p re h e n s iv e re c o rd s o f b u ild in g s
a n d a re u s e d b y a r c h ite c ts a n d c iv il e n g in e e rs .
T h e first p r o g r a m w a s in s ta lle d in t h e 1 9 6 0 ’s t o h e lp a r c h i t e c t s
sav e tim e in s te a d o f d ra w in g th e i r b lu e p n n ts . C o m p u te r - a id e d d e sig n
a lso k n o w n a s C A D w a s o rig in a lly th e ty p e o f p ro g ra m th a t a r c h ite c ts
u s e d , b u t s in c e C A D c o u l d n ’t o f f e r a ll t h e to o ls t h a t a r c h ite c ts
n e e d e d t o c o m p le te a p r o je c t, C A A D d e v e lo p e d a s a d is t i n c t c la s s
o f so ftw a re .
A ll C A D a n d C A A D s y s te m s e m p lo y a d a ta b a s e w ith g e o m e tr ic
a n d o t h e r p r o p e r tie s o f o b je c ts ; th e y a ll h a v e s o m e k in d o f g ra p h ic
u s e r i n te r f a c e t o m a n i p u l a t e a v is u a l r e p r e s e n ta tio n r a t h e r t h a n
th e d a ta b a s e ; a n d th e y a re all m o re o r less c o n c e r n e d w ith a sse m b lin g
d e sig n s f ro m s ta n d a r d a n d n o n - s ta n d a r d p ie c e s. C u rre n tly , t h e m a in
d is tin c tio n w h ic h c a u s e s o n e t o s p e a k o f C A A D r a t h e r t h a n C A D
lie s in t h e d o m a i n k n o w le d g e ( a r c h i t e c t u r e - s p e c i f i c o b j e c t s ,
te c h n iq u e s , d a ta , a n d p ro c e s s s u p p o r t) e m b e d d e d in th e s y s te m .
A C A A D s y s te m d iffe rs f r o m o t h e r C A D s y s te m s in tw o re s p e c ts
- I t h a s a n e x p lic it o b je c t d a ta b a s e o f b u ild in g p a r t s a n d
c o n s t r u c t i o n k n o w le d g e .
- I t e x p lic itly s u p p o rts th e c re a tio n o f a r c h ite c tu r a l o b je c ts .
In a m o re g e n e r a l s e n s e , C A A D a ls o re fe rs to t h e u se o f a n y
c o m p u t a t i o n a l te c h n i q u e in t h e fie ld o f a r c h ite c tu r a l d e s ig n . F o r
e x a m p le , s o ftw a re w h ic h is sp e c ific a lly d e v e lo p e d fo r th e c o m p u t e r
a n i m a t i o n i n d u s tr y (e .g . M a y a a n d 3 D S tu d io M a x ) is a ls o u s e d in
a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s ig n .
C A A D h a s tw o ty p e s o f s tru c tu re s m its p ro g ra m . T h e first sy ste m
is s u rfa c e s tr u c tu r e w h ic h p ro v id e s a g ra p h ic s m e d i u m t o r e p r e s e n t
th r e e d i m e n s io n a l o b je c ts u s in g tw o d im e n s io n a l re p r e s e n ta tio n s
T h e s e c o n d s y ste m is d e e p s tru c tu re w h ic h m e a n s t h a t t h e o p e ra tio n s
p e r f o r m e d b y t h e c o m p u t e r h a v e n a tu r a l lim ita tio n s . C o m p u t e r
h a rd w a re a n d m a c h in e la n g u a g e s th a t a re s u p p o rte d b y th e s e m a k e it
e a sy to p e r f o r m a n t h m e t i c a l o p e ra tio n s q u ic k ly a n d a c c u ra te ly .
Здесь должны быть стр 186 и 187
188[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b)
C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
8 B o f th e T e x t . L o o k up t h e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in t h e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b ou t a s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r ’s r e sp o n sib ilitie s
an d d u tie s.
UNIT 9
SURVEYING
Ш
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1 . R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ S u r v e y in g T e c h n iq u e s ” a n d tr a n s la te t h e g iv e n s e n t e n c e s .
1. a c c o m p lish [ a 'k o m p l i j ] v — с о в е р ш а т ь , в ы п о л н я т ь , д о ­
сти гать, д о во д и т ь д о к о н ц а , зав ер ш ат ь
a c c o m p lish a n o b je c tiv e [ a b 'c fc e k tiv ] — д о с т и ч ь ц е л и
T h e y m a n a g e d to accomplish t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c t W e
accomplish t h i s objective t h r o u g h a b r o a d r a n g e o f p r o j e c t
m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n s tr u c tio n se rv ic e s.
2. g a th e r ['д э е Э э ] in fo r m a tio n — с о б и р а т ь и н ф о р м а ц и ю
The com pany
gathered s o m e information o n t h e b u i l d i n g
c o n s tr u c tio n m a rk e t.
3. c a d a stra l su rvey [ k a 'd a s s t r s l 's a :v e i] — к а д а с т р о в а я с ъ е м к а
c o n str u c tio n la y o u t su rv ey — р а з б и в к а с т р о й п л о щ а д к и
lan d su r v e y — п о л е в а я с ъ е м к а , г е о д е з и ч е с к а я с ъ е м к а
A cadastral survey in v o lv e s t h e m a p p in g , tr a c i n g a n d r e c o r d in g
Constructionlayout surveys
o f p r iv a te a n d p u b lic la n d re s o u r c e s .
s u p e r im p o s e t h e in f o r m a tio n s h o w n o n p l a n s t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
s ite s o th e v a r io u s t r a d e s c a n c o n s t r u c t b u ild in g s , ro a d s a n d u tility
190 I Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
sy ste m s. T h e c o u r s e a im s t o p r o d u c e g r a d u a te s w ith s k ills in land
survey a n d p r e p a r e t h e m f o r c a re e rs in t h e m a n a g e m e n t o f p ro p e rty .
4 . e le v a te [ 'e lr v e it] v — п о д н и м а т ь , в о з в ы ш а т ь
e le v a tio n [ ,e l i 'v e i j n ]
n — вы сотная отм етка, вертикаль­
н а я п р о е к ц и я , п р о ф и л ь , ф а с а д , в и д с б о к у (н а ч е р теж е)
Y o u c a n g a in a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f h o w w e a r e w o r k in g to
elevate th e su rv e y in g p ro fe ssio n . A to p o g r a p h ic su rv e y lo c a te s n a tu r a l
a n d m a n - m a d e f e a tu r e s w ith elevations.
5. e x e c u t e [ 'e k s ik ju :t]
n — вы полнять, осущ ествлять
e x e c u tio n [ ,e k s i'k ju :J n ] — п р о и з в о д с т в о , в ы п о л н е н и е
We
execute all k in d s o f s u rv e y . C o n s t r u c t i o n p l a n n in g is a
f u n d a m e n ta l a n d c h a lle n g in g a c tiv ity in th e m a n a g e m e n t a n d
execution o f c o n s tr u c tio n p ro je c ts .
6. b o u n d a r y [ Ъ а и п б л п ]
n — гр ан и ц а, м еж а, л и н и я р аз­
дела
b ou n d ary c o r n e r — з е м л е м е р н ы й з н а к (у г о л ) г р а н и ц ы
p ro p erty b ou n d ary [ 'p r o p a t i ] — г р а н и ц а в л а д е н и я
e sta b lish b o u n d a r ie s — у с т а н а в л и в а т ь ( о п р е д е л я т ь ) г р а ­
ницы
boundary. A boundary comer
boundary lin e s . S u r v e y m a p s
A ra ilw a y lin e ru n s a lo n g t h e e a s te r n
is t h e p o i n t o f in te r s e c tio n o f tw o
sh o w le g a l property boundaries a n d o w n e r s h ip o f p h y s ic a l fe a tu re s .
H o w d o la n d s u rv e y o rs
establish boundaries?
7 . m e a su r in g ta p e (ta p e m e a su r e ) [ ' т е з э п д 't e i p ] — р у л е т ­
к а, и зм е р и те л ь н а я (м ер н ая) л е н т а
A c a r p e n t e r s h o u ld u se
8 . in str u m e n t
a measuring tape.
n — инструм ент; п р и б о р , ап п арат
m ea su rin g in stru m en t — и з м е р и т е л ь н ы й и н с т р у м е н т
UNIT 9. SURVEYING
The instrument an e l e c tr ic ia n
191
u s e s t o c h e c k t h a t a p o w e r c i r c u it
is w o r k in g p r o p e r ly is a v o ltm e te r . A ll
measuring instruments
a re
su b je c t t o v a ry in g d e g re e s o f e r r o r s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t u n c e r ta in ty .
9.
n adj v —
le v e l
горизонт, уровен ь, отм етка; ни вели р,
у р о в е н ь (и н с т р у м е н т ); г о р и з о н т а л ь н ы й ; н и в е л и р о в а т ь ,
вы равн ивать
le v e llin g i n s tr u m e n t — н и в е л и р ; в а т е р п а с
A w id e u s e o f s c ie n tif ic i n v e n tio n s h a s r a is e d b u ild in g t o a n e w
h ig h e r level.
ground level.
T h e b u ild in g h a s o n e s to r e y w h ic h is r a is e d a b o v e
level to c h e c k v e r tic a l a n d
level. Y o u s h o u ld b u ild on
levelled o ff t h e w e t c o n c r e t e w i t h a
A c a rp e n te r uses a s p in t
h o r iz o n ta l w o r k . T h e s ite n e e d s t o b e
the level,
n o t o n th e s lo p e . S h e
p ie c e o f w o o d .
10. c a l i b r a t e [ 'k a e lib r e it] v — к а л и б р о в а т ь , г р а д у и р о в а т ь ;
п р о в е р я т ь , в ы в е р я т ь ; ( г е о д .) к о м п а р и р о в а т ь
calibrated th e w e ig h in g m a c h in e . H o w w ill y o u a llo w
to calibrate t h e t h e r m o m e t e r t o h is d e s ir e d se ttin g s ?
Не
user
11. p la n e
n—
th e
плоскость, уровен ь, гори зон т
p la n e o f r e f e r e n c e — к о о р д и н а т н а я п л о с к о с т ь
C e m e n t i n g m a te r ia ls a r e u s u a lly u s e d f o r j o i n i n g d if f e r e n t
planes. A plane o f reference
a c ts a s a g u id e to t h e lo c a t i o n o f
o t h e r p la n e s .
12. th e o d o lite [Ѳ і'D d a la it]
A theodelite is
теодолит
u s e d b y s u r v e y o r s f o r m e a s u r in g a n g le s .
13. a r e a [ 'е э п э ]
The area o f a
n—
n—
участок, р а й о н , площ адь, тер р и то р и я
s u r f a c e in t h e r o o m is m e a s u r e d in s q u a r e m e tr e s .
192 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
14. im p ro v e [ш Г р г ш ѵ ] ѵ — у л у ч ш а т ь , с о в е р ш е н с т в о в а т ь
im p rovem en t
п — улучш ен ие, у соверш енствование
C o n s t r u c t i o n b u s in e s s p r o s p e c ts have improved e n o r m o u s ly .
Y o u r w o r k s h o w s c o n s id e r a b le improvement
15. r e so lu tio n [ ,r e z 3 'l u : J n ] n — р а з р е ш а ю щ а я с п о с о б н о с т ь ,
р а зр еш ен и е; р азл о ж ен и е (н а с о став л я ю щ и е)
an gu lar re so lu tio n — у г л о в а я р а з р е ш а ю щ а я с п о с о б н о с т ь
T h e y u s e d a s p e c ia l m e t h o d f o r i m p r o v in g resolution o f t h e
t h e o d o lite . Angular resolution is t h e m i n i m u m a n g u la r s e p a r a tio n
a t w h ic h tw o e q u a l ta ig e ts c a n b e s e p a r a te d w h e n a t th e sa m e ra n g e .
16. m easu rin g rod — п р о м е р н а я р е й к а
T h e r e a re v a rio u s ty p e s o f measuring rods d e s ig n e d f o r id e n tify in g
th e le n g th a n d w id th o f s p e c ific o b je c ts .
17. p e g
n — кол, колы ш ек
T h e e w e r e f o u r pegs s tu c k in t h e g r o u n d .
18. p la t [p laet] — ( амер.) п л а н и л и с ъ е м к а в г о р и з о н т а л ь н о й
п р о ек ц и и , карта
C ity , to w n o r v illa g e
s tr e e ts a n d alle y s.
19. a x is
plats s h o w s u b d iv is io n s in t o b lo c k s w ith
(pi. a x e s ) [ 'a e k s is ] ( [ 'a e k s i:z ] ) n — о с ь
adj — о с е в о й , п р о д о л ь н ы й
a x ia l [ 'a e k s ia l]
T h e lo n g axis o f th e b u ild in g is o r i e n t e d e a s t- w e s t. F o r a x ia l
lo a d in g th e e ffe c t o f th e m e a n stre s s is s h o w n .
2 0 . eq u ip [ f k w i p ] v — о б о р у д о в а т ь , о с н а щ а т ь
eq u ip m en t [ I 'k w ip m a n t]
n — оборудование, о снащ ени е
T h e s c h o o l b u ild in g is equipped w ith a ir - c o n d itio n in g . S p e e d in g
u p c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e p o s s ib le th r o u g h u s in g a ll k in d s o f
b u ild in g
equipment.
UNIT 9. SURVEYING
193
2 . R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a rt o f sp e e c h .
n, tr ig o n o m e tr y n, le g a l adj, c a d a s tr a l adj, r e g is te r
n, r e d u c e v, c o m p a s s n, b a r o m e t e r n, in d i c a t i o n
n, d iffe re n tia l n, o b je c t n, p riv a te adj, lo c a te v, v e rify v, c o r r e c t
adj, a l u m i n u m n, o r i e n t a t e v, c o r r e s p o n d v, c o p y n v,
in te r p r e ta tio n n, m e te o r o lo g y n, p e r p e n d i c u l a r adj, le n s e n, p r is m
n, a u t o m a tic a lly adv.
D i s ta n c e
v, a c c u m u l a t i o n
3 . M a tc h th e w o rd s w ith th e d e fin itio n s b e lo w .
a)
b ) le v e l
c) peg
d ) e le v a tio n
r e s o lu tio n
e ) p la n e
f) a x is
g ) th e o d o lite
h ) m e a s u n n g ro d
i) m e a s u r in g ta p e
j) c a d a s tra l su rv e y
1. a c e n tr e lin e t o w h ic h p a r t s o f a s tr u c tu r e m a y b e r e f e r r e d
2 . a fle x ib le f o r m o f a r u l e r
3. a n a r c h i t e c t ’s d ra w in g o f o n e s id e o f a b u ild in g
4 . th e m e a n s b y w h ic h l a n d b o u n d a rie s a re e s t a b lis h e d /r e lo c a te d
5. th e p o w e r o f a n in s t r u m e n t t o g iv e a c l e a r p ic t u r e o f th in g s
6. a n i n s tr u m e n t h a v in g a s e q u e n c e o f m a rk s a t re g u la r in te rv a ls
7. a s h o r t p ie c e o f w o o d o r m e ta l u s e d t o m a r k s o m e th in g
8 . a n in s t r u m e n t u s e d f o r m e a s u n n g a n g le s
9 . a n i n s t r u m e n t f o r s h o w in g w h e th e r a s u r f a c e is h o n z o n t a l
10. a fla t s u rfa c e
4.
M a tc h th e fo llo w in g E n g lish w ord c o m b in a tio n s w ith th e
R u ssia n e q u iv a le n ts.
1. p la n e o f r e f e r e n c e
а. р а з б и в к а с т р о й п л о щ а д к и
2 . e x e c u te l a n d s u rv e y
b. зем л е м е р н ы й з н а к гр а н и ц ы
3. e s ta b lis h b o u n d a r ie s
c . установить о борудование
7 Зак 312
194
I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
4. c o n s tr u c tio n la y o u t s u rv e y d. к о о р д и н а т н а я п л о с к о с т ь
5. g a t h e r in fo r m a tio n
e. у гл о в о е р а зр е ш е н и е
6 a c c o m p lis h a n o b je c tiv e
f. п о д н я т ь п р о ф е с с и ю
7
g. с о б и р а т ь и н ф о р м а ц и ю
in s ta ll e q u i p m e n t
8 a n g u la r r e s o lu tio n
h. в ы п о л н я т ь п о л ев у ю съ ем к у
9. b o u n d a r y c o m e r
i. д о с т и ч ь ц е л и
10. e le v a te a p ro fe s s io n
j. у с т а н а в л и в а т ь г р а н и ц ы
5.
R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s . P a y a tte n tio n
to th e m ea n in g o f th e w ord s an d w ord c o m b in a tio n s g iv e n b e lo w .
I. a) a re a — участо к, р а й о н ; п л о щ а д ь
b) re s id e n tia l ( h o u s in g ) a r e a — ж и л о й р а й о н
c ) b e a rin g a re a — п л о щ а д ь о п о р ы , н е с у щ а я п о в е р х н о с т ь
d ) a c ro s s -s e c tio n ( a l) a r e a — п л о щ а д ь п о п е р е ч н о г о
сечения
I. R e s is ta n c e is p ro v id e d b y tra n s f e r r in g t h e t h r u s t f o r c e t o th e
soil th ro u g h th e la rg e r b e a n n g a re a o f th e b lo c k s u c h t h a t t h e re s u lta n t
p re s s u re a g a in s t th e so il d o e s n o t e x c e e d t h e h o r iz o n ta l b e a rin g
s tr e n g th o f t h e so il. 2. It is a n ic e s t a r t e r h o m e b y a p a r k , th e
le a st e x p e n s iv e h o u s e in a n e x p e n s iv e a re a , a n d re a lly fits a ll o f o u r
r e q u ire m e n ts . 3. W h e n a p l a n e c u ts t h r o u g h a n o b je c t, a n a r e a is
p ro je c te d o n t o t h e p la n e . A n y p la n e c a n b e u s e d to c u t th r o u g h th e
su rfa c e , b u t w h e n th a t p la n e is p e rp e n d ic u la r t o a n a x is o f sy m m e try ,
it p r o j e c tio n is c a lle d a c r o s s - s e c tio n a l a re a . 4. S a fe d r iv in g m
re s id e n tia l a re a s is im p o rta n t. 5. T h e g a r d e n is tw e lv e s q u a re m e tre s
m a re a . 6. T h e a r e a is a ls o fa s t d e v e lo p in g a s a re c r e a tio n a l a n d
r e tir e m e n t h o u s in g a r e a w i t h a la rg e n u m b e r o f fo re ig n e rs n o w
liv in g in t h e a r e a p lu s h o u s in g d e v e lo p m e n ts t h a t h a v e b e e n
im p le m e n te d b y lo c a l e n t r e p re n e u rs .
I I . a ) i n s tr u m e n t — и н с т р у м е н т ; п р и б о р
b)
s u rv e y in g i n s tr u m e n t — г е о д е з и ч е с к и й и н с т р у м е н т
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING
195
c ) m e a s u r in g i n s tr u m e n t — и з м е р и т е л ь н ы й и н с т р у м е н т
d ) le v e llin g in s t r u m e n t — н и в е л и р , в а т е р п а с
e) in str u m e n ta tio n — к о н т р о л ь н о - и з м е р и т е л ь н ы е п р и б о р ы
1. T h e n e w e s t r e q u i r e m e n t s m
in s tr u m e n ta tio n a n d te s t
e q u i p m e n t d e m a n d e v e n h ig h e r s p e e d s a n d n e w lev e ls o f p r e c is io n .
2 . T h is c o m p a n y m a n u f a c tu r e s , m a r k e ts , i m p o r ts a n d e x p o r ts a
w id e r a n g e o f m e a s u n n g in s tr u m e n ts o f w o r ld - r e n o w n e d b r a n d s .
3. S u rv e y in g in s tr u m e n ts a r e u s e d f o r th e a c c u r a te m e a s u r e m e n t o f
fe a tu r e s , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d a b s o lu te p o s itio n in g o f la rg e s c a le o b je c ts
in e n g in e e r in g , c o n s t r u c t i o n , m a p p in g , i n d u s tr y , d e f e n s e a n d
o t h e r a p p lic a tio n s . 4. T h e u se o f le v e llin g in s t r u m e n t s is e s s e n tia l
to v ario u s p a r ts o f th e c o n s tru c tio n p ro c e ss, ra n g in g f ro m in v e stig a tin g
th e o r ig in a l s ite t o lo c a tin g t h e b u ild in g o n t h e s ite , a n d e s ta b lis h in g
g ra d e s a n d e le v a tio n s o f v a rio u s p a r ts o f th e s tr u c tu r e . 5. In s tr u m e n ts
u s e d i n su rv e y in g o p e r a tio n s m e a s u r e v e r tic a l a n d h o r iz o n ta l a n g le s ,
a n d d is ta n c e .
6.
R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g w ord c o m b in a tio n s w h ich
c o m e fr o m th e t e x t s o f t h e U n it. M in d t h e u s e o f n o u n s a s
a ttr ib u te s in p r e p o sitio n . L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y .
T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e p o s itio n , la n d m a p s a n d b o u n d a r ie s ,
d a t a a n a ly s is , p r o p e r t y b o u n d a r i e s , l a n d s u r v e y d a t a , s p a c e
d e lin e a tio n , d a ta a c c u m u la tio n , c o n s tr u c tio n la y o u t su rv e y s,
p r e c is io n m e a s u r e m e n ts , la n d o w n e r s h ip , a m e a s u n n g in s tr u m e n t
le v e l, a i r p r e s s u r e , a s e a le v e l, a b o u n d a r y s u r v e y o r , b o u n d a r y
c o m e r s , a n in s tr u m e n t lo c a t i o n , r e f e r e n c e m a r k s , a s t a n d a r d m a p
g r id , a ta p e m e a s u r e , r o c k e t la u n c h t e c h n o lo g y , h o r iz o n ta l a x is
e rro r, m e a s u re m e n t p ro c e d u re .
7*
196I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
7.
S tu d y th e fo llo w in g p a tte r n s an d c o m p le te th e c h a r ts . R e a d
an d tr a n sla te th e m in to R u ssia n . U s e y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
Pattern 30
I r e - + V e rb - > V e rb
j
T h e r e - p re fix m e a n s a re p e a te d a c tio n , a g a in in a n e w a n d
a b e tte r w ay.
Example,
c o n s id e r — р а с с м а т р и в а т ь —> r e c o n s i d e r — п е р е ­
см атри вать
Verb
Verb
d e fin e
----------------------------------
d is trib u te
----------------------------------
e x a m in e
----------------------------------
open
----------------------------------
re a d
----------------------------------
c o n s tru c t
----------------------------------
Pattern 31
u n -, in - , im -, i l - , ir - , d is - + A d je c tiv e /V e r b ->
A d je c tiv e /V e rb
T h e u n -, in -, im -, i l - , ir - , d is - p re fix e s h a v e a n e g a tiv e o r
o p p o s ite m e a n in g .
Example, a b le
— с п о с о б н ы й —> u n a b le — н е с п о с о б н ы й
a ) u n - is t h e m o s t c o m m o n , e .g . u n u s u a l;
b ) in - is o f te n u s e d b e fo re w o rd s w ith a L a tin o r ig in , e .g .
in v isib le ;
UNIT9.
SURVEYING
c ) im - is u s e d b e f o r e s o m e w o r d s b e g in n in g w ith
m
or
197
p,
e .g .
r,
e g.
im p o lite ;
d ) il- c a n b e u s e d b e f o r e /, e g. ille g a l;
e ) i r - is u s e d b e f o r e a fe w w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w ith
ir r e p la c e a b le ;
f) d is - is u s e d b e f o r e s o m e a d je c tiv e s a n d v e rb s , e .g . d islik e .
Adjective/Verb
Adjective/Verb
a c c e p ta b le
_____________________
e m p lo y e d
_____________________
a d e q u a te
_____________________
fo rm a l
_____________________
p e rfe c t
_____________________
p r o b a b le
_____________________
lite ra te
_____________________
lo g ic a l
_____________________
r e g u la r
_____________________
r e s p o n s ib le
_____________________
a g ree
_____________________
b e lie v e
_____________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
R e a d an d tr a n s la t e t h e s e n t e n c e s in t h e le ft an d rig h t
co lu m n s in to R u ssia n . S a y w h e th e r th e a c tio n o f t h e o b je c t c la u s e
p r e c e d e s, fo llo w s o r is sim u lta n e o u s w ith th e a c tio n o f th e p rin cip al
c la u s e in t h e s e s e n t e n c e s . M in d th e s e q u e n c e o f te n s e s .
198[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Example
Н е said t h a t h e worked (was
зал, ч т о работает н а з а в о д е .
working) a t t h e p la n t. — О н ска­
Н е said t h a t h e had worked a t th e p la n t. — О н сказал, ч т о
работал н а з а в о д е .
Н е said th a t h e would work a t th e p la n t. — О н сказал, ч т о
будет работать н а з а в о д е .
1 Не s a y s he n e e d s a holiday
2. She th i n k s that I w e n t home
early.
3 They k n o w Peter w i ll s e e
them later
4 My friend s a y s he c a n s p e a k
French.
5. He s a y s he h a s s e e n that book
on the teacher’s table.
6. He s a y s I a m w a s t i n g my
time.
7. Jane s a y s she m a y arrive later.
8 He t h i n k s she h a s b e e n
He s a i d that he n e e d e d a
holiday
She t h o u g h t that I h a d g o n e
home early
They k n e w Peter w o u l d s e e
them later.
My friend said he c o u l d s p e a k
French
He s a i d he h a d s e e n that book
on the teacher’s table
He s a i d I w a s w a s t i n g my time
Jane s a i d she m i g h t a r r i v e later
He t h o u g h t she h a d b e e n
s le e p i n g
s le e p in g .
9. Mary s a y s he s h o u l d go to the
dentist’s
10. Sarah s a y s she m u s t finish
the report__________________
Mary s a i d he s h o u l d go to the
dentist’s.
Sarah s a i d she m u s t ( h a d to )
finish the report____________
9.
R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s in to R u ssia n
p a y in g a tte n tio n t o th e r u le s o f th e s e q u e n c e o f t e n s e s .
1. H e r e p o r te d th a t th e b u ild in g in d u s try h a d d e v e lo p e d f r o m th e
p r o c e s s o f u s in g n a tu r a l m a te r ia ls f o r b u ild in g s im p le s h e lte r s in
e a r ly tim e s to t h e c o m p le x in d u s tr ia l p r o c e s s o f m o d e m t im e s 2.
H e sa id t h a t m a n y o f th e m a te r ia ls u s e d th e n w e re m a d e m f a c to rie s
a n d w e re o f te n p a r tly p u t t o g e t h e r b e f o r e th e y e v e n r e a c h e d th e
b u ild in g s ite . 3. T h e la s t h a l f o f t h e 1 8 th c e n tu r y s a w th e u n f o ld in g
_______________________________________________________ UNIT 9. SURVEYING
I 199
o f a s e r ie s o f e v e n ts , p r im a r ily in E n g la n d , t h a t la te r h is to r ia n s
w o u ld c a ll th e f irs t I n d u s tr ia l R e v o lu tio n , w h ic h w o u ld h a v e a
p r o f o u n d i n f lu e n c e o n s o c ie ty a s a w h o le a s w e ll a s o n b u ild in g
te c h n o lo g y . 4 . 1 to ld th e m t h a t w e w e re s ta r tin g a n e w c o m p a n y .
5. T h e a r tic le s a id t h a t la rg e b u ild in g s a s f a c to r ie s , w a r e h o u s e s ,
s c h o o ls , a n d h o s p ita ls h a d t o b e b u ilt o f m a te r ia ls t h a t w o u ld b e a r
h e a v y w e ig h ts. 6 T h e te a c h e r e x p la in e d t o th e s tu d e n ts th a t a r c h e s ,
c a lle d tr u s s e s , h a d b e e n u s e d t o s p a n t h e a r e a t o b e le f t o p e n .
7.
H e t o l d u s t h a t h i g h - r is e b u ild in g s c o u l d b e d e s c r ib e d a s
s k y s c r a p e r s . 8. T h e s e c o n d i n d u s tr ia l a g e s a w t h e r e e m e ig e n c e o f
c o n c r e t e in a n e w c o m p o s ite r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith s te e l, c r e a tin g a
te c h n o lo g y th a t w o u ld a s s u m e a m a jo r ro le in b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n .
9.
H e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e s p e c ia l t e c h n i q u e s u s e d i n b u i ld in g
s k y s c r a p e r s w h ic h w e r e d e s c r ib e d in a s e p a r a te le c tu r e . 10. T h e
t e a c h e r to ld h is s tu d e n ts t h a t w e m ig h t p u t t h e b u ild in g s a r o u n d u s
i n t o tw o g r o u p s : c o m m e r c ia l, in d u s tr ia l, o r in s titu tio n a l b u ild in g s ,
a n d s m a lle r , r e s id e n tia l o n e s .
10.
P u t th e s e n t e n c e s in th e p a s t a s sh o w n . U s e t h e r u le s o f
t h e s e q u e n c e o f te n s e s .
Example
H e says h e likes th is j o b . — H e said h e liked t h a t jo b .
1. I a m s u r e t h a t tr u s s e s m a y b e m a d e o f w o o d , m e ta l, o r
r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te . 2. H e d o e s n ’t k n o w t h a t c o n c r e te is g e n e r a lly
r e in f o r c e d u s in g s te e l r o d s o r b a r s . 3. H e sa y s t h e r e w e r e few
s p e c ia lis t b u ild e r s in e a r ly tim e s . 4. H e sa y s s h e is e a r n in g a lo t o f
m oney now .
5. I w a n t to a s k y o u w h o w ill w in m o n e y o n t h e
lo tte r y . 6. H e sa y s h e h a s j u s t c h a n g e d h is j o b b e c a u s e h e w a n ts to
e a r n m o r e m o n e y . 7. S h e w a n ts t o k n o w h o w m u c h m o n e y s h e
m a y n e e d t o b u y th is c o tta g e . 8. S h e a s k s m e w h e n th e b u ild in g
in d u s tr ie s o f m o s t W e s te rn c o u n tr ie s t o o k th e f o r m in w h ic h w e f in d
t h e m t o d a y . 9 . S h e sa y s s h e p a id $ 2 ,0 0 0 f o r h e r c o m p u t e r , b u t it
is n ’t w o r th v e ry m u c h n o w . 10. T h e a r tic le sa y s t h a t n e w b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls w ill b e u s e d a n d e n g in e e r s w ill b e tr a i n e d t o u s e th e m .
[
200 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
11.
C h a n g e t h e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s in t o in d ir e c t s p e e c h .
a ) S ta te m e n ts
Example
B o b said, “Iknow th is r u le .” — B o b said that he knew th a t ru le.
B o b said to us, “ / know t h is r u le .” — B o b told us t h a t he knew
th a t ru le .
1. H e s a id , “ M y g r a n d f a th e r w a s a s u r v e y o r .” 2. M a r y s a id to
u s, “T h e s im p le st m e th o d f o r m e a s u rin g h e ig h t is w ith a n a ltim e te r .”
3. T h e y s a id , “ T h is jo b w ill b e d o n e in s te p s .” 4 . J o h n s a id to h is
f a th e r, “ I w a n t t o g o to a re s ta u ra n t b u t I d o n ’t h a v e e n o u g h m o n e y .”
5. H e s a id t o N ic k , “ I d i d n ’t u n d e r s ta n d t h e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a
th e o d o lite a n d a le v e l i n s t r u m e n t .”
b ) R e q u e sts an d ord ers
Example
said to m e , “ Switch th e c o m p u t e r o n , p l e a s e .” — H e asked
m e to switch th e c o m p u t e r o n .
S h e said to m e , “ Don’t waste m o n e y .” — S h e told m e not to
waste m o n e y .
He
1. T h e te a c h e r s a id t o h is s t u d e n ts , “ G iv e tw o e x a m p le s o f t h e
b a s ic to o ls u s e d i n s u rv e y in g a n d b u ild in g t o tr a n s f e r , m e a s u r e , o r
s e t h o r iz o n ta l le v e ls .” 2 . 1 a s k e d m y f r ie n d , “ H e lp m e t o so lv e th is
p r o b le m , p l e a s e .” 3. H e s a id , “ D o n ’t b u y th e s e b o o k s , T o m . ”
4 . H e s a id t o u s , “ R e a d a r tic le s o n b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n in a n y
E n g lis h o r A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l o r n e w s p a p e r t o im p r o v e y o u r
c o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r in g v o c a b u la r y .” 5. T h e te a c h e r s a id t o u s,
“ D o n ’t m a k e s o m a n y m is ta k e s in y o u r E n g lis h te s t p a p e r s .”
c ) G en era l ( Y e s /N o ) q u e stio n s
Example
asked m e , “Do y o u go t o u n iv e r s ity ? ” — A la n asked m e if
(whether) I went to u n iv e rs ity .
A la n
__________________________________ _____________________ UNIT 9. SURVEYING | 2 0 1
1. H e a s k e d , “ D id y o u liv e in a d e t a c h e d h o u s e o u ts id e
B ir m in g h a m ? ” 2. S h e a s k e d h e r f r ie n d , “ I s y o u r h o u s e s m a ll? ”
3. W e a s k e d h i m , “ H a v e y o u m o v e d i n t o a tw o - b e d r o o m e d
m u n ic ip a l h o u s e ? ” 4. S h e w a n te d t o k n o w , “ C a n y o u a f f o r d t o g o
o n h o lid a y th is y e a r ? ” 5. M y f r ie n d a s k e d m e , “ W ill y o u b u y a n
a p a r tm e n t n e x t y e a r? ”
d)
S p e c ia l ( w h - ) q u e stio n s
Example
S h e asked, “ W hat did y o u discuss a t t h e s e m i n a r o n
S u r v e y in g ? ” — S h e asked m e what'fit had discussed at th e s e m in a r
o n S u rv e y in g .
1. T h e te a c h e r a s k e d u s, “ W h a t su rv e y in g e q u ip m e n t is u s e d in
R u s s ia ? ” 2. H e a s k e d m e , “ H o w m u c h d id y o u p a y f o r y o u r
E n g lis h - R u s s ia n d ic tio n a r y ? ” 3. H e a s k e d h is f r ie n d , “ W h e n c a n
y o u in v ite m e r o u n d to s e e y o u r m o b ile h o u s e ? ” 4. S h e a s k e d m e ,
“ W h a t is t h e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a n a u t o m a t i c le v e l a n d a s e lf ­
le v e llin g le v e l? ” 5 . H e a s k e d m e , “ W h e n w ill y o u h a v e y o u r fie ld
t r a in in g ? ”
1 2 . A sk fo r th e in fo r m a tio n u sin g C o u ld y o u t e l l m e ? / D o y o u
to k n o w ?
1. W h a t h o u s e w o u ld y o u r a t h e r liv e in ? 2. Is y o u r h o u s e
d e ta c h e d ? W h a t s o r t is it if n o t? 3. W h a t f lo o r d o y o u liv e o n ? 4 . Is
y o u r h o u s e in a q u ie t r e s id e n tia l a r e a ? 5. I n w h a t sty le is th e
a r c h ite c tu r e o f t h e lo c a l c a th e d r a l? 6. W h a t is s p e c ia l a b o u t th e
b u ild in g o f th e u n iv e r s ity y o u g o to ?
202 I Аипннкиийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
1 3 . B e fo r e y o u rea d T e x t 9 A “ S u r v e y in g T e c h n iq u e s” , d is c u s s
t h e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s o r te a c h e r .
a ) W h a t s u rv e y in g in s tr u m e n ts d o y o u k n o w ?
b ) W h a t s c ie n tific k n o w le d g e d o su rv e y o rs u s e f o r s u rv e y in g ?
c ) W h a t a s s o c ia te d s e rv ic e s d o e s la n d su rv e y in g in c lu d e ?
d ) W h y h a s su rv e y in g a lw a y s b e e n im p o r ta n t in th e d e v e lo p m e n t
o f h u m a n e n v iro n m e n t?
e ) W h a t m o d e r n u s e s o f s u rv e y in g d o y o u k n o w ?
f) H o w c a n a s u rv e y o r m e a s u re a slo p e ?
g ) H o w w a s a c o m p a s s im p ro v e d ?
h ) W h y a re le v e ls c a lib ra te d ?
i) H o w is t h e h e ig h t o f a m o u n t a i n d e t e r m in e d ?
1 4 . R e a d T e x t 9 A to fin d o u t i f y o u r a n s w e r s a r e r ig h t o r
w r o n g . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s in p a irs.
• TEXT 9A
Surveying Techniques
S u rv e y in g o r la n d s u rv e y in g is t h e te c h n i q u e a n d s c ie n c e o f
d e te r m in in g th e te rr e s tr ia l o r t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e p o s i t i o n o f
p o in ts a n d th e d is ta n c e s a n d a n g le s b e tw e e n t h e m . T h e s e p o in ts a re
u s u a lly o n t h e s u rfa c e o f t h e E a r th , a n d a re o f te n u s e d to e s ta b lis h
la n d m a p s a n d b o u n d a rie s f o r o w n e rs h ip o r g o v e rn m e n ta l p u rp o se s.
I n o r d e r t o a c c o m p lis h t h e i r o b je c tiv e , su rv e y o rs u se e le m e n ts o f
g e o m e try , e n g in e e n n g , t r ig o n o m e tr y , m a th e m a tic s , p h y s ic s , a n d
law .
F u r th e r m o r e , a p a r tic u la r ty p e o f su rv e y in g k n o w n a s la n d
su rv ey in g is th e d e ta ile d s tu d y o r in s p e c tio n b y g a th e rin g in fo rm a tio n
th r o u g h o b s e rv a tio n s , m e a s u r e m e n ts in t h e fie ld , q u e s tio n n a ir e s ,
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING
203
o r r e s e a r c h o f le g a l in s tr u m e n ts ,
a n d d a t a a n a ly s is in t h e s u p p o r t
o f p la n n in g ,
d e s ig n in g , a n d
e sta b lish in g o f p ro p e rty b o u n d a rie s.
It in v o lv e s th e r e - e s ta b lis h m e n t o f
c a d a s tra l
su rv e y s
and
la n d
b o u n d a r ie s b a s e d o n d o c u m e n ts o f
r e c o r d a n d h is to r ic a l e v id e n c e , a s
w e ll a s c e r tif y in g
su rv ey s o f
su b d iv is io n p l a ts /m a p s , r e g is te re d
la n d su rv e y s, ju d ic ia l su rv e y s, a n d s p a c e d e lin e a tio n . L a n d su rv e y in g
c a n in c lu d e a s s o c ia te d s e rv ic e s , s u c h a s m a p p in g a n d r e la te d d a ta
a c c u m u la tio n , c o n s tr u c tio n la y o u t su rv e y s, p r e c is io n m e a s u r e m e n ts
of
l e n g t h , a n g le ,
e le v a tio n ,
a r e a , a n d v o lu m e , a s w e ll a s
h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r tic a l c o n t r o l s u r v e y s , a n d t h e a n a ly s is a n d
u tiliz a tio n o f l a n d s u rv e y d a ta .
S u rv e y in g h a s b e e n a n e s s e n tia l e le m e n t i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
th e h u m a n e n v ir o n m e n t s in c e th e b e g in n in g o f r e c o r d e d h is to ry (5 0 0 0
y e a rs a g o ) a n d it is a r e q u ir e m e n t in th e p la n n in g a n d e x e c u tio n o f
n e a r ly e v e r y f o r m o f c o n s tr u c tio n . I ts m o s t f a m ilia r m o d e m u s e s
a re
in t h e
fie ld s o f tr a n s p o r t, b u ild in g a n d c o n s tr u c tio n ,
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , m a p p in g , a n d th e d e f i n i t i o n o f le g a l b o u n d a r ie s
f o r l a n d o w n e r s h ip .
H is to r ic a lly , d i s ta n c e s w e re m e a s u r e d u s in g a v a r ie ty o f m e a n s ,
s u c h a s c h a in s w ith lin k s o f a k n o w n le n g th , f o r in s ta n c e a G u n t e r ’s
c h a i n o r m e a s u r in g t a p e s m a d e o f s te e l. I n o r d e r t o m e a s u r e
h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e s , th e s e c h a in s o r ta p e s w o u ld b e p u lle d a c c o rd in g
t o te m p e r a t u r e t o r e d u c e sa g g in g a n d s la c k . A d d itio n a lly , a tte m p ts
t o h o ld t h e m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n t level w o u ld b e m a d e . I n in s ta n c e s
o f m e a s u r in g u p a s lo p e , t h e s u r v e y o r m ig h t h a v e t o “ b r e a k ” th e
m e a s u r e m e n t — t h a t is, r a is e t h e r e a r p a r t o f t h e t a p e u p w a r d ,
p lu m b f r o m w h e r e th e la s t m e a s u r e m e n t e n d e d .
H o r iz o n ta l a n g le s w e r e m e a s u r e d u s in g a c o m p a s s w h ic h w o u ld
p r o v id e a m a g n e tic b e a r in g f r o m w h i c h d e f l e c t i o n s c o u l d b e
m e a s u r e d . T h is ty p e o f i n s tr u m e n t w a s la te r i m p r o v e d w ith m o r e
204I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c a r e f u lly s c r ib e d d is c s p r o v id in g b e t t e r a n g u la r r e s o lu tio n , a s w e ll
as th r o u g h m o u n tin g te le sc o p e s w ith re tic le s fo r m o r e p re c ise sig h tin g
a to p t h e d is c . A d d itio n a lly , le v e ls a n d c a lib r a te d c ir c le s a llo w in g
m e a s u r e m e n t o f v e rtic a l a n g le s w e re a d d e d .
T h e s im p le st m e th o d f o r m e a s u rin g h e ig h t is w ith a n a ltim e te r —
b a s ic a lly a b a r o m e t e r — u s in g a ir p r e s s u r e a s a n i n d ic a tio n o f
h e ig h t, b u t su rv e y in g r e q u ire s g r e a te r p r e c is io n . A v a rie ty o f m e a n s ,
s u c h a s p r e c is e le v e ls, h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d t o d o th is . L e v e ls a r e
c a lib r a te d to p r o v id e a p r e c is e p l a n e f r o m w h ic h d if f e r e n tia ls in
h e ig h t b e tw e e n th e i n s tr u m e n t a n d t h e p o in t in q u e s tio n c a n b e
m e a s u r e d , ty p ic a lly th r o u g h th e u se o f a v e r tic a l m e a s u r in g r o d .
W ith t h e t r i a n g u la tio n m e t h o d , o n e first n e e d s to k n o w th e
h o r i z o n ta l d is ta n c e t o th e o b je c t. T h e h e ig h t o f a n o b je c t c a n b e
d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r in g th e a n g le b e tw e e n t h e h o r iz o n ta l p la n e
a n d t h e lin e th r o u g h t h a t p o in t a t a k n o w n d is ta n c e a n d th e to p o f
t h e o b je c t. I n o r d e r to d e te r m in e t h e h e ig h t o f a m o u n t a i n , o n e
s h o u ld d o th is fr o m th e s e a le v e l, b u t h e r e th e d is ta n c e s c a n b e t o o
g r e a t a n d th e m o u n t a i n m a y n o t b e v isib le . S o it is d o n e in s te p s ,
first d e te r m in in g t h e p o s itio n o f o n e p o i n t , t h e n m o v in g t o t h a t
p o i n t a n d d o in g a re la tiv e m e a s u r e m e n t, a n d s o o n u n til t h e
m o u n t a i n t o p is r e a c h e d .
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 9 A t h e p aragrap h sa y in g a b o u t la n d su r v e y in g
a n d tr a n s la te it in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a ra g ra p h s 4 a n d 5 o f T e x t 9 A .
1 7 . F in d in T e x t 9 A th e d e fin itio n s o f t h e fo llo w in g te r m s a n d
tr a n s la te th e m in to R u ssia n :
a ) s u rv e y in g ;
b ) c h a in s ;
c ) a com p ass;
d ) a n a ltim e te r ;
e ) a le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t;
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING
L lif
f) c a lib r a te d c irc le s ;
g ) a tr ia n g u l a t i o n m e th o d .
1 8 . F in d in T e x t 9 A s o m e k e y w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s io n s to speak
ab o u t su r v e y in g te c h n iq u e s. R e te ll th e T e x t in E n g lish .
19 . S k im T e x t 9 B “ L a n d S u r v e y in g ” a n d try to u n d erstan d
w h a t it is ab o u t an d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is k n o w n to y o u .
• TEXT 9B
Land Surveying
T h e a im o f c a d a stra l surveys is to re -e sta b lish a n d m a rk th e c o m e rs
o f o rig in a l l a n d b o u n d a r ie s . T h e first s ta g e is t o r e s e a r c h re le v a n t
re c o r d s s u c h a s l a n d t itle s (d e e d s ) , su rv e y m o n u m e n t a t i o n (m a rk s
o n th e g ro u n d ) a n d a n y p u b lic o r p riv a te re c o rd s th a t p ro v id e relevant
d a ta . T h e jo b o f a b o u n d a r y s u rv e y o r r e t r a c i n g a d e e d o r p r io r
su rv e y is t o lo c a te s u c h m o n u m e n ts a n d v e rify t h e ir c o r r e c t p o s itio n .
O v e r tim e , d e v e lo p m e n t, v a n d a lis m a n d a c ts o f n a tu r e o f te n w re a k
h a v o c o n m o n u m e n ts , so t h e b o u n d a r y s u rv e y o r is o f t e n fo r c e d t o
c o n s i d e r o t h e r e v id e n c e s u c h a s f e n c e l o c a t i o n s , w o o d lin e s ,
m o n u m e n ts o n th e n e ig h b o rin g p ro p e rty , p a ro le e v id e n c e a n d o th e r
e v id e n c e .
M o n u m e n t s a re th e m a rk s o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t d e f in e lo c a tio n
P e g s a re c o m m o n ly u s e d t o m a r k b o u n d a r y c o m e r s . S m a ll p e g s in
t h e g r o u n d a n d s te e l ro d s a re u s e d a s in s t r u m e n t lo c a tio n s a n d
r e f e re n c e m a rk s , c o m m o n ly c a lle d s u rv e y c o n tr o l. M a r k s s h o u ld
b e d u r a b le a n d l o n g la s tin g , s ta b le s o t h e m a rk s d o n o t m o v e o v e r
tim e , safe fro m d is tu rb a n c e a n d safe to w o rk a t. T h e a im is to p ro v id e
s u f f i c i e n t m a r k s s o s o m e m a r k s w ill r e m a i n f o r f u t u r e r e ­
e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f b o u n d a r i e s . E x a m p le s o f ty p i c a l m a n - m a d e
m o n u m e n ts a re s te e l ro d s , p i p e s o r b a r s w ith p la s tic , a lu m i n u m
o r b ra ss c a p s c o n ta in in g d e s c rip tiv e m a rk in g s a n d o f te n b e a rin g th e
lic e n s e n u m b e r o f th e s u rv e y o r re s p o n s ib le fo r t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t
206[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
o f s u c h . T h e m a te r ia l a n d m a r k in g u s e d o n m o n u m e n t s p la c e d t o
m a r k b o u n d a r y c o m e r s a r e o f te n s u b je c t t o s ta te la w s /s ta tu te s .
A to ta l s ta tio n o r G P S ( G lo b a l P o s itio n in g S y s te m ) is s e t - u p
o v e r s u rv e y m a r k s w h ic h w e re p la c e d a s p a r t o f a p r e v io u s s u rv e y ,
o r n e w ly p la c e d m a rk s . T h e d a t u m is e s ta b lis h e d b y m e a s u r in g
b e tw e e n p o in ts o n a p re v io u s su r v e y a n d a r o t a t i o n is a p p lie d t o
o r ie n ta te t h e n e w s u rv e y t o c o r r e s p o n d w ith t h e p r e v io u s s u rv e y o r
a s ta n d a r d m a p g r id T h e d a t a a r e a n a ly s e d a n d c o m p a r is o n s a r e
m a d e w ith th e e x is tin g re c o r d s t o d e te r m in e e v id e n c e w h ic h c a n b e
u s e d to e s ta b lis h b o u n d a r y p o s itio n s . T h e d is ta n c e o f lin e s b e tw e e n
th e b o u n d a r y c o m e r s a n d to ta l s ta tio n p o s itio n s a r e c a lc u la te d a n d
u s e d to s e t o u t a n d m a r k t h e c o m e r s in t h e f ie ld . C h e c k s a r e m a d e
b y m e a s u r in g d ir e c tly b e tw e e n p e g p la c e s u s in g a fle x ib le ta p e .
S u b d iv is io n o f la n d g e n e ra lly r e q u ir e s th a t t h e e x te r n a l b o u n d a iy is
r e - e s t a b l i s h e d a n d m a r k e d u s in g p e g s , a n d t h e n e w in t e r n a l
b o u n d a r ie s a re t h e n m a r k e d . A p l a t (su rv e y p la n ) a n d d e s c r ip tio n
( d e p e n d in g o n lo c a l a n d sta te r e q u ir e m e n ts ) a re c o m p ile d , t h e f in a l
r e p o r t is lo d g e d w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te g o v e r n m e n t o f f ic e ( o f te n
r e q u ir e d b y la w ) , a n d c o p ie s a re p r o v id e d t o t h e c lie n t.
M a n y p r o p e r tie s h a v e c o n s id e r a b le p r o b le m s w ith re g a rd s to
im p r o p e r b o u n d in g , m is c a lc u la tio n s in p a s t s u rv e y s , title s , a n d
o th e rs . A lso m a n y p ro p e r tie s a re c r e a te d f r o m m u ltip le d iv isio n s o f
a la r g e r p ie c e o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f y e a r s , a n d w ith e v e r y a d d itio n a l
d iv is io n th e risk o f m is c a lc u la tio n in c r e a s e s . T h e re s u lt c a n b e
a b u ttin g p r o p e r tie s n o t c o in c id in g w ith a d ja c e n t p a r c e ls , r e s u ltin g
in g a p s a n d o v e rla p s . T h e a r t c o m e s in w h e n a s u r v e y o r m u s t so lv e
a p u z z le u s in g p ie c e s th a t d o n o t e x a c tly fit t o g e th e r . In th e s e c a se s
th e s o lu tio n is b a s e d u p o n t h e r e s e a rc h o f th e su rv e y o r, a n d f o llo w in g
e s ta b lis h e d p r o c e d u r e s f o r re so lv in g d is c r e p a n c ie s .
20.
T ext 9B .
G ive a b r ie f ov erv iew o f th e str u c tu r e an d c o n te n ts o f
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING
207
2 1 . C o m p le te t h e s e n t e n c e s c h o o sin g th e b e st v a ria n t a c c o r d in g
to T ext 9B .
1) A b o u n d a r y s u r v e y o r ’s j o b is
a ) t o m a r k t h e c o m e r s o f t h e la n d b o u n d a r i e s d e s ir e d b y a
c u s to m e r.
b ) t o p r o v id e s o m e r e le v a n t d a ta .
c ) t o lo c a te m a r k s o n t h e g r o u n d .
2) P e g s a r e u s e d to
a ) v e rify th e b o u n d a r ie s .
b ) lo c a te b o u n d a r ie s .
c ) m a k e w o r k safe.
3 ) T o e s ta b lis h b o u n d a r y p o s itio n s
a ) e v id e n c e o f t h e e x is tin g r e c o r d s is u s e d .
b ) th e d is ta n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t s o n a p r e v io u s s u r v e y is
m e a su re d .
c ) th e g lo b a l p o s itio n in g s y s te m is s e t u p .
4 ) C h e c k s are m a d e b y
a ) m a r k in g th e c o m e r s in t h e fie ld .
b ) m e a s u r in g t h e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n p e g s.
c ) s u b d iv id in g la n d .
5 ) M a n y p r o p e r tie s h a v e p r o b le m s r e g a r d in g
a ) a b u ttin g t h e m .
b ) m u ltip le d iv is io n s o f a l a n d p ie c e .
c ) im p r o p e r c a lc u la tio n s .
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 9 C “ S u r v e y in g E q u ip m e n t” a n d a n sw e r th e
q u e s tio n s . D is c u s s y o u r a n s w e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a ) W h y is a th e o d o l i t e r e g a r d e d a s a k e y s u r v e y in g in s t r u m e n t ?
b ) W h a t d o e s a th e o d o l i t e c o n s is t o f?
208I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c ) W h a t a re b o t h a x e s o f a th e o d o lite e q u ip p e d w ith ?
d ) W h a t is a h o r iz o n ta l a x is e r r o r ?
e ) H o w is th e sig h t a x is d e te r m in e d ?
f) W h y a r e h o r iz o n ta l ax is, c o llim a tio n , a n d in d e x e r r o r s ta k e n
in to a c c o u n t in th e c h o ic e o f th e m e a s u r e m e n t p r o c e d u r e ?
g ) H o w is a t h e o d o lite a d ju s te d ?
h ) H o w is a le v e llin g in s tr u m e n t o p e r a te d ?
1) W h y a r e se lf - le v e llin g i n s tr u m e n ts p r e f e r r e d o n s ite s ?
j)
W h a t is a d ig ita l e le c tr o n ic le v e l?
• TEXT 9C
Surveying
Equipm ent
A s la te a s th e 1990s th e b a s ic to o ls u s e d in p l a n a r su rv e y in g w e re
a ta p e m e a s u r e , a th e o d o lite a n d a le v e l.
A th e o d o lite is a n in s tr u m e n t f o r m e a s u r in g b o t h h o r iz o n ta l a n d
v e r tic a l a n g le s . I t is a k e y to o l in s u r v e y in g a n d e n g in e e r in g w o r k ,
p a r tic u la r ly o n in a c c e s s ib le g r o u n d , b u t th e o d o l i t e s h a v e b e e n
a d a p te d f o r o t h e r s p e c ia liz e d p u r p o s e s
in fie ld s lik e m e te o r o lo g y a n d r o c k e t
la u n c h te c h n o lo g y . A m o d e m t h e o d o lite
co n sists o f a m o v a b le te le sc o p e m o u n te d
w ith in tw o p e r p e n d ic u la r a x e s — th e
h o r iz o n ta l o r tr u n n io n , a n d t h e v e rtic a l
a x is W h e n th e te le s c o p e is p o in te d a t
a d e s ir e d o b je c t, th e a n g le o f e a c h o f
th e s e a x e s c a n b e m e a s u r e d w ith g re a t
p r e c is io n , ty p ic a lly o n t h e s c a le o f
arcseco n d s.
B o th ax es o f a th e o d o lite
are
e q u ip p e d w ith g ra d u a te d circles th a t c a n
An optical theodolite,
manufactured in the
Soviet Union in 1958
b e re a d o u t th r o u g h m a g n ify in g le n se s.
a n d u s e d fo r to p o g ra p h ic
s u rv e y in g .
t h e sig h t ax is is h o r iz o n ta l, o r 270°
w h e n t h e i n s tr u m e n t is in its s e c o n d
T h e v e rtic a l c irc le sh o u ld re a d 90° w h e n
UNIT9.
SURVEYING
209
p o s itio n , t h a t is, tu r n e d o v e r o r p lu n g e d . H a l f o f th e d if f e r e n c e
b e tw e e n t h e tw o p o s itio n s is c a lle d t h e in d e x e r r o r .
T h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r tic a l a x e s o f a t h e o d o l i t e m u s t b e
p e rp e n d ic u la r.
T h e c o n d itio n
w h e re
th e y d e v ia te fro m
p e r p e n d ic u la r ity a n d th e a m o u n t b y w h ic h th e y d o is r e f e r r e d t o a s
a h o n z o n t a l a x is e r r o r . T h e o p tic a l a x is o f th e t e le s c o p e , c a lle d th e
s ig h t a x is a n d d e f in e d b y th e o p tic a l c e n t e r o f t h e o b je c tiv e a n d th e
c e n t e r o f t h e c r o s s h a ir s in its f o c a l p l a n e , m u s t s im ila r ly b e
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l a x is . A n y d e v i a t i o n f r o m
p e r p e n d ic u la r ity is th e c o llim a tio n e r r o r .
A h o r i z o n t a l a x is e r r o r , a c o llim a tio n e r r o r , a n d a n in d e x e r r o r
a r e r e g u la r ly d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l i b r a t i o n a n d a r e r e m o v e d b y
m e c h a n ic a l a d ju s tm e n t a t th e f a c to r y in c a s e th e y g ro w la rg e . T h e ir
e x is te n c e is t a k e n in to a c c o u n t in th e c h o ic e o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t
p r o c e d u r e in o r d e r t o e lim in a te t h e i r e f f e c t o n th e m e a s u r e m e n t
r e su lts.
A t h e o d o l i t e is m o u n t e d o n its t r i p o d h e a d b y m e a n s o f a
fo rc e d c e n te r in g p la te c o n ta in in g f o u r th u m b s c re w s , o r in so m e
m o d e m t h e o d o l i t e s , t h r e e , f o r r a p i d l e v e llin g
B e f o r e i ts u s e ,
a t h e o d o l i t e m u s t b e p l a c e d p r e c is e ly a n d v e r tic a lly o v e r th e p o i n t
t o b e m e a s u r e d — c e n t e r i n g — a n d its v e r t i c a l a x is a l i g n e d w ith
lo c a l g r a v ity — le v e llin g .
T h e le v e l i n s tr u m e n t is a n o p tic a l in s t r u m e n t u s e d in s u rv e y in g
a n d b u ild in g t o t r a n s f e r , m e a s u r e , o r s e t h o r i z o n t a l le v e ls. I t is s e t
u p o n a t r i p o d a n d , d e p e n d in g o n t h e ty p e , e i t h e r r o u g h ly o r
a c c u r a te ly s e t t o a le v e lle d c o n d i t i o n u s in g le v e llin g s c r e w s . T h e
o p e r a to r lo o k s th r o u g h th e e y e p ie c e o f th e t e le s c o p e w h ile a n assista n t
h o ld s a t a p e m e a s u r e o r g r a d u a te d s t a f f v e r tic a l a t th e p o i n t u n d e r
m e a s u re m e n t.
T h e in s t r u m e n t a n d s ta f f a r e u s e d t o g a t h e r a n d / o r tr a n s f e r
e le v a tio n s (le v e ls ) d u r in g s ite su rv e y s o r b u i ld in g c o n s tr u c tio n .
M e a s u r e m e n t g e n e ra lly s ta r ts fr o m a b e n c h m a r k w ith k n o w n h e ig h t
d e t e r m i n e d b y a p r e v io u s s u rv e y , o r a n a r b itr a r y p o i n t w ith a n
a s s u m e d h e ig h t.
210
Английский язы кдлл студентов строительных специальностей
A n a u to m a tic le v e l, s e lf - le v e llin g le v e l o r b u i l d e r ’s a u to le v e l,
in c lu d e s a n i n te r n a l c o m p e n s a t o r m e c h a n is m ( a s w in g in g p r is m )
th a t, w h e n s e t c lo s e to le v e l, a u to m a tic a lly re m o v e s a n y r e m a in in g
v a r ia tio n f r o m le v e l. T h is r e d u c e s th e n e e d t o s e t th e in s tr u m e n t
t r u l y le v e l, a s w i t h a d u m p y o r t i l t i n g le v e l. S e l f - l e v e l l i n g
i n s t r u m e n t s a r e t h e p r e f e r r e d i n s t r u m e n t o n b u i l d i n g s ite s ,
c o n s tr u c tio n a n d s u rv e y in g d u e t o e a s e o f u s e a n d ra p id s e tu p tim e .
A d ig ita l e le c tr o n ic level is a ls o s e t le v e l o n a t r i p o d a n d r e a d s a
b a r - c o d e d s ta f f u s in g e le c tr o n ic la s e r m e th o d s . T h e h e ig h t o f th e
s ta f f w h e r e t h e le v e l b e a m c r o s s e s t h e s ta f f is s h o w n o n a d ig ita l
d isp la y . T h is ty p e o f le v e l r e m o v e s in te r p o la tio n o f g r a d u a tio n b y a
p e r s o n , th u s r e m o v in g a s o u r c e o f e r r o r a n d in c r e a s in g a c c u r a c y .
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
L is te n t o t h e T e x t “ S u r v e y in g a s a C a r e e r ” .
a ) A n sw e r th e q u e stio n s t h a t fo llo w .
1. W h a t e x p e r ts d o e s civ il e n g in e e r in g d e p e n d o n ?
2 . W h a t a r e a s a n d s t r u c tu r e s a r e s u r v e y o r s in v o lv e d in ?
3. W h a t d o e s a s u r v e y o r ’s w o r k in c lu d e ?
4 . W h a t s c ie n tif ic k n o w le d g e m u s t a s u r v e y o r h a v e ?
5 . S h o u ld a s u r v e y o r b e g o o d a t le g a l a s p e c ts in h is w o r k ?
6. S h o u ld a s u r v e y o r b e a b le t o o p e r a te s u r v e y in g in s tr u m e n ts ?
7. W h y is su rv e y in g a d is tin c t p r o f e s s io n a p a r t f r o m e n g in e e r in g
in t h e U S A ?
8 . W h a t is r e q u ir e d t o g e t a q u a lif ic a tio n o f a s u rv e y o r?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
9 A o f th e T e x t . L o o k u p t h e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t a b ou t a su rv ey o r’s re sp o n sib ilitie s an d d u tie s.
UNIT 9. SURVEYING
211
d)
T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s a b o u t o n e o f y o u r r e la tiv e s o r f r ie n d s
w o r k in g a s a s u r v e y o r .
24.
L i s t e n t o t h e T e x t “ M o d e r n T h e o d o lite s ” .
a ) C o m p le te t h e s e n t e n c e s a c c o r d in g t o t h e T e x t .
I n to d a y ’s th e o d o lite s , t h e __________ o f th e h o r iz o n ta l a n d vertical
___________ is u s u a lly d o n e ____________ . T h e r e a d o u t is d o n e b y a
r o ta r y ___________ , w h ic h c a n b e a b s o lu te , e .g . u s in g G r a y c o d e s ,
o r in c r e m e n t a l , u s i n g ___________ lig h t a n d d a r k r a d ia l____________ .
