Учебное пособие Тагинцева 3 курс Транспорт

РОСЖЕЛДОР
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения»
(ФГБОУ ВПО РГУПС)
Тихорецкий техникум железнодорожного транспорта
(ТТЖТ – филиал РГУПС)
Т.Е. Тагинцева
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 3-ГО КУРСА
ПО ТЕМЕ
Тихорецк, 2016
1
УТРЕРЖДАЮ
Заместитель
директора
по
учебной работе
Н.Ю.Шитикова
____ ______ 2015 г.
Учебное пособие по дисциплине Иностранный язык по теме «Транспорт» для
студентов 3-го курса
Организация-разработчик:
Тихорецкий
техникум
железнодорожного
транспорта – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного
образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования
«Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения» (ТТЖТ –
филиал РГУПС)
Разработчик:
ТагинцеваТ.Е, преподаватель ТТЖТ - филиала РГУПС
Рецензенты:
Кривенко Г.В. - преподаватель высшей категории дисциплины
«Иностранный язык» ТТЖТ – филиала РГУПС
Рекомендована
цикловой комиссией
дисциплины № 1»
Протокол заседания № 1 от 01.09.2016 г.
№1
«Общеобразовательные
2
Содержание
1. Аннотация
1.1 Lesson 1Communications
1.2 Lesson 2 Rail Transport
1.3 Lesson 3 From the history of railway transport
1.4 Lesson 4 Early railways
1.5 Lesson 5 Great Siberian Route
1.6 Lesson 6 The Baikal -on -Amur line construction
1.7 Lesson 7 Russian Railways nowadays
1.8 Lesson 8 Railways of the world
1.9 Lesson 9 Modern vehicles
1.10 Lesson 10 Underground railways
1.11 Lesson 11Raod Transport
1.12 Lesson 12 Air transport
1.13 Lesson 13Water Transport
1.14 Lesson 14 City transport
2. Фонд оценочных средств
3. Приложение 1 Презентации
Презентация 1 Назови слово
Презентация 2 The First Railways in Russia
Презентация 3 Participle
Презентация 4 Early railways
Презентация 5 What is hump yard used for
Презентация 6 Early Railways advantages and disadvantages
Презентация 7 Пассажирские перевозки
Презентация 8 Исправь ошибки
Презентация 9 I know how it works
4 Приложение 2 Видео
Видео 1Russian Railways
Видео 2 A Short History of Transportation
Видео 3 1825 A Year of the Railway
Видео 4 Listening Test
Видео 5 Поездной диспетчер
Видео 6 Controlling Trains
Видео 7 Early Railway
Видео 8 Nikolaev Railway 1855 to1864
Видео 9 Gerund or Infinitive
Видео 10 Complex subject
5. Приложение 3 Аудио
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
34
39
43
47
51
55
60
62
66
3
Аннотация
Учеьное пособие «Транспорт» предназначен для преподавателей
английского языка средних специальных учебных заведений и студентов
железнодорожных специальностей, изучающих английский язык на 3-ем
курсе в железнодорожных техникумах и колледжах. Особенность пособия
заключается в подходе к отбору материала с учетом железнодорожной
тематики. Объем предложенного материала рассчитан на 30-36
академических часов, календарные сроки изучения: 6 семестр.
Ключевые понятия: учебно пособие «Транспорт», содержащее тексты по
истории и современности транспорта, его структуре, лексикограмматические задания, краткие грамматические комментарии, задания для
проверки знаний; фонд оценочных средств; презентации к урокам; аудио и
видеоматериалы.
Цели и задачи: методическое обеспечение уроков по теме Транспорт
изучение лексического и грамматического материала железнодорожной и
транспортной
лексики,
обучение
работе
с
текстами
специальной
направленности. Предлагаемый материал является базой для изучения
иностранного языка по профилю железнодорожных специальностей. В
результате освоения материала ведется дальнейшая работа с текстами
профессиональной направленности на 4 –м курсе.
4
Lesson 1Communications
Ex. 1 Read, paying attention to the rules
► -ture, -sure
▪ lecture, future, departure, mixture, expenditure, structure, puncture,
fracture, manufacture, creature, fixture, curvature, feature, conjuncture, adventure,
moisture;
▪ measure, pleasure, leisure, closure, disclosure, embrasure, treasure, treasury;
▪ BUT: sure, ensure, insurance.
► ea
▪ increase, conceal, mean, defeat, eager, treaty, feasible, heater, lead, reasonable,
heaver, release, dean, dealer, leave, easy, beacon, lease, meaning, reach, treatment.
▪ BUT: overhead, headway, tread, ready, steady, spread, instead, treadle, measure,
pleasure, weather, meant, heavy; break; really, create, realize.
► pay attention to the letters which are not pronounced:
half, walk, talk, should, could, would, hour, high, height, straight, frighten,
slightly, sight, alight, fight, might, midnight, freight, retighten, ought, weight,
design, benign; sign, alignment, consignment, assign, what, wheel, wharf, whistle,
wrong, wrist, write, wrench, shipwreck, deck, click, rack, reckon, stock, cockpit,
know, knot, knock, knuckle, climb, comb.
Ex. 2 Read a few pieces of information about means of transport that were
discovered in different periods of time. What are the names of these methods of sea,
ground and air transport? Fill in the web chart.
5
Ex. 3 Scan the information about means of transport again and fill in the chart
below.
When?
Where?
Who?
What?
1800
1807
the USA
the USA,
New York
…
John Fitch
Robert Fulton
steam-powered boat
paddle-wheeled
steamship
•••
...
…
6
Grammar: The Infinitive.
Simple
Active
to ask
to go
Continuous
Perfect
to be using
to have used
Частица to
инфинитива.
перед
Формы инфинитива
Passive
to be asked
to be gone
Выражают действие,
одновременное с
действием сказуемого в
предложении.
to have been used
глаголом
является
формальным
признаком
После модальных глаголов can/could, may/might, must и вспомогательных
глаголов shall/should, will/would, do/did Инфинитив употребляется без
частицы to
The workers can get another qualification at the plant.
Инфинитив может выполнять в предложении следующие функции:
1) подлежащего: To read is useful. - Читать - полезно.
2)составной части сказуемого: He began to work as an engineer last year.
Он начал работать инженером в прошлом году.
The train was to arrive at midnight.
Поезд должен был прибыть в полночь.
3) дополнения:
He loved to drive and was always interested in cars.
Он любил водить машину и всегда интересовался автомобилями.
4) определения:
Industrial systems to be built now perform many production tasks.
Промышленные системы, которые создаются сейчас, выполняют многие
производственные задачи.
5) обстоятельства: The car was too old to develop high speed.
Автомобиль был слишком старый, чтобы развивать высокую скорость.
Инфинитив может быть переведен на русский язык:
1) существительным: To design new machine-tools is the task of mechanical
engineer.
Проектирование новых станков - задача инженера машиностроителя.
2) неопределенной формой глагола: The task is to raise the reliability of
robots.
7
Задача - поднять надежность роботов.
3) придаточным предложением: To be a good engineer one is to have
technical knowledge.
Чтобы быть хорошим инженером, необходимо иметь технические знания.
Ex. 4 Translate into Russian
To invent a new engine, to control the movement, to come to a station, to play an
important part, to be widely used, to inform the driver, to be taken into account, to increase
the efficiency, to have much in common, to be introduced, to invent the engine, to make an
improvement, to be called, to travel by train, to be equipped.
Ex. 5 Translate into Russian, find the infinitives.
1. I want to go to London. 2. I’d like to speak to him. 3. The problem is how to
help him. 4. I hoped to arrive by noon. 5. He is expected to arrive in a few days. 6.
He came into a room to shut the windows. 7. A railway station is the most difficult
of all places to act in. 8.His phone number is easy to remember. 9. Thank you for
your kind invitation to visit you. 10. The first steam coaches began to roll along the
same dusty roads. 11. The new invention seemed to put an end to the steam coach.
12. We now have cars that can run on ploughed fields, climb steep hills and even
cross rivers and seas.
Ex. 6 Study the Vocabulary
travois - телеги
Highway – трасса, шоссе
Frame - рама
Load - груз
to drag - тащить
Animal-drawn – запряженный
животными
Vehicle – транспортное средство
motor truck –грузовой транспорт
wheeled - колесный
Bogging – заболачивание
motor transport - автомобильный
Dust - пыль
транспорт
Embank – насыпать (дороги)
Urban – городской
drain away - вымывать
Rural - сельский
hard-topped –твердая поверхность
Cobblestone - булыжник
Concrete - бетон
Paving - вымощенный
tar-bound - пропитанный гудроном
Extend - расширять
Macadam щебеночное шоссе
Involve – включать , состоять
Ex. 9 Read and translate the text.
Road transport
The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods. As animals
were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation.
With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate
animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used to drag loads, was developed.
Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in Summer in the Ancient
8
Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the
4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant
need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman
roads.
In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon Mc Adam (1756-1836) designed
the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone
aggregate (macadam), and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the
surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the
development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads
to reduce wash ways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads, originally
using cobblestones and wooden paving in major western cities and in the early
20th century tar-bound macadam (tarmac) and concrete paving were extended into
the countryside.
The modern history of road transport also involves the development of new
vehicles such as new models of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor
trucks and electric vehicles.
1. Give the English equivalents
1. Путь, дорога, шоссе, мостовая, движение, транспорт, транспортное
средство, автомобиль, телега, запряженный лошадьми, грузовой транспорт,
поверхность земли, дороги с твердым покрытием, сельский дороги,
городские дороги, железные дороги, современные шоссе.
2. Были созданы, были одомашнены, расширялись, были развиты,
поддерживать и развивать, насыпать на фут выше, использовать булыжник и
деревянное покрытие.
2. State the voice of the predicate. Make questions and negative forms.
1) The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods.
2) Tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic.
3) The Romans had a significant need for good roads.
4) John Mc Adam designed the first modern highways.
5)
The modern history of road transport involves the development of new
vehicles.
3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Infinitives.
1. The Romans had a need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire.
2. He embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause
water to drain away from the surface.
3. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for
hard-topped roads to reduce wash ways, bogging and dust on both urban and
rural roads.
9
Lesson 2 Rail transport
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► ou, ow
▪ amount, council, dismount, announce, discount, fountain, soundproof,
compound, layout, output, found, pronounce, about, bounty, accountancy, shout,
proud, boundary, aloud, arouse, paramount,
power, crowd, downtown, gown, glower, powder;
▪ owing, own, narrow, borrow, rainbow, arrow, shallow, blow, flow, follow,
grow, below;
▪ BUT: group, route, could, would, should, acoustic; double, couple, trouble,
country, touch, courage; soul.
► ere, ure, are, ire (yre), ore
▪ merely, atmosphere, here, sincere, adhere;
▪ cure, demure, premature, secure, endure, purely, mature;
▪ declare, software, carefully, beware, barely, prepare, compare, square, share,
fare, rarely, mare, aware, stare, dare;
▪ desire, tire, tyre, entire, requirement, hire, firework, esquire, satire, wireless,
retired, acquire, inquire;
▪ core, explore, moreover, restore, store, therefore, score, bore, semaphore,
shore, adore.
Ex. 2 Find the words with the same stem.
1. serve, severe, seventh, servant, serpent, service.
2. work, worth, workless, worst, worn, workable.
3. thank, than, think, thick, thanks, thankful.
4. power, poured, powered, powdered, powerful.
Ex. 3 Give the initial forms of the words.
1. Nouns
Possibilities, branches, volumes, networks, frequencies, losses, duties, gauges,
supplies, abilities.
2. Verbs
Made, fitted, powered, carrying, known, laid, surrounding, involves, is, apply,
employed, carried.
Ex 4. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs:
Attentive, bad, brittle, careful, cheap, clever, close, comfortable,
considerable, convenient, dangerous, difficult, dirty, dry, early, easy, expensive,
famous, fast, good, happy, hard, heavy, high, hot, important, late, lazy, little, loud,
lucky, modern, narrow, necessary, powerful, quick, rapid, reliable, sad, safe,
simple, slow, small, soft, swift, suitable, useful, wide.
10
Ex.5. Compare the objects according to the model.
Model: the new bridge – the old bridge (narrow). → The old bridge was much
narrower than the new bridge.
1) an automobile – a bicycle (fast). 2) water – oil (light). 3) a steam engine –
an internal combustion engine (small). 4) train tickets – airplane tickets (cheap). 5)
to translate the text – to retell the text (easy). 6) reading – watching TV (useful). 7)
sleeping cars – open-type cars (comfortable). 8) the new engine – the old engine
(powerful). 9) to go by airplane – to go by train (low).
Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions. Complex Object.
Объектный инфинитивный оборот, или сложное
дополнение, состоит из существительного или личного местоимения в
объектном
падеже (me, him, her, us, you, them)
и инфинитива,
и
употребляется лишь после глаголов, выражающих желание, восприятие,
предположение, приказание, просьбу.
Существительное /местоимение
+
Инфинитив
В предложении он, как и положено дополнению, занимает третье
место, то есть располагается за сказуемым.
(1)
(2)
(3)
оборот
Подлежащее + Сказуемое + "сложное +
дополнение"
(4)
второстепенные члены
предложения
Сложное дополнение обычно употребляется после глаголов,
выражающих желание, требование, мнение, предположение, чувственное
восприятие:
to believe - полагать
to expect - ожидать
to want - хотеть
to know - знать
to hear - слышать
to see - видеть
Например:
The designer expected the computer to perform over ten thousand operations every
second.
Конструктор ожидал, что компьютер будет выполнять свыше 10 тыс.
