декомпозиция управления как инструмент повышения
advertisement
14 >?DHFIHABPBYMIJ:<E?GBYD:DBGKLJMF?GL IH<UR?GBYWNN?DLB<GHKLBIJHBA<H>KL<: B:<_j_\dbggZqhl^_eZieZklbdh\uodZjldwg :GD;Zrg_nlv^hqh[s_kl\h;Zrg_nl_ijh^mdlk_j\bk Ijb ihkljh_gbb kbkl_f mijZ\e_gby ijhba\h^kl\hf ijh\h^blky jZa^_e_gb_kbkl_fumijZ\e_gbygZmjh\gbBkoh^ybadeZkkbnbdZpbb mjh\g_cmijZ\e_gby\aZ\bkbfhklbhllbiZj_]mebjm_fuoiZjZf_ljh\ fh`gh\u^_eblvljbhkgh\guomjh\gy - i_j\uc gbarbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby l_ogbq_kdbfb ihdZaZl_ eyfb - \lhjhc kj_^gbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby l_ogbdhwdhghfbq_kdbfbihdZaZl_eyfb - lj_lbc\ukrbcmjh\_gvmijZ\e_gbywdhghfbq_kdbfbihdZaZ l_eyfb Ijbihkljh_gbbkbkl_fhi_jZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gbyg_nl_i_j_jZ [Zlu\Zxsbfb ijhp_kkZfb g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv hkh[_gghklb ijh ba\h^kl\ZL_ogheh]bq_kdb_mklZgh\db\g_nl_i_j_jZ[hld_hlebqZxl ky\ujZ[hldhcg_kdhevdbop_e_\uog_nl_ijh^mdlh\bah^gh]hbkoh^ gh]hkujvy<aZ\bkbfhklbhlj_`bfZjZ[hlul_ogheh]bq_kdhcmklZ gh\db \uoh^ l_o beb bguo p_e_\uo g_nl_ijh^mdlh\ bo dZq_kl\h b kmffZhl[hjZhlkujvyfh]ml[ulvjZaebqgufb P_evj_r_gbyihklZ\e_gghcaZ^Zqbkhklhbl\\u[hj_lZdh]hkh q_lZgby\hafh`guo\ZjbZglh\jZ[hlul_ogheh]bq_kdbomklZgh\hd\h \j_f_gbijbdhlhjhfaZ^Zggucmkeh\byfbaZ^Zqbh[t_fijhba\h^kl \Zlh\Zjghcijh^mdpbb[m^_lihemq_gkf_gvrbfbba^_j`dZfbijh ba\h^kl\ZbfZdkbfZevghcijb[uevx Jhklijb[uebijb\u[hj_hilbfZevghcijhba\h^kl\_gghcijh ]jZffu\hafh`_gaZkq_l 1)kgb`_gbyk_[_klhbfhklbp_e_\hcijh^mdpbb\j_amevlZl_\u [hjZhilbfZevguo\ZjbZglh\jZ[hlul_ogheh]bq_kdbomklZgh\hd 2) m\_ebq_gby h[t_fZ ijhba\h^kl\Z [he__ j_glZ[_evghc ijh ^mdpbb Ke_^m_l aZf_lblv qlh j_r_gb_ aZ^Zqb ih\u[hjmhilbfZevghc ijhba\h^kl\_gghcijh]jZffu^Z_lm\_ebq_gb_ijb[uebh^gh\j_f_g ghkh\f_klghaZkq_lkgb`_gbyk_[_klhbfhklbp_e_\hcijh^mdpbbb jhklZh[t_fZijhba\h^kl\Z[he__j_glZ[_evghcijh^mdpbb Hkms_kl\e_gb_\iheghfh[t_f_g_ebg_cghc^bgZfbq_kdhchi lbfbaZpbb ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ijh]jZffu GIA gZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv \_kvfZaZljm^gbl_evghWlhk\yaZghkhke_^mxsbfbnZdlhjZfb I_qZlZ_lkyihfZl_jbZeZfWdhghfbq_kdh]h\_klgbdZM=GLM 15 - fgh]hh[jZab_ \b^h\ iZjZf_ljh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z b dZd ke_^kl \b_[hevrZyjZaf_jghklvkbkl_fumjZ\g_gbcfh^_ebijhba\h^kl\Z - keh`ghklv\ijbf_g_gb_kms_kl\mxsbofZl_fZlbq_kdbof_ lh^h\^eyhi_jZlb\gh]hjZkq_lZfgh`_kl\ZihdZaZl_e_cl_ogheh]bq_ kdh]hijhp_kkZ - fgh]hh[jZab_bkeh`ghklvnbabdh-obfbq_kdhcijbjh^uijh p_kkh\g_ij_ju\gh]hij_h[jZah\ZgbyfZl_jbZevguoihlhdh\ Ihwlhfm bkihevah\Zgb_ ijbgpbiZ ^_dhfihabpbb \ qZklghklb ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h \hkoh`^_gby hl ehdZevghc km[hilbfbaZpbb d[h e__ h[s_c gZ hkgh\_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h bgl_]jbjh\Zgby djm]Z mqb lu\Z_fuo nZdlhjh\ - ij_^klZ\ey_lky ijbgpbihf j_Zebklbq_kdh]h ih^oh^Z d \gmljbaZ\h^kdhc hilbfbaZpbb ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ijhp_k kh\GIA Hkh[_gghklvx l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ g_nl_i_j_jZ[hldb y\ey_lky g_ebg_cgZy aZ\bkbfhklv wdhghfbq_kdhc wnn_dlb\ghklb ijhba\h^kl\ZhlihdZaZl_e_cdZq_kl\Zlh\Zjguoijh^mdlh\bebihem nZ[jbdZlh\ ijhba\h^bfuo gZ dZ`^hc l_ogheh]bq_kdhc mklZgh\d_ b aZljZlgZboijhba\h^kl\h Kmq_lhfjZaf_jghklbgZebqbyfgh]hqbke_gguobjZaghh[jZa guo h]jZgbq_gbc j_r_gb_ aZ^Zqb mijZ\e_gby fh`gh h[_ki_qblv lhevdh gZ hkgh\_ ^_dhfihabpbb aZ^Zqb ^bkdj_lbaZpbb khklhygbc b ih^aZ^Zq k h[yaZl_evghc dhhj^bgZpb_c j_r_gbc ih^aZ^Zq ^ey \u iheg_gbykbkl_fguoh]jZgbq_gbc>eyaZ^Zqbhi_jZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_ gbyl_ogheh]bq_kdbfijhp_kkhffh`gh\u^_eblv^\Zhkgh\guomjh\ gyih^aZ^Zq 1) aZ^ZqmZ\lhfZlbq_kdh]hih^^_j`ZgbyaZ^ZgguoiZjZf_ljh\ 2) aZ^Zqm hilbfbaZpbb l_ogheh]bq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ k mq_lhf l_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdboihdZaZl_e_c GZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv \ ijhba\h^kl\_ kms_kl\mxl l_ogbq_kdb_ kbkl_fu ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq i_j\h]h \b^Z ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ kh[hc deZkkbq_kdb_ko_fumijZ\e_gbyijhba\h^kl\hfdZdihdZaZghgZjbk Kbkl_fu ^ey j_r_gby aZ^Zq \lhjh]h \b^Z \ hl_q_kl\_gghc ijh fure_gghklbg_jZkijhkljZg_gu Kbkl_fZh[t_^bgyxsZyj_r_gb_wlbo^\moaZ^Zqjbkh[_k i_qb\Z_l ih^^_j`Zgb_ bkoh^guo b aZ^Z\Z_fuo iZjZf_ljh\ X b nhjfbjh\Zgb_mijZ\eyxs_]h\ha^_ckl\byU<j_amevlZl_mijZ\e_ gbybaf_gyxlkyiZjZf_ljuoZjZdl_jbamxsbodhebq_kl\hbdZq_kl\h ihemqZ_fuoijh^mdlh\ZlZd`_aZljZlugZboihemq_gb_Y). I_qZlZ_lkyihfZl_jbZeZfWdhghfbq_kdh]h\_klgbdZM=GLM 