I n t h e l a tte r c a s e t h e c i r c l e s ___________ r a p id ly , r e d u c in g a n g le
___________ t o e l e c t r o n i c ____________o f t im e d if f e r e n c e s .
A d d itio n a lly , la te ly c o m p u te r - c o n tr o lle d ___________s e n s o r s h a v e
b e e n a d d e d t o t h e fo c a l p la n e o f th e t e l e s c o p e ___________b o th a u to t a tg e tin g a n d t h e __________m e a s u r e m e n t o f r e s id u a l ta r g e t o ffs e t.
A ll th is i s ___________ in e m b e d d e d so ftw a re .
A lso , m a n y m o d e m th e o d o lite s , c o s tin g u p t o ___________a p ie c e ,
a r e __________________ w ith in t e g r a t e d e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l d i s t a n c e
m e a s u r i n g ___________ , g e n e r a l l y i n f r a r e d b a s e d , a l l o w i n g t h e
___________in o n e g o o f c o m p l e t e ___________ v e c to r s w h ic h c a n th e n
b e ___________ t o a p r e - e x i s t i n g ____________ s y s te m in th e a r e a b y
___________ o f a s u f f ic ie n t n u m b e r o f c o n t r o l ___________ . T h is
___________ is c a lle d a r e s e c tio n s o lu tio n o r fr e e s t a t i o n p o s i t i o n
___________
a n d is w id e ly u s e d in ___________
s u r v e y in g . T h e
in s tru m e n ts , “ in te llig e n t” th e o d o lite s c a l l e d ___________ta c h e o m e te r s
o r “ to ta l s ta tio n s ” , ___________ th e n e c e s s a r y o p e r a t i o n s , ___________
d a ta in to in te r n a l re g is te rin g u n its , o r in to e x te r n a l d a t a ___________
d e v ic e s. T y p ic a lly , r u g g e d iz e d ___________a re u s e d a s d a ta c o lle c to r s
f o r t h i s ___________ .
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s a n d T a p e s c r i p t
9 B o f t h e T e x t . L o o k u p t h e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in t h e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll t h e T e x t a b o u t th e o d o lite s .
UNIT 10
FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e t h e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ F o u n d a tio n s” an d tr a n sla te th e giv en s e n t e n c e s .
1. tr a n sfe r [ 'tr a s s n f a :] [ tr a s n s 'f a : ] n v — п е р е н о с , п е р е д а ч а ;
перен оси ть, п ередавать, п ерем ещ ать
tr a n sfe r a lo a d — п е р е д а в а т ь н а г р у з к у
the transfer o f lo a d s f r o m f lo o rs to
be transferred th r o u g h c o p p e r b u t n o t t h r o u g h
T h e y u s e d th e d e v ic e f o r
c o lu m n s . H e a t c a n
w ood
2
d eep fo u n d a tio n — ф у н д а м е н т г л у б о к о г о з а л о ж е н и я
flo a tin g fo u n d a tio n [ 'f b u t i r j ] — п л а в а ю щ и й ф у н д а м е н т
fr ic tio n fo u n d a tio n [ f r ik /n ] — в и с я ч и й с в а й н ы й ф у н д а ­
м ент
p ile fou n d a tio n [ 'p a i l ] — с в а й н ы й ф у н д а м е н т
sh a llo w fou n d a tio n ['J a e la u ] — ф у н д а м е н т м е л к о г о з а л о ­
ж ения
s la b -o n -g r a d e fou n d a tio n — с п л о ш н о й ф у н д а м е н т
T h e r e m a y b e a lo t o f c o n d itio n s w h i c h m a y r e q u ir e deep
foundations f o r e n s u r in g s ta b ility a n d d u r a b ility o f a s tr u c tu r e .
W h e n th e so il is s o so ft t h a t e v e n f r ic tio n p ile s w ill n o t s u p p o r t th e
b u ild in g l o a d , th e f in a l o p t i o n is th e u s e o f a floating foundation.
A pile foundation p r o v id e s a c o m m o n s o lu tio n t o a ll d iffic u lt
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS
f o u n d a t i o n s ite p r o b le m s .
213
A shallow foundation tr a n s f e r s b u ild in g
lo a d s t o t h e e a r t h v e ry n e a r t h e s u r f a c e . A lite r a tu r e re v ie w w a s
u n d e rta k e n to identify s o m e p ro b le m s w ith re sp e c t t o th e c o n s tr u c tio n
of
slab-on-grade foundations.
3. fo o tin g
n — ф ундам ент, осн овани е; опора
sp r e a d fo o tin g — ф у н д а м е н т н а е с т е с т в е н н о м о с н о в а н и и
A sq u a re footing is th e sim p le st a n d m o st e c o n o m ic a l to b e p ro v id e d
u n d e r p illa r s o r c o lu m n s . I n c a s e o f
spread footings, th e b a s e o f
th e m e m b e r t r a n s m ittin g l o a d t o th e so il is m a d e w id e r s o a s t o
d is tr ib u te t h e lo a d o v e r w id e r a r e a .
4. em b e d [ i m 'b e d ] v — п о г р у ж а т ь , з а г л у б л я т ь , в м о н т и р о ­
вать
The b eam
was embedded in a f o u n d a tio n .
5 . la y e r [ 'І е іэ ]
n — с л о й , п л а с т , ряд
la y e r o f so il — г р у н т о в ы й с л о й
I n m a k in g b e a m s , c a re s h o u ld b e ta k e n t o a v o id p la c in g c o n c r e te
in
layers. T h e t h i n layer o f soil t h a t c o v e r s m o s t o f th e e a r t h ’s l a n d
s u r f a c e is v ita l to h u m a n su rv iv a l.
6. p ile
n v — свая, столб
d rive a p ile — з а б и в а т ь с в а ю
d riven p ile — з а б и т а я с в а я
b e a r in g pile — н е с у щ а я с в а я , с в а я - с т о й к а , с в а я - к о л о н н а
h e lic a l p ile [ 'h e l i k l ] — с п и р а л ь н а я с в а я
fr ic tio n p ile — в и с я ч а я с в а я
prefabricated pile — г о т о в а я с в а я (з а в о д с к о г о и з г о т о в л е н и я )
s t e e l H - p ile — с т а л ь н а я с в а я и з ш и р о к о п о л о ч н о г о д в у ­
тавра
Piles are driven in to th e g r o u n d b y d if f e r e n t m e th o d s . Driven
piles m a i n t a i n t h e i r s h a p e d u r in g in s ta lla tio n . Bearing piles a c t a s
214I
Английский язы к для студентов
строительныхспециальностей
p illa rs, s u p p o rtin g t h e s u p e r s tr u c tu r e a n d tr a n s m ittin g th e lo a d d o w n
t o t h e le v e l a t w h ic h it c a n b e s a fe ly b o r n e by t h e g r o u n d .
The
helical piles a r e p la c e d t o t h e d e p t h a n d s o il s t r a t a t o d e v e lo p th e
Friction piles a r e d n v e n in t h e ty p e o f s o il w h o s e
s tr e n g th d o e s n o t in c r e a s e w ith d e p th . The prefabricated pile is
r e q u ir e d lo a d s .
u se fu l f o r a n y k in d o f w o r k s a n d p r e s e n ts a n in c r e a s e d s tr e n g th
a g a in s t te n s ile a n d c o m p r e s s iv e stre sse s.
A steel H-pile is u s e d in a
v a rie ty o f c o n s tr u c tio n p r o je c ts in c lu d in g h e a v y h ig h w a y , p u b lic a n d
in d u s tr ia l w o r k s , e tc .
7 . c o n c r e te p a d — б е т о н н а я п о д у ш к а
P o u r in g
a concrete pad is n o t m u c h d if f e r e n t t h a n p o u r in g a n y
ty p e o f c o n c r e te sla b .
8. c a is s o n [ 'k e i s a n ] — с в а я - к о л о н н а , к е с с о н н а я с в а я
T h e s h a p e a n d siz e o f
a caisson d e p e n d s u p o n t h e n a tu r e o f
s tr u c tu r e .
9. p ie r [ 'р і э ]
n — б ы к , о п о р а, сто й к а, столб
M ak e su re th a t
the pier is le v e l v e r tic a lly , u s in g a v e r tic a l le v e l.
10. sta b iliz e [ 's te i b a l a i z ] v — у к р е п л я т ь , о б е с п е ч и в а т ь у с ­
той ч и вость, стабилизировать
It is n e c e s s a r y
to stabilize t h e g r o u n d u n d e r th e f o u n d a tio n .
11. bearing (lo a d ) ca p a city [k a 'p a s s a ti] — н е с у щ а я с п о с о б н о с т ь
The bearing capacity o f a n I - b e a m c a n b e lim ite d b y th r e e diffe re n t
c a p a c itie s.
12. s e t t le t 's e t l ] v — с а д и т ь с я , о с а ж д а т ь с я , д а в а т ь о с а д о к
s e ttle m e n t [ 's e t l m a n t ]
n — осадка, оседание
differential settlem en t [ ,d if o 'r e n f l] — н е р а в н о м е р н а я о с а д к а
UNIT 10.
FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS 215
T h e s ix -s to re y b u ild in g o f th e I n s u r a n c e C o m p a n y se ttle d se v e ra l
in c h e s a t its n o r t h e a s te r ly c o m e r . M o s t h o u s e s e x p e r ie n c e s o m e
d e g r e e o f s e ttle m e n t w ith in t h e firs t fe w y e a r s a f te r c o n s tr u c tio n .
D iffe re n tia l s e ttle m e n t in a h ig h ris e b u ild in g is d a n g e r o u s .
13. s tif f n — ж е с т к и й ( о к о н с т р у к ц и и ) , к р е п к и й , н е г и б к и й
stiffn e ss п
— ж есткость, устойчивость
F o r th is p u ip o s e d e e p a n d ^ / ^ f o u n d a t i o n s a r e u s u a lly r e q u ir e d .
T h e stiffn ess o f th e fr a m in g s y s te m p r e v e n te d th e c o lla p s e o f t h e o ld
b u ild in g .
14 . h e a v e [ h i:v ] n — в з д у в а н и е , в с п у ч и в а н и е г р у н т а ; п у ­
чение
fr o st h e a v e — п у ч е н и е ( г р у н т а ) п р и з а м е р з а н и и
T h e m o d e l f o r p r e d ic tin g th e h e a v e o f t h e s o il w a s b a s e d o n th e
v a r ia tio n o f p r e s s u r e s w ith d e p th . F ro st h e a v e is a f u n d a m e n t a l
p r o c e s s d o m i n a t i n g o v e r s o il s u r f a c e s in c o ld r e g io n s .
15. s c o u r [ 's k a u a ] v — р а з м ы в , п о д м ы в ; р а з м ы в а т ь , п о д ­
м ы вать
fo u n d a tio n s c o u r — р а з м ы в ф у н д а м е н т а ( о с н о в а н и я )
E r o s io n a n d s c o u r r e d u c e t h e e m b e d m e n t o f t h e f o u n d a tio n in to
t h e s o il. T h e b r id g e f a ilu r e w a s t h e d ir e c t r e s u lt o f th e f o u n d a tio n
s c o u r d u e t o flo o d in g .
16. sw e ll v — н а б у х а т ь , р а з б у х а т ь , в с п у ч и в а т ь с я , в з д у в а т ь с я
sw e llin g п — в с п у ч и в а н и е , в ы п у к л о с т ь , р а з б у х а н и е
I f t h e s o il b e c o m e s s a t u r a t e d a n d s w e lls , u p h e a v a l o f t h e
f o u n d a tio n c a n o c c u r . F o u n d a t i o n s c o n s t r u c t e d o n th e s e c la y s a r e
s u b je c te d t o la r g e u p lif tin g f o r c e s c a u s e d b y th e sw ellin g.
216
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
17. sh rin k Lfrigk] v — д а в а т ь у с а д к у , у с ы х а т ь , с ж и м а т ь с я
s h r in k a g e [ ' j i i r k i c t j ]
п—
усадка, усуш ка, сж и м ан и е
U n le s s k e p t c o n tin u a lly w e t, m o d e r n c o n c r e te s
h a rd e n in g . S o il
shrinkage is t h e
shrink
a f te r
p ro c e s s o f s o il m a te ria l c o n t r a c tin g
t o a le s s e r v o lu m e , w ith t h e lo ss o f w a te r o n d ry in g .
18. c r a c k [kraek ]
n
v — трещ и н а; трескаться, р аскалы ваться
T h is re s u lte d in a n in c re a s e in t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
u n d e rs id e o f t h e b e a m . T h e w in d o w
19. ra ft [ra :ft]
n—
cracked d o w n
cracks
in th e
th e m id d le .
сп лош н ой ф ундам ент, оп орная плита
F u r th e r c o n s tr u c tio n w as s ta rte d o n ly a fte r th e c u rin g o f
the raft
h a d b e e n fu lly d o n e .
20 . d is to r t [d is tD:t] v — п е р е к а ш и в а т ь ( с я ) , д е ф о р м и р о ­
ваться)
M e ta l
distorts u n d e r
stre ss.
2 . R ea d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g in tern a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir tra n scrip tio n s in th e d ictio n a ry i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a rt o f s p e e c h .
n,
adv,
adj, g e o t e c h n i c a l adj,
adj, d i a m e t e r n, p r i n c i p l e n,
c o l l a p s e n, r e c o m m e n d v, f o r m n, g e o lo g y n, m a c h i n e n,
re s id e n tia l adj, t o t a l adj, n o r m a lly adv, s e a s o n a l adj, a lte r n a tiv e
n adj.
C a te g o r y
s tr u c tu r a lly
s t a b i l i z e v, a d e q u a t e
s tr a tu m
n,
ra re
3 . M a tc h th e p a irs o f s y n o n y m s from A an d В an d tr a n s la te
th em .
A
В
1 n g id
a. b e a n n g c a p a c ity
2. e x p a n d
b . tra n s fe r
UNIT
10. FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 217
3. c o lu m n
c. s h r in k a g e
4 . r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te la y e r
d . s tif f
5 . s u b s id e n c e
e . p ile
6. t r a n s m it
f. h e a v e
7. b a s e
g . sw e ll
8. g ro u n d
h . r a ft
9 . lo a d c a p a c ity
i. f o u n d a t i o n
10. a s u p p o r tin g s tr u c tu r e
j. s e ttle m e n t
11. c o m p r e s s io n
k . s o il
12. b u lg in g o u t
l. p i e r
4.
M a t c h th e verb o n th e le ft w ith a su ita b le ite m o n th e
r ig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. s c o u r
a . a p ile
2. p la c e
b. a c o n c re te p a d
3. e m b e d
c . u n d e r s tr e s s
4. p o u r
d . th e g ro u n d
5. fo rm
e. a b eam
6. t r a n s f e r
f. s e t t l e m e n t
7 . s ta b iliz e
g . c o n c r e t e in la y e rs
8 . e x p e r ie n c e
h. c ra c k s
9 . d r iv e
i. a f o u n d a t i o n
10. d is t o r t
j. a lo a d
5.
M a k e t h e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s c o m p le te b y t r a n s la tin g t h e
w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s in b r a c k e ts.
1. F ie ld te s ts p r o v id e th e m o s t re lia b le r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e
a x ia l l o a d a p p l i e d t o а ( ф у н д а м е н т г л у б о к о г о з а л о ж е н и я ) a n d
t h e r e s u ltin g a x ia l m o v e m e n t. 2 . I n d i c a t i o n s o f ( н е р а в н о м е р н а я
о с а д к а ) a r e v e r tic a l d is to r tio n o r c r a c k in g o f m a s o n r y w a lls, w a r p e d
i n t e r i o r a n d e x t e r i o r o p e n in g s , s lo p e d f lo o r s , a n d s tic k in g d o o r s
a n d w in d o w s . 3. M i n o r ( т р е щ и н ы ) a r e s t r u c tu r a lly h a r m f u l o n ly
i f l o n g - t e r m m o is tu r e le a k a g e th r o u g h t h e ( т р е щ и н ы ) a d v e r s e ly
218[
Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
a ffe c ts b u ild in g e le m e n ts . 4 . I f th e f o u n d a tio n e m b e d m e n t in t o th e
g r o u n d is n o t s u f f ic ie n t to a c c o u n t f o r e r o s io n a n d ( р а з м ы в ) t h a t
m a y o c c u r o v e r t h e life o f th e b u ild in g , th e b u ild in g is v u ln e r a b le
t o c o lla p s e u n d e r d e s ig n f lo o d a n d w in d c o n d itio n s . 5 . A d e e p
f o u n d a tio n is u s e d t o tr a n s f e r a lo a d f r o m a s t r u c tu r e th r o u g h a n
u p p e r w e a k ( г р у н т о в ы й с л о й ) t o a s tr o n g e r a n d d e e p e r ( г р у н т о ­
в ы й с л о й ) . 6. T a ll b u ild in g s o f te n r e s t o n m a n y s m a ll ( к е с с о н ­
н ы е св а и ). 7. А (ф у н д а м е н т н а е с т е с т в е н н о м о с н о в а н и и )
s u p p o r ts th e w e ig h t ( lo a d ) f r o m t h e e x te r io r o r f o u n d a t i o n w a lls.
8.
I n c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite s w h e r e s e ttle m e n t is n o t a p r o b le m , ( ф у н ­
д а м е н т ы м е л к о г о з а л о ж е н и я ) p r o v id e t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l
f o u n d a tio n sy ste m s. 9 . T h e u ltim a te o b je c tiv e o f a n y (з а б и т а я с в а я )
is t o c a r r y s o m e k in d o f lo a d c o m in g f r o m a v a r ie ty o f so u r c e s .
10.
T h e tw o m o s t i m p o r ta n t d e s ig n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r b u ild in g
s tr u c tu r e s a re th e s tr e n g th a n d (ж е с т к о с т ь ) .
6.
R e a d a n d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g g ro u p s o f s e n t e n c e s p a y in g
a tte n tio n t o t h e w o rd s in it a lic s w h ich c a n fu n c tio n a s a n o u n
a n d a verb w ith th e s a m e fo r m . T h e y c a n h a v e sim ila r o r d iffe r e n t
m e a n in g s. L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
1. a . T h e u n iv e r s ity h a s b e e n f a m o u s s in c e its foundation.
b . T h e w o r k e r s a r e la y in g t h e
foundation
o f a n e w b u ild in g .
c . T h is foundation p ro v id e s m o n e y f o r m e d ic a l re s e a r c h .
2 . a. T h e y u s u a lly
pile th e b o x e s o n th e
pile o f b o o k s in
b. T h e re w as a n e a t
c. T h e
pile w a s
ta b le .
th e c o m e r o f th e r o o m .
d r iv e n in to th e g r o u n d .
3 . a. T h e s w e a te r w ill
shrink
w h e n w ash ed .
shrink.
shrink slig h tly .
settlement.
b . A b a d h a r v e s t c a u s e d t h e f a r m e r ’s in c o m e to
c . T h e s e p r o c e s s e s c a u s e th e c o n c r e te to
4 . a . T h e tw o s id e s h a v e a t la s t r e a c h e d a
b.
Settlement is t h e
c o m m o n c a u s e o f f o u n d a t i o n p r o b le m s .
settlement.
transfer v e r tic a l lo a d s.
c . T h e r e a r e s o m e e m p ty la n d s a w a itin g
5 . a . T h is ty p e o f p a n e ls d o e s n o t
transfer t o t h e M o s c o w o ffic e .
transfer ta k e s p la c e f r o m t h e s la b s t o th e
b. S he ask ed fo r a
c. T h e lo a d
b eam s.
219
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS
7.
D e fin e p a rts o f sp e e c h . T ra n sla te th e w o rd s o f th e sa m e r o o t.
1. f o u n d — f o u n d e r — f o u n d a t i o n — f o u n d a tio n a l;
2. b u ild — re b u ild — b u ild a b le — b u ild e r — b u ild in g ;
3. d iffe r — d iffe re n c e — d iffe re n t — in d iffe re n t — d iffe re n tly —
d iffe re n tn e s s — d iffe re n tia b le — d iffe re n tia b ility —
d iffe re n tia l — d iffe re n tia lly — d iffe re n tia te — d iffe re n tia tio n ;
4 . s tr u c tu r e — s tr u c t u r a l — s tr u c tu r a lly — s tr u c tu r a liz e —
stru c tu ra lis m ;
5. s u p p o r t — s u p p o r ta b le — s u p p o r ta b ility — s u p p o r ta b ly —
s u p p o r te r — s u p p o rtiv e — s u p p o rtiv e ly — s u p p o rtiv e n e s s ;
6. r e in fo rc e — r e in fo rc e a b le — re in f o r c e m e n t — re in fo rc e r;
7. w o o d — w o o d e n — w o o d e n ly — w o o d e n n e s s — w o o d y ;
8. p la c e — re p la c e — d is p la c e — p e a c e a b le — p l a c e r —
p la c e m e n t;
9. e x c a v a te — e x c a v a tio n — ex c a v a to r;
10.
o p e r a t e — o p e r a t i o n — o p e r a t i o n a l — o p e r a tio n a lly —
o p e ra tiv e — in o p e ra tiv e — o p e r a to r .
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
sen ten ces.
a)
R e a d a n d t r a n s la te th e fo llo w in g ty p e s o f c o n d itio n a l
R e a l c o n d itio n a ls
Example
I f h e has t im e , h e will do t h i s
в р е м я , о н сделает э т у р а б о т у .
w o rk . — Е с л и у н е г о
будет
1. I f a s te e l g i l d e r p r o v id e d i n a s tr u c tu r e is f o u n d t o b e w e a k
a n d fle x ib le , it w ill b e s t r e n g t h e n e d b y s u ita b le m e a n s . 2 . I f t h e
f o u n d a t i o n o f a b u ild in g y ie ld s a n d r a p tu r e s t h e s t r u c t u r e , t h e n
little w ill b e d o n e t o im p ro v e th e s itu a tio n . 3. I f th e b o rin g m a c h in e
220I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
is n o t e q u ip p e d w ith a r o c k a u g e r , th e n s o c k e tin g o f th e h a r d ro c k
la y e r w ill b e d o n e w ith t h e h e lp o f a h e a v y c h is e l w h ic h is d r o p p e d
f r o m a h e ig h t o f a b o u t 1.5 m e tr e s b y s u s p e n d in g it f r o m a t r i p o d
s ta n d a t t a c h e d t o a w in c h c r a n e . 4 . I f th e s e b u ild in g s d o n o t h a v e
b a s e m e n ts in c o ld c lim a te s , i n s u la te d c o n c r e te o r m a s o n r y fro s t
w a lls w ill b e p l a c e d u n d e r a ll e x te r io r n o n b e a r in g w a lls t o k e e p
f r o s t f r o m u n d e r th e f lo o r sla b s. 5. I f a c o l u m n a c tin g a s a lo a d
b e a n n g m e m b e r i n a b u ild in g is f o u n d to b e in a d e q u a te , it w ill b e
m a d e safe b y p ro v id in g r e in f o r c e m e n ts o r b y in tr o d u c in g
in te r m e d ia te c o lu m n s .
b ) U n r e a l c o n d itio n a ls refe r r in g to th e p r e se n t an d fu tu re
Example
I f h e had tim e , h e would do th is
в р е м я , о н бы сделал э т у р а б о т у .
w o rk . — Е с л и
бы у
него
было
1. I f th e b e a m s w e re s p a c e d m o r e d is ta n c e a p a r t, th e r e w o u ld b e
a d a n g e r o f th e c o n c r e te fillin g n o t a c tin g m o n o lith ic a lly w ith t h e
b e a m , r e s u ltin g in th e fa ilu re o f th e fo u n d a tio n . 2. I f th e f o u n d a tio n
la y o u t w e re p a r tly b u ilt u p o f b e a m a n d c o lu m n c o n s tr u c tio n , stra ig h t
b a r s w o u ld b e p r o v id e d b o t h a t t o p a n d b o t t o m o f t h e b e a m s . 3. I f
th e y u s e d t h e rig h t w a te r - c e m e n t r a tio , th e y w o u ld p r o d u c e c o n c r e te
o f h ig h s tr e n g th a n d d u r a b ility . 4 . I f th e n a tu r e o f so il a n d th e
lo a d in g c o n d itio n s w e re u n if o r m o v e r th e e n tir e s ite o f th e b u ild in g ,
t h e d is tr ib u tio n o f p r e s s u r e c o u l d b e sa fe ly a s s u m e d t o b e u n if o r m
a n d t h e d a n g e r o f u n e q u a l s e t t l e m e n t w o u ld b e m in im iz e d . 5. I f a
d e s ig n c a lle d f o r t h e u se o f a c r a n e , it w o u ld b e s tr o n g ly d e s ir a b le
t h a t th e lo a d s s h o u ld b e o f th e s a m e w e ig h t.
c ) U n r e a l c o n d itio n a ls r e fe r r in g to th e p a st
Example
had had tim e y e s te r d a y , h e would have done th is w o rk .
Е с л и бы у н е г о в ч е р а было в р е м я , о н бы сделал э т у р а б о т у .
I f he
—
1. I f th e f o u n d a tio n h a d n o t b e e n ta k e n d e e p in s id e t h e g r o u n d ,
r a in w a te r w o u ld n o t h a v e s c o u r e d t h e so il a b o v e t h e f o u n d a tio n .
UNIT10.FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 221
2.
I f th e f o u n d a tio n tre n c h e s h a d b e e n d u g to d e p th g re a te r th a n
s h o w n o n t h e d r a w in g o r a s r e q u ir e d b y t h e c o m p e t e n t a u th o r ity ,
n o e a r th fillin g w o u ld h a v e b e e n a llo w e d in b r in g in g th e f o u n d a tio n
b e d to th e p r o p e r le v e l. 3. I f th e m a n a g e m e n t o f th e p l a n t h a d
a p p lie d e ffe c tiv e m e th o d s la st y e a r, th e p r o d u c tio n level w o u ld h a v e
c e r ta in ly in c r e a s e d . 4. I f y o u h a d h a d m o r e tim e a t y o u r d is p o s a l
la s t w e e k , th e y w o u ld h a v e c e r ta in ly a s k e d y o u t o ta k e p a r t in t h a t
w o rk . 5. I f s u f f ic ie n t d a ta h a d b e e n c o lle c te d , a m o r e d e f in ite
s o lu tio n c o u l d h a v e b e e n o b ta in e d .
9 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e follow in g c o n d itio n a l s e n te n c e s payin g
a tte n tio n to in v e r sio n .
E x a m p le
Had
would do th is
бы сделал э т у р а б о т у .
h e tim e , he
врем я, о н
w o rk . — Е с л и
бы у
него
было
1. H a d th e y h e lp e d u s , th e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m w o u ld h a v e b e e n
re a liz e d . 2. W e r e I in t h e c ity , I w o u ld a t t e n d h is l e c tu r e . 3. H a d
h e p o in te d o u t a ll th e d ra w b a c k s , w e w o u ld h a v e f o u n d th e w a y s to
so lv e th e p r o b le m . 4 . H a d h e jo i n e d o u r e x p e d itio n , h e c o u ld
h a v e le a r n t m a n y in te r e s tin g th in g s . 5. S h o u ld t h e g u e s ts c o m e
e a r lie r , n o o n e w ill b e h e r e to g r e e t th e m .
1 0 . M a t c h th e b e g in n in g s and en d in g s.
l.I flg e t a p a y r is e ,
2 .1 would give it back
3. If I were a manager,
4. If it weren’t so cold,
5 If you don’t pay the bill,
6. If I don’ t have time to finish
today,
7. If he hadn’t worked so hard,
a) if I found a wallet.
b) I’ll take you out for dinner.
c) he wouldn’t have passed his
exams.
d) would you want to?
e) I will do it tomorrow.
f) I could take a photo.
g) I could have contacted you
222 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
8. If I had had my cell phone
yesterday
h) I would go for a walk.
9 If you could live to be 100
i) you will get a warning
letter.
I would give everybody ten
weeks’ holiday.
10. If I had a camera,
1 1 . W r ite c o n d itio n a l s e n t e n c e s to m a tc h t h e s e s itu a tio n s .
Example
T h a t b o o k is to o e x p e n s iv e . I ’m n o t g o in g t o b u y it. — I f th e
book
weren 7 so
e x p e n s iv e , I
would buy it.
S h e d i d n ’t p a s s th e e x a m . S h e d i d n ’t g o t o u n iv e r s ity . — I f sh e
had passed th e
e x a m , sh e
would have gone t o
u n iv e r s ity .
1. I t ’s r a in in g . W e c a n ’t h a v e lu n c h in t h e g a r d e n . 2 . Y o u
w e n t f o r a jo b in te rv ie w . Y o u w e re la te . Y o u d i d n ’t g e t th e jo b .
3. I ’m in a h u r r y . I w o n ’t s ta y t o d in n e r . 4 . H e r f a t h e r g a v e h e r
s o m e m o n e y . S h e w a s a b le t o b u y a h o u s e . 5. I h a v e t o w o r k
t o m o r r o w e v e n in g , s o I c a n ’t m e e t y o u
6 . S h e is n o t i n y o u r
p o s itio n . S h e i s n ’t a b le t o a d v is e y o u . 7. P a u l w e n t o n h o lid a y t o
P a ris . H e m e t M a r y , h is w ife . 8. S a n d r a w a lk e d t o w a lk i n th e
r a in . S h e g o t w e t. 9. W e d o n ’t v isit y o u v e ry o f t e n b e c a u s e y o u liv e
s o f a r a w a y . 10. H e ’s n o t a m illio n a ir e . H e w o n ’t b u y y o u a
p a la c e .
1 2 . P u t in th e c o r r e c t v erb fo rm . M a k e e a c h s e n t e n c e r e fe r to:
a)
th e p r e s e n t o r th e fu tu r e , an d b ) th e p a s t .
a ) 1. W h e n y o u ___________ (g o ) t o P a r is , w ill y o u s e e N ic o le ?
2.
I f y o u ________ (liv e ) i n P a r is , y o u ____________( b e c o m e ) b o r e d
o f a ll th e b e a u tif u l w in e a n d f o o d ? 3. Y o u a lw a y s d riv e to o fa st a n d
t h e p o l i c e ___________ ( a r r e s t) y o u i f t h e y ____________ ( s e e ) y o u .
4. T h e e x a m w a s v e ry d if f ic u lt, s o i t ’s u n lik e ly n o w , b u t i f R i c h a r d
___________(p a s s ), h e ___________ (g o ) t o u n iv e rsity . 5. I f I ___________
UNIT10. FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 223
( b e ) b e t t e r q u a lifie d , I ___________ (a p p ly ) fo r th e jo b . 6. I f y o u
(h a v e ) lo n g e r le g s, y o u ___________ (b e a b le to ) r u n
faster.
b)
1.
I f m y c o m p u t e r _________ ( n o t c r u s h ) y e s te r d a y , I
___________ ( f in is h ) m y w o rk . 2 . W e ____________(g e t) b e t t e r t ic k e ts
f o r t h e c o n c e r t i f w e ___________ ( b o o k ) e a rlie r. 3. Y o u ____________
(w in ) i f y o u ________ ( r u n ) a b i t fa s te r.
4.
I f y o u ____________( le a r n )
I ta lia n a t s c h o o l, s h e ____________ ( e n jo y ) h e r la s t h o lid a y t o Ita ly
m o re . 5. I f t h e y ___________ ( n o t c u t) o f f th e e le c tr ic ity y e s te rd a y ,
I ___________ (fin is h ) m y w o rk . 6. I f y o u r e m e m b e r t h e m a p , w e
___________ ( n o t g e t lo st).
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
Before you read Text 10A "Foundations”, discuss tbe
following questions with yonr groupmates or teacher.
a) W h a t is a fo u n d a tio n ?
b ) W h a t ty p e s o f f o u n d a tio n s d o y o u k n o w ?
c ) W h a t is a s h a llo w fo u n d a tio n ?
d ) W h a t ty p e s o f s h a llo w fo u n d a tio n s d o y o u k n o w ?
e) W h a t is a d e e p f o u n d a t i o n u s e d fo r?
f)
W h a t ty p e s o f d e e p fo u n d a tio n s d o y o u k n o w ?
g ) W h o d e s ig n s f o u n d a tio n s ?
h ) W h a t a s p e c ts s h o u ld b e ta k e n in to a c c o u n t w h e n d e s ig n in g a
fo u n d a tio n ?
224I
14.
Английский яэы кдля студентов строительных специальностей
R e a d T e x t 1 0 А an d s a y i f y o u a r e rig h t o r w r o n g .
• TEXT 10A
Foundations
A f o u n d a tio n is a s tr u c tu r e t h a t tr a n s f e r s lo a d s t o t h e e a r th .
F o u n d a tio n s a r e g e n e r a lly b r o k e n in to tw o c a te g o r ie s : s h a llo w
f o u n d a tio n s a n d d e e p f o u n d a tio n s .
A sh a llo w f o u n d a tio n is u s u a lly e m b e d d e d a m e t e r o r s o in to
so il. O n e c o m m o n ty p e is t h e s p r e a d fo o tin g w h ic h c o n s is ts o f p a d s
o f c o n c r e te o r o t h e r m a te r ia ls w h ic h e x te n d b e lo w t h e f r o s t lin e
a n d tra n sfe r th e w e ig h t fr o m w alls a n d c o lu m n s to th e so il o r b e d ro c k .
A n o t h e r c o m m o n ty p e is t h e s l a b - o n - g r a d e f o u n d a t i o n w h e r e th e
w e ig h t o f t h e b u ild in g is tr a n s f e r r e d to t h e so il t h r o u g h a c o n c r e t e
sla b p la c e d a t th e s u rfa c e .
A d e e p f o u n d a t i o n is u s e d t o tr a n s f e r a lo a d f r o m a s t r u c tu r e
t h r o u g h a n u p p e r w e a k la y e r o f so il t o a s tr o n g e r d e e p e r la y e r o f
s o il.
T h e r e a r e d if f e r e n t ty p e s o f d e e p f o u n d a tio n s in c lu d in g h e lic a l
p ile s , im p a c t d r iv e n p ile s , c a is s o n s , p ie r s , a n d e a r t h s ta b iliz e d
c o lu m n s T h e n a m in g c o n v e n tio n s f o r d iffe re n t ty p e s o f fo u n d a tio n s
v a ry a m o n g d iffe re n t e n g in e e rs . H is to ric a lly , p ile s w e re w o o d , la te r
s te e l, r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e , a n d p r e - t e n s i o n e d c o n c r e te .
F o u n d a tio n s a r e d e s ig n e d
to have a n a d e q u a te lo a d c a p a c ity
w ith l im ite d s e t t l e m e n t b y a
g e o te c h n ic a l e n g in e e r, a n d th e
f o u n d a t i o n i t s e l f is d e s ig n e d
s tru c tu ra lly b y a s tru c tu ra l
engineer.
T h e p r im a r y desig n c o n c e r n s
are s e ttle m e n t a n d b e a rin g
Shallow fo u n d a tio n s o f a
c a p a c ity . W h e n c o n s id e r in g
h o u se v e rsu s th e d e e p
f o u n d a tio n s o f a sk y s c ra p e r.
s e ttle m e n t, to ta l s e ttle m e n t a n d
d iffe re n tia l s e ttle m e n t a re
UNIT10. FOUNDATIONSDFBUILDINGS 225
n o r m a lly c o n s id e r e d . D if f e r e n tia l s e ttle m e n t is w h e n o n e p a r t o f a
f o u n d a tio n s e ttle s m o r e th a n a n o t h e r p a r t. T h is c a n c a u s e p ro b le m s
t o t h e s tr u c tu r e t h e f o u n d a t i o n is s u p p o r tin g . I t is n e c e s s a r y t h a t a
f o u n d a t i o n is n o t lo a d e d b e y o n d its b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o r th e
f o u n d a tio n w ill fail.
O t h e r d e s ig n c o n s id e r a tio n s in c lu d e s c o u r a n d f r o s t h e a v e .
S c o u r is w h e n flo w in g w a te r r e m o v e s s u p p o r tin g so il f r o m a r o u n d
a f o u n d a t i o n ( lik e a p i e r s u p p o r tin g a b r id g e o v e r a riv e r ) . F r o s t
h e a v e o c c u r s w h e n w a te r i n th e g r o u n d f r e e z e s t o f o r m ic e le n se s.
C h a n g e s in so il m o is tu r e c a n c a u s e e x p a n s iv e c la y t o s w e ll a n d
s h r in k . T h is s w e llin g c a n v a r y a c r o s s th e f o o tin g d u e t o s e a s o n a l
c h a n g e s o r th e effe c ts o f v e g e ta tio n r e m o v in g m o is tu re . T h e v a ria tio n
in sw e ll c a n c a u s e t h e so il t o d is to r t, c r a c k in g t h e s tr u c tu r e o v e r it.
T h is is a p a r tic u la r p r o b le m f o r h o u s e fo o tin g s in s e m i- a r id c lim a te s
s u c h a s S o u t h A u s tr a lia , S o u th w e s te r n U S , T u r k e y , I s r a e l, I r a n
a n d S o u th A fric a w h e re w e t w in te rs a re fo llo w e d b y h o t d ry su m m e rs .
R a f t sla b s w ith in h e r e n t stiffn e s s h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d i n A u s tr a lia
w ith c a p a b ilitie s to r e sist th is m o v e m e n t. W h e n s tr u c tu r e s a r e b u ilt
m a r e a s o f p e r m a f r o s t, s p e c ia l c o n s i d e r a t i o n m u s t b e g iv e n t o th e
th e r m a l e f f e c t th e s tr u c tu r e w ill h a v e o n th e p e r m a f r o s t. G e n e r a lly ,
th e s tr u c tu r e is d e s ig n e d in a w a y t h a t trie s to p r e v e n t t h e p e rm a fro s t
f ro m m e ltin g .
1 5 . F in d in T e x t 1 0 A th e p ara g ra p h sa y in g ab o u t th e in flu e n c e
o f so il o n fo u n d a tio n s and tr a n sla te it in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a ra g ra p h s 5 —6 .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e fe r e n c e s .
a)
This c a n c a u s e p r o b le m s t o th e s tr u c tu r e t h e f o u n d a t i o n is
su p p o r tin g .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
8 Зак 312
this r e f e r to ?
226 [
Английский
языкдля
студентов строительных специальностей
b ) is n o t lo a d e d b e y o n d
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
c)
Other d e s ig n
c o n s id e r a tio n s in c lu d e
W h a t d o e s th e a d je c tiv e
d)
This
its b e a r in g c a p a c ity
its r e f e r t o ?
other re fe r
to ?
s w e llin g c a n v a r y a c r o s s th e f o o tin g d u e to s e a s o n a l
changes
W h a t d o e s th e d e m o n s tr a tiv e a d je c tiv e
e)
c r a c k in g th e s tr u c tu r e o v e r
it.
it r e f e r
to ?
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
this re fe r to ?
f) R a ft sla b s w ith in h e r e n t stiffn e ss h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d in
A u s tr a lia w ith c a p a b ilitie s t o re sist
this m o v e m e n t.
this r e f e r to ?
W h a t d o e s th e d e m o n s tr a tiv e a d je c tiv e
1 8 . U n d e r lin e o r m ark th e m a in id e a s o f T e x t 1 0 A an d r e te ll it
in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 1 0 B “ F o u n d a tio n s o f R e sid e n tia l an d In d u str ia l
B u ild in g s ” a n d tr y t o u n d e r sta n d w h a t it is a b o u t a n d w h a t
in fo r m a tio n is a lr e a d y k n ow n to y o u .
• TEXT 10B
Foundations o f re sid e n tia l
and in d u s tria l b u ild in gs
T h e f o u n d a tio n s in r e s id e n tia l a n d in d u s tr ia l b u ild in g s s u p p o r t
c o n s id e r a b ly h e a v y lo a d s . F lo o r lo a d in g s r a n g e f r o m 4 5 0 t o 1 ,5 0 0
k ilo g ra m s p e r s q u a r e m e tr e , a n d th e fu ll r a n g e o f f o u n d a t i o n ty p e s
is u se d f o r th e m S p r e a d fo o tin g s a r e u s e d , a s a r e p ile f o u n d a tio n s ,
w h ic h a r e o f tw o ty p e s , b e a r in g a n d f r ic tio n .
A b e a r in g p ile is a d e v ic e t o t r a n s m it t h e lo a d o f th e b u ild in g
t h r o u g h a la y e r o f s o il t o o w e a k t o ta k e t h e lo a d t o a s tr o n g e r la y e r
o f so il s o m e d is ta n c e u n d e r g r o u n d ; t h e p ile a c ts a s a c o l u m n t o
c a rry t h e lo a d d o w n t o th e b e a rin g s tra tu m . S o lid b e a rin g p ile s w e re
o rig in a lly m a d e o f tim b e r , w h ic h is r a r e to d a y ; m o r e c o m m o n l y
th e y a re m a d e o f p r e c a s t c o n c r e te , a n d s o m e tim e s s te e l H -p ile s a re
u s e d . T h e p ile l e n g th m a y b e a m a x im u m o f a b o u t 6 0 m e tr e s b u t is
u s u a lly m u c h le ss. T h e p ile s a r e p u t in p la c e b y d riv in g t h e m in to
t h e g r o u n d w ith la ig e m e c h a n ic a l h a m m e rs . H o llo w ste e l p i p e s a re
a ls o d riv e n , a n d th e in te n o r s a re e x c a v a te d a n d fille d w ith c o n c r e te
t o f o rm b e a r in g p ile s ; s o m e tim e s th e p i p e is w ith d r a w n a s th e
c o n c r e t e is p o u r e d .
A n a lte r n a tiv e t o th e b e a r in g p ile is th e c a is s o n . A r o u n d h o le is
d u g t o a b e a r i n g s tr a tu m w ith a d rillin g m a c h i n e a n d t e m p o r a r ily
s u p p o r te d b y a s te e l c y lin d r ic a l sh e ll. T h e h o le is th e n fille d w ith
c o n c r e t e p o u r e d a r o u n d a c a g e o f r e in f o r c in g b a rs ; a n d t h e s te e l
s h e ll m a y o r m a y n o t b e le ft in p la c e , d e p e n d in g o n t h e s u r r o u n d in g
so il. T h e d i a m e t e r o f c a is s o n s v a rie s f ro m o n e t o t h r e e m e tre s . T h e
f r ic tio n p ile o f w o o d o r c o n c r e te is d riv e n in t o so ft so il w h e re t h e r e
is n o h a r d e r s tr a tu m fo r b e a n n g b e n e a t h t h e site . T h e b u i ld in g
lo a d is s u p p o r te d b y th e s u rfa c e fr ic tio n b e tw e e n th e p ile a n d t h e
s o il.
W h e n th e so il is so s o ft t h a t e v e n fric tio n p ile s w ill n o t s u p p o r t
th e b u ild in g lo a d , th e fin a l o p tio n is th e u se o f a f lo a tin g f o u n d a tio n ,
m a k in g th e b u ild in g like a b o a t th a t o b e y s A r c h im e d e s ’ p r in c ip le —
it is b u o y e d u p b y th e w e ig h t o f th e e a r t h d is p la c e d in c r e a tin g t h e
fo u n d a tio n . F lo a tin g f o u n d a tio n s c o n s is t o f fla t r e in fo rc e d c o n c r e te
sla b s o r m a ts o r o f r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e tu b s w ith w a lls t u r n e d u p
a r o u n d t h e e d g e o f t h e m a t t o c r e a te a l a rg e r v o lu m e .
I f th e s e bu ild in g s d o n o t ha v e b a s e m e n ts in c o ld c lim a te s, in su la te d
c o n c r e te o r m a s o n r y fro s t w a lls a re p l a c e d u n d e r a ll e x t e r io r
n o n b e a r i n g w a lls t o k e e p fr o s t f r o m u n d e r t h e f l o o r s la b s .
R e in fo rc e d c o n c re te fo u n d a tio n w alls fo r b a s e m e n ts m u st b e c a re fu lly
b r a c e d t o re s is t la te ra l e a r t h p re s s u re s . T h e s e w a lls m a y b e b u ilt in
e x c a v a tio n s , p o u r e d in to w o o d e n fo rm s. S o m e tim e s a w all is c re a te d
b y d riv in g in te rlo c k in g ste e l s h e e t p ilin g in to t h e g ro u n d , e x c a v a tin g
o n t h e b a s e m e n t s id e , a n d p o u n n g a c o n c r e t e w a ll a g a in s t it.
228[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
D e e p e r f o u n d a tio n w a lls c a n a ls o b e b u ilt b y th e s lu r r y w all
m e t h o d , in w h ic h a l in e a r s e r ie s o f c lo s e ly s p a c e d c a is s o n - lik e
h o le s a r e s u c c e s s iv e ly d r ille d , f ille d w ith c o n c r e te , a n d a llo w e d to
h a rd e n , th e sp a c e s b e tw e e n a re e x c a v a te d b y sp e c ia l cla m sh e ll b u c k e ts
a n d a lso f ille d w ith c o n c r e te . D u r in g th e e x c a v a tio n a n d d r illin g
o p e r a tio n s th e h o le s a re fille d w ith a h ig h - d e n s ity liq u id slu rry w h ic h
b r a c e s th e e x c a v a tio n a g a in s t c o lla p s e b u t still p e r m its e x tr a c tio n o f
e x c a v a te d m a te ria l. F in a lly , t h e b a s e m e n t is d u g a d jo in in g th e w a ll,
a n d th e w all is b r a c e d a g a in s t e a r th p re s s u re .
2 0 . G iv e a b r ie f o v e r v ie w o f th e str u c tu r e an d c o n t e n t s o f
T ex t1 0 B .
2 1 . R e la te e a c h h e a d in g to th e co r r e sp o n d in g p a r a g r a p h o f
T ex t 10B .
a ) C a is s o n s .
b ) T h e s lu r r y w a ll m e th o d .
c ) B e a r in g p ile s.
d ) R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te f o u n d a tio n w alls.
e ) S o m e s p e c ific fe a tu re s o f f o u n d a tio n s .
f) F l o a tin g f o u n d a tio n s .
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 1 0 C “ D e e p F o u n d a tio n s ” an d a n sw e r th e
q u e stio n s. D is c u s s yo u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a) W h a t is th e d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n a d e e p f o u n d a tio n a n d a
sh a llo w f o u n d a tio n ?
b ) W h y is a d e e p f o u n d a t i o n p r e f e r r e d o v e r a s h a l l o w
f o u n d a tio n ?
c ) W h a t a r e t h e o t h e r n a m e s o f a d e e p f o u n d a tio n ?
d ) W h a t a r e d riv e n f o u n d a tio n s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y ?
e ) W h a t is th e s tr u c tu r e o f p ile f o u n d a tio n sy ste m s?
f) H o w a re b o r in g t e c h n iq u e s e m p lo y e d f o r d r ille d p ile s ?
g) W h a t d o d r y b o r in g m e th o d s c o n s is t in ?
h) W h a t is sp e c if ic o f w e t b o r in g ?
UNIT 10.
FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 229
• TEXT IOC
Deep Foundations
A d e e p f o u n d a t i o n is a t y p e o f f o u n d a t i o n d i s tin g u is h e d fro m
sh a llo w f o u n d a tio n s b y th e d e p th t h e y a re e m b e d d e d i n to th e g ro u n d .
T h e re a re m a n y r e a s o n s a g e o te c h n ic a l e n g in e e r w o u ld re c o m m e n d
a d e e p f o u n d a t i o n o v e r a s h a llo w f o u n d a t i o n , b u t s o m e o f t h e
c o m m o n r e a s o n s a re v e ry la rg e d e s ig n l o a d s , a p o o r s o il a t s h a llo w
d e p th , o r s ite c o n s tr a in ts (lik e p r o p e r ty lin e s ). T h e r e a r e d if f e r e n t
te rm s u s e d t o d e s c rib e d iffe re n t ty p e s o f d e e p fo u n d a tio n s in c lu d in g
p ile s , d rille d s h a fts , c a is s o n s a n d p ie rs . T h e n a m in g c o n v e n tio n s
m a y v a ry b e t w e e n e n g i n e e r i n g d i s c i p l i n e s a n d firm s .
D eep
f o u n d a tio n s c a n b e m a d e o u t o f t im b e r , s te e l, re in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
a n d p r e - t e n s i o n e d c o n c r e te . D e e p fo u n d a tio n s c a n b e in s ta lle d b y
e ith e r d riv in g th e m in to th e g r o u n d o r d r illin g a s h a f t a n d fillin g it
w ith c o n c r e t e , m a s s o r re in f o r c e d .
P r e fa b ric a te d p ile s a re d riv e n in to th e g r o u n d u s in g a p ile d riv e r.
D r iv e n p i l e s a r e e i t h e r w o o d , r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e , o r s te e l.
W o o d e n p ile s a re m a d e f ro m tr u n k s o f ta ll tre e s . C o n c r e te p ile s a re
a v a ila b le i n s q u a r e , o c ta g o n a l, a n d r o u n d c r o s s - s e c tio n s . T h e y
a re re in f o r c e d w ith r e b a r a n d a re o f te n p r e s tre s s e d . S te e l p ile s a re
e i t h e r p i p e p ile s o r s o m e s o r t o f b e a m s e c t i o n (lik e a n H - p ile ) .
H isto ric a lly , w o o d p ile s w e re sp lic e d to g e th e r w h e n t h e d e sig n le n g th
w a s t o o la rg e fo r a s in g le p ile ; t o d a y s p lic in g is c o m m o n w ith s te e l
p ile s , th o u g h c o n c r e t e p ile s c a n b e s p lic e d w ith d iff ic u lty .
D riv in g p ile s , a s o p p o s e d t o d r illin g s h a f ts , is a d v a n ta g e o u s
b e c a u s e t h e s o il d is p la c e d b y d r iv in g t h e p i l e s c o m p r e s s e s t h e
s u r r o u n d in g s o il, c a u s in g g r e a te r f r ic tio n a g a in s t t h e s id e s o f t h e
p ile s , th u s in c r e a s in g t h e i r l o a d - b e a r in g c a p a c ity .
F o u n d a t i o n s re ly in g o n d r iv e n p ile s o f t e n h a v e g r o u p s o f p ile s
c o n n e c t e d b y a p ile c a p ( a la rg e c o n c r e t e b lo c k in t o w h i c h th e
h e a d s o f th e p ile s a re e m b e d d e d ) t o d is trib u te lo a d s w h ic h a re la rg e r
t h a n o n e p ile c a n b e a r . P ile c a p s a n d is o la te d p ile s a re ty p ic a lly
230I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o n n e c te d w ith g ra d e b e a m s t o tie th e fo u n d a tio n e le m e n ts to g e th e r;
lig h te r s tru c tu r a l e le m e n ts b e a r o n th e g ra d e b e a m s w h ile h e a v ie r
e le m e n ts b e a r d ire c tly o n th e p ile c a p .
R o ta r y b o rin g t e c h n iq u e s o ffe r la ig e r d i a m e t e r p ile s t h a n a n y
o th e r p ilin g m e th o d a n d p e r m it p ile c o n s tru c tio n th ro u g h p a rtic u la rly
d e n s e o r h a rd s tra ta C o n s tr u c tio n m e th o d s d e p e n d o n th e g e o lo g y
o f th e site, in p a r tic u la r , w h e th e r b o n n g is t o b e u n d e r ta k e n in d ry
g r o u n d c o n d itio n s o r th r o u g h w a te r-lo g g e d b u t s ta b le s t r a ta , i.e.
w e t b o n n g . B o rin g is d o n e u n til th e h a rd r o c k o r s o ft r o c k la y e r is
re a c h e d in t h e c a s e o f e n d b e a n n g p iles.
I f th e b o rin g m a c h in e is n o t e q u ip p e d w ith a ro c k a u g e r , t h e n
s o c k e tin g o f th e h a r d r o c k la y e r is d o n e w ith t h e h e lp o f a h e a v y
c h is e l w h ic h is d r o p p e d fr o m a h e ig h t o f a b o u t 1.5 m e tr e s b y
s u s p e n d in g it fro m a t r i p o d s ta n d a tta c h e d t o a w in c h c ra n e . T h e
s o c k e tin g is c a rrie d o u t u n til t h e d e s ire d d e p th w ith in th e r o c k la y e r
h a s b e e n a tta in e d . T h e d e p th w ith in th e ro c k la y e r is c o n s id e r e d to
b e e q u a l to th e d ia m e te r o f t h e p ile in h a rd r o c k la y e rs a n d is ta k e n
t o b e e q u a l t o 2 .5 tim e s t h e d i a m e te r o f t h e p ile in s o ft ro c k lay ers.
D r y b o r in g m e th o d s e m p lo y t h e u s e o f a te m p o r a r y c a s in g to
s e a l t h e p ile b o re t h ro u g h w a te r-b e a rin g o r u n s ta b le s tra ta o v e rly in g
s u ita b le s ta b le m a t e n a l . U p o n r e a c h in g t h e d e s ig n d e p t h , a
r e in fo rc in g c a g e is i n tr o d u c e d , c o n c r e te is p o u r e d in th e b o r e a n d
b r o u g h t u p t o t h e re q u ir e d le v e l. T h e c a s in g c a n b e w ith d r a w n o r
le ft in situ .
W e t b o r in g a ls o e m p lo y s a te m p o r a r y c a s in g t h r o u g h u n s ta b le
g r o u n d a n d is u s e d w h e n t h e p ile b o r e c a n n o t b e s e a le d a g a in s t
w a te r in g ress. B o n n g is th e n u n d e r ta k e n u s in g a d ig g in g b u c k e t to
d rill t h r o u g h th e u n d e rly in g s o ils t o d e s ig n d e p th . T h e re in f o r c in g
c a g e is lo w e re d in t o t h e b o r e a n d c o n c r e te is p la c e d b y a tr e m i e
p ip e .
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS
231
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKIN G
2 3 . l i s t e n t o th e T e x t “ F o u n d a tio n s o f L o w - R is e B u ild in g s’*.
a ) A n sw e r th e q u e s tio n s th a t follow .
1. W h a t a r e th e c r ite r ia f o r f o u n d a t i o n s ta b ility ?
2 . W h y is it im p o r t a n t t h a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n b o t t o m b e b e lo w th e
m a x im u m w i n t e r f r o s t le v e l?
3 . W h a t is t h e m a x im u m f r o s t d e p th ?
4 . W h a t a r e f o u n d a tio n s o f lo w - r is e b u ild in g s c h a r a c te r iz e d b y ?
5. W h a t m a te r ia ls c a n f o u n d a t i o n w a lls b e b u i l t o f?
6 . W h a t a r e t h e d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n b r ic k s a n d c o n c r e te b lo c k s ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
1 0 A o f th e T e x t . L o o k u p t h e w o r d s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ic tio n a r y .
c ) R e te ll d ie T e x t a b ou t so m e sp e c ific fe a tu r e s o f th e fou n d ation s
o f lo w - r is e b u ild in g s.
d ) T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s a b o u t fo u n d a t io n s b a s e d o n th e
in fo r m a tio n t o b e c o lle c te d .
2 4 . l i s t e n to th e T e x t “ P ip e P ile s ” .
a)
A s y o u lis t e n , fill in th e c h a r t.
The dnving of pipe piles
The construction of pipe piles
The protection o f pipe piles
232
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
The calculation o f the structural
capacity o f pipe piles
The areas in which pipe piles are
used
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
10B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about a steel driven pile foundation.
UNIT 11
BUILDING THE WALLS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1 . R e a d an d m e m o r iz e th e a c t iv e v o c a b u la r y t o t h e t e x t
“ B r ic k la y in g a n d C o n c r e t e B lo c k s ” a n d t r a n s la t e t h e g iv e n
1. la y (la id ) b r ic k s [ 'l e i ] — к л а с т ь к и р п и ч
n — кладка кирпи ча
n — к ам ен щ и к по кладке кирпи ча
b rick w ork [ 'b r r k w 3 :k ] п — к и р п и ч н а я к л а д к а ( с о о р у ­
b rick la y in g [ 'b n k j e i i ) ]
b r ic k la y e r [ 'Ь г ік ,1 е іэ ]
ж ение)
g a u g e d b rick w ork [ g e id jd ] — к л а д к а с у з к и м и ш в а м и
The bricks s h o u ld be laid o n a fu ll b e d o f m o r ta r . W h e n y o u
bricklaying, y o u w ill n o te t h a t y o u r b r ic k s h a v e a n
c o m e to a c tu a l
in d e n t o n o n e f a c e . D u r in g w e e k s 13, 14 a n d 15 th e s te e l e r e c to r s
bricklayers w h o b u ild the brickwork.
T h a t g iv e s th e d e s ir e d illu s io n o f t ig h t j o i n t s in q u a lity gauged
brickwork.
w o r k s im u lta n e o u s ly w ith t h e
2. jo in t ['c fe o in t] — ш о в к и р п и ч н о й к л а д к и , с о е д и н е н и е ,
сты к
m o r ta r jo in t — ш о в с з а п о л н е н и е м с т р о и т е л ь н ы м р а с т ­
вором
p o in t m o r ta r j o in ts — р а с ш и в а т ь ш в ы ( к л а д к и )
234
Английскийя длястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
T h e few er
thejoints t o b e m a d e b e tw e e n m e m b e r s , t h e s p e e d ie r
Mortarjoints h a v e a n e f fe c t o n th e a p p e a r a n c e
T h e tim e to point mortar joints is w h e n t h e m o r t a r is
th e e r e c tio n w ill b e .
o f b r ic k w o r k .
h ard .
3 . c o u r se [ko:s]
n — ряд
(к и р п и ч н о й к л а д к и )
la y a c o u r se — к л а с т ь р я д ( к и р п и ч н о й к л а д к и )
A ll
the courses s h o u ld be (aid tr u ly
4 . p lum b І р і л т ]
B ric k la y e r u s e s
n adjv —
a plumb t o
h o r iz o n ta l.
о тв е с , гр у зи л о ; в е р т и к а л ь н ы й
c h e c k v e r tic a lity . I s th is w a ll plumb ?
5 . c a v ity w a ll ['k a e v a ti] — п у с т о т е л а я ( п о л а я ) с т е н а , с т е н а
с воздуш ной прослойкой
so lid w a ll — с п л о ш н а я с т е н а
Cavity walls a r e m a d e o f tw o la y e rs w ith
Solid walls h a v e n o s u c h a
a sm a ll g a p o r c a v ity
b e tw e e n th e m .
g a p a n d th i s a llo w s
m o r e h e a t t o p a s s th r o u g h th e m th a n th r o u g h
cavity walls.
6.
fit
v — п ри гон ять, присп осабли вать, собирать, м о н ти ­
ровать
fit together —
п р и го н ять части
L a y a r o w o f d ry b r ic k s f irs t to se e t h a t th e y fit i n t h e d e s ig n a te d
s p a c e . B ric k w o rk is u su a lly m a d e o f b r ic k s w h o s e m e a s u r e m e n ts a r e
1 • 2 • 4, so th a t th e y c a n
fit together in
m a n y p o s itio n s .
7. rub v — н а т и р а т ь , п р и т и р а т ь , з а т и р а т ь
rubbers n — с п е ц и а л ь н ы й
легкореж ущ ийся ки рп и ч; сл а­
б о о б о ж ж ен н ы й к и р п и ч и з к р ем н езем и сто й глины
A n a lte r n a te m e th o d is
Rubbers a re
to sim p ly rub th e
m o r t a r o v e r th e su rfa c e .
re la tiv e ly so ft b ric k s t h a t h is to ric a lly h a v e b e e n u s e d to
c r e a te f in e c u t a n d r u b b e d , a n d c a r v e d b r ic k w o r k .
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS
8 . л е п е е г [ ѵ э 'т э ]
n v
— кирпичн ая облицовка
235
стены;
ш п о н , одн о сл о й н ая ф ан ер а; обли ц овы вать; обш ивать
фанерой
veneered brick masonry — о б л и ц о в а н н а я к и р п и ч н а я к л а д к а
veneer is
B e c a u s e th e m a s o n r y
n o n - s t r u c t u r a l , i t m u s t b e t ie d
b a c k t o th e b u ild in g s tru c tu re t o p re v e n t m o v e m e n t u n d e r w in d a n d
e a r th q u a k e lo a d s . B n c k
veneers
a r e p r o d u c e d a s a t h i n n e r b ric k
p r o d u c t w h ic h is u su a lly less t h e n h a lf th e s iz e o f n o rm a l b ric k sizes.
9 . ab so rb [ a b 's o :b ] v — п о г л о щ а т ь , а б с о р б и р о в а т ь , в п и т ы ­
вать
a b so r p tio n [ a b 's o :p J n ]
T h e p o w e r o f a b ric k
ra te o f
n
— поглощ ени е, абсорбц ия
to absorb w a te r
is m e a s u r e d b y t h e in itia l
absorption.
10. p a tte r n [ 'p a e t n j
n
— об р азец , м одель, узор, р и су н о к ,
форма
b rick (w o rk ) p a tte r n — с и с т е м а к и р п и ч н о й к л а д к и
M o s t to w n s to d a y h a v e a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c tio n a l
A brickwork pattern s im p ly
11. stu c c o [ 's U k a u ]
Stucco is
pattern.
r e q u ire s y o u t o la y o u t s tra ig h t c o u rs e s .
n—
наруж ная ш тукатурка
a p p lie d w e t a n d h a r d e n s t o a v e ry d e n s e s o lid .
12. im p art [im 'p c u t] v — п е р е д а в а т ь , д а в а т ь , п р и д а в а т ь
im p a rt s tr e n g th — п р и д а в а т ь п р о ч н о с т ь
M o rta r n o t o n ly a c ts a s a
strength t o
cementing
m a te r ia l b u t a ls o
impart
th e w o rk b y h o ld in g th e in d iv id u a l b ric k s to g e th e r.
13. a p p ea r [ э 'р і э ] v — п о к а з ы в а т ь с я ; п о я в л я т ь с я
a p p e a r a n c e [ s 'p i a r a n s ]
T h e to w n o f th e f u tu r e
is
n—
вн еш ний вид; появление
a lr e a d y
appearing a m o n g u s to d a y .
appearance is changing.