операций в секунду.
11
They don’t consider him to be a good engineer. Они не считают, что он хороший
инженер.
We did not see the teacher enter the room. Мы не видели, как преподаватель
вошел в комнату.
Правило перевода:
Оборот переводится придаточным предложением с союзами «что»,
«чтобы», «как».
Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to после глаголов: to make в
значении – заставлять, вынуждать, to let – разрешать, позволять.
They made her come.
Let me know when you are ready.
Они заставили ее прийти.
Дай мне знать, когда будешь готов.
После глаголов, выражающих восприятие при помощи органов
чувств. Как правило, переводятся глаголами совершенного вида:
to feel - чувствовать
to observe - наблюдать
to hear - слышать
to see - видеть
to notice - замечать
to watch – наблюдать
I felt somebody touch my shoulder. Я почувствовал, как кто-то
коснулся моего плеча.
We watched the train arrive.
Мы наблюдали, как подошел поезд.
Ex. 6 Translate into Russian
1. The architects want the new lines to be beautiful and cheap. 2. The engineer
ordered the work to begin at once. 3. They saw the train stop at the station. 4. We
heard him speak English. 5. We want them to come here. 6. I want you to speak to
the manager. 7. The teacher made us learn the poem by heart. 8. He wanted his
letters to be sent at once. 9. Would you like your luggage carried upstairs? 10. I
shall have your taxi kept at the door. 11. I expected him to understand my problem.
Ex. 7 Complete choosing the required form in brackets. Add to if necessary
1. I want __(you\your) learn the poem by heart.
2. She wants ___(we\us) come a little later.
3. I’d like ___ (they\them) tell me the truth.
4. I saw ___(her\she) ran away with her friends.
5. The teacher makes ____ (we\us) work in pairs.
6. We expected __(he\him) arrive yesterday.
7. I heard ___(they\them) to laugh at the hall.
8. I expect____ (they\them) be punctual.
9. They wanted ____ (I\me) go with them.
10. I don’t want ____(you\your) go there alone.
12
Ex. 8 Study the Vocabulary
rail - железнодорожный
public - общественный
train - поезд
Intercity - междугородный
alignment - выравнивание
bed - полотно
ballast -балласт
solid concrete foundation –бетонная
основа
permanent way – верхнее строение пути
right-of-way – полоса отвода
rolling stock – подвижной состав
resistance - сопротивление
smooth -гладкий
to roll -катить
bogie/truck - платформа
to haul - тянуть
freight car/ wagon/ truck- грузовой вагон
goods - товары
scarce - дефицит
commuter - пригородный
steel - стальной
cross-beams – поперечные брусья
sleepers - шпалы
ties -шпалы
gauge - колея
car/ carriage/ coach пассажирский
вагон
Ex. 9 Read the text
Rail transport
Rail transport is the transport of passengers
and goods by means of wheeled vehicles specially
designed to run along railways or railroads.
Rail transport is a major form of public
transport in many countries. In Asia, for example,
many millions use trains as regular transport in
India, China, South Korea and Japan. It is also
widespread in European countries. Major U.S. cities
have heavily-used, local rail-based passenger
transport systems or light rail or commuter rail
operations.
Typical railway/railroad tracks consist of two
parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured to
cross-beams, sleepers (U.K.) or 'ties' (U.S.). The sleepers maintain a constant
distance between the two rails; a measurement known as the 'gauge' of the track.
To maintain the alignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else
secured to a solid concrete foundation. The whole is referred to as permanent way
(UK usage) or right-of-way (North American usage).
Railway rolling stock, fitted with metal wheels, moves with low frictional
resistance when compared to road vehicles.
Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive means of
mechanised land transport and is a component of logistics. Along with various
engineered components, rails constitute a large part of the permanent way. They
provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train can roll with a
13
minimum of friction. As an example, a typical modern wagon can hold up to 125
tons of freight on two four-wheel bogies/trucks (100 tons in UK).
The vehicles travelling on the rails, known as rolling stock, are arranged in a
linked series of vehicles called a train, which can include a locomotive if the
vehicles are not individually powered. A locomotive (or 'engine') is a powered
vehicle used to haul a train of unpowered vehicles. In the U.S.A., individual
unpowered vehicles are known generically as cars. These may be passenger
carrying or used for freight purposes. For passenger-carrying vehicles, the term
carriage or coach is used, while a freight-carrying vehicle is known as a freight
car in the United States and a wagon or truck in Great Britain.
Ex . 10. Give the synonyms to the words:
Railway, local, sleepers, permanent way, vehicle, modern, typical, wagon, truck,
engine, carriage
Ex . 11 Make the words using prefixes un-, im-, ir-, il-, un-, in-.
Power, happy, real, possible, logical, regular, to do, interesting, to dress,
Ex . 12 Choose the right answer
1. The word ‘transport’ means to carry people or goods from place to place.
1) True
2) False
3) Not stated
2. Railroads spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States.
1) True
2) False
3) Not stated
3. The combination of rails, sleepers and ballast is known as permanent way.
1) True
2) False
3) Not stated
4. The terms ‘carriage’ and ‘freight car’ mean the same.
1) True
2) False
3) Not stated
Ex . 13 Match the words and their definitions, find the objects in the picture.
1. Permanent way 1. The distance between the rails
2. rails
2. the combination of rails, ties and ballast
3. gauge
3. the mechanism which moves the trains from one track to
another
4. Ties (sleepers) 4. long steel bars on which the train runs
5. Switch
5. the place where the ends of the rails meet in the track
6. joint
6. wooden supports for rails
14
Lesson 3 From the history of railway transport
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► i before nd, gh, gn, ld
▪ mind, humankind, behind, find, highly, light, delight, highway, sight, might,
tight, frighten,
flight, alignment, design, sign, wild, mild.
► о before n, v, m, th
▪ front, among, money, won, ton, month, tongue, wonder, none, glove, above,
cover, dove,
lovely, some, company, accompany, other, another, nothing;
▪ BUT: move, prove, improve, approve, involve
► a before l+ consonant
▪ talk, already, also, call, alter, always, salt, almost, alternative, walk, although,
bald.
Ex. 2 Make new words using the suffixes-tion, -ance, - able –ly, -er(or).
Conduct, calculate, product, excavate, load, differ, resist, exist, simple,
local, able, response, rely, rapid, main, strong, total, transport.
Ex. 3. Make the sentences Passive.
1. He published countless monographs and articles on a wide range of topics.
2. They began Trans-Siberian Railway in 1891.
3. They created Department of Railways in 1842.
4. The activity didn’t stop there.
Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions.
Complex Subject.
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот, или сложное подлежащее,
состоит
из существительного или
личного
местоимения в
именительном падеже и инфинитива, обозначающего действие.
Эта конструкция разделена на две части глаголом-сказуемым в
личной форме, причем последний чаще используется в страдательном
залоге.
Субъектный
▼
Существительное
или личное
местоимение
инфинитивный
оборот
▼
Глагол
+
сказуемое
-
+ Инфинитив
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот представляет собой сложное
подлежащее и на русский язык переводится сложноподчиненным
предложением с вводными словами (как известно, по-видимому и пр.)
15
Complex
Subject
употребляется
страдательном залоге
с
глаголом-сказуемым
в
(Passive):
She was announced to be the winner.
They are reported to arrive in two
days.
I was supposed to meet him.
Было объявлено, что она победила.
Сообщают, что они прибудут через
два дня.
Предполагалось, что я встречу его.
С глаголом-сказуемым в действительном залоге (Active):
He appeared to know her new Оказалось, что он знает ее новый адрес.
address.
He seems to know us.
Кажется, он знает нас.
He proved to be a good friend. Оказалось, что он хороший друг.
Со сказуемым выражено прилагательным с глаголом-связкой:
He is likely to come.
He is unlikely to help you.
They are sure to come soon.
Вероятно, он придет.
Вряд ли он поможет тебе.
Они, несомненно, скоро придут.
Ex. 4 Translate into Russian.
1. The train is expected to come at the station at 6 o’clock. 2. The first locomotive
is known to have been built by the Cherepanovs. 3. The work is expected to be
completed in March. 4. New car are known to be under construction. 5. The
railroad transport was considered to be the best way of communication. 6. The
average freight turnover was stated to have been reduced. 7. He was said to be a
good engineer. 8. The device was known to have been designed in that laboratory.
9. His invention is reported to be of a great importance.
Ex. 5 Use the passive form of the verb in brackets and translate the sentences
into Russian.
Model: . He _____(expect) to arrive in about two years.
He is expected to arrive in about two years.
1. She _____ (think) to have been a good doctor.
2. They _____ (suppose) to know these things.
3. The boy ______ (believe) to be very good at Math.
4. The doctor _______ (suppose) to have prescribe you some medicine.
5. I ____ (tell) to give more attention to my spelling.
6. The scientist ______(suppose) to have made a very important invention.
7. A car ______(hear) to stop outside the door.
16
8. These devices_______ (consider) to be effective.
Ex . 6 Study the Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Ministry of Communications –
Department of Water CommunicationsМинистерство Путей Сообщения
Департамент Водного Сообщения
to supervise – руководить, управлять
Track – путь
to establish – устанавливать,
Freight груз, грузовой
основывать
Construction – строительство
to transport - перевозить
Edict –указ
to make service – производить
обслуживание
to absorb – поглощать
to issue – выпускать (в обращение)
Means –средство
Code- закон
Countless бесчисленный
to comprise - вмещать, состоять
to lay – укладывать
to concern - сосредотачивать
to link up связывать
to improve - усовершенствовать
Route – маршрут
Donets Basin – Донецкий угольный
бассейн
Length - длина
to extend - расширять
Ex . 7 a) Read and translate the text
History of railways in Russia
The Ministry of Communications of Russia was officially founded in 1865,
but the Government had started
improving the country’s transport
system as early as 1649, when Tsar
Alexey Mikhailovich issued a
Code on the Protection of
Navigation. His son, Peter the
Great, established a Commerce
College to supervise roads, and in
1798,
Paul
I
established
Department
of
Water
Communications.
The Department of Railways was created in 1842 and supervised the
construction of Russia’s first railway line, which linked the imperial capital St.
Petersburg with Moscow (1842-1851). In 1862, railway lines were completed
between St. Petersburg-Warsaw and Nizhny Novgorod.
On 15 June 1865, an edict of Alexander II established the Ministry of
Communications, which absorbed the Department of Railways. Russia’s first
Minister of Communications, Pavel Melnikov, was not only an outstanding
scientist, talented engineer and manager, but also a superb publicist for the new
means of transport. Melnikov was instrumental in developing Russia’s railway
system and wrote the first book On Railways in Russian. He also published
17
countless monographs and articles on a wide range of topics concerning railways,
helping the Ministry of Communications to become one of the most respected
ministries in Russia and to make service on the railways highly prestigious.
Melnikov’s activity didn’t stop there. He also educated a galaxy of excellent
railway engineers, including Konstantin Pos’et, who went on to become Russia’s
Minister of Communications from 1874 to 1888 and build railways in the
European part of Russia and beyond, extending the network further, laying lines
through the Donets Basin and Woodlands to the North Caucasus and
Transcaucasia to link up the Volga, the Urals and Central Asia.
The Trans-Siberian Railway was begun in 1891 and completed in 1905. In
1900, the Russian railway network boasted a route length of 44,900 kilometres. By
1913, the system comprised of 58,500 km of track and was transporting some
132,000 tons of freight and 185,000 passengers every year.
b) Say some words about the contribution of these people into the
development of railways in Russia
Ex . 8 Match the right ending
1. Railways are of great importance to a country because …
a) they are very important among traveling people.
b) railways depend on the national economy of the country.
c) the development of the country depends on the transportation system
2. The Government had started improving the country’s transport system because
a) it wanted to make service on the railways highly prestigious.
b) it wanted to build railways in the European part of Russia and beyond.
c) it wanted to develop the economy of the country.
Ex . 9 Translate the words into English.
Бетонный, двигатель, замена, из-за, изобретение, конструкция, мощный,
пар, паровой двигатель, проходить, срок службы, считать, топливо, тянуть,
транспортное средство, шпала, энергия.
Ex . 10 Translate the sentences given below from Russian into English.
1) Машины заменили тяжёлый ручной труд строителей железных дорог. 2)
Срок службы бетонных шпал – 40-50 лет. 3) Первые вагонеточные пути
использовались на шахтах (a mine) для перевозки угля. 4) В России первое
18
самоходное транспортное средство было изобретено И.П. Кулибиным в 18
веке. 5) Первый паровоз отца и сына Черепановых имел четыре колеса. 7)
Деревянные рельсы были недолговечными (short-lived)поэтому их сначала
заменили чугунными, а затем стальными. 8) С изобретением парового
двигателя начался новый этап (stage) в развитии транспорта.
Ex . 11 Complete the text with suitable words.
When I got to the railway ___ I saw a really long queue at the ticket ___. So I
got my ___ from the ticket machine. Then I ran to the ___ and got ___ the train.
The journey was fine. I managed to get some sandwiches and some tea from the
___ car. My train ___ in Edinburgh with a thirty-minute delay. The result was that
I was ___ for the meeting and I didn’t ___ the train home. I had to spend the night
at the railway hotel.
