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Денежные реформы в истории современной России

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Денежные реформы
в истории
современной России
02
Денежные реформы
В широком смысле – переход от одной денежной системы к
другой.
В узком смысле – частичные изменения денежной системы.
Осуществляются с целью упорядочивания и укрепления
денежной системы, сдерживания инфляции, стабилизации
экономики в целом.
Виды денежных реформ
1
Переход от одного типа
денежной системы к
другому
Например, переход к неразменным бумажно-
2
Или неразменных денежных знаков
разменными.
кредитным деньгам.
3
Изменения в системе
эмиссии денег
Замена обесцененной
монеты полноценной
4
Стабилизация валюты
или частичные меры по упорядочиванию
денежного обращения
Виды денежных реформ
5
Образование новой
денежной системы
В связи с государственным переустройством.
05
Денежные реформы могут проводиться самыми
разными методами, дополняясь реформами
налоговой системы, рынка ценных бумаг, цен и
тарифов, валютным регулированием.
Классические методы
Д
Дефляция
т.е. сокращение денежной массы путем
изъятия из обращения излишних
бумажных денег.
Д
Деноминация
Изменение нарицательной стоимости
денег с их обменом по определенному
курсу на новые, более крупные
единицы.
Нуллификация
01 02
03 04
Н
Ликвидация старых обесценившихся
денег и выпуск новых в меньшем
количестве, c более высокой
покупательской силой
Девальвация
Уменьшение содержания золота или
серебра в денежной единице.
Д
Классические методы
Р
Ревальвация
Процесс, обратный девальвации.
05
• Замена старых советских рублей
новыми банкнотами в 1993-1994 г.
В истории
современной
России
• Деноминация рубля в 1998 г.
•
Дефолт и девальвация рубля во
второй половине 1998 г.
09
Заключение
Реформы 1998 г. были последними значительными реформами
в истории современной России. После них значительных
изменений не было.
С тех пор денежная система стала стабильной, неизменной.
Спасибо!
Презентация студента РЭУ им.
Плеханова, Беспрозванных Сергея
группы 15.06Д-Э01.20Б
The
economy of
France
Important features of the French method of initial
capital accumulation were:
Initial
accumulation
in France
• the extraordinarily large role of the
public debt system
• relative weakness of the domestic
market
Feudalism in France
1
3
The isolation
2
Domination of peasant land
ownership
The isolation of the feudal class from agriculture.
Domination in the village of small peasant land
ownership, the natural character of which
determined the weak development of commoditymoney relations and the narrowness of the
domestic market. (tithing)..
Strong political positions of
feudal lords
Special role of state taxes
The extremely strong political positions of feudal
lords in the state held back the process of
decaying feudalism and forming capitalist
relations.
4
Special role of state taxes (capitulation - poll
lodge, talia - income tax, twenty - 1/20 harvest
from communal land) in a kind of centralization of
feudal rent.
Feudalism in France
5
Government loans at high
interest rates
Issue of government loans at high interest rates.
As a result, usury became more profitable than
investing in the development of in-house
production.
7
Weak development of private
investment in industry
The weak development of private investment in
industry has led to the royal government's wellknown patronage of crafts and factories.
6
Disenfranchisement of all
non-courtiers
The complete disenfranchisement of all noncourtiers had a heavy impact on the legal situation
of the bourgeoisie. As a result, the process of the
development of capitalism in France led to a
known "snug" part of the French bourgeoisie.
Types of manufactures
V
State royal
manufactories
Created and held at the expense of the
state.
!
Private preferred
manufactories
With benefits in obtaining loans and tax
benefits.
Private royal manufactories
with various privileges
^
01 02
03 04
Ordinary, unprivileged
manufactories
The development of which was small, as
they did not enjoy any patronage of the
state.
B
France became a European supplier
of such goods as:
expanding of
royal factories
•
luxury goods and art (Paris),
• silk fabrics (Lyon, Trois),
• thin cloth (Languedoc),
•
canvas (Brittany),
• glass, lace, sugar, soap, leather,
etc
End of the 17th, early 18th centuries
France was in a state of economic and political decline
caused by the feudal crisis. In the 18th century France
suffered a number of defeats in the wars and lost some
of its colonies.
Primary accumulation
of capital in Germany
Germany's economic development
had significant successes, expressed
economic
development
of Germany
in the progress of agriculture, the high
development of crafts and trade, and
the increase in the population
Has reached a high level:
weapons production
The development of
jewelry and
.
engraving
mining industry
• led to the decline of North German
and South German cities
Economic
decline
•
to the fall of trade and the crisis of
the craftfall of trade and the crisis
of the craft
• increased feudal exploitation
• Hamburg became the main center
of the German bread trade, and
Ganza broke up
Its political fragmentation played a significant role in the
economic decline of Germany in the 16th century.
The Thirty Years'
War of
1618-1648
As a result, the
isolation of the
geographical area
was added to the
economic isolation.
• From the second half of the 18th
century in eastern Germany began
XVIII year’s
outcomes
to strengthen the principality
brandenburg.
• In the 18th century Prussia became
a strong and peculiar militarypolitical monarchy, using violent
military methods of exploitation of
peasants.
Thank you!
Презентация студентов РЭУ им.
Плеханова, Беспрозванных Сергея
и Кемала Аманмурадова, группы
15.06Д-Э01.20Б
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