R u s s ia n c itie s a r e g ro w in g a n d t h e i r
236 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
The appearance o f n e w m a te ria ls re s u lte d in g re a t b u ild in g s e re c te d
d u n n g t h e fo llo w in g c e n tu rie s .
14. v o id
n
— пустота, п ора, по л о сть
Voids c a u s e
15. b o n d
a s e rio u s lo ss i n s t r e n g th o f c o n c r e te .
nv—
п ер ев язк а к и р п и ч н о й к л ад к и , свя зь; с о е д и ­
н я ть, связы вать
F lem ish (D u tc h ) bond — ф л а м а н д с к а я п е р е в я з к а
h ea d er b o n d [ 'h e d a ] — т ы ч к о в а я п е р е в я з к а
E n g lish b o n d — а н г л и й с к а я ( ц е п н а я ) п е р е в я з к а
ra t-tr a p b ond — к л а д к а в о д и н к и р п и ч ( к и р п и ч и н а
ребро)
s tr e tc h e r bond [ 's tr e tf a ] — л о ж к о в а я п е р е в я з к а
T h e b ric k s c a n b e a rra n g e d in a v a rie ty o f p a tte r n s g iv in g n s e to
bonds. T h e b ric k s were s tro n g ly bonded t o g e th e r .
Flemish bond re n d e rs th e a p p e a ra n c e o f th e face w o rk m o re a ttra c tiv e
a n d p le a s in g . Header bond p e r m its b e t t e r a l ig n m e n t a n d a s s u c h it
is u s e d fo r w alls c u rv e d o n p la n . I n English bond o n e c o u rs e c o n s is ts
d if f e r e n t ty p e s o f
o f b n c k s w ith t h e i r e n d s to w a r d th e fa c e o f t h e w a ll, a n d t h e n e x t
c o u rs e c o n s is ts o f b n c k s w ith t h e i r le n g th s p a ra lle l to th e fa c e o f th e
w all. I n
the rat-trap bond b n c k s
a re p la c e d o n e d g e in 1:6 c e m e n t
m o rta r.
16. m eta l tie [tai] — м е т а л л и ч е с к и й а н к е р
S tru c tu ra l b o n d in g o f m a s o n ry w alls m a y b e a c c o m p lis h e d b y t h e
u se o f
metal ties e m b e d d e d
17. durable [ d ju a r a b l]
in c o n n e c t i n g jo in ts .
adj —
du rab ility [ ,d j u a r a 'b i l 3 t i ]
долговечн ы й , прочн ы й
n—
долговечность, прочн ость
T h e f u n d a m e n ta l o b je c t i n p r o p o r t i o n i n g th is m a te r ia l is t h e
p r o d u c t i o n o f a durable m a te ria l. T h e m a jo r c h a r a c te r is tic s o f
a lu m in u m in w h ic h th e a r c h ite c t is in te r e s te d a re its durability a n d
lig h t w eig h t.
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE
18. s p lit
adj
v — р аск о л о ты й , р а зр езан н ы й , р азд ел ен н ы й ,
р азъ ем н ы й ; р аск алы вать, разд ел ять
I t is m u c h m o r e d if f ic u lt
th e m to le n g th .
Split b r ic k s
19. p r o p er [ 'p r o p s ]
p r o p e r ly
adv
to split m a s o n r y
u n i t s t h a n it is t o c u t
a n d b lo c k s lo o k b a d .
adj —
п рави льн ы й , соответствую щ и й
— до л ж н ы м о б р азо м , к ак следует, п р а­
ви льно
I n b u ild in g str u c tu r e s s p e c ia l a tte n tio n m u s t b e p a id to th e
u s e o f m a te r ia ls . T h e to w n m u s t w o r k
properly b u t
proper
it s h o u ld a ls o
g iv e p le a s u r e to th o s e w h o lo o k a t it.
2 0 . m o istu r e [ 'm o is tf s ]
T h is s o il n e e d s
n
— влага, вл аж н о сть
moisture.
e v a p o r a te [ i 'v a e p s r e it] v — и с п а р я т ь с я , в ы п а р и в а т ь с я
T h e s m a ll p o o l o f w a t e r
evaporated in
t h e s u n s h in e .
2 . R e a d a n d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir t r a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
p a r t o f sp e e c h .
n, g a r a g e n, g r a n i t e n, id e a l adj,
n, i n d i v i d u a l adj, p o t e n t i a l adj,
d e g r a d a tio n n, p r a c t i c a l adj, c i r c u la te v, p r o g r e s s n v, c o m p le x
adj, a r tis tic adj, b l o c k n, s e le c t v , q u a lify v , u t i l i t a r i a n adj, v is u a l
adj, f in is h v n, e x te n s iv e adj, a lte r n a t e l y adv, p e r p e n d i c u l a r n
adj, b a s e n v, o p p o s e v, p r o te c tiv e adj, in itia l adj.
I n te r v a l
n,
i n d u s t r i a l i z e v,
a b s o rp tio n
tra v e rtin e
3 . M a t c h t h e p a ir s o f a n to n y m s fr o m A a n d В a n d tr a n s la te
th em .
A
1. d i s c o n n e c t i o n
a . s o lid
2 . d is a p p e a r a n c e
b. bo n d
В
238I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
3. in a p p r o p r ia te
c. a p p e a ra n c e
4. h o r iz o n ta l
d . s p lit
5. e x u d e
e . p lu m b
6. m is m a tc h
f. d u r a b le
7. p e n e tr a b le
g. j o i n t
8. fra g ile
h. ab so rb
9. w h o le
i. p r o p e r
10. u n tie
j. fit
4.
M a t c h th e n o u n (s ) o n th e le ft w ith a su ita b le ite m o n th e
r ig h t. U s e e a c h ite m o n c e o n ly .
1. T h e c o u r s e s
a. is a p p lie d w et.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
b . w e re p o in te d .
T h e b u ild in g
S tu c c o
A b r ic k la y e r
H eader bond
R u b b e rs
c . c r e a te c a r v e d b ric k w o r k .
d . w a s e m b e d d e d in c o n n e c t i o n jo in ts .
e. a r e la id h o r iz o n ta lly .
f. is r e q u ir e d to la y s tr a ig h t c o u r s e s .
7. A m e ta l tie
8. M o r t a r jo i n t s
g. h a s a b r ic k v e n e e r .
9. A b r ic k w o r k p a t t e r n
10. A p lu m b
l. is u s e d f o r c u r v e d w a lls,
5.
h . c h e c k s v e r tic a lity .
j . b u ild s w alls.
R e p la c e th e u n d erlin ed w o rd s w ith th e w o rd s b e lo w .
a) bon d
e ) im p a r t
i) m o is tu r e
b ) e v a p o r a te
c ) c a v ity w a ll
f) sp lit
g) ru b
d) veneer
h ) ap p e a ra n c e
j ) f it
1. N o n - l o a d b e a r i n g b r ic k fa c in g w a s a p p lie d t o a w a ll t o g iv e
a p p e a r a n c e o f s o lid - b n c k c o n s tr u c tio n . 2. T h e a r c h i t e c t c h a n g e d
th e lo o k o f th e b u ild in g fro m M e d ite rra n e a n to a m o re ty p ic a l F lo rid a
lo o k . 3. T h e w a te r in th e r e s e r v o ir c a n d r v up in th e h o t s u m m e r .
4.
T e m p o r a r y p a r titio n s d iv id e t h e sp a c e in to th r e e r o o m s . 5. T h e s e
b e a m s a r e s u ita b le w h e r e l o a d s a r e g r e a t o r s p a n s a r e la rg e .
6.
B ric k la y e rs s p r e a d a b e d o f m o r t a r w ith a tr o w e l ( a f la t, b l a d e d
UNIT 11. b u il d in g t h e w a l l s
239
m e ta l t o o l w ith a h a n d le ) , p la c e th e b r ic k o n th e m o r t a r b e d , a n d
t h e n p r e s s a n d t a p t h e b r i c k in to p la c e . 7. A lm o s t a ll h o m e s ,
a p a r t m e n t s , a n d c o m m e r c i a l b u ild in g s c a n e x p e r i e n c e le a k s ,
flo o d in g , o r o t h e r fo r m s o f e x c e s s iv e i n d o o r d a m p n e s s a t s o m e
p o i n t . 8 . T h e in v e n tio n p ro v id e s a d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e b ric k s
t o t h e w a ll s u p p o r tin g s tr u c tu r e s u c h t h a t th e s u p p o r t f o r t h e b ric k s
is n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e n o n - s t r u c t u r a l b a c k in g b o a r d . 9. T h e
s h a p e o f a n a r c h gives it g re a t s tre n g th . 10. T h e a ir s p a c e s h o u ld b e
c o n t i n u o u s t h r o u g h o u t t h e h o llo w w a ll in o r d e r t o o b t a i n th e fu ll
b e n e f it o f t h e s p a c e .
6 . R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g w o rd c o m b in a tio n s w h ich
c o m e fr o m th e te x ts o f th e U n it. M in d th e u s e o f n o u n s a s
a ttr ib u te s in p r e p o sitio n . L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y .
M o r t a r j o i n t s , t h e w e a th e r r e s is ta n c e , c a v ity w a ll i n s u la tio n ,
c i n d e r c o n c r e t e , c o n c r e t e m a s o n r y u n its , a w a te r a b s o r p t i o n r a te ,
in d u s tr ia l sty le b u ild in g s , a s tu c c o s u r f a c e , a b lo c k w a ll, b lo c k
v o id s , s te e l re b a r , w a ll s tr e n g th a n d s ta b ility , s te e l r e in f o r c e m e n t ,
r o a d s o u n d c o n t r o l w a lls, fa c e p a t t e r n s , m a s o n r y c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
fro s t d a m a g e , a m a s o n r y w a ll s u rfa c e , e a r th q u a k e p r o n e re g io n s ,
m a s o n r y p ie r s , s u rfa c e fe a tu r e s , g a r d e n w a ll b o n d , o n e b r ic k
t h i c k n e s s , in s u l a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s , a i r c a v ity , a k i t c h e n g a r d e n ,
m e ta l p r o d u c t s , a m o r t a r la y e r, s ta in le s s s te e l w ire .
7 . U s in g a d ic tio n a r y c o m p le te th e c h a r t w ith th e ap p r o p r ia te
w ord fo r m . I n s o m e c a s e s th e r e m a y b e m o r e th a n o n e a n sw er.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Verb
construct
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
evaporative
fitly
measure
serviceability
expansive
produce
additionally
occupational
vary
2 4 0 [ Английский я зы к для студентов строительны х специальностей
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8 . R e a d an d tr a n s la te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o th e fu n c tio n s o f th e verb to b e
Example
is o n t h e ta b le . — Е г о р у ч к а находится н а с т о л е .
was asked t o c o m e . — Е г о попросили п р и й т и .
Н е was waiting f o r h e r a t 10 o ’c lo c k y e s te r d a y . — О н ждал е е
H is p e n
Не
в ч е р а в 10 ч а с о в .
Не
is to c o m e a t 3 o ’c lo c k . — О н должен п р и й т и в 3 ч а с а .
1. E a c h la y e r o f b r ic k s is c a lle d a c o u r s e . 2. M a s o n r y is t h e
b u ild in g o f s tr u c tu r e s f r o m in d iv id u a l u n its la id in a n d b o u n d
to g e t h e r b y m o r ta r . 3 W h e r e t h e b n c k s a re t o r e m a in fu lly v is ib le ,
t h i s is k n o w n a s f a c e - w o r k . 4 . A p a r tm e n ts r e n ts a re h ig h , s o I a m
lo o k in g a t a d s f o r r o o m m a te s . 5 . T h e t h ic k n e s s o f a w a ll w h ic h is
t o b e c o n s id e r e d in e v a lu a tin g t h e q u a n t i t y o f b r ic k w o r k is c a lle d
n o m i n a l t h ic k n e s s o f a w a ll. 6 . W a t e r is u s e d in m ix in g th e m o r t a r
t o p r o d u c e a p a s te in w h ic h t h e b n c k s c a n b e f ir m ly b e d d e d .
7.
C o n c r e te m a s o n r y u n its a r e u s u a lly m u c h l a ig e r t h a n o r d i n a r y
b r ic k s a n d s o a re m u c h f a s te r t o la y f o r a w a ll o f a g iv e n s iz e . 8.
M o b ile h o m e s a r e b e c o m in g m o r e p o p u l a r , b e c a u s e t h e y a re
c o m f o r ta b le a n d in e x p e n s iv e 9 T h e r e is a p r o b le m w h e n I ty p e .
T h e r e m u s t b e a p r o b le m w ith t h e k e y b o a r d
10. W h e n a w a ll is
b u ilt o f b n c k s , t h e b r ic k s a re s e t in m o r ta r .
9 . R e a d a n d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g sp e c ia l
a tte n tio n t o th e fu n c tio n s o f th e verb to h a v e .
Example
H e has a n e w c a r . — У н е г о есть н о в а я м а ш и н а . ( О н имеет
н о в у ю м а ш и н у .)
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS
241
H e has sent a l e t t e r t o h e r th i s m o r n in g . — С е г о д н я у т р о м о н
послал е й п и с ь м о .
Н е has been waiting f o r h e r fo r tw o h o u r s . — О н ждет е е в
теч ен и и двух часов.
Н е has to g e t u p e a r ly e v e ry d a y . — Е м у приходится ( о н вы­
нужден) в с т а в а т ь р а н о к а ж д ы й д е н ь .
1. W h e n y o u h a v e d e c id e d w h ic h a re a y o u a re in te re s te d m a n d
t h o u g h t re a listic a lly a b o u t w h a t s o rt o f p e rs o n y o u a re , t h e n y o u c a n
d e c id e w h a t s o r t o f e n g i n e e r y o u w a n t t o b e . 2
T h e b lo c k s
s o m e tim e s h a v e g ro o v e s o r o t h e r s u rfa c e f e a tu r e s a d d e d t o e n h a n c e
th is in te rlo c k in g , a n d s o m e d ry se t m a s o n ry s tru c tu re s f o re g o m o rta r
a lto g e th e r. 3. T h e b r ic k la y e r h a s t o b e v e ry sk illfu l t o k e e p t h e
c o u rses ex actly level a n d th e th ic k n e s s o f m o rta r b e tw e e n e a c h c o u rse
o f b ric k s th e s a m e t h r o u g h o u t th e l e n g th a n d d e p t h o f th e w all.
4.
M a t h e m a tic ia n s a n d s c ie n tis ts ( a n d t h e i r u n iv e rs itie s ) h a v e b e e n
e le c tr o n ic a lly e x c h a n g in g i n f o r m a tio n o v e r t h e I n t e r n e t s in c e th e
m id -7 0 s . 5. S o m e s u b u r b s c o n s is t o f h o u s in g e s ta te s , w h ile o th e r s
w e re o rig in a lly villag es th a t h a v e b e c o m e jo in e d to th e to w n a s it h a s
g ro w n . 6. H e h a s b e e n w a itin g fo r a m u n i c i p a l h o u s e fo r th e last
t h r e e y e a rs . 7. W h e n b n c k s a re b u ilt in c u r v e s , a s in a r c h e s o r
c u rv e d w a lls, th e b n c k l a y e r h a s t o s h a p e t h e b r ic k s in o r d e r t o fit
th e m to g e th e r . 8. A c o n c r e t e b lo c k ty p ic a lly h a s a lo w e r w a te r
a b s o r p tio n r a te t h a n a b n c k . 9 . T h e s y s te m h a s b e e n p r o g r a m m e d
n o t o n ly w ith g r a m m a tic a l ru le s , b u t a lso w ith t h e a n a ly s is o f a v a st
q u a n tity o f o ffice c o rre s p o n d e n c e . 1 0 . 1 a m m o v in g t o L o s A n g e le s
in t h e fa ll, b u t I h a v e t o fin d s o m e p la c e t o liv e.
10.
C o m p le te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s , u s in g th e verb s a ) to b e
o r b ) to h a v e in d ifferen t fu n c tio n s. P u t th e verb to c r e a te in to th e
m o s t su ita b le a c tiv e o r p a s s iv e te n s e fo rm .
a)
1. T h e first la b o u r u n i o n _________ in 1905. 2. T h e first
la b o u r u n i o n ______________ n e x t y e a r. 3. T h e firs t la b o u r u n io n
____________ la s t y e a r ( a r r a n g e m e n t s / p l a n s ) . 4. T h e first la b o u r
242 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
u n i o n ______________w h e n th e p l a n t b e g a n d o in g w e ll. 5. T h e y
_____________ t h e first la b o u r u n io n w h e n h e b e c a m e t h e d ir e c to r o f
th e p la n t.
b)
1. T h e first la b o u r u n i o n ____________ th is y e a r. 2. T h e
first la b o u r u n i o n _____________ to p r o te c t th e w o rk e rs ’ rig h ts a t th e
p la n t n o w (n e c e s s ity ). 3. H e ______________th e firs t l a b o u r u n io n
a t th e p l a n t th is y e a r. 4 . H e ______________t h e la b o u r u n i o n t o
p r o te c t t h e w o rk e rs ’ rig h ts a t th e p la n t n o w (n e c e s s ity ). 5. T h e first
l a b o u r u n i o n ___________ a lo t o f m e m b e r s n o w .
1 1 . R e a d an d tra n sla te th e fo llo w in g se n te n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o th e lu n c tio n s o f th e verb s
shall/will.
Example
I (w e ) shall write a l e t t e r t o h im . — Я напишу е м у п и с ь м о .
Shall 1 read th is te x t? — М н е читать э т о т т е к с т ?
T h e first p a y m e n t shallbe m a d e w ith in five d a y s a fte r th e d e liv e ry
o f th e c a rg o . — П е р в ы й п л а т е ж должен б ы т ь (будет) п р о и з в е ­
д е н в т е ч е н и е п я т и д н е й п о с л е д о с т а в к и гр у за.
will see h e r to m o r r o w . — В ы увидите е е з а в т р а .
Will y o u c lo s e th e w in d o w ? — З а к р о й т е , п о ж а л у й с т а , о к н о .
Y ou
1. W ill y o u b e h a p p ie s t w o rk in g in a n o ffic e , in a f a c to r y , o r
o u td o o rs ? 2. W ill y o u s h u t th e d o o r , p le a s e ? 3. W e s h a ll a t t e n d th e
p ro fe s s o r’s le c tu re o n b u ild in g c o n s tru c tio n t o m o rro w . 4. A c c o rd in g
to th e s p e c if ic a tio n t h e s t o n e u s e d s h a ll b e h a r d , s o u n d a n d fre e
f ro m d e fe c ts o f a n y k in d 5. W h a t sh a ll I s a y w h e n t h e p h o n e rin g s
a n d s o m e o n e ask s fo r y o u ? 6. A lm o s t e v e ry th in g w e u s e in m o d e m
life is m a d e b y e n g in e e rs . F o r e x a m p le , i f a m a n u f a c t u r e r w a n ts
a f a s te r c a r , a s m a ll p e r s o n a l s te r e o , o r a b e t t e r p e n , th e y w ill
a s k a d e s ig n e n g in e e r t o f in d a p r a c tic a l s o lu tio n . 7. A c c o rd in g to
th e s p e c if ic a tio n a s fa r a s p o s s ib le t h e s to n e s s e le c te d fo r th e fa c e
w o rk sh a ll b e n e a r ly e q u a l in siz e . 8. I s h a n ’t te ll a n y o n e w h a t
h a p p e n e d . 9. W ill y o u t u r n d o w n th e s o u n d , p le a s e ? 10. S h a ll w e
s ta y in th is c o u n t r y o r g o a b r o a d 1*7
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS
12.
I 243
R e a d and tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
t o t h e f u n c tio n s o f th e v e r b s s h o u ld /w o u ld .
Example
H e should h e lp th e m . — Е м у следует ( О н должен) п о м о ч ь и м .
Would y o u m i n d o p e n i n g t h e w in d o w ? — Б у д ь т е д о б р ы о т ­
кры ть о кно.
Не
would go t o t h e c i n e m a i f h e h a d t i m e . — О н пошел бы в
к и н о , если бы у него бы ло врем я.
Н е s a id h e would return s o o n . — О н с к а з а л , ч т о о н с к о р о
вернется.
S h e would s it f o r h o u r s o n th e riv e r b a n k . — О н а бывало с и д е ­
л а ч асам и н а б ерегу реки.
1. A t t h e tim e o f th e R e n a is s a n c e in t h e 1 5 th a n d 1 6 th c e n tu r ie s
a n e w s o r t o f b u ild in g s p e c ia lis t e m e r g e d . H e w a s u s u a lly a
p h i l o s o p h e r o r a r tis t, r a t h e r t h a n a c r a f t s m a n , w h o w o u ld g e t
to g e t h e r a te a m o f b u ild in g w o rk e rs a n d m a k e a r r a n g e m e n ts t o p a y
t h e m . 2. I f n o n - c o n c r e t e ( c la y - b a s e d ) b n c k is t o b e u s e d , c a r e
s h o u ld b e t a k e n to s e le c t b r ic k s su ita b le f o r th e c lim a te in q u e s tio n .
3.
W h a t g e n e r a l p r i n c i p a l s w o u ld y o u k e e p
i n m i n d w h ile
s u p e r v is in g b r ic k w o r k u n d e r c o n s tr u c tio n ? 4 . H e w o u ld f in is h h is
p r o je c t i f h e w e r e n ’t ill. 5. I n th e 1 9 th c e n tu r y , d if f e r e n t c o n tr a c to r s
w o u ld c a lc u la te w h a t it w o u ld c o s t t o c o m p l e t e a p r o j e c t a n d th e n
t h e lo w e s t e s tim a te w o u ld b e c h o s e n . 6. T h e b r ic k s s h o u l d b e la id
o n a f u ll b e d o f m o r ta r . 7 . H e w o u ld h a v e d o n e t h a t g r e a t d is c o v e ry
e a r lie r i f h e h a d h a d b e t t e r c o n d i t i o n s f o r w o rk . 8 . A ll t h e j o i n t s
s h o u l d b e p r o p e r ly f ille d w ith m o r t a r s o t h a t n o c a v ity is le f t in
b e tw e e n . 9. A d v a n c e s in s c ie n c e m e a n t t h a t b u ild in g d e s ig n e r s
c o u ld c a lc u la te in a d v a n c e h o w a b u ild in g s h o u ld b e c o n s tr u c te d to
e n s u r e t h a t it w o u ld s t a n d u p , in s te a d o f re ly in g o n a s y s te m o f tr ia l
a n d e r r o r , f o r it s o m e tim e s h a p p e n e d t h a t a b u ild in g w o u ld c o lla p s e
w h ile it w a s b e in g b u ilt. 10 W o u ld y o u p le a s e b e q u ie t? I ’m tr y in g
t o c o n c e n tr a te .
2441Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. B e fo r e y o u r e a d T e x t 11A “ B r ic k la y in g an d C o n c r e te
B lo c k s ” , th in k a b o u t th e s ta te m e n ts giv en b e lo w an d s a y i f th e y
a r e tru e o r fa lse .
a) T h e b r ic k s m u s t b e c a r e f u lly b o n d e d in o r d e r t o p r o v id e f o r
t h e m ix in g o f m o r ta r .
b ) B ric k s h a v e lo w e r w a te r a b s o r p tio n th a n c o n c r e te b lo c k s .
c ) C a v ity w alls d o n o t p r e v e n t h e a t f r o m e s c a p in g f r o m th e
b u ild in g .
d ) T h e b r ic k la y e r h a s t o b e sk ilfu l t o k e e p e a c h la y e r o f b r ic k s
h o riz o n ta l.
e) S o f t b r ic k s o r r u b b e r s c a n b e b u ilt w ith t h i n m o r t a r j o i n t s
a f te r s h a p in g th e m .
f)
C o n c r e te b lo c k s a re u s e d f o r th e w alls o f in d u s tria l b u ild in g s.
g ) A s tu c c o s u r f a c e is a s o r t o f d e c o r a tio n .
h) S u r f a c e - b o n d in g c e m e n t d o e s n o t m a k e a w a ll s tr o n g e r .
1 4 . R e a d T e x t 1 1 A a n d fin d o u t th e a n sw e r s t o t h e t r u e /f a ls e
s ta te m e n ts . D is c u s s y o u r a n sw e r s in p a ir s.
• TEXT 11A
B ricklayin g and Concrete Blocks
W h e n a w a ll is b u ilt o f b r ic k s , th e b r ic k s a re s e t in m o r ta r .
M o r t a r c o n s is ts o f a m ix tu r e o f s a n d a n d e i t h e r lim e o r P o r t l a n d
c e m e n t o r , m o r e o f te n , a m ix tu r e o f t h e tw o . E n o u g h w a te r is
u s e d in m ix in g th e m o r t a r to p r o d u c e a p a s te in w h ic h t h e b r ic k s
c a n b e f ir m ly b e d d e d . T h e b r ic k s m u s t b e c a r e f u lly a r r a n g e d , o r
b o n d e d a s it is c a lle d , in th e w a ll in o r d e r t o p r o d u c e a s tr u c tu r e
o f good
s t r e n g th a n d
a p p e a r a n c e , th e p a t t e r n o f th e b r ic k w o r k
d e p e n d in g o n th e b o n d w h ic h is u s e d . T h e p o in tin g o r fin is h in g o f
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS j 2 4 5
m o r t a r jo i n t s is a ls o g iv e n c a r e f u l
a tte n tio n
s in c e
I
it a f f e c t s t h e
a p p e a r a n c e a n d th e w e a th e r re s is t­
a n c e o f th e w all.
E a c h la y e r o f b ric k s is c a lle d a
c o u rs e a n d t h e b ric k la y e r h a s t o b e
v e ry sk illfu l t o k e e p t h e c o u rs e s
e x a c tly le v e l a n d th e t h ic k n e s s o f
m o r ta r b e tw e e n e a c h c o u rs e o f
b ric k s th e s a m e
th ro u g h o u t
th e
le n g th a n d d e p t h o f t h e w a ll. T h e
c o r n e r s o f th e w a lls m u s t b e
A mason laying mortar on
top of a finished course of
blocks, prior to placing the
next course.
a b s o lu te ly u p rig h t.
N o w a d a y s th e o u t e r w a lls o f b u ild in g s o f t e n c o n s is t o f a n o u t e r
a n d i n n e r w a ll w ith a s p a c e o f a b o u t 5 c e n t i m e t r e s b e tw e e n t h e m ,
t h e tw o l a y e rs b e in g h e ld t o g e t h e r a t in te r v a ls b y s m a ll m e t a l t ie s .
T h e s e c a v ity w alls, a s t h e y a re c a lle d , h e lp m o is tu re e v a p o ra te b e tte r
t h a n s o lid w a lls. A la y e r o f in s u la tin g m a te r ia l is o f te n p u t m t h e
s p a c e b e tw e e n th e w alls to p re v e n t h e a t e s c a p in g f ro m t h e b u ild in g .
T h is is k n o w n as c a v ity w a ll in s u la tio n .
W h e n b ric k s a re b u ilt in c u rv e s , as m a r c h e s o r c u r v e d w a lls,
th e b r ic k la y e r h a s t o s h a p e th e b ric k s in o r d e r t o fit th e m to g e th e r.
S o m e tim e s q u ite s o ft b ric k s c a lle d ru b b e rs a re u s e d ; th e s e c a n b e
r u b b e d o n a h a r d s to n e in o r d e r t o s h a p e t h e m so a c c u r a te ly t h a t
th e y c a n b e b u ilt w ith t h i n m o r ta r jo in ts . W o rk o f th is ty p e is k n o w n
as g a u g e d b ric k w o rk a n d d e m a n d s g re a t skill.
B lo c k s o f c i n d e r c o n c r e t e , o r d in a r y c o n c r e t e , o r h o llo w tile
a re g e n e n c a lly k n o w n as c o n c r e te m a s o n r y u n its . T h e y a re u su a lly
m u c h la rg e r t h a n o r d in a r y b ric k s a n d s o a re m u c h fa s te r t o la y fo r
a w a ll o f a g iv e n s iz e . F u r t h e r m o r e , c i n d e r a n d c o n c r e te b lo c k s
ty p ic a lly h a v e m u c h lo w e r w a te r a b s o r p tio n ra te s t h a n b ric k . T h e y
a re o fte n u s e d a s th e s tr u c tu r a l c o re fo r v e n e e re d b ric k m a s o n ry , o r
are u s e d a lo n e fo r th e w alls o f fa c to rie s , g a ra g e s a n d o th e r in d u s tria l
sty le b u ild in g s w h e re s u c h a p p e a r a n c e is a c c e p ta b le o r d e s ira b le .
S u c h b lo c k s o fte n re c e iv e a s tu c c o s u rfa c e f o r d e c o r a tio n . S u rfa c e -
246 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b o n d in g c e m e n t, w h ic h c o n ta in s s y n th e tic fib e rs f o r re in f o r c e m e n t,
is s o m e tim e s u s e d in th is a p p lic a tio n a n d c a n im p a r t e x tra s tr e n g th
t o a w a ll. S u r f a c e - b o n d in g c e m e n t is o f te n p r e - c o l o u r e d a n d c a n
b e sta in e d o r p a in te d th u s r e s u ltin g in a f in is h e d s tu c c o - lik e su rfa c e .
T h e p rim a ry stru c tu ra l a d v a n ta g e o f c o n c r e te b lo c k s m c o m p a ris o n
t o s m a lle r c la y - b a s e d b n c k s is t h a t a c o n c r e t e m a s o n r y u n i t w a ll
c a n b e r e i n f o r c e d b y fillin g th e b lo c k v o id s w ith c o n c r e te w ith o r
w ith o u t s te e l re b a r . G e n e r a lly , c e r t a i n v o id s a re d e s ig n a te d f o r
f illin g a n d r e i n f o r c e m e n t, p a r tic u la r ly a t c o m e r s , w a ll- e n d s , a n d
o p e n in g s w h ile o t h e r v o id s a r e le ft e m p ty . T h is in c r e a s e s w all
str e n g th a n d s ta b ility m o r e e c o n o m ic a lly t h a n fillin g a n d r e in fo rc in g
all v o id s S te e l re in f o r c e m e n t c a n b e e m b e d d e d in h o r iz o n ta l m o r ta r
jo in ts o f c o n c r e te b lo c k w alls. T h e in tr o d u c tio n o f steel re in fo rc e m e n t
g e n e r a lly r e s u lts in a c o n c r e te m a s o n r y u n i t w a ll h a v in g m u c h
g r e a te r la te r a l a n d te n s ile s tr e n g th t h a n u n r e i n f o r c e d w a lls. S o m e
c o n c r e te b lo c k s a re c o lo u r e d , a n d s o m e e m p lo y a s p lit fa c e , a
te c h n iq u e t h a t resu lts in tw o b lo c k s b e in g m a n u f a c tu r e d a s o n e u n it
a n d la te r s p lit in to tw o . T h is gives th e b lo c k s a ro u g h face re p lic a tin g
th e a p p e a r a n c e o f n a tu r a l, q u a r r ie d s t o n e , s u c h a s b r o w n s to n e .
F o r a p p lic a tio n s s u c h a s ro a d w a y s o u n d c o n tr o l w a lls, th e fa c e
p a tte r n s m a y b e c o m p le x a n d e v e n a rtistic .
15. F in d in T e x t 1 1A th e p aragraph sa y in g ab ou t th e ad van tages
o f c o n c r e te b lo c k s o v e r c la y b r ic k s and tr a n s la te it in to R u ssia n .
1 6 . R e a d a lo u d p a ra g ra p h 5 .
1 7 . E x p la in th e fo llo w in g r e f e r e n c e s .
a) it a ffe c ts th e a p p e a r a n c e o f th e w a ll.
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n it r e f e r to ?
b ) This is k n o w n a s c a v ity w a ll in s u la tio n .
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n this r e f e r to ?
c)
in o r d e r t o fit them t o g e th e r .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n them r e f e r t o ?
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS
d)
247
these c a n b e ru b b e d o n a h a r d s to n e
these r e fe r t o ?
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
They a re u su a lly m u c h la r g e r t h a n o r d i n a r y b ric k s
W h a t d o e s t h e p r o n o u n they r e fe r to ?
e)
0
They a re o f te n u s e d a s th e s t r u c tu r a l c o r e f o r v e n e e r e d b r ic k
m aso n ry
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
g)
they re f e r t o ?
This i n c r e a s e s w a ll s tr e n g th a n d s ta b ility m o re e c o n o m ic a lly
th a n fillin g a n d re in f o r c in g a ll v o id s .
W h a t d o e s th e p ro n o u n
this r e f e r to ?
1 8 . F in d in T e x t 1 1 A s o m e k e y w o r d s an d e x p r e s s io n s t o sp e a k
a b ou t b r ic k la y in g . R e te ll th e T e x t in E n g lish .
1 9 . S k im T e x t 1 1 B “ M a s o n r y ” and tr y t o u n d e r sta n d w h a t it
is a b o u t and w h a t in fo r m a tio n is a lr e a d y k n o w n to y o u .
• TEXT 11B
Masonry
M a s o n r y is th e b u ild in g o f s tr u c tu r e s fr o m in d iv id u a l u n i t s la id
in a n d b o u n d t o g e t h e r b y m o r t a r ; t h e t e r m
masonry c a n a ls o re f e r
t o t h e u n i t s t h e m s e lv e s . T h e c o m m o n m a t e r i a l s o f m a s o n r y
c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e b r ic k , s t o n e s u c h as m a rb le ,
g r a n ite , tr a v e r t i n e , l im e s to n e ; c o n c r e te
b lo c k , g la s s b lo c k , a n d tile . M a s o n r y is a
h ig h ly d u ra b le fo rm o f c o n s tr u c tio n . H o w e v e r,
th e m a te r ia ls u s e d , th e q u a lity o f t h e m o r t a r
a n d w o r k m a n s h ip , a n d th e p a t t e r n m w h ic h
th e u n its are a s s e m b le d c a n a ffe c t th e d u ra b ility
o f th e o v e ra ll m a s o n ry c o n s tr u c tio n .
248I
Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
M a s o n r y is c o m m o n ly u s e d f o r th e w alls o f
b u ild in g s , r e ta in in g w a lls a n d m o n u m e n ts .
B ric k a n d c o n c r e te b lo c k are t h e m o s t c o m m o n
ty p e s o f m a s o n ry in u se in in d u s tn a liz e d n a tio n s
a n d m a y b e e ith e r w e ig h t- b e a r in g o r a v e n e e r.
C o n c r e te b lo c k s , e s p e c ia lly th o s e w ith h o llo w
c o r e s , o f f e r v a r io u s p o s s ib ilitie s in m a s o n r y
H eader bon d
c o n s tr u c tio n . T h e y g e n e r a lly
c o m p r e s s iv e s tr e n g th
p r o v id e
g reat
a n d are b e s t s u ite d to
s tr u c tu r e s w ith lig h t tr a n s v e r s e lo a d in g w h e n t h e c o r e s r e m a in
u n fille d . F illin g s o m e o r a ll o f t h e c o r e s w ith c o n c r e te o r c o n c r e te
w ith s te e l re in f o r c e m e n t (ty p ic a lly re b a r) o ffe rs m u c h g r e a te r te n sile
a n d la te r a l s tr e n g th t o s tr u c tu r e s .
T h e u se o f m a te r ia ls s u c h
as b n c k an d
s t o n e c a n in c r e a s e t h e t h e r m a l m a s s o f a
b u ild in g , g iv in g in c r e a s e d c o m f o r t in th e h e a t
o f s u m m e r a n d t h e c o ld o f w in te r , a n d c a n b e
id e a l f o r p a ssiv e s o la r a p p lic a tio n s . B r ic k w ill
n o t r e q u ir e p a in tin g
a n d s o c a n p r o v id e a
s tru c tu re w ith r e d u c e d life -c y c le c o sts, a lth o u g h
se a lin g a p p r o p r i a t e l y w ill r e d u c e p o t e n t i a l
I F lem ish b o n d
s p a llin g d u e t o fr o s t d a m a g e . N o n - d e c o r a tiv e
c o n c r e te b lo c k g e n e ra lly is p a in te d o r stu c c o e d
if e x p o s e d . T h e a p p e a r a n c e , e s p e c ia lly w h e n w e ll c r a f te d , c a n
im p a r t a n im p r e s s io n o f s o lid ity a n d p e r m a n e n c e . M a s o n r y is
h e a t r e s is ta n t a n d th u s p r o v id e s fire p r o te c tio n . M a s o n r y w alls are
m o r e r e s is ta n t t o p r o je c tile s , s u c h as d e b r is f r o m h u m c a n e s o r
to r n a d o e s th a n w a lls o f w o o d o r o t h e r so f te r , less d e n s e m a te r ia ls .
E x tr e m e w e a th e r c a u s e s d e g r a d a tio n o f m a s o n r y w a ll s u r f a c e s
d u e to fro s t d a m a g e . T h is ty p e o f d a m a g e is c o m m o n w ith c e r ta in
ty p e s o f b r ic k , th o u g h ra r e w ith c o n c r e te b lo c k . I f n o n - c o n c r e t e
( c la y - b a s e d ) b n c k is to b e u s e d , c a r e s h o u ld b e ta k e n t o s e le c t
b r ic k s s u ita b le f o r t h e c lim a te m q u e s tio n . M a s o n r y t e n d s t o b e
h e a v y a n d m u st b e b u ilt u p o n a stro n g fo u n d a tio n (u su a lly r e in fo rc e d
c o n c r e te ) to a v o id se ttlin g a n d c ra c k in g . I f e x p a n siv e so ils (s u c h as
UNIT
11. BUILDING THE WALLS
249
a d o b e c la y ) a re p r e s e n t, th is f o u n d a tio n n e e d s to b e q u ite e la b o r a te
a n d t h e s e r v ic e s o f a q u a lif ie d s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r m a y b e r e q u ir e d ,
p a r tic u la r ly in e a r th q u a k e p r o n e re g io n s.
M a s o n r y b o a s ts a n im p re s s iv e c o m p r e s s iv e s tr e n g th (v e r tic a l
lo a d s ) b u t is m u c h lo w e r in te n s ile s tr e n g th ( tw is tin g o r s tr e tc h in g )
u n le s s r e in f o r c e d . T h e te n s ile s tr e n g th o f m a s o n r y w a lls c a n b e
s tr e n g th e n e d b y th ic k e n in g th e w a ll, o r b y b u ild in g m a s o n r y p ie r s
( v e r tic a l c o l u m n s o r rib s) a t in te r v a ls . W h e r e p r a c t i c a l , s te e l
r e in f o r c e m e n ts c a n b e a d d e d .
T h e s tr e n g th o f a m a s o n r y w a ll is n o t e n tir e ly d e p e n d e n t o n th e
b o n d b e tw e e n th e b u ild in g m a te r ia l a n d t h e m o r ta r ; t h e f r ic tio n
b e tw e e n t h e in te r lo c k in g b lo c k s o f m a s o n r y is s tr o n g e n o u g h to
p r o v id e a g r e a t d e a l o f s tr e n g th o n its o w n . T h e b lo c k s s o m e tim e s
h a v e g r o o v e s o r o t h e r s u r f a c e f e a tu r e s a d d e d t o e n h a n c e th is
in te r lo c k in g , a n d s o m e d r y s e t m a s o n r y s t r u c t u r e s f o r e g o m o r t a r
a lto g e th e r.
S o lid m a s o n r y w i t h o u t s te e l r e i n f o r c e m e n t te n d s t o h a v e v e ry
lim ite d a p p lic a tio n s in m o d e m w all c o n s tr u c tio n . W h ile s u c h w a lls
c a n b e q u i t e e c o n o m i c a l a n d s u ita b le in s o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
s u s c e p tib ility t o e a r th q u a k e s a n d c o lla p s e is a m a jo r is s u e . S o lid
u n r e i n f o r c e d m a s o n r y w a lls t e n d to b e lo w a n d t h i c k a s a
consequence.
S o lid b r ic k w o r k is m a d e o f tw o o r m o r e la y e rs o f b r ic k s w ith th e
u n its r u n n in g h o r iz o n ta lly ( c a lle d s t r e t c h e r b r ic k s ) b o u n d t o g e t h e r
w ith b r ic k s r u n n in g tr a n s v e r s e t o th e w a ll ( c a lle d h e a d e r b r ic k s ) .
E a c h ro w o f b r ic k s is k n o w n as a c o u r s e . T h e p a t t e r n o f h e a d e r s
a n d s tr e tc h e r s e m p lo y e d g iv e s n s e t o d if f e r e n t b o n d s s u c h a s th e
c o m m o n b o n d ( w ith e v e ry s ix th c o u r s e c o m p o s e d o f h e a d e r s ) , th e
E n g lis h b o n d , a n d t h e F le m is h b o n d ( w ith a l t e r n a tin g s tr e t c h e r
a n d h e a d e r b r ic k s p r e s e n t o n e v e ry c o u rs e ). T h e r e a re n o s ig n ific a n t
u tilita r ia n d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n m o s t b o n d s , b u t th e a p p e a r a n c e o f
th e f in is h e d w a ll is a f f e c te d . V e r tic a lly s ta g g e r e d b o n d s t e n d t o b e
s o m e w h a t s tr o n g e r a n d le ss p r o n e t o m a jo r c r a c k in g th a n a n o n s ta g g e re d b o n d .
250j_Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
2 0 . Id e n tify th e to p ic o f e a c h p aragrap h o f T e x t 1 1 B .
2 1 . A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s.
a ) W h a t is m a s o n ry ?
b ) W h a t a r e th e c o m m o n m a te r ia ls o f m a s o n r y c o n s tr u c tio n ?
c ) W h a t a re th e m o s t c o m m o n ty p e s o f m a s o n r y ?
d ) W h y d o c o n c r e te b lo c k s o f f e r v a rio u s p o ssib ilitie s in m a s o n r y
c o n s tr u c tio n ?
e) W h a t a r e th e a d v a n ta g e s o f b r ic k s a n d s to n e ?
f ) D o e s m a s o n r y p ro v id e fire p r o te c tio n ?
g) W h a t a r e th e d is a d v a n ta g e s o f m a s o n r y ?
h ) W h a t c a n h e lp t o a v o id th e s e ttlin g o f f o u n d a tio n s ?
i)
H o w c a n th e te n s ile s tr e n g th o f a w a ll b e s t r e n g th e n e d ?
j)
W h a t d o e s t h e s tr e n g th o f a m a s o n r y w a ll d e p e n d o n ?
k ) W h y d o e s s o lid m a s o n r y w ith o u t s te e l r e in f o r c e m e n t h a v e
lim ite d a p p lic a tio n s ?
l)
W h a t a r e s t r e t c h e r a n d h e a d e r b r ic k s ?
2 2 . R e a d T e x t 1 1 C “ B r ic k w o r k ” an d fin d th e a n sw e r s t o th e s e
q u e s tio n s . D is c u s s th e m w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a ) H o w is b r ic k m a s o n r y p r o d u c e d ?
b ) H o w is F le m is h b o n d c r e a te d ?
c ) W h a t is a c o m m o n v a r ia tio n o f F le m is h b o n d ?
d ) W h a t is th e a d v a n ta g e o f r a t - t r a p b o n d ?
e ) W h e r e w a s r a t - t r a p b o n d in c o m m o n u se ?
f) W h a t is a c o m m o n ?
g ) W h a t d o c o m m o n s u su a lly fe a tu re ?
h ) W h a t a r e tie s u s e d fo r?
i)
W h y a re tie s e x p e n siv e ?
UNIT
11.
BUILDING
THE
WALLS
251
• TEXT 11C
B rickw ork
B ric k w o rk m a s o n r y is p r o d u c e d w h e n a b r ic k la y e r u s e s b ric k s
a n d m o r t a r to b u ild u p s t r u c tu r e s s u c h a s w a lls , b r id g e s a n d
c h im n e y s . B ric k w o rk is a lso u s e d t o fin is h o p e n in g s s u c h as d o o r s
o r w in d o w s in b u ild in g s m a d e o f o t h e r m a te ria ls . W h e re th e b n c k s
a re to re m a in fu lly visible, as o p p o s e d to b e in g c o v e re d u p b y p la s te r
o r s tu c c o , th is is k n o w n as fa c e -w o rk .
F le m is h b o n d , also k n o w n as D u tc h b o n d , h a s h isto ric a lly alw ays
b e e n c o n s id e r e d t h e m o s t d e c o ra tiv e b o n d , a n d f o r th is re a s o n w a s
u s e d e x te n s iv e ly fo r d w e llin g s u n til th e a d o p tio n o f th e c a v ity w a ll.
It is c r e a te d b y a lte r n a te ly la y in g h e a d e r s a n d s t r e tc h e r s in a sin g le
c o u rs e . T h e n e x t c o u r s e is la id s o t h a t a h e a d e r lie s in t h e m id d le
o f th e s t r e t c h e r in th e c o u r s e b e lo w . A g a in , th is b o n d is o n e b ric k
th ic k . I t is q u ite d iffic u lt t o la y F le m is h b o n d p r o p e r ly , s in c e fo r
b e s t e ffe c t a ll th e p e r p e n d ic u la r s ( v e rtic a l m o r t a r j o in ts ) n e e d t o b e
v e r tic a lly a lig n e d . I f o n l y o n e fa c e o f a F l e m is h
bond
wall is
e x p o s e d , o n e t h i r d o f t h e b r ic k s a re n o t v is ib le , a n d h e n c e m a y b e
o f lo w v is u a l q u a lity . T h is is a b e t t e r ra tio
t h a n f o r E n g lis h b o n d , t h e m a i n riv a l o f
F le m is h b o n d f o r l o a d - b e a r in g w alls.
A c o m m o n v a r ia tio n fo u n d in e a r ly 1 8 th
c e n t u r y b u ild in g s is g l a z e d - h e a d e d F le m is h
b o n d , in w h ic h t h e e x p o se d h e a d e rs are b u r n e d
u n t i l t h e y v itrify w ith a b la c k g la ssy s u rfa c e .
R a t - t r a p b o n d , a ls o k n o w n a s
C h in e s e
b o n d , is a ty p e o f g a r d e n w a ll b o n d in w h ic h
th e s tr e tc h e r s a n d h e a d e r s a re la id o n t h e i r
s id e s , w ith th e b a s e o f t h e s tr e t c h e r fa c in g
o u tw a rd s . T h is g iv e s a w a ll w ith a n in te r n a l
c a v ity b n d g e d b y t h e h e a d e rs , h e n c e th e n a m e .
T h e m a in a d v a n ta g e o f th is b o n d is e c o n o m y
in u se o f b ric k s , g iv in g a w a ll o f o n e b r ic k
t h ic k n e s s w ith fe w e r b n c k s t h a n a s o lid b o n d .
252 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
R a t- tr a p b o n d w as in c o m m o n u se in E n g la n d f o r b u ild in g h o u s e s
o f fe w e r t h a n th r e e s to re y s u p t o t h e t u r n o f t h e 2 0 th c e n tu r y a n d is
to d a y s till u s e d in I n d ia a s a n e c o n o m ic a l b o n d , a s w e ll f o r th e
in s u la tio n p r o p e r tie s o f f e r e d b y th e a ir c a v ity . A ls o , m a n y b r ic k
w a lls s u r r o u n d in g k itc h e n g a r d e n s w e re d e s ig n e d w ith c a v itie s s o
h o t a ir c o u ld c ir c u la te in th e w in te r , w a r m in g f r u it tr e e s o r o t h e r
p r o d u c e s p r e a d a g a in s t th e w a lls, c a u s in g t h e m t o b l o o m e a r lie r
a n d fo rc in g e a rly fru it p r o d u c tio n .
I n U K b u ild in g y a rd s w h a t m a n y w o u ld re fe r t o a s a h o u s e b r ic k
a common w ith la r g e r b r e e z e b lo c k - lik e m a te r ia ls b e in g
solids M o r t a r is o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o a s mud d u e t o its
a p p e a r a n c e C o m m o n s u s u a lly f e a tu r e a frog, a n in d e n t in o n e
is k n o w n as
c a lle d
s u r f a c e t h a t fa c e s u p d u r in g la y in g . T h is is p a c k e d w ith m u d as
la y in g p r o g r e s s e s a n d h e lp s a d d la te r a l s t r e n g th to th e la y e r, as
o p p o s e d to t h e v e rtic a l s tre n g th fo rm e d b y th e c o m p re ssiv e w e ig h t o f
th e b ric k w o rk o n itself.
Ties are m e ta l p ro d u c ts t h a t a re a p p ro x im a te ly
th e le n g th o f a c o m m o n . T h e y a re u s e d to tie la y e rs o f b r ic k w o r k
in to o n e a n o th e r . T h is is p a r tic u la r ly im p o r t a n t i f a b u ild in g is
c o n s tr u c te d w ith a n in n e r a n d o u t e r w all f e a tu r in g a c a v ity w h e r e
th e tie s w ill b e p la c e d th r o u g h t h e c a v ity b e tw e e n m o r t a r la y e rs in
t h e tw o w a lls. T h is a llo w s t h e tw o w a lls t o f u n c t i o n b e t t e r a s o n e
s tr u c tu r a l u n i t w ith o u t fillin g t h e c a v ity w ith a s o lid m a te r ia l a n d s o
lo w e rin g its in su la tiv e p r o p e r tie s . T ie s a re s im p ly le n g th s o f s ta in le s s
s te e l w ire , a r o u n d tw ic e a s th ic k a s th a t u s e d to f o r m a s te e l c o a t
h a n g e r , a n d h a v e a lo o p a t e i t h e r e n d th a t is b u r ie d in th e m o r t a r
as t h e w a ll p ro g re sse s. D u e t o b e in g sta in le s s a n d r e a s o n a b ly t h ic k ,
th e y a re a lso s o m e w h a t e x p e n s iv e . H o w e v e r , tie s m u s t b e s ta in le s s
to av o id t h e m r o ttin g in th e a lk alin e c o n d itio n s c r e a te d b y th e c e m e n t
in t h e m o r ta r .
UNIT
11. BUILDING THE WALLS
253
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
2 3 . L is te n to th e T e x t “ M a s o n r y W a lls ” .
a ) A n sw er th e q u e stio n s th a t fo llo w .
1. W h y a re m a s o n ry w a lls u s e d in m u ltis to r e y e d b u ild in g s ?
2. W h a t m a te r ia ls a re m a s o n r y w a lls b u ilt o f?
3. W h e re a re c a v ity w alls u s e d ?
4 . W h a t is a h e a t- f lo w ra te o f c a v ity w alls?
5. W h a t ty p e o f fra m in g is u s e d w ith m a s o n r y c o n s tr u c tio n ?
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw ers w ith y o u r g ro u p m a tes an d T a p e sc r ip t
1 1 A o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u do n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R etell th e T e x t about so m e sp ecific fea tu res o f th e foundations
o f lo w -r is e b u ild in g s.
d ) T e ll y o u r g r o u p m a te s a b o u t c a v ity w a lls b a se d o n th e
in fo rm a tio n t o b e c o lle c te d .
2 4 . L is te n t o th e T e x t “V e n e e r M a s o n r y ” .
a)
A s y o u lis te n , m a k e n o te s under th e fo llo w in g h ea d in g s.
1 The structure of a masonry veneer wall
2 The construction of the brick veneer
3 The materials used for a masonry veneer wall
254I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4 The wall insulation
b ) C h e c k y o u r an sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s and T a p e sc r ip t
1 1 B o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u d o n o t k n o w in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t a m a so n r y v e n e e r .
UNIT 12
FINISHING THE INSIDE
SECTION 1
ffi
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. R e a d a n d m e m o r iz e th e a c tiv e v o c a b u la r y t o th e t e x t
“ In te r io r F in ish e s o f C o m m e r c ia l a n d I n d u str ia l B u ild in g s” an d
tr a n sla te th e g iv e n s e n te n c e s .
1 . gy p su m [ 'd j i p s a m ]
n — п ри род н ы й ги п с
gy p su m b oard — с у х а я ш т у к а т у р к а , г и п с о в а я с т е н о в а я
плита
Gypsum is u s e d in a w id e v a rie ty o f a p p lic a tio n s . T h e p a r t i t i o n
gypsum board w a s fix e d o n tim b e r f r a m e w o rk .
w a ll m a d e w ith
2 . r e a d ily [ 'r e d i l i ]
adv — л е г к о , б ы с т р о , б е з т р у д а
T h e o u ts ta n d in g c h a r a c te r is tic o f c o n c r e t e is t h a t it c a n b e
m a n u f a c tu r e d
easdy.
3. m e e t th e n eed s — у д о в л е т в о р я т ь п о т р е б н о с т я м
A n a r e a o f d w e llin g s , h o w e v e r w e ll d e s ig n e d , is n o t b y its e lf
s u f f ic ie n t
to meet the needs o f th e in h a b ita n ts .
4. san d w ich p a n el [ 's a s n w id j.p a e n l] — м н о г о с л о й н а я п а н е л ь
Sandwich panels a r e in c re d ib ly u s e fu l m a te r ia ls to f o r m s tr o n g
lig h tw e ig h t s tru c tu re s u s e d m e v e ry d a y life.
256 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5 e n c lo su r e [ ш 'к і э и з э ]
п — о б олочка, к о рп ус, ограж ден и е
А s ig n ific a n t p o r tio n o f th e fie ld o f b u ild in g s c ie n c e re la te s to th e
d e s ig n a n d o p e r a tio n o f th e b u ild in g
6 . g rou t [ 'g r a u t ]
enclosure.
n — ж идкий строительны й раствор
grou t m ix — ц е м е н т н ы й р а с т в о р
Grout is g e n e r a lly c o m p o s e d o f a m ix tu r e o f w a te r , c e m e n t,
The grout mix s h o u ld h a v e h ig h
s a n d a n d s o m e tim e s f in e g ra v e l.
f lo w a n d s h r in k a g e p r o p e r tie s .
7. su sp e n d [ s a 's p e n d ] v — в е ш а т ь , п о д в е ш и в а т ь
su sp e n d e d c e ilin g — п о д в е с н о й п о т о л о к
T w o la ig e v e r tic a l r o d s a n c h o r e d in th e g ir d e r s w e re u s e d to
suspend th e g ir d e r s e c tio n s f r o m th e o v e r h e a d tru s s . T h e p a r titio n s
a r e fix e d t o the suspended ceilings.
8. tile [ 't a i l ]
n v — кровельная черепица, облицовочная
пли тка, каф ель; кры ть чер еп и ц ей , вы клады вать п л и т­
кам и
c e r a m ic tile [ s s 'r a e m ik ] — к е р а м и ч е с к а я п л и т к а , ч е р е ­
пица
vin yl c o m p o sitio n tile [ 'v a m l] — в и н и л о в а я п л и т к а
tiles a re th e m a in b u ild in g m a te ria ls u s e d in
The ceramic tiles o n th e f lo o r c a n n o t
b e s c r a tc h e d e a s ily b y p e o p le w a lk in g o n th e m . Vinyl composition
tiles h a v e h ig h r e s ilie n c e t o a b r a s io n a n d im p a c t d a m a g e .
C e m e n t, b r ic k s a n d
th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f b u ild in g s .
9.
te r r a z z o [ t e 'r a r t s a u ]
n — б е т о н т и п а “ т е р а ц ц о ” (с з а п о л ­
н и тел ем и з ц в етн о й к ам ен н о й к р о ш к и ), п о л и з б ето н а
“те р а ц ц о ”
W hen
the terrazzo is th o r o u g h ly d ry , h e lp e r s g r in d it w ith а
g n n d e r , w h ic h is s o m e w h a t lik e a f lo o r p o lis h e r , o n ly m u c h h e a v ie r.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE
I 257
10. e p o x y r e sin [l'p o k s i] — э п о к с и д н а я с м о л а
Epoxy resin
is a n e x c e p tio n a l a d h e s iv e f o r w o o d , m e ta l, g la ss,
s t o n e , a n d s o m e p la s tic s .
11. d ryw all [,d r a i'w o :l]
H a n g in g a n d fin is h in g
n—
ги п со к ар то н
drywall r e q u ire s
c e r t a i n skills.
12. fir e r e sista n c e — о г н е с т о й к о с т ь
Fire resistance i n d ic a te s
h o w w e ll a b u ild in g c o m p o n e n t h o ld s
b a c k fire a n d p re v e n ts it fro m p e n e tra tin g fro m o n e r o o m to a n o th e r.
n
13. c o a t [ 'k s u t ]
v — слой , покры ти е; п окры вать, грунто­
вать
fin ish c o a t — о т д е л о ч н ы й с л о й
a p p ly c o a t — н а н о с и т ь с л о й , п о к р ы т и е , г р у н т
sk im c o a t — н а к р ы в о ч н ы й с л о й ( т р е х с л о й н о й ш т у к а ­
турки )
T h is w a ll w ill n e e d tw o coats o f p a in t. Finish coat is th e la st coat
applied o n th e s u rfa c e a f te r th e u n d e r - c o a t is p r o p e r ly d ry . Skim
coat is a n id e a l m a te ria l t o c o v e r a n d le v e l d e fe c ts in c o n c r e te .
14. n a il [ 'n e i l ]
n
v — гвоздь; заб и в а ть гвозди
s c r e w [s k ru :]
Н е h a m m e re d
nailed u p
n
v — ви н т, б олт, ш уруп; п р и в и н ч и вать
a nail in to
th e w a ll a n d h u n g a p ic tu r e o n it. W e
t h e w in d o w s o f t h e o ld h o u s e . I n e e d f o u r s tr o n g
f o r fix in g t h e c u p b o a r d t o t h e w a ll. H e
screwed t h e
screws
h a n d le to th e
d o o r.
15. s e c u r e [ s i 'k ju a ] v — у к р е п л я т ь , з а к р е п л я т ь , з а ф и к с и р о ­
вать
A tta c h th e b e a m w ith w o o d s c re w s t h a t a re th e p r o p e r l e n g th
p ro p e r ly
9 Зак 312
secure th e
beam .
to
258I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
16. lim e [ 'la im ]
п—
известь
lim e p u tty ['p A ti] — и з в е с т к о в о е т е с т о
Lime h a s b e e n
u s e d in b u ild in g te c h n iq u e s f o r o v e r 5 ,0 0 0 y ears.
T h e p r o c e s s f o r c r e a tin g lime putty in v o lv e s th e c o m b i n a t i o n o f
lim e c h a lk w ith w a te r to p r o d u c e a v a rie ty o f d if f e r e n t p r o d u c ts .
17. lath
[1q:0] n — ш т у к а т у р н а я
с е тк а (р еш етк а)
la th n a il — ш т у к а т у р н ы й г в о з д ь
T he new
laths w ill
t h e n b e p a in te d to m a tc h th e e x is tin g fin ish .
Lath nails
a re s ta n d a r d lo o k in g , w ith a lo n g s m o o t h s h a f t a n d a
fla t h e a d , a n d c a n b e u s e d f o r a n u m b e r o f p u r p o s e s .
18. tra n sp a r e n t [ tr a e n s 'p a e r a n t] adj — п р о з р а ч н ы й
tr a n slu c e n t [ tr a e n s 'lu :s n t] adj — п о л у п р о з р а ч н ы й
G la s s is transparent b u t w o o d is o p a q u e . S o m e re c o m m e n d a tio n s
w e re d e v e lo p e d f o r d e s ig n in g s h e e t gla ss in translucent s tr u c tu r e s in
in d u s tr ia l a n d s o c ia l b u ild in g s .
19. d o o r fra m e — д в е р н а я к о р о б к а , р а м а
If
the doorframebreaks,
th e r e is lim ite d o p p o r tu n ity f o r r e p a ir.
2 0 . ta p e r (in g ) [ Ч е ір э ( г ц ) ) ]
adj —
кон у со о б р азн ы й , суж и ва­
ю щ ийся к концу
E a c h r e in fo rc e d c o n c r e te w all c o lu m n is m a d e u p o f f o u r
c o lu m n s w ith f lo o r s la b s s p a n n in g b e tw e e n th e m .
2.
tapering
R e a d an d tr a n s la te t h e fo llo w in g in te r n a tio n a l w o r d s. L o o k
up th e ir tr a n sc r ip tio n s in th e d ic tio n a r y i f n e c e s s a r y . M in d th e
part o f sp eech .
P e r f o r a t e v, s y n t h e t i c adj, i n s t i t u t i o n a l adj, v i n y l adj,
c o m p o s itio n n, a d h e s iv e n adj, p r e v a le n t adj, s u b s tr a te n, a m a t e u r
n adj, o r n a m e n t a t i o n n, i d e n tic a l adj, a c r y lic adj, l a m in a te v,
o p tio n a l
adj,
c o n tra s t
n,
p r im itiv e
adj,
p e r f e c tio n
n,
in g r e d ie n t
n.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE
3.
259
M a tc h th e w o r d s w ith th e d e fin itio n s b e lo w .
a) g ro u t
b ) n a il
0 e n c lo s u r e
g) la th
c ) d ry w a ll
d ) lim e
e) s c re w
h ) tile
i)
j ) te r r a z z o
gypsum
1. a lo n g fla t n a rro w p ie c e o f w o o d /m e ta l u s e d t o s u p p o rt p la s te r
2. c o n c r e te flo o r fin is h c o n ta in in g c h i p s o f m a rb le
3. a w id e p la s te rb o a rd u s e d to c o v e r w a lls, c e ilin g s o r p a r titio n s
4 . a p ie c e o f b a k e d c la y u s e d f o r c o v e rin g ro o fs , w a lls, flo o rs
e tc
5 . a t h i n m o r t a r u s e d t o fill c r a c k s in m a s o n r y
6. a s o ft w h ite c h a lk lik e s u b s ta n c e f ro m w h ic h p la s te r is m a d e
7 . e x t e r i o r a s s e m b ly e n c lo s in g th e i n t e r i o r s p a c e o f a b u ild in g
8 . a t h i n p o i n t e d p ie c e o f m e ta l f o r h a m m e r in g in to w o o d
9. a ty p e o f n a il t h a t is d riv e n in to s o m e th in g b y a tw is tin g
a c tio n
10.