Ex . 12 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
1)
Modern locomotives can ___ the trains of 6,000 tons and heavier. 2) ___
of the old engine will take two hours. 3) In the USA the use of electric ___ in
transportation began in 1887. 4) Rudolf Diesel designed ___ which was one of the
greatest ___ of the 20th century. 5) In Britain wooden sleepers last about twenty
years, whereas the ___ of a wooden sleeper in India is fifteen years. 6) At 100° С
water is converted into ___. 7) They had to ___ rather a long distance on foot. 8)
This ___ machine is operated by one person. 9) Many old ____ can be seen in the
museum of transport. 10) At first coal gas was used as ___ for diesel engines. 11)
Steel ___ first appeared in Europe in 1868, mainly ___ the shortage of durable
wood in some countries. 12) We couldn’t start the ___ of the car at –30°C. 13) The
invention of ___ started the first industrial revolution. 14) The engineers ___ that
the main drawback of the new ___ is its high cost. 15) ___ sleepers last long
because this material is not subjected to corrosion.
19
Lesson 4 Early railways
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► disagreement, synchronous, underestimate,
controlled, priceless, formulate, unhealthy, emergency,
outward, strategic, unlocalize, fruitful, transportable,
mileage, symmetric, harden, salty, demodulate, polar,
polarity, polarizer, polarization, finely, empty, southward, frequent, truthful,
moisture, meter, magnetize, fitness, massive, insensibility, groundless, weaken,
subsidiary, normalize, manual, exposure, constituent, readiness, modify, artful,
superiority, momentary, unbeautiful, reversal, provocative, suburban,
Ex. 2 Translate the attributive groups.
A noiseless auxiliary engine, an extremely complex computer, self - programming
machine, densely-populated towns, a diesel-electric power plant, a narrow gauge
railroad, a horse-drawn carriage, a double-decker bus service, a water –cooled
engine, an engine cooling system, automatically controlled doors, high – speed
electrified railways, mainline tracks, transportation time and cost, cut-stone
tracks.
Ex. 3 Read and translate the following sentences. State the voice and tense
form of the predicates.
1) The program of railway reforms is being implemented now in Russia. Under
this program suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local
budgets. At the same time the government promised to fund inter-city passenger
service. 2) The car was moving very fast and the traffic cop stopped it for
speeding. 3) The trains that go to and from London are very crowded at the times
when people are traveling to work, since about a million people work in London
but live in its suburbs.4) The train is being delayed because of track repair work. 5)
The policeman stopped a man and asked: “Why are you crossing the street in the
wrong place?” 6) As we were going along the track, we saw a group of workers
who were discussing something. 7) If passengers want something to eat or drink
while they are waiting for their trains they can go to the refreshment room. 8) The
construction of this high-speed line is being actively supported by the government
because the development of heavy industry in this region requires reliable and
speedy railway traffic.
Ex. 4 Put the words into the right form.
1. All these situations __________ by two acts.
2. The rail network ___one of the largest in the world, almost
90'000 km of tracks is covering the area.
3. An incredible number of people _______ for the Russian
railways.
4. Russian originating rolling stock _________ widely in a couple
dozen countries.
5. A railway journey______ if the distance between places is more
regulate
be
work
use
recommend
20
than 200 km.
6. You ____ make a railway trip by a comfortable "Eastern
Express" from Moscow to Vladivostok.
7. Russia_____ high speed networks in a number of locations.
can
build
Grammar: Participle
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая свойства
глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В русском языке соответствует
причастию и деепричастию (в английском языке нет отдельной формы,
соответствующей русскому деепричастию).
В английском языке есть два причастия:
1 Причастие I (Participle
I или Present
Participle)
причастие настоящего времени. Имеет две формы:
а) Present
Participle
Simple.
Соответствует
русскому причастию настоящего времени и деепричастию несовершенного
вида: reading – читающий, читая, resting – отдыхающий, отдыхая;
б) Present
Participle
Perfect.
Соответствует
русскому деепричастию совершенного вида: having written –написав, having
read – прочтя.
2 Причастие II (Participle
II или Past
Participle)
причастие прошедшего времени. Причастие от переходных глаголов
соответствует
русскому страдательному
причастию прошедшего
времени: opened –открытый,dressed –одетый, made –сделанный.
Английское
причастие
обладает
свойствами прилагательного, наречия и глагола.
Как прилагательное,
причастие
выполняет
в
предложении
функцию определения к существительному и соответствует русскому
причастию:
A broken cup lay on the floor. Разбитая чашка лежала на полу.
Participle
1
Participle
II
Participle
Perfect
Active
Building
Passive
being built
______
built
Having
built
having been
built
Выражают действие,
одновременное с действием глагола сказуемого
Выражает действие, одновременное с
действием глагола-сказуемого или
предшествующее ему.
Выражает действие, предшествующее
действию глагола-сказуемого
21
Ex.5. Read and translate the phrases given below into Russian. Pay attention
to Participles I in different functions.
the student attending all the lectures
using new methods of production
the bridge linking two islands
not wishing to discuss this problem
the passengers waiting for the train moving at a high speed
arrival
the roads leading to the centre of the building the railroad across the desert
city
the loco developing a speed of 180 km/h having passed all the exams
the plant producing machinery
having discussed the plan in details
beginning the experiment
having bought the tickets in advance
preparing for the exam in English
having phoned the travel agency
having got a snack
having taken the books from the library
Ex.6. Translate the phrases given below into English. Pay attention to
Participles I in Different functions.
▪ прибор, стоящий на столе
▪ пассажиры, спешащие занять свои места
▪ работающий двигатель
▪ студент, изучающий английский язык
▪ инженер, знающий два иностранных языка
▪ поезд, прибывающий через 5 минут
▪ изучая иностранный язык
▪ путешествуя по всему миру
▪ строя мосты и тоннели
▪ испытывая новый двигатель
▪ делая домашнюю работу
▪ проводя эксперимент
▪ окончив институт
▪ опоздав на поезд
▪ получив новую информацию ▪ заказав обед в купе
▪ оставив багаж в камере хранения
▪ уменьшив расходы
Ex. 7 Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to
Participles I.
1) The road joining the two villages is very narrow. 2) Driving a car in the rush
hours, you must be very attentive because traffic is very heavy. 3) All trains
operating on the suburban lines are driven by electricity. 4) Each railway station
has at least two tracks, those for the incoming and outcoming trains. 5) Having
arrived two days before the conference, he had a lot of time to see London. 6) The
number and the spacing of the sleepers depend on the weight of trains passing over
the track. 7) The volume of passenger transportation is increased in summertime
because many people spend their holidays, traveling all over the country or abroad.
8) They stopped their experiments having obtained the necessary results. 9)
Passengers leaving for London were invited to register and weigh their luggage.
10) While unloading the car we found a few broken boxes. 11) The leading role of
the railway transport in Russia is explained by the specific territorial, climatic and
geographical conditions. 12) When constructing the railway, it is cheaper to use
local materials. 13) People living near airports suffer from the noise of taking off
and landing jet airliners.
22
Ex. 8 Study the Vocabulary
evidence - свидетельство
wagon way –вагонеточный путь
to reappear –появиться снова
wharf - пристань
transfer –перенос
flanged wheel – колесо с ребордой
to utilize – использовать
to adopt -принимать
throughout – повсеместно
dominant –доминирующий
decline – снижение
to reduce –сократить
accessibility –доступность
to flow – течь
to achieve –достигать
to intend –намереваться
Ex . 9 Read and translate the text.
Early railways
1. The earliest evidence of a railway
found was the 6 kilometers (4 mi) Diolkos
wagon way, in Greece during the 6th century
BC. The Diolkos ran for over 1300 years, until
900 AD. The first horse-drawn wagon ways
also appeared in ancient Greece, with others to
be found on Malta and various parts of the
Roman Empire, using cut-stone tracks.
2. Railways began reappearing in Europe
1550, usually operating with wooden tracks. The first railways in Great Britain
(also known as wagon ways) were constructed in the early 17th century, mainly for
transporting coal from mines to canal wharfs. Wooden rails and flanged wheels
were utilized, as on a modern railway.
3. The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in northern England in
1825 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways - _note-6 and to be followed five years later by
the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, considered to be the world's first "Inter
City" line. The rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) was used
for the early wagon ways, and had been adopted for the Stockton and Darlington
Railway. The 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) width became known as the international
"standard gauge", used by about 60 percent of the world's railways. Railways then
soon spread throughout the United Kingdom and the world, and became the
dominant means of land transport for nearly a century, until the invention of
aircraft and automobiles, which prompted a gradual decline in railways.
4. The first railroad in the United States may have been a gravity railroad in
Lewiston, New York in 1764. The 1810 Leaper Railroad in Pennsylvania was
intended as the first permanent railroad,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways - _note-8 the
development of the railroad in the United States helped reduce transportation time
and cost, which allowed migration towards the west. Railroads increased the
accessibility of goods to consumers, thus allowing individuals and capital to flow
westward.
23
5. The South American railway was first achieved in 1854, when a line was
laid between the Chilean towns of Caldera and Copiapo. In 1896, the Railway
Company was created in London to construct a continuous line between Argentina
and Chile that would improve transport and communication links in South
America.
Ex. 10 Match the parts of the text and the titles.
A. The position of railways
B. Railways help to develop the economy
C. The first tracks
D. The purpose of the first tracks
E. New Railways
F. Improving links and transport
1
2
3
4
5
Ex. 11 Translate the sentences given below from Russian into English.
1. После реконструкции линии скорость поездов будет увеличена. 2. Когда
отправляется поезд в Бостон? – Один поезд только что ушёл, а следующий
будет через два часа. 3. Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за
20 часов.4. Проводник вышел из вагона и пригласил пассажиров занять свои
места. 5. Когда мы пришли на станцию, все билеты были уже проданы. 6.
Машины медленно двигались по горной дороге. 7. Паровой двигатель был
изобретён в 18 веке.
24
Lesson 5 Great Siberian Route
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► Introduce, introduction, produce, production, reduce,
reduction, induce, induction, deduce, deduction;
Provide, provision, include, inclusion, divide, division, decide, decision, collide,
collision;
Picture, future, feature, feature, miniature, structure;
Measure, pleasure, treasure, exposure;
Discussion, commission, transmission, pressure, aggression.
Ex.2 Describe the relationship between each of the following words
(antonyms, synonyms, neither).
1) curve /straight
2) to ensure/ to insure
3) device/ apparatus
4) employee/ employer
6) customs/ customer
9) to arrange/ to organize
10) aim/ purpose/ objective
11) cause/ reason
12) to upgrade/ to
reconstruct
13) to enable/ to allow/ to
permit
14) to create/ to develop
17) schedule/ timetable
18) to try/ to attempt
19) upgrading/ grade
20) considerable/
insignificant
21) to ensure/ to
guarantee
22) grade/ gradient
7) to employ/ to apply
8) liquid/ solid
15) reliable/ unreliable
16) to repair/ to prepare
23) curve/ bend/ turn
24) valid/ invalid
5) amount/quantity
Ex.3. Match the English words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.
1) rail joint
a) диспетчерская централизация
2) flood
b) знакомый звук
3) CTC (Centralized Traffic Control)
c) космический спутник
4) space satellite
d) наводнение
5) alloy
e) рельсовый стык
6) to eliminate
f) ремонтная мастерская
7) familiar sound
g) сплав
8) repair shop
h) устранить
Ex. 4 Choose the required voice form of the predicates (Active or Passive).
1) A new device (has tested; has been tested) in the lab. 2) The dining car was
crowded but we (served; were served) rather fast. 3) The road is closed because the
road-works (are conducting; are being conducted). 6) Powerful track-laying
machines (have developed; have been developed) for the building of railroads. 7)
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (has made; has been
made) a loan of $US 120 to the Russian Ministry of Railways for the railway
rehabilitation project. 8) A new railway underground line (is constructing; is being
25
constructed) in our city. 10) He (broke; was broken) my watch. 11) The manager
(has offered; has been offered) me several jobs
Ex. 5 Read and translate the phrases given below into Russian. Pay attention
to Participles I in different functions.
1) The student attending all the lectures, the bridge linking two islands, the
passengers waiting for the train arrival the roads leading to the centre of the city,
the loco developing a speed of 180 km/h , beginning the experiment, preparing for
the exam in English , using new methods of production, having passed all the
exams, having discussed the plan in details, having bought the tickets in advance,
having phoned the travel agency, having taken the books from the library.
2) Студент, изучающий английский язык; развивающиеся страны;
работающий двигатель; инженер, знающий два иностранных языка; поезд,
прибывающий через 5 минут;
делая
домашнюю работу; проводя
эксперимент; не зная, что сказать; переходя улицу; давая совет другим;
окончив институт; опоздав на поезд; получив новую информацию; заказав
обед в купе; оставив багаж в камере хранения ; уменьшив расходы; внедрив
новые методы строительства.
Grammar: Независимый причастный оборот
Независимым причастным оборотом называется
сочетание существительного в общем падеже или (реже)
личного
местоимения
в
именительном
падеже
(I, he, she, it, we, you, they) с
причастием (любым),
в
котором
существительное (или местоимение) выполняет роль подлежащего по
отношению к причастию, но не является подлежащим всего предложения.
Существительное /местоимение + Причастие (любое)
В предложении оборот чаще всего занимает место перед подлежащим,
реже в конце или середине предложения и всегда отделяется запятой от
остальной части предложения.
The sun having risen, we
После того, как солнце взошло, мы
continued our way.
продолжали свой путь.
When the work was done, they
Когда работа была закончена, они пошли
went home.
домой.
The letter being written, I went to Когда письмо было написано, я пошла
post it.
отправить его.
The rain having stopped, they went Так как дождь прекратился, они
on with their work.
продолжили работу.
