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РУБЕЖНЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ 2
International Organizations
A. KEY VOCABULARY
Task 1. Learn the following words.
scope – сфера, диапазон, рамки
constituent document – учредительный документ
headquarter – штаб-квартира, главное административное здание
adhere – придерживаться, соблюдать
acquiesce – молча или неохотно соглашаться, признавать
convene – созывать
procurement – закупка, снабжение, поставка, приобретение
insolvency – банкротство, несостоятельность
countertrade – компенсационная торговля, встречная торговля, бартер
receivables – причитающиеся суммы к получению
B. READING 1
Task 2. Read the text paying attention to the new words.
International organizations
International organizations play increasingly important role in the relationships between nations.
They are formal associations that comprise
three or more states. An international organization is one that created by international agreement
or which has membership consisting primary of nations. However, in common usage, the term is
usually reserved for intergovernmental organizations (IGO) such as the United Nations, the
European Union, the Council of Europe, or the World Trade Organization, with sovereign states
or other IGOs as members. Their scope and aims are most usually in the public interest but may
also have been created with a specific purpose.
Legal nature. Legally speaking, an international organization may be established by a constituent
document such as a charter, a treaty, or a Convention, which when signed by the founding
members, provides the IGO
with legal recognition. International organizations are sustained by regular
meetings of member states, and supported by a permanent secretariat. They generally have
physical headquarters as well as staff who are not only employed by but can also speak for their
organization. In 2004, the Union of International Associations recognized some 238 international
organizations of this kind. International organizations so established are subjects of international
law, capable of entering into agreements among themselves or with states. Thus international
organizations in a legal sense are distinguished from mere groupings of states, such as the G-8*
and the G-77*, neither of which have been founded by a constituent document and exist only as
task groups, though in non-legal contexts these are sometimes referred erroneously as
international organizations.
Membership. International organizations differ in function, membership and membership
criteria. Membership of some organizations (global organizations) is open to all the nations of
the world as far as they comply with membership criteria and after approval by a general
assembly or similar body. This category includes the United Nations and its specialized agencies
and the World Trade Organization. Other organizations are only open to members from a
particular region or continent of the world, like European Union, African Union, ASEAN and
other regional organizations.
Purpose of international organizations. International organizations describe and define their
purpose in their charter or other document of creation. International Organizations exist with
diverse aims,
including but not limited to increase international relations, promote
education, health care, economic development, environmental protection, human rights,
humanitarian efforts, inter-cultural approach and conflict resolution.
---------------------------------------------------*The Group of Eight (G8), also known as Group of
Seven and Russia - is an international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany,
Italy,
Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries represent
about 65\% of the Gross World Product and the majority of global military power (7 of the top 8
positions for military expenditure, and almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons).
*The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to
promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating
capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the
organization has since expanded to 130 member countries.
Task 3. Answer the following questions.
1.
What are international organizations?
2.
How can an international organization be established?
3.
How do international organizations differ from mere groupings of states?
4.
Say some words about membership criteria.
5.
Why are international organizations created?
Task 4
a) Which of these are
international organizations? What do these abbreviations stand for? Give the Russian
equivalents to them.
CIA NATO UN
BBC IMF WHO
IRS
OPEC
UK
EU
ILO
US FBI
b) Complete the sentences choosing the abbreviations from the task…
1) The
was set up in 1945 to keep world peace and help
international co-operation.
2) The modern
FIFA WTO NASA
grew out of the original European Community,
also known as the Common Market.
3) The
is the department of the US government that collects
national taxes.
4) Most countries which export oil belong to .
5) The American
works, normally secretly, to collect information
about other countries.
6)
is the organization that controls international football and organizes the
World Cup competition.
7)
is a military alliance of the USA, Canada, and most West
European countries.
8)
study of space.
is a US government organization that controls space travel and the scientific
9) The
10) The
investigates crime in America.
is an international organization that tries to encourage
trade between countries and to help poorer countries develop economically.
C. PROJECT-WORK
Task 5. Using available sources (Internet, encyclopedias, etc) find the information (year of
establishment; headquarters location; member states; main goals) about the following
international organizations:
-
African Union
-
International Hydrographic Organization
-
International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)
-
Arab League
-
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
-
La Francophonie
-
GUAM
-
UNESCO
D. READING 2
Task 6. Read the text and be ready to do the tasks below.
The United Nations
The United Nations, the most influential among international organizations, was established in
1945 as the successor to the League of
Nations. Its headquarters are in New York City. The declared purposes of
United Nations are to maintain peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations,
to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems, and to be a center for
harmonizing the actions of the nations and attaining their common ends. The Charter of the
United Nations has been adhered to by virtually all states. Even the few remaining nonmember
states have acquiesced in the principles it established. The International Court of Justice is
established by the UN Charter as its principal judicial organ.