4.
a w h ite s u b s ta n c e o b t a i n e d b y b u r n i n g lim e s to n e
M a t c h th e E n g lish w ord c o m b in a tio n s w ith th e R u ssia n
e q u iv a le n ts.
1. g ro u t m ix
a. с у х а я ш т у к а т у р к а
2. t r a n s p a r e n t
b. по д весн о й п о то л о к
3. e p o x y re s in
c. о гн есто й к о сть
4 . fin is h c o a t
d. ц е м е н т н ы й р а с т в о р
5. tr a n s lu c e n t
e. и з в е с т к о в о е те с т о
6. g y p s u m b o a r d
f. м н о г о с л о й н а я п а н е л ь
7. m e e t t h e n e e d s
g. к е р а м и ч е с к а я п л и т к а
8 . s u s p e n d e d c e ilin g
h. эп о к си д н а я см о л а
9. lim e p u t t y
i. п р о з р а ч н ы й
10. c e r a m ic tile
j. п о л у п р о з р а ч н ы й
11. fire r e s is ta n c e
k. о т д е л о ч н ы й с л о й
l. у д о в л е т в о р я т ь п о т р е б н о с т и
12. s a n d w ic h p a n e l
260 [
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
S.
R e a d an d tra n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s . P a y a tte n tio n
t o th e m e a n in g o f th e w o r d s an d w ord co m b in a tio n s g iv e n b e lo w .
I . a ) re a d y adj — г о т о в ы й
b ) re a d y a t h a n d — н а х о д я щ и й с я п о д р у к о й
c ) re a d in e s s п — г о т о в н о с т ь
d ) in re a d in e s s — н а г о т о в е
e ) r e a d ily
adv — л е г к о , б е з т р у д а
I. T h e e v a lu a tio n o f site re a d in e ss is n e c e ssa ry t o id e n tify a sp e c ts
o f th e s ite t h a t m a y a f f e c t a p r o je c t o u tc o m e . 2. A w e ll- b u ilt
b ir d h o u s e s h o u ld b e d u r a b le , r a i n p r o o f a n d r e a d ily a c c e s s ib le . 3.
T h e e x c a v a to r is r e a d y t o d ig o n t h e c o n s tr u c tio n site . 4. W a te r
a n d s e w e r p i p e s w e re s ta c k e d in r e a d in e ss f o r b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n .
5.
P a lm c o m p u tin g d e v ic e s a r e r e a d y a t h a n d . 6. R e a d y - m ix
c o n c r e te h e lp s t o re d u c e c o n s tr u c tio n - s ite p o llu tio n . 7. B ric k la y e rs
d e s ire a m o r t a r n o t to b e s tic k y , e n a b lin g t h e b r ic k la y e r t o r e a d ily
tr a n s f e r t h e m ix e d m o r ta r f r o m t h e s u rfa c e o f h is tro w e l o n t o th e
m a s o n r y e le m e n ts b e in g laid.
I I . a) f r a m e n — к о н с т р у к ц и я , с о о р у ж е н и е , к а р к а с , р а м а
b ) fra m e o f r o o f — с т р о п и л ь н а я с и с т е м а к р ы ш и
c ) r o o f fra m in g — н е с у щ и е к о н с т р у к ц и и к р ы ш и
d ) fra m e w o r k п — р а м н а я к о н с т р у к ц и я , к а р к а с
e ) w ith in t h e f r a m e w o r k o f — в р а м к а х , в п р е д е л а х ч е г о - л .
1. T h is h o u s e u se s t r u s s e s f o r t h e r o o f fra m in g . T ru s s e s a re p r e ­
fa b r ic a te d , tn a n g u la te d w o o d e n s tr u c tu r e s u s e d to s u p p o r t th e ro o f.
T h e a lte r n a tiv e is to b u ild u p t h e fr a m e o f t h e r o o f w ith 2 x 8 s a n d
2 x 1 0 s. 2. T h e in d ic a te d c i r c u m s ta n c e s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d in
d e s ig n w ith in t h e f r a m e w o r k o f th e g e o te c h n ic a l s y s te m . 3. I f y o u
c h o o s e to b u ild a t i m b e r fr a m e h o m e , y o u r first c h o ic e is w h e t h e r
to c u t th e fr a m e o n o r o f f site . I f y o u c u t y o u r o w n fr a m e o ffs ite ,
d o n ’t fo rg e t t o b u d g e t tim e a n d m o n e y f o r g e t t i n g a ll o f t h e fr a m e
tim b e r s t o t h e b u ild in g s ite . 4 . T h e b lo c k o f o ffic e b u ild in g s w a s
b u ilt o f c o n c r e te o n a s te e l fr a m e w o r k .
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE
6.
J 261
R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g g r o u p s o f se n te n c e s p ayin g
a tte n tio n to th e w o rd s in ita lic s w h ic h c a n fu n c tio n a s a n o u n
an d a v e r b , o r a verb a n d a n a d je c tiv e , o r a n o u n an d a n a d je c tiv e ,
w ith th e sa m e fo r m . T h e y c a n h a v e sim ila r o r d iffe r e n t m e a n in g s.
L o o k up y o u r d ic tio n a r y if n e c e s s a r y .
tile.
tile flo o rin g .
1. a. T h e y g a v e i n s tr u c tio n s fo r in s ta llin g c e r a m ic w a ll
b . H e a d d e d b e a u ty t o h is h o m e w ith n e w
tile a w a ll.
coat o f b a s e p a i n t d rie s , a p p ly a n o t h e r o n e .
b I t is v e ry c o ld , s o w e a r a h e a v y coat.
c. Coatxht s u rfa c e w ith tw o la y e rs o f p a in t.
3
a M a k e th e w in d o w s secure b e fo re le a v in g t h e h o u s e .
b . T h e y c o u ld secure t h e c o n n e c t i n g p la te s to t h e b e a m s .
c. T h is c o m p a n y c a n secure a g o o d c iv il e n g in e e r in g jo b .
4 . a. T h e y c o u ld n o t taper t h e w id th o f a b e a m a t e i t h e r e n d .
b . T h e s tr u c tu r e s h a v e a slig h t in w a r d taper.
c . T h e y a re s tu d y in g th e a x ia l b e h a v io u r o f taper b e a m s .
c . T h e y g a v e s o m e a d v ic e h o w to
2 . a. A f te r t h e firs t
5. a. T h e g row l j o i n t s h a v e b e e n fille d .
b. W ip e tile s w ith a d a m p c lo th to re m o v e e x c e s s growl.
c.
Grout all jo i n t s o t h e r t h a n a r e a s t h a t n e e d t o b e le ft as
e x p a n s io n jo in ts .
7.
U s in g a d ic tio n a r y c o m p le te th e c h a r t w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te
w o rd fo r m . In s o m e c a s e s th e r e m a y b e m o r e th a n o n e a n sw e r .
Verb
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Noun
Adjective
dividable
Adverb
secure
insulation
flexibly
useful
resist
comparative
suspension
directly
binder
262I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
W
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8 . R e a d an d tr a n sla te th e fo llo w in g s e n t e n c e s p a y in g a tte n tio n
to th e m e a n in g an d u se o f th e m o d a l v e r b s an d th e ir eq u iv a le n t
form s.
1. F lo o r in g m u s t s u p p o r t w h a te v e r lo a d s a r e t o b e p l a c e d w ith in
t h e s tr u c tu r e , a n d it m u s t t r a n s m it its lo a d t o t h e s tr u c tu r a l fr a m e .
2.
M a n y n e w f u n c tio n a l b u ild in g s h a d t o b e b u ilt q u ic k ly a n d
c h e a p ly . 3 A g o o d p a in t s h o u ld stic k w ell t o th e su rfa c e a n d s h o u ld
b e a b le to se a l th e p o r o u s s u b s tr a ta . 4. T h e q u a n tity su r v e y o r
e m e r g e d in th e la te 1 9 th c e n tu r y as a p r o f e s s io n a l s p e c ia lis t in
b u ild in g f in a n c e , w h o w a s a b le t o a c c u r a te ly p r e d ic t th e c o s t o f a
p r o je c t. 5. A n e n tir e h o u s e c a n b e d r y w a lle d in o n e o r tw o d a y s b y
tw o e x p e n e n c e d d ry w a lle rs, a n d d ry w a ll is e a sy e n o u g h to u se th a t
i t c a n b e in s ta lle d b y m a n y a m a te u r h o m e c a r p e n te r s . 6 . E a c h
c o a t s h o u ld b e p e r m i t t e d t o d r y t h o r o u g h ly b e f o r e th e n e x t c o a t is
a p p lie d . 7. T h e s e p a r titio n s a re e x p e n s iv e c o m p a r e d w ith g y p s u m
b o a r d a n d m u s t b e m o v e d to j u s tif y t h e g r e a t e r in itia l c o s t.
8.
H u n d r e d s o f n e w a p a r tm e n t h o m e s a r e to b e b u ilt f o r th e
p o p u la tio n . 9. T h e p la s te r e d s u rfa c e s m a y b e f in is h e d in a v a r ie ty
o f fo rm s. 10. M o s t o f t h e e a r ly h o u s e s b u ilt in A m e r ic a w e re s u ite d
to f a r m life , as it w a s n o t u n til c itie s b e c a m e m a n u f a c tu r in g c e n tr e s
t h a t c o l o n i s t s c o u l d s u rv iv e w i t h o u t f a r m i n g a s t h e i r m a jo r
o c c u p a tio n .
9 . D e f in e th e p art o f sp e e c h an d th e fu n c tio n o f th e w o r d s w ith
th e - e d e n d in g in th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s .
1. V e ry e a r ly in t h e h is to r y o f G r e e k a r c h ite c tu r e p l a s te r o f a
fin e w h ite lim e s tu c c o w a s u s e d , s u c h h a s b e e n f o u n d a t M y c e n a e .
2. F o r t h e i r fin e s t w o r k t h e E g y p tia n s u s e d a p l a s te r m a d e f r o m
c a lc in e d g y p s u m ju s t lik e p la t t e r o f P a n s o f t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , a n d
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 1
263
t h e i r m e th o d s o f p la s te r in g o n re e d s r e s e m b le in e v e ry w a y o u r
la th , p la s te r , flo a t a n d s e t w o rk . 3. T h e r e a re tw o m a in m e th o d s
u s e d in c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e in t e n o r w a lls o f m o d e m h o m e s , d ry w a ll
a n d p la s te r. 4 . T h e r e m o v a b le p a n e ls a re s u p p o r te d o n a g r id o f
f o rm e d s h e e t-m e ta l te e b a rs w h ic h a re s u s p e n d e d b y w ire s. 5. S p a c e d iv is io n s y s te m s in th e s e b u ild in g s m a k e u s e o f g y p s u m b o a r d
p a r t i t i o n s , u s u a lly a p p lie d t o a f r a m e w o r k o f f o r m e d s h e e t - m e t a l
m e m b e r s a tta c h e d t o th e b u ild in g s tr u c tu r e . 6 . W h e r e a c c e s s ib ility
is n o t im p o r t a n t a n d a s m o o t h fin is h is d e s ire d , s u s p e n d e d g y p s u m
b o a r d c e ilin g s c a n b e u se d . 7. D ry w a ll c o n s tru c tio n b e c a m e p re v a le n t
a s a s p e e d ie r a lte r n a tiv e to u s in g p la s t e r b a s e d i n t e r i o r fin is h
te c h n iq u e s , w h ic h in v o lv e d fo rc e fu lly s p re a d in g a s u b s tra te o f c o a rse
p la s te r o n t o t h e w all l a th - w o r k b e fo re fin a lly a p p ly in g t h e s m o o th e r
fin is h c o a t , e a c h la y e r a d d e d i n s u c c e s s io n a n d a ll b y h a n d .
8. W h ile m o s t to o ls h a v e r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e d o v e r t h e c e n tu r ie s ,
d e v e lo p m e n ts in m o d e m m a te r ia ls h a v e le d t o s o m e c h a n g e s .
9 . C o n c r e te b lo c k is u s e d i n u n f in is h e d s p a c e s a n d fo r fire -re s is tiv e
p a rtitio n s . 10. T h e p y ra m id s i n E g y p t c o n t a i n p la s te rw o rk e x e c u te d
a t le a s t f o u r th o u s a n d y e a rs a g o .
10.
Id en tify th e - m g fo r m s an d tra n sla te t h e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e s .
1. A f te r r e m o v in g t h e o ld p a i n t , th e c l e a n e d s u rfa c e is g iv e n
tw o o r t h r e e c o a ts o f th e p a i n t , to o b t a i n th e d e s ir e d fin is h .
2 . B e in g p e r m e a b le t o m o is tu r e , e m u l s i o n p a in ts c a n b e a p p lie d
o n w e t s u rfa c e s . 3. S p a c e - d iv is io n s y s te m s in t h e s e b u ild in g s a re
r e a d ily d e m o lis h e d a n d re b u ilt a t r e la tiv e ly lo w c o s t, m e e tin g th e
n e e d f o r fle x ib ility in s u c h b u ild in g s . 4. H a v in g o b t a i n e d th e
n e c e s s a iy re s u lts , w e s to p p e d o u r e x p e r im e n ta l w o rk . 5 . M u d
p la s te r is g e n e ra lly a p p lie d i n t w o c o a ts , th e first c o a t b e in g 13 m m
th ic k w h ile th e th ic k n e s s o f th e s e c o n d c o a t is k e p t 6 m m . 6. D ry w a ll
fa s te n e rs a re g a m in g p o p u la n ty in b o t h re s id e n tia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l
c o n s t r u c t i o n . 7. T h e s u rfa c e o f th e p a t c h e s o f p l a s t e r se rv e s a s
g a u g e s f o r m a in ta in in g e v e n th ic k n e s s o f th e p la s t e r b e i n g a p p lie d .
8. P a i n t i n g e n a b le s t h e m a s o n r y a n d c o n c r e te w o r k to re s is t
264[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
d is in te g r a tio n , th e r e b y e x te n d in g t h e life o f t h e s tr u c tu r e . 9 . A fte r
t h e s h e e ts a re s e c u re d to th e w a ll s tu d s o r c e ilin g jo is ts , th e s e a m s
b e tw e e n d ry w a ll s h e e ts a re c o n c e a le d u s in g j o i n t ta p e , a n d se v e ra l
la y e rs o f p a i n t c o m p o u n d . 10. D e p e n d in g u p o n th e a v a ila b ility o f
th e m a te ria ls , t h e c h o ic e o f p l a s te r fo r a n y p a r tic u la r l o c a tio n is
g o v e rn e d b y w e a th e r c o n d itio n s a n d th e fin is h d e s ire d .
1 1 . R e a d and tr a n s la te th e follow in g s e n te n c e s in w h ic h th e
In fin itiv e is u se d in d iffe r e n t fu n c tio n s.
1. T h e su rfa c e t o b e p la s te r e d is p r e p a r e d in th e s a m e m a n n e r a s
t h a t fo r lim e o r c e m e n t p la s te r. 2. T o e n s u re t h e r e q u ire d t h ic k n e s s
t h e p a tc h e s o f p l a s t e r a re a p p l i e d h o r iz o n ta lly . 3. T h e m o s t
im p o rta n t p u rp o s e o f a d d in g p ig m e n t in a p a in t is t o m a k e a n o p a q u e
c o a tin g t o h id e t h e s u rfa c e t o b e p a in te d . 4 . D u r in g th e p ro c e s s o f
fin ish in g , a s o lu tio n o f lim e p u t t y is a p p lie d o n t h e s u rfa c e t o m a k e
th e su rfa c e s m o o th a n d w o rk a b le . 5. P la ste rin g is r e q u ire d to p ro v id e
a s a tis fa c to ry b a s e f o r d e c o r a tin g th e s u rfa c e b y w h ite - w a s h in g o r
p a in tin g . 6 . I n d ry w a ll a s p e c ia liz e d f o r m o f s h e e t r o c k k n o w n a s
g re e n b o a rd is s c re w e d o n to t h e w a ll-fra m e s o f th e h o m e t o fo rm th e
i n te r io r w a lls. 7. P a in tin g w ith t h e s p ra y g u n is c o n s id e r e d t o b e a
h ig h ly d e v e lo p e d a n d e ffic ie n t m e th o d o f a p p ly in g a ll ty p e s o f
p r o te c tiv e c o a tin g s . 8. P la s te r in g is th e p ro c e s s o f c o v e rin g ro u g h
s u rfa c e s w ith a p la s tic m a te r ia l t o o b ta in a n e v e n , s m o o t h a n d
d u ra b le su rfa c e . 9. T h e s e a m s a re c o v e re d w ith m e s h t a p e a n d t h e n
th e s e a m s a n d t h e s c re w h e a d s a r e c o n c e a le d w ith t h e d ry w a ll
c o m p o u n d t o m a k e th e w a ll s e e m a s o n e u n i f o r m p ie c e . 10. T h is
ty p e o f s h e e t r o c k is d e s ig n e d t o a b s o rb th e m o is tu re o f t h e p la s te r
a n d a llo w it t o c lin g b e t t e r b e fo re it se ts.
1 2 . U s e th e w ord g iv e n an d o th e r w o r d s to c o m p le te th e
s e c o n d s e n te n c e s o th a t it m e a n s th e sa m e a s th e fir st o n e . Y o u
m u st u se b e tw e e n tw o an d fiv e w o r d s, in c lu d in g th e w o r d g iv e n .
1 I t lo o k s a s if t h e y le ft la s t n ig h t.
seem
T h e y ________________________________________la st n ig h t.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE
265
2. P le a s e s in g u s a n o t h e r s o n g , J o h n .
persuade
T h e y t r ie d t o _____________________________________a n o th e r so n g .
3. T h e e x p la n a tio n w as so c o m p lic a te d t h a t I c o u ld n ’t u n d e rs ta n d it.
too
T h e e x p la n a tio n ________________________________ t o u n d e rs ta n d .
4. T h e y say h e ’s liv in g in M o s c o w .
said
H e _____________________________________in M o sc o w .
5. H e ’s t o o y o u n g t o s e e th e film .
enough
H e is n ’t ________________________________________to se e th e film .
6 . 1 d o n ’t s u p p o s e y o u k n o w w h e r e h e liv e s, d o y o u ?
happen
D o _____________________________________w h e re h e lives?
7. W h y d id y o u a llo w th e m t o le a v e e a r ly y e s te rd a y ?
let
Y o u s h o u ld n ’t __________________________________ e a rly y esterd ay .
8. O l d e r p e o p le o f t e n h a v e d if f ic u lty f in d in g a j o b .
difficult
I t ’s o f t e n _____________________________________ f in d a jo b .
9. I f I w e re y o u , K a te , I ’d w e a r a d if f e r e n t p a i r o f s h o e s.
advised
H e ___________________________________ a d iffe re n t p a ir o f sh o es.
10. I ’d r a t h e r y o u c a m e a t six o ’c lo c k .
prefer
I _________________________________________ c o m e a t six o ’clo ck .
здесь должны быть стр. 266 и 267
268
I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Floor finishes in commercial and institutional uses make
considerable use of synthetic-fibre carpeting and vinyl composition
tile. In areas of higher traffic harder surfaces may be used, for
example, cut stone tiles of marble or granite, ceramic tile applied
with epoxy adhesive to the substrate or terrazzo. Terrazzo is made
in two ways, traditional and thin-set. In the traditional form a
four-centimetre layer of cement and sand grout is poured over the
substrate; a grid of metal divider strips to control shrinkage cracks
is set on the hardened surface, and grout mix of coloured cement
and marble chips is poured between the stnps. After hardening,
the surface is machine polished to expose the maible chips and metal
dividers. Thin-set terrazzo is made by placing the metal strips and
pouring the binder and marble chips onto the subfloor without the
underbed of cement and sand. It is generally possible only when
epoxy resins are used in place of cement binders. Terrazzo is available
in many colours, and it forms a hard, smooth, and durable surface
that is easily cleaned.
15. Find in Text 12A the paragraphs saying about different
types of partitions and translate them into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraph 3.
17. Explain the following references.
a) They are readily demolished and rebuilt at low cost
What does the pronoun they refer to?
b) They are often used for fire-resistivUprotective enclosures
What does the pronoun they refer to?
c) Ceiling finishes in these buildings create a sandwich space
What does the demonstrative adjective these refer to?
d) to change the service elements located above it
What does the pronoun it refer to?
.
UNIT 12 FINISHING THE INSIDE
269
e ) it f o r m s a h a r d , s m o o t h , a n d d u r a b le s u r f a c e t h a t is e a sily
c le a n e d .
W h a t d o e s th e p r o n o u n
18.
it r e f e r
to ?
U n d e r lin e o r m ark th e m a in id e a s o f T e x t 1 2 A an d r e te ll it
19.
S k im T e x t 1 2 B “ D r y w a ll” an d try t o u n d e r sta n d w h a t it is
a b o u t a n d w h a t in fo r m a tio n is a lr e a d y k n o w n to y o u .
• TEXT 12B
D ryw all
D r y w a ll is t h e t e r m u s e d f o r a c o m m o n m e th o d o f c o n s tr u c tin g
in t e r i o r w a lls a n d c e ilin g s u s in g p a n e ls m a d e o f g y p s u m p la s te r
p r e s s e d b e tw e e n tw o th i c k s h e e ts o f p a p e r , t h e n k iln d r ie d . M a n y
s u c h p a n e ls a r e m a d e w ith fib e rg la s s in s te a d o f p a p e r t o p r e v e n t
m o ld g r o w th , w h ic h is c o m m o n w ith p a p e r t h a t h a s b e e n e x p o s e d
t o w a te r d u e to p l u m b in g le a k s o r f lo o d s . D r y w a ll c o n s t r u c t i o n is
u s e d g lo b a lly f o r t h e f in is h c o n s t r u c t i o n o f i n t e r i o r w a lls a n d
c e ilin g s . D r y w a ll c o n s t r u c t i o n b e c a m e p r e v a le n t a s a s p e e d ie r
a lte r n a tiv e t o u s in g p la s te r - b a s e d i n te r io r f in is h t e c h n iq u e s , w h ic h
in v o lv e d fo rc e fu lly s p r e a d in g a s u b s tr a te o f c o a r s e p la s te r , k n o w n
a s t h e b a s e m a d e u p o f t h e s c r a tc h c o a t a n d b r o w n c o a t , o n t o t h e
w a ll la th - w o r k b e f o r e f in a lly a p p ly in g th e s m o o t h e r f in is h c o a t,
each
la y e r a d d e d in s u c c e s s io n
and
a ll b y h a n d . D r y w a ll, b y
c o n tr a s t to p la s te r, r e q u ir e s h a n d fin is h in g o n ly a t t h e f a s te n e r s a n d
j o in ts . T h e d ry w a ll p r o c e s s r e q u ir e s le ss l a b o u r a n d d r y in g ti m e ,
l e n d in g its n a m e t o t h e p a n e ls u s e d in t h e a sse m b ly .
A s o p p o s e d t o a w e e k - lo n g p l a s te r a p p lic a tio n , a n e n tir e h o u s e
c a n b e d ry w a lle d in o n e o r tw o d a y s b y tw o e x p e r ie n c e d d ry w a lle rs,
a n d d r y w a ll is e a s y e n o u g h t o u s e t h a t it c a n b e in s ta lle d b y m a n y
a m a t e u r h o m e c a r p e n te r s . I n la r g e - s c a le c o m m e r c ia l c o n s tr u c tio n ,
t h e w o r k o f in sta llin g a n d f in is h in g d ry w a ll is o f te n sp lit b e tw e e n t h e
d ry w a ll m e c h a n ic s , o r h a n g e r s w h o in s ta ll t h e w a llb o a r d a n d t h e
270
I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
t a p e r s a n d m u d m e n , o r f lo a t c r e w w h o
f in is h t h e j o i n t s a n d c o v e r t h e n a ilh e a d s
w ith d ry w a ll c o m p o u n d .
D r y w a ll is c u t to s iz e u s in g a la rg e
T - s q u a r e b y s c o r in g th e p a p e r o n t h e fr o n t
s id e ( u s u a lly w h ite ) w ith a u tility k n ife
b r e a k in g t h e s h e e t a lo n g t h e c u t , s c o r in g
E x am p le o f d ry w a ll
t h e p a p e r b a c k in g , a n d fin a lly b r e a k in g
h u n g v e r tic a lly w ith
th e s h e e t in t h e o p p o s ite d ir e c tio n . S m a ll
jo i n t co m p o u n d
f e a tu r e s s u c h as h o le s f o r o u tle ts a n d lig h t
s w itc h e s a r e u s u a lly c u t u s in g a k e y h o le
sa w o r a s m a ll h i g h - s p e e d b it in a r o ta r y to o l. D r y w a ll is th e n
fix ed to th e w all s tru c tu re w ith n a ils, g lu e o r d ry w a ll screw s. D ry w a ll
fa s te n e rs a re g a in in g p o p u la n ty in b o t h r e s id e n tia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l
c o n s tr u c tio n . D ry w a ll f a s te n e r s a re u s e d f o r s u p p o r tin g i n te r io r
d ry w a ll c o m e r s a n d r e p la c in g t h e n o n - s t r u c t u r a l , w o o d o r m e ta l
b lo c k in g t h a t tr a d itio n a lly w a s u s e d t o in sta ll d ry w a ll. T h e ir f u n c tio n
se rv e s t o sa v e o n m a te r ia l a n d la b o u r e x p e n s e s , t o in c r e a s e e n e r g y
e f f ic ie n c y , a n d to m a k e p lu m b in g in s ta lla tio n s im p le r .
A f te r t h e s h e e ts a r e s e c u r e d t o th e w a ll s tu d s o r c e ilin g jo is ts ,
th e s e a m s b e tw e e n d ry w a ll s h e e ts a re c o n c e a le d u s in g j o i n t t a p e ,
a n d s e v e ra l la y e rs o f t h e c o m p o u n d s o m e tim e s c a lle d m u d . T h is
c o m p o u n d is a ls o a p p l i e d t o a n y s c r e w
h o le s o r d e fe c ts .
A lte r n a tiv e ly , f o r a b e t t e r f in is h th e e n tir e w a ll m a y b e g iv e n a
s k im c o a t, a t h i n la y e r o f f in is h in g c o m p o u n d , t o m in im is e th e
v isu a l d iffe re n c e s b e tw e e n t h e p a p e r a n d m u d d e d a re a s a f te r p a in tin g .
A n o t h e r s im ila r sk im c o a tin g is a lw a y s d o n e in a p r o c e s s c a lle d
v e n e e r p la s te r in g , a lth o u g h it is d o n e slig h tly t h ic k e r . V e n e e r in g
u s e s a slig h tly d iffe re n t s p e c ia lis e d s e ttin g c o m p o u n d (f in is h p la s te r)
t h a t c o n ta in s g y p su m a n d lim e p u tty . T h is a p p lic a tio n u s e s b lu e b o a r d
w h ic h h a s sp e c ia l tr e a te d p a p e r to a c c e le ra te th e se ttin g o f th e g y p su m
p l a s te r c o m p o n e n t. T h is s e ttin g h a s le ss s h r in k a g e t h a n t h e a ir - d r y
c o m p o u n d s u s e d i n d ry w a ll, s o it o n ly r e q u ir e s o n e c o a t. B lu e b o a r d
h a s s q u a r e e d g e s r a th e r t h a n t h e t a p e r e d - e d g e d ry w a ll b o a r d s . T h e
ta p e r e d d ry w a ll b o a r d s a r e u s e d to c o u n te r s in k th e ta p e in ta p e d
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE
271
jo i n t i n g w h e re a s t h e t a p e in v e n e e r p l a s te r in g is b u r i e d b e n e a t h a
level su rfa c e .
20. G iv e a b r ie f o v e r v ie w o f th e str u c tu r e a n d c o n te n ts o f T e x t
12B. R e la te e a c h h e a d in g t o th e c o r r e sp o n d in g p a r a g r a p h .
a ) T h e d ry w a ll in s ta lla tio n .
b ) V e n e e r p la s te rin g .
c ) T h e tr a d e w o rk e rs in s ta llin g d ry w a ll.
d ) D ry w a ll fin is h in g .
e ) T h e a r e a s i n w h ic h d ry w a ll is u s e d .
21. C o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s ch o o sin g th e b e s t v a r ia n t a cc o r d in g
to T e x t 12B.
1) G y p s u m p l a s t e r p a n e ls a r e m a d e w ith
a ) p a p e r.
b ) fib e rg la ss.
c ) c la y .
2 ) T h e d ry w a ll p r o c e s s r e q u ire s
a) m u c h la b o u r.
b ) p la s t e r fin is h in g .
c ) m a n u a l fin is h in g .
3 ) A h o u s e c a n b e d ry w a lle d b y
a ) c a r p e n te r s .
b ) h a n g e rs .
c ) ta p e rs .
4 ) D ry w a ll is c u t t o s iz e u s in g
a ) a h ig h - s p e e d b it.
b ) a k e y h o le saw .
c ) a u tility k n ife .
2 72J
5)
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
F in is h p la s te r c o n ta in s
a) c la y .
b ) lim e .
c ) g y p s u m a n d lim e p u tty .
22.
R e a d T e x t 1 2 C “ P la ste r w o r k ” an d find th e a n sw e r s t o
t h e s e q u e stio n s. D is c u s s th e m w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s.
a) W h a t d o e s p la s te r w o r k re f e r t o ?
b ) W h a t is th e p ro c e s s o f c r e a tin g p la s te r w o r k c a lle d ?
c ) W h y is p la s te r w o r k r e g a r d e d as o n e o f t h e m o s t a n c ie n t o f
b u ild in g te c h n iq u e s ?
d ) W h a t w e re a p la s te r e r ’s to o ls in E g y p t?
e) W h e r e w a s p la s te r o f a fin e w h ite lim e s tu c c o u s e d ?
1) W h a t a re th e c h a n g e s in m o d e m p l a s te r e r s ’ to o ls ?
g) W h a t a re sp e c ific f e a tu r e s o f d ry w a ll a n d p la s te r?
h) W h a t a re t h e d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n v e n e e r p la s te r in g a n d th e
d ry w all m e th o d ?
• TEXT 12C
Plasterw ork
P la s te r w o r k r e fe rs t o c o n s tr u c tio n o r o r n a m e n t a t i o n d o n e w ith
p la s te r , s u c h a s a la y e r o f p la s te r o n a n i n te r io r w a ll o r p la s te r
d e c o r a tiv e m o ld in g s o n c e ilin g s o r w a lls. T h is is a lso s o m e tim e s
c a lle d p a rg e tin g . T h e p ro c e ss o f c re a tin g p la s te rw o rk c a lle d p la ste rin g
h a s b e e n u s e d in b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r c e n tu r ie s .
P la s te r w o r k is o n e o f th e m o s t a n c ie n t o f b u ild in g te c h n iq u e s .
E v id e n c e sh o w s t h a t th e d w e llin g s o f p r im itiv e m a n w e re e r e c te d in
a sim p le f a s h io n w ith s tic k s a n d p la s te r e d w ith m u d . T h e p y r a m id s
in E g y p t c o n t a i n p la s te r w o r k e x e c u te d a t le a s t f o u r t h o u s a n d y e a rs
a g o , p ro b a b ly m u c h e a rlie r, a n d y e t h a r d a n d d u r a b le a t th e p r e s e n t
tim e . F r o m r e c e n t d is c o v e rie s it h a s b e e n a s c e r ta in e d th a t th e to o ls
o f t h e p l a s te r e r o f t h a t tim e w e re p r a c tic a lly id e n tic a l in d e s ig n ,
s h a p e a n d p u r p o s e w ith t h o s e u s e d t o d a y . F o r t h e ir fin e s t w o r k t h e
.
UNIT 12 FINISHING THE INSIDE
E g y p tia n s u s e d a p la s te r m a d e fro m
c a lc in e d g y p s u m j u s t lik e p la s te r
o f P a ris o f th e p r e s e n t ti m e , a n d
th e i r m e th o d s o f p la s te rin g o n re e d s
re s e m b le in e v e r y w a y o u r la th ,
p la s te r , flo a t a n d s e t w o rk . H a ir
w a s in t r o d u c e d t o s t r e n g t h e n th e
m a te r ia l.
V ery ea rly in th e h is to ry o f G re e k
a r c h ite c tu r e p la s t e r o f a f in e w h ite
lim e stu c c o w as u s e d , s u c h h a s b e e n
fo u n d a t M y c e n a e . T h e a rt h ad
A plasterer covering a wall,
using a hawk (in his left
hand) and float (in his
right hand)
r e a c h e d p e r f e c tio n i n G r e e c e m o re
th a n five c e n tu r ie s b e fo re
C h r is t, a n d p la s t e r w a s fre q u e n tly u s e d
t o c o v e r te m p le s e x te rn a lly a n d in te rn a lly , in s o m e c a se s e v e n w h e re
th e b u ild in g w a s o f m a r b le . I t f o r m e d a s p le n d id g r o u n d fo r
d e c o ra tiv e p a in tin g .
T o o ls a n d m a te r ia ls in c lu d e tro w e ls , flo a ts , h a m m e r s , s c re e d s ,
s c r a tc h in g to o ls , u tility k n iv e s , la th s , l a t h n a ils , lim e , s a n d , h a ir,
p l a s t e r o f P a ris , a v a rie ty o f c e m e n ts , a n d v a r io u s i n g r e d ie n ts to
f o r m c o l o u r w a s h e s . W h ile m o s t to o ls h a v e r e m a in e d u n c h a n g e d
o v e r t h e c e n tu r ie s , d e v e lo p m e n ts in m o d e r n m a t e n a l s h a v e le d to
s o m e c h a n g e s . T ro w e ls c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m s te e l a re a v a ila b le in a
p o l y c a r b o n a te m a te r ia l t h a t a llo w s th e a p p lic a tio n o f c e r t a i n n e w
a c r y lic - b a s e d m a te r ia ls w ith o u t s ta in in g th e f in is h . F lo a ts
tra d itio n a lly m a d e o f tim b e r are o fte n fin is h e d w ith a la y e r o f s p o n g e
o r e x p a n d e d p o ly s ty re n e .
T h e re a re tw o m a in m e th o d s u s e d in c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e in te rio r
w alls o f m o d e m h o m e s , d ry w all a n d p la s te r. In d ry w all a sp e c ia liz e d
fo rm o f s h e e t r o c k k n o w n a s g re e n b o a rd (y c le p t b e c a u s e o n th e o u te r
p a p e r c o a tin g is g r e e n is h ) is s c re w e d o n to t h e w a ll- f r a m e s (s tu d s )
o f t h e h o m e to f o r m t h e in t e r i o r w alls. A t th e p la c e w h e re t h e tw o
e d g e s o f w a llb o a rd s m e e t t h e r e is a s e a m . T h e s e s e a m s a re c o v e re d
w ith m e sh ta p e a n d th e n th e s e a m s a n d th e s c re w h e a d s a re c o n c e a le d
w ith th e d ry w a ll c o m p o u n d to m a k e t h e w a ll s e e m as o n e u n ifo rm
274 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
p ie c e . L a te r th is is p a i n t e d o r w a llp a p e r e d o v e r t o h id e t h e w o rk .
T h is p r o - c e s s is c a lle d ta p in g a n d th o s e w h o u s e d ry w a ll a r e k n o w n
a s ta p e rs .
V e n e e r p la s te r in g d iffe rs f r o m th e d ry w a ll m e th o d i n a n u m b e r
o f w a y s. T h e tw o m o s t n o ta b le d if f e r e n c e s a r e t h a t a t h i n p l a s te r
c o a t c o v e rs th e e n tir e w all a n d n o t ju s t th e s e a m s , a n d s e c o n d ly th e
d ry w a ll c o m p o u n d is a th i c k p a s te w h e r e p la s t e r m e t h o d u s e s a
g r e a t d e a l o f w a te r a n d is a p p lie d v e r y w e t. A n o t h e r d if f e r e n c e is
t h a t w alls in te n d e d to b e p la s te re d are h a n g e d w ith b lu e b o a rd ( n a m e d
as s u c h f o r t h e in d u s tr y s t a n d a r d o f th e o u t e r p a p e r b e in g b lu e g re y in c o lo u r ) . T h is ty p e o f s h e e t r o c k is d e s ig n e d t o a b s o r b s o m e
o f th e m o is tu r e o f t h e p l a s t e r a n d a llo w s it t o c lin g b e t t e r b e f o r e it
s ets. P la s te r in g is a lso a o n e - s h o t o n e - c o a t a p p l ic a tio n ; t a p in g
u s u a lly r e q u ir e s s a n d in g a n d t h e n a d d in g a n a d d i t i o n a l c o a t s in c e
th e c o m p o u n d s h r in k s as it d rie s . F r o m a s u p p ly s id e th e c o s t o f
p la s te r a n d d ry w a ll a re a p p r o x im a te ly t h e s a m e , b u t th e la b o u r c o s t
o f p la s te r in g is u s u a lly m u c h g r e a te r.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
L is t e n to th e T e x t “ I n t e r io r F in is h e s o f R e s id e n t ia l
B u ild in g s” .
a)
A n sw e r th e q u e stio n s th a t foD ow .
1. W h a t d o in t e r i o r f in is h e s d e f in e ?
2 . W h a t is th e m o s t w id e ly u s e d w a ll fin is h ?
3 . H o w is w e t g y p s u m p l a s te r c a s t?
4 . W h a t a r e a s is g y p s u m b o a r d u s e d in ?
5 . W h a t a re th e fin is h e s o f d o o r s ?
6 . W h e r e a r e p la s tic l a m in a te s u s e d ?
7 . W h a t fin is h e s a r e u s e d f o r flo o rs?
UNIT 12.
FINISHINGTHEINSIDE 275
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw e r s w ith y o u r g r o u p m a te s an d T a p e sc r ip t
1 2 A o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u d o n o t know in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c ) R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t d ifferen t ty p e s o f in te r io r fin ish es.
d ) T e ll y o u r g ro u p m a tes a b o u t s o m e o th e r ty p e s o f in te r io r
fin ish e s b a s e d o n th e in fo rm a tio n to b e c o lle c te d .
24.
L is te n to th e T e x t “ P la s te r S la b s ” .
a ) W h ich o f th e s e s ta te m e n ts a re tr u e a n d w h ich a re fa lse ?
1. N o w p la s te r slab s a re u s e d in t h e a re a s i n w h ic h w o rk s h o u ld
b e f in is h e d q u ic k ly .
2 . P la s te r sla b s a re fin is h e d w i t h a c o a t f o r c e ilin g s .
3. P la s te r s la b s a re n a ile d t o f i r e p r o o f f lo o rs .
4. S la b s a re g r o o v e d f o r p a r titio n s .
5. I r o n ro d s a re in s ta lle d in s la b s t o r e d u c e t h e w o rk s tre n g th .
6. A k e y e d s u rfa c e o f sla b s r e q u ire s fin is h in g .
7. A f in is h e d s u rfa c e m a y b e p a i n t e d b e fo re m a k in g th e jo in ts .
8. P a r titio n s c a n also b e f o r m e d w ith m e ta l jo in ts .
b ) C h e c k y o u r a n sw ers w ith y o u r g ro u p m a tes and T a p e sc r ip t
1 2 B o f th e T e x t. L o o k up th e w o rd s y o u do n o t know in th e
d ictio n a ry .
c)
R e te ll th e T e x t a b o u t p la s te r s la b s.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
TEXT 1
C IV IL ENGINEERING'S IMAGE — A FIVE-YEAR UPDATE
by Les Ham ill, Liz Hodokinson
F iv e y e a r s ag o th is j o u r n a l r e p o r te d t h a t th e c iv il e n g in e e r in g
p r o f e s s io n w a s r e la tiv e ly in v isib le to y o u n g p e o p le t h a t u n iv e rs itie s
w e re s tru g g lin g t o fill p la c e s a n d t h a t m a n y p r a c titio n e r s w e re
d is s a tis fie d . S in c e th e n t h e r e h a s b e e n a w e lc o m e i m p r o v e m e n t.
T h e s a m e a u th o rs n o w fin d th a t civil e n g in e e rin g is fe a tu re d reg u larly
o n te le v is io n , a p p lic a tio n s t o u n iv e r s itie s a re u p a n d p r a c tis in g
c iv il e n g in e e r s s e e m h a p p ie r . T h is c o in c id e s w ith c iv il e n g in e e r s
e n jo y in g a r e la tiv e ly h ig h w o r k lo a d a n d b e in g o f f e r e d im p r o v e d
s a la r ie s a n d m o r e fle x ib le , f a m ily f r ie n d ly w o r k in g p a t t e r n s .
U n c h a n g e d , h o w e v e r, is th e v e ry lo w p r o p o r tio n o f w o m e n e n te rin g
th e p ro fe s s io n .
I n M a y 2 0 0 3 t h e a u t h o r s p u b l i s h e d a p a p e r in “ C iv il
E n g in e e r in g ” d e s c r ib in g th e “ in v is ib ility ” o f t h e c iv il e n g in e e r in g
p r o f e s s io n , its r e la tiv e ly p o o r im a g e in s c h o o ls a n d h o w th is m ig h t
b e im p r o v e d . T h is p a p e r re v ie w s th e c h a n g e s t h a t h a v e ta k e n p la c e
d u r in g th e last five y ears. In 20 0 3 a n u m b e r o f fa c to rs w e re a d v e rse ly
a f f e c tin g c iv il e n g in e e r in g 's im a g e . T h e s e a r e s u m m a r is e d b rie f ly
b e lo w .
— A p p lic a tio n s to s tu d y c iv il e n g in e e r in g a t u n iv e rsity h a d fa lle n
b y a r o u n d 50 % b e tw e e n 1995 a n d 2 0 0 1 , re s u ltin g in t h e c lo s u r e o f
so m e c o u rse s.
- I n 2 0 0 0 , 6 1 % o f a c c e p te d h o m e a p p lic a n ts to e n g in e e r in g
a n d t e c h n o lo g y d e g r e e c o u r s e s h e ld A /A S - le v e ls a n d 15% o f a
B u s in e s s a n d T e c h n o lo g y E d u c a tio n C o u n c i l ( B T E C ) n a tio n a l
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
d ip lo m a
277
o r g e n e r a l n a tio n a l v o c a tio n a l q u a lif ic a tio n ( G N V Q ) .
U s u a lly А -le v e l e n tr a n ts t o c iv il e n g in e e rin g m u s t h a v e m a th e m a tic s
b u t, in 2 0 0 1 , a 2 9 % fa ilu re ra te in th e “ n e w ” A S -le v e l m a th s
( in t r o d u c e d a s p a r t o f t h e 2 0 0 0 c u r r i c u l u m re f o r m s ) s ig n ific a n tly
r e d u c e d t h e n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s f o r t h e fu ll А -le v e l. C o m p a r e d
t o its B T E C n a tio n a l d i p l o m a p r e d e c e s s o r, t h e a d v a n c e d g e n e r a l
n a t io n a l v o c a tio n a l q u a lific a tio n ( A G N V Q ) c o n t a i n e d in s u ffic ie n t
m a th e m a tic s .
- M a n y y o u n g p e o p le a sso c ia te d e n g in e e rin g w ith c a r m e c h a n ic s
a n d d i r t y , m a n u a l , l o w - s t a t u s w o r k . C iv il e n g i n e e r i n g a n d
c o n s t r u c t i o n w e re a ls o p e r c e iv e d b y m a n y a s a d irty , m a n u a l jo b
t h a t c o u ld p o te n tia lly b e “ b o r in g ” .
-
S u rv e y s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a r o u n d 7 0 % o f s i x th - f o r m s tu d e n ts
c la im e d to
“ k n o w n o th in g ” a b o u t c iv il e n g in e e rin g a n d
c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d 6 2 % w o u ld n o t c o n s i d e r it a s a c a re e r.
- T h e im a g e o f a m a l e - d o m i n a t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s tr y w a s
u n a ttr a c tiv e t o m a n y g irls a n d s o m e b o y s.
- T h e s ta r tin g s a la ry o f g r a d u a te c iv il e n g in e e r s w a s r e la tiv e ly
lo w , w h ic h d is c o u ra g e d p e o p le f ro m jo i n i n g t h e p ro fe s s io n .
-
8 2 % o f p r a c tis in g c iv il e n g in e e rs t h o u g h t t h a t t h e y w e re
u n d e rv a lu e d b y t h e i r e m p lo y e r a n d 6 4 % h a d c o n s id e re d le a v in g th e
in d u s try in th e la st y e a r.
T h e a u t h o r s m a d e a n u m b e r o f s u g g e s tio n s fo r im p r o v in g t h e
im a g e o f c iv il e n g in e e rin g . T h e s e in c l u d e d in c r e a s in g th e s ta r tin g
sala rie s o f g ra d u a te s , e n g a g in g in a p u b lic re la tio n s c a m p a ig n in v o lv ­
in g p o s itiv e n e w s re le a s e s a n d t e l e v is io n p r o g r a m m e s , a n d a
s u s ta in e d c o m m i t m e n t t o p o s itiv e ly p r o m o t i n g t h e p ro fe s s io n in
s c h o o ls t h r o u g h th e u s e o f e x c itin g h a n d s - o n a c tiv itie s a n d w o rk
e x p e rie n c e . W h e n c o n s id e r in g t h e c h a n g e s o f t h e la s t fiv e y e a rs , it
is u s e fu l t o c o n s id e r h o w t h e y fit in to a lo n g e r t im e f ra m e . T h e
b u s in e s s w rite r, C h a r le s H a n d y , c l a im e d t h a t m a n y th in g s a re
c y c lic a l a n d c a n b e r e p r e s e n te d b y th e s ig m o id c u rv e — lik e a s in e
c u rv e o r h o r iz o n ta l S . T h e c u rv e re p r e s e n ts re la tiv e s u c c e s s w ith
tim e , a n d m a y b e u s e d t o c h a r t a n y th in g f r o m th e rise a n d fa ll o f
e m p ire s to a p r o d u c t ’s life c y c le . B o th c iv il e n g in e e r in g 's w o rk lo a d
a n d u n iv e rs itie s ’ r e c r u itm e n t a re c y c lic a l.
278I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециаленчетей
Universities ’ recruitment increases.
O n e g o o d n u m e n c a l in d ic a to r o f th e “ h e a lth ” o f civil e n g in e e rin g
is h o w m a n y s c h o o l s t u d e n ts w sh to e n t e r th e p r o f e s s io n . T h e
n u m b e r o f h o m e civil e n g in e e r in g a p p lic a n ts t o th e U n iv e r s itie s
a n d C o lle g e s A d m is s io n s S e rv ic e ( U C A S ) r e a c h e d th e b o t t o m o f
th e c u rre n t s e c tio n o f th e sig m o id c u rv e i n 200 2 , a n d t h e n e x p e rie n c e d
a m o d e s t in c r e a s e . T h is b e n e f its b o t h t h e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y ,
w h ic h h a s b e e n stru g g lin g to re c r u it e n o u g h g ra d u a te civil e n g in e e rs,
a n d u n iv e rsitie s’ civil e n g in e e n n g d e p a r tm e n ts , w h ic h n e e d su ffic ie n t
s tu d e n ts t o r e m a in e c o n o m ic a lly v iab le.
T h e U n iv e r s ity o f P ly m o u th , w h e r e b o t h a u th o r s w o r k , ru n s
s e p a r a te d e g r e e c o u r s e s t h a t le a d to c h a r te r e d a n d in c o r p o r a te d
e n g in e e r s ta tu s . D e s p ite m o r e U K s tu d e n ts n o w g o in g t o u n iv e rsity
th a n e v e r b e f o r e , th e n u m b e r o f h o m e s tu d e n ts a d m i t t e d t o th e
c h a r te r e d c o u rs e in th e 2 0 0 0 s is lo w e r th a n in t h e 1980s. I n b e tw e e n
t h e r e h a v e b e e n h ig h s (9 6 s tu d e n ts ) a n d lo w s ( 2 5 ). M a n y fa c to r s
in f lu e n c e th e s e n u m b e r s , in c lu d in g t h e im a g e a n d p o p u la r ity o f
civ il e n g in e e n n g c o m p a r e d to its c o m p e tito r p r o fe s s io n s .
I n 1997 a n y th in g a s s o c ia te d w ith c o m p u te r s a n d e le c tr o n ic
e n g i n e e n n g w a s s e e n a s p o s itiv e a n d f u tu n s tic . T h e h ig h p o i n t o f
c o m p u tin g ’s sig m o id c u rv e w a s 2 0 0 1 , w h e n th e r e w e re 2 4 0 5 4 h o m e
a p p lic a n ts t o U C A S f o r c o m p u t e r s c ie n c e ; in 2 0 0 6 t h e r e w e re 10
6 8 4 , a fa ll o f 5 6 % . A p p lic a tio n s f o r e l e c t r o n i c a n d e l e c tr ic a l
e n g in e e r in g h a v e a lso f a lle n sh a r p ly in th e la st fe w ye a rs. T h e i r lo ss
m a y h a v e c o n t n b u t e d to c iv il e n g in e e r in g ’s r e c o v e ry .
A n o t h e r in te r e s tin g lo n g - te r m f lu c tu a tio n is t h e p e r c e n ta g e o f
s tu d e n ts a d m itte d t o th e c o u rs e a t P ly m o u th w ith A -Ie v e ls. A t a r o u n d
6 0 % it is e ffe c tiv e ly th e s a m e in th e m id - 2 0 0 0 s a s i n th e e a r ly 1980s.
A g a in , th e r e h a v e b e e n h ig h s (8 2 % ) a n d lo w s (2 5 % ). A lm o s t a ll o f
t h e s e s t u d e n ts h a v e a p a s s in А - le v e l m a th s , a s u b je c t w h ic h its e lf
h a s e x p e r i e n c e d f l u c t u a t i n g p o p u l a r i t y . F o llo w in g t h e 2 0 0 0
c u r r ic u lu m re f o r m s , th e r e w a s a 2 9 % f a ilu r e in A S - le v e l m a th s in
2 0 0 1 , w h ic h r e s u lte d i n a 19% r e d u c tio n in c a n d id a te s f o r A - le v c l
m a th s a n d f u r th e r m a th s in 2 0 0 2 .
T h e r e s u ltin g a la r m t r ig g e r e d a d ju s tm e n ts t o th e m a th s A -le v e l,
w h ic h f r o m 2 0 0 3 o n w a r d s h a s b e e n m o n ito r e d in d e p e n d e n tly o f
f u r th e r m a th s . S in c e 2 0 0 3 , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f c a n d id a te s a c h ie v in g
th e h ig h e s t g r a d e , A , h a s in c r e a s e d s te a d ily t o 4 4 % i n 2 0 0 7 , w ith
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a f u r t h e r 21 % o b ta in in g g ra d e B . T h is is re la tiv e ly h ig h c o m p a r e d
t o m a n y o t h e r s u b je c ts. T h e r e h a s b e e n s o m e d e b a te as to w h e th e r
o r n o t th is re p re s e n ts a re a l i m p r o v e m e n t in s ta n d a rd . S o m e su g g est
t h a t s c h o o ls a re b e in g v e ry s e le c tiv e a b o u t w h o th e y a llo w t o ta k e
А - le v e l m a th s , o th e r s t h a t g ra d e in fla tio n h a s o c c u rre d .
It is b e n e fic ia l t o c iv il e n g in e e rin g th a t t h e p o ssib ility o f a c h ie v in g
h ig h g ra d e s n o w a p p e a rs to b e e n c o u ra g in g s tu d e n ts to ta k e A -le v e lm a th s a n d f u r th e r m a th s . I n d e e d , 2 0 0 7 saw t h e h ig h e s t n u m b e r o f
c a n d i d a t e s s i n c e 2 0 0 0 . V o c a t i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s h a v e a ls o
e x p e rie n c e d s o m e d iffic u ltie s. I n th e m id - 1980s th e B T E C n a tio n a l
d i p l o m a w a s re v is e d ; in itia lly it c o n t a i n e d in s u ffic ie n t m a th s , b u t
th is w a s re c tifie d s o t h a t i n 1993 it p ro v id e d th e m a jo rity o f e n tr a n ts
to P ly m o u th ’s co u rse . T h e B T E C n a tio n a l d i p l o m a w a s s u p e rs e d e d
b y th e m a t h e m a tic a lly w e a k A G N V Q a n d th e s e s tu d e n t s s t a r te d
a rriv in g a t P ly m o u th in 199 5 . T h e ill- c o n c e iv e d A G N V Q w a s s o o n
r e p la c e d a n d , b y 2 0 0 2 , P ly m o u t h r e c e iv e d s t u d e n ts w ith t h e n e w
B T E C n a t i o n a l d i p l o m a . T h is c a n c o n t a i n t w o m a t h s u n i t s , b u t
f r e q u e n tly o n ly o n e is ta k e n ( o u t o f a t o ta l o f 18) s o m a th e m a tic s
m a y r e p re s e n t o n ly a r o u n d 6 % o f t h e c o u rs e . T h is is m u c h less t h a n
t h e m a x i m u m o f 3 3 % o b t a i n e d f r o m t h r e e А -le v e ls . T h u s n e w
n a tio n a l d ip lo m a s tu d e n ts a re o f te n re la tiv e ly w e a k in m a th e m a tic a l
sk ills. I n t h e 2 0 0 0 s, B T E C n a t i o n a l d i p l o m a s t u d e n ts r e p r e s e n t
a m i n o r ity o f P l y m o u t h ’s e n try .
C iv il e n g i n e e r i n g e d u c a t i o n s u f f e r s f r o m t w o c o n t i n u i n g
p ro b le m s : B rita in ’s a v e rs io n to m a th s a n d th e lo w e r a c a d e m ic s ta tu s
a ffo rd e d to c o n s tru c tio n . I n 2 0 0 7 , p la n s are w ell a d v a n c e d in s c h o o ls
fo r t h e n e w “ w o r k - r e l a t e d ” 14—19 d i p l o m a s . T h e s e a r e th e
e q u iv a le n t o f tw o to th re e А -lev els i n le n g th o f s tu d y a n d w ill p ro v id e
a n o t h e r r o u te in to h ig h e r e d u c a tio n . A v a ila b le f r o m S e p te m b e r
2 0 0 8 , s u b je c ts i n c lu d e e n g in e e r in g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d th e b u ilt
e n v iro n m e n t. T h e U K E n g in e e rin g P ro fe s s o rs ’ C o u n c il c o m p la in e d
t h a t th e n e w e n g in e e rin g d i p l o m a c o n ta in e d o n ly a r o u n d o n e -s ix th
o f A -le v e l m a th s , w h ic h is in s u ffic ie n t. A t th e e le v e n th y e a r, s o m e
a d d itio n a l m a th e m a tic s h a s b e e n a d d e d . T h e c o n s tru c tio n d ip lo m a
c o n t a i n s m u c h less m a th e m a tic s , a n d it is d o u b tf u l t h a t , b y itse lf,
it w ill e n a b le s tu d e n ts to b e su c c e s s fu l o n u n iv e rs ity c h a r te r e d - le v e l
e n g in e e rin g d e g re e co u rse s.
280 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Civil engineering’s improving image.
T h e I n s t i t u t i o n o f C iv il E n g in e e r s is t o b e c o m m e n d e d f o r its
c o n tr ib u tio n s t o th e m e d ia t h r o u g h r e p o r ts s u c h as “ T h e S ta te o f
th e N a t i o n ” a n d f o r its effo rts t o p r o m o te c iv il e n g in e e rin g t h r o u g h
p u b l i c a t i o n s l ik e “ T h e L i t t l e B o o k o f C i v i l i s a t i o n ” . C iv il
e n g in e e r in g h a s a lso b e e n t h e s u b je c t o f a v a r ie ty o f e n te r ta in in g
te le v is io n p r o g r a m m e s , a r e c e n t e x a m p le b e in g N a tio n a l
G e o g r a p h i c ’s “ M e g a s tr u c tu r e s ” s e rie s, w h i c h f e a tu r e d th e d e sig n
a n d c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e B u ij A l-A ra b h o te l a n d T h e W o r ld is la n d s
in D u b a i. S u c h p r o g r a m m e s h e lp o v e r c o m e th e in v is ib ility o f th e
p r o f e s s io n a n d a r e t o b e w e lc o m e d .
A lth o u g h civ il e n g in e e r in g ’s p o p u la r ity , a s g a u g e d b y u n iv e rs ity
a p p lic a tio n s , h a s in c r e a s e d r e c e n tly , e n g in e e r in g a s a w h o le still
h a s im a g e p r o b le m s . D e s p ite a n o v e r a ll 18% in c r e a s e in h o m e
a p p lic a n ts t o U C A S b e tw e e n 199 4 a n d 2 0 0 6 , e n g in e e r in g ’s s h a r e
o f th e to ta l fell fro m a r o u n d 4 .8 % in 1994 to 3 .2 % in 2 0 0 3 a n d 2 .9 %
in 2 0 0 6 .
H o w e v e r , th e U K is n o t a lo n e : A u s tr a lia a n d G e r m a n y a r e a lso
e x p e r ie n c in g a s h o r ta g e o f g ra d u a te e n g in e e r s . I n G e r m a n y , w h e re
e n g in e e r in g is tr a d itio n a lly a r e s p e c te d p r o f e s s io n , th e d e c lin in g
s ta tu s o f e n g in e e r in g is b e in g p a r tia lly a tt r i b u t e d t o th e rise o f th e
e n v i r o n m e n ta l m o v e m e n t in t h e 1 9 7 0 s, w h ic h c a u s e d p e o p le to
q u e s tio n t h e im p a c t o f te c h n o lo g y o n s o c ie ty a n d th e e n v ir o n m e n t.
I n 2 0 0 3 t h e a u th o r s d e s c r ib e d a s im ila r r e a c t i o n in th e U K . C iv il
e n g in e e r in g h a d a f a v o u r a b le im a g e in th e 1 9 8 0 s a n d e a r ly 1 9 9 0 s,
w h e n p r e s tig io u s p r o je c ts lik e th e T h a m e s B a r r ie r a n d C h a n n e l
T u n n e l w e re h e a d lin e n e w s. T h is im a g e w a s ta r n is h e d b y
e n v ir o n m e n ta l p r o te s ts a t T w y fo rd D o w n , N e w b u r y a n d e lse w h e re .
A s c o n c e r n s a b o u t c lim a te c h a n g e in c r e a s e , w ill th e r e b e a n e w
c y c le o f e n v ir o n m e n ta l p r o te s ts ? I n M a r c h 2 0 0 8 n a tio n a l te le v is io n
n e w s g a v e e x te n siv e c o v e ra g e o f p r o te s to r s o p p o s e d to a ir tra v e l a n d
th e e x te n s io n o f H e a th r o w a irp o rt.
O f all o f th e e n g in e e rin g d is c ip lin e s , civ il e n g in e e rin g is arg u a b ly
b e s t p l a c e d t o o v e r tu r n t h e e n v ir o n m e n ta lly u n f r ie n d ly , b o r in g
im a g e . T h e r e a r e m a n y e x c itin g a n d im p o r ta n t p r o je c ts c u r r e n tly in
th e n e w s, in c lu d in g im p r o v e m e n ts t o ra ilw a y s a n d n e w s p o r ts s ta d ia
s u c h a s fa c ilitie s f o r th e L o n d o n 20 1 2 O ly m p ic s . T h e fa te o f flo o d e d
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N e w O rle a n s u n d e rlin e d w h a t m ig h t h a p p e n t o L o n d o n if th e T h a m e s
B a rrie r a n d its a s s o c ia te d f lo o d d e fe n c e s a re n o t u p g r a d e d in th e
n e x t 2 0 y e a rs. M a jo r p r o p o s e d u r b a n d e v e lo p m e n ts s u c h a s th e
T h a m e s G a te w a y a re p o s s ib le o n ly w ith a d e q u a te f lo o d d e fe n c e s .
T h e w id e s p re a d flo o d in g e x p e rie n c e d a c ro ss c e n tr a l E n g la n d d u rin g
t h e s u m m e r o f 2 0 0 7 n o t o n ly h ig h lig h te d th e i m p o r t a n c e o f flo o d
d e fe n c e s , b u t a ls o r e m i n d e d e v e ry o n e t h a t a w a t e r s u p p ly a n d
a d e q u a te sew e ra g e sh o u ld n o t b e ta k e n fo r g ra n te d . I f g lo b a l w a rm in g
m a k e s B r ita in ’s c lim a te m o r e e x tre m e , th e p r o b le m o f c o p in g w ith
flo o d s a n d d ro u g h ts m a y b e c o m e m o re c h a lle n g in g .
O f c o u rs e , im a g e is a ls o in f lu e n c e d b y e a rn in g s p o te n tia l. H e re
t h e r e is m ix e d n e w s fo r c iv il e n g in e e rin g . C iv il e n g in e e rs a re still
re la tiv e ly p o o r ly p a i d c o m p a r e d t o p r o f e s s io n a l e n g in e e r in g a s a
w h o le . A d d itio n a lly , in 2 0 0 3 s u rv e y s a p p e a r e d to in d ic a te t h a t th e
m a jo rity o f civil e n g in e e rs w e re u n h a p p y w ith th e ir c h o s e n p ro fe s s io n
a n d t h a t 6 4 % w o u ld c o n s i d e r le a v in g . I n c o n tr a s t, in 2 0 0 7 th e y
w e re a p p a r e n d y th e h a p p ie s t in t h e i r fie ld , w ith 5 8 % b e in g “ alw a y s
h a p p y ” a n d o n ly 2 1 % s a y in g th e y w o u ld c o n s id e r le a v in g . W o rk in g
o n a w id e v a rie ty o f p r o j e c t s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h i s n e w - f o u n d
h a p p in e s s , w h ic h c o i n c id e s w ith th e in d u s tr y e n jo y in g a r e la tiv e ly
h ig h w o rk lo a d w h ile a s c a r c ity o f c iv il e n g in e e r in g g r a d u a te s h a s
c o n t r i b u t e d to h ig h e r s a la rie s . H o w e v e r, th e i n d u s tr y is c y c lic a l.