Ex . 6 Study the Vocabulary, read and translate the text
26
a liaison - связь
Prescript - предписание
to entrust- поручать
a treaty - договор
Ferry - переправа
Loop- петля
Effort - попытка
to proceed - следовать
to propose - предлагать
to suggest - предлагать
to shorten - укоротить
to bear - нести
to issue - издавать
obstacle - преграда
THE TRANS-SIBERIAN MAINLINE
The history of railway construction
in Russia started at the end of the 19th
century. Railway mainlines were laid down
from the Western borders of the country to
St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the
center to the Volga region and from the
Urals to Central Asia. In 1892 the railway
network in Russia had a total length of
32,000 km. That very year Samara-Zlatoust
railway was built which later became a
liaison between railways in the European
part of Russia and the Trans- Siberian
Mainline.
On March 15, 1891 Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to
future Emperor Nicholay II which stated: “I command to start constructing a
railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of
Russia. I also entrust you with ground-breaking of the Great Siberian Track in
Vladivostok.”
Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version”
and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of
Railways K.N. Posyet won. According to his project the railway was shorter by
400 km and was passing by the Siberian high Road 2 and populated areas.
The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893. Work was started at
the same time from both the eastern and western terminals. The plan originally was
called for an all-Russian road, but a treaty with China in 1896 enabled the Russians
to construct an 800-mile (1,300-kilometer) line through Manchuria, thus shortening
the distance to Vladivostok. After Manchuria was passed to Japanese hands
following the Russian-Japanese War of 1904—05, the Russians proceeded with a
longer railway entirely on their own territory. Construction rates were very fast
despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major
rivers and huge mountains.
One of the main obstacles to completion of the line was Lake Baikal, where
there was ferry service. A loop around the lakeshore was completed in 1905. By
1916 the Amur River line north of the Chinese border had been finished, and there
27
was a continuous railway on Russian land from Moscow across Siberia. In less
than 25 years more than 8,600 km of track were laid down.
The building of the gigantic
mainline was a heroic deed
accomplished
by
Russian
construction workers thanks to
their tenacious efforts and courage.
At first 10,000 workers took part in
the construction. Later, their
number went up to 100,000. Some
of Trans-Siberian stations bear
their
names
–
Rukhlovo,
Vyazemskaya,
Baranovsky,
Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc.
Ex.7 True or false? Correct the false statements.
1) The Trans-Siberian Mainline connects the Asian part of Russia with the
Pacific Coast. 2) Alexander III commanded to start constructing the Great Siberian
Track. 3) Six projects of the construction were proposed. 4) The project of the
Minister of Railways Witte won. 5) The first rail of the future Trans-Siberian
Railway was laid down in Vladivostok. 6) The length of this railway is more than
80,600 km. 7) About 5,000 workers took part in the mainline construction. 8) The
track went through swamps and taiga. 9) One of the main obstacles to completion
of the line was the Pacific Ocean. 10) The construction lasted 15 years. 11) The
Great Siberian Railway breathed new life into boundless Siberian lands. 12) The
building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by English
construction workers.
Ex.8 Read the titles and match them with the texts. One title is odd.
A. New way of traveling
B. Looking for new ways of transportation
C. Railway reconstruction
D. No chance to get into a train
1. Several years ago I arrived in New York, where I was to change trains and take
a sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platform, and they were all trying to
get into the long sleeper train, which was already crowded. I asked the young man
in the booking office if I could have a sleeping- berth and he answered: “No”. I
went off and asked another local official if I could have some poor little corner
somewhere in a sleeping car, but he interrupted me angrily saying: “No, you can’t,
every corner is full.
28
2. In June 1839, the professors of the Moscow Engineering Institute P.P.Melnikov
and N.O. Kraft were sent to the USA for the purpose of studying experience gained
by the Americans in constructing and operating the railways. Melnikov's report
about the results of their trip laid down the basis of the future railway project.
According to this project «chugunka» was planned as a double-track line, 664 km
long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam powered. The speed of
passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34.4 km/h and 16 km/h
respectively.
3. Steam railways began to appear in the East of the USA in the 1820s. At that
time, it was more of a novelty than an efficient transportation method. If you were
a merchant or a bold immigrant and wanted to move west, you went by boat. The
first use of the locomotive for passenger transport was on Christmas day, 1930, in
Charleston, South Carolina. Within the next decade 4,480 km had been laid,
mainly within states along the Atlantic sea border.
29
Lesson 6 The Baikal -on -Amur line
construction
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► tion, sion
▪ preparation, election, protection, inspection, injection, destination,
computerization, condition, reduction, demagnetization, contamination,
introduction, contribution, attention,
stationary, acceleration, dictionary, detection, application, gravitation, deviation,
ignition, competition, mention, motion, civilization, conventional, constructional;
▪ session, conversion, compression, permission, confession, dimension,
suspension, depression, expansion, transmission, extension, professional, collision,
precision, decision, confusion, fusion, corrosion, division, explosion, adhesion,
abrasion, occasional.
► ar, er, or, ur, ir
▪ discard, cargo, artery, compartment, depart, charter, debark, barge, enlarge,
apart, arc, charge, hardly, parking, starter, article, alarm, parcel;
▪ BUT: warm, warn, award, warrant;
▪ internal, terminal, transfer, alert, berth, concern, serve, service, emerge,
personal, commercial, convert, permanent, defer, advertisement, converge, per,
alternative, certain, refer, mercury, reserve;
▪ perform, formula, reinforce, ordinary, extraordinary, ore, accord, enormous,
retort, cordon, absorb, border, corporation, disorder, forward, incorporate, record,
normally, transform, support;
▪ BUT: worth, word, worm, world;
▪ urgent, surface, turbine, furnace, occur, disturb, surname, interurban, suburban,
curve, turn, return, further, purpose, survey, furbish, burst, spur, absurd, burden,
cursor, curb;
▪ firm, circuit, birth, circular, swirl, confirm, first, third, birch, shirk, smirk,
affirm.
Ex. 2 Describe the relationship between each of the following words
(antonyms, synonyms, neither).
1) to invent/ to invite
11) freight/ cargo/ load/ goods
2) narrow/ broad
12) means of transport/ mode of
transport
3) to produce/ to manufacture
13) fast/ slow
4) heavy/ light
14) to move/ to run/ to travel
5) to operate/ to drive/ to propel/ to 15) motive power/ tractive power
power
6) sleeper/ crosstie/ tie
16) to replace/ to substitute/ to change
7) movement/ traffic
17) to invent/ to devise
8) to draw/ to pull/ to haul
18) mainline/ trunk line
9) to use/ to apply
19) to pull/ to push
10) means of transport/ by means of
20) to delay/ to detain
30
Ex. 3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.
1) Modern locomotives can ___ the trains of 6,000 tons and heavier. 2) ___ of
the old engine will take two hours. 3) In the USA the use of electric ___ in
transportation began in 1887. 4) Rudolf Diesel designed ___ which was one of the
greatest ___ of the 20th century. 5) In Britain wooden sleepers last about twenty
years, whereas the ___ of a wooden sleeper in India is fifteen years. 6) At 100° С
water is converted into ___. 7) They had to ___ rather a long distance on foot. 8)
This ___ machine is operated by one person. 9) Many old ____ can be seen in the
museum of transport. 10) At first coal gas was used as ___ for diesel engines. 11)
Steel ___ first appeared in Europe in 1868, mainly ___ the shortage of durable
wood in some countries. 12) We couldn’t start the ___ of the car at –30°C. 13) The
invention of ___ started the first industrial revolution. 14) The engineers ___ that
the main drawback of the new ___ is its high cost. 15) ___ sleepers last long
because this material is not subjected to corrosion.
Ex.4 Translate the phrases given below into English. Pay attention to
Participles II.
▪ двигатель усовершенствованной конструкции
▪ железная дорога, построенная для высокоскоростных пассажирских
перевозок
▪ застрахованный (to insure) автомобиль
▪ полученный результат
▪ оборудование, установленное в лаборатории
▪ вокзал, реконструированный в прошлом году
▪ вагон, используемый для перевозки нефти
▪ новая станция метро, отделанная (to decorate) мрамором и бронзой
▪ машина, сконструированная молодым инженером
▪ экзамены, сданные успешно
▪ билеты, купленные заранее
▪ вещи, оставленные в камере хранения
Ex 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Participle II
1. These are vehicles specially designed to run along railways.
2. Typical railway tracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel,
secured to cross-beams, sleepers or ties.
3. Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive means of
mechanised land transport and is a component of logistics.
4. Individual unpowered vehicles are known generically as cars.
Ex. 6 Study the Vocabulary read and translate the text
Impassable - непроходимый
Play part принимать участие
Bridgeмост
Surveying party исследовательская
партия
Discover – сделать открытие
Earthquake землетрясение
31
Valuable ценный
Iron ore железная руда
Appear появляться
Stretch простираться
Tremendous –величайший
We construct railway
Railways play a very important part in country’s transportation and the
importance of a wide network of transport for the economic development of a
country is quite clear.
There now faster and more modern means of
communication and transport, but railways are still the safest and the most popular
means of transport.
For hundred years the unlimited natural resources of Siberia were out of
human reach. The Trans-Siberian line could not meet the growing needs of the
developing country’s economy. We
construct railways for many reasons: for
passenger traffic and for freight traffic. The
construction of BAM which is the Russian
for Baikal- Amur-Railway is considered to
be the tremendous project of the 20th
century. The line stretched in the East fro
the lake Baikal to Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
This route was 400 km shorter than that
section of the Trans-Sib. But the area was more difficult: mountains, impassable
taiga, and seismic zones. Three quarters of the route were built in the areas of
earthquakes.
The overall length of BAM is 4.330 km. Our builders had powerful
modern machines to do the work. Altogether BAM has about 3.200 buildings and
over 2.000 bridges and tunnels. There are five tunnels, including the 7 km Bailkal
tunnel. On September 29, 1984 the last rail was laid in the track. The construction
of BAM provided the development of a territory larger than Europe. The geologists
researched that territory and discovered valuable minerals, coal, iron ore, gas and
oil. Surveying parties worked along the whole route. BAM brought an economic
and social revolution to the area. About 130.000 people took part in building.
Many new towns and stations appeared along BAM.
32
Ex. 7 Translate into English.
a)
unlimited natural resources, to meet the growing needs, the areas of
earthquakes, modern means of communication, the last rail was laid, took part in
building, brought an economic and social revolution, was more difficult, provided
the development, for passenger traffic and for freight traffic, were out of human
reach, the tremendous project.
b)
экономическое значение, природные ресурсы, удовлетворять
растущие потребности,
район землетрясений, развитие территории,
открывать ценные минералы, принимать участие в строительстве, широкая
транспортная сеть.
c)
1. Железные дороги важны для развития страны. 2. БАМ
проходит через участки, подвергающиеся землетрясениям. 3. Строительство
БАМа считается величайшим проектом 20 века. 4. Строительство БАМа
обеспечило развитие огромной территории. 5. Существуют различные
средства связи и транспорта. 6. Этот маршрут был короче. 7. Человек
получил доступ к ценным природным ресурсам.. 8. Строители преодолели
много трудностей.
Ex. 8 Agree or disagree with the statements below.
1. The BAM builders worked in hard conditions.2. It was an easy job to lay the
track in the area. 3. Many engineering structures were erected along the route. 4.
Hundreds of people took part in the construction. 5. The construction of BAM
provided the development of a territory a bit smaller than Europe. 6. The builders
of BAM were poorly supplied with modern machines to do the work.
Ex. 10 Express your opinion
1. on the importance of the BAM Railway;
2. on the difficulties which builders had to overcome while constructing the
BAM;
33
Lesson 7 Russian Railways nowadays
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
► Irreplaceable, mislead, subtitle, recreate, interchange, semi-axle, unbalanced,
immeasurable, rearrange, self-moving, predetermine, irrationally, immaterial,
submarine, pre-pay, uncontrollable, pre-heat, non-coded, unburned, misunderstand,
transporter, independence, smokeless, disassemble, unwanted, application,
minimize, wheelless, transformer
Ex.2 Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to
Participles II.
1) The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of
loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour. 2) When reconstructed, the railway
bridge will be used for the movement of heavy freight trains. 3) The new materials
recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our
professor. 4) I’m not sure that it is possible to repair this badly damaged car. 5)
When drawn by an electric locomotive, the train may consist of more than 90 cars.
6) The things left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property
Office. 7) The first Siemens’s electric locomotive built in 1879 was so small that
the driver straddled it like a horse but it could haul a train with 30 passengers. 8)
During the test run the steam locomotive produced by Peter Cooper raced against a
coach pulled by a horse. 9) Signals installed at frequent intervals along the whole
mainline inform the engine drivers of the position of other trains. 10) If compared
with electric locomotives, diesel locomotives have a higher maintenance cost.
Ex.3 Match the two parts of the sentences below. Pay attention to Participles.
1) When speaking English,
a) we left the exhibition.
2) Having remembered suddenly that
b) I felt the change in the atmosphere
she had not locked the door,
at once.
3) CAV – is a British firm
c) unless pressed by time.
4) They were speaking
d) if needed.
5) He never hurries,
e) I often make mistakes.
6) Having entered the room
f) through the locked door.
7) Seeing nothing there that could interest us,
g) she rushed back home.
8) Here is my address where I can be found
h) producing diesel engines.
9) One should be very careful
i) trying to repair his car.
10) He wasted the whole afternoon,
j) when crossing the street
Grammar: Gerund
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола,
выражающая название действия и обладающая как
34
свойствами глагола так и существительного.
В русском языке нет соответствующей формы. Его функции в
предложении во многом сходны с инфинитивом, однако он имеет больше
свойств существительного.