16 MIJ:<EYXS:YKBKL?F: :KHMLWI HilbfbaZpbyl_ogbdhwdhghfbq_kdboihdZaZl_e_c .hil = JZkq_ll_ogbdh wdhghfbq_kdbo lwi ihdZaZl_e_c . O 1, JZkq_lihdZaZl_e_c dZq_kl\Zihem nZ[jbdZlh\ .id O .lwi 01 = JZq_l ³hilbfZevguo´ ID .id 1, JZq_l ³hilbfZevgh]h´ mijZ\\ha^ M .m\ M M< MIJ:<EY?F:YKBKL?F: Jbkmghd 1 - Ko_fZ hi_jZlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby l_ogheh]bq_kdbf ijhp_kkhfihl_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdbfihdZaZl_eyf GZhkgh\_ihemq_gguoagZq_gbcihdZaZl_e_cdZq_kl\ZihemnZ[ jbdZlh\ < Z lZd`_ gZ hkgh\_ ihdZaZl_e_c O b < jZkkqblu\Zxlky nZdlbq_kdb_LWIAZl_fihemq_ggu_LWIijhoh^ylijhp_^mjmhilb fbaZpbb \ jZfdZo aZ^Zgguo h]jZgbq_gbc GZ hkgh\_ jZkkqblZgguo hilbfZevguoLWI=ihh[jZlghcfh^_ebhij_^_eyxlkyIDijh ba\h^bfuoihemnZ[jbdZlh\Ihke_jZkq_lZIDihemnZ[jbdZlh\lZd `_ihh[jZlghcfh^_ebhij_^_eyxlkyagZq_gbyiZjZf_ljh\l_ogheh ]bq_kdh]h j_`bfZ b nhjfbjm_lky khhl\_lkl\mxs__ mijZ\eyxs__ \ha^_ckl\b_ >ZggZyaZ^ZqZe_`bl\kn_j_wdhghfbq_kdboj_r_gbcihkdhev dm h^gbf ba ]eZ\guo djbl_jb_\ ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gby h \ujZ[hld_ mijZ\eyxs_]h\ha^_ckl\by\uklmiZ_lijb[uevij_^ijbylby AZ^Zqb jZ[hlu Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zgghc kbkl_fu hi_jZlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby l_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdbfb ihdZaZl_eyfb :KHM LWI aZ dexqZxlky\ke_^mxs_f 1) h[_ki_qblvaZ^Zgb_l_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdboihdZaZl_e_c 2) hilbfbabjh\ZlvLWIkmq_lhfaZ^Zgguodjbl_jb_\bh]jZ gbq_gbc Ghwlhh[sbcih^oh^dhlhjucg_iha\hey_lj_rZlvaZ^Zqbwdh ghfbq_kdhc hilbfbaZpbb gZ mjh\g_ l_ogheh]bq_kdhc mklZgh\db J_ amevlbjmxsbf\_dlhjhfkbkl_fu[m^_ly\eylvky\_dlhj=kh^_j`Z I_qZlZ_lkyihfZl_jbZeZfWdhghfbq_kdh]h\_klgbdZM=GLM 17 sbcl_ogbdh-wdhghfbq_kdb_ihdZaZl_ebbkoh^ybadhlhjuogZoh^yl kyl_ogheh]bq_kdb_iZjZf_lju;dhlhju_g_h[oh^bfhmklZgh\blvk mq_lhfjZkkqblZgguohilbfZevguoiZjZf_ljh\Za^ ?kebkbkl_f:KHMLWIgZij_^ijbylbbfh`_l[ulvg_kdhevdh \aZ\bkbfhklbhldhebq_kl\Zl_ogheh]bq_kdboijhp_kkh\lhkbkl_fZ mijZ\e_gby \_jog_]h mjh\gy jbk ^ey khojZg_gby p_ehklghklb ijhba\h^kl\Z^he`gZ[ulvh^gZbhgZ^he`gZh[t_^bgylv\k_:KH MLWI<dZq_kl\_Dfh`_l\uklmiZlvmkeh\gZyhi_jZlb\gZyijb[uev ijhp_kkZwdkiemZlZpbhggu_aZljZlubl^ K :KHMLWI F (K) :KHMLWI :