T h e n e x t d o w n tu rn m a y r e d u c e s a la rie s a n d b e n e fits a g a in , in c re a s e
p r o b le m s w ith th e r e t e n t i o n o f q u a lifie d e n g in e e r s , a n d m a k e th e
p ro fe s s io n less a ttra c tiv e t o s c h o o l s tu d e n ts .
T h e r e c o n tin u e s to b e m u c h g o o d w o rk b e in g d o n e in s c h o o ls to
p r o m o te e n g in e e r in g c a re e rs , a n d m a n y o f th e s e in v o lv e h a n d s - o n
a c t i v i t i e s d e s ig n e d t o b e in s p i r a t i o n a l . T h e r e is s o m e lo o s e
c o o r d in a tio n o f a c tiv itie s b u t, a s in 2 0 0 3 , th e r e c a n b e a c o n fu s in g ly
la rg e n u m b e r o f c o m p e tin g e v e n ts a v a ila b le t o te a c h e r s . T o s o m e
e x te n t th is is in e v ita b le , a s d iffe re n t p ro fe s s io n s , c a re e rs , a n d t ra d e s
c o m p e te to s e c u re th e b e s t s u p p ly o f in d iv id u a ls . F o r y o u n g p e o p le
in s c h o o ls it c a n b e r a t h e r b e w ild e rin g , e s p e c ia lly s in c e c a r e e r s
g u id a n c e c o n tin u e s to b e m in im a l, w h ic h is p e r h a p s o n e re a s o n
w h y ste re o ty p e s a re so h a r d t o c h a n g e a n d m a n y p u p ils c o n tin u e to
o p t fo r w h a t th e y k n o w o r fe e l is a s a fe o r t r a d itio n a l c h o ic e .
282 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Women т civil engineering.
J u s t a s n u r s in g is f r e q u e n tly c r itic is e d f o r b e in g p r e d o m in a n d y
fe m a le , so e n g in e e r in g is c n tic is e d f o r b e in g p r e d o m in a n tly m a le .
W o m e n n o w re p re se n t a r o u n d 5 6% o f all h o m e u n iv e rsity a p p lic a n ts,
b u t civ il e n g in e e r in g d o e s n o t re fle c t th is . I n 1 994, 11% o f th e
h o m e a p p lic a n ts t o c iv il e n g in e e r in g w e r e w o m e n , 15% in 2 0 0 0
a n d 13% in 2 0 0 6 . H e r e it is m o r e o f a h o r iz o n ta l lin e t h a n a
sig m o id c u rv e .
O n e o b v io u s b a r r ie r to w o m e n e n te rin g e n g in e e rin g is t h e g e n d e r
b ia s in А -level subjects: in 200 7 w o m e n fo rm e d 6 9 % o f th e c a n d id a te s
in E n g lis h b u t o n ly 2 2 % in p h y s ic s a n d 4 0 % in m a th s , th i s la st
sh o w in g a s m a ll b u t s te a d y in c r e a s e r e c e n tly . O th e r r e a s o n s w h y
w o m e n a re n o t a ttr a c te d to e n g in e e r in g , a n d to civ il e n g in e e r in g in
p a r tic u la r , h a v e b e e n d is c u s s e d e lse w h e re .
A r e c e n t su rv e y b y A tk in s su g g e ste d t h a t fe a rs a b o u t u n e q u a l p a y
a n d c a r e e r o p p o r tu n itie s a re still p re v a le n t in c o n s tr u c tio n a n d d e te r
w o m e n fr o m e n te rin g . I n 2 0 0 3 , a r o u n d 3 8 % o f t h e s tu d e n ts e n te r in g
a r c h ite c tu r a l s tu d ie s , b u t o n ly 13% o f th e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p r o f e s s io n
a s a w h o le , w e re w o m e n . T h is d i s c r e p a n c y w a s n o t a t t r i b u t e d t o a
p o o r c a r e e r c h o ic e o r a la c k o f a c a d e m ic o r p r a c tic a l a b ility , b u t
t o th e f a ilu re o f th e p r o f e s s io n t o r e ta in w o m e n .
S o m e o f th e re a s o n s w o m e n le a v e c o u ld a lso a ffe c t m e n . T h e s e
in c lu d e lo w p a y , lo n g a n d in fle x ib le o r n o n - f a m ily - f n e n d ly w o rk in g
h o u r s , m a c h o c u ltu r e , s id e lin in g , u n e q u a l p a y , s e x is m a n d l a c k o f
r e t u r n e r tr a i n i n g a f te r m a t e r n i t y le a v e . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o
c o u n t e r th is in c lu d e e m b e d d in g o f g e n d e r e q u a lity in u n iv e r s itie s ’
c u r r ic u la , in c lu s io n o f e q u a l- o p p o r tu n itie s p r a c tic e in th e
p ro f e s s io n a l b o d ie s ’ c o d e s o f p r a c tic e , m o r e a ffo rd a b le a n d fle x ib le
c o n tin u in g p r o f e s s io n a l d e v e lo p m e n t, m e n to r in g a n d a d v is o r y o r
h e lp lin e s u p p o r t.
M a n y civ il e n g in e e r in g c o m p a n ie s h a v e a d o p te d m o r e fle x ib le ,
f a m ily - f r ie n d ly w o r k in g p a t t e r n s a n d b e n e f its t h a t a re n o d o u b t
a p p re c ia te d b y a ll e m p lo y e e s. N e v e rth e le ss, th e in d u stry is still m a le d o m in a te d a n d re la tiv e ly u n a ttr a c tiv e to w o m e n . It is, o f c o u r s e ,
p e r f e c tly re a s o n a b le if w o m e n d e c id e t h a t t h e y d o n o t w a n t t o b e
e n g in e e rs a fte r h a v in g h a d a c c e ss to g o o d c a re e rs a d v ic e , a n d p e r h a p s
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h a v in g t a k e n p a r t in o n e o f th e m a n y e x p e rie n tia l a c tiv itie s o n o ffe r
fro m u n iv e rsitie s a n d in d u stry . It is d isa p p o in tin g if th e y a re d e te rre d
fro m e n t e r i n g th e p r o f e s s io n t h r o u g h ig n o r a n c e o f w h a t it is re a lly
like o r u n in te n tio n a l d is c rim in a tio n o n c e th e y g e t th e r e H o w e v e r,
e v e ry o n e a g re e s t h a t e n g in e e r in g n e e d s to l e c r u i t t h e b e s t y o u n g
m in d s — a n d h a lf o f th e s e b e lo n g to w o m e n
Conclusion.
C iv il e n g in e e r in g is in b e tte r h e a lth n o w t h a n i n M a y 2 0 0 3 .
T h e p ro fe s s io n is m o r e v isib le t h a n it w a s, th e d e c lin e m u n iv e rs ity
a p p lic a n ts h a s re v e rs e d , g ra d u a te s h o rta g e s c o m b in e d w ith a h ig h
w o rk lo a d m e a n s e m p lo y m e n t a n d sta rtin g s alaries are relativ ely g o o d ,
a n d m o s t e n g in e e rs a re fa iriy h a p p y in t h e i r w o rk .
H o w e v e r , c iv il e n g in e e rin g is a n o to r io u s ly “ b o o m a n d b u s t ”
in d u s try , a n d o n e o f n a r r o w p r o f it m a rg in s . T h e d a n g e r is t h a t th e
n ex t d o w n tu rn in w o rk lo a d w ill re d u c e salaries a g a in a n d re -e s ta b lis h
a m a c h o lo n g - h o u r s c u ltu re a t th e e x p e n s e o f m a n y o f th e fle x ib le ,
f a m ily -frie n d ly w o rk in g p ra c tic e s t h a t h av e b e e n a d o p te d . T h is c a n
o n ly re s u lt in th e p r o f e s s io n r e g a in in g its “ u n h a p p y ” ta g w ith a
re la tiv e ly lo w s ta tu s , a p o o r im a g e a n d r e c r u i t m e n t a n d r e t e n t i o n
p ro b le m s .
T h e c lim a tic e x tre m e s o f th e s u m m e r o f 2 0 0 7 , w h e th e r a b l i p
o f n a t u r e o r a p r e c u r s o r o f g lo b a l w a r m in g , h a v e b r o u g h t to th e
p u b lic ’s a tte n tio n th e p ro b le m s o f flo o d p r o te c tio n , d ra in a g e , w a te r
s u p p lie s , s a n i t a t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s te m s . T h e r e h a v e b e e n
few b e tte r o p p o rtu n itie s fo r th e civil e n g in e e rin g p ro fe s s io n to p re s e n t
its e lf a s t h e k e y p r o v i d e r o f t h e e s s e n tia l s e rv ic e s t h a t h a v e s o l o n g
b e e n ta k e n f o r g r a n te d . C iv il e n g in e e r in g is n o t a b o u t t h e p a s t, it
is a b o u t t h e fu tu r e , a n d c iv il e n g in e e r s c a n m a k e a d iffe re n c e .
T h e t i m e to e n s u re th e f u tu re is w h e n th in g s a re g o in g w e ll a n d
t h e h ig h p o i n t o f th e s ig m o id c u rv e h a s n o t y e t b e e n re a c h e d . B y th e
t im e th e p e a k h a s p a s s e d it is to o la te . T h e p ro fe s s io n s h o u ld a im to
m a i n t a i n in t o th e f u tu r e th e p ro g re s s t h a t h a s a lr e a d y b e e n m a d e ,
c o n t i n u e t o im p ro v e t h e a re a s t h a t a re s till u n s a tis f a c to r y a n d g iv e
s o m e t h o u g h t to n e w in itiativ es th a t m ig h t b e in tro d u c e d t o e n h a n c e
f u r t h e r b o t h t h e im a g e a n d t h e r e a lity o f c iv il e n g in e e rin g .
(New Civil Engineer International, November, 2008)
284I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^ТЕХТ 2
ENGINEERING DESIGN IN THE TIME
OF THOMAS TELFORD
by B ill Addis
T h o m a s T e l f o r d , t h e I n s t i t u t i o n o f C iv il E n g i n e e r s ’ first
p r e s id e n t, w a s b o m 2 5 0 y e a r s a g o th i s y e a r . H is c a r e e r s p a n n e d a
h a lf - c e n tu r y th a t sa w s o m e o f t h e m o s t r e m a r k a b le c h a n g e s in th e
w a y E u r o p e a n e n g in e e rs a p p r o a c h e d th e d e s ig n o f b u ild in g s , b rid g e s
a n d m a c h in e s T h is p a p e r re v ie w s th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n g in e e r in g
d e s ig n , s c ie n c e a n d e d u c a t i o n d u r in g T e lf o r d ’s e r a , r e v e a lin g t h a t
B r ita in w a s t h e n fa r b e h in d F r a n c e , G e r m a n y a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n
c o u n tr ie s . T h r o u g h th e w o r k o f T e lf o r d a n d o t h e r s , B r i t a i n ’s
e n g in e e r s e m b r a c e d t h e p r a c t i c a l e x p e r im e n ta l a p p r o a c h t h a t
scien tists th r o u g h o u t E u ro p e h a d d e v e lo p e d i n th e e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry
to g e n e r a te n e w e n g in e e r in g k n o w le d g e a n d u n d e r s ta n d in g . B y t h e
e a r ly n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y B r i t a i n w a s e m e r g in g a s a l e a d in g
e n g i n e e n n g n a tio n .
T h e e ra s p a n n e d b y T h o m a s T e lfo rd ’s life ( 1 7 5 7 —18 54) is u su a lly
c h a r a c te r is e d as b e in g t h e p e r io d w h e n w ro u g h t a n d c a s t ir o n b e g a n
re p la c in g th e t r a d itio n a l m a te r ia ls o f s to n e , b r ic k s a n d t i m b e r f o r
th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f b u ild in g s , b rid g e s a n d m a c h in e s . H o w e v e r ,
th e s e w e re n o t t h e o n ly c h a n g e s t o t h e w o r ld o f e n g in e e rin g .
T h e s a m e h a lf c e n tu ry saw m a n y o th e r d e v e lo p m e n ts t h a t affe c te d
h o w e n g i n e e r s u n d e r t o o k d e s ig n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e s e
d e v e lo p m e n ts w e re ta k in g p la c e all o v e r c o n tin e n ta l E u r o p e — fro m
S c a n d in a v ia to R u ssia , I ta ly a n d S p a in — a n d n e w s o f th e m u su a lly
tr a v e lle d fa s t, e i th e r th r o u g h o p e n v isits b y le a d in g e n g in e e r s , v ia
n o n - t e c h m c a l tr a v e lle r s , o r b y m e a n s o f m ilita r y a n d in d u s tr ia l
e sp io n a g e
T e lf o r d w a s a g r e g a r io u s m a n — i n d e e d , p r o m o tin g c o n t a c t
b e tw e e n e n g in e e r s w a s o n e o f h is re a s o n s f o r b e c o m in g p r e s id e n t o f
t h e n e w ly f o r m e d I n s titu tio n o f C iv il E n g in e e r s in 1820 — a n d it is
m o r e t h a n lik e ly t h a t h e w a s a w a re o f e v e r y th in g m e n tio n e d i n t h e
f o llo w in g re v ie w o f th e w o r ld o f e n g in e e r in g d e s ig n d u r in g h is
life tim e .
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
285
Building with new materials.
Concrete.
T e lf o r d ’s life c o v e r s t h e h a l f - c e n t u r y w h e n t h e u s e o f c o n c r e te
b e c a m e fir m ly e s ta b lis h e d in th e c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y . I t h a d b e e n
w id e ly u s e d m F r a n c e in m a r in e e n g in e e r in g a n d f o r b r id g e f o u n ­
d a tio n s b y th e m i d - e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y .
J o h n S m e a to n ( 1 7 2 4 - 1 7 9 2 ) d is c o v e r e d h y d r a u lic c e m e n t o n a
t r i p t o t h e N e th e r la n d s a n d e x p e r im e n te d t o a c h ie v e t h e b e s t m ix
d e s ig n b e f o r e u s in g it f o r c o n c r e t e ( o r b e t o n a s i t w a s t h e n c a lle d )
in h is E d d y s to n e lig h th o u s e ( 1 7 5 6 - 1 7 5 9 ) a n d in th e f o u n d a tio n s
o f H e x h a m B rid g e (1 7 7 7 ). B y t h e e a r ly n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y , it w a s
b e in g w id e ly u s e d m B r ita in in t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e d o c k s a n d
h a r b o u r s , f o r e x a m p le in L o n d o n ’s d o c k s , a s f o u n d a tio n s f o r th e
d o c k s a n d b u ild in g s a n d f o r m a s s c o n c r e te w a lls.
T e lf o r d u s e d a b e d o f c o n c r e te f o r t h e f o u n d a tio n s o f h is S t
K a t h e r i n e ’s d o c k s ( 1 8 2 6 ). A lth o u g h th e c h e m is tr y o f c o n c r e te w a s
e sta b lish e d in th e la te e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry , m a in ly b y F r e n c h scie n tists
s u c h a s V ic a t, th e m o d e m u n d e r s ta n d in g o f m ix - d e s ig n w a s n o t
g a in e d u n t i l t h e e a r ly t w e n t i e t h c e n tu r y th r o u g h t h e w o r k o f U S
e n g in e e r in g s c ie n tis t D u f f A b ra m s .
Wrought iron.
W r o u g h t ir o n h a d b e e n i n w id e s p r e a d u s e i n E u r o p e s in c e th e
la te m id d le a g e s , b o t h f o r m ilita r y u s e — a r m o u r , c a n n o n , o t h e r
e n g in e s o f w a r a n d s h i p b u ild in g , a n d f o r c iv il u se — i n to o ls a n d
f o r lo a d - b e a r in g a p p lic a tio n s w h e r e t im b e r w a s in s u ffic ie n tly stro n g ,
s tiff, o r d u r a b le . N o ta b le u s e s w e r e f o r t i e d m a s o n r y a r c h e s in
m a n y la r g e c h u r c h e s , a p r a c t i c e d a tin g f r o m t h e s ix th c e n t u r y in
th e M id d le E a s t, a n d th e ir o n c h a in s u s e d in t h e d o m e o f S t P e te r ’s
i n R o m e ( 1 5 5 0 - 1 5 7 0 ) a n d b y C h r i s t o p h e r W r e n a t S t P a u l ’s
c a t h e d r a l in L o n d o n ( 1 6 7 0 - 1 7 1 0 ) . M o s t la rg e t i m b e r ro o f s h a d
i r o n s tr a p s t o c a r r y te n s io n fo r c e s a c r o s s j o i n t s a n d s u p p o r t lo n g
t i m b e r tie - b e a m s . W r e n u s e d ir o n t ie s t o s u p p o r t a m e z z a n in e
f lo o r a t H a m p t o n C o u r t n e a r L o n d o n , a n d t o h e lp s u p p o r t la rg e ,
f i r s t- f lo o r b o o k c a s e s a t T r in ity C o lle g e lib r a r y in C a m b r id g e .
M a k in g b e s t u se o f J e a n T ijo u , h is F r e n c h i r o n m a s te r a t S t P a u l ’s,
W r e n a ls o u s e d w r o u g h t i r o n in 1 6 9 2 - 1 6 9 3 t o m a k e c o l u m n s t o
s u p p o r t th e b a lc o n y in h is r e f u r b is h m e n t o f th e c h a p e l o f S t S te p h e n
a t t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s m W e s tm in s te r .
286 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Cast iron.
T h e u s e o f c a s t ir o n in E u r o p e a ls o h a d its o r ig in s in m ilita r y
a p p lic a tio n s — n o ta b ly t h e b a r r e ls o f c a n n o n in G e r m a n y f r o m th e
m i d - f if te e n th c e n tu r y . T h e c o lu m n s u s e d t o s u p p o r t t h e k itc h e n
c h im n e y in a m o n a s te r y n e a r L is b o n in 1752 w e re a lm o s t c e r ta in ly
a n e x a m p le o f m a r k e t d iv e r s if ic a tio n b y t h e lo c a l c a n n o n f o u n d r y .
S m e a to n w a s o n e o f th e first e n g in e e rs in t h e 1750s t o u se c a s t ir o n
c o n s is te n tly f o r t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f m ills t h a t w e re m o s t s u b je c t t o
w e a r , a n d t h e first a l l - c a s t - i r o n m a c h in e r y f o r a f lo u r m ill w a s
b u ilt in 1784. T h e f irst c a s t- ir o n I - s e c tio n ra ils w e re m a d e b y J e sso p
in th e 1780s.
T h e i r o n b r id g e , c o m p le te d in 177 9 in S h r o p s h ir e n e a r t h e
m o d e m to w n o f T e lf o r d , w a s b u ilt a s a m a s s iv e a d v e r tis e m e n t f o r
n e w u s e s o f c a s t ir o n , a n d a n u m b e r o f n e a r b y c h u r c h e s f e a tu r e d
th e ea rlie st use o f c a s t iro n in a n a rc h ite c tu ra l c o n te x t, w h e re c o lu m n s
w e r e u s e d t o s u p p o r t b a lc o n ie s . C a s t - i r o n c o lu m n s in in d u s tr ia l
b u ild in g s w e re u s e d b y W illia m S tr u tt (1 7 5 6 —18 3 0 ) i n a n u m b e r
o f b u ild in g s in t h e D e r w e n t V a lle y , b e g in n in g w ith th e c o t t o n m ill
in D e r b y in 1792 — 1793. T h e f irs t c a s t - i r o n f lo o r b e a m s w e re
u se d b y T h o m a s B age in th e flax m ill a t S h r e w s b u ry in 1 7 9 6 - 1 7 9 7 .
Steel.
T h e m a n u f a c tu r e o f b o th w r o u g h t a n d c a s t i r o n im p r o v e d d u rin g
th is p e r io d , b o th as a re s u lt o f th e d ir e c t p r a c tic a l e x p e r im e n ta tio n
in f o u n d r ie s a n d a ls o u s in g t h e r e s u lts o b t a in e d b y a n u m b e r o f
s c ie n tis ts , n o ta b ly b y t h e F r e n c h p h y s ic is t R e a u m u r , w h o s e b o o k
“ T h e a r t o f c o n v e r tin g ir o n in to s te e l a n d m a k in g c a s t ir o n s o f te r ”
( m o r e m a l l e a b l e ) , w a s p u b l i s h e d in 1 7 2 2 , a n d t h e S w e d is h
m e ta llu r g is t T . 0 . B e r g m a n n , w h o e s ta b lis h e d th e i m p o r ta n t e ffe c t
o f c a r b o n c o n t e n t o n t h e p r o p e r tie s o f a llo y s o f ir o n in th e 1760s.
R iv e te d , w r o u g h t- ir o n b o ile r s f o r s te a m e n g in e s w e r e b e in g m a d e
f ro m t h e 1750s a n d flat s e c tio n s a n d ro d s o f w r o u g h t iro n w e re b e in g
r o lle d ( r a t h e r t h a n h a n d - f o r g e d ) in S w e d e n in t h e 1 7 4 0 s a n d in
E n g la n d f r o m th e e a rly 1780s.
Making buildings more fireproof.
T h e in c r e a s e in u se o f w r o u g h t a n d c a s t i r o n in b u ild in g s w a s
la rg e ly a c o n s e q u e n c e o f m a n y fires in th e a tr e s a n d in m u lti- s to r e y
f a c to r ie s a n d w a r e h o u s e s t h a t h a d o f te n r e s u lte d i n te r r ib le lo ss o f
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
287
life a s w e ll a s t h e lo ss o f b u ild in g s a n d th e e x p e n s iv e m a n u fa c tu rin g
o r t h e a t n c a l sta g e m a c h in e r y in s id e
T h e F r e n c h a r c h i t e c t J a c q u e s - G e r m a i n S o u fflo t w a s p ro b a b ly
t h e fir s t t o t a k e w h a t w o u ld n o w b e c a lle d a fir e - e n g in e e r in g
a p p r o a c h t o th e d e s ig n o f b u ild in g s f o r h is t h e a t r e in L y o n s ,
c o m p le te d in 1754. H e n o t o n ly so u g h t to a v o id th e u se o f fla m m a b le
m a te r ia ls , h e a ls o in s ta lle d w a te r ta n k s a n d h o s e p ip e s a b o v e th e
s ta g e , h e c r e a t e d s t r i c t c o m p a r t m e n t a l i s a t i o n b e tw e e n th e s ta g e ,
d re ssin g ro o m s a n d a u d ito riu m , a n d th e sta irw a y s w e re m a d e e n tire ly
o f s to n e a n d e n c lo s e d b y s tu rd y f ire d o o rs .
T o w a r d s th e e n d o f h is life (1 7 8 1 ) h e w a s r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e
firs t a l l - i r o n , f ir e p r o o f r o o f t ru s s , i n t h e L o u v re p a la c e . T h is id e a
w a s u s e d a fe w y e a rs la te r b y t h e a r c h i t e c t V ic to r L o u is in h is
T h e a t r e F r a n c a is in P a ris , w h ic h h a d a n i r o n r o o f t ru s s s p a n n in g
2 2 m a s w e ll a s a c e ilin g t o t h e a u d i t o r i u m m a d e u s in g f ir e p r o o f
p o te r ie s — h o llo w c la y p o t s a n d ir o n . N e w s o f th is f i r e p r o o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n s o o n r e a c h e d W illia m S tr u lt in D e rb y s h ire , w h o u s e d
h o llo w c la y p o ts i n s o m e o f t h e j a c k a rc h e s in h is fir e p r o o f m ills a n d
w a re h o u s e s fro m 1792. D ru ry L a n e th e a tr e in L o n d o n w a s th e first
t o b e f it t e d w i t h a n ir o n s a fe ty c u r t a i n in 1794.
Material strength and stiffness.
O n e c h a r a c te r is tic o f e n g in e e rs is t h a t th e y u se c a lc u la tio n s to
ra ise t h e i r c o n f id e n c e t h a t a p r o p o s e d d e s ig n w ill w o rk . F o r lo a d b e a r in g a p p lic a tio n s , th e tw o k e y q u a n titie s a re t h e s t r e n g t h a n d
stiffn e ss o f m a te ria ls. I n T e lfo rd ’s tim e , th e s e p ro p e rtie s o f m a te ria ls
w e re e ffe c tiv e ly e m b o d ie d fo r c o m m o n a p p lic a tio n s in w e ll-k n o w n
s t a n d a r d d i m e n s io n s o f, f o r e x a m p le , t i m b e r f lo o r b e a m s o r r o o f
tru sse s o f v a rio u s sp a n s . T h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e e le m e n ts o f m a s o n ry
b u ild in g s a n d r e ta in in g w alls w e re a lso w ell k n o w n a m o n g th e sp e c ia l­
ist d e a lin g w ith th e s e c ra fts; th is tra d itio n w e n t b a c k m a n y c e n tu rie s .
T h e u s e o f ir o n , h o w e v e r, p r e s e n t e d n e w c h a lle n g e s . N o t o n ly
w e re its p r o p e r tie s little k n o w n i n t h e m id - e i g h t e e n t h c e n tu r y , b u t
th e r e w e re n o lo n g - e s ta b lis h e d s ta n d a r d d e s ig n s a n d , m o s t im p o r ­
t a n t l y , b e in g a m a n u f a c t u r e d m a t e r i a l , its p r o p e r t i e s v a r i e d
s ig n ific a n tly a c c o rd in g to th e s o u rc e o f t h e iro n .
I t w a s b o t h th e n e e d fo r e n g in e e rs t o k n o w m a te ria ls p ro p e r tie s
a n d th e g e n e ra l in q u is itiv e n e s s o f sc ie n tis ts t h a t le d to th e g ro w th o f
288I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
m a te r ia ls te s tin g m th e e a r ly e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y . T h e m o s t n o ta b le
w as P e tru s v a n M u s s c h e n b ro e k , p ro fe sso r o f p h y sic s a t th e U n iv e rsity
o f U tr e c h t a n d la te r a t L e y d e n , w h o s e e n c y c lo p a e d ic b o o k o f
m a t e r i a l s p r o p e r t i e s , p u b l i s h e d in 1 7 2 9 , b e c a m e a s t a n d a r d
r e f e r e n c e w o r k f o r o v e r a c e n tu r y . M a n y s c ie n tis ts in c o n t i n e n t a l
E u ro p e fo llo w e d M u s s c h e n b r o e k ’s e x a m p le in th e s e c o n d h a lf o f th e
c e n tu ry . W h e re a s fin d in g a n e x p la n a tio n o f th e stiffn e ss a n d s tre n g th
o f m a te r ia ls s u c h as t im b e r , ir o n a n d b r ic k w o r k w a s s till fa r in th e
f u tu re ( th e e a rly tw e n tie th c e n tu r y ) , th is w a s n o t tr u e o f th e stre n g th
a n d s tiffn e ss o f so il.
T h e first s u c h e x p la n a tio n , b a s e d o n im a g in in g a n id e a lis e d soil
as a s e n e s o f s p h e r e s , w a s m a d e m th e 1690s. C h a r le s A u g u s tin
C o u lo m b (1 7 3 6 — 1 8 06) w a s b u ild in g o n th e th e o r e tic a l w o r k o f
s e v e ra l F r e n c h s c ie n tis ts w h e n h e p u b lis h e d h is s e m in a l p a p e r o n
t h e s u b je c t in 1773. N e v e r th e le s s , th e u s e o f th is m o d e m a p p r o a c h
to so il m e c h a n ic s w a s n o t ta k e n u p b y e n g in e e r s in B n ta in u n til th e
m i d - n i n e - t e e n t h c e n t u r y w h e n s im p le d e s ig n r u le s f o r e a r t h
e m b a n k m e n ts , d a m s a n d r e ta in in g w a lls b e g a n t o b e r e p la c e d b y
a n a ly tic a l m e th o d s
Developing structural theory.
B y T e lf o r d ’s tim e , s c ie n tis ts o f m a te r ia ls a n d s tr u c t u r e s w e re
a b le t o r e la te th e s tr e n g th a n d s tiffn e s s o f b a s ic s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts
— b e a m s a n d c o lu m n s — t o th e stre n g th s o f th e m a te ria ls, m e a s u r e d
in te n s i o n o r c o m p r e s s io n . M u s s c h e n b r o e k h a d a ls o a lr e a d y
d e m o n s t r a t e d in t h e 1 720s t h a t th e b u c k lin g lo a d f o r a c o l u m n
v a rie s d ir e c tly w ith its c r o s s - s e c tio n a n d in v e rs e ly a s th e s q u a r e o f
its le n g th . T h is w a s c o n f ir m e d in t h e o r e tic a l te r m s in th e 1 7 5 0 s b y
E u le r w h o in tro d u c e d th e c o n c e p t o f se c o n d m o m e n t o f a re a a n d
p r o v e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t b e a r s h is n a m e u s in g th e o r e tic a l
m e c h a n ic s .
T h e f a c t t h a t in , f o r e x a m p le , 1 780, e n g in e e r s d id n o t u s e th e
a p p r o a c h f o r t im b e r e le m e n ts w a s b e c a u s e th e r e w a s n o n e e d t o d o
s o — t h e r e w a s a lr e a d y s u f f ic ie n t p r e c e d e n t. T h is c h a n g e d w ith th e
u se o f c a s t ir o n w h ic h , b e in g b o th n e w a n d e x p e n s iv e , d e m a n d e d
a rig o r o u s a p p r o a c h t o d e s ig n in g m in im u m - w e ig h t s tr u c tu r e s . T h e
c a s t- ir o n c o lu m n s u s e d b y S tr u tt in 1792 w e re c r u c if o r m in s e c tio n
t o a c h ie v e a n in c r e a s e d s e c o n d m o m e n t o f a r e a w h ile b e in g e a s y t o
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
289
c a s t. T h e y w e re a ls o th i c k e r a t t h e i r m i d - h e i g h t , t h e b e t t e r to
re sist fa ilu re b y b u c k lin g . B y 1800 m o re e ffic ie n t h o llo w , c y lin d ric a l
c o lu m n s o f c o n s ta n t s e c tio n h a d re p la c e d th e c r u c ifo rm ty p e .
T h e v e ry e a rlie s t c a s t - i r o n b e a m s , b o t h f o r ra ilw a y t r a c k s b y
J e s s o p in 17 8 0 a n d in b u ild in g s b y B ag e in 1 7 9 6 , h a d lo n g itu d in a l
s e c tio n s t h a t re fle c t t h e b e n d in g m o m e n t — e i t h e r “ fis h - b e lly ” o r
“ h o g -b a c k ” . B a g e p e rfo rm e d c o m p e te n t c a lc u la tio n s f o r th e s tre n g th
o f h is i r o n b e a m s a n d c o n f ir m e d h is p r e d ic tio n s w ith p r o o f te s ts .
A lth o u g h th e p a ra lle lo g ra m o f fo rc e s w a s w e ll u n d e r s to o d b y th e
la te e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry , T e lfo rd d id n o t se e th e a n a ly sis o f fo rc e s in
p i n - jo in te d fra m e s o r tru sse s. T h e m a in r e a s o n w a s th a t fra m e w o rk s
f o r ro o fs a n d b rid g e s w e re still s e e n m a in ly a s s tru c tu r e s fo r r e s is t­
in g b e n d in g (i.e . s o lid b e a m s w ith la rg e h o le s ) , r a t h e r t h a n a n
a s s e m b la g e o f te n s io n a n d c o m p r e s s io n e l e m e n ts . N e v e r th e le s s ,
th e first “ r a tio n a l” a n d p o te n tia lly s ta tic a lly - d e te r m in a te i r o n ro o fs
w e re c o n s t r u c t e d in h is life tim e , f o r e x a m p le in s e v e ra l b u ild in g s
in B ir m in g h a m a n d in M a n c h e s t e r b e tw e e n 1 8 1 0 a n d 1 825.
Full-scale and model testing.
S in c e M u s s c h e n b r o e k p e r f o r m e d m o s t o f h is te s ts to e s ta b lis h
m a te ria l p ro p e rtie s , th e size o f s p e c im e n h a d b e e n c o n s id e re d largely
ir r e le v a n t. H o w e v e r, e n g in e e r s k n e w t h a t m a n y p h e n o m e n a w e re
n o t i n d e p e n d e n t o f s c a le . F r o m t h e m i d - e i g h t e e n t h c e n tu r y ,
en g in e e rs — s u c h a s th o se a t th e R o y a l M ilita ry A c a d e m y a t W o o lw ic h
a n d th e E c o le d e s P o n ts e t C h a u sse e s — b e g a n te s tin g fu ll-siz e b e a m s
a n d c o lu m n s o f t im b e r a n d ir o n t o v e rify p r e d ic tio n s b a s e d o n te s ts
o f re d u c e d - s c a le c o m p o n e n ts a n d o n th e t h e o r e tic a l u n d e rs ta n d in g
o f in t e r n a l s tre s s e s g e n e r a te d in b e n d in g a n d b u c k lin g .
T e lf o r d , fo r e x a m p le , b u ilt s e v e ra l m o d e ls o f th e c h a in s fo r h is
M e n a i s u s p e n s io n b rid g e in 181 4 — in c lu d in g o n e 15 m lo n g a t a
sc a le o f 1 :20 — to e s ta b lis h th e t e n s io n a t t h e e n d s a n d to v e rify th e
s h a p e o f t h e c h a i n u n d e r b rid g e - d e c k lo a d s . E n g in e e r s a t th is tim e
w e re n o t y e t u sin g d im e n s io n le s s c o n s ta n ts to s c a le u p th e re s u lts o f
m o d e l te s ts — a te c h n i q u e d e v e lo p e d first i n th e 1 8 6 0 s fo r h y d r o ­
d y n a m ic s b y W illia m F r o u d e a n d first e x p lo ite d in t h e d e s ig n o f
d a m s a n d c o n c r e te s t r u c tu r e s in t h e 1 9 3 0 s. N e v e r th e le s s , m o d e ls
w e re s o m e tim e s u s e d b y e n g in e e rs , fo r e x a m p le T e lfo rd b u ilt se v e ra l
m o d e ls o f t h e c h a i n s f o r h is M e n a i s u s p e n s io n b rid g e in 1 8 1 4 —
10 Зак 312
290[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
in c lu d in g o n e 15 m lo n g a t a scale o f 1:20 — t o establish th e te n s io n a t
th e e n d s a n d to v e n fy th e sh a p e o f th e c h a in u n d e r b rid g e -d e c k loads.
Drawing in three dimensions.
W h ile p la n s , s e c tio n s a n d p e r s p e c tiv e d r a w in g s w e r e w e ll
e sta b lis h e d b e f o r e th e e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y , th e s e w e re o f lim ite d u se
in d e a lin g w ith c o m p le x t h r e e - d im e n s io n a l g e o m e try . T h is p r o b le m
a ttr a c te d t h e g r o w in g in te r e s t o f e n g in e e r s in th e e a rly e i g h te e n th
c e n tu r y , e s p e c ia lly f o r d r a w in g la rg e s to n e s o f ir r e g u la r s h a p e —
th e s c ie n c e o f s te r e o to m y . B y d ra w in g s to n e s b e fo re c o n s t r u c t i o n
b e g a n it w a s p o s s ib le t o p r e f a b r ic a te a ll t h e s to n e s n e c e s s a r y t o
c o n s tr u c t a v a u lt, f o r e x a m p le , a n d th e n a s s e m b le t h e m q u ic k ly —
v e ry m u c h m o r e q u ic k ly t h a n th e tr a d itio n a l t e c h n iq u e o f c u ttin g a
s to n e o n ly w h e n t h e a d j a c e n t s to n e s b e n e a t h a n d to th e sid e h a d
b e e n c u t a n d p la c e d . A l th o u g h th is te c h n iq u e w a s w e ll e s ta b lis h e d
in th e w h o le o f c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e b y a r o u n d 1 7 4 0 , it w a s little
u s e d in B r ita in a n d th e r e is n o e v id e n c e t h a t T e lf o r d u s e d it.
T h e m e t h o d o f g r a p h ic a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f a m ilia r t o d a y as
o r th o g r a p h ic , o r th ir d - a n g le p r o je c tio n , w a s d e v ise d b y th e F r e n c h
e n g in e e r G a s p a r d M o n g e ( 1 7 4 6 - 1 8 1 8 ) . C a lle d “ d e s c r ip tiv e
g e o m e tr y ” b y h im , it w a s d e v e lo p e d a s a n e w m e a n s o f s e ttin g o u t
f o r tif ic a tio n s in r u g g e d t e r r a i n in o r d e r t o b a la n c e t h e c u t a n d fill
a n d a lso “ d e file ” t h e fo rtific a tio n — w h ic h m e a n s e n s u rin g d e fe n d in g
c a n n o n c o u ld a tta c k k e y s u r r o u n d in g a re a s a n d th a t th e f o r t w a s n o t
v u ln e r a b le t o a tta c k b y c a n n o n m o u n te d o n n e a r b y v a n ta g e p o in ts .
T h e w h o le p r o c e s s w a s e x tr e m e ly c o m p le x t o c a lc u la te u s in g t h r e e d im e n s io n a l c o - o r d in a te g e o m e try , h ig h ly p r o n e t o e r r o r , a n d c o u ld
ta k e s e v e ra l w e e k s.
Im a g in e t h e su rp rise o f h is c o m m a n d in g o ffic e r w h e n th e y o u n g
M o n g e c o m p le te d th is ta s k in o n ly a few d a y s. T h e c o m m a n d a n t ’s
first r e a c t i o n w a s d is b e lie f b u t, o n c h e c k in g th e w o r k , th is t u r n e d
t o w o n d e r . M o n g e ’s te c h n iq u e w a s q u ic k ly d e c la r e d a s ta te s e c r e t
a n d , b y a r o u n d 1 8 0 0 , w a s t a u g h t in a ll t h e F r e n c h m ilita r y
ac a d e m ie s. Its u se g ra d u a lly e s c a p e d i n to civ il p r o je c ts a n d th e p u b lic
d o m a in , in c lu d in g E n g la n d , b y th e m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y .
Facilitating calculations.
T h e c a lc u la tio n s t h a t c o u ld b e p e r f o r m e d u s in g d r a w in g s a n d
g e o m e tr ic a l c o n s tr u c tio n s h a d b e e n e n h a n c e d b y th e d e v e lo p m e n t
o f o r th o g r a p h ic p r o je c tio n b y M o n g e .
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
J 291
G e n e r a l l y s p e a k in g , t h o u g h , it w a s th e s u r v e y o r s r a t h e r t h a n
d r a f ts m e n w h o w e re t h e m o s t n u m e r a te a m o n g t h o s e in v o lv e d in
c o n s tr u c tio n . T h e ir w o rk in v o lv e d m a p p in g th e te r r a in a n d
la n d s c a p e , s e ttin g o u t n e w w o rk s s u c h a s b rid g e s , ro a d s a n d c a n a ls ,
a s w e ll a s e s tim a tin g t h e q u a n titie s o f m a te n a ls in v o lv e d , in c lu d in g
e x c a v a tio n s , c u t a n d fill, a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e n a l s r a n g in g f r o m
b r ic k , d re s s e d s to n e , m o r t a r , t i m b e r a n d i r o n t o g la s s , le a d a n d
tile s f o r b u ild in g s. L a n d su rv e y in g re q u ire d g re a t a c c u r a c y t h a t c o u ld
b e a c h ie v e d o n ly b y h a n d c a lc u la tio n s a n d th e u s e o f s ix - , e ig h t- o r
s o m e tim e s t e n - f ig u r e ta b le s o f lo g a n th m s , t n g o n o m e t n c r a tio s ,
s q u a r e s , c u b e s a n d ro o ts .
B y th e la te e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y t h e r e w a s a s m a ll b u t g r o w in g
n u m b e r o f e n g in e e r s , e s p e c ia lly in c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e , w h o w e re
h ig h ly tr a in e d in m a th e m a tic s a n d w e re fa m ilia r w ith b o th c o m p le x
a n a ly tic a l g e o m e tr y a n d c a lc u lu s . B e lid o r ’s b o o k “ A r c h ite c tu r e
H y d r a u liq u e ” ( 1 7 3 7 - 1 7 5 3 ) w a s t h e firs t e n g in e e r in g b o o k t o u se
c a l c u l u s , f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s o f w a t e r flo w . N e v e r t h e l e s s , s u c h
s o p h is tic a te d m a th e m a tic s w a s b e y o n d m o s t e n g in e e r s ’ a b ilitie s a n d
n eeds.
M o s t s ig n if ic a n t o f a ll, th is p e r i o d saw e n g in e e r s s ta r tin g t o u se
th e s lid e ru le f o r c a lc u la tio n s t h a t r e q u ir e d n o m o r e t h a n t h r e e fig u re a c c u r a c y — t h a t is m o s t o f th e ir d a y - to - d a y c a lc u la tio n s . T h e
s lid e r u le h a d b e e n d e v is e d in th e 162 0 s, v e ry s o o n a f te r th e
in v e n t i o n o f lo g a r ith m s , a n d w a s u s e d m a in ly b y a s t r o n o m e r s a n d
n a v ig a to r s . B y a b o u t 1 7 7 0 it w a s k n o w n to s o m e e n g in e e r s , b u t w e
c a n o n ly g u e s s a t h o w w id e s p r e a d its u s e w as.
T h e f ir m o f B o u lto n & W a tt r e c o g n is e d th e u s e f u ln e s s o f t h e
s lid e r u le a n d , f r o m t h e m id - 1 7 7 0 s , b e g a n m a k in g w h a t c a m e t o b e
k n o w n a s “ S o h o S c a le s” — n a m e d a lte r th e c o m p a n y ’s B ir m in g h a m
w o r k s — a s a s id e lin e t o its s t e a m - e n g in e b u s in e s s . T h e fir s t
g u id a n c e in a n e n g in e e r in g b o o k o n h o w to u se a slid e r u le w a s in
“ A T r e a t i s e o n th e S te a m E n g in e ” b y J o h n F a r e y (1 8 2 7 ) , a t a t im e
w h e n slid e r u le s g e n e r a lly s till d id n o t h a v e m o v in g c u r s o r s t o e a se
th e ir u se.
A lth o u g h T e lf o r d w o u ld h a v e b e e n a w a r e o f t h e u s e o f c o n t o u r
lin e s t o s h o w d e p t h s o f t h e s e a , w h i c h w e re d e v is e d b y t h e F r e n c h
g e o g r a p h e r P h . B u a c h e i n 1 7 3 7 , h e d id n o t liv e t o s e e t h e r a p id
10*
292 [Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
d e v e lo p m e n ts in t h e g r a p h ic a l r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f n u m e r ic a l d a ta
d u r in g th e 1840s th a t in c r e a s e d th e s p e e d o f p e r f o r m in g e n g in e e rin g
c a lc u la tio n s . C h a r ts d e v is e d b y L e o n L a la n n e , th e p i o n e e r o f th is
t e c h n iq u e , s h o w e d , f o r e x a m p le , h o w t o r e p r e s e n t a n e n tir e y e a r ’s
d a ta f o r t e m p e r a tu r e a n d w in d s p e e d s in a sin g le d ia g r a m . H e
a lso p u b lis h e d c h a r ts f o r m u ltip lic a tio n o r d iv is io n o f n u m b e r s b y
g ra p h ic a l m e a n s .
Improving engineering education.
T h e s p e c ia lis t e d u c a tio n o f c iv il e n g in e e r s g re w o u t o f v a r io u s
s c h o o ls o f m ilita r y e n g in e e r in g in c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e , e s p e c ia lly
in F r a n c e , in th e la te s e v e n te e n th a n d e a r ly e ig h t e e n t h c e n tu r ie s .
T h e fir s t s c h o o l o f e n g in e e r in g o p e n t o t h e p u b lic w a s i n P r a g u e ,
n o w in th e C z e c h R e p u b lic , in 1707 — a s c h o o l t h a t p r o u d ly
c e le b r a te s its h is to r y b a c k t o 1 344, w h e n th e P r a g u e P u b lic
E n g in e e r in g a n d M e ta llu rg ic a l S c h o o l w a s f o u n d e d .
T h e f a m o u s E c o le d e s P o n ts e t C h a u s s e e s o p e n e d in P a r is in
1747 u n d e r th e d ir e c to r s h ip o f th e b rid g e e n g in e e r J e a n - R o d o lp h e
P e r r o n e t. T h e E c o le d e s M in e s fo llo w e d in 1783 a n d t h e firs t o f
m a n y e c o le s d ’a r ts e t m e tie r s , w h ic h w e re r a t h e r less a c a d e m ic t h a n
t h e E c o le d e s P o n ls e t C h a u s s e e s , t h o u g h h a r d ly less p re s tig io u s ,
o p e n e d in 1780. T h e E c o le C e n tr a le d e s A r ts e t M a n u f a c tu r e s w a s
fo r m e d in 1829. O th e r sc h o o ls w e re o p e n e d t o a d d re s s th e te c h n ic a l
n e e d s o f c r a f ts m e n to o , f o r in s ta n c e t h e E c o le R o y a le G r a t u i t e d e
D e s s in — th e R o y a l F r e e S c h o o l o f D r a w in g — w h ic h w a s fo u n d e d
in 1766.
T h e i d e a o f p o ly te c h n ic a l e d u c a tio n , d e d ic a te d t o h a r m o n is in g
th e o r y a n d p r a c tic e , s p r e a d t h r o u g h c o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e w ith
r e m a r k a b le s p e e d . S e v e n p o ly te c h n ic s c h o o ls w e re f o r m e d in
G e r m a n y in th e first 3 0 y e a rs o f th e n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y . I n A u s tria
s c h o o ls w e re f o r m e d in P ra g u e (1 8 0 6 ), V ie n n a (1 8 1 5 ) a n d C r a c o w
(1 8 3 3 ). T h e r e w e re n o s im ila r sc h o o ls in B r ita in d u r in g th is p e r io d .
T h e estab lish m e n ts th a t serv ed a n y th in g like th e ro le o f th e c o n tin e n ta l
p o ly te c h n ic s w e re a n u m b e r o f m ilita r y a c a d e m ie s th a t t r a in e d
e n g in e e rs f o r th e a r m y a n d n a v y , th e m o s t f a m o u s o f w h ic h w a s t h e
R o y a l M ilita r y A c a d e m y a t W o o lw ic h in e a s t L o n d o n , e s ta b lis h e d
in 1741.
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E d in b u r g h U n iv e rs ity w a s t h e firs t t o o f f e r le c tu r e s o n a p p lie d
m e c h a n ic s in th e 1790s, b u t s u c h a c o u rs e w a s n o t in te n d e d a s p a r t
o f a p r o g r a m m e t o p r o d u c e a c a d e m i c a l l y t r a i n e d e n g in e e r s .
E n g in e e r s in B rita in w e re la rg e ly s e lf - e d u c a te d in t h e i r s p a re t im e
u n til t h e m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu ry .
Publishing books and periodicals.
T h e first c o m p re h e n s iv e b o o k s o n c iv il e n g in e e rin g , w h ic h a lso
s e rv e d m a n y o f th e n e e d s o f m ilita ry e n g in e e rs , w e re b y th e m ilita ry
e n g i n e e r B e r n a r d F o r e s t d e B e l i d o r ( 1 6 9 7 - 1 7 6 1 ) . H is fir s t,
p u b lis h e d in 1 729, w a s “ L a S c ie n c e d e s I n g e n ie u r s ” . D e s p ite its
t itle , h o w e v e r, it c o n t a i n e d re la tiv e ly little e n g in e e r in g s c ie n c e a s
w e k n o w it (s c ie n c e m e a n t body o f knowledge).
B e lid o r ’s s e c o n d b o o k , “ A r c h ite c tu r e H y d r a u liq u e ” (1 7 3 7 —
1 7 5 3 ), in f o u r v o lu m e s , w a s r a d ic a lly d iff e r e n t. I ts s ty le a n d
m a t h e m a t i c a l rig o u r f o llo w e d t h a t o f a s c ie n tific t e x t b o o k . T h e s e
b o o k s w e re fo llo w e d b y m a n y m o r e w r itte n b y t h e e n g in e e r s w h o
g a v e c o u r s e s a t th e g ro w in g n u m b e r o f p o ly te c h n ic s i n c o n t i n e n t a l
E u ro p e .
B o th S m e a to n a n d T e lfo rd h a d c o p ie s o f B e lid o r’s “A rc h ite c tu re
H y d r a u liq u e ” in th e ir lib ra rie s a n d T e lf o r d o w n e d m a n y m o r e o f
t h e F r e n c h c la s s ic e n g in e e r in g te x ts p u b lis h e d in h is life tim e ,
in c lu d in g th e e n c y c lo p a e d ic “ A r t o f B u ild in g ” b y J e a n R o n d e le t
( 1 8 0 5 - 1 8 1 0 ) a n d b o o k s d e s c rib in g b rid g e p r o je c ts b y P e r r o n e t
(1 7 8 8 ) a n d W ie b e k in g (1 8 1 0 ) a t a tim e w h e n t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g
e q u iv a le n t in E n g lis h . H e a ls o o w n e d s e v e ra l G e r m a n b o o k s — six
b y J a c o b L e u p o ld , d a tin g f r o m t h e 1 7 2 0 s a n d a b o o k o n h y d r a u lic
e n g in e e r in g b y W ie b e k in g ( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 1 3 ) . O f th e b o o k s in E n g lis h
in th e lib ra rie s o f S m e a to n a n d T e lfo rd , th e g re a t m a jo rity w e re o n
m a th e m a tic s a n d p h y sic s.
W h ile a n u m b e r o f s c ie n tific a c a d e m ie s , e s p e c ia lly in F r a n c e ,
p u b lis h e d p a p e r s o f i n te r e s t a n d r e le v a n c e t o e n g in e e r s d u r in g th e
e i g h te e n th c e n tu r y , th e p a p e r s o f th e E c o le N a tio n a le d e s P o n t s e t
C h a u s e e s w e re t h e firs t e n tire ly d e v o te d t o civ il e n g in e e r in g . T h e
first p e rio d ic a l, p u b lis h e d w ith th e in te n tio n o f k e e p in g p ro fe s s io n a l
e n g in e e r s in f o r m e d o f d e v e lo p m e n ts , w a s p r o d u c e d i n 1797 b y
J o h a n n E y te lw e in ( 1 7 6 4 - 1 8 4 9 ) , a n e n g in e e r in B e r lin ’s b u ild in g
d e p a rtm e n t.
294 [
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Conclusion.
F o r th e w h o le o f th e e i g h te e n th c e n tu r y a n d w e ll in t o th e
n i n e t e e n t h c e n tu r y , F r a n c e le d th e w o r ld in te r m s o f d e v e lo p in g
e n g in e e r in g s c ie n c e a n d tr y in g t o u se it in e n g in e e r in g d e sig n .
N e v e th e le s s , S m e a to n a n d T e lf o r d w e re a m o n g th e w o r ld ’s le a d in g
e n g in e e rs , a n d B r ita in saw m a n y o f th e w o r ld ’s le a d in g e n g in e e r in g
p ro je c ts . T h e m a r k e d c o n tr a s t in th e n a tu r e a n d lev el o f e n g in e e r s ’
e d u c a tio n , a n d t h e ir a p p r o a c h to e n g in e e rin g d e sig n b e tw e e n B rita in
a n d c o n tin e n ta l E u r o p e , r e m a in e d w e ll in to th e tw e n tie th c e n tu r y .
(New Civil Engineer International, May, 2008)
^ TEXT 3
WINDY CITY WONDER
by Jessica Rowson
C le v e r e n g in e e r in g h a s m e a n t t h a t N o r t h A m e r ic a ’s ta lle s t
re s id e n tia l b u ild in g w ill b e so lid a s a r o c k d e s p ite its w in d y lo c a tio n .
N e s tle d a m o n g th e fo re st o f sk y sc ra p e rs o n th e C h ic a g o s k y lin e ,
th e 9 2 s to r e y T r u m p T o w e r is c u r r e n tly n o tc h in g its w a y u p to
b e c o m e th e c ity ’s s e c o n d ta lle s t b u ild in g . T h e 4 1 5 m t o w e r w ill b e
c o m p le te d in J a n u a r y 20 0 9 . T h e s te p p e d c o n c r e te b u ild in g h a s b e e n
d e s ig n e d t o r e f le c t t h e h e ig h t o f n e a r b y b u ild in g s b y a r c h i t e c t a n d
e n g in e e r f o r th e p r o je c t S k id m o r e , O w in g s & M e r r ill ( S O M ) .
T h e first s te p a lig n s w ith th e 130 m h ig h W rig le y B u ild in g , th e
s e c o n d th e 179 m h ig h M a r in a C ity T o w e rs, a n d th e th ir d th e 21 2 m
h ig h I B M P la z a , k n o w n a s 3 3 0 N o r t h W a b a s h .
A s im p o r t a n t a s th e s e s te p s — a lso k n o w n a s s e tb a c k s — a re
a r c h ite c tu r a lly , th e y a lso h a v e a n im p o r ta n t e n g in e e rin g r o le a s th e y
e a c h c o n t a i n a n o u tr ig g e r s ta b ility s y s te m . T h e s e 5 .3 m d e e p b y
1.7 m w id e c o n c r e te m o n o lith s tr a n s f e r la te r a l lo a d s b e tw e e n th e
p e r i m e t e r c o lu m n s a n d th e c e n tr a l c o r e . S O M a s s o c ia te p a r t n e r
R o b e r t S in n e x p la in s t h a t t h e la te r a l s h e a r r e s is ta n c e o f th e c o r e
a n d o v e r tu r n in g re s is ta n c e o f th e p e r im e te r s tr u c tu r e a re m o b ilis e d
b y lin k in g t h e m a t d is c r e te lev e ls u s in g o u tr ig g e r t r u s s e s o r b e a m s .
H e a d d s t h a t th is m e a n s j u s t a fe w h e a v ie r v e r tic a l e l e m e n ts a re
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
295
n e e d e d o n th e p e r i m e t e r t o k e e p th e b u ild in g s ta b le , fre e in g u p
th e fac a d e .
T h e o u tr ig g e r b e a m s ta k e u p a s to re y h e ig h t a n d a re h e a v ily
re in f o r c e d . I n s o m e a r e a s c o n v e n tio n a l b a r s a re e v e n r e p la c e d b y
a n e q u iv a le n t a r e a o f s te e l p la te t o e a s e c o n g e s tio n . C o n t r a c t o r
B o v is L e n d L e a s e is u s in g s e l f c o m p a c tin g c o n c r e t e t o p e n e t r a t e
d e n s e ly re in f o r c e d a re a s . S u rp ris in g ly , t h e ta l l b u ild in g d o e s n o t
re q u ir e d a m p e r s t o l im it its m o v e m e n t. T h is is b e c a u s e o f th e
s ta b ilis in g e ffe c t o f t h e h e a v y c o n c r e te c o r e a n d c o l u m n s a n d th e
s e tb a c k s . T h e a s y m m e tr ic s e tb a c k s c h a n g e th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f th e
b u ild in g , s o c h a n g in g t h e f r e q u e n c y o f
w in d p a s s in g it T h is
m e a n s t h a t v o rtic e s , w h ic h w o u ld c a u s e th e b u ild in g t o m o v e m o re ,
c a n n o t b u ild u p .
A n y m a ssiv e b u ild in g n e e d s m a ssiv e f o u n d a tio n s . T h e b u ild in g
s its o n 3 0 m lo n g p ile s f o u n d e d o n b e d r o c k . A p e r m a n e n t s te e l
lin e r , w h ic h se a ls th e e x c a v a tio n , c u ts th r o u g h 18 m o f s tif f c la y
a n d 12 m o f b o u ld e r s a n d f r a c tu r e d r o c k t o f o r m a s o c k e t in s o lid
ro c k . O n c o m p l e t i o n t h e T r a m p T o w e r w ill h o ld t h e r e c o r d fo r
t h e w o r ld ’s h ig h e s t r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g , b u t o n ly f o r a y e a r. A lte r
th a t it w ill b e d w a rfe d b y t h e 6 1 0 m , 150 s to re y C h ic a g o S p ire .
Finite element analysis.
E n g in e e r s h a d t o d e a l w ith th e in h e r e n t p r o b l e m o f t h e u n e v e n
l o a d d is tr ib u tio n o f a m a s s iv e , a s y m m e tr ic a l b u ild in g a n d its
te n d e n c y t o m o v e s id e w a y s u n d e r its o w n w e ig h t. T h e s o lu tio n w a s
to c a r r y o u t a tim e - b a s e d fin ite e le m e n t a n a ly s is o n th e s tru c tu r e so
t h a t m o v e m e n ts c o u l d b e p r e d i c t e d a n d c o m p e n s a te d f o r d u rin g
c o n s tru c tio n . B ovis L e n d L e a se u s e d th e s e re su lts to m a k e m illim e tre
a d ju s tm e n ts a t e v e ry s to re y to b rin g th e b u ild in g b a c k t o p lu m b .
N o n - lin e a r a n a ly s is p r e d ic te d th e s h o r t a n d lo n g te r m
d is p la c e m e n t o f C h ic a g o ’s T r u m p T o w e r, w h ic h in c lu d e d th e e ffects
o f c r e e p a n d sh rin k a g e . I f n o h o r iz o n ta l c o r r e c tio n h a d b e e n m a d e
d u rin g c o n s tr u c tio n , th e r o o f c o u ld h av e m o v e d 3 0 0 m m o u t o f lin e
d u e t o th e c o m b in e d e ffe c ts o f g ra v ity , c r e e p a n d s h rin k a g e .
Foundations.
A 3 m d e e p p ile d ra f t w a s p o u r e d c o n tin u o u s ly o v e r a p e r io d o f
2 2 h o u rs . T h e c o n c r e te w a s p o u r e d u s in g c o n v e y o r b e lts s o t h a t
v e ry fe w v ib ra to rs w e re n e e d e d ; th e te m p e r a tu r e h a d t o b e c a re fu lly
296[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c o n tr o lle d a s th e c o n c r e te c u r e d d u e t o th e ra ft t h ic k n e s s I f th e
d iffe re n tia l te m p e r a tu r e a c ro ss th e d e p th w a s to o la ig e , stresses w o u ld
s e t u p a n d le a d t o m ic r o c r a c k in g .
(New Civil Engineer International, October, 2007)
^ TEXT 4
"ROSSIA" WITH LOVE
by Jessica Rowson
E u r o p e ’s ta lle s t s k y s c r a p e r is b e in g b u ilt in M o s c o w . I f y o u ’re
th in k in g o f d e sig n in g a ta ll b u ild in g , m a k e it a t le a s t 6 0 0 m o r
n o b o d y w ill b a t a n e y e lid . M o s c o w ’s la te s t a d d itio n t o t h e 6 0 0 m
p lu s c lu b is th e 6 1 2 m h ig h , R o s s ia T o w e r , a c o o l 2 m h ig h e r t h a n
th e C h ic a g o S p ire . R o s s ia ’s site is c u r r e n tly b e in g c le a r e d t o m a k e
w a y f o r w h a t w ill b e E u r o p e ’s ta lle s t b u ild in g . T h e s k y s c r a p e r w ill
in c o r p o r a te r e ta il a n d o ffic e s p a c e , a h o te l a n d a p a r t m e n t s o n its
120 flo o rs , th r e e o f t h e m b e lo w g r o u n d le v e l.
T o th e u n tr a in e d e y e , R o s s ia is a n e lo n g a te d p y r a m id , o r ro c k e t
s h a p e d s tr u c tu r e , b u t o n th e in s id e , th e s tr u c tu r e te lls a d if f e r e n t
s to ry . A t its b a s e t h e r e a r e th r e e c o lo s s a l, h ig h s tr e n g th c o n c r e te
a b u tm e n ts c la m p in g th e w h o le s tru c tu re d o w n . E a c h a b u tm e n t fo rm s
th e b a se o f th r e e w in g s o f th e b u ild in g , f r o m w h ic h c o lu m n s ra d ia te .
T h e w in g s c o n v e r g e a t a c e n tr a l s p in e , o r c o n c r e te c o r e , w h ic h
ru n s th e full h e ig h t o f th e to w e r. C o n s u lta n ts W a te r m a n In te r n a tio n a l
a n d H a lv o r s o n h a v e d e s ig n e d t h e s te e l f r a m e a n d c o m p o s ite f lo o r
s tr u c tu r e . T h e p la n a n d p r o f ile o f th e b u ild in g ta k e o n t h e e ffic ie n t
g e o m e tr y o f a tr ia n g le t o a c h ie v e m a x im u m s ta b ility u s in g th e
m in im u m a m o u n t o f m a te r ia l.
I n itia lly a r c h ite c t, F o s t e r & P a r tn e r s , d e s ig n e d th e to w e r a s
th r e e d is c r e te b lo c k s , a r r a n g e d in a Y sh a p e in p la n . B u t th is m e a n t
t h a t e a c h b lo c k w a s t o o s le n d e r , h a v in g a h e ig h t t o w id th r a tio o f
1 0 :1 . “ S t r u c t u r a l s o l u t i o n s w e r e p o s s ib le f o r t h i s o p t i o n o f
i n d e p e n d e n t to w e r s , b u t a t th e s e a s p e c t r a tio s , th e s o lu tio n s w o u ld
b e i n e f f ic ie n t,” e x p la in s W a te r m a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o je c t d i r e c to r
H u g h D o c h e r ty . T h e d e c is io n w a s m a d e t o m e rg e th e b lo c k s , so
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
J 297
t h e y l e a n e d in to t h e c e n t r a l c o r e T h e s lo p in g p a r a lle l c o lu m n s
c o u ld th e n b ra c e th e c o re la te ra lly a s w e ll a s c a rry in g v e rtic a l lo a d s .
T h e r e s u lt w a s a m o r e e ffic ie n t h e ig h t t o w id th ra tio o f 5 :1 . “ S o in
t e r m s o f h e ig h t t o b a s e , t h e b u ild in g is s q u a t , ” sa y s D o c h e r ty T h e
d e s ig n w a s s ta rtin g t o lo o k lik e t h e fa m ilia r f o r m o f a c a b le s ta y e d
m a s t. H o w e v e r i n s te a d o f te n s io n c a b le s , R o s s ia u s e s t h e s lo p in g
c o l u m n s t o a c t in c o m p r e s s io n — p r o p p i n g th e c e n t r a l c o r e a n d
e s s e n tia lly a c tin g lik e th r e e d im e n s io n a l a rc h e s .