Перевод герундия: так как он имеет признаки существительного и
глагола, то в русском языке можно найти два способа его перевода:
а) существительным, передающим процесс: курение, чтение;
б) глаголом, чаще всего неопределенной формой (инфинитивом) –
делать, а иногда, если есть предлог, деепричастием – делая.
Сложные формы герундия почти всегда переводятся придаточными
предложениями.
Образование герундия. Герундий образуется так же, как и
причастие I: к инфинитиву без частицы to прибавляется окончание –ing.
Отрицательная
форма герундия
образуется
с
помощью
частицы not которая ставится перед герундием.
Курение вредно для здоровья.
Купаться (купание) в озере
запрещено.
It was dangerous for him swimming in Было опасно для него плавать в
such cold water.
такой холодной воде.
It’s no use waiting any more.
Бесполезно ждать больше.
No talking!
Не разговаривать!
Smoking is bad for health.
Swimming in the lake is forbidden.
Ex. 4 Translate the following sentences paying attention to Gerund as a subject (on
the left) and Participle I as an adverbial modifier (on the right).
Reading is to the mind what exercise is
to the body.
Setting the problem is the first step to its
solution.
Learning a foreign language is a long
and slow process that takes a lot of time
and patience.
Constructing railways took much time
before the invention of a track-laying
machine.
Smoking is forbidden in most public
places in the United States.
Reading books we come to know many
useful and interesting things.
Setting a problem the scientist makes the
first step to its solution.
Learning a foreign language you learn
the culture and history of the country
where this language is spoken.
Constructing the railway workers use
various machines and mechanisms.
Smoking a cigar Mr. Wargrave ran in an
interested eye through the political news
in“The Times”.
Watching television too close or for a Watching television, listening to the
too long time is dangerous for your radio, reading newspapers people get
eyes.
information about what is happening in
35
the world.
Traveling abroad has become now much Traveling through various time zones
easier and cheaper than ever before.
people can feel tired and experience
jetlag.
Ex.5. Analyze the functions of Participles I in the following phrases and
complete the sentences.
a) 1) (When) discussing the project…; 2) Scientists discussing the project…; 3)
The scientists were discussing the project…; 4) Having discussed the project… .
b)
1) Having repaired the engine…; 2) The mechanic repairing engines…; 3)
(While) repairing the engine…; 4) The mechanic is repairing… .
c) 1) The workers constructing the railway…; 2) Constructing the railway…; 3)
Having constructed the railway…; 4) The workers will be constructing… .
d) 1) Installing the new equipment…; 2) Having installed the new equipment…;
3) He is installing… . 4) The firm installing this equipment… .
e)
1) (While) carrying out the experiment…; 2) The scientists carrying out the
experiment… . 3) The scientists are carrying out… . 4) Having carried out the
experiment…;
Ex. 6. Translate into Russian, paying attention to Participle and Gerund.
1. Melnikov was instrumental in developing Russia’s railway system.
2. He published monographs and articles concerning railways.
3. The Government had started improving the country’s transport system.
4. He also educated excellent railway engineers, including Konstantin Pos’et.
5. He went on extending the network further, laying lines through the Donets
Basin and Woodlands to the North Caucasus.
Ex. 7 Study the Vocabulary
state-ownedгосударственная regional rail - региональные ж.д.
собственность
Exceed –превышать
non-electrified
–
не
электрифицированные
Account – насчитывать
Announce –объявлять
Private –частный
Increase – увеличивать
Truck –грузовик
Partnership –партнерство
common-carrier –общие перевозки
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development.
Европейский банк
реконструкции и развития
double track –две колеи
Direction – направление
commuter rail – пригородные ж.д.
Employee – работник
36
Modern Russian Railways
Russian Railways, Rossiyskie zheleznye dorogi (RZhD)), is the state-owned
railway company of Russia. The company is one of the biggest railway companies
in the world with 950,000 employees and a monopoly within Russia. The total
length of line used by the Russian
Railways is, at 85,500 kilometres
(53,130 mi), one of the largest in the
world, exceeded only by the United
States.
Russian Railways accounts for
2.5% of Russia's GDP. The percentage
of freight and passenger traffic that goes
by rail is unknown, since no statistics are
available for private transportation such
as private automobiles or company-owned trucks. In 2013, about 1.3 billion
passengers and 1.3 billion tons of freight went via Russian Railways. The company
operated state-owned 19,700 goods and passenger locomotives, 24,200 passenger
cars (carriages) and 526,900 freight cars (goods wagons). A further 270,000 freight
cars in Russia are privately owned.
Russia has 86,000 kilometers of common-carrier railroad line, of which
about half is electrified and carries most of the traffic. Almost half of the total is
double track or better.
Russian Railways operate commuter rail and/or regional rail services
throughout the country, using mostly electric trains (known as elektrichka) as well
as some diesel ones, on the non-electrified railway sections. As of 2013, 4085
commuter trains a day (in each direction) were running on the Russian Railways
network; 1069 of them, in Moscow metropolitan area.
The share of railways in the total turnover of the transport system of Russia
is about 42%, in passenger traffic — about 33%. In 2013 railways carried nearly
90% of Russia's freight, excluding pipelines.
Ex. 8 True or false?
1. Russian Railways is the private-owned railway company.
2. The total length of line used by the Russian Railways is the largest in the
world.
3. Some freight cars in Russia are privately owned.
4. About half of common-carrier railroad lines are electrified and carry most of
the traffic.
5. All the lines in Russia are double tracked.
6. Commuter trains run in metropolitan area.
7. RZD collaborates with foreign banks.
8. No new locomotives are planned to buy.
Ex.9. Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.
37
1) cast iron
2) concrete sleeper
3) driving wheel
4) to gain experience
5) internal combustion engine
6) jet engine
7) manual labor
8) self-propelled vehicle
9) service life
10) steam engine
11) surveying work (party)
12) tram ways
13) viaduct
14) wooden sleeper
a) бетонная шпала
b) вагонеточные пути
c) ведущее колесо
d) виадук
e) двигатель внутреннего сгорания
f) деревянная шпала
g) изыскательская работа (партия)
h) накапливать опыт
i) паровой двигатель
j) реактивный двигатель
k) ручной труд
l) самоходное транспортное средство
m) срок службы
n) чугун
Ex. 10 Read the text and ask 6 questions.
North Caucasus Railway
North Caucasus Railway (Russian: Северо-Кавказская железная дорога) is
a 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 5⁄6 in) broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Sea
of Azov (in the west) and Caspian Sea (in the east). It runs through ten federal
subjects: Rostov region, Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Republic of Adygeya,
Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechen Republic, Dagestan, and
Kalmykia. The headquarters are in Rostov-on-Don.
The network comprises Grozny, Krasnodar, Makhachkala, Mineralnye Vody,
and Rostov passenger and freight railways, as well as two children's railways (in
Vladikavkaz and Rostov). As of 2005, there were 6315.9 km of rail track and 403
railway stations. The railway is operated by the Russian Railways and employs
80,757 people.
The Black Sea resorts of Sochi and Anapa are the principal passenger
destinations on the railway. The Sochi line, running for many miles along the coast
of the Black Sea, is especially busy in summer with regular extra direct express
trains for holiday makers. The oil ports at Novorossiysk and Tuapse are significant
destinations for rail freight traffic.
Vocabulary
North Caucasus Railway - Северо- Destination - пункт назначения,
Кавказская железная дорога
станция
Broad – ширина
Principal – главный
Subject – субъект
Extra – дополнительный
Headquarters – управление
holiday maker – отдыхающий
Comprise – включать
Oil – нефть
rail track - ж.д.путь
Significant – значительный
Employ – занят работой, работать
As of – что касается
Resort - курорт
Run through – проходит через
38
Lesson 8 Railways of the world
Ex.1. Practice the reading.
►
Icebreaker,
worn-out,
dismantle,
synthetic,
infrastructure, containerization, responsible, postpone, postpone, globalization,
changing, Aircraft, increase, required, whereas, ordinary, bogies, exterior,
snowstorm, guarantee, length, height, weight, implement, decrease, overall,
dangerous, consolidate, improvement, approximately, enlargement, considerably,
gradient, double-tracking, principal, military,
Authorities, guidance, commended, private, bought, thought, caught, technical,
populated.
Ex. 2. Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms,
synonyms, neither).
1) total/ overall/ all
2) surface/ underground
3) safe/ dangerous
4) length/ height/ weight
5) to carry/ to carry out
6) to ensure/ to guarantee
7) to install/ to dismantle
8) increase/ reduction
9) capacity/ power
10) to damage/ to destroy
11) to protect/ to produce
12) empty/ full
13) to reduce/ to decrease
14) to carry out/ to fulfill
15) to perform/ to implement
Ex. 3 Choose the correct word or words and translate the sentences.
1) The driver of the (steam locomotive; vehicle; electric car) may be fined by
the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of
alcohol.
2) George M. Pullman not only (required; invented; replace) the sleeping car,
he also was the first to design and build the (restaurant car; wheel; steam engine).
3) Aircrafts are not able to (move; carry; pull) a lot in weight and are used
mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable (goods; passengers; freight).
(Heavy; light; narrow) loads are usually transported by freight trains.
4) Your car is in good condition but you have to (improve; use; replace) wornout tires.
5) Electric train can be (driven; propelled; powered) either by electric
locomotive or by motor cars.
6) The invention of the (fuel; double-track railway; steam engine) aroused great
interest; it was much spoken and written about.
7) The first (electric; jet; steam) locomotives were not strong and they often
broke down.
8) An atomic icebreaker needs only a few grams of (coal; diesel fuel; atomic
fuel) a week, whereas an ordinary icebreaker needs more than 100 tons of fuel a
day.
9) The underground is a very convenient (means of transport; form of transport;
vehicle) but it does not suit me because I live a long way from the station.
39
10) There were many passengers at the airport on New Year’s Eve as many
flights were (delayed; required; prevented) because of the snowstorm.
11) New plastic and synthetic materials are widely (applied; used; postpone) for
the interior and exterior finishes of carriages.
12) As the railways now have a (standard gauge; narrow gauge; broad gauge),
it is possible to travel over several lines without changing bogies.
Ex 5. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions, paying attention to gerunds as
adverbial modifies. Consult the box.
after [3]
before [3]
by [2]
for [3]
instead of
on [2]
without [4]
1) Several taxis passed me ___ stopping. 2) ___ reaching his destination, he sent a
telegram home to say he had arrived safely. 3) We use paper ___ writing, drawing,
making origami toys, etc. 4) ___ starting the engine you should carefully clean and
oil it. 5) ___ going home he continued his work. 6) You will never be able to
translate correctly ___ knowing grammar well. 7) ___ going through the customs
he went aboard the plane. 8) ___ delivering the report I had to answer a lot of
questions. 9) He went away ___ waiting for us. 10) ___ completing his research he
published two papers. 11) ___ showing the conductor my ticket, I went back to
sleep. 12) On long train journeys the passengers pass the time ___ reading, playing
cards or talking. 13) This apparatus is used ___ measuring air pressure. 14) He
managed to save a lot of money ___ working overtime. 15) He was trying to find a
pretext ___ leaving earlier. 16) Read the theory ___ doing the exercise. 17) ___
coming to conclusion he weighed all the “pros” and “contras”. 18) Americans like
doing business ___ leaving their cars that is why in the USA there are drive-in
banks, drive-in restaurants and drive- in movies.
Ex.6 Read and translate the text.
Railways in Japan
The history of railways in
Japan dates back to the year of 1872,
when the first line was commended
for public service between Tokyo and
Yokohama, It was only 22 m long
and of the 1,067 mm gauge. Its
construction was completed under the
guidance of British engineers.
During the World War II the
construction of new railways was
stopped. In order to meet the military
needs some more private lines,
important from the military point of
view were bought by the authorities of National RYs.
40
Japan considerably increased railway traffic on trunk lines after World War
II. The rise in demand called for the enlargement of track capacity. On this
connection attempts were made to ease the gradients of main lines. The Tookaido
main line between Tokyo and Kobe as well as other principal trunk lines started
double tracking.
As a result, approximately 25% of the total length of lines was
consolidated with double track.
To meet the necessity of speeding up the running of trains. Technical
improvements were carried out. On the main trunk lines the top speed of the
locomotive-hauled trains was increased from 60 km\h to 95 km\h while that of the
electric railcar train was raised to 120 km\h.
Ex. 7 Answer the questions
1. Which was the first railway line in Japan?
2. Were the railways important during World War II?
3. Why did the number of lines increase after World War II?
4. What was done for speeding up the running of trains?
5. What was the top speed of the train on main trunk lines?
Ex. 8 Match the equivalents
Dates back
Under he guidance
To met the needs
Considerably increased
The rise in demand
As a result
Total length
Were carried out
Top speed
Общая длина
В результате
Относится
Под руководством
Максимальная скорость
Значительно увеличились
Удовлетворять нужды
Рост требований
Осуществлялись
Ex. 9 Insert the proper word into the right place
Speeding up, line, construction, track, railways, stopped, meet, military
The history of ________ in Japan dates back to the year of 1872. The first
_______ was only 22 m long. During the World War II the _________ of new
railways was_________. Some lines were bought to meet the ________ needs. The
rise in demand called for the enlargement of _______ capacity. Technical
improvements were carried out to ________ the necessity of______ the running of
trains.
41
Ex. 10 Fill in the correct words derived from the words in brackets
Go By Train – And Relax
British Rail say, in their new (1) advertising (ADVERTISE): ‘Don’t travel
long distance by car. It’s bad for your
heart. If you travel by train, you’ll feel
much (2) __________ (GOOD).’ But
is it true? How do they know? The
advertisements say this: Doctors from
Leeds University did some scientific
tests. They (3) __________ (START)
the tests several years ago, and now
they have results.