The United Nations Charter created elaborate machinery for maintaining peace and security and
for solving disputes among nations. The principal organs of the United Nations are:
-
The General Assembly
-
The Security Council
-
The Economic and Social Council
-
The Trusteeship Council
-
The Secretariat
-
The International Court of Justice
The UN also specifically directed the General Assembly to encourage the progressive
development and codification of international law. To carry out this task, the General
Assembly created two subsidiary organs: the
International Law Commission and the Commission on International Trade
Law (UNCITRAL). Over the years the International Law Commission has prepared drafts of
treaties codifying and modernizing a number of important topics of international law, including
the law of the sea, diplomatic relations, consular relations, law of treaties between nations,
succession of states in respect to treaties, law of treaties between nations and international
organizations, immunity of states from the jurisdiction of other states, and the law of
international freshwaters. The Commission on International Trade Law drafts texts on laws
concerning international commerce and economic development. Upon acceptance by the General
Assembly, drafts from the commissions usually are submitted to international conferences called
by the UN for adoption of the respective conventions. The General Assembly convenes once a
year, usually on the third Tuesday in September. Its resolutions and statements are not binding
international law. They can however become common law if generally accepted over a long time
frame. On the other hand, the resolutions of the UN Security council however are binding law to
all member states.
In some instances, the UN has organized conferences to discuss major international issues or
to negotiate treaties without prior proposal by the International Law Commission. The most
important example was the
third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, which terminated its work in
1982. The conference adopted a convention (which came into force in 1994) governing all
aspects of the peaceful use of the oceans, including territorial boundaries, navigational rights,
and economic jurisdiction. Another example is the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and
Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and informally known as the Earth Summit. The
conference produced two major treaties: the Convention on Biological Diversity, which seeks to
preserve the world’s biological diversity and promote the sustainable use of its components; and
the Framework Convention on Climate Change, which seeks to limit industrial emissions of
gases leading to global warming. Sometimes the UN convenes major conferences to assess
progress and problems concerning a specific topic, without adopting a new agreement.
Such conferences have been held on human rights and on the status of women
worldwide.
A landmark in the development of international law occurred in
1998 at a UN diplomatic conference in Rome, Italy, when 120 countries adopted a treaty to
establish the world’s first permanent international criminal court. Officially established in 2002,
the International Criminal Court (ICC) operates independently of the United Nations and has the
power to initiate investigations and prosecutions of war criminals, including those accused of
genocide, crimes against humanity, and other serious crimes. Unlike previous war crimes
tribunals, such as those created in response to atrocities in the former Yugoslavia and in Rwanda,
the ICC’s jurisdiction is not limited to specific conflicts.
Task 7. Look through the text again and complete the following file: The United Nations
1.
Year of establishment:
2.
Headquarters location:
3.
Constituent document:
4.
Main purpose:
5.
Principal organs:
6.
Principal judicial body:
7.
Subsidiary organs of the General Assembly:
8.
Main goals of International Law Commission:
9.
Main goals of UNCITRAL:
10. Examples of major international issues discussed at UN conferences:
11. Main goals of ICC:
Task 8. Work in pairs. Using your file put questions to your partner and make him/her answer
them.
e.g. When was the UN created?
E. VOCABULARY
Task 9. The UN International Commission on Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal
body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. First read through
the key areas with which UNCITRAL is involved. Then find the words/phrases in this text
with the closest meanings to the definitions below the text.
UNCITRAL
•
Worldwide acceptable conventions, model laws and rules
•
Legal and legislative guides and recommendations of great practical value
•
Updated information on case law and enactments of uniform commercial law
•
Technical assistance in law reform projects
•
Regional and national seminars on uniform commercial law
•
Sale of goods, arbitration, electronic commerce, procurement, negotiable instruments,
project finance, insolvency, countertrade, construction contracts, guarantees, receivables
financing, letters of credit, maritime transport
a) bankruptcy:
b) law established on the basis of previous verdicts:
c)
accounts that are due to be paid:
d) the movement of goods by sea:
e)
a letter from a bank, usually for presentation to another branch or bank, authorizing it to
issue credit or money to the person named:
f)
measures with legal force:
g) support:
h) being the same as another:
i)
a procedure for the resolution of disputes:
j)
a system of international trade in which countries exchange goods or services, rather than
paying for imports with currency:
k) suggestions:
l)
agreements:
m) building agreements:
n) process to buy and sell through the Internet:
o) the latest of most modern:
p) purchase:
F. TRANSLATION
Task 10. Translate into English.
В современный период наиболее известными международными организациями являются
Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН),
Организация Объединенных наций по вопросам образования, науки и
культуры (ЮНЕСКО), Международная организация труда (МОТ), Всемирная
Организация Здравоохранения (ВОЗ), Совет Европы, Организация по безопасности и
сотрудничеству в Европе (ОБСЕ) и др.
Наименования организаций могут быть различными (организация, лига,
ассоциация, союз, фонд, банк и т.д.), это не влияет на их статус.
Для классификации международных организаций применяют различные критерии.
1) По характеру членства организации делятся на правительственные и
неправительственные.
2) По кругу участников организации бывают универсальные (т.е.
открыты для участия всех государств, например, ООН, МАГАТЭ), региональные (их
членами могут быть государства или объединения определенного географического
региона, например, Организация африканского единства), или межрегиональные
(например, Организация стран-экспортеров нефти)
3) По компетенции организации бывают общей компетенции(их деятельность затрагивает
все сферы отношений – политическую, экономическую, культурную) и специальной
компетенции (сотрудничество ограничивается одной специальной областью, например,
ВОЗ, МОТ)
4) С точки зрения порядка приема международные организации делятся на открытые
(любое государство может стать членом данной организации) и закрытые (прием
в члены производится по
приглашению первоначальных учредителей, например, НАТО).