T h e f a n c o lu m n s c a r r y g ra v ity lo a d a n d w in d o v e r tu r n in g fo rc e s
a s d i r e c t a x ia l lo a d s . A n d a s t h e w e ig h t o f th e b u ild in g a n d its
i n h a b i t a n t s e x c e e d s th e d e s ig n w in d lo a d in t h e m a jo r ity o f t h e
c o l u m n s a n d c o r e , t h e r e is little t e n s i o n i n t h e s y s te m . P ilin g
c o n t r a c t o r S o le ta n c h e is c u r r e n tly b u ild in g a d i a p h r a g m w a ll o n
t h e s ite , b u t it w ill b e a t le a s t six y e a rs b e f o r e th e 100 m t a l l m a s t
c ro w n s t h e b u ild in g .
T h e to w e r ’s t h r e e w in g s c o m p r is e s te e l a n d c o n c r e t e c o lu m n s
w h ic h fa n o u t fro m t h e th re e m a ssiv e a b u tm e n ts a t th e b a se . V isually,
th is g iv es th e fo rm o f a t r i p o d s u p p o rtin g th e re s t o f t h e b u ild in g —
a s tr u c t u r a l fo r m k n o w n fo r its e ffic ie n c y . “ T h r e e le g g e d s to o ls a re
g re a t. W ith f o u r le g s y o u s ta r t t o b r in g in r e d u n d a n c y , ” sa y s
W a te r m a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o je c t d i r e c t o r H u g h D o c h e r t y . H a v in g
e s ta b lis h e d th e p a t h fo r v e rtic a l a n d la te r a l l o a d s , t h e r e m a in in g
c h a lle n g e w a s to r s io n . T h e f a c a d e o f th e w in g s is s tif f e n e d b y a
s e rie s o f “ re v e rse fa n c o l u m n s ” w h ic h tr ia n g u la te th e fa c a d e . “ T h e
w in g s a re d e s ig n e d a s b o x e s w ith c ro s s e d b ra c in g . T h e s e re s is t
t w is tin g ,” h e e x p la in s . T h e rig id fa c a d e is f u r t h e r s tiffe n e d b y s te e l
c h e v r o n b r a c in g u p t o t h e f o u r t h flo o r o n t h e o u t e r e d g e o f e a c h
w in g . T h is p ro v id e s s u f fic ie n t t o r s io n a l s tiffn e s s . B u t a s tr u c tu r e
w ith slo p in g c o lu m n s c a u se s o th e r p ro b le m s in t h e f o rm o f h o riz o n ta l
lo a d s a m a s s in g a t th e b a s e . “ W e u s e d t e n s io n tie s in th e ra ft t o s to p
t h e fe e t fro m sp re a d in g . W e c o u ld h a v e p r o p p e d a g a in s t d ia p h r a g m
w alls o r re lie d o n f ric tio n , b u t t e n s io n tie s w e re t h e m o s t c o n tro lla b le
o p t i o n , ” sa y s D o c h e r ty . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e q u e n c e re q u ir e s t h e
f a n n in g c o lu m n s to b e d e s ig n e d fo r e r e c tio n lo a d s L a t e r t h e y w ill
b e e n c a s e d in r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e t o a c h ie v e t h e fin a l s tr e n g th fo r
p e r m a n e n t lo a d s.
(New Civil Engineer International, February, 2008)
298I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^ ТЕХТ 5
KARACHI CRACKER
B u ild in g a s u p e r ta ll t o w e r in K a r a c h i c a lls f o r i n te r n a tio n a l
k n o w -h o w a n d a n u n d e rs ta n d in g o f lo c a l s u b c o n tra c to rs ’ c a p ab ilities.
In
K a ra c h i,
P a k i s t a n ’s s e c o n d
c ity , a ta ll b u ild in g
is
c h a r a c te r is e d a s a n y th in g o v e r 10 sto re y s. T h e lo ftie st h a v e r e a c h e d
2 0 . S o it is n o o v e r s ta te m e n t t o sa y th a t th e 78 s to re y K a r a c h i P o r t
T o w e r , c o n s tr u c tio n o f w h ic h is s c h e d u le d t o s ta r t th is y e a r , w ill
tr a n s f o r m t h e c ity ’s sk y lin e . C o m p a r e d t o th e B u ij D u b a i, w h ic h
w ill b e th e w o r ld ’s ta lle st b u ild in g a t 146 o r m o r e sto re y s, 78 s to re y s
d o e s n ’t s o u n d so re m a r k a b le . B u t K a r a c h i P o r t T o w e r w ill b e th e
ta lle s t b u ild in g o n th e I n d i a n s u b c o n tin e n t. B u ild in g o n th is s c a le
in P a k is ta n is a o n e - o f f a n d p o s e s s o m e in te r e s tin g c h a lle n g e s .
N o b o d y i n t h e c o u n tr y h a s e v e r c a r r ie d o u t a s ite in v e s tig a tio n f o r
a b u ild in g o f th is s iz e b e f o r e . E x c e p tio n a lly d e e p a n d la rg e
fo u n d a tio n s a re re q u ir e d b u t lo c a l b a tc h in g p la n ts a re n o t e q u ip p e d
t o p r o d u c e c o n c r e te in th e v o lu m e s a n d s tr e n g th r e q u ir e d . T h e
s p e c ia lis t fa ls e w o rk , f o r m w o r k , c r a n a g e a n d c o n c r e te p u m p i n g
e q u i p m e n t n e e d e d f o r u l t r a - n i g h b u ild in g s d o e s n o t y e t e x is t in
P a k is ta n .
“ C o n s t r u c t i o n w ill r e q u ir e i n te r n a tio n a l k n o w - h o w , b u t w ith
lo c a l k n o w le d g e . T h r e e j o i n t v e n tu r e s o f f o r e ig n m a in c o n t r a c t o r s
w ith lo c a l f irm s h a v e b e e n s h o r tlis te d ,” r e v e a ls M o t t M a c D o n a l d
d i r e c t o r S te v e G r e g s o n , w h o is l e a d i n g s t r u c t u r a l , f a c a d e ,
m e c h a n ic a l a n d e le c tr ic a l, a n d fire e n g in e e r in g . “ B u t w h ic h e v e r
o f th e t h r e e is s e le c te d , th e y w ill b e h e a v ily r e lia n t o n lo c a l
s u b c o n tr a c to r s .” T h r o u g h o u t th e d e sig n p r o c e s s a c lo se e y e h a s b e e n
k e p t o n b u ild a b ility a n d m a k in g th e s t r u c tu r e s u ita b le f o r lo c a l
c o n d itio n s a n d skills.
C lie n t K a ra c h i P o r t T r u s t is th e p o r t a u th o r ity a n d o p e r a t o r a n d
is a lso a m a jo r p r o p e r ty a n d in f r a s tr u c tu r e o w n e r . It is u n d e r ta k in g
th e p r o je c t o n a s p e c u la tiv e b a sis. I n a d d itio n to o ffic e s p a c e it a lso
w a n ts h o u s in g , a h o te l a n d a c o n f e r e n c e c e n tr e , a n d it s p e c if ie d
“ s o m e th in g ic o n i c ” . M o tt M a c D o n a ld a n d a r c h ite c t A e d a s w o n
th e d e sig n c o m p e titio n last y e a r a n d a re ta k in g th e desig n t o “ d e ta ile d
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
299
c o n c e p t ” s ta g e . O ffic e s w ill o c c u p y g r o u n d le v e l u p t o flo o r 5 8 , a
h o te l w ill ta k e u p flo o rs 59 t o 7 6 a n d t h e t o p tw o flo o rs w ill b e
a p a r t m e n t s a n d le is u re fa c ilitie s . T h e c o n t r a c t o r w ill b e a p p o in te d
t o d e liv e r th e $ 3 9 6 M p lu s s c h e m e u n d e r a F I D 1 C d e s ig n a n d
b u ild c o n tra c t.
S te e l c o n s t r u c t i o n is r a r e in P a k is ta n , s o K a r a c h i P o r t T o w e r
w ill b e b u ilt f ro m c o n c r e te . It w ill c o n s is t o f a c y lin d r ic a l c o r e
r in g e d b y c o lu m n s a t th e b u ild in g p e r im e te r . S t r u c tu r a lly , s q u a re
c o r e s a re stiffe r, G re g s o n n o te s . T h e c y lin d e r w a s s p e c if ie d f o r
a r c h i t e c t u r a l re a s o n s a n d t o a c h ie v e s p a tia l e f fic ie n c y w ith in t h e
c i r c u la r f o o tp r in t o f t h e to w e r. B u t la c k o f s tiffn e s s h a s b e e n m o r e
t h a n m a d e u p f o r b y in c re a s in g t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e c o r e t o 3 1 .5 m
a n d ty in g in t h e rin g o f p e r i m e t e r c o lu m n s .
T h e c o r e s iz e a n d o t h e r a s p e c ts o f t h e s tr u c t u r a l d e s ig n w e re
d ic t a t e d b y th e p o s t - 9 / 1 1 r e t h i n k o f fire e v a c u a tio n f r o m ta ll
b u ild in g s , d riv e n b y M o tt M a c D o n a l d ’s fire sp e c ia lis ts . “ Y o u u s e d
t o b e to ld i f t h e r e ’s a fire , e v a c u a te u s in g t h e s t a i r s ,” s a y s J u s tin
G a r m a n , o n e o f M o t t M a c D o n a ld ’s f ire e n g in e e rs . “ B u t t h e W o rld
T r a d e C e n t e r d is a s te r s h o w e d t h a t s ta ir c a p a c ity w a s n ’t e n o u g h ,
a n d t h a t s o m e p e o p le w e re p h y s ic a lly in c a p a b le o f d e s c e n d in g t e n s
o f s to re y s b y sta ir.
“ S o n o w , f o r v e ry ta ll b u ild in g s , lifts a re b e in g lo o k e d o n a s
in te g r a l t o th e fire e v a c u a tio n s tr a te g y .” L ift c a p a c ity h a s b e e n
d e s ig n e d fo r a n o ffic e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s ity o f o n e p e r s o n p e r 11 m 2,
so th e re w ill b e a lo t o f th e m . K a ra c h i P o rt T o w e r w ill b e e q u ip p e d
w ith a c o m b i n a t i o n o f e x p re s s a n d lo c a l lifts. H ig h - s p e e d lifts,
m o v in g p e o p le o v e r la rg e n u m b e rs o f flo o rs, w ill b e d o u b le d ic k e rs.
P a s s e n g e rs w ill t h e n c a t c h lo c a l lifts f ro m tr a n s i t i o n z o n e s to t h e i r
d e s tin e d flo o r.
O v e r t h e h e ig h t o f th e to w e r t h e r e w ill b e th r e e tr a n s itio n z o n e s .
S tru c tu ra lly th e s e a re v e ry d iffe re n t t o th e to w e r ’s ty p ic a l o p e n p la n
flo o rs. F l o o r sla b s t h r o u g h o u t t h e t o w e r w ill b e 2 6 0 m m th ic k
p o s t - t e n s i o n e d c o n c r e te , s tiffe n e d b y a 4 0 0 m m d e e p e d g e b e a m .
C o lu m n s w ill b e t ie d in to th e c i r c u la r rin g b y a n 8 5 0 m m - d e e p
d o w n s ta n d . B u t th e tw o -s to re y tra n s itio n z o n e s w ifi b e o f fa r h e a v ie r
c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h t h i c k e r f lo o r s la b s a n d h e a v ily r e i n f o r c e d
c o n c r e te o u trig g e r s h e a r w alls ru n n in g f ro m t h e c o re to th e b u ild in g
ЗООI Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
р е п m e te r c o lu m n s . E a c h z o n e w ill h o u se a t e c h n ic a l flo o r d e d ic a te d
t o b u ild in g s e rv ic e s, a n d a f ir e - p r o o f e d re fu g e It is t o th e s e re fu g e s
t h a t p e o p le w ill b e le d i f fire b r e a k s o u t. T h e y w ill b e s p e e d e d t o
g r o u n d le v e l in e x p re s s lifts.
T h e tr a n s itio n z o n e s h e a r w alls p la y a n im p o r ta n t ro le in lin k in g
th e c o re a n d c o lu m n s. G re g s o n says t h a t a t th e low est o f th e te c h n ic a l
f lo o rs t h e s tiffe n in g e f fe c t o f th e o u tr ig g e r w a lls is m in im a l. “ W h e n
w e m o d e lle d th e s t r u c tu r e w e f o u n d w e d o n ’t n e e d o u tr ig g e r w a lls
t h e r e , s o w e ’v e o m itte d t h e m a n d g a in e d a s ig n ific a n t c o s t s a v in g .”
D e s ig n h a s h a d t o d e a l w ith t h e o ld p r o b le m o f a x ia l s h o r te n in g
b e tw e e n c o r e a n d c o lu m n s u n d e r d e a d lo a d . T h is o c c u r s w h e n a
s tr u c tu r a l m e m b e r is s q u a s h e d b y th e w e ig h t o f th e s tr u c tu r e ab o v e .
T h e ta lle r th e c o lu m n , th e g r e a te r th e d e g re e o f p o te n tia l s h o rte n in g .
S iz e d p u r e ly f o r s tr u c tu r a l e f f ic ie n c y , c o lu m n s w o u ld h a v e
s h o r t e n e d b y m o r e t h a n 7 5 m m , G r e g s o n n o te s “ Y o u c a n a llo w
f o r a d e g r e e o f a x ia l s h o r te n in g b y i n t r o d u c in g a s lig h t c a m b e r
in to t h e f lo o r sla b . T h a t c a m b e r c o m e s d o w n a s y o u b u ild th e
s t r u c tu r e u p , a n d th e f lo o r e n d s u p le v e l.” B u t a g r e a te r t h a n 75
m m c o r r e c tio n w a s a t th e e d g e o f t e c h n ic a l fe a sib ility . C o lu m n s
h a v e t h e r e f o r e b e e n s iz e d t o r e d u c e s tr e s s a n d s h o r te n in g . I n p la n
t h e y a r e e lo n g a te d t r ia n g le s w ith r o u n d e d c o m e r s , m e a s u r in g 2 m
w id e b y 3 m d e e p . C o l u m n s iz e s d im in is h a s th e y rise u p t h e
b u ild in g — first in w id th , t h e n in d e p th .
G r e g s o n says th a t lo w e r d o w n th e to w e r, a x ia l s h o r te n in g c o u ld
h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d b y sp e c ify in g v e ry h ig h - s tr e n g th c o n c r e te . “ B u t
w e w a n t to k e e p th e c o n c r e te m ix w ith in th e re a lm s o f w h a t is feasible
in P a k ista n .” A c h ie v in g C 100 w o u ld re q u ire th e u se o f ex o tic a d d itiv e s
a n d p r e c is e m ix c o n tr o l. C 6 5 c o n c r e te w ill b e e a s ie r t o b a t c h a n d
m o r e fo ig iv in g in c o n s tr u c tio n .
C o n c e s s io n s t o th e lo c a l c o n s tr u c tio n m a rk e t h ave also b e e n m a d e
in t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f c o lu m n s a n d in t h e t o w e r ’s f o u n d a tio n s .
“ W e in itia lly l o o k e d a t f o llo w in g t h e s p ir a l w ith t h e c o lu m n s , s o
t h e y w o u ld h a v e b e e n r a k in g ,” re c a lls G re g s o n . H o w e v e r, “ t o m a k e
th e m w o r k it w o u ld h a v e r e q u ir e d v e ry h e a v y r e in f o r c e m e n t a n d
p r e c is e s te e l fix in g . B e c a u s e t h e r e ’s n o p r e c e d e n t f o r a b u ild in g o f
th is h e ig h t in P a k is ta n , w e fe lt it s e n s ib le n o t t o a d d a v o id a b le
c o m p le x ity .” T h o u g h c o lu m n s a re o r ie n te d to th e c u r v a tu r e o f th e
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
301
f a c a d e , a n a lte r n a tiv e w a y o f e x p r e s s in g t h e s p ir a l w a s f o u n d , sa y s
G r e g s o n . “ T h e s p ir a l is a c h ie v e d b y c a n tile v e r in g th e f lo o r p la te b y
j u s t o v e r 3 m o n o p p o s in g s id e s o f th e to w e r . A s y o u g o u p th e
to w e r , th e c a n tile v e r m o v e s a r o u n d a fe w d e g r e e s .”
(New Civil Engineer International, May, 2008)
^TEXT 6
WARSAW WONDER
C a re fu l a d a p tio n o f a n e x istin g tw o - s to r e y b a s e m e n t in P o la n d ’s
c a p ita l h a s m e a n t t h a t it c a n t a k e th e i n c r e a s e d l o a d f r o m t h e n e w
5 4 - s to r e y Z l o t a 4 4 r e s id e n tia l to w e r .
W a r s a w , P o l a n d ’s c a p ita l, is s o m e th in g o f a s u r p r is e . T h e c ity
w a s a lm o s t d e s tr o y e d i n th e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r a n d f e w e r t h a n a
f if th o f its b u ild in g s w e re le ft s ta n d in g . I ts r e d e v e lo p m e n t u n d e r
th e c o u n t r y ’s p o s t - w a r c o m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t w a s , f o r th e m o s t
p a r t , r e la tiv e ly m o d e s t, w ith th e n o ta b le e x c e p tio n o f th e im p e c ­
c a b ly r e c o n s tr u c te d o ld to w n .
E ls e w h e r e , s ta r k , s y s te m - b a s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o d u c e d a h a r d to - lo v e , M o d e r n is t a r c h ite c tu r e k n o w n a s s o c ia l re a lis m . I n r e c e n t
y e a rs th e c ity h a s e m b r a c e d th e o b lig a to ry g la s s - a n d - s te e l lo o k o f th e
m o d e m c ity . B u t t h a t t o o is set to c h a n g e w ith a n in c re a s in g n u m b e r
o f ic o n ic l a n d m a r k b u ild in g s b y h ig h - p r o f ile i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r c h i ­
te c ts in th e p ip e lin e .
A new movement.
Z l o t a 4 4 is a 19 2 m - ta ll r e s id e n tia l t o w e r d e s ig n e d b y U S b a s e d a r c h ite c t D a n ie l L ib e sk in d , w h o w as b o m in P o la n d t o p a r e n ts
w h o h a d s u r v iv e d t h e H o lo c a u s t. T h e b u ild in g is p a r t o f a n e w
m o v e m e n t t h a t is, a c c o r d in g t o L ib e s k in d , r e d e f in in g W a r s a w
“ th r o u g h c u ltu r e , f a s h io n a n d a n u n r iv a lle d a p p r o a c h t o liv in g ” .
T h is m a y b e so , b u t th e p r o je c t c o u ld a lso p la y a n i m p o r ta n t ro le
in r e d e f in in g P o l a n d ’s fle d g lin g g e o te c h n ic a l c o m m u n i t y . F o u n ­
d a t i o n d e s ig n o n th e p r o je c t is b y A r u p , w h o s e P o lis h g e o te c h n ic a l
g r o u p is le d b y M a r iu s z L e s z c z y n s k i. L e s z c z y n s k i, w h o c u t h is
t e e t h w o r k in g a s a g e o te c h n ic a l d e s ig n e r f o r B u r o H a p p o l d in th e
302I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
U K , say s P o la n d ’s g e o te c h n ic a l s e c to r is la rg e ly u n d e r d e v e lo p e d .
M o s t g e o te c h n ic a l a n d f o u n d a tio n d e s ig n w o rk , h e says, is c a r r ie d
o u t b y s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s w h o a re “ g e o te c h n ic a l b y e x p e r ie n c e ” .
A few un iv e rsity p ro fe sso rs ra n c o n s u lta n c y p ra c tic e s as a sid e lin e a n d
th e y are d e e m e d c u s to d ia n s o f th e n a tio n ’s g e o te c h n ic a l k n o w le d g e .
F o r A r u p , it h a s b e e n s o m e th in g o f a n u p h ill stru g g le to d e v e lo p
a m a r k e t f o r to p - e n d c o n s u lta n c y b a s e d a r o u n d g e o te c h n ic a l
e x p e rtise w ith in a c o m m e r c ia l p riv a te b u sin e ss. B u t t h r o u g h p r o je c ts
s u c h a s Z lo ta 4 4 , A r u p ’s g e o te c h n ic a l c a p a b ility is b e g in n in g to b e
re c o g n ise d a m o n g P o la n d ’s w id e r en g in e e rin g c o m m u n ity a n d , m o re
i m p o r ta n tly , th e d e v e lo p m e n t a n d i n v e s tm e n t c o m m u n ity . A r u p ’s
f o u n d a t i o n d e s ig n h a s t a k e n p r a c t i c a l P o l i s h g e o t e c h n i c a l
e n g in e e n n g t o n e w h e ig h ts o f s o p h is tic a tio n , as w e ll a s sa v in g th e
c lie n t m o n e y . D e v e lo p e r O r e o G r o u p ’s g le a m in g n e w 5 4 - s to r e y
e d ific e w ill o c c u p y a c e n tr a l W a rs a w lo c a tio n a c ro s s th e r o a d fr o m
th e im p o s in g P a la c e o f C u ltu r e a n d S c ie n c e , a n a r c h ite c tu r a l s h o w ­
c a se f r o m t h e c o m m u n is t e ra.
O r e o ’s s ite w a s p r e v io u s ly o c c u p ie d b y a s e v e n - s to r e y o ffic e
d e v e lo p m e n t c o n s tr u c te d in 1 9 8 9 , w ith t w o b a s e m e n t le v e ls a ll
f o u n d e d o n a ra ft. W h e n b u ilt, it w a s t h e first a p p l i c a t i o n o f
d i a p h r a g m w a lls in th e c ity . A m a jo r c h a lle n g e is th e f a c t t h a t th e
s ite is c o n s tr a in e d o n a ll s id e s , w ith n e ig h b o u r in g b u ild in g s ju s t
6 0 0 m m f r o m t h e b a s e m e n t w a ll. T h e o r ig in a l in te n tio n t o p r o v id e
f o u r o r fiv e le v e ls o f u n d e r g r o u n d c a r p a r k in g w o u ld h a v e m e a n t
n o t o n ly a m a jo r d e m o litio n j o b t o r e m o v e th e e x is tin g th ic k b a s e ­
m e n t r a ft, b u t a ls o a p h e n o m e n a l a m o u n t o f m o n ito r in g a n d a
v e ry c o s tly le g a l u n d e r ta k in g — e v e n a s s u m in g c o n s t r u c t i o n w e n t
e x a c tly t o p la n .
A r m e d w ith t h is k n o w le d g e , O r e o r e th o u g h t a n d re d e s ig n e d t h e
b u ild in g ’s lo w e r f lo o rs, m a k in g u s e o f ju s t tw o b a s e m e n t le v e ls a n d
a llo w in g a c o m b i n a t i o n o f c o m m e r c ia l a n d c a r p a r k in g t o e x te n d
u p t o th e e ig h th le v e l. S tr u c tu r a l lo a d s a t f o u n d a tio n le v e l w e r e o f
th e o r d e r o f 6 0 0 K P a - 8 0 0 K P a , b u t r a t h e r t h a n p r o v id in g a d e e p p ile d s o lu tio n A r u p in v e s tig a te d w h e t h e r it c o u l d b e d e s ig n e d a s a
p ile d r a f t s y ste m .
T h e s e w o u ld b e d e s ig n e d s im ila r t o t h o s e u s e d in F r a n k f u r t,
w h e r e p ile s a r e d e s ig n e d p u r e ly t o lim it s e ttle m e n t, r a t h e r t h a n t o
c a r r y l o a d s . A s a l o c a l t w is t t o t h is a p p r o a c h , A m p p r o p o s e d u s in g
SUPPLEMENTARYREADING 303
sin g le d ia p h r a g m w all p a n e ls as b a rre tte s . F r o m a c o n s tr u c tio n p o in t
o f v ie w th is m e a n t th e o r ig in a l d ia p h r a g m w all c o u ld b e le ft in p la c e ,
th e o ld r a f t s h a v e d o ff, a n d a n e w r a ft c a s t o n t o p o f it. T h e n e w
r a ft w o u ld b e 2 m th ic k b e lo w t h e t o w e r a re a , r e d u c in g to a th ic k n e s s
o f 1.5 m else w h e re .
T h is a p p r o a c h w o u ld p r o d u c e a m u c h le ss e x p e n s iv e f o u n d a ­
tio n . L e sz c z y n sk i re a lise d th is a p p r o a c h re q u ir e d in v e s tig a tio n u sin g
3 D f in ite e le m e n t a n a ly s is t o d e te r m in e w h e th e r it w o u ld w o r k a s a
t r u e p ile d r a f t a n d a ls o t o d e te r m in e h o w th e c o n n e c t i o n b e tw e e n
t h e b a r r e tte s a n d t h e r a f t a f f e c te d th e b e h a v io u r o f t h e f o u n d a tio n .
A n a c c u r a te d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l e n g th o f t h e b a r r e tte s w a s a ls o
needed.
Leszczynski’s hunch.
F o r L e s z c z y n s k i, it w a s v ita l t h a t t h e a n a ly s is a c c o u n t e d f o r
s o i l - s tr u c tu r e in te r a c tio n a n d t h a t a m o r e s o p h is tic a te d s o il m o d e l
t h a n M o h r C o u lo m b w a s u s e d . T h e a p p r o a c h m e a n t A m p h a d t o
c o m m is s io n a m u c h m o r e c o m p r e h e n s iv e g r o u n d in v e s tig a tio n th a n
is t y p ic a l in P o la n d , o n t h e b a s is t h a t th e r e w o u ld b e little p o i n t in
d o in g a c o m p le x f in ite e l e m e n t a n a ly s is i f it w e re n o t c o n f i d e n t it
h a d c o r r e c tly id e n tif ie d th e g r o u n d c o n d itio n s .
T h e in v e s tig a tio n in c l u d e d e ig h t b o r e h o le s a n d e ig h t c o n e
p e n e t r a t i o n te s ts , w ith s h e a r - w a v e v e lo c ity m e a s u r e m e n t s t o
d e te r m in e s tr a in ra tio s . B y ta k in g s a m p le s a n d r e c o n s titu tin g th e s e
a t th e i r in s itu d e n sity , A r u p w a s a b le to c o rre la te th e g r o u n d stiffn ess
t o its g r a d in g a n d d e n s ity . T h is c o n f ir m e d L e s z c z y n s k i’s h u n c h
s u p p o r t e d b y o b s e r v e d s e ttle m e n ts in e x is tin g b u ild in g s i n W a rs a w
t h a t th e g r o u n d w a s m u c h s tif f e r t h a n a llo w e d f o r in c o n v e n tio n a l
a n a ly sis.
I n p r o f ile , th e g r o u n d a t t h e s ite c o m p r is e d th e t h i c k a n d
u b iq u ito u s b la n k e t o f m a d e g r o u n d , p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t W a rs a w a s
a n u n c o m f o r ta b le r e m i n d e r o f th e w a r. B e lo w th is , t h e n a t u r a l
g r o u n d is m a d e u p o f t w o la y e r s o f b o u l d e r c la y , th e r e s u lt o f tw o
g la c ia tio n s .
T h is c la y , sa y s L e s z c z y n s k i, is “ a v e ry g o o d m a te r ia l, v e ry
s tiff, n o t s u s c e p tib le t o sw e llin g a n d h a s a h ig h c o n t e n t o f g r a v e l
a n d b o u l d e r s ” . T h e b o u l d e r c la y h o r iz o n s a r e u n d e r l a i n b y a v e ry
d e n s e in te r g la c ia l g r a v e l a n d s a n d a n d , b e lo w t h is , a s tif f T e r tia r y
C la y , s im ila r t o L o n d o n C la y a t a b o u t 4 0 m . A m p u s e d M I D A S
304I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
G T S fin ite e le m e n t so ftw a re . T h is in d ic a te d t h a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n
b a r re tte s d id n o t n e e d t o e x te n d to th e d e e p c la y a n d c o u ld b e s h o r t­
e n e d fr o m 2 0 m t o 17.5 m .
I t a ls o s h o w e d t h a t a p i n n e d , r a t h e r t h a n a fix e d , c o n n e c t i o n
b e tw e e n t h e ra ft a n d t h e b a r r e tte s w a s b e t t e r i n te r m s o f b e n d in g
m o m e n ts , a lth o u g h th is c r e a te d th e n e e d t o “ b e e f u p ” t h e s te e l in
t h e ra ft lo c a lly T h e a n a ly s is a ls o s h o w e d t h a t , p e r h a p s c o u n t e r ­
in tu itiv e ly , t h e lo a d is a c tu a lly c a r r ie d b y t h e b a r r e tte s , r e s u ltin g is
v e ry little s tr a in a t ra ft le v e l. L e s z c z y n s k i fe e ls A r a p ’s d e s ig n h a s
c e rta in ly le d t o a b e tte r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e g ro u n d a n d f o u n d a tio n
b e h a v io u r.
F o u n d a t i o n w o rk w a s c a r r ie d o u t b y c o n t r a c t o r I n k o m , w h ic h
in s ta lle d th e 17.5 m lo n g , 0 .8 m b y 2 .8 m b a rre tte s th r o u g h s lo ts c u t
in th e f o u n d a tio n ra ft. L e s z c z y n s k i w a s c o n c e r n e d t h a t c r e a tin g
th e s e slo ts a n d e x p o sin g th e u n d e rs id e o f th e o rig in a l ra ft c o u ld le a d
t o a s o fte n in g b e lo w it. A s a p r e c a u t i o n , In k o m in je c te d g r o u t a t
lo w p re s s u re b e lo w t h e ra ft a r o u n d th e s lo t lo c a tio n s . I n a d d itio n it
p re s tre s s e d th e b a r r e tte s b y b a s e - g r o u tin g th e m , a l th o u g h th is w a s
p rim a rily t o m itig a te a g a in s t p o te n tia l c o n s t r u c t i o n e r r o r s , r a t h e r
th a n a n e c e s s a ry p a r t o f th e d e s ig n .
F o u n d a tio n w o rk w a s c o m p le te w h e n N C E I v is ite d th e s ite a n d
th e s t r u c tu r e w a s th r e e s to re y s a b o v e g ro u n d . P r o v id e d P o l a n d ’s
re sid e n tia l m a rk e t rid e s t h ro u g h th e c re d it c ru n c h , g e n e ra l c o n tr a c to r
B esix s h o u ld b e c o m p le tin g t h e p ro je c t b y a u tu m n n e x t y e a r.
(New Civil Engineer International, January, 2009)
^ TEXT 7
DOWNTOWN
by A drian Greeman
B ir m in g h a m ’s la te s t d e v e lo p m e n t in c lu d e s a 4 4 s t o r e y - to w e r
w ith a fiv e s to re y b a s e m e n t. B a c h y S o le ta n c h e is ju s t f in is h in g th e
fo u n d a tio n s .
B irm in g h a m , E n g la n d h a s lo n g h a d a r e p u ta tio n a s a w in d s w e p t
c o n c r e t e ju n g le , t h e re s u lt o f r o a d fo c u s e d r e - d e v e lo p m e n t i n th e
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
305
1960s. B u t a w ave o f n e w d e v e lo p m e n t is m o d e rn is in g th e c ity c e n tr e
w ith frie n d lie r m ix e d u s e s c h e m e s. O n e o f t h e b ig g e st is tr a n s f o r m in g
a b le a k s p a c e c lo se to t h e S n o w H ill s ta tio n , t h e c ity ’s s e c o n d c e n tr a l
ra ilw a y s ta tio n . F o r y e a rs th e a r e a h a s b e e n m a in ly r o u g h g r o u n d ,
u s e d fo r c a r p a r k in g a lo n g sid e a m a in r o a d , w ith ra ilw a y lin e s n e a rb y
a n d a s s o r te d 1960s c o n c r e te m u ltis to r e y c a r p a rk s.
N o w s te e l f r a m e b lo c k s a r e r is in g o n a t h r e e p a r t s ite b e in g
d e v e lo p e d b y B a lly m o r e f o r m ix e d u s e , w ith o f f ic e s , r e ta il s p a c e
a n d h o t e l flo o r s a b o v e . L a rg e s t w ill b e a d e v e lo p m e n t w ith t w o
to w e r s o n th e s q u a r e s ite a t th e e n d , o n e o f th e s e a f u tu r e l a n d m a r k
w ith 4 4 f lo o r s , t h e c i t y ’s h ig h e s t b u ild in g . L a n d s c a p e d s p a c e w ill
a ls o b e o v e r a fiv e - s to r e y b a s e m e n t c a r p a r k fillin g t h e w h o le 9 6 ,0 0 0
m 2 s p a c e . T o c r e a t e t h i s la r g e v o lu m e a n d to w e r f o u n d a tio n s ,
g r o u n d w o r k sp e c ia lis t B a c h y S o le ta n c h e h a s b e e n in s ta llin g a d e e p
c o n tig u o u s p ile d w a ll a r o u n d t h e s ite th is s u m m e r . I n r e c e n t w e e k s,
a s th e la rg e e x c a v a tio n in s id e g o t u n d e r w a y in s id e , it h a s b e e n b a c k
o n s ite t o in s ta ll a lin e o f g r o u n d a n c h o r s in t h e w a ll.
“ T h e s e a re f o r te m p o r a r y su p p o r t o f th e w all d u r in g t h e b a s e m e n t
c o n s tr u c tio n ,” e x p la in s c o n tr a c ts m a n a g e r S te v e M a llin s o n . “ O n c e
th e c o n c r e t e d b a s e sla b a n d f lo o rs a r e in p la c e t h e y w ill p r o v id e a ll
th e s tr u c tu r a l s u p p o r t n e e d e d a n d t h e a n c h o r s w ill b e c u t th r o u g h .”
T h e te n d o n s w ill r e m a in in th e g r o u n d a fte rw a rd s . “ W e a ls o h a d to
d o t e n p lu n g e c o lu m n s f o r t h e site a p p r o a c h r a m p w ith in t h e m a in
w a l l ,” sa y s M a llin s o n . T h e s e h e f ty s te e l H - s e c t i o n c o lu m n s ,
s u r r o u n d e d b y p e a g ra v e l in s id e t h e i r p ile c a s in g s , a r e g r a d u a lly
b e in g e x p o s e d a g a in a s th e site e x c a v a tio n p r o c e e d s .
C o n t r a c t o r P C H a r r in g to n is d o in g t h e e x c a v a tio n a n d b a s e
c o n c r e tin g a t p r e s e n t. B u t u n til r e c e n tly B a c h y h a s u n u s u a lly h a d
th e s ite t o itse lf. “ W e w e re e ffe c tiv e ly a m a i n c o n t r a c t o r , ” sa y s
M a llin s o n , “ in s ta llin g s e c u r ity a n d s ite w e lf a r e , a r r a n g in g sp o il
d is p o s a l a n d c o n c r e te d e liv e rie s .”
I t w a s a c h a n g e , h e sa y s, n o t h a v in g to in te r le a v e b e tw e e n o th e r
w o r k , th o u g h w ith t w o s u p p o r t c r a n e s , tw o B a u e r B G 2 2 p ilin g
rigs, s p o il h e a p s , r e in f o r c e m e n t d e liv e rie s a n d s ite a c c o m m o d a tio n
t o d e a l w ith , t h e s ite b e c a m e fu ll e n o u g h . A s th e 241 p ile s in th e
p e r im e te r w a ll w e re in s ta lle d h e e v e n h a d t o b l o c k o f f tw o o f th r e e
s ite e n tr a n c e s , w h ic h m e a n t s o m e c a r e f u l lo g is tic s w e re n e e d e d .
306 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
F o r t h e 2 2 0 m le n g th o f t h e m a in w a ll, p r o je c t d e s ig n c o n s u lta n t
W S P h a d o p te d f o r c o n tig u o u s p ile s , “ w h ic h is t h e r ig h t c h o i c e , ”
say s M a llin s o n , “b e c a u s e th e g r o u n d is d r y a n d y o u d o n ’t n e e d a n y
in te r lo c k in g .” P ile s a r e 7 5 0 m m d ia m e te r .
T h e w all w ill h o ld b a c k th e g ro u n d w h ic h c o m p ris e s a fe w m e tre s
o f fill, t h e n a 3 - 5 m th i c k s a n d la y e r w h ic h b e c o m e s w e a th e r e d
s a n d s to n e f u r th e r d o w n a n d g r a d u a lly m o r e c o m p e te n t r o c k . “ T h e
b e d r o c k la y e r slo p e s f r o m 2 m t o 14 m d o w n a c r o s s t h e s ite a n d t h e
p ile s m u s t b e u p t o 17.5 m d e e p ,” says site e n g in e e r M a th e w B ro w n ,
“ th o u g h t h e y a v e ra g e o u t a little le s s .”
T o g e t t h r o u g h th is fa irly s o f t g r o u n d s h o u ld b e re la tiv e ly
stra ig h tf o r w a r d . B a c h y h o p e d t o w o r k w ith c o n t in u o u s flig h t p ilin g
m a in ly , w h ic h is q u ic k a n d e c o n o m ic a l. B u t t h e r e is a lw a y s a b u t.
O n th is s ite it w a s o b s ta c le s in t h e g r o u n d , r e m n a n ts o f th e 1960s,
in c lu d in g v a r io u s r o a d u n d e r p a s s e s a n d su b w a y s. “ A l o t o f it w a s
g r u b b e d o u t in a p r e p a r a to r y c o n t r a c t , ” sa y s B ro w n . “ B u t th e r e
w a s s o m e le ft w h e r e it w o u ld h a v e c a u s e d u n d e r m in in g o f t h e
h ig h w a y .”
T h e o b s ta c le s w e re m a in ly s e v e r a l m e tr e s d o w n a n d u p t o 3 m
th ic k . T o g e t th r o u g h m e a n t u s in g t h e f u ll s t r e n g th o f t h e B a u e r
rig s in s tr a ig h t b o r in g m o d e — t h e d u a l p u r p o s e rig s c o u ld b e
c o n v e r te d f o r s u c h w o rk in a b o u t 2 4 h o u r s a n d th e n d r o v e t h r o u g h
th e h a r d m a te n a l w ith tu n g s te n c a r b id e b o r in g h e a d s. “ W e h a d site
in v e s tig a tio n d a ta b u t d id f u r th e r p r o b e p ile s a t v a r io u s lo c a tio n s
a r o u n d t h e p e r im e te r t o w o rk o u t w h a t w e c o u ld d o w ith t h e C F A
a n d w h a t w o u ld ta k e t h e h a r d e r c a s e d b o r e d w o r k ,” sa y s M a llin ­
s o n . I n t h e e n d a b o u t 3 0 % b o r e d p ilin g w a s n e e d e d , s o m e w h a t less
th a n B a c h y h a d e s tim a te d , w h ic h m e a n t it c a m e o u t a h e a d .
B u t t h e r e is o f te n a n o t h e r b u t. T h e s a n d s to n e a n d s a n d c a u s e d
d iffic u ltie s w ith b o t h ty p e s o f p ilin g “ b e c a u s e p o r o u s g r o u n d te n d s
t o s u c k t h e m o is tu r e o u t o f t h e c o n c r e t e , ” sa y s M a llin s o n . “ T h a t
m a d e it stifie r a n d h a r d e r t o g e t t h e p r e - m a d e r e in f o r c e m e n t c a g e s
in a f te r t h e a u g u r w a s w ith d r a w n .” B a c h y s w itc h e d t o a m o r e flu id
m ix a n d a h ig h ly d i s c ip lin e d p ile p r o c e d u r e w h e r e c a g e s w e re
p o s itio n e d w ith in a m in u te o f th e a u g u r b e in g w ith d r a w n .
F o r t h e t e n t o p - d o w n p ile s B a c h y in s ta lle d a b a s ic b o r e d p ile
w ith c a s in g a n d t h e n u s e d its s p e c ia l p lu n g e c o lu m n rig to a c h ie v e
th e 5 m m a c c u ra c y n e e d e d fo r p o s itio n in g th e I s e c tio n s te e l co lu m n s.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
307
A ste e l f r a m e sittin g o n th e c a s in g s h a d th r e e s e ts o f h y d r a u lic r a m s
f o r p r e c is io n a d ju s tm e n t o f th e c e n t r a l ste e l w h ile i t w a s fix e d w ith
a r o u n d 5 m o f c o n c r e te a t t h e p ile b a s e . P e a g ra v e l f ills th e c a s in g .
T h e 12 w e e k s ’ s c h e d u le m e t, B a c h y r e tir e d f o r a m o n t h w h ile th e
e x c a v a tio n b e g a n , r e t u r n i n g i n la te O c t o b e r t o b e g in a n c h o r in g .
S o m e 7 0 a n c h o r s g o in , a r o w o f o n e e v e r y t h r e e p ile s . E a c h is
15 m lo n g a n d 178 m m d ia m e t e r , d r iv e n b y a C a s a g r a n d e M 6
a r tic u la tin g rig.
F iv e s tr a n d r e in f o r c e m e n t b u n d le s f r o m D iw id a g a r e g r o u te d i n to
t h e b o t t o m 6 m o r s o o f t h e a n c h o r w h ic h r u n s a t a 45° in c lin e in to
t h e s a n d s to n e . T h a t t o o h a s g o n e t o s c h e d u le a n d t h e s ite is n o w
a lm o s t r e a d y f o r t h e m a i n w o r k s b y c o n t r a c t o r A ltiu s .
The Snow Hill development as it will look.
S n o w H ill d e v e lo p m e n t in c lu d e s 5 6 ,0 0 0 m 2 o f o f f ic e s p a c e , a
f iv e - s ta r h o te l a n d 3 3 2 lu x u r y a p a r t m e n t s in a 4 4 - s t o r e y to w e r ,
fiv e m a jo r n e w p u b lic s p a c e s w h ic h — it is h o p e d — w ill c r e a te a
n e w c o r e t o B ir m in g h a m ’s c o m m e r c ia l h e a r t l a n d K ie r G r o u p is
t h e m a in c o n t r a c t o r w ith A r u p h e a d in g u p t h e m e c h a n ic a l a n d
e le c tr ic a l e n g in e e r in g c o n t r a c t , w h ile A la n B a x te r A s s o c ia te s is t h e
s t r u c tu r e s a n d h ig h w a y s c o n s u lta n t. B a lly m o r e P r o p e r tie s is th e
d e v e lo p e r o f th e S n o w H ill p r o je c t. I t h a s w o r k e d o n 2 2 c ity c e n tr e
p r o je c ts in L iv e r p o o l, L u t o n , B ris to l a n d L o n d o n . I n L o n d o n ’s
D o c k la n d s , c u r r e n t s c h e m e s in c lu d e P a n P e n in s u la , O n ta r io T o w e r
a n d L e a m o u th P e n in s u la .
(New Civil Engineer International, February, 2008)
^TEXT 8
OPEN PLAN SURGERY
by Andrew Mylius
O p e n in g u p t h e b a s e m e n t o f S t P a n c r a s S ta tio n ’s M id la n d G r a n d
H o te l h a s c a lle d f o r r a d ic a l r e - e n g in e e r in g o f its f o u n d a tio n s .
G e ttin g m in e r s , t h e i r e x c a v a tio n e q u i p m e n t a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n
m a te r ia ls in to t h e t ig h t s p a c e s b e n e a t h th e M i d l a n d G r a n d H o te l
f r o n tin g L o n d o n ’s S t P a n c r a s S ta tio n w a s lik e p la y in g s a r d in e s ,
sa y s C la ir e C a r r . S h e is o v e r s e e in g a s u r g ic a l o p e r a t i o n t o r e m o v e
308[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
w alls in th e o ld h o te l b a s e m e n t to c r e a te a d ir e c t lin k b e tw e e n K in g ’s
C ro ss S t P a n c ra s U n d e rg ro u n d s ta tio n in fro n t o f th e M id la n d G r a n d
H o te l, a n d S t P a n c r a s I n te r n a tio n a l r a ilw a y te r m in u s , w h ic h is
im m e d ia te ly b e h in d it.
“ E u r o s t a r w ill s ta r t u s in g th e s t a t i o n in N o v e m b e r . W e ’re
c r e a tin g e a s y t h r o u g h - a c c e s s f o r p a s s e n g e r s m o v in g b e t w e e n th e
L o n d o n U n d e r g r o u n d a n d h ig h s p e e d t r a i n s , ” sa y s C a r r . S h e is
s e c tio n m a n a g e r f o r C O R B E R , a j o i n t v e n tu r e b e tw e e n C o s ta in ,
L a in g O ’R o u r k e , B a c h y S o l e ta n c h e a n d E m c o r R a il, w h ic h is
c a r r y in g o u t t h e r e ju v e n a tio n o f S t P a n c r a s s ta tio n . I t is d o in g th e
w o r k f o r L o n d o n & C o n t i n e n t a l R a ilw a y s , o w n e r a n d o p e r a t o r
o f H ig h S p e e d 1, f o r m e r ly k n o w n a s t h e C h a n n e l T u n n e l R a il
L in k .
C a r r s ay s t h a t to s u p p o r t th e h o te l’s s e v e n s to re y s o f n e o - g o th ic
b ric k w o rk , w a lls in th e b a s e m e n t c h a m b e r s w e re u p to 1.5 m th ic k ,
c a r r y in g p o in t lo a d s o f 5 0 0 k N . T h e s p a c e w a s d iv id e d in t o fo u r
ro o m s , r o u g h ly 7 m s q u a r e , tw o e ith e r s id e o f a 3 m w id e c o r r id o r .
D o o r s g iv in g a c c e s s t o th e c o r r id o r , a n d f r o m th e c o r r i d o r in to
e a c h o f th e r o o m s , w e re b e tw e e n 8 0 0 m m a n d 9 0 0 m m w id e .
“ S p a c e w ith in th e c h a m b e r s w a s lim ite d , a n d t h e d o o r w a y s f o r m e d
e x tre m e ly tig h t b o ttle n e c k s o n m o v e m e n ts o f p e o p le a n d m a te r ia ls ,”
C a r r says. O p e n in g t h e b a s e m e n t u p t o c r e a te sp a c e f o r fre e -flo w in g
p a s s e n g e r m o v e m e n t fo llo w s a 6 0 - p o m t m e th o d s ta te m e n t. “ W e ’ve
a r r iv e d a t th e p o in t w h e r e w e ’ve g o t a la rg e o p e n p la n a r e a d o tte d
w ith c o lu m n s — w e ’v e c o m e a l o n g w a y ,” C a r r s u m m a r is e s .
A lo n g s id e w o r k in g in c o n f in e d s p a c e s , o n e o f C O R B E R ’s k e y
c h a lle n g e s w a s to lim it s e ttle m e n t “ O u r w o r k s tr a te g y h a s b e e n
g o v e r n e d b y th e r e q u ir e m e n t t o k e e p s e ttle m e n t t o u n d e r 5 m m , ”
sa y s C a r r . I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n h a s b e e n in s ta lle d o n th e u p p e r f lo o rs
o f th e h o te l to k e e p ta b s o n th e b u ild in g r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s b e in g
e a r n e d o u t t o its f o o tin g s .
W o r k s ta r te d 17 m o n th s a g o w ith th e e x c a v a tio n o f 3 m b y 2 m
p its to lo c a te t h e h o te l c o ib e lle d b n c k fo u n d a tio n s . T h e s e w e re fo u n d
6 m d o w n , b e a n n g o n t o L o n d o n C la y . A t e a m o f m in e r s e m p lo y e d
b y C o s ta in c a r r ie d o u t th e e x c a v a tio n w o rk , u s in g ti m b e r p r o p s
a n d s h o n n g t o s u p p o r t t h e sid e s o f t h e h o le s . “ B e c a u s e o f th e
SUPPLEMENTARYREADING 309
c o n d i t i o n s m w h ic h w e ’re w o rk in g , w e ’v e g o n e b a c k to v e ry
tr a d itio n a l m e th o d s a n d m a te ria ls ,” C a r r n o te s “ T im b e r ’s fa r e a sie r
t o u s e th a n s te e l in tig h t s p a c e s lik e t h i s . ”
W i t h fo o tin g le v e ls e s ta b lis h e d , g r o u n d w a s t a k e n d o w n t o th e
s a m e le v e l t h r o u g h o u t th e b a s e m e n t a re a . P o w e r e d w h e e lb a rro w s
a n d a s m a ll c o n v e y o r w e re u s e d t o r e m o v e s p o il a s t w o m in i-d ig g e rs
to ile d aw ay. N e x t, 1 m w id e , 4 .5 m d e e p re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te s tr ip
fo u n d a tio n s w e re c a s t e i t h e r s id e o f th e w a lls t o t a k e t e m p o r a r y
w o rk s lo a d in g . “W e n e e d e d v e ry s u b s ta n tia l fo u n d a tio n s t o ta k e
p r o p p in g fo r c e s w h e n it c a m e to o p e n in g u p t h e w a lls ,” C a rr
e x p la in s . O p e n in g u p t h e w a lls in v o lv e d ta k in g c o re s a t h ig h lev el,
w h e re th e y m e t th e e d g e s o f v au lts m ak in g u p t h e b a s e m e n t ja c k a rc h
c e ilin g . S u b c o n t r a c t o r S h e p le y in s e r te d I - s e c t i o n n e e d le s t h r o u g h
th e s e h o le s s u p p o rtin g t h e m o n p ro p p e d I - b e a m s ru n n in g flu s h w ith
a n d e i t h e r s id e o f t h e w alls.
“ W e w e re stric tly p ro h ib ite d fr o m o p e n in g u p m o re t h a n 2 5 % o f
t h e w a ll a t o n c e , s o w e h a d t o in s ta ll t h e n e e d le u s in g a h it o n e ,
m is s t h r e e , h i t o n e p a t t e r n . O n c e w e ’d b e e n a r o u n d a ll t h e w alls
o n c e , w e w e n t b a c k a n d d id th e s a m e a g a in a n d a g a in .” G r o u t w as
u s e d t o fill c a v itie s in th e b ric k w o rk o f th e to p m o s t s e c tio n o f w all,
s a n d w ic h e d b e tw e e n th e lo n g itu d in a l I-b e a m s. T h e g ro u t a lso flo o d e d
th e v o id b e tw e e n th e w all a n d th e w e b a n d i n n e r fla n g e s o f th e I b e a m s , c r e a tin g a c o m p o s ite s t e e l- m a s o n r y - s te e l s a n d w ic h . O n ly
w h e n th e g ro u t h a d ach iev ed full design s tre n g th w ere p ro p s su p p o rtin g
th e I - b e a m s ja c k e d im p e rc e p tib ly , re lie v in g th e w alls o f lo a d . T h is
e n a b le d s lo ts to b e c u t in th e w alls. R e in f o r c e d c o n c r e te s a d d le s
w ere c a s t, b rid g in g b e tw e e n th e s tr ip f o u n d a tio n s , o n w h ic h n e w
c a s t i r o n c o lu m n s w e re p o s itio n e d . W ith all o f t h e c o lu m n s in p la c e
it w a s f in a lly p o s s ib le t o c u t o u t th e r e m a in in g b ric k w o rk . F l o o r
lev el b e tw e e n th e s t n p fo u n d a tio n s w as ra is e d t o th e s a m e h e ig h t b y
p la c in g m a ss c o n c re te .
(New Civil Engineer International, February, 2007)
310 Английскийлзыкдллстудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^ТЕХТ 9
BASEMENT BUILD UP
by Jessica Rowson
C h ic a g o ’s h o r iz o n is s k y s c r a p e r h e a v e n , b u t s o o n o n e b u ild in g
w ill s ta n d h e a d a n d s h o u ld e rs a b o v e t h e rest. Je s s ic a R o w s o n re p o rts
f r o m th e W in d y C ity .
W h e n b u ilt, t h e 1 5 0 -s to re y C h ic a g o S p ir e w ill b e 6 1 0 m ta ll.
C o m p a r e d t o th e p r o p o s e d 5 4 m t a ll F r e e d o m T o w e r o n G r o u n d
Z e r o i n N e w Y o r k a n d th e c u r r e n t ta lle s t b u ild in g in t h e U n i t e d
S ta te s — th e 1 1 0 -sto re y S e a rs to w e r i n C h ic a g o w h ic h s ta n d s 4 4 2 m
ta ll — th i s w ill b e a r e a l s k y s c r a p e r a m o n g t a ll b u ild in g s . I t is
d e s ig n e d b y S p a n is h e n g in e e r a r c h ite c t S a tia g o C a la tra v a . N o t o n ly
w ill th e h e ig h t m a k e it s t a n d o u t f r o m th e c r o w d , b u t it a ls o h a s a
r a th e r u n u s u a l s h a p e a s it tw is ts in to a s p ir a l w h ic h s o a r s sk y w a rd s.
T h e f lo o r p la te is b a s e d o n a c ir c le b u t th e e d g e is p in c h e d in to
c a n tile v e r p o in ts a t e v e n s p a c e s a r o u n d t h e o u ts id e , g iv in g it th e
a p p e a r a n c e o f a w id e t o o t h e d c o g . T h e c a n tile v e r s w ill b e r o ta te d
t o g iv e th e fa c a d e th e a p p e a r a n c e o f a v e ry e le g a n t h e lte r sk e lte r.
“ It lo o k s c o m p lic a te d , b u t th e r e ’s h ig h r e p e titio n w h ic h m e a n s
le ss c o s t , ” sa y s D . M c L e a n v ic e p r e s id e n t o f th e S p ir e ’s s t r u c tu r a l
c o n s u lta n t T h o r n t o n T o m a s e tti. “ T h e [ c o n c r e te ] c o r e r e m a in s in
th e s a m e p o s itio n , b u t th e f lo o r p la te s a p p e a r t o s lo w ly r o ta te in
p la n w ith e a c h c h a n g e in f lo o r e le v a tio n . H o w e v e r th e c o lu m n s
a n d t h e in n e r flo o r p la te s a r e r e p e a te d a t e a c h le v e l a n d t h e e d g e s
o f th e f lo o r sla b r o ta te . ” A ll g r e a t th in g s m u s t s ta r t s o m e w h e r e a n d
th i s p r o je c t b e g in s w ith s o m e h e a v y d u ty g r o u n d w o rk . T w e n ty ,
3 m d ia m e te r r o c k c a is s o n p ile s w ill s u p p o r t th e b u ild in g c e n tr a l
c ir c u l a r c o r e a n d th e r e a r e se v e n o u t e r c o lu m n s a t g r o u n d le v e l
w ith a f u r th e r p a ir o f th e 3 m d ia m e te r r o c k c a is s o n s b e n e a t h e a c h
o f th e se .
T h e r o c k c a is s o n p ile s a re la rg e d ia m e te r c o n c r e te p ile s in s ta lle d
w ith a p e r m a n e n t c a s in g ty p ic a lly u s e d w h e n v e ry h ig h l o a d s n e e d
t o b e s u p p o r te d . T h e s e h u g e p ile s p a s s t h r o u g h th e e ig h t- s to r e y
b a s e m e n t a n d s o c k e t in to t h e b e d r o c k t o a n a v e ra g e d e p t h o f 3 m .
W o rk e rs h a v e a lre a d y in s ta lle d all o f th e 3 m c a is s o n p ile s a s w ell as
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311
s m a lle r in te r m e d ia te b e ll o r u n d e r - r e a m e d p ile s . T h e s e u n d e r
re a m e d p ile s s u p p o r t th e c o l u m n s t h a t w ill in t u r n s u p p o r t flo o r
sla b s in th e e ig h t- s to r e y b a s e m e n t.
T h e r e a re t w o ty p e s o f b a s e m e n t c o l u m n , b o t h a r e f o r m e d b y
d r iv in g 2 5 m lo n g , 9 1 0 m m d i a m e t e r t u b u l a r c a s in g s in t o t h e
g r o u n d . T h e b o t t o m o f th e s e c a s in g s f o r m s p ile s b e lo w lo w e s t
b a s e m e n t slab . M o s t a re filled w ith re in fo rc e d c o n c r e te u p t o g r o u n d
le v e l. W h e re th e lo a d s a re g re a te s t t h e c a s in g s a re o n ly fille d w ith
r e in f o r c e d c o n c r e t e u p t o b a s e m e n t s la b le v e l. S t e e l d r o p - i n
c o lu m n s a re t h e n p la c e d o n t o p o f t h e m t o f o r m s u p p o r ts f o r th e
b a s e m e n t flo o rs . T h e c a s in g s a re l a t e r r e m o v e d b e f o r e b a s e m e n t
e x c a v a tio n w o rk b e g in s . “ T o c o n s t r u c t t h e s te e l d r o p - i n c o lu m n s
w e t e r m in a te t h e c o n c r e te c a is s o n a t th e b o t t o m b a s e m e n t lev el a n d
le a v e a n e m p ty s h a f t,” say s M c L e a n .
A s te e l c o l u m n is h u n g in t o t h e s h a f t j u s t a b o v e t h e in s ta lle d
c a is s o n . T h e b a s e p la te a r e a o f t h e s te e l c o l u m n is c o n c r e t e d in
p la c e a n d le ft to c u r e . L a t e r t h e s h a ft is fille d w ith s a n d o r w e a k
slu rry t o p r e v e n t th e c la y c o lla p s in g w h e n th e s te e l c a s in g is
r e m o v e d .” It is im p o r ta n t t o p r e v e n t t h e g r o u n d a r o u n d t h e s te e l
c o lu m n s c o lla p s in g a f te r th e c a s in g s a re r e m o v e d , b e c a u s e t h e r e is
a ris k t h a t u n d e r g r o u n d v o id s c o u ld m a k e th e a re a s a r o u n d th e
c o lu m n s d a n g e ro u s t o w o rk in.
T h e b a s e m e n t w ill b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o p d o w n f r o m th e g r o u n d
flo o r. T h e f in is h e d g ro u n d f lo o r sla b w ill b r a c e th e w a lls. T h e
o u trig g e rs u s u a lly r u n th r o u g h t h e c o r e w alls le a v in g s p a c e fo r lifts,
s ta irs a n d se rv ic e s. B u t t h e S p ir e ’s c i r c u la r s h a p e a n d c i r c u la r c o re
m e a n t th a t th e d e s ig n e rs h a d t o fin d a d iffe re n t s o lu tio n . “ N o rm a lly
c o r e s a re r e c t a n g u la r a n d t h e m a in s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts c a n b e
in s ta lle d th r o u g h t h e c o r e , ” say s M c L e a n . “ W ith a c ir c u l a r c o re
o n e c a n n o t d o t h a t as th e d ia g o n a l e le m e n ts in te r s e c t a t t h e c o re
c e n tre m ak in g it v ery d ifficu lt to fit a n y th in g in t h e tria n g u la r s p a c e s .”
“ W e d e c id e d o n a rin g s y s te m a r o u n d th e c o r e w a lls c o n n e c te d
a t tw o f lo o r le v e ls, w h ic h w o u ld n o t in te r f e r e w ith t h e i n n e r c o re
la y o u t. T h e rin g e le m e n ts a re h o riz o n ta l s te e l tru s s e s w h ic h e n c irc le
th e c o r e w a ll.” I n a d d i t i o n , it w a s d e c id e d t o i n c lu d e th e o u t e r
c o l u m n tr a n s f e r s w ith in t h e s e o u tr ig g e r s y s te m s . T h e s e o u tr ig g e r /
t r a n s f e r le v e ls w e re s itu a te d a t le v e ls 35 t o 4 0 , 7 2 t o 7 4 ,1 0 9 to
111 a n d 142 t o 144 a n d d e s ig n a te d a s s p a c e f o r t h e p l a n t ro o m s .
312 [
а н гл и й с к и й я з ы к
дляс т у д е н т о в с т р о и те л ь н ы х с п е ц и а л ь н о с те й
T h e b u ild in g flo o r s a r e f r a m e d in c o m p o s ite s te e l. “ W e n e e d e d
c o n c r e te f o r a r o b u s t c o r e , b u t a n a ll c o n c r e te c o n s tr u c tio n w o u ld
ha v e re su lte d i n v e ry larg e c o lu m n s in t h e lo w e r p a r t o f th e b u ild in g ,”
sa y s M c L e a n . “ W ith s te e l w e c a n u s e s m a lle r c o l u m n s .” M c L e a n
s a y s t h e o n e v e ry i m p o r t a n t issu e in c o m p o s ite c o n s tr u c tio n is t h e
d if f e r e n tia l m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n th e c o n c r e t e c o r e a n d t h e ste e l
c o lu m n s . C o n c r e te s h r in k s a n d c r e e p s o v e r tim e w h e r e a s s te e l
s h o r te n s u n d e r l o a d in g , b u t a t a d if f e r e n t r a te . T h is is n o t s u c h a
p r o b le m w ith lo w ris e b u ild in g s o r b u ild in g s w h ic h a r e a ll s te e l
or
a ll c o n c r e te , a s th e c o lu m n s a n d c o r e s s h r in k a t t h e s a m e r a te . T h e
c o r e o f th e S p ire is b e in g c o n s tr u c te d a b o v e its f in a l e le v a tio n s o
t h a t t h e r e is a slig h t fa ll in th e le v e l o f t h e sla b f r o m t h e c o r e
o u tw a r d s . A s th e c o n c r e t e c o r e s h r in k s , t h e f lo o r le v e l s h o u ld
a p p r o a c h a f la t s u rfa c e T h e m a in b a s e m e n t w o rk h a s y e t t o s ta r t b u t
te n d e r s f o r a g e n e r a l c o n t r a c t o r h a v e b e e n in v ite d . W h e n o n e is
c h o s e n t h e S p ire w ill r e a lly s ta r t t o m o to r .
(New Civil Engineer International, November, 2008)
^ TEXT 10
BIRD'S NEST SUPERSTRUCTURE
by Andrew Mylius
A s it n e a r s c o m p l e t i o n C h i n a ’s b i r d ’s n e s t O ly m p ic s ta d iu m is
s h o u tin g f o r a tte n tio n .