Test 1: Several businessmen traveled
from Leeds to London – about 200
miles. They drove their cars on the
motorway. (There was sometimes fog,
and there was sometimes rain. There
was a lot of traffic, and there were a lot of bad (4) __________ (DRIVE)). The
doctors checked their heart-beats during the journey. They recorded the number of
heart-beats per minute. The average number was very high: 93 beats per minute.
Sometimes the number was 140 beats per minute.
Test 2: The businessmen traveled from Leeds to London on the Inter-city train.
The doctors checked their heart-beats again. This time the average number was 72
beats per minute, and the maximum was only 80. The businessmen relaxed in the
train, and were less (5) __________ (NERVE) and tense during their journey.
So British Rail say: ‘Driving makes you tense. (6) __________ (TENSE) makes
you ill. Think of your heart and don’t go by car. Go by train – and relax!’
42
Lesson 9 Modern vehicles
Ex. 1 Write the number of each
drawing next to the correct word
or words.
a) saloon car
b) caravan
c) van
d) hovercraft
e) submarine
f) estate car
g) articulaled lorry
h) sports car
i) tanker
j) transporter
k) motorbike
l) yacht
m) coach
n) lorry
o) bus
p) barge
q) ambulance
r) taxi
s) canoe
t) tram
EX. 2 Match the words with the corresponding definitions:
1. metropolis: a. a trademark of a large plane that carries a lot of people for short
distances
2. terminal
b. a taxi
3. leaflet
c. a very large city that is the most important in a country or area
4. Airbus
d. a big building where people wait to get onto planes, buses, or
ship or where goods are loaded
e. a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving
information on a particular subject
5. cab
Ex.3 Memorize the verbs and word combinations requiring gerunds.
to begin/ to start начинать
to think of думать о
to go on/ to keep on/ to continue to dream of мечтать о
продолжать
43
to stop/ to finish прекращать,
заканчивать
to enjoy/ to like/ to be fond of
нравиться
to hate/ to dislike не нравиться
to need /to require нуждаться,
требовать
to postpone/ to put off откладывать
to risk рисковать
to remember/ to recall помнить
to mind возражать
to suggest предлагать
to avoid избегать
can’t help не может не
to insist on настаивать на
to excuse for извиняться за
to thank for благодарить за
to congratulate on поздравлять с
to hear of слышать о
to decide against решать не делать
to prevent from мешать
to result in приводить к
to object to возражать против
to look forward to ждать с
нетерпением
to be ready for быть готовым к
to be afraid of бояться
to be capable of быть способным на
to be engaged in заниматься
to be surprised at удивляться
to be good at хорошо справляться с
to be tired of устать от; надоесть
to be responsible for отвечать за
to be worth стоит сделать
Ex.4
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb +
gerund constructions.
1) They kept on talking though the band began playing. 2) I avoided speaking to
them about that matter. 3) Try to avoid drinking unboiled water. 4) I can’t insist on
your staying a little longer because you risk missing the last train. 5) I can’t help
thinking of it. 6) Would you mind my leaving for a few minutes? 7) Would you
mind my joining the discussion? 8) Have you ever dreamed of earning a million
dollars? 9) I’d like to thank you all for coming here today. 10) You should stop
promising things you are unable to do. 12) He decided against calling her again.
13) I suggest holding another meeting next week. 14) I didn’t remember meeting
her before but I pretended I knew her. 15) Why did they postpone discussing this
project for an indefinite time? 16) She likes giving advice to other people. 17) Why
does he object to signing the contract with this firm? 18) I can’t help being
grateful to him for all he has done for me. 19) I live only a short way from here, so
it is not worth taking a taxi to get home. 20) I don’t mind going by bus but I hate
standing if there are a lot of people; it is better to go by Metro.
44
Ex 5 Read the text.
Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one
location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable,
pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and
operations.
Transport infrastructure
consists
of
the
fixed
installations
necessary
for
transport, and may be roads,
railways, airways, waterways,
canals and pipelines, and
terminals such as airports,
railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals,
refueling depots (including
fueling docks and fuel stations),
and seaports. Terminals may be
used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.
Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles,
buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft. Operations deal with the way
the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including
financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and
ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the
country and mode.
Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled
services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization,
although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays
an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air
pollution and use large amounts of land.
Ex. 6 Make a plan of the text
Ex.7 .Choose the correct word or words and translate the sentences.
1) The driver of the (steam locomotive; vehicle; electric car) may be fined by the
police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of alcohol.
2) George M. Pullman not only (required; invented; replace) the sleeping car, he
also was the first to design and build the (restaurant car; wheel; steam engine).
3) Aircrafts are not able to (move; carry; pull) a lot in weight and are used mainly
for transporting mail, people and valuable (goods; passengers; freight). (Heavy;
light; narrow) loads are usually transported by freight trains.
4) Your car is in good condition but you have to (improve; use; replace) worn-out
tires.
45
5) Electric train can be (driven; propelled; powered) either by electric locomotive
or by motor cars.
6) The invention of the (fuel; double-track railway; steam engine) aroused great
interest; it was much spoken and written about.
7) The first (electric; jet; steam) locomotives were not strong and they often broke
down.
8) An atomic icebreaker needs only a few grams of (coal; diesel fuel; atomic fuel)
a week, whereas an ordinary icebreaker needs more than 100 tons of fuel a day.
9) The underground is a very convenient (means of transport; form of transport;
vehicle) but it does not suit me because I live a long way from the station.
10) There were many passengers at the airport on New Year’s Eve as many flights
were (delayed; required; prevented) because of the snowstorm.
11) New plastic and synthetic materials are widely (applied; used; substituted) for
the interior and exterior finishes of carriages.
12) As the railways now have a (standard gauge; narrow gauge; broad gauge0, it
is possible to travel over several lines without changing bogies.
Ex.8 You know that there are various types of engines, such as: the waterpowered engine, the wind-powered engine, the steam engine, the internal
combustion engine (diesel, petrol, electric, jet). Read the following sentences and
say which type of the engine is described.
1) In this engine fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a
furnace.
2) This engine is very economical; it doesn't need fuel to function. But it is
dependent on the weather.
3) In this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood
or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns
into steam.
4) It was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached
to it. The wheel was driven by the wind.
5) This engine is too large and heavy; it needs too much fuel.
6) This engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a
river turned it. It was used for irrigating fields.
7) This engine is lighter and smaller than a steam engine because it doesn't have
a boiler. It is more powerful than a steam engine because it uses better-quality fuel:
petrol or kerosene.
8) The power of this engine depends on the quantity of coal. The more coal is
put into the furnace, the stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is the
faster a train is moving.
9) This engine is the most ecologically friendly one, because it doesn't pollute
environment with exhausted gases.
10) This engine is now used in automobiles, diesel locos and motor ships.
11) This engine is the most powerful, because the gases in it reach the
temperature of over a thousand degrees.
46
Lesson 10 Underground railways
Ex.1Fill in the gaps with the prepositions and gerunds
formed from the verbs given in the box.
to answer
help
to make
to change
to test
to finish
to show
to fly
to
to take part
1) She has been dreaming _ ___ to the Bahamas. 2) I insist _ your ___ the new
automobile to us. 3) She decided _ ___ in the conference. 4) We thanked the porter
_ his ___ us with our luggage.
5) Weather conditions prevented them _ ___ their work on time. 6) The constructor
insists _ our ___ the device under operating conditions. 7) Excuse me _ not ___
your letter. 8) I haven't heard _ ___ the schedule of this commuter train. 9) I’m
thinking _ ___ another trip to Italy.
Ex.2. Choose the correct verb and translate the sentences.
1) All the students (enjoyed; began; looked forward to) working harder in the
weeks before the examinations. 2) She (avoids; forgets; dreams of) expressing her
opinion in public. 3) She (prevented from; excused for; couldn’t help) laughing at
his jokes. 4) Do you (go on; mind; postpone) my airing the room? 5) She (risks; is
ready for; postpones) losing everything if she follows his advice. 6) We (began;
suggested; stopped) buying food in this shop because the owner raised the prices.
7) (Stop; go on; avoid) shouting! I hear you quite well. 8) I (remember; insist on;
risk) leaving a map of Rome in the pocket. 9) He (liked; thanked for; disliked) his
daughter chatting on the phone for hours. 10) I can’t see why the machine
(stopped; put off; decided against) working. 11) He (objected to; prevented from;
couldn’t help) warning them about danger. 12) I don’t (suggest; like; mind) your
smoking here. 13) You should (continue; enjoy; stop) drinking so much coffee. 14)
In spite of the difficulties he (kept on; insisted on; objected on) carrying out his
experiments. 15) The machine (needs; suggests; can’t help) cleaning.
Ex.4 Match the words in the left column with their translation on the right.
1) air contamination
a) верхнее строение пути
2) broken stone ballast
b) щебёночный балласт
3) danger of flooding
c) бетонная основа
4) concrete base
d) подземный переход
5) cut-and-cover method
e) наземная железнодорожная линия
6) elevated railway line
f) подземная железнодорожная линия
7) ground-based railway line
g) надземная железнодорожная линия (на
эстакаде)
8) permanent way
h) конечная станция
47
9) remote control
10) structure
11) subsurface railway line
12) to take a shortcut
13) termination
14) trolley pole
15) tunneling shield
16) underpass
17) wooden shuttering
i) сооружение
j) туннельный щит
k) открытый метод строительства
l) деревянная обшивка (опалубка)
m) штанга токоприёмника (троллейбуса)
n) дистанционное управление
o) избрать кратчайший путь
p) опасность затопления
q) загрязнение воздуха
Ex . 5 Read and translate the text
Underground railways
Depending on where in the world it is located, an
underground electric-railway system may be called a
subway, underground railway, tube, or metro. The
underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable
and comfortable means of city transport. Metro can solve
the problems of carrying a great number of passengers
within urban and suburban areas as well as the problems of traffic jams, air
contamination and noise.
Subways are usually built under city streets, but in order to take shortcuts
they often must pass under rivers. From the technical point of view the
underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional
work. This system includes subsurface lines; ground based lines and elevated lines.
The underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators,
underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply
system.
The permanent way of underground railways differs from the normal railway
track. The sleepers are only 0.9m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad
track which are 2.7m long. The sleepers of the normal track are laid upon ballast
made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground railway
are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust.
If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would
be followed by the dust clouds.
Modern Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from
the third rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct
current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.
The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches which
ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from
80 seconds to 10 minutes.
Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The
construction of the first subway system, called the Metropolitan Railway, began in
London in 1860.
48
In the same decade, many other cities
followed London's lead. In Budapest an
electric subway was opened in 1896 that
used single cars with trolley poles. It was
the first subway on the European
continent. In Paris, construction of the
Metro was begun in 1898, and the first 6
1/4 miles (10 kilometers) were opened in
1900.
In the United States the first
practical subway line was constructed in Boston between 1895 and 1897. Other
cities with notable subway systems include Philadelphia and Chicago in the United
States; Toronto and Montreal in Canada; Mexico City, Mexico; Buenos Aires,
Argentina; Munich and Frankfurt am Main in Germany; Milan, Italy; Cairo, Egypt;
and Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya in Japan. The shortest metro line was
constructed in Turkey. Great attention is paid to the aesthetics, comfort, safety, and
convenience of subways, particularly those in Moscow and Rome.
Ex.6 Answer the following questions.
1) What is the quickest means of city’s transport? 2) Why is it necessary to
construct Underground railways in large cities? 3) Why is the construction of
underground railway system a very expensive and complicated engineering
process? 4) What is the difference between the permanent way of underground
railroads and ground-based railway tracks? 5) Why is there no ballast on the
underground railways? 6) Are Metro trains powered by steam or electricity? 7)
Where is the current obtained from? 8) What does the Underground carrying
capacity depend on? 9) How many cities of the world have already built the
Underground railways? 10) Where was the first underground railway line laid
down?
Ex. 7 Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.
1) In the USA the first subway line was
constructed…
2) The second underground line in
London passed
3) The shortest Metro line in the world
was built…
4) Electric single cars with trolley poles
were used…
5) In Paris the construction of the first
Metro line lasted…
6) The first underground system in the
a) the Metropolitan railway.
b) on the Victoria line of the London
Underground.
c) clean and attractive stations.
d) the largest subway system in the
world.
e) in the Budapest Subway.
f) in Boston between 1895 and 1897.
49
world was called
7) The Moscow and Rome Metros are
justly famous for…
8) New York has…
9) Automated trains that are operated by
remote control are used…
10) Constructing tunnels under the
rivers builders use
g) in Istanbul.
h) under the Thames River.
i) two years.
j) a device called a tunneling shield that
protects a tunnel against flooding.
Ex.8 . Here are the answers. Write the questions.
1) Subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. 2) Under city streets
or under rivers. 3) Only 0.9m long. 4) Directly on concrete base. 5) From the third
rail. 6) In 80 cities all over the world. 7) The cut-and-cover method. 8) On January
10, 1863. 9) In Budapest. 10) In Moscow and Rome.
Ex. 9 Translate into English
Метрополитен начал работать в декабре 1987 года. Общая протяженность
линий метро составляет приблизительно 20 км. Метро имеет восемь станций
– одну наземную и семь подземных. Планируется пустить в эксплуатацию
ещё одну станцию. Каждый поезд состоит из четырех вагонов. В вагонах
установлены современные системы отопления, освещения и вентиляции.
Скорость движения поездов достигает 90 км/ч. Плата за проезд не зависит от
расстояния. Метро очень популярный вид транспорта в нашем городе, и его
строительство продолжается.
