The Skeleton 1. What is the skeleton composed of? 2. What do the bones of the skull consist of? 3. What are the bones of the trunk composed of? 4. What does the spine consist of? 5. What is the vertebra? 6. What is the chest composed of? 7. Will you describe the structure of the chest? 8. What is the constitution of the lower (upper) extremity? 9. How are the bones of the skeleton connected by? 10. What are the cavities of the skull? 1.The skeleton is composed of bones. 2.The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts. 3.The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest. 4.The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. 5.The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches. 6.The chest is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. 7.The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. The ribs are connected with the breastbone or with each other by cartilages. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are only connected with the spine. 8.The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity consists of the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with trunk by the shoulder girdle. 9. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. 10.The bones of the skull form one large cavity, which is the cranial cavity, and some smaller cavities, which are oral, nasal cavities and orbits. Muscles 1. What muscles is the body composed of? 2. What are skeletal muscles divided into? 3. What are three basic groups of muscles? 4. What do long muscles form? 5. What is formed by wide muscles? 6. Will you name some muscles according to the structure of their fibers (their uses, their direction)? 7. What is the structure of the muscles? 8. What are the main functions of 1.The body is composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. 2.According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities. 3.All the muscles are divided into three groups: long, short and wide. 4.Long muscles form the free extremities. 5. The trunk and the walls of the body cavities are formed by wide muscles. 6.Some muscles are called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors, or according to their direction, for example oblique. 7.The muscles are formed by a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are the blood vessels and the nerves in the muscles. the muscles? 8. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction. The Cardiovascular System 1. 2. 1.The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ. 2.The heart is placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. 3. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. 4.Each of the chambers has two connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separated the atria from the ventricles. 5. The right ventricle is triangular in form. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker than the walls of the right one. 6.The valves are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle. 7.The muscular structure of the heart consists of two parts: the muscular layers of the atria, and the muscular layers of the ventricles. 8.The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels – arteries , veins, capillaries. 9. There are general and pulmonary circulations. The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the general circulation. The pulmonary circulation is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs. 10.The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver. What is the heart? Where is the heart placed? 3. What does the heart consist of? 4. What two connected parts does the chamber have? 5. What is the form of the right (left) ventricle? 6. Where are the valves located? 7. What does the muscular structure of the heart consist of? 8. What are three groups of vessels? 9. What circulations do you know? Describe them. 10. What is the portal system? The Lungs 1. 2. Where are the lungs located? What are the lungs separated by? 3. 4. What are the lungs covered with? What is the structure of the lung? 5. Where is the base of the lung located? 6. What borders of the lungs do you know? 7. What is the vital capacity of the lungs in males and females? 8. Why is the right lung heavier than the left one? 9. What is the colour of the lungs in infants? 10. What does the parenchyma consist of? 1.The lungs are located in the lateral cavities of the chest. 2.The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum [mi:diə'stainəm]. 3.The lungs are covered with the pleura. 4.Each lung has the base, apex, two borders, and three surfaces. 5.The base of the lung is located in the convex [ˌkɒn'vεks] surface of the diaphragm ['daɪəfræm]. 6.I know posterior and anterior borders. 7.The vital capacity of the lungs is 3,5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3,5 liters in the female. 8.The right lung is heavier then the left one because the right lung consists of three lobes, and the left one consists only of two lobes. 9.In infants the lungs are of a pale rose color. 10. Parenchyma [pə'reŋkɪmə] is the proper substance of the lungs. It consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels. The Alimentary Tract 1. What is the alimentary tract? 2. What does the alimentary tract consist of? 3. What are the large glands of the alimentary tract? 4. What is the structure of the oral cavity? 5. How does food pass in the organism? 6. Will you describe the stomach? 7. What is the small intestine composed of? 8. What is the large intestine divided into? 9. What is the largest gland in the human body? 10. Where is the gallbladder (the pancreas) located? The gallbladder lies to lie — lay -lain — lying лежать to lie — lied — lied — lying лгать to lay — laid — laid — laying класть 1.The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8,5 meters in length. 2. Alimentary tract consists of the mouth, pharynx , esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. 3. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract. 4. Oral cavity is formed by the mouth with tongue and teeth, soft and hard palates and salivary glands. 5. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. 6. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. 7. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. 8. The large intestine is divided into caecum, colon, sigmoid and rectum. 9. The liver is the largest gland in the human body. 10.The gallbladder lies on the lower surface of the liver. Pancreas lies behind the stomach.