B e ijin g ’s a r c h ite c tu r a lly fla m b o y a n t O ly m p ic s t a d i u m is n o t
u n iv e rs a lly a d m ir e d . “ T h e s ta d iu m b i r d ’s n e s t m o t i f is a n in s u lt t o
b i r d s ,” s p lu tte r e d G e r m a n s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r in g lu m in a r y J o rg
S c h la ic h a t a s y m p o s iu m in B e ijin g la s t m o n th , o ig a n is e d b y th e
I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c ia tio n f o r S h e ll & S p a tia l S tr u c tu r e s .
“ I t u s e s h u g e q u a n titie s o f s t e e l ,” S c h la ic h c o m p la in e d , “ fa r
m o r e t h a n n e c e s s a r y t o e n c lo s e 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 s e a ts. I t is a g ro ssly
in e f f ic ie n t s t r u c t u r e .” W a r m in g t o h is th e m e , S c h la ic h a d v ise d :
“ G o o d e n g i n e e r i n g s h o u l d b e a b o u t s o lv in g a p r o b l e m a s
e c o n o m ic a lly as p o ssib le , u sin g th e le a st p o ssib le m a te ria ls. I t s h o u ld
n e v e r b e s u b ju g a te d to a r t w h a te v e r a r t is .” T h a t is a d e b a te , o f
c o u r s e , th a t S c h la ic h s h o u ld h a v e h a d w ith c lie n t f o r t h e s ta d iu m ,
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th e B e ijin g O rg a n is in g C o m m i t t e e f o r th e 2 0 0 8 O ly m p ic G a m e s
( B O C O G ) , b e fo re it d e c id e d t o b u ild th e s tr u c tu r e n o w n e a n n g
c o m p le tio n . T h e s ta d iu m h a s c o n s u m e d a ja w d ro p p in g 4 5 , 0 0 0 1 o f
s te e l b u t to s tu n n in g v isu a l e ffe c t.
W e ld in g o f th e fin a l s tru c tu ra l m e m b e rs is ta k in g p la c e ; th e p re c a st
c o n c r e te s u p p o r ts f o r th e s e a tin g b o w l h a v e b e e n in s ta lle d , w ith
s e a tin g a n d m e c h a n i c a l / e l e c t r i c a l fit o u t f o llo w in g c lo s e b e h in d .
B e ijin g ’s O ly m p ic s ta d iu m is d u e t o o p e n fo r b u s in e s s th is tim e n e x t
y e a r. Q u e s tio n s o f “ g o o d e n g in e e r in g ” a s id e , d e s ig n a n d
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s t a d iu m h a v e b e e n r e m a r k a b le c h a lle n g e s .
C o n s u lta n t A ru p h a d th e ta s k o f t u r n in g a n a r c h ite c tu ra l c o n c e p t b y
S w iss a r c h ite c t H e rz o g & D e M e u r o n in to s o m e th in g b u ild a b le .
“ H e rz o g & D e M e u r o n p u t a lo t o f e ffo rt in t o m a k in g th e
s t r u c tu r e u n c o n v e n t i o n a l , ” s a id h e a d o f A r u p S p o r t J a y P a m s h in
2004. “ C o lu m n s a re sk e w e d o ff th e v e rtic a l. T h e r e ’s n o t a c o n c o u rs e
w ith a s tr a ig h t e d g e . T h e w h o le e ffo rt h a s c o n c e n tr a te d o n c re a tin g
a n e x c itin g s p a c e .” T h e s t a d iu m m e a s u re s 2 3 0 m w id e b y 3 3 0 m
lo n g a n d 55 m h ig h . S tru c tu ra lly it is c o m p o s e d o f tw o in d e p e n d e n t
p a r ts — t h e b o w l, w h ic h is a fa irly c o n v e n tio n a l p re c a s t r e in f o r c e d
c o n c r e te s t r u c tu r e , a n d t h e s te e l e x t e r io r fa c a d e a n d ro o f.
T h e r o o f h a s a “ P r i n g le - lik e ” g e o m e tr y , d e n v e d b y ta k in g a
s m a ll p a t c h f r o m th e in s id e fa c e o f a v a s t t o r o id . A t its e d g e s , th e
r o o f flo w s in to s m o o t h c o m e r s , c r e a tin g a s e a m le s s tr a n s i t i o n in to
t h e f a c a d e , w h ic h s lo p e s in w a rd s to w a r d s its b a s e a t 14° f r o m t h e
v e rtic a l. H e r z o g & D e M e u r o n s k e tc h e d t h e fa c a d e a n d r o o f a s a
r a n d o m s c r ib b le , f r o m w h i c h A r u p h a d t o e s t a b l i s h a c l e a r
s tr u c tu r a l o rd e r. T h is w a s a c h ie v e d b y d is g u is in g p r im a r y s tr u c tu r a l
m e m b e r s a m id a w e b o f s e c o n d a r y s te e lw o rk . A ll m e m b e r s s h a r e
th e s a m e s e c tio n o f 1.5 m 2. T h is h a s b e e n s o e ffe c tiv e t h a t is d iffic u lt
t o se e t h a t t h e r e is a s tru c tu ra l s y s te m t h a t h a s b e e n re p e a te d a r o u n d
th e s ta d iu m p e rim e te r.
R o o f a n d fa c a d e a re in te r c o n n e c te d . T h e s ta d iu m p e rfo rm s like
a c o lle c tio n o f g ia n t p o r ta l fra m e s . T w e n ty - f o u r p e r im e te r c o lu m n s
c o n s is t o f tw o o u t e r c h o r d s a n d a sin g le i n n e r c h o r d — a ll p rim a r y
m e m b e rs . T h e s e ris e f r o m a s in g le p o i n t , d iv e rg in g a s th e y g o a n d
w ra p a r o u n d t h e c o m e r b e tw e e n fa c a d e a n d r o o f t o c o n tin u e a c ro s s
t h e ro o f. A t t h e c e n t r e o f th e r o o f th e r e is a n e ll i p t i c a l o p e n in g
314|_Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
r in g e d b y а 10 m d e e p tru s s . E a c h p r im a r y m e m b e r s tr ik e s a
t a n g e n t o f f th e e llip s e a n d , o n r e a c h in g th e f a r s id e o f th e ro o f,
w r a p s a r o u n d th e c o m e r , r e tu r n in g t o th e g r o u n d v ia a n o t h e r
c o lu m n .
S e c o n d a r y ste e lw o r k p ro v id e s t n a n g u l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e m a in
s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts . S ta ir s th r e a d e d b e tw e e n th e in n e r a n d o u t e r
c h o r d s o f th e c o lu m n s p r o v id e f u r th e r b r a c in g u p t o s ix th - f lo o r
le v e l. A r u p d ir e c to r M ic h a e l K w o k sa y s t h a t in p r im a r y m e m b e r s
s u b je c te d t o th e h ig h e s t l o a d s s te e l th ic k n e s s is u p t o 100 m m .
C h in e s e m a in c o n tr a c to r s U rb a n C o n s tr u c tio n a n d C itic
s u b c o n tr a c te d fa b ric a tio n o f th e c o m p le x c u rv e d b o x s e c tio n s m a k in g
u p t h e s ta d iu m m u ltip le tr u s s e s to s h i p b u ild e r s in S h a n g h a i a n d
Z h e ia n ja n g . “ C h in a h as s o m e o f th e b ig g est sh ip y a rd s in th e w o rld .
T h e h u lls o f s h ip s a r e c u r v e d in e v e ry d im e n s io n , s o th i s p r o je c t
w a s n o t e s p e c ia lly d if f ic u lt f o r t h e m , ” sa y s K w o k . S e c tio n s w e re
tr a n s p o r te d to B eijing b y ro a d i n 12 m t o 15 m le n g th s a n d a sse m b le d
in t o l a r g e r u n its w e ig h in g u p t o 6 0 t b e f o r e b e in g lif te d in to
p o s itio n . A ll c o n n e c tio n s a r e w e ld e d .
K w o k says t h e p a c e o f c o n s tr u c tio n h a s b e e n b liste rin g . G r o u n d
b re a k in g w as in D e c e m b e r 2003. B o re d pile f o u n d a tio n s w ere in sta lle d
t h r o u g h 2 0 0 4 — e a c h c o lu m n is f o u n d e d o n 30 to 4 0 p ile s o f 8 0 0
m m t o 1 ,000 m m d ia m e te r a n d 20 m to 4 0 m lo n g , d e p e n d in g o n
g r o u n d c o n d itio n s . C o lu m n s a re im p la n te d in th e h ig h s tr e n g th
c o n c r e te p ile c a p s a n d th e b o x s e c tio n s h a v e b e e n c o n c r e te f ille d to
s e v e ra l m e tr e s a b o v e g r o u n d lev el, c r e a tin g m o n o lith ic c o n n e c tio n s
w ith th e g r o u n d . T h is is n e c e ssa ry t o h e lp c o p e w ith h o r iz o n ta l fo rc e s
f r o m w in d , c ro w d d y n a m ic a n d se ism ic lo a d in g , says K w o k . E re c tio n
o f th e first c o lu m n t o o k a b o u t a m o n th , h e re c a lls. “ O n c e th e
c o n tra c to rs h a d b e e n th ro u g h th e le a rn in g p ro c e ss o n th e first c o lu m n ,
t h o u g h , th in g s p ro g re s s e d ra p id ly .”
M a ssiv e te m p o r a r y p r o p s w e re re q u ir e d t o s u p p o r t e a c h c o lu m n
a n d th e c e n tr a l n n g tru s s . O n ly w h e n a ll o f th e c o lu m n s h a d b e e n
p ie c e d to g e th e r w a s th e in te r lin k in g g rid o f p r im a r y m e m b e r s
in s ta lle d t o s u p p o r t th e n n g tru s s . “ T h e c o n tr a c to r s w a n te d to w e ld
in th e s e c o n d a r y m e m b e r s as t h e y w e n t b e f o r e d e - d r o p p in g . “ W e
d id s o m e u i g e n t r e - a n a ly s is a n d r e a c h e d a c o m p r o m is e . S o m e o f
th e s e c o n d a ry m e m b e rs w e n t in be fo re d e -p ro p p in g , w h ic h h a p p e n e d
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
iii!
in S e p te m b e r , a n d t h e y ’re p u ttin g in t h e la s t o f th e s e c o n d a r y
m e m b e r s n o w .” R e m o v a l o f th e t e m p o r a r y p r o p s w as te le v is e d — it
w a s a th r e e d a y o p e r a tio n — c a p tu r in g o n c a m e r a K w o k ’s r e lie f
th a t th e r o o f b e h a v e d as e x p e c te d . “ D e f o r m a tio n w a s 2 7 0 m m a t th e
c e n t r e o f th e r o o f , m o r e o r le ss a s w e ’d p r e d i c t e d . ”
T o c o p e w ith t h e stre sse s r e su ltin g f r o m t h e d e f le c tio n , s e c o n d a r y
m e m b e r s ’ p la te t h ic k n e s s w a s in c re a s e d lo c a lly a n d d ia p h r a g m s w e re
a d d e d t o b r a c e t h e m i n t e r n a l l y . K w o k a d m i t s t h a t C h i n a ’s
c o n s tr u c tio n b o o m m e a n t t h a t s te e l a n d sk ille d f a b r ic a to r s w e re in
e q u a lly s h o r t s u p p ly a t tim e s . T h in g s w e re v e r y ti g h t in te r m s o f
d e liv e ry a g a in s t s c h e d u le a t tim e s . T h a t ’s h a d s o m e im p a c t o n c o s t
b u t t h e p r o j e c t ’s s till w ith in its Y u a n 3 .2 b n ($ 4 0 8 4 M ) b u d g e t .”
(New Civil Engineer International, January, 2007)
^TEXT 11
CASTLES IN THE SK Y: HOW NEW YORK CITY'S
COLOSSAL SKYSCRAPERS WERE CONSTRUCTED
H ig h a b o v e t h e stre e ts o f M a n h a tta n , t h e t e a m s o f riv e te rs w o rk e d
t o a s e t r o u tin e . A s a n e n o r m o u s c r a n e h o is te d e a c h ste e l b e a m
in to p la c e o n t h e g ro w in g E m p ir e S ta te B u ild in g , a w o r k m a n c a lle d
th e “ h e a te r ” w a r m e d e a c h n v e t in a p o r ta b le fu r n a c e u n til it g lo w e d
c h e r r y - r e d , r e m o v e d it w ith to n g s a n d to s s e d it t o a “ c a t c h e r ” ,
p e r c h e d p r e c a r io u s ly o n th e v e ry e d g e o f n o th in g . U s u a lly h e c a u g h t
i t in h is “ c a t c h in g c a n ” , b u t s o m e tim e s h e m is s e d . U s in g to n g s ,
t h e c a t c h e r k n o c k e d o f f th e c in d e r s a n d l o d g e d th e riv e t in th e
p r e p a r e d h o le . A n o t h e r w o r k m a te h e ld it f ir m ly w ith t h e a id o f a
h e a v y s te e l b a r , w h ile a t h i r d s m a s h e d t h e r iv e t i n t o p la c e w ith a
c o m p re s s e d a ir h a m m e r.
I t t o o k 6 0 0 0 0 t o n s o f s te e l t o b u ild t h e E m p ir e S ta te . T h e
b e a m s a n d g ir d e r s w e r e c a s t in P itts b u r g h , a n d w ith in a d a y o r tw o
o f b e in g m a d e , e a c h n u m b e r e d p ie c e h a d b e e n t r a n s p o r t e d t o
M a n h a t t a n , h o is te d i n t o p o s itio n a n d r iv e te d in t o p la c e . T h e r e
w a s l ittle s to r a g e s p a c e a v a ila b le o n s ite , s o e la b o r a te c h a r t s a n d
tim e ta b le s w e re u s e d t o m o n ito r p ro g re ss a n d t o e n s u r e th a t de liv e rie s
k e p t p r e c is e p a c e w ith th e e r e c to r s ’ a n d r iv e te r s ’ s c h e d u le s .
316
[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Careful organisation builds a giant.
T h e c h a r ts liste d e v e ry lo rry d u e t o a r r iv e , w h a t it w o u ld c a rry ,
w h o w o u ld b e r e s p o n s ib le f o r it a n d w h e r e it o u g h t t o g o . E a c h
b e a m w a s h o is te d b y c r a n e to th e a p p r o p r ia te flo o r, t h e n tra n s p o r te d
to w h e r e v e r it w a s r e q u ir e d o n a m in ia tu r e ra ilw a y s y s te m . T h is
m e th o d ic a l a p p r o a c h w o r k e d e x c e p tio n a lly w e ll a n d o n o c c a s io n s
th e b u ild in g ro se b y m o r e t h a n a s to r e y in a sin g le d a y .
T h e E m p ir e S ta te 102 s to re y s w e re f in is h e d in r e c o r d tim e . It
t o o k j u s t six m o n th s t o c o m p le te th e 381 m b u ild in g in s te a d o f th e
a n tic ip a te d 18 m o n th s, fe a t th a t set n e w s ta n d a rd s o f efficiency f o r th e
c o n s tr u c tio n in d u stry . B u t it w as 1931, in th e e a rly y e a rs o f th e G r e a t
D e p re ssio n , a n d m u c h o f t h e sp a c e r e m a in e d u n le t. T h e b u ild in g w as
d u b b e d “ T h e E m p ire S ta te B u ild in g ” . I t h a d c o s t $ 2 4 m illio n t o
c o n s tr u c t, w h ic h w a s c h e a p a t th e tim e , b u t f o r th e first fe w y e a rs a
m a jo r so u rc e o f in c o m e u s e d b y t h e d e v e lo p e r t o p a y p r o p e r ty ta x e s
w a s tic k e t sales f o r th e o b se rv a to rie s o n th e 8 6 th a n d 1 0 2 n d floors.
F r o m th e to p o n a c le a r d a y , it is p o ssib le t o see 80 k m aw ay.
A skyscraper made o f steel.
T h e s te e l s k e le to n o f t h e r iv e te d s tr u c tu r e m e a n s t h a t it is
im m e n s e ly str o n g — th e b u ild in g sw ays less th a n 6 m m o n t h e 8 5 th
f lo o r in a s tr o n g w in d . I n J u ly 1945 a n o f f - c o u r s e U S A ir F o r c e
b o m b e r , tr a v e llin g a t a s p e e d o f 4 0 0 k m / h in fo g a n d r a in , c r a s h e d
in to th e 7 8 th a n d 7 9 th flo o rs. T h e th r e e m a n c re w a n d 11 p e o p le in
t h e b u ild in g w e re k ille d , b u t th e s tr u c tu r e s u f f e r e d n o p e r m a n e n t
d a m a g e . S u rv iv o rs re c a ll t h a t th e b u ild in g s im p ly r o c k e d a c o u p le
o f tim e s.
M a n h a t t a n ’s d is tin c tiv e sk y lin e s ta r te d t o ta k e s h a p e w h e n ste e l
b e g a n t o b e u s e d f o r ta ll b u ild in g s . E a r lie r b u ild in g s h a d b e e n
m a d e f r o m a v a n e ty o f m a te r ia ls , in c lu d in g s to n e , b r ic k , w o o d
a n d c a s t ir o n B u t a m a s o n r y b u ild in g t a lle r th a n a b o u t te n s to re y s
w o u ld h a v e re q u ir e d s u p p o r tin g w a lls so th ic k a t th e b a s e t h a t th e r e
w o u ld b e h a r d ly a n y f lo o r s p a c e o n th e g r o u n d f lo o r a n d , b e f o r e
lifts w e re in v e n te d , b u ild in g h e ig h t w a s l im ite d t o th e n u m b e r o f
s te p s p e o p le w e re p r e p a r e d t o c lim b . O n e o f M a n h a t t a n ’s m o s t
s trik in g e a r ly s k y sc ra p e rs, b u ilt b e tw e e n 1901 a n d 1903 w a s F la tir o n
b u ild in g . I t o w e s its u n iq u e s h a p e t o t h e n a r r o w tn a n g u l a r s ite it
o c c u p ie s a t th e ju n c tio n o f B ro a d w a y a n d 5 th A v e n u e a t 2 3 rd S tre e t.
SUPPLEMENTARY
READING 317
T w e n ty sto re y s h ig h , its riv e te d s te e l f r a m e is c la d in F r e n c h
R e n a is s a n c e -s ty le s to n e w o rk .
Taller and taller.
T h e F la tiro n m a y a lso h a v e b e e n th e first b u ild in g t o c re a te stra n g e
a e r o d y n a m i c e f fe c ts in t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s tr e e ts . E v e n to d a y ,
M a n h a t t a n ’s ta ll b u ild in g s c r e a te u n u s u a l w in d c u r r e n ts , c a u s in g
s n o w fla k e s t o flo a t u p w a rd s . B e fo re lo n g , th e F la tir o n w a s d w a rfe d
b y o t h e r sk y sc ra p e rs, in c lu d in g th e W o o lw o rlh B u ild in g , c o m p le te d
in 1913. T h e a r c h ite c t, C a s s G ilb e r t, c h o s e th e G o t h i c s ty le fo r
th e 6 0 - s to r e y to w e r. T h e s t r u c tu r e its e lf w a s m a d e f r o m s te e l a n d
t h e e x t e n o r c o m p le te ly c la d in te r r a c o tta . It c o u ld h o u s e 14000
w o rk e rs , s e rv ic e d b y 19 lifts a n d 2 8 0 0 t e le p h o n e s — a n a s to n is h in g
n u m b e r f o r th e tim e .
W h e n th e b u ild in g w a s f in is h e d it w o n i m m e d ia te p r a is e f ro m
th e p u b lic — b u t s o m e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p u r is ts w e re a g h a s t, t h e i r
se n s ib ilitie s o f f e n d e d b y G i l b e r t ’s u s e o f G o t h i c d e ta il p u r e ly fo r
d e c o r a tiv e e ffe c t, r a t h e r t h a n fo r s t r u c tu r a l p u rp o s e s . T h is w as
c o n t r a r y t o th e m o d e r n i s t s tr ic tu r e t h a t “ f o r m s h o u l d f o llo w
fu n c tio n ” .
(Reader’s Digest: How Was It Done 9
The Story o f Human Ingenuity Through the Ages, 2000)
^ TEXT 12
HONG KONG — BASTION OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING
by M uthukaruppan Ram anathan
H o n g K o n g ’s s k y lin e is d o m in a te d b y s o m e o f th e w o r ld 's ta lle s t
b u ild in g s . N e v e rth e le s s , t h e c ity still u s e s b a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g fo r
m u c h o f its c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k — a t r a d i t i o n a l sk ill p a s s e d d o w n
o v e r 5 0 0 0 y e a rs . B a m b o o is s u s ta in a b le , lig h tw e ig h t a n d c h e a p
a n d , a s lo n g a s it r e m a in s fa irly d r y , a g o o d c o n s t r u c t i o n m a te r ia l
w ith s ig n ific a n t m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s . R e s e a r c h e r s , e n g in e e r s ,
e n v iro n m e n ta lis ts a n d b u r e a u c r a ts h a v e ta k e n a n in c re a s in g in te re s t
in t h e c r a f t, s u c h t h a t r e g u la tio n s a n d p r a c tic e c o n t i n u e t o b e
im p ro v e d a n d re fin e d . H o w e v e r, t o a lle v ia te re m a in in g d e s ig n a n d
s a fe ty c o n c e r n s a s tr u c tu r a l d e s ig n c o d e is n e e d e d .
318I Английскийлзыкдлистудентовстроительныхспециальностей
H o n g K o n g c o n tin u e s its lo n g -s ta n d in g tra d itio n o f u sin g b a m b o o
sc a ffo ld in g f o r n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n , r e n o v a tio n , r e p a ir w o r k a n d
s ig n a g e . T h e c ity s ta n d s a lo n e f r o m th e re s t o f th e w o r ld in
r e c o g n iz in g th e s u s ta in a b ility o f b a m b o o o v e r ste e l a n d a lu m in iu m
a n d h a s p ro g re ssiv e ly ra is e d tr a in in g a n d sa fe ty s ta n d a r d s o f b a m b o o
sc a ffo ld e rs. B a m b o o sc a ffo ld in g h a d p re v io u s ly b e e n u s e d in m a n y
p a r ts o f s o u th e a s t A s ia a n d m a in la n d C h i n a b u t h a s m o s tly n o w
b e e n re p la c e d b y m e ta l sc a ffo ld in g . E x c e p t, t h a t is, in H o n g K o n g ,
h o m e to five o f th e w o rld ’s 25 ta lle st b u ild in g s. Its b a m b o o s caffo ld ers
r e m a in u n p e r tu r b e d b y th e e v e r - in c r e a s in g h e ig h ts a t w h ic h th e y
w e a v e th e i r b a m b o o w eb s.
Working with giant grass.
A c c o r d in g t o C h in e s e le g e n d th e c r a f t d a te s b a c k 5 0 0 0 y e a rs,
w h e n Y a u C h a o - S h i, a m y th o lo g ic a l c h a r a c t e r w h o s e b i r th d a y is
still c e le b ra te d , ta u g h t his p e o p le h o w to c o n s tr u c t n e s t-lik e b a m b o o
s h e lte r s in tr e e s . B a m b o o g ro w s u p to 3 0 m ta ll. I t r e a c h e s its fu ll
h e ig h t i n o n e y e a r a n d p e r s is ts f o r s e v e r a l y e a rs w ith o u t g r o w in g
t a lle r o r w id e r , m a k in g it t e c h n ic a lly a g ra s s r a t h e r t h a n a tr e e .
I t is n e v e r th e le s s t h e w o r ld ’s fa s te s t g r o w in g w o o d y p l a n t a n d , a s
s u c h , is p a r tic u la r ly u s e fu l f o r s ta b ilis in g n v e ib a n k s a n d p r e v e n tin g
slo p e e ro s io n . B a m b o o s te m s c a n b e h a rv e s te d a fte r th r e e y e a rs a n d
a re se lf-re n e w in g , w ith n e w s h o o ts p r o d u c e d f ro m t h e ro o ts w ith o u t
r e p la n tin g . T h e c i r c u l a r h o llo w s te m s m a k e lig h t a n d , w h e n
s e a s o n e d , t o u g h c o n s tr u c tio n p o le s t h a t c a n b e u s e d w ith o u t fu r th e r
p r o c e s s in g o r f in is h in g .
S o m e 1 2 5 0 s p e c ie s a n d 150 tr a d i t i o n a l a p p lic a tio n s h a v e b e e n
id e n tif ie d f o r b a m b o o . M illio n s o f p e o p le liv e in h o u s e s m a d e o f
b a m b o o in p a r ts o f c e n tr a l a n d n o r th A m e r ic a a n d A sia. I t p ro v id e s
f lo o r d e c k in g , w a ll p a n e ls , ra f te r s , c e ilin g s , ro o f s , d o o r s a n d
w in d o w s . B a m b o o is a ls o u s e d f o r b u ild in g f e n c e s a n d lig h t tr a ffic
b n d g e s in s o u th A sia. T r a c e s o f b a m b o o sc a ffo ld in g a r e still s e e n in
s o u th C h in a , b u t in H o n g K o n g it c o n tin u e s t o b e e x te n siv e ly u s e d ,
r e s e a r c h e d a n d im p ro v e d .
T h e tr a d i t i o n a l a r t o f b a m b o o s c a f f o ld in g h a s b e e n p a s s e d o n
f r o m o n e g e n e r a tio n t o t h e n e x t w ith little w r itte n in f o r m a tio n .
H o w e v e r , w ith in c r e a s in g in te r e s t f r o m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s tr y ,
e d u c a t i o n a l i n s titu tio n s , s ta tu to r y d e p a r t m e n t s a n d p r o m o te r s o f
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
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s u s ta in a b le re s o u rc e s , th e r e h a s b e e n a s te a d y g ro w th in t h e n u m b e r
o f w r itte n re g u la tio n s , g u id e lin e s , c o d e s , c o n f e r e n c e s a n d p u b lic a ­
ti o n s o n t h e s u b je c t. T h e fo c u s in H o n g K o n g is o n t h e lo c a lly
a v a ila b le b a m b o o ty p e s , n a m e ly k a o j u e a n d m a o j u e , t h e n o m in a l
e x te r n a l d ia m e t e r s o f w h ic h a t b a s e a r e 4 0 m m a n d 75 m m
re sp e c tiv e ly .
T h e C o d e o f P r a c tic e f o r S c a ffo ld in g S a fe ly w a s first p u b lis h e d
in 1995 b y t h e H o n g K o n g L a b o u r D e p a r tm e n t. T h e c o d e p ro v id e d
p r a c tic a l g u id e lin e s t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f b o th
b a m b o o a n d m e ta l s c a ffo ld s . It g a v e b r o a d m a te r ia l s p e c if ic a tio n
a n d m i n im u m r e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e c o n fig u ra tio n o f c o m m o n ly u s e d
s c a ffo ld ty p e s . L o a d s o n w o rk in g p l a tf o r m s s u p p o r t e d b y th e
s c a f f o ld s , h o w e v e r , w e re p r o v i d e d o n ly f o r m e t a l s c a f f o ld s .
A s e p a ra te c o d e fo r b a m b o o s , e n title d C o d e o f P ra c tic e fo r B a m b o o
S c a ffo ld in g S a fe ty , w a s p u b lis h e d in 2 0 0 1 . T h is in c l u d e d th e
m i n i m u m im p o s e d lo a d s o n w o rk in g p la tf o r m s a n d a p e r f o r m a n c e
sp e c ific a tio n .
I n 2 0 0 6 , th e H o n g K o n g B u ild in g s D e p a r t m e n t p u b lis h e d
G u id e lin e s o n th e d e s ig n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b a m b o o sc a ffo ld s t o
s u p p le m e n t t h e L a b o u r D e p a r t m e n t c o d e . T h e g u id e lin e s p ro v id e
r e c o m m e n d e d p r a c tic e f o r th e d e s ig n , e r e c t i o n , m a in te n a n c e a n d
d is m a n tlin g o f b a m b o o sc a ffo ld s. I f s c a ffo ld la y o u ts n e e d t o d e v ia te
f r o m t h e g u id e lin e s , th e B u ild in g s D e p a r t m e n t r e c o m m e n d s a
p e r f o r m a n c e - b a s e d d e s ig n b y a c o rp o r a te civ il o r s tru c tu ra l m e m b e r
o f t h e H o n g K o n g I n s titu tio n o f E n g in e e rs . A f te r g a u g in g in d u s try
r e a c tio n , th e B u ild in g s D e p a r tm e n t w ill c o n s id e r p u b lis h in g a c o d e
o f p r a c tic e in th e fu tu re .
Forms o f bamboo scaffolding.
B a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g is u s e d in its v a rio u s fo rm s a c c o r d in g t o t h e
u tility . D o u b le - la y e r e d b a m b o o s c a ffo ld s a r e m o s t c o m m o n ly u s e d
in n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a ls o in m a j o r r e n o v a tio n . E x te r n a l w o rk s
s u c h a s re n d e r in g , p a in tin g , w a ll t ile s a n d p lu m b in g a r e c a r r i e d
o u t f r o m a c o n t i n u o u s w o rk in g p la t f o r m l a id b e tw e e n t h e i n n e r
a n d o u t e r s c a ffo ld s . T h e i n n e r la y e r is e r e c t e d a t a b o u t 2 0 0 m m
fr o m th e b u ild in g e d g e , a n d t h e o u t e r la y e r a t a b o u t 6 0 0 m m f r o m
th e i n n e r la y e r. T h e r e a r e m a n y v a r ia tio n s t o f o r m , a r t i c u l a t i o n ,
ty p e s o f b a m b o o s a n d s p a c in g b a s e d o n s p e c ific s ite r e q u ir e m e n ts
a n d t h e c r a f t s m e n ’s tr a i n i n g a n d p r e f e r e n c e .
320 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
F o r t h e o u t e r la y e r, l a r g e - d i a m e t e r (7 5 m m ) m a o j u e p o l e s a r e
u s e d a s t h e m a i n v e r tic a l p o s ts s p a c e d a t a b o u t 1 — 3 m c e n t r e s .
T h e y re s t o n firm g r o u n d a t g r o u n d le v e l a n d o n s te e l b r a c k e t s
s e c u r e ly fix e d t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s o f t h e b u i l d i n g a t h ig h e r
lev els. B u ild in g s D e p a r t m e n t g u id e lin e s re q u ire th e s e s te e l b ra c k e ts
t o b e p r o v i d e d a t 15 m v e r tic a l i n te r v a ls o r e v e ry f if th flo o r . E a c h
p o s t s h o u ld re s t o n o n e s te e l b r a c k e t , a n d t h e h o r i z o n t a l s p a c in g
b e t w e e n t h e b ra c k e ts s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 1—3 m . S m a l l e r 4 0 m m
d i a m e t e r k a o j u e p o le s a r e fix e d a s s ta n d a r d s (u p r ig h ts ) b e t w e e n
e a c h p a i r o f m a o j u e p o s ts .
T h e p o s ts a n d s t a n d a r d s a r e c o n n e c t e d b y m a o j u e le d g e r s
( h o r i z o n t a l s ) , w i t h a v e r tic a l s p a c in g o f a b o u t 6 0 0 - 7 5 0 m m . T h e
s c a f f o ld e r s s it a n d p u t t h e i r le g o v e r t h e le d g e rs a n d fix t h e t i e r
a b o v e it. T h e u p r ig h t s ta n d a r d s a n d p o s ts a r e a ls o l a p p e d b y t h e m
s ittin g in t h i s p o s itio n . T h e 6 0 0 - 7 5 0 m m g a p s p a c i n g is j u s t
c o n v e n i e n t w o r k in g d is ta n c e w h i c h is t h e h e ig h t b e t w e e n t h e
s c a f f o ld e r ’s h i p a n d s h o u ld e r . T h i s w a y , t h e jo i n t s a n d m e m b e r s
a re l o a d - t e s t e d d u r in g t h e e r e c t i o n s ta g e i t s e l f b y t h e s c a f f o l d e r ’s
o w n w e ig h t. C ro s s -b ia c m g is p ro v id e d b y u s in g k a o j u e p o le s in c lin e d
a t a n a n g le o f 4 5 - 6 0 ° . F o r t h e i n n e r la y e r , k a o j u e p o le s a r e u s e d
f o r m a in p o s ts a n d l e d g e rs ; t h e i n te r m e d ia te s ta n d a r d s a r e g e n e ra lly
n o t n e c e s s a ry . T h e m a i n p o s ts o f b o t h la y e r s a r e s u p p o r t e d b y t h e
sa m e s e t o f t r i a n g u l a r s te e l b r a c k e ts .
S c a f f o ld s a r e t i e d t o b u ild in g s u s in g 6 m m d i a m e t e r h o r i z o n t a l
m il d - s t e e l w ire s a t v e r tic a l a n d h o r i z o n t a l s p a c in g s n o t e x c e e d in g
6 .6 m a n d 3 m resp ectiv ely . T h e s e a re re fe rre d to a s “ p u tlo g s ” t h o u g h ,
u n lik e p u tlo g s in m e ta l s c a ffo ld in g s y s te m s , w h ic h t r a n s m i t v e rtic a l
p la tf o r m lo a d s in to t h e b u ild in g w a ll, p u tlo g s in b a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g
p r o v id e l a te r a l r e s t r a i n t a n d w i n d r e s is ta n c e . T h e y a r e p r o v i d e d a t
c l o s e r s p a c in g h ig h e r u p , w h e r e w in d fo r c e s c a n b e s ig n if ic a n t.
W o r k in g p la tf o r m s f o r c a r r y in g o u t e x te r n a l w o rk s a r e n o r m a lly
v e r tic a lly s p a c e d a t 2 m . T h e m a x i m u m i m p o s e d lo a d o n w o r k in g
p l a t f o r m s v a rie s b e t w e e n 0 —7 5 k P a (v e ry lig h t d u ty ) t o 3 k P a (v e ry
h e a v y d u ty ) i n t h e L a b o u r D e p a r t m e n t ’s c o d e . T h e c o d e r e q u i r e s
t h a t n o m o r e t h a n tw o w o rk in g p la tf o r m s in t h e f o r m e r c a s e a n d n o
m o r e t h a n o n e w o r k in g p la t f o r m in t h e l a t t e r c a s e s h o u l d b e i n u s e
i n a n y b a y , t h a t is t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n tw o a d j a c e n t s t a n d a r d s a lo n g
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
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t h e fa c e o f t h e s c a ffo ld . I n t h e d o u b le - la y e r e d s y s te m , k a o j u e
tr a n s o m , p o le s s p a n n in g b e tw e e n t h e le d g e rs a re u s e d t o s u p p o r t
t h e w o rk in g p la tfo rm s , a n d a re t h e re fo re p ro v id e d a t e v e ry p la tfo rm
le v e l a n d w ith a m a x im u m h o r iz o n ta l s p a c in g o f a b o u t 1 5 - 2 4 m .
S in g le -la y e re d b a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g is g e n e r a lly u s e d t o p ro v id e
p r o te c tiv e c o v e r t o r e n o v a tio n w o rk s o n e x is tin g b u ild in g s w h e re
w o rk in g p la tf o r m s a re n o t n e c e s s a ry . It is a ls o u s e d fo r s o m e n e w
c o n s t r u c t i o n , fo r e x a m p le w h e re e x te r n a l c u r t a i n g la ss w a lls a re
d e s ig n e d t o b e in s ta lle d as larg e p a n e ls . S u c h sc a ffo ld s a re a ls o u s e d
i n d e m o litio n , w h e r e a ll d e m o litio n w o rk s a re c a r r i e d o u t f ro m
in s id e t h e b u i ld in g in c lu d in g r e m o v a l o f e x te r n a l f e a tu re s . It is
m a n d a to r y t o f it ta r p a u l i n s h e e ts t o c o n t a i n d e m o l i t i o n d u s t a n d
d eb ris, b u t th e s e n e e d to b e re m o v e d d u rin g ty p h o o n s . F ix e d ex te rn a l
r a t h e r th a n in te r n a l le d g e rs fa c ilita te th e re m o v a l o f ta r p a u lin s .
H o w e v e r, s in g le - la y e r e d s c a ffo ld s a r e le s s sa fe t h a n d o u b le la y e re d s c a ffo ld s a n d u sag e is d is c o u ra g e d . T h e y a re n o t in c lu d e d in
e ith e r th e L a b o u r D e p a r t m e n t ’s c o d e o r th e B u ild in g s D e p a r tm e n t
g u id e lin e s . F o r m i n o r r e p a i r w o rk s, in c lu d in g e x te r n a l p l u m b in g ,
a ir - c o n d i t i o n i n g u n it re p la c e m e n ts a n d c o n c r e te o r re n d e r in g
re p a ir, tr u s s - o u t b a m b o o scaffo ld s a re c o m m o n ly u sed . T h is is lig h td u ty , s h o r t - d u r a t i o n w o r k a n d s m a l l - d i a m e t e r k a o ju e p o le s a re
u s e d . T h e s ta n d a r d s , le d g e rs a n d r a k in g p o le s a re all s u p p o r te d b y
tr ia n g u la r s te e l b ra c k e ts , w h ic h in t u r n a r e s e c u r e ly fix e d to th e
s tr u c tu r a l e le m e n ts o f th e b u ild in g P u tlo g tie s re s tr a in th e t o p o f
th e s ta n d a rd s .
B a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g is a ls o u s e d t o e r e c t m a n y o f t h e la rg e
c a n tile v e r e d a d v e rtis in g sig n s fre q u e n tly s e e n o v e r C h in e s e s tre e ts
I n H o n g K o n g , t h e m a x im u m a llo w e d le n g th to h e ig h t ra tio is 4:3
a n d th e s c a ffo ld s h o u ld b e e r e c te d in a m a n n e r n o t to o b s tr u c t t h e
tra ffic flo w b e lo w . S u c h sc a ffo ld s a re u s u a lly s u p p o r te d b y s te e l
w ire s o r h a n g - p o le s s e c u re ly fix ed t o th e s t r u c tu r a l e le m e n ts o f th e
b u ild in g . T h e lo w e r le v e l is u s u a lly d e c k e d o u t w ith w o o d e n p la n k s
t o a c t a s a w o r k in g p la tfo rm .
Lashing connections.
J o i n t s in b a m b o o c o n s t r u c t i o n h a v e a lw a y s b e e n tr ic k y . T h e
p o le s a re n e i t h e r p e r f e c tly s tr a ig h t n o r ro u n d , th e y h av e n o d e s a t
i r r e g u l a r s p a c i n g s a n d t h e i r t h i c k n e s s v a r ie s . D e s p i t e s u c h
Зак 312
'322 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
lim ita tio n s , p r a c titio n e r s h a v e d e v e lo p e d m a n y c o n n e c t i o n d e ta ils
o v e r th e y e a r s . L a s h in g p o le s w ith s o a k e d b a m b o o s t n p s w a s th e
p re fe rre d m e th o d fo r a lo n g tim e , b u t th e s tn p s d e c a y e d a n d n e e d e d
c o n s t a n t a tte n tio n a n d r e p la c e m e n t.
B y th e la te 1 970s,
n y lo n s t n p s h a d r e p la c e d b a m b o o s tr ip s .
T h e n e w s t n p s m a d e e r e c t i o n fa s te r a n d th e y a ls o la s te d lo n g e r ,
b u t c o n n e c tio n s still te n d e d t o w e a k e n o v e r tim e d u e to w e a th e n n g .
T h is led to H o n g K o n g re se a rc h e rs sp ecify in g e n g in e e re d c o n n e c tio n s
th r o u g h e x p e r im e n ta l in v e s tig a tio n . T h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a lu e f o r
b a s ic c h a r a c te r is tic r e s is ta n c e f o r e a c h la s h in g is 1.1 k N w ith a
p a r tia l s a f e ty f a c to r o f 1 .1 -1 .2 5 .
T h e n y lo n s t n p s a r e w e ll- s p e c if ie d , w ith a m i n im u m u ltim a te
s tr e n g th o f 0 .5 k N , a w id th o f 5.5 — 6 m m a n d a th ic k n e s s o f 0 .8 5 —
1 m m . T h e o v e r la p o f t w o l a s h e d b a m b o o p o le s s h o u ld b e 1 . 5 2 m , a n d t h e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e la s h in g s s h o u ld n o t b e g r e a te r
th a n 300 m m .
O th e r m a te r ia ls s u c h as p u tlo g s , a n c h o r b o lts a n d ste e l b r a c k e ts
a re sp e c ifie d in th e B u ild in g s D e p a r tm e n t g u id e lin e s. T h e e sta b lish e d
sp e c ific a tio n s fo r b a m b o o p o le s, h o w e v e r, w e re g iv e n in t h e L a b o u r
D e p a r tm e n t’s e a r lie r c o d e s. T h e p o le s s h o u ld b e 3 - 5 y e a r s o ld a n d
a ir - d r i e d in v e r tic a l p o s itio n s u n d e r i n d o o r c o n d itio n s f o r a t le a s t
3 m o n th s b e f o r e u s e ; th e y s h o u ld b e fre e f r o m c r a c k s , ir r e g u la r
k n o ts a n d w o r m - e a te n sp o ts .
D e s p ite b a m b o o a n d la s h in g m a te r ia ls h a v in g b e e n s p e c if ie d ,
th e e f f o r t o f c o d if y in g th e d e s ig n d a ta is still o n g o in g .
Engineering characteristics.
O n e o f th e d is a d v a n ta g e s in d e sig n in g b a m b o o s tr u c tu r e s is th e
la c k o f str u c tu r a l d esig n d a ta a n d e sta b lis h e d m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e rtie s .
B u ild in g c o d e s o v e r th e g lo b e h a v e y e t to e m b r a c e b a m b o o , th o u g h
a d r a f t c o d e o n b a m b o o s t r u c tu r a l d e s ig n is u n d e r re v ie w . B a sic
m e c h a n ic a l p r o p e r tie s h a v e b e e n d e a lt w ith b y m a n y a u t h o r s b u t,
u n lik e tim b e r , b a m b o o p r o p e r tie s d o n o t r e la te t o s p e c ie s b e c a u s e
o f t h e d e p e n d e n c y o n o t h e r fa c to r s s u c h a s g e o g r a p h ic a l lo c a tio n
a n d ag e .
M o r e r e c e n t r e se a rc h o n b a m b o o sc a ffo ld in g c a r r ie d o u t a t H o n g
K o n g P o ly te c h n ic U n iv e r s ity w ith t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e I n te r n a t i o n a l
N e tw o rk fo r B a m b o o a n d R a tta n h a s th u s c o n c e n tr a te d o n t h e lo cally
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a v a ila b le k a o j u e a n d m a o ju e v a rie tie s . T h e s tu d ie s in d ic a te d t h a t
d e s p ite la rg e v a ria tio n s in d ia m e te r , w a ll t h ic k n e s s a n d m o is tu re
c o n t e n t , re p r e s e n ta tiv e v a lu e s o f m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r tie s c o u ld b e
a r r iv e d a t. T w o f a ilu re m o d e s , n a m e ly e n d b e a r in g a n d s p littin g ,
w e re i d e n tif ie d in c o m p r e s s io n te s ts . E n d - b e a r i n g fa ilu re s w e re
m a in ly d u e t o h ig h m o is tu r e c o n t e n t . F o r b e n d i n g te s ts , s p littin g
a n d lo c a l c ru s h in g w e re id e n tif ie d a s r e a s o n s fo r fa ilu re
B a s e d o n a s y s te m a tic e x p e r im e n ta l i n v e s tig a tio n o n c o l u m n b u c k lin g b e h a v io u r o f b a m b o o m e m b e r s , re s e a r c h e r s f o u n d t h a t
lo a d re d u c tio n d u e to c o lu m n b u c k lin g is s ig n ific a n t a n d a c c o rd in g ly
d e v e lo p e d a l im it- s ta te d e sig n m e th o d . T w o fa ilu re m o d e s , n a m e ly
o v e ra ll b u c k lin g a n d lo c a l b u c k lin g , w e re id e n tifie d r e s p e c tiv e ly in
m a o ju e (lo n g c o lu m n -w e t) a n d k a o ju e (s h o rt c o lu m n -w e t) m e m b e rs
in m o s t o f t h e ca se s.
T h e e n g in e e n n g c h a ra c te n s tic s o f s tru c tu ra l b a m b o o s a re s im ila r
t o th o s e o f tim b e r a n d c o d if ic a tio n a lo n g s im ila r lin e s t o t i m b e r
s h o u ld b e th e n e x t lo g ic a l s te p . I f t h e H o n g K o n g B u ild in g s
D e p a r t m e n t p u b lis h e s a c o d e o f p r a c tic e fo r b a m b o o s c a ffo ld a s it
h a s s u g g e s te d , th is w o u ld le a d to p r o m o t i o n a n d w id e r a c c e p ta n c e
o f b a m b o o a s a b u ild in g m a te r ia l w o rld w id e .
Training and safety.
I n t h e p a s t, t h e s k ills re q u ir e d fo r e r e c tin g b a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g
w e re ta u g h t b y a m a s te r s c a ffo ld e r th r o u g h a tr a d itio n a l a p p r e n tic e
s y s te m t h a t w o u ld la s t f o r 3 y e a rs. H o w e v e r, a p p r e n tic e s c a n n o w
p ic k u p t h e sk ill w ith in a y e a r t h r o u g h o n - j o b t r a in in g o r b y
a t t e n d i n g a C o n s t r u c t i o n In d u s tr y T r a in in g A u th o r ity tr a in in g
c o u rs e .
A f te r w o rk in g i n in d u s tr y fo r a t le a s t 4 y e a rs , a s c a ffo ld e r c a n
ta k e t h e C I T A t r a d e t e s t , w h ic h c o n s is ts o f a 0 .5 h w r i t t e n
e x a m in a tio n fo llo w e d b y a 6 h p r a c tic a l t e s t in w h ic h th e c a n d id a te
is re q u ir e d to :
- i n s p e c t a n e re c te d sc a ffo ld a n d re c tify t h e d e fe c ts ;
- d is m a n tle t h e s c a ffo ld safely ;
- r e - e r e c t t h e s c a ffo ld .
I n 2 0 0 6 , 26 8 c a n d id a te s a p p lie d fo r t h e te s t a n d 6 2 % p a s s e d .
A p a rt fro m th e e x te n t o f w o rk c o m p le te d a n d q u a lity o f w o rk m a n s h ip ,
c a n d id a te s a re a lso a sse sse d o n th e ir s a fe ty -c o n s c io u s n e s s .
11*
324I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
A ll s c a f f o ld e r s in H o n g K o n g a r e r e q u ir e d t o w e a r s a f e ty
h a rn e s s e s , fall a r r e s to r s a n d in d e p e n d e n t life lin e s . S c a ffo ld s m u s t
a lso b e in s p e c te d b y a c o m p e te n t p e r s o n — a C I T A tr a d e te s t h o ld e r
w ith a t le a s t 10 y e a r s ’ e x p e r ie n c e — e v e r y 2 w e e k s a n d m o r e o f te n
d u rin g tr o p ic a l c y c lo n e s a n d s tr o n g m o n s o o n s . T h e m a in
c o n t r a c to r ’s f u ll- tim e s u p e rv is o r s h o u ld a ls o in s p e c t th e in te g rity o f
th e sc a ffo ld s r e g u la rly a n d r e c o r d fin d in g s in s t ip u la te d fo rm s.
D e sp ite th e tr a in in g a n d sk ill o f H o n g K o n g ’s b a m b o o sc a ffo ld e rs
a n d th e g o v e r n m e n t’s a s s o c ia te d c o d e a n d g u id e lin e s , s e r io u s
a c c id e n ts c o n tin u e t o o c c u r , m o s tly i n tr u s s - o u t b a m b o o sc a ffo ld s
T h e o v e ra ll a c c id e n t r a te in H o n g K o n g ’s c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y in
th e p a s t fe w y e a rs is a r o u n d 6 0 f o r e v e r y 100 0 w o rk e rs . A to ta l o f
3 8 3 5 a c c id e n t c a s e s w e re r e c o r d e d in 2 0 0 4 , 3 5 4 8 in 2 0 0 5 a n d 3 1 2 9
( p r o je c te d ) in 2 0 0 6 . T h e n u m b e r s o f fa ta l a c c id e n ts d u r in g t h e s e
y e a rs a r e 17, 2 5 a n d 17 re s p e c tiv e ly . R e p a i r a n d m a in te n a n c e
p r o je c ts a c c o u n t fo r th e m a jo rity o f th e a c c id e n ts . N e a r ly h a l f o f th e
fa ta l a c c id e n ts a r e g r o u p e d u n d e r “ fa ll o f p e r s o n f r o m h e ig h t”
in v o lv in g t r u s s - o u t b a m b o o sc a ffo ld s, u n f e n c e d e d g e s , la d d e r s a n d
so on.
M a n y o f th e a c c id e n ts in tru s s -o u t b a m b o o scaffo ld s h a v e re su lte d
fr o m f a ilu re s o f th e s u p p o r t b r a c k e t a n c h o r b o lts . T h e d if f ic u lty in
fix in g th e a n c h o r b o lts fro m in s id e th e b u ild in g is c i t e d a s a m a jo r
c a u se . I n a d e q u a c y o f se c u re fix tu re s o f life lin e s t o a n c h o r a g e p o in ts
h a s a lso b e e n n o te d in m a n y c a se s. I n d u s tr y , in s titu tio n s a n d
g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r tm e n ts a r e w o r k in g t o g e t h e r in a d d r e s s in g th e
p r o b le m .
Metal versus bamboo.
U n lik e m e ta l s c a f f o ld p o le s , b a m b o o p o le s d o n o t n e e d o ilin g ,
p a in tin g o r c o v e r e d s to r a g e . T h e y a r e m u c h lig h te r a n d e a s ie r to
h a n d le , le a d in g t o fa s t e r e c tio n : o n e w o r k e r c a n e r e c t 7 5 - 1 0 0 m 2
o f d o u b le - la y e r e d b a m b o o s c a ffo ld in g a d a y , s o m e 6 - 8 tim e s fa s te r
th a n f o r a s im ila r m e ta l s c a ffo ld . A ls o , t h e c o s t o f b a m b o o p o le s
is o n ly a b o u t 6 % o f t h e c o s t o f s te e l p o le s .
B a m b o o sc a ffo ld s a r e g e n e r a lly s p lit in to 15 m t a ll fr a m e s w ith
th o s e a b o v e g r o u n d le v e l s u p p o r te d b y s te e l b r a c k e ts fix e d t o th e
m a in s tr u c tu r e . T h e h e a v ie r w e ig h t o f m e ta l s c a ffo ld in g m e a n s t h a t
v e rtic a l lo a d s a re u su a lly t a k e n a ll th e w a y d o w n to t h e b a s e . T h is is
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w o rk a b le fo r m e d iu m - r is e b u ild in g s b u t fo r a m u lti- s to r e y b u ild in g
o f, say , 124 m h e ig h t, it is e s tim a te d t h a t s t a n d a r d s w ill b e r e q u ire d
i n g r o u p s o f t h r e e a t b a s e w ith d o u b le a t in te r m e d i a t e le v els.
I n te r m e d i a t e ste e l b r a c k e ts , i f d e s ig n e d , w o u ld a ls o b e m a s s iv e . In
H o n g K o n g , w h e re h ig h - r is e b u ild in g s a r e a n o r m a n d m a n y u r b a n
s ite s a re b o u n d e d b y b u s y s tre e ts , s h o p p in g a r c a d e s a n d p e d e s tr ia n
b rid g e s , tre b le a n d d o u b le m e ta l s c a ffo ld s w o u ld n o t b e p r a c tic a l
B a m b o o a ls o h a s a m u c h lo w e r c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t t h a n m e ta l.
F o r H o n g K o n g it is c u ltiv a te d in th e n eig h b o u rin g G u a n g x i p ro v in c e
in a b u n d a n c e , a n d t h e n t r a n s p o r te d t o H o n g K o n g a lo n g t h e P e a rl
R iv e r s im p ly b y la s h in g t h e p o le s to g e t h e r a n d f lo a tin g th e m
d o w n s tre a m . D e p e n d in g o n th e ty p e o f sc a ffo ld in g , b a m b o o p o le s
c a n b e re u s e d t h r e e to five tim e s .
A city o f old and new.
H o n g K o n g is a f o r w a rd -lo o k in g c ity b u t o n e w h ic h a lso v a lu e s
its tr a d itio n s a n d c u s to m s . F o r e x a m p le , c e n tu r y - o ld t r a m c a r s p ass
slo w ly th r o u g h t h e h e a rt o f t h e c e n tra l d is tric t w h ile s t a t e - o f - th e - a r t
m a s s -tra n s it tra in s s p e e d t h ro u g h tu n n e ls b e lo w a n d t r a d itio n a l d im s u m r e s ta u ra n ts sit a lo n g s id e th e la te s t fa s t-fo o d o u tle ts .
(New Civil Engineer International, March, 2009)
TAPESCRIPTS
• TAPESCRIPT 1A
BU ILD IN G S: FIRST IMPRESSIONS
W h a t m a k e s t h e lo o k o f B ritish to w n s a n d c itie s d is tin c tiv e ? T h e
m o s t s tr ik in g f e a tu r e is th e la c k o f b l o c k s o f fla ts P e o p le p r e f e r to
live in in d iv id u a l h o u s e s — u n its w ith t h e i r o w n f r o n t d o o r s a n d
s o m e tim e s g a rd e n s P e r h a p s th is say s s o m e th in g a b o u t th e n a tio n a l
c h a r a c te r ; a lo v e o f p r iv a c y a n d a la c k o f in te r e s t in th e w id e r
c o m m u n ity . T h e r e is a p r o v e r b : “ A n E n g lis h m a n ’s h o m e is h is
c a s tle ” . W h a te v e r t h e d e e p e r re a s o n s f o r it, th e r e s u lt is t h a t B ritis h
to w n s a n d c itie s a r e fu ll o f tw o o r t h r e e - s t o r e y h o u s e s . O n ly in th e
1 9 5 0 s a n d - 6 0 s c o u n c ils s ta r te d b u ild in g t a ll b lo c k s o f f la ts in t h e
A m e r ic a n sty le; b u t th e s e h a v e b e e n v e ry u n p o p u la r , a n d th e c h e a p e r
o n e s a r e n o w b e in g d e m o lis h e d .
A n o th e r d istin c tiv e fe a tu re o f B ritish b u ild in g s is th e u se o f b ric k .
S o m e o f th e o ld e s t m o n u m e n ts , lik e H a m p t o n C o u r t P r l a c e o r
Q u e e n s ’ C o lle g e , C a m b r id g e , a r e m a d e o f b r ic k . I t r e m a in s t h e
fa v o u rite m a te r ia l f o r n e w h o u s e s to d a y . W h ile th e re st o f th e w o r ld
p r e f e r s c o n c r e t e , f o r s o m e r e a s o n th e B r itis h ta s te is f o r b r ic k , a t
le a s t i n s m a lle r b u ild in g s .
• TAPESCRIPT IB
SOME TRENDS IN THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
H u m a n sh e lte rs w e re a t first v e ry sim p le a n d p e r h a p s la ste d o n ly
a fe w d a y s o r m o n th s . O v e r t im e , h o w e v e r , e v e n te m p o r a r y
s tr u c tu r e s e v o lv e d in to s u c h h ig h ly r e f in e d fo r m s a s th e ig lo o .
G r a d u a lly m o r e d u ra b le stru c tu re s b e g a n to a p p e a r, p a rtic u la rly a f te r
TAPESCRIPTS
327
t h e a d v e n t o f a g r ic u ltu r e , w h e n p e o p le b e g a n t o s ta y in o n e p la c e
fo r l o n g p e rio d s . T h e firs t s h e lte r s w e re d w e llin g s , b u t la t e r o t h e r
f u n c tio n s , s u c h a s fo o d s to ra g e a n d c e re m o n y , w e re h o u s e d in s e p ­
a ra te b u ild in g s . S o m e s tr u c t u r e s b e g a n t o h a v e s y m b o lic a s w e ll as
f u n c tio n a l v a lu e , m a rk in g th e b e g in n in g o f t h e d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n
a r c h ite c tu r e a n d b u ild in g .
T h e h is to r y o f b u ild in g is m a r k e d b y a n u m b e r o f t r e n d s . O n e
is t h e in c r e a s in g d u r a b ility o f t h e m a te r ia ls u s e d . E a r ly b u ild in g
m a te r ia ls w e re p e r is h a b le , s u c h a s le a v e s , a n d b r a n c h e s . L a te r,
m o re d u ra b le n a tu r a l m a te ria ls — s u c h a s c la y , s to n e , a n d t im b e r —
a n d , fin a lly , s y n th e tic m a te r ia ls — s u c h as b ric k , c o n c r e te , m e ta ls ,
a n d p la s tic s — w e re u s e d . A n o t h e r is a q u e s t fo r b u ild in g s o f e v e r
g re a te r h e ig h t a n d s p a n ; th is w as m a d e p o s s ib le b y t h e d e v e lo p m e n t
o f s tr o n g e r m a te r ia ls a n d b y k n o w le d g e o f h o w m a te r ia ls b e h a v e
a n d h o w to e x p lo it t h e m t o g r e a te r a d v a n ta g e . A t h i r d m a jo r t r e n d
in v o lv e s t h e d e g r e e o f c o n t r o l e x e r c i s e d o v e r t h e i n t e r i o r
e n v ir o n m e n t o f b u ild in g s : in c re a s in g ly p re c is e re g u la tio n o f a ir
te m p e r a t u r e , lig h t a n d s o u n d le v e ls , h u m id ity , o d o u r s , a i r s p e e d ,
a n d o t h e r fa c to rs t h a t a ffe c t h u m a n c o m f o r t h a s b e e n p o s s ib le . Y e t
a n o t h e r t r e n d is th e c h a n g e in e n e rg y a v a ila b le t o th e c o n s tr u c tio n
p ro c e s s , s ta rtin g w ith h u m a n m u s c le p o w e r a n d d e v e lo p in g to w a rd
th e p o w e rfu l m a c h in e ry u s e d to d a y .
• TAPESCRIPT 2A
THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER
W illia m L e B a r o n J e n n e y ( 1 8 3 2 - 1 9 0 7 ) w a s a n A m e r ic a n c iv il
e n g in e e r a n d a r c h i t e c t w h o b e c a m e k n o w n a s t h e F a t h e r o f t h e
A m e ric a n s k y s c ra p e r. J e n n e y w a s b o m i n F a irh a v e n , M a s s a c h u s e tts
o n S e p te m b e r 2 5 , 1832. J e n n e y firs t b e g a n h is fo r m a l e d u c a t i o n
a t th e L a w re n c e S c ie n tific s c h o o l a t H a rv a rd in 1853, b u t tra n s fe rre d
t o P a ris to g e t a n e d u c a t i o n in e n g in e e r in g a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e . H e
g r a d u a te d i n 185 6 , o n e y e a r a f te r h is c la s s m a te , G u s ta v e E iffe l,
t h e d e s ig n e r o f th e E iffe l T o w e r. I n 1861, h e r e t u r n e d t o th e U S to
j o i n t h e U n i o n A r m y a s a n e n g in e e r in th e C iv il W a r . A f te r th e
w a r, in 1 867, J e n n e y m o v e d t o C h ic a g o , I llin o is a n d b e g a n h is
328I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
o w n a r c h ite c tu r a l o ffic e , w h ic h s p e c ia liz e d in c o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s
a n d u r b a n p la n n in g .
I n 1998, J e n n e y w a s r a n k e d n u m b e r 89 in th e b o o k “ 1 ,000
Y e a rs , 1 ,0 0 0 P e o p le . R a n k in g th e M e n a n d W o m e n W h o S h a p e d
t h e M ille n n iu m ” . J e n n e y is b e s t k n o w n f o r d e s ig n in g th e t e n s to r e y H o m e In s u r a n c e B u ild in g in C h ic a g o . T h e b u ild in g w a s t h e
firs t fu lly m e t a l- f r a m e s k y s c r a p e r , a n d is c o n s id e r e d t h e first
s k y s c ra p e r. I t w a s b u ilt fr o m 1884 to 1 885, e n la r g e d in 18 9 1 , a n d
d e m o lis h e d in 1931. I n h is d e s ig n s , h e u s e d m e ta l c o lu m n s a n d
b e a m s , i n s te a d o f s to n e a n d b r i c k t o s u p p o r t t h e b u ild in g ’s u p p e r
le v e ls. T h e ste e l n e e d e d t o s u p p o r t t h e H o m e I n s u r a n c e B u ild in g
w e ig h e d o n ly o n e - t h i r d a s m u c h a s a te n - s t o r e y b u ild in g m a d e o f
h e a v y m a s o n r y . U s in g th is m e th o d , t h e w e ig h t o f t h e b u ild in g w a s
r e d u c e d , th u s a llo w in g t h e p o s s ib ility t o c o n s tr u c t e v e n t a lle r
s t r u c tu r e s .
L a te r , h e so lv e d t h e p r o b le m o f f i r e p r o o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r ta ll
b u ild in g s b y u s in g m a s o n r y , ir o n , a n d t e r r a c o t t a f lo o r in g a n d
p a r titio n s . H e d is p la y e d h is s y s te m in t h e L e tte r B u ild in g , a lso
b u ilt in C h ic a g o b e tw e e n t h e y e a rs 1889 a n d 1891.
• TAPESCRIPT 2B
NIKOLAI V. N IKITIN
N ik o la i V a s ily e v ic h N ik itin w a s a c o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r a n d
s t r u c t u r a l d e s ig n e r o f th e S o v ie t U n i o n , b e s t k n o w n f o r h is
m o n u m e n ta l s tr u c tu r e s . N ik itin w a s b o r n in T o b o ls k , S ib e r ia in
1907 t o t h e fa m ily o f a t y p o g r a p h ic a l e n g in e e r . I n 193 0 , N ik itin
g r a d u a te d f ro m th e T o m s k T e c h n o lo g ic a l I n s titu te w ith t r a in in g in
c o n s tru c tio n .