Ex. 10 Fill in the gaps with one of the words given in the box and read the
short text about the metro.
fare card
visitors
gate
fare
сhange
side
The Metro
Travelling on the Washington Metro presents difficulties for (1) _________
because of the clear colour-coded map. At the bottom of the map you will find (2)
_________ and travel time information. You buy fare card at one of the yellow
vending machines. You can use nickels, dimes, quarters, one-dollar and five-dollar
bills, and the machine will give you (3) __________. You have to use your (4)
__________ to enter the Metro system by inserting it into the slot at the (5)
__________. It will be returned to you at the other (6) __________ of the gate. Do
the same thing when exiting the system.
50
Lesson 11 Road transport
Ex.1 State the part of speech of each word and underline all
the suffixes.
Strictly; engineer; enlarged; improvement; variety; boiler; employment;
inventor; steamer; attachment; considerably; government; pavement;
amazement.
Ex.2Choose the proper words to complete the following sentences:
advertisement pillar
box bridge
conveniences
road sign
subway
department store
parking meter
pedestrian crossing
traffic island
litter bin
traffic lights
1. The new ____________ for the latest breakfast cereal could be seen all over the
town.
2. The car had to stop because the ____________were red.
3. Have you got any coins for the ____________ ? Enough to stay here for an
hour, anyway.
4. Don’t throw your rubbish on the floor! Use the _____________.
5. Harrods is a very famous _____________ in London.
6. The safest way to cross a busy road is to use the _____________.
7. Is there a ____________ around here somewhere? I need to post this letter.
8. If you need to go to the toilet, the ____________ are outside the market.
9. He got stuck on the ____________ half-way across the road.
10. In some towns, pedestrians can use a _____________ to go under a busy road.
51
Parts of a Car
Ex. 3 Match up the following words and numbers:
1.
windscreen wipers
headlight
windscreen
radiator grill
exhaust pipe
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
steering wheel
speedometer
foot brake
glove compartment
…..
…..
…..
…...
driving mirrors….. tyre
…..
bumper…..
seatbelt…..
bonnet
…..
indicator
…..
boot…..
number plate …..
2.
hand brake
petrol gauge
accelerator pedal
gear stick
…..
…..
…..
…..
clutch
radio
horn
…..
…..
…..
52
Ex. 4 Match the driving action with its definition. Do as many as you can and
then check your answers in a dictionary.
1 _______ accelerate
2 _______ overtake
3 _______ drive over the speed limit
4 _______ park
5 _______ crash
6 _______ look in your rear-view mirror
7 _______ slow down
8 _______ run someone over
9 _______ brake
a) make your car go less fast
b) make your car go faster
c) make your car go too fast
d) knock a person down
e) go past the car in front
f) stop your car by the side of the road
g) hit another car, wall, tree, etc.
h) make your car stop
i) watch the traffic behind you
Ex. 5 Read and translate the text, pay attention to the underlined words.
Road Transport
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between
two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed,
paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;
though they need not be, and historically many roads
were simply recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance. In urban areas, roads may
pass through a city or village and be named as streets,
serving a dual function as urban space easement and
route.
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle
that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles,
bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles
worldwide.
53
Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with
high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities;
buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road
transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
Ex. 6 Put questions starting with words in brackets.
1) The length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. ([How many…?)
2) Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane takes off or lands.
(When…?)
3) Now all the railways have a standard gauge. (What…?)
4) She left her driving license at home. (Where…?)
5) They have been offered ₤350 for their old car, but its price is much higher.
(Who…? How much…?)
6) For some period of time one underground railway line in London was working
entirely without drivers. (Where…?)
7) Twenty seven British scientists have gained Nobel awards since 1945.
(What…?)
8) The pipe is leaking at the joint. (Where…?)
9) The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations. (Where…?)
10) The windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. (What…?)
11) On the bus he was sitting right in front of me. (Where…?)
12) The first motor car drivers had to carry large cans of fuel as there were no
filling stations at that time. (Why…?)
Ex.7. Fill in the gaps with one of the words given below and read the short text
about London traffic.
comfortable
decks
horses
models
omnibuses
In London one can see many buses, cars and taxes in the streets. The English (1)
____________ are often called
double-deckers, because they are
very high and have seats on the
upper
and
lower
(2)
______________. The London
buses first came into the streets in
1829. At first they were horsedrawn omnibuses, with three (3)
______________. They say they
were imported from Paris. The
double-deckers of today are
speedy and (4) _______________,
but they seem to be very clumsy
moving slowly through the endless line of taxis and cars of all sizes and (5)
____________. Still they manage to maneuver very well without running into one
another.
54
Lesson 12 Air transport
Ex . 1 Match the verb on the left with a noun on the
right. Use each word once only. Write your answers in the
boxes.
a.
1. broaden
a. the blow
2. deaden
b. your hair
3. fasten
c. your life
4. sharpen
d. your mind
5. shorten
e. the pain
6. soften
f. a pencil
7. straighten
g. a relationship
8. strengthen
h. your seat belt
9. sweeten
i. a screw
10. tighten
j. the taste
b.
1. amplify
2. clarify
3. justify
4. magnify
5. modify
6. notify
7. pacify
8. purify
9. specify
10. verify
a. your actions
b. the authorities
c. the demonstrators
d. the evidence
e. your plans
f. your requirements
g. a situation
h. a slide
i. sound
j. water
Grammar: Phrasal Verbs
off
up
look
in
GET
bring
put
UP
55
Ex. 2 Put the correct form of one of these verbs in each of the following
sentences.
10 verbs with ‘OFF’
call off
put off
see off
get off
set off
go off
pay off
show off
take off
turn off
1. It’s best to ____________________ the train at the harbour station.
2. Our plane didn’t ____________________ till 11 o’clock.
3. I hope you remembered to ____________________ the record player.
4. The strike is over. They’re ____________________ it ___________________.
5. Let’s go to the airport with them to ________them _________.
6. What a smell! I think this milk’s ____________________.
7. My father’s lost his job. He’s been ____________________.
8. I can’t meet you tomorrow. Can we _________it ___till the day after?
9. Just because you’re good at English, there’s no need to _______.
10. If the main film starts at 7, I think we should ______________at 6.30.
Ex . 3 Answer the following questions:
6 verbs with ‘DOWN’
1. If your car broke down on the way to work, did it stop completely or just start
going more slowly?
2. When a shop closes down, does it close for a day, or forever?
3. If you are knocked down by a car, are you very impressed by it, or injured by it?
4. If a good friend lets you down, are you disappointed or grateful?
5. At what age do most people settle down – 12, 26, 55, 70?
6. If you have been turned down for a job, do you get the job or not?
Ex .4 Study the vocabulary
fixed-wing aircraft
rotary-wing
gyroplane
airliners
lift
Vocabulary
airport
rocket
helicopter
air flow
landing
56
Ex. 5 Read and translate the text.
Air Transport
A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly
called airplane, is a heavier-than-air
craft where movement of the air in
relation to the wings is used to generate
lift. The term is used to distinguish from
rotary-wing
aircraft,
where
the
movement of the lift surfaces relative to
the air generates lift. A gyroplane is
both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and
recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.
Two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an
area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the
infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and
unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land
and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and
calm water.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jets can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-engine
aircraft 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport
people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs
and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be
used. It is estimated that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.
Ex.6 Make the plan of the text in the form of questions
Ex.7 Insert he right word in spaces.
Passenger Services
(1)____ airports provide a wide range of (2)_____ for the convenience of millions
of travelers. These (3)___ from such basic features as
ticket-sales counters, baggage-claim areas, (4)____,
public conveniences, and restaurants to (5)___hotels,
conference centres, shopping malls, and play areas
for children. Other (6)____ include newsstands, bars,
hairdressers, post offices, and banks. As the
passenger flow increases year(7)____ year, taxi
stands, car-hire agencies, and (8)___ car parks are
necessary to secure ground connections. Many
airports, (9)___ in Europe and Japan, also supply
direct rail links to expedite such (10)___.
(11)___ all mentioned above, international terminals
must also have customs areas and (12)___ - exchange counters; most have duty57
free shops (13)___. The (14)____ of aerial hijacking and terrorist activities has
resulted (15)____ elaborating security procedures and increasingly sophisticated
baggage-inspection equipment to protect passenger safety.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A The majority
A Facilities
A occupy
A sitting-rooms
A worthy
A services
A from
A superior
A exceptionally
A traffic
A above
A currencies
A either
A warning
A to
B The number of
B recreation
B cover
B dining-rooms
B luxury
B sights
B by
B expensive
B particularly
B movement
B so as to
B currency
B as such
B threat
B for
C Major
C hotels
C differ
C lounges
C costing
C spots
C with
C dear
C that is
C motion
C in addition to
C dollars
C as well
C thought
C-
D Either
D hostels
D range
D bedrooms
D valuable
D spaces
D to
D huge
D subsequently
D stir
D as long as
D dollar
D as stated
D variant
D in
Ex. 8 Read and retell the text.
Travelling by Air
I knew it was going to be a bad day when, on the way to the airport, the taxi driver
told me he was lost.
I had booked my flight over the telephone, so
when we finally arrived, I had to rush to the reservations
desk to pay for my ticket. The woman at the desk told
me that my name was not on the passenger list. It took
fifteen minutes for her to realize that she spelled my
name incorrectly. She gave me my ticket and told me I’d
better check in my luggage quickly or I’d miss my
flight.
I was the last person to get on the plane.
I found my seat and discovered that I was sitting next to a four-year-old boy
who had a cold. I sat down and wondered if anything else could go wrong.
I hate flying, especially take-off, but the plane took off and everything
seemed to be all right. Then, a few minutes later, there was a funny noise and
everything started to shake. I looked out of the window and – oh my God – there
was smoke coming out of the wing. All I could think ‘The engine is on fire. We’re
going to crash. I’m too young to die.’
Almost immediately, the captain spoke to us in a very calm voice, ‘Ladies
and gentlemen. This is your captain speaking. We are having a slight technical
problem with one of our engines. There is absolutely no need to panic. We will
58
have to return to the airport. Please remain seated and keep your seat belts
fastened.’
Well you can imagine how frightened I was, but the crew were fantastic. The
flight attendants were really calm and told us not to worry. One of them told me to
relax and said that everything would be all right.
A few minutes later, we were coming in to land. The pilot made a perfect
landing on the runway. It was over. We were safe.
That day, I decided not to fly again. I caught another taxi and went home.
But as I closed the front door, I looked down at my case. Somehow I had picked up
the wrong suitcase.
Ex. 9 Put these events in the right order, according to the passage.
a) She paid for her ticket.
b) The engine caught fire.
c) The plane landed.
d) The plane took off.
e) She picked up the wrong suitcase.
f) The reservations clerk couldn’t find her name.
g) The taxi driver got lost.
h) She went home.
i) The flight attendants told people to be calm.
j) She booked the flight.
k) She left home.
l) She checked in her luggage.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ex.10 Find the words in text 8 which match the following description.
1. the desk where you can collect your ticket if you have made a reservation
2. the part of an airport where a plane takes off and lands
3. a group of people who work on the plane
4. a person who flies a plane
5. a person who is travelling on a plane
6. a person who looks after the people who are travelling on a plane
Ex.11 Match the beginning of the sentence with the end.
1. I checked in
a) their flight.
2. She got on
b) my ticket.
3. The travel agent made
c) their seat belts.
4. The pilot landed on
d) the plane.
5. She caught
e) my luggage.
6. They almost missed
f) a taxi.
7. The passengers fastened
g) the runway.
8. I booked
h) my reservation.
9. The crew were
i) her suitcase.
10. She picked up
j) very calm.
59
Lesson 13 Water transport
Ex. 1 Put the given words connected with transportation
into logical sets providing 4 groups:
Air travel
Rail Travel
Automobile travel
Sea travel
Station wagon, crossing, compartment, see off, runway, sail, break down, set off,
liner, toll, track, registration number, stand by, press on, self-drive, long-haul,
drop off, guard, carry, platform, make for, roundabout, highway, harbor, cruise,
ticket collector, gangway, starboard, swift transfer, coaches, schedule, inland
waterways, high speed forms of transportation.
Grammar: Phrasal Verbs
7 verbs with ‘ON
Ex. 2 Match the sentences with the explanations below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Are you carrying on with your violin lessons?
I’m getting on all right at college now.
Hold on. I’m not ready.
You must be having me on! That’s a boy!
Don’t you think you’ll need to put on your gloves?
Excuse me, could I try this one on, please?
How do you turn this machine on?
1
2
3
4
5
a. check clothes
b. wait a moment
c. continue
d. switch on
e. tease/joke
f. wear
g. succeed
6
7
15 verbs with ‘UP’
Ex.3 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences:
bring up
catch up
get up
give up
grow up
hang up
keep up
look up
pack up
put up
save up
turn up
wake up
wash up
wrap up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Let’s start ____________________ for a winter holiday!
The present was ____________________ in lovely gold paper.
The one job I hate in the kitchen is ____________________.
Hurry! You go on and I’ll ___________________ you __________________.
Look! Rain! Let’s ____________________ quickly and get back to the car.
60
6. It’s not loud enough. Please ___________________ it ___________________.
7. Nobody knows the best way to _______________children.
8. If only I had my Very Simple Grammar Book, I could ________it _______.
9. He’s making a lot of money. How long do you think he can _______it _______.
10.I wish you would _____________and stop acting like a child.
11.I don’t know the answer, tell me. I ___________________!
12.I hate ___________ on cold winter mornings!
13.____________! You’ve slept in!
14.I can’t get a hotel. Do you know anyone who could ____ me _______?
15.If he rings again, don’t speak to him. Just _______.
Ex.4 Read translate the text.
Water Transport
Water transport is the process of transport
a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or
sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as
a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need
for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes
the hull a dominant aspect of its
construction, maintenance and appearance.
In the 1800s the first steam ships were
developed, using a steam engine to drive a
paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood
or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum
called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce
the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some
smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in
the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercrafts are
propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting
large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in
number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. Transport by water is
significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping; short sea
shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.
61
Lesson 14 City transport
Ex.1 Sort the words below into two lists, one for types of vehicles, the other
describing where you might see them. One of each has been done for you.
ambulance
bicycle
bridge
bus
by-pass
caravan
car park
coach
crossroads
fire engine
VEHICLES
ambulance
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
junction
lane
lorry
motorcycle
motorway
ring road
road
roundabout
truck
van
WHERE YOU SEE THEM
bridge
.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
62
Complete each sentence using the best word from the lists.
1. I usually leave my car in the town centre ________________.
2. A _________________ fare is much cheaper than a train fare.
3. Our _________________ has beds for four people.
4. Meet me at the _________________ of Broad Street and North Way.
5. Will the _________________ get her to hospital in time?
6. The next _________________ over the river is twenty miles away.
Ex.2 Pay attention to compound prepositions: according to, as far as, because
of, by means of, due to, in addition to, in front of, in order to, on account of,
owing to, thanks to, in spite of. Match the beginnings of the sentences with
their endings.
1.) Because of bad weather…
2) He ran across the street…
3) Everything went…
4) The accident has happened…
5) No planes took off on that day…
6) In addition to the usual methods of
computation…
7) I will go as far as…
8) By means of telephone…
9) Is there a bus stop…
10) Owing to the establishment of the
new trolley- bus route…
11) Thanks to the new system of
regulations…
12) In spite of the dense fog…
a) due to careless driving.
b) the Metro station with you.
c) on account of low clouds.
d) in order to catch the bus.
e) according to the plan.
f) the passenger service in the city was
improved.
g) the train was not late.
h) they used computers.
i) the number of accidents went down.
j) people communicate with each other
at great distance.
k) the match was postponed for a week.
l) in front of your house?
Grammar: Phrasal Verbs
Ex 3 Study 8 verbs with ‘OUT’ Which sentence is the
explanation?
1.
We ate out.
6. All the girls in the office walked out.
a.
We had a picnic.
a. All the girls went on strike.
b.
We went to a restaurant.
b. All the girls went out for a walk.
2.
We’ve fallen out.
7. He really stands out in a crowd.
a.
We’ve had an argument.
a. He never agrees.
b.
We’ve decided to leave.
b. He is very distinguished.
3.
This typewriter is worn out.
8. I must sort out my papers.
63
a.
b.
4.
a.
b.
It is old and almost unusable.
a. I must throw away all my papers.
It is old-fashioned.
b. I must arrange my papers properly.
I hope nobody finds out about it.
I hope nobody discovers what has happened.
I hope nobody says anything.
5.
Bill’s going out with Mary.
a.
Bill and Mary have a romantic friendship.
b.
They are leaving together.
Ex 4 Match the phrasal verbs in the first columns with the meanings in the
second columns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
get on
turn down
carry on
put off
find out
2
3
6. put up with
7. call off
8. fall out
9. let down
10. put up
4
5
a. cancel
b. refuse
c. succeed
d. discover
e. tolerate
6
7
f. continue
g. quarrel
h. disappoint
i. delay
j. accommodate
8
9
10
Ex. 5 Read the text. Make questions to it.
London Traffic
Traffic in London differs from that of the Continent. In England people
say: ‘If you go left, you go right. If you go right, you go wrong’.
They say that once upon a time people kept to any side of the road they
liked. But then they decided to make it a rule to keep to the left. As Napoleon hated
the British very much, he decided that in France the people should keep to a
different side. And later on in all the countries which he conquered he made the
traffic keep to the right.
Ex 6. Here are some questions to answer. You are standing outside the
railway station.
Asking the Way
1. Can you tell me the way to the bus stop?
2. Can you direct me to the cinema, please?
3. I’m looking for the post office. Can you help me, please?
Now practise some more questions and answers in pairs. Use the plan
Ex 7. Here are boxes of prepositions of movement
64
along
past
up
down
through
over
out of
under
across
and place
opposite
between
on the corner of
in front of
behind
near
in
Now work in pairs. Give each other detailed directions to get to the different
places on the plan.
Ex 8. Complete the questions in list A and the answers in list B to make
dialogues of your own:
A. Could you tell me where ______________________ is?
the way to ____________________?
Where can I find a _________________________ ?
How far is the nearest _________________________?
Is there a_________________________
nearby?
You’ll find _________________________ on your left.
on your right.
right opposite.
on the corner.
B. It’s about a _________________________ minute’s walk.
Your best bet is to _________________________.
Carry straight on until you see _________________________ and
then _________________________.
65
2.Фонд оценочных средств
В задание включены вопросы по теме «Транспорт»
Работа в целом оценивается суммарным баллом, полученным студентом за
выполнение всех заданий.
Шкала оценки образовательных достижений
«5»
95- 100%
«4»
65-94%
«3»
51-64%
«2»
Менее 50 %
Вариант 1
Блок А
1. Выберите правильныйвариант слова
1.There were too many cars and it was difficult for us to cross the..... .
2. The..... was broad enough for even huge trucks to travel along.
Way
road
path
route
2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях соответствующей неличной
формой глагола
1. The train______ to the station, the passengers began to depart.
a) To come
b) having come
c) to having come d) coming
2. They started _____ ballast under the ties.
a) to pack
b) of packing
c) packing
d) to be packed
3. Выберите соответствующий перевод предложения.
1. We heard him speak English.
a) Мы видели его, говорящего поанглийски.
b) Мы слышали, что он говорит поанглийски.
c) Мы слышали, как он говорит поанглийски.
2. He is said to study well.
a) Он говорит, что учится хорошо.
b) Он говорит, что хорошо учился.
c) Говорят, что он учится хорошо.
3. This road is known to be busy.
a) Известно, что эта дорога
оживленная.
b) Известно, что эта дорога была
оживленная.
c) Все знают, что эта дорога
оживленная.
4. Выберите «лишнее» слово
Airport
railway station
bus stop
steam liner
5. Соотнесите первую часть предложения со второй.
66
1. Transportation is the movement of
a) locations where passengers and
freight can be transferred from one
vehicle or mode to another.
2. Terminals may be used both for
b) people and goods from one location
to another.
3. A train consists of one or more
c) connected vehicles that run on the
rails.
4. Terminals such as airports, ports and d) interchange of passengers and cargo
stations are
and for maintenance.
6. Выберите правильный ответ
1.Транспортное
a) vehicle
b) stages
c) substance
средство
2.Грузовик
a) driver
b) coal
c) lorry
3.Движение
a) traffic
b) coach
c) tube
4. Many thousands of kilometers of railways are equipped with … .
a) automatic block signaling
b)air-conditioned cars
c) container movement
5. The railway system ... equipped with new electric and diesel locomotives,
with special cars for diverse goods and with high- load capacity freight cars.
a) are
b)is
c)were
6.The beginning of railway construction in Russia is traced as far as …. .
a) the 17- th century
b) the 18- th century
c) the 19-th century
7. The first steam locomotive in Russia was constructed by … .
a) Polsunov
b) the Cherepanovs
c) K.D. Frolov
8. … the right of way to level condition, workers were preparing it for roadbed.
a) grading
b)graded
c) to grade
9. Equipment … over the track must be kept in good physical condition
a) moved
b)moving
c) to move
10. Когда вагоны прицеплены, поезд готов к отправлению.
a) When the cars being coupled, the train is ready to start.
b) The cars being coupled, the train is ready to start.
7. Укажите правильный перевод предложений.
1. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and
industry.
a) Без хороших дорог страна не может развивать свои ресурсы и
промышленность.
b) Без хороших дорог и ж.д. страна не может развивать свои ресурсы и
промышленность.
c) Без хороших дорог и ж.д. страна может развивать свои ресурсы и
промышленность.
2. Первый в мире приемник был сконструирован в 1895 году в России.
a) The world’s first receiver is built in 1895 in Russia.
b) The world’s first receiver was built in 1895 in Russia.
67
c) The world’s first receiver were built in 1895 in Russia.
Блок В
1. Соотнесите суффиксы и слова, образовав новые
- ment -less -al -ation
industry happy develop transport
2. Напишите числа словами.
1-й, 15, 126, 1997г., 30 минут
3. Прочитайте текст и выберите утверждение, соответствующее
содержанию текста.
The railway is а good example of а system evolved in various places to fulfill а
need and then developed empirically. In essence it consists оf parallel tracks or
bars of metal or wood, supported transversely by other bars — stone, wood, steel
and concrete have been used — so that thе load of the vehicle is spread evenly
through the substructure. Such tracks were used in the Middle Ages for mining
tramways in Europe; railways came to England in the 16th century and went back
to Europe in the 19th century as an English invention.
1. Railways appeared to meet the needs of transportation of coal.
2. Railways were built for passenger service.
3. First tracks were used to carry stone, wood, steel and concrete.
Блок С
Дайте ответ на вопрос письменно (3-4 предложения):
What kind of transport do you prefer to travel by? Why?
Вариант 2
Блок А
1. Выберите правильный вариант слова
1. They are going to open a new bus ..... soon.
2. The children had lost their..... in the forest and were terribly frightened.
Way
road
path
route
2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях соответствующей неличной
формой глагола
1. It will be achieved by_______ of weight and length –shorted trains.
a) to reduce
b) reduced
c) reducing
d) having been
reduced
2. The standards are expected_______.
a) to be increased
b) increasing
c) increased
d) to have
increased
3. Выберите соответствующий перевод предложения.
1. He is said to be a kind man.
a) Он сказал, что он добрый человек.
b) Говорят, что он добрый человек.
c) Говорили, что он был добрым.
68
a) Я видела, что она переходит
дорогу.
b) Я вижу, что она переходит дорогу.
c) Я смотрела, как она переходит
дорогу.
3. They were expected to arrive by a)
Они ждали, что прибудут
plane.
самолетом.
b) Они ожидали прибытия самолета.
c) Ожидали, что они прибудут
самолетом.
4. Выберите «лишнее» слово
Car wagon coach plane
5. Соотнесите первую часть предложения со второй.
1. A vehicle is any non-living device a) tourism, a major part of recreational
that
transport.
2. Long-haul transport involves the use b) is used to move people and goods.
of
3. Passenger transport is also the c) the automobile, trains, coaches and
essence of
aircrafts.
4. For public transport and freight d) private enterprise or by governments.
transport, operations are done through
2. I saw her cross the road.
6. Выберите правильный ответ
1.Железная
a) driver
b) coal
c) railway
дорога
2.Колесо
a) wheel
b) weight
c ) light
3.Двигатель
a) engine
b) lorry
c) source
4. Many thousands of kilometers of railways ... equipped with centralized traffic
control.
a) are
b) is
c) was
5. The railway system is equipped with new electric and diesel locomotives, with
special cars for diverse goods and with … .
a) iron rails
b) ballast
c) air-conditioned cars
6. Railway building was closely connected with the development of … industry.
a) the chemical
b) the mining
c) the light
7. The first steam carriage (повозка) was invented in …. .
a) UK
b) Russia
c) France
8. The work of the terminal station is evaluated by the number of trains … .
a) handling
b) handled
c) handle
9. Construction of the permanent way became easier and quicker thanks to the
improvement of … method.
a) engineering
b) engineered
c) engineer
10. Так как испытания были закончены, мы пошли домой.
a) The tests being over, we went home.
b) As the tests being over, we went home.
69
7. Укажите правильный перевод предложений.
1. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and
Darlington.
a) В течении 11 лет Стефенсон работал на железной дороге СтоктонДарлингтон.
b) Спустя 11 лет Стефенсон работал на железной дороге СтоктонДарлингтон
c) Спустя 11 лет Стефенсон управлял железной дорогой СтоктонДарлингтон
2. Четыре года спустя диапазон передачи увеличился до 50 км.
a) Four years later the range of transmission was increased to 50 km.
b) Four years later the range of transmission were increased to 50 km.
c) Four years later the range of transmission are increased to 50 km.
Блок В
1. Соотнесите суффиксы и слова, образовав новые
-able -ous -less -ment
Agree consider wire continue
2. Напишите числа словами.
3-й, 17, 216, 1959г., 20 минут
3. Прочитайте текст и выберите утверждение, соответствующее
содержанию текста.
In the early days, coaches were constructed entirely of wood, including the
frames. Ву 1900, steel frames were commonplace; then coaches were constructed
entirely of steel and became very heavy. One American 85-foot (26 m) coach with
two six-wheel bogies weighed more than 80 tons. New lightweight steel alloys and
aluminum began to be used; in the 1950s the Budd Company in America was
building an 85-foot coach which weighed only 27 tons. The savings began with the
bogies, which were built without conventional springs, bolsters and so on; with
only two air springs on each four-wheel bogie, the new design reduced the weight
from 8 to 2, 5 tons without loss оf strength or stability.
1. Coaches were constructed of wood and iron till nowadays.
2. New lightweight steel alloys and aluminum were rejected.
3. The new bogie design decreased the weight of coach.
Блок С
Дайте ответ на вопрос письменно (3-4 предложения):
What means of transport are available in your home place? What kind of transport
do you take to get to the technical school and why?
70