I n 1932, h e d e s ig n e d th e t r a m s ta tio n o f N o v o s ib irs k . B y 1937,
h e w a s liv in g a n d w o r k in g i n M o s c o w . H e tu r n e d h is a t t e n t i o n to
c a lc u la tio n s a n d d e s ig n o f f o u n d a tio n s a n d s u p p o r tin g s tr u c tu r e s .
I n 1957 h e w as a p p o in te d c h i e f d e s ig n e r o f M o s p r o e k t I n s titu te
f o r th e P la n n in g o f H o u s in g a n d C iv il E n g in e e r in g C o n s tr u c tio n
in th e C ity o f M o s c o w . N i k i t i n d ie d o n 3 M a r c h 1973
H is s e le c te d w o rk s a r e M o s c o w S ta te U n iv e r s ity ’s 2 4 0 m h ig h
m a in b u ild in g ( a t th e tim e o f its c o n s tru c tio n it w as th e ta lle st b u ild in g
TAPESCRIPTS
329
in E u r o p e , b u ilt f ro m 1949 t o 1 9 5 3 ); L u z h n ik i S ta d iu m , c o lo s s a l
8 5 - m e te r s t a tu e o n th e M a m a y e v K u r g a n h e ig h ts o v e rlo o k in g
V o lg o g ra d , “ T h e M o t h e r l a n d C a lls ” a n d m a n y o th e rs .
A m o n g N i k i t i n ’s w o rk s — th e O s ta n k in o T o w e r — h a s g o t th e
m o s t fa m e . S t a n d in g 5 4 0 m e tr e s ta ll, it is a te le v is io n a n d ra d io
to w e r in M o sc o w . It is n a m e d a fte r th e O s ta n k in o d is tric t o f M o sc o w
in w h ic h it is lo c a te d . I ts c o n s t r u c t i o n b e g a n i n 1963 a n d w a s
c o m p le te d in 1 967. T h e t o w e r w a s t h e firs t f r e e - s ta n d in g s tr u c tu r e
t o e x c e e d 5 0 0 m in h e ig h t. I t s u rp a s s e d t h e E m p ir e S ta te B u ild in g
to b e c o m e t h e t a lle s t fr e e - s ta n d in g s tr u c tu r e in th e w o rld . T h e
O s ta n k in o T o w e r h a s r e m a i n e d t h e ta lle s t fr e e - s ta n d in g s t r u c tu r e
in E u r o p e fo r 4 2 y e a rs .
• TAPESCRIPT ЗА
CONSTRUCTION CAREERS
T h e r e a re m a n y r o u te s t o t h e d if f e r e n t c a r e e r s w ith in t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s tr y w h ic h v a ry b y c o u n tr y . H o w e v e r, t h e r e a r e
th r e e m a in tie rs o f c a re e rs b a s e d o n e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g r o u n d w h ic h
a re c o m m o n in te rn a tio n a lly :
u n s k ille d a n d s e m i- s k ille d — g e n e r a l s ite la b o u r w ith little o r
n o c o n s tr u c tio n q u a lific a tio n s ;
sk ille d — o n - s ite m a n a g e rs w h o p o sse ss e x te n s iv e k n o w le d g e a n d
e x p e r ie n c e in t h e i r c r a f t o r p ro fe s s io n ;
te c h n i c a l a n d m a n a g e m e n t — p e r s o n n e l w i t h th e g r e a te s t
e d u c a tio n a l q u a lif ic a tio n s , u s u a lly g ra d u a te d e g re e s , t r a i n e d to
d e s ig n , m a n a g e a n d in s tr u c t th e c o n s t r u c t i o n p ro c e s s .
S k ille d o c c u p a t i o n s in t h e U K r e q u i r e f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n
q u a lific a tio n s, o fte n in v o c a tio n a l s u b je c t a re a s. T h e s e q u a lific a tio n s
are e ith e r o b ta in e d d irectly a fter th e c o m p le tio n o f c o m p u lso ry e d u c a tio n
o r t h ro u g h “ o n th e j o b ” a p p re n tic e s h ip tra in in g . I n th e U K , 850 0
c o n s tru c tio n -re la te d a p p re n tic e s h ip s w e re c o m m e n c e d in 2007.
T e c h n ic a l a n d s p e c ia lis e d o c c u p a tio n s r e q u ire m o r e t r a in in g as
a g re a te r t e c h n i c a l k n o w le d g e is r e q u ir e d . T h e p ro fe s s io n s , lik e a
c iv il e n g in e e r , a b u ild in g se rv ic e s e n g in e e r , a p r o je c t m a n a g e r,
a q u a n tity s u rv e y o r s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r a n d o th e r s h o ld m o r e le g a l
re s p o n s ib ility .
330I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TAPESCRIPT ЗВ
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS
C o n s t r u c t i o n e n g in e e r s e n g a g e in t h e d e s ig n o f t e m p o r a r y
s tr u c tu r e s , q u a lity a s s u r a n c e a n d q u a lity c o n tr o l, b u ild in g a n d s ite
la y o u t su rv e y s, o n s ite m a te r ia l te s tin g , c o n c r e te m ix d e s ig n , c o s t
e s tim a tin g , p la n n in g a n d s c h e d u lin g , s a fe ty e n g in e e r in g , m a te n a ls
p r o c u r e m e n t, a n d c o s t e n g in e e r in g a n d b u d g e tin g .
T o c o m p le te p r o je c ts c o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r s re ly o n p la n s a n d
sp e c ific a tio n s c re a te d b y a rc h ite c ts ,
e n g in e e rs a n d o th e r
c o n s tr u c to r s . D u r in g m o s t o f t h e 2 0 th c e n tu r y s tr u c tu r e s h a v e b e e n
first d e s ig n e d th e n e n g in e e r in g s ta f f e n s u r e it is b u ilt t o p la n s a n d
s p e c if ic a tio n s b y te s tin g a n d o v e r s e e in g t h e c o n s tr u c tio n . P r e v io u s
t o th e 2 0 th c e n tu r y a n d m o r e c o m m o n ly s in c e t h e s ta r t o f t h e 21 st
c e n tu r y s tr u c tu r e s a r e d e s ig n e d a n d b u ilt in c o m b in a tio n , a llo w in g
f o r s ite c o n s id e r a tio n s a n d c o n s tr u c tio n m e th o d s t o in f lu e n c e th e
d e sig n p ro c e s s .
K e e p in g a w o r k p la c e sa fe is a k e y t o h a v in g a s u c c e s s f u l
c o n s tr u c tio n c o m p a n y . I t is t h e c o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r ’s jo b t o m a k e
s u re th a t e v e r y th in g is c o n d u c te d c o rre c tly . C o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r s
a re a lso in v o lv ed h eav ily w ith th e c o n s tr u c tio n s c h e d u le a n d d o c u m e n t
c o n tr o l a s w e ll a s b u d g e t a n d c o s t c o n tr o l. T h e i r ro le o n s ite is to
p ro v id e c o n s tr u c tio n i n f o r m a tio n , in c lu d in g r e p a ir s , r e q u e s ts f o r
in f o r m a tio n , c h a n g e o r d e r s a n d p a y m e n t a p p lic a tio n s .
C o n s t r u c t i o n e n g in e e r s s h o u ld h a v e s tr o n g u n d e r s ta n d in g f o r
m a t h a n d s c ie n c e , b u t m a n y o t h e r s k ills a r e r e q u ir e d , i n c lu d in g
c n t i c a l th in k in g , lis te n in g , le a r n in g , p r o b le m s o lv in g , m o n ito r in g
a n d d e c is io n m a k in g . C o n s tr u c tio n e n g in e e r s h a v e t o b e a b le to
t h i n k a b o u t a ll a s p e c ts o f a p r o b le m a n d lis te n t o o t h e r s ’ id e a s so
t h a t t h e y c a n le a m e v e ry th in g a b o u t a p r o je c t b e fo re it b e g in s. T h e y
m u s t m a in ta in p r o je c t c o n tr o l o f la b o u r a n d e q u i p m e n t f o r sa fe ty ,
t o e n s u r e th e p r o je c t is o n s c h e d u le a n d m o n i t o r q u a lity c o n tr o l.
W h e n a p r o b le m o c c u r s it is th e c o n s t r u c t i o n e n g in e e r w h o w ill
c r e a te a n d e n a c t a s o lu tio n
TAPESCRIPTS
331
• TAPESCRIPT 4A
BUILDING
I n a r c h i t e c t u r e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , e n g i n e e r i n g a n d re a l e s ta te
d e v e lo p m e n t th e w o r d building m a y re fe r t o o n e o f t h e fo llo w in g :
a n y m a n - m a d e s t r u c t u r e u s e d o r i n t e n d e d f o r s u p p o r tin g o r
sh e lte rin g a n y u se o r c o n tin u o u s o c c u p a n c y , o r a n a c t o f
c o n s tr u c tio n . B u ild in g s c o m e i n a w id e a m o u n t o f s h a p e s a n d
fu n c tio n s , a n d h a v e b e e n a d a p t e d th r o u g h o u t h is to r y f o r a w id e
n u m b e r o f f a c to rs , fr o m b u ild in g m a te r ia ls a v a ila b le , t o w e a th e r
c o n d i t i o n s , t o l a n d p ric e s , g ro u n d c o n d itio n s , s p e c ific u s e s a n d
a e s th e tic reaso n s. B u ild in g s serv e sev eral n e e d s o f s o c ie ty — p n m a n ly
a s s h e l t e r fro m w e a th e r a n d a s g e n e r a l liv in g s p a c e , t o p ro v id e
p riv a c y , to s to re b e lo n g in g s a n d t o liv e a n d w o rk .
R e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s a re c a lle d h o u s e s /h o m e s , th o u g h b u ild in g s
c o n ta in in g larg e n u m b e r s o f s e p a ra te d w e llin g u n its a re o f te n c a lle d
a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s /b lo c k s t o d iff e r e n tia te t h e m fro m th e m o re
“ in d iv id u a l” h o u se . B u ild in g ty p e s m a y ra n g e fro m o n e - r o o m w o o d fra m e d , m a s o n ry , o r a d o b e d w e llin g s t o m u l ti- m illio n d o lla r h ig h rise b u ild in g s a b le t o h o u s e th o u s a n d s o f p e o p le .
I n c r e a s in g s e t t l e m e n t d e n s ity in b u ild in g s a n d c lo s e r d i s ta n c e s
b e tw e e n b u ild in g s is u s u a lly a re s p o n s e t o h ig h g r o u n d p r ic e s
re s u ltin g fro m m a n y p e o p le w a n tin g t o live c lo s e t o w o rk o r s im ila r
a ttra c to rs . A m u ltis to re y e d b u ild in g is a b u ild in g t h a t h a s m u ltip le
flo o rs a b o v e g r o u n d i n th e b u ild in g . M u lti- s to r e y b u ild in g s a im to
in c re a s e th e a r e a o f th e b u ild in g w ith o u t i n c re a s in g th e a r e a o f th e
la n d th e b u ild in g is b u ilt o n , h e n c e s a v in g l a n d a n d , in m o s t c a se s,
m oney.
• TAPESCRIPT 4B
SKYSCRAPERS
A b u ild in g m a n y s to re y s h ig h w as first c a lle d a s k y s c ra p e r in th e
1880s in th e U n i t e d S ta te s . T h e y w e re d e v e lo p e d in th e la s t p a r t o f
t h e 1 9 th c e n tu r y as a r e s u lt o f t e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e m e n t a n d th e
s o c ia l c o n d itio n s a t t h a t tim e . T h e y a re n o w o f t e n r e fe rre d to as
332
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
h ig h -ris e b u ild in g s. T h e c ity o f N e w Y o rk s e t th e s k y s c ra p e r p a tte r n .
B e c a u se t h e g r o u n d b e n e a th t h e c ity s tre e ts is ro c k , it is s o lid e n o u g h
t o ta k e th e h e a v ie s t lo a d s w ith o u t s u b s id in g a s s o f te r e a r t h w o u ld
d o , a n d th e r e f o r e it is w e ll s u ite d t o b e a r in g th e w e ig h t o f ta ll
b u ild in g s .
A r c h ite c ts a n d c iv il e n g in e e r s a ll o v e r t h e U n i t e d S ta te s w e r e
e x p e r im e n tin g , e s p e c ia lly w ith ste e l w h ic h w a s m u c h l ig h te r t h a n
i r o n . T h e s e ta ll b u ild in g s w e re r e q u ir e d s o t h a t m illio n s o f p e o p le
m ig h t b e a b le t o live a n d w o r k in a c o m p a r a tiv e ly s m a ll a r e a . I f
s k y s c r a p e r s a r e b u ilt t h e p o p u la tio n o f a w h o le to w n c a n liv e o n
q u ite a s m a ll p lo t o f la n d . T h is is u se fu l w h e r e l a n d is e x p e n s iv e .
S k y s c r a p e r s h a v e c e r ta in d is a d v a n ta g e s . I f t h e y a r e b u ilt in a
s tr e e t o f o r d in a r y w id th , w h e re t h e p e o p le w h o w o r k in th e m c o m e
p o u r in g o u t a t t h e e n d o f th e d a y , t h e s tr e e t w ill b e o v e r c r o w d e d .
M o r e o v e r , a s k y s c r a p e r th r o w s a lo n g s h a d o w , th e r e b y k e e p in g
t h e s u n fro m a g r e a t m a n y p e o p le a t c e r ta in h o u rs . T w o s k y s c ra p e rs
b u ilt n e a r o n e a n o t h e r w o u ld b e a p t t o t r a p t h e fu m e s o f p e tr o l in
th e s p a c e b e tw e e n th e m . T o o v e r c o m e th e s e d if f ic u ltie s a s c h e m e
c a lle d z o n in g w a s in tr o d u c e d in t h e U n ite d S ta te s in t h e 1930s,
w h e r e b y s k y s c ra p e rs h a d to b e s e t a c e r ta in d is ta n c e f r o m o t h e r
b u ild in g s , d e p e n d in g o n t h e i r h e ig h t. M o d e r n s k y s c r a p e r s a r e
u s u a lly b u ilt w ith o p e n s p a c e s , p e d e s tr ia n p r e c in c ts , o r s h o p p in g
c e n tr e s a t s tr e e t lev e ls to m a k e t h e s u r r o u n d in g s m o r e a ttr a c tiv e .
• TAPESCRIPT 5A
ROMAN CONCRETE
D u r in g th e R o m a n E m p ir e , R o m a n c o n c r e te w a s m a d e fro m
q u ic k lim e , p o z z o la n a , a n d a n a g g re g a te o f p u m ic e . C o n c r e t e , a s
th e R o m a n s k n e w it, w a s in e ffe c t a n ew a n d re v o lu tio n a r y m a te ria l.
L a id in th e s h a p e o f a r c h e s , v a u lts a n d d o m e s , it q u ic k ly h a r d e n e d
in to a rig id m a s s , free fro m m a n y o f th e in te r n a l th r u s ts a n d s tr a in s
w h ic h tr o u b le th e b u ild e r s o f s im ila r s tr u c tu r e s in s to n e o r b r ic k .
M o d e m s tr u c tu r a l c o n c r e te d iffers fro m R o m a n c o n c r e te in tw o
i m p o r t a n t d e t a i l s . F i r s t , i t s m ix c o n s i s t e n c y is f l u i d a n d
h o m o g e n e o u s , a llo w in g it t o b e p o u r e d in to fo r m s r a t h e r t h a n
re q u ir in g h a n d - la y e r in g t o g e th e r w ith th e p l a c e m e n t o f a g g re g a te ,
TAPESCRIPTS
333
w h ic h , in R o m a n p r a c tic e , o f te n c o n s is te d o f ru b b le . S e c o n d ,
in te g ra l re in f o r c in g s te e l g iv e s m o d e r n c o n c r e te a s s e m b lie s g re a t
s tr e n g th in te n s io n , w h e re a s R o m a n c o n c r e te c o u ld d e p e n d o n ly
u p o n th e s tre n g th o f t h e c o n c r e te b o n d in g t o re sist te n s io n .
T h e w id e s p re a d u se o f c o n c r e te in m a n y R o m a n s tru c tu r e s h a s
e n s u re d t h a t m a n y survive to t h e p re s e n t d a y . T h e B a th s o f C a ra c a lla
in R o m e a re j u s t o n e e x a m p le o f th e lo n g e v ity o f c o n c r e t e , w h ic h
a llo w e d th e R o m a n s t o b u ild th is a n d s im ila r s t r u c tu r e s a c ro s s t h e
R o m a n E m p ire . M a n y R o m a n a q u e d u c ts a n d R o m a n b rid g e s h a v e
m a s o n r y c la d d in g t o a c o n c r e te c o r e , a t e c h n i q u e t h e y u s e d in
s tru c tu r e s s u c h a s th e P a n t h e o n , th e d o m e o f w h ic h is c o n c r e te
T h e s e c re t o f c o n c re te w a s lo s t f o r 13 c e n tu r ie s u n til 1756, w h e n
th e B n tis h e n g in e e r J o h n S m e a to n p io n e e r e d t h e u s e o f h y d ra u lic
lim e in c o n c r e t e , u s in g p e b b le s a n d p o w d e r e d b r ic k a s a g g re g a te .
P o r t l a n d c e m e n t w a s firs t u s e d in c o n c r e t e i n t h e e a r ly 1840s.
• TAPESCRIPT 5B
FROM THE HISTORY OF BRICKMAKING
B ric k s w e re firs t u s e d f o r b u ild in g i n t h e M id d le E a s t. M o re
th a n 6 ,0 0 0 y e a rs a g o th e S u m e r ia n p e o p le liv in g in th e v a lle y o f th e
T ig ris a n d E u p h ra te s riv e rs d is c o v e re d th a t t h e m u d d y c la y d e p o s ite d
b y t h e tw o riv e rs w a s id e a l f o r b u ild in g . T h e c la y w a s m ix e d w ith
w a te r a n d s tra w a n d p r e s s e d i n t o r e c ta n g u la r m o u ld s . T h e b ric k s
w e re t h e n t u r n e d o u t o f t h e m o u ld s a n d le f t t o d ry in th e s u n . S u n d r ie d b ric k s s u c h a s th e s e , k n o w n a s a b o d e a f t e r t h e c la y f r o m
w h ic h t h e y a re m a d e , a re still u s e d fo r b u ild in g in w a rm , d ry re g io n s
t h r o u g h o u t A fric a a n d S o u th A m e r ic a . A d o b e is c h e a p a n d c a n
la s t fo r c e n tu r ie s .
T h e n e x t d e v e lo p m e n t in th e h isto ry o f b ric k m a k in g c a m e a ro u n d
4 ,0 0 0 y e a rs a g o w h e n th e b ric k k iln w a s in v e n te d in th e v a lle y o f th e
T ig ris a n d E u p h r a te s . B ric k m a k e rs fo u n d t h a t i f b ric k s w e re fire d
a f te r th e y h a d b e e n d r ie d in t h e s u n , th e y w e re h a r d e r a n d b e t t e r
a b le t o w ith s ta n d d a m p . T h e e a rlie s t ty p e o f k iln w a s a b e e h iv e ­
s h a p e d m o u n d o f d rie d b ric k s w ith a rc h e s a t t h e b o tto m in w h ic h th e
fire s c o u ld b e lit. L a te r k iln s w e re p e r m a n e n t b u ild in g s in w h ic h
3 3 4 J Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
t h e b r ic k s w e re slo w ly h e a te d u p a n d a llo w e d t o c o o l o v e r a p e r io d
o f f o u r d a y s.
F r o m th e M id d le E a s t, t h e a n c ie n t c r a f t o f b r ic k m a k in g s p r e a d
w e s tw a r d to E g y p t a n d th e M e d ite r r a n e a n a n d e a s tw a r d t o I n d i a
a n d C h in a . R o m a n b u ild e r s b r o u g h t b r ic k s to B r ita in in t h e 1st
c e n tu r y A D , b u t w h e n th e R o m a n E m p ir e fell in th e 5 th c e n tu r y ,
th e a r t o f b r ic k m a k in g w a s lo s t f o r s o m e 6 0 0 y e a rs. I t w as re v iv e d
b y th e I ta lia n s in th e 11 th c e n tu r y a n d s p r e a d q u ic k ly th r o u g h o u t
n o r th e r n E u r o p e . B y th e m i d - 1 7 t h c e n tu r y b r i c k - b u ilt w a lls w e re
re p la c in g th e o ld tim b e r f r a m e w o r k s in b u ild in g s .
• TAPESCRIPT 6A
THE ELASTIC THEORY OF STRUCTURES
A s ig n if ic a n t a c h ie v e m e n t o f th e first in d u s tr ia l a g e w a s th e
e m e r g e n c e o f b u ild in g s c ie n c e , p a r tic u la r ly th e e la s tic th e o r y o f
s tr u c tu r e s . W ith it, m a th e m a tic a l m o d e ls c o u ld b e u s e d t o p r e d i c t
s tr u c tu r a l p e r f o r m a n c e w ith c o n s id e r a b le a c c u r a c y , p r o v id e d th e r e
w a s a d e q u a te q u a lity c o n tr o l o f th e m a te r ia ls u s e d . A lth o u g h s o m e
e le m e n ts o f th e e la s tic t h e o r y , s u c h a s th e S w iss m a th e m a t i c i a n
L e o n h a r d E u le r ’s th e o r y o f c o lu m n b u c k lin g (1 7 5 7 ) , w e re w o r k e d
o u t e a r lie r , th e re a l d e v e lo p m e n t b e g a n w ith t h e E n g lis h s c ie n tis t
T h o m a s Y o u n g ’s m o d e r n d e f in itio n o f th e m o d u lu s o f e la s tic ity in
1807. L o u is N a v ie r p u b lis h e d th e e la s tic t h e o r y o f b e a m s in 1826,
a n d th r e e m e th o d s o f a n a ly z in g fo rc e s in tr u s s e s w e re d e v is e d b y
S q u ir e W h ip p le , A . R itte r , a n d J a m e s C le r k M a x w e ll b e tw e e n
1847 a n d 1864. T h e c o n c e p t o f a sta tic a lly d e te r m in a te s tr u c tu r e —
t h a t is, a s tru c tu re w h o se fo rc e s c o u ld b e d e te r m in e d fro m N e w to n ’s
la w s o f m o tio n a lo n e — w a s s e t f o r th b y O tto M o h r in 187 4 , a f te r
h a v in g b e e n u se d in tu itiv e ly fo r p e rh a p s 4 0 years. M o s t 1 9 th -c e n tu ry
s tr u c tu r e s w e re p u r p o s e ly d e s ig n e d a n d fa b ric a te d w ith p in jo in ts to
b e s ta tic a lly d e te r m in a te ; it w a s n o t u n til t h e 2 0 th c e n tu r y th a t
s ta tic a lly i n d e te r m in a te s tr u c tu r e s b e c a m e r e a d ily s o lv a b le . T h e
e la s tic t h e o r y f o r m e d t h e b a s is o f s tr u c tu r a l a n a ly s is u n til W o r ld
W a r I I , w h e n b o m b - d a m a g e d b u ild in g s w e re o b s e rv e d t o b e h a v e in
u n p r e d ic te d w ays a n d th e u n d e rly in g a s s u m p tio n s o f th e th e o r y w ere
f o u n d to re q u ir e m o d ific a tio n .
TAPESCRIPTS
- lili
• TAPESCRIPT 6B
NANOTECHNOLODY'S FOR REAL
IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY
N a n o te c h n o lo g y is s o m e tim e s s e e n a s a ll h y p e , w ith little re a lw o rld a p p lic a tio n . B u t n a n o m a te r ia ls a re a lr e a d y a ll a r o u n d u s
T a k e t h e b u ild in g s t h a t w e liv e a n d w o r k in , fo r i n s ta n c e . Y o u w ill
f in d n a n o te c h n o lo g y u s e d t o c r e a te s tr o n g e r s te e l, s e lf- c le a n in g
g la ss, s o la r - c o lle c tin g fa b ric s , a n d e v e n s m o g - e a tin g c o n c r e te . A n d
n o t o n ly a re th e s e n a n o m a te r ia ls p r e s e n t in o u r b u ild in g s , th e y a re
m a k in g th e m b e t t e r p la c e s t o liv e a n d w o rk .
S e lf - c le a n in g g la ss h a s a n a n o p a r tic le c o a tin g d ir t c a n ’t s tic k
t o , e l im in a tin g t h e n e e d fo r e x p e n s iv e a n d d a n g e r o u s m a n u a l
w in d o w w a s h in g o n t a ll b u ild in g s . S o la r - c o lle c tin g fa b ric is th e
firs t o f a n e w w a v e o f b u i ld in g c o m p o n e n t s t h a t c o n v e r t s o la r
ra d ia tio n in to e le c tric ity T h a t m e a n s n o m o re a p p ly in g u n a ttra c tiv e
s o la r p a n e ls t o t h e r o o f, b u t i n s te a d in te g r a tin g e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n
in to b u ild in g fa c a d e s . N a n o c o m p o s ite s te e l is m o r e c o r r o s io n
re s is ta n t t h a n c o n v e n tio n a l s te e l, a n d c a n r e d u c e in s ta lla tio n c o s ts
b y u p to 5 0 % . A n d th e q u a n tity re q u ir e d t o m a k e a b u ild in g m a y
b e u p t o 4 0 % le ss t h a n c o n v e n tio n a l ste e l. S m o g - e a tin g c o n c r e te is
p r o d u c e d b y a p p ly in g a n a n o la y e r o f t i ta n iu m d io x id e t o c o n c r e te ,
w h ic h trig g e rs a c a ta ly tic r e a c tio n th a t d e s tro y s m a n y p o llu ta n ts in
c o n ta c t w ith t h e s u rfa c e . A t th e v e ry le a s t, th e s e m a te r ia ls r e d u c e
b u i l d i n g m a i n t e n a n c e c o s ts , le a v in g m o r e m o n e y f o r o t h e r
im p r o v e m e n ts , a n d th e y c a n h e lp c le a n u p th e e n v ir o n m e n t. T h e y
c a n re d u c e e n e rg y c o sts as well. A n d fo r e v e ry n a n o m a te ria l a v a ila b le
t o d a y , t h e r e a re a p p r o x im a te ly s e v e n ty m o r e in r e s e a r c h a n d
d e v e lo p m e n t, m e a n in g t h a t b u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a rc h ite c tu r e
a re in fo r s o m e b ig c h a n g e s th a n k s t o s m a ll t e c h n o lo g y .
• TAPESCRIPT 7A
A HORIZONTAL SUPPORT
A b e a m is a s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t m a in ly w o rk in g i n b e n d in g
th ro u g h th e a g e n c y o f v e rtic a l fo rc e s a n d t h a t tra n s m its t o t h e b e a rin g
p o in ts th e lo a d s t h a t a re a p p lie d t o it. A b e a m is a l e n g th e n e d a n d
336
I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
h o r iz o n ta l s u p p o r t m a d e o f m e ta l, w o o d , r e in f o r c e d o r p r e s tr e s s e d
c o n c r e te a n d w h o s e s e c tio n h a s b e e n s tu d ie d f o r a g o o d b e n d in g
s t r e n g th
B e a m s a r e m a in ly s u b je c te d t o b e n d in g m o m e n ts a n d
s h e a r in g f o r c e s . S im p le b e a m s a r e m a d e u p o f o n ly o n e p ie c e , o f
a s e c tio n c a lc u la te d t o w ith s ta n d th e s tr a in s t h a t a im a t m a k in g
th e m b e n d in g . W h e n t h e s tr a in s b e c o m e to o s tr o n g , r e in f o r c e d
b e a m s o r c o m p o u n d b e a m s a r e t h e n u s e d . B e a m s re s t
- e ith e r o n a b e a r in g w ith r e s tr a in t ( c a n tile v e r ) o r a r e r e s tr a in e d
a t b o t h e n d s ( e x c e p tio n a l) ;
- e i t h e r o n a c a n tile v e r a n d a r e t h e n p r e s e n te d a s c o n t i n u o u s
b e a m s t o w h ic h h a v e b e e n a d d e d a n u m b e r o f e x tr a a r tic u l a t i o n s
in o r d e r t o f re e o n e s e lf o f th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f th e d if f e r e n c e in
lev el o f th e s u p p o rts ,
-
e i t h e r o n tw o fre e b e a r in g s , fr e e a n d r e s tr a in e d ; th e y a r e
in d e p e n d e n t o r is o s ta tic b e a m s . T h e s e b e a m s w o r k o n t h e p o s itiv e
b e n d in g m o m e n t in th e m id d le o f s p a n a n d w ith s im p le s h e a r in g
fo rc e o n b e a r in g ,
-
e i t h e r o n se v e ra l b e a r in g s ( b e a m in c o n t in u ity ) ; th e y a r e
c o n tin u o u s o r h y p e r s ta tic b e a m s . T h is ty p e o f b e a m b e a r s o n o n e
h a n d a p o sitiv e b e n d in g m o m e n t m u c h w e a k e r t h a n a n i n d e p e n d e n t
b e a m ; b u t , o n th e o t h e r h a n d , w h e n o n b e a r in g , it b e a r s a n
im p o r ta n t n e g a tiv e b e n d in g m o m e n t a s w ell a s th e s h e a r in g fo rc e .
• TAPESCRIPT 7B
ROOF
T h e r o o f o f a b u ild in g o f te n re fle c ts th e c lim a te o f th e p la c e in
w h ic h th e b u ild in g is lo c a te d s in c e it p r o te c ts th e p e o p le in it fr o m
ra in a n d s u n . In d ry c o u n tr ie s th e r o o f is f la t a n d c a n b e u s e d a s a n
o u td o o r r o o m w h e n th e s u n is n o t t o o h o t W h e r e it o f te n r a in s th e
r o o f u su a lly slo p e s so t h a t th e w e t c a n r u n o f f it, a n d w h e re th e r e a re
sn o w fa lls, th e r o o f s lo p e s s te e p ly s o t h a t t h e s n o w w ill s lid e o f f a n d
n o t b u ild u p in to a t h ic k la y e r. A r o o f t h a t slo p e s is c a lle d a p itc h e d
ro o f.
A f te r a tim e p e o p le f o u n d it i n c o n v e n ie n t to live i n a h o u s e
w ith s lo p in g sid e s, so t h e y b u ilt u p r ig h t w a lls a n d la id b ig b e a m s
TAPESCRIPTS
337
c a lle d tie -b e a m s a c ro s s t h e to p a t re g u la r d is ta n c e s fro m e a c h o th e r
T h e n th e y p u t u p th e t r ia n g u la r fra m e w o rk s r e s tin g o n t h e tie b e a m s . T h e s e tr ia n g le s o f b e a m s a re c a lle d t r u s s e s A rid g e - p ie c e ,
p u rlin s , a n d ra fte rs w e re u s e d to c o m p le te t h e s k e le to n o f th e ro o f.
In th e M id d le A g e s th e w o o d e n fra m e o f th e r o o f w a s n o t h id d e n
b y a c e ilin g o n th e in s id e a n d w a s o fte n ric h ly d e c o ra te d . T o in c re a se
th e e ffe c t o f h e ig h t a n d s p a c e t h e h a m m e r - b e a m r o o f w a s d e sig n e d
T h is h a d n o t ie - b e a m s , b u t in s te a d th e r e w e re s h o r t b e a m s s tic k in g
o u t f ro m b o t h w a lls, a n d t o t h e s e b e a m s o t h e r tim b e r s c a lle d s tru ts
w e re fix e d t o s u p p o r t t h e m a m ra fte rs .
T h e w a t e r p r o o f c o v e r in g o f a p i t c h e d r o o f is u s u a lly o f t ile s ,
s la te s , o r s h in g le s . T ile s a re t h i n s la b s o f b a k e d c la y , g e n e ra lly re d
o r b r o w n in c o lo u r . S t r i p s o f w o o d c a lle d b a t t e n s a re fix e d t o th e
o u ts id e o f t h e ra fte rs , u s u a lly o v e r s h e e ts o f w e a t h e r p r o o f ro o fin g f e lt w h ic h h e lp t o k e e p o u t d r a u g h ts a n d w in d - b lo w n s n o w T h e
tile s , s h in g le s , o r s la te s a re th e n h u n g o n b y p r o je c tin g p ie c e s c a lle d
m b s , o r n a ile d o r c l i p p e d t o th e b a t t e n s in re g u la r h o r iz o n ta l
ro w s o r c o u rs e s . F l a t ro o fs u s u a lly c o n s is t o f b o a r d s c o v e r e d w ith
o v e rla p p in g s h e e ts o f r o o f in g fe lt c o a te d w ith b i t u m e n W h e n a
r o o f h a s t o c o v e r a la rg e s p a c e , s te e l tru s s e s a re u s e d i n s te a d o f
w o o d . L a rg e fla t ro o fs m a y b e m a d e o f re in f o r c e d c o n c r e te w ith a
w a te r p r o o f c o v e rin g .
• TAPESCRIPT 8A
STRUCTURAL BUILDING ENGINEERING
S tru c tu ra l b u ild in g e n g in e e rin g in c lu d e s all s tru c tu ra l e n g in e e rin g
r e la te d t o th e d e s ig n o f b u ild in g s . It is th e b r a n c h o f s tr u c tu r a l
e n g i n e e r i n g t h a t is c lo s e t o a r c h i t e c t u r e . S t r u c t u r a l b u i l d i n g
e n g in e e r in g is p r im a r ily d riv e n b y th e c r e a tiv e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f
m a te ria ls a n d fo rm s a n d th e u n d e rly in g m a th e m a tic a l a n d sc ie n tific
id e a s t o a c h ie v e a n e n d w h ic h fu lfills its f u n c t i o n a l re q u ir e m e n ts
a n d is s tr u c tu r a lly s a fe w h e n s u b je c te d t o a ll t h e lo a d s it c o u ld
r e a s o n a b ly b e e x p e c te d t o e x p e rie n c e . T h is is s u b tly d if f e r e n t fro m
a rc h ite c tu r a l d e s ig n , w h ic h is d riv e n b y t h e c r e a tiv e m a n i p u l a t i o n
o f m a te r ia ls a n d fo rm s , m a s s , s p a c e , te x tu r e a n d lig h t t o a c h ie v e
a n e n d w h ic h is a e s th e tic , fu n c tio n a l a n d o f t e n a rtis tic .
338
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
T h e s tru c tu ra l d e sig n fo r a b u ild in g m u s t e n s u re t h a t t h e b u ild in g
is a b le t o s ta n d u p sa fe ly , a b le to f u n c tio n w ith o u t d e f le c tio n s o r
m o v e m e n ts w h ic h m a y c a u se fatig u e o f str u c tu r a l e le m e n ts , c ra c k in g
o r f a ilu r e o f fix tu r e s , fittin g s o r p a r t i t i o n s , o r d is c o m f o r t f o r
o c c u p a n ts . I t m u s t a c c o u n t f o r m o v e m e n ts a n d f o r c e s d u e to
te m p e r a tu r e , c re e p , c ra c k in g a n d im p o s e d lo a d s. It m u s t a lso e n s u re
th a t th e d esig n is p rac tic a lly b u ild a b le w ith in a c c e p ta b le m a n u fa c tu rin g
to le r a n c e s o f th e m a te r ia ls . I t m u s t a llo w th e a r c h ite c tu r e t o w o rk ,
a n d th e b u ild in g se rv ic e s to fit w ith in t h e b u ild in g a n d f u n c tio n ( a ir
c o n d itio n in g , v e n tila tio n , e le c tr ic s , e tc ) . T h e s t r u c tu r a l d e s ig n o f
a m o d e m b u ild in g c a n b e e x tr e m e ly c o m p le x , a n d o f te n re q u ir e s a
larg e te a m to c o m p le te .
• TAPESCRIPT 8B
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
S t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r s a n a ly s e , d e s i g n , p l a n , a n d r e s e a r c h
stru c tu ra l c o m p o n e n ts a n d stru c tu ra l s y ste m s to a c h ie v e d esig n g o als
a n d e n s u r e th e s a f e ty a n d c o m f o r t o f u s e r s o r o c c u p a n ts . T h e ir
w o rk ta k e s a c c o u n t o f safety , te c h n ic a l, e c o n o m ic a n d e n v iro n m e n ta l
c o n c e r n s , b u t th e y m a y a lso c o n s id e r a e s th e tic a n d s o c ia l f a c to rs .
T y p ic a l s tr u c tu r e s d e s ig n e d b y a s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r i n c lu d e
b u ild in g s , to w e r s a n d b rid g e s . O th e r s t r u c tu r e s s u c h a s o il rig s,
s p a c e s a te llite s ,
a ir c r a f t a n d s h ip s m a y a ls o b e d e s ig n e d b y a
s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r . M o s t s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s a r e e m p lo y e d i n t h e
c o n s tr u c tio n in d u s tr y , h o w e v e r t h e r e a r e a ls o s tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s
in th e a e r o s p a c e , a u to m o b ile a n d s h ip b u ild in g in d u s tr ie s . In th e
c o n s t r u c t i o n in d u s tr y , th e y w o r k c lo s e ly w ith a r c h ite c ts , c iv il
e n g in e e r s , m e c h a n ic a l e n g in e e r s , e l e c tr ic a l e n g in e e r s , s u rv e y o rs ,
a n d c o n s tr u c tio n m a n a g e rs .
S tr u c tu r a l e n g in e e r s e n s u r e t h a t b u ild in g s a n d b r id g e s a r e b u ilt
to b e s tr o n g e n o u g h a n d sta b le e n o u g h t o re s is t a ll a p p r o p r ia te
s tr u c tu r a l lo a d s in o r d e r t o p r e v e n t o r r e d u c e lo ss o f life o r in ju ry .
T h e y a lso d esig n s tru c tu re s to b e stiff e n o u g h to n o t d e fle c t o r v ib ra te
b e y o n d a c c e p ta b le lim its. F a tig u e m a y b e a n im p o r ta n t c o n s id e ra tio n
f o r b r id g e s a n d f o r a ir c r a f t d e s ig n , o r f o r o t h e r s tr u c tu r e s w h ic h
TAPESCRIPTS
339
e x p e r ie n c e a la rg e n u m b e r o f s tre s s c y c le s o v e r t h e i r lif e tim e
C o n s id e ra tio n is a lso g iv e n to d u ra b ility o f m a te ria ls a g a in s t p o ssib le
d e t e r i o r a t i o n w h ic h m a y im p a i r p e r f o r m a n c e o v e r t h e d e s ig n
life tim e .
• TAPESCRIPT 9A
SURVEYING AS A CAREER
T h e b a s ic p r i n c i p l e s o f s u rv e y in g h a v e c h a n g e d little o v e r th e
a g e s , b u t th e t o o ls u s e d b y s u rv e y o rs h a v e e v o lv e d t r e m e n d o u s ly
E n g in e e r in g , e s p e c ia lly c iv il e n g i n e e r in g , d e p e n d s h e a v ily o n
su rv e y o rs.
W h e n e v e r t h e r e a r e r o a d s , ra ilw a y s , re s e rv o ir, d a m s , r e ta in in g
w a lls, b rid g e s o r re s id e n tia l a re a s t o b e b u ilt, s u rv e y o rs a re in v o lv e d .
T h e y e sta b lish th e b o u n d a rie s o f legal d e s c rip tio n s a n d th e b o u n d a rie s
o f v a rio u s lin e s o f p o litic a l d iv is io n s . T h e y a ls o p ro v id e a d v ic e a n d
d a ta fo r g e o g r a p h ic a l in f o r m a t i o n s y s te m s , c o m p u t e r d a ta b a s e s
t h a t c o n t a i n d a ta o n l a n d fe a tu re s a n d b o u n d a r ie s .
S u rv e y o rs m u s t h a v e a th o r o u g h k n o w le d g e o f a lg e b ra , b a s ic
c a lc u lu s , g e o m e try , a n d t r ig o n o m e tr y . T h e y m u s t a ls o k n o w th e
law s t h a t d e a l w ith su rv e y s, p r o p e r ty , a n d c o n tr a c ts . I n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e y m u s t b e a b le t o u s e d e lic a te i n s tr u m e n ts w ith a c c u r a c y a n d
p re c is io n . I n th e U n i t e d S ta te s , su rv e y o rs a n d c iv il e n g in e e r s u se
u n i t s o f fe e t w h e r e in a su rv e y fo o t is b r o k e n d o w n in to lO th s a n d
lO O th s.
I n m o s t s ta te s o f t h e U S , s u rv e y in g is re c o g n iz e d a s a d is tin c t
p ro fe s s io n a p a r t fro m e n g in e e rin g . L ic e n s in g re q u ir e m e n ts v a ry b y
s ta te , h o w e v e r t h e s e r e q u ir e m e n ts g e n e ra lly a ll h a v e a c o m p o n e n t
o f e d u c a tio n , e x p e rie n c e a n d e x a m in a tio n s . In th e p a s t, e x p e n e n c e
g a in e d th r o u g h a n a p p r e n t i c e s h i p , t o g e th e r w ith p a s s in g a s e n e s
o f s ta te -a d m in is te re d e x a m in a tio n s , w a s r e q u ire d to a tta in lic e n s u re
N o w a d a y s , m o s t s ta te s in s is t u p o n b a s ic q u a l if ic a tio n o f a d e g re e
i n s u r v e y i n g in a d d i t i o n
re q u i r e m e n t s .
to e x p e rie n c e
a n d e x a m in a tio n
340 I
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TAPESCRIPT 9В
MODERN THEODOLITES
I n to d a y ’s th e o d o lite s , th e r e a d in g o u t o f th e h o r iz o n ta l a n d
v e r tic a l c ir c le s is u s u a lly d o n e e le c tr o n ic a lly . T h e r e a d o u t is d o n e
b y a r o ta r y e n c o d e r , w h ic h c a n b e a b s o lu te , e .g . u sin g G r a y c o d e s ,
o r in c r e m e n ta l, u s in g e q u id is ta n t lig h t a n d d a r k r a d ia l b a n d s . In
th e la tte r c a s e th e c irc le s s p in ra p id ly , r e d u c in g a n g le m e a s u r e m e n t
to e le c tr o n ic m e a s u r e m e n t o f tim e d iffe re n c e s . A d d itio n a lly , la te ly
c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l l e d d is p la y s e n s o r s h a v e b e e n a d d e d t o th e f o c a l
p la n e o f th e te le sc o p e allo w in g b o th a u to -ta ig e tm g a n d th e a u to m a te d
m e a s u r e m e n t o f r e s id u a l ta r g e t o ffse t. A ll th is is im p le m e n te d in
e m b e d d e d so ftw are.
A lso , m a n y m o d e r n th e o d o lite s , c o s tin g u p t o $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 a p ie c e ,
a re e q u i p p e d w ith in te g r a te d e le c tr o - o p tic a l d is ta n c e m e a s u r in g
d e v ic e s, g e n e ra lly in f r a r e d b a s e d , a llo w in g th e m e a s u r e m e n t in o n e
g o o f c o m p le te th r e e - d im e n s io n a l v e c to r s w h ic h c a n th e n b e
tr a n s f o r m e d t o a p r e - e x is tin g c o - o r d i n a t e s y s te m in t h e a r e a b y
m e a n s o f a s u f f ic ie n t n u m b e r o f c o n tr o l p o in ts . T h is te c h n iq u e is
c a lle d a r e s e c tio n s o lu tio n o r fre e s ta tio n p o s itio n s u rv e y in g a n d is
w id e ly u s e d in m a p p in g su rv e y in g T h e i n s tr u m e n ts , “ in te llig e n t”
t h e o d o lite s c a lle d se lf - r e g is te r in g t a c h e o m e te r s o r “ t o t a l s ta tio n s ” ,
p e r f o r m t h e n e c e s s a r y o p e r a t i o n s , s a v in g d a t a i n t o i n t e r n a l
r e g is te r in g u n its , o r in to e x te r n a l d a t a s to r a g e d e v ic e s . T y p ic a lly ,
r u g g e d iz e d la p to p s a r e u s e d a s d a ta c o lle c to r s f o r th is p u r p o s e .
• TAPESCRIPT 10A
FOUNDATIONS OF LOW-RISE BU ILDIN G S
A ll f o u n d a tio n s m u st tra n s m it th e b u ild in g lo a d s to a stab le stra tu m
o f e a r th . T h e r e a r e tw o c r ite r ia f o r sta b ility : firs t, t h e so il u n d e r
th e f o u n d a tio n s s h o u ld b e a b le to re c e iv e th e im p o s e d lo a d w ith o u t
m o r e t h a n a b o u t 2 .5 c e n tim e tr e s o f s e ttle m e n t a n d , s e c o n d , th e
s e ttle m e n t s h o u ld b e u n if o r m u n d e r th e e n tir e b u ild in g . I t is also
im p o r ta n t th a t th e b o tto m o f th e fo u n d a tio n b e b e lo w t h e m a x im u m
w in te r fro s t le v e l W e t s o il e x p a n d s a s i t f re e z e s , a n d r e p e a te d
TAPESCRIPTS
341
fre e z e - th a w c y c le s c a n m o v e th e b u ild in g u p a n d d o w n , le a d in g to
p o s s ib le d is p la c e m e n t a n d d a m a g e . M a x im u m fro s t d e p t h v a rie s
w ith c lim a te a n d t o p o g r a p h y I t c a n b e as d e e p a s 1.5 m e t r e s in
co ld c o n tin e n ta l c lim a te s a n d is z e ro in tro p ic a l a n d s o m e s u b tro p ic a l
a reas.
T h e f o u n d a t i o n s y s te m s f o r l o w - r is e r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s a re
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e i r lig h t lo a d s ; n e a r l y a ll a re s u p p o r t e d o n s p r e a d
f o o t i n g s , w h i c h a re o f t w o ty p e s — c o n t i n u o u s f o o t i n g s t h a t
s u p p o r t w alls a n d is o la te d p a d fo o tin g s t h a t s u p p o r t c o n c e n t r a t e d
l o a d s . T h e f o o tin g s th e m s e l v e s a re u s u a lly m a d e o f c o n c r e t e
p o u r e d d ir e c tly o n u n d is tu r b e d so il t o a m i n i m u m d e p t h o f a b o u t
30 c e n tim e tre s .
F o u n d a tio n w alls c a n b e b u ilt o f re in fo rc e d c o n c re te o r m a s o n ry ,
p a r tic u la r ly c o n c r e te b lo c k . C o n c r e te b lo c k s a re o f a s ta n d a r d siz e
la rg e r t h a n b ric k s a n d a re h o llo w , f o rm in g a g rid o f v e rtic a l p la n e s .
T h e y a re th e le a s t e x p e n s iv e f o rm o f m a s o n ry — u s in g c h e a p b u t
s tr o n g m a te r ia l — a n d t h e i r la rg e siz e e c o n o m iz e s o n t h e la b o u r
re q u ir e d t o la y t h e m . T h e i r a p p e a r a n c e a n d w e a th e r in g p r o p e r tie s
a re in f e r io r to th o s e o f fire d m a s o n ry , b u t th e y a re s a tis f a c to r y f o r
f o u n d a tio n w alls, in s o m e p la c e s t im b e r fo u n d a tio n w alls a n d s p re a d
fo o tin g s a re u s e d E x c a v a tio n fo r fo u n d a tio n s is th e m o s t h ig h ly
m e c h a n iz e d o p e ra tio n in t h is b u ild in g ty p e ; it is d o n e a lm o s t e n tire ly
w ith b u lld o z e rs a n d b a c k h o e s .
• TAPESCRIPT 10B
P IP E P ILES
P i p e p ile s a re a ty p e o f ste e l d riv e n p ile f o u n d a tio n a n d a re a
g o o d c a n d id a te f o r b a tte r e d p ile s . P i p e p ile s c a n b e d riv e n e i t h e r
o p e n e n d o r c lo s e d e n d . W h e n d riv e n o p e n e n d , s o il is a llo w e d to
e n t e r th e b o tto m o f th e p i p e o r t u b e . I f a n e m p ty p i p e is r e q u ire d ,
a j e t o f w a te r o r a n a u g e r c a n b e u s e d to re m o v e t h e so il in s id e
fo llo w in g driv in g . C lo s e d e n d p i p e p ile s a re c o n s tru c te d b y co v e rin g
th e b o tto m o f t h e p ile w ith a s te e l p la te o r c a s t s te e l s h o e . I n s o m e
c a s e s , p i p e p ile s a re fille d w ith c o n c r e t e t o p r o v id e a d d itio n a l
m o m e n t c a p a c ity o r c o r r o s io n r e s is ta n c e .
342 I
Английский язы к для студентов строительных специально' тей
I n th e U n ite d K in g d o m , th is is n o t g e n e ra lly d o n e in o r d e r to
re d u c e th e c o st. I n th e s e c a s e s , c o rr o s io n p r o te c tio n is p ro v id e d b y
a llo w in g fo r a s a c rific ia l th ic k n e s s o f s te e l o r b y a d o p tin g a h ig h e r
g ra d e o f steel. I f a c o n c re te fille d p i p e p ile is c o rro d e d , m o s t o f th e
lo a d c a rry in g c a p a c ity o f th e p ile w ill r e m a in i n t a c t d u e t o th e
c o n c r e te , w h ile it w ill b e lo s t in a n e m p ty p i p e p ile .
T h e stru c tu ra l c a p a c ity o f p ip e p ile s is p rim a rily c a lc u la te d b a s e d
o n s te e l s tr e n g th a n d c o n c r e te s tre n g th ( i f fille d ). T h e th ic k n e s s o f
th e s te e l c o n s id e re d fo r d e te rm in in g c a p a c ity is ty p ic a lly r e d u c e d b y
1 /1 6 in . c o m p a r e d t o th e a c tu a l p i p e t o a c c o u n t fo r c o rr o s io n .
S te e l p i p e p ile s c a n e i t h e r b e n e w s te e l m a n u f a c tu r e d s p e c ific a lly
fo r th e p ilin g in d u s tr y o r re c la im e d s te e l tu b u l a r c a s in g p re v io u s ly
u s e d f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s s u c h as o il a n d g a s e x p lo r a tio n .
• TAPESCRIPT 11A
MASONRY WALLS
S tru c tu r a l m a s o n r y w a lls a re p r im a r ily u s e d in m u ltis to re y e d
b u ild in g s , w h e re t h e y o ffe r g re a te r l o a d - b e a r in g c a p a c ity a n d fire
re s is ta n c e . B ric k a n d c o n c r e te b lo c k a re th e m a jo r m a te r ia ls , b ric k
b e in g fa v o u re d fo r e x te r io r s u rfa c e s b e c a u s e o f its a p p e a r a n c e a n d
d u ra b ility . S o lid b ric k w alls a re ra re ly u s e d d u e to t h e h ig h e r l a b o u r
a n d m a te ria l co sts; c o m p o s ite w alls o f b ric k a n d b lo c k o r b lo c k a lo n e
a re c o m m o n .
C a v ity w alls a re u s e d in c o ld e r c lim a te s ; in th e s e , tw o w ith
v e rtic a l la y e rs o f m a s o n ry a re b u ilt o n e ith e r sid e o f a la y e r o f rig id
in s u la tio n . T h e w y th e s a re j o i n e d t o g e th e r b y s te e l r e in f o r c e m e n t
th a t ru n s th ro u g h th e in s u la tio n a n d is la id in th e h o r iz o n ta l m a s o n ry
jo i n t s a t in te rv a ls . C a v ity w a lls h a v e a h e a t- f lo w ra te t h a t is 50
p e r c e n t o f t h a t o f a so lid w a ll. T im b e r f lo o r a n d r o o f c o n s tr u c tio n ,
s im ila r to b a llo o n fra m in g , is u s e d w ith m a s o n ry c o n s tr u c tio n ;
a n d th e r e is a lso s o m e u s e o f p r e c a s t p re s tre s s e d h o llo w c o n c r e te
p a n e ls w h ic h a re f ir e p r o o f a n d c a n s p a n u p to n in e m e tre s .
SUPPLEMEMARY READING
343
• TAPESCRIPT 11B
VENEER MASONRY
A m a s o n r y v e n e e r w a ll c o n s is ts o f m a s o n r y u n its , u s u a lly c la y b a s e d b r ic k s , in s ta lle d o n o n e o r b o t h s id e s o f a s tr u c tu r a lly
i n d e p e n d e n t w a ll u s u a lly c o n s tr u c te d o f w o o d o r m a s o n r y . I n th is
c o n te x t t h e b r ic k m a s o n r y is p r im a r ily d e c o r a tiv e , n o t s tr u c tu r a l.
T h e b r ic k v e n e e r is g e n e ra lly c o n n e c te d to th e s tr u c tu r a l w all b y
b n c k t i e s ( m e ta l s t r i p s t h a t a r e a t ta c h e d t o th e s t r u c tu r a l w a ll, as
w ell a s t h e m o r t a r jo i n t s o f t h e b r ic k v e n e e r ) . T h e r e is ty p ic a lly a n
a ir g a p b e tw e e n th e b r ic k v e n e e r a n d t h e s t r u c tu r a l w a ll. A s c la y b a s e d b r ic k is u su a lly n o t c o m p le te ly w a te r p r o o f , th e s tr u c tu r a l w a ll
w ill o f te n h a v e a w a t e r - r e s is ta n t s u r f a c e ( u s u a lly t a r p a p e r ) a n d
w e e p h o le s c a n b e le ft a t th e b a s e o f t h e b r ic k v e n e e r to d r a in
m o is tu r e t h a t a c c u m u la te s in s id e th e a ir g a p . C o n c r e te b lo c k s ,
r e a l a n d c u l t u r e d s to n e s , a n d v e n e e r a d o b e a r e s o m e tim e s u s e d in
a v e ry s im ila r v e n e e r f a s h io n .
M o s t in s u la te d b u ild in g s t h a t u tiliz e c o n c r e t e b lo c k , b r ic k ,
a d o b e , s to n e , v e n e e r s o r s o m e c o m b in a tio n t h e r e o f fe a tu r e i n te r io r
in s u la tio n in th e f o r m o f fib e rg la ss b a tts b e tw e e n w o o d e n w a ll stu d s
o r in th e f o r m o f rig id in s u la tio n b o a r d s c o v e r e d w ith p l a s te r o r
d ry w all. I n m o s t c lim a te s th is in s u la tio n is m u c h m o r e e ffe c tiv e o n
th e e x te r io r o f t h e w a ll, a llo w in g t h e b u ild in g in t e r i o r t o ta k e
a d v a n ta g e o f th e a f o r e m e n tio n e d th e r m a l m a ss o f th e m a s o n ry . T h is
te c h n i q u e d o e s , h o w e v e r , r e q u ir e s o m e s o r t o f w e a th e r - r e s is ta n t
e x te r io r s u r f a c e o v e r th e in s u la tio n a n d , c o n s e q u e n tly , is g e n e r a lly
m o r e e x p e n siv e .
• TAPESCRIPT 12A
INTERIOR FIN ISHES OF RESIDEN TIAL BUILDIN GS
I n t e r i o r f in is h e s a n d s p a c e - d iv is io n s y s te m s d e f in e th e liv in g
s p a c e s w ith in re s id e n tia l b u ild in g s w ith a r a n g e o f b o t h n a tu r a l a n d
s y n th e tic m a te r ia ls . T h e m o s t w id e ly u s e d w a ll f in is h is g y p s u m
b o a r d , a p r e f a b r ic a te d fo rm o f t r a d itio n a l w e t p la s te r . W e t g y p s u m
p la s t e r is c a s t b e tw e e n p a p e r f a c in g s to f o rm la rg e p a n e ls t h a t a r e
344 I
Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
n a ile d to lig h t t im b e r o r m e ta l f r a m e w o rk s T h e jo in ts b e tw e e n th e
p a n e ls a re fille d w ith a h a r d - s e ttin g re s in c o m p o u n d , g iv in g a
s m o o th s eam less su rfa c e th a t h as c o n s id e ra b le fire resistan ce. G y p s u m
b o a r d fo r m s th e s u b s tr a te to w h ic h a n u m b e r o f o t h e r m a te r ia ls ,
in c lu d in g t h i n w o o d - v e n e e r e d p ly w o o d a n d v in y l fa b ric s , c a n b e
a p p lie d w ith a d h esiv es. I n w e t a re a s su c h as k itc h e n s a n d b a th r o o m s ,
w a te r - r e s is ta n t g y p s u m b o a r d is u s e d , s o m e tim e s w ith th e a d d itio n
o f a d h e s iv e - a p p lie d c e r a m ic tile .
D o o r s in r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s a r e u s u a lly o f th e h o llo w , c o r e
ty p e , w ith th in v e n e e r s o f w o o d g lu e d o v e r a h o n e y - c o m b p a p e r
c o r e a n d s o lid w o o d e d g e s tr ip s : d o o r fra m e s a re ty p ic a lly m a d e o f
m a c h in e d tim b e r s h a p e s . P la s tic la m in a te s b o n d e d to p a r tic le b o a r d
a re e x te n s iv e ly u s e d f o r b u ilt- in c a b in e ts a n d c o u n te r to p s . T h e m o s t
c o m m o n f lo o r f in is h is c a r p e tin g , m o s t o f w h ic h is n o w m a d e o f
s y n th e tic f ib re s , d is p la c in g th e tr a d itio n a l w o o l a n d c o t t o n . I t c a n
b e e a s ily m a in ta in e d a n d its s o ft v isu a l a n d ta c tile te x tu r e a s w ell a s
its s o u n d - a b s o r b in g q u a litie s m a k e it a ttr a c tiv e f o r r e s id e n tia l u se .
H a r d w o o d s — p r im a r ily o a k , b ir c h , a n d m a p le — a r e a ls o u s e d f o r
flo o r s , b o t h in t h e tr a d i t i o n a l n a r r o w p la n k s n a ile d t o p ly w o o d
d e c k s a n d as p re f a b r ic a te d p a r q u e t e le m e n ts w h ic h a r e a p p lie d w ith
a d h e s iv e s . I n w e t o r h a r d - u s e a r e a s v in y l- c o m p o s itio n tile s o r
c e r a m ic tile s a re u s e d .
• TAPESCRIPT 12B
PLASTER SLABS
F o r p a r titio n s a n d c e ilin g s , p la s te r sla b s a re n o w in g e n e r a l u se
w h e n w o r k h a s t o b e f in is h e d q u ic k ly . F o r c e ilin g s th e y r e q u ir e
s im p ly to b e n a ile d to th e jo is ts , th e j o in ts b e in g m a d e w ith p la s te r,
a n d th e w h o le f in is h e d w ith a t h i n s e ttin g c o a t. I n s o m e c a se s ,
w ith f ir e p r o o f flo o r s , f o r in s ta n c e , t h e sla b s a r e h u n g u p w ith w ire
h a n g e rs so as to allo w a s p a c e o f se v e ra l in c h e s b e tw e e n th e so ffit o f
th e c o n c r e te flo o r a n d th e c e ilin g . F o r p a r titio n s t h e slab s f r e q u e n tly
h a v e th e e d g e s to n g u e d a n d g r o o v e d t o f o r m a b e t t e r c o n n e c t i o n ;
o f te n , to o , th e y a re h o le d th r o u g h v e rtic a lly , so th a t, w h e n g r o u te d
in w ith s e m i- f lu id p la s te r , th e w h o le p a r t i t i o n is b o u n d to g e th e r ,
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
345
as it w e re , w ith p la s te r d o w els. W h e re v ery g re a t s tre n g th is re q u ire d
t h e w o rk m a y b e r e in f o r c e d b y s m a ll ir o n ro d s th r o u g h th e slab s.
T h is f o rm s a v e ry s tr o n g a n d rig id p a r t i t i o n w h ic h is a t th e s a m e
tim e fire -r e s is tin g a n d o f lig h tw e ig h t, a n d w h e n f in is h e d m e a s u re s
o n ly fr o m tw o to f o u r i n c h e s (1 0 2 m m ) th ic k .
T h e sla b s m a y b e o b ta in e d e i t h e r w ith a k e y e d s u rfa c e , w h ic h
r e q u ire s f in is h in g w ith a s e ttin g c o a t w h e n th e p a r t i t i o n o r c e ilin g
is in p o s itio n , o r a s m o o th fin is h e d fa c e , w h ic h m a y b e p a p e r e d
o r p a i n t e d i m m e d ia te ly t h e jo i n t s h a v e b e e n c a r e f u lly m a d e .
P a r titio n s a re a ls o fo rm e d w ith o n e o r o t h e r o f th e fo rm s o f m e ta l
la th in g fix e d to ir o n u p rig h ts a n d p la s te re d o n b o t h sid es. S o s tro n g
is th e re s u lt t h a t p a r titio n s o f th is c la s s o n ly tw o o r t h r e e in c h e s
(76 m m ) th ic k w ere u se d fo r te m p o ra ry cells fo r p riso n e rs a t N e w g a te
G a o l d u rin g th e r e b u ild in g o f th e n e w s e s s io n s h o u s e in th e O ld
B a ile y in L o n d o n .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Пособие по английскому языку для инженерно-строи­
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CONTENTS
Преди словие.............................................................................................................. 3
UNIT 1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION...............................................................6
UNIT 2. GREAT C IVIL EN G IN EER S............................................................... 29
UNIT 3. JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION.................................................................49
UNIT 4. A LIVING PLAC E....................................................................................71
UNIT 5. BUILDING M ATERIALS...................................................................... 93
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE..........................................................................119
UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS................................................................143
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL EN GINEERING..................................................... 167
UNIT 9. SURVEYING...........................................................................................189
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS................................................ 212
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE W ALLS................................................................233
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE IN S ID E ............................................................ 255
SUPPLEMENTARY READING............................................................................276
TA P ES C R IP TS ..........................................................................................................326
B ib lio g ra p h y ..........................................................................................................346
С ер и я
«Вы сш ее образование»
Г а р а гу л я С е р ге й И в а н о в и ч
А НГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Learning Building Construction in English
О тветственны й
з а вы пуск
Корректор
Худож ник
В е р стк а :
Кузнецов В.
Семенова О.
Тимофеева Е.
Патулова А.
Сдано в набор 28 01 2011 г. Подписано в печать 25.07 2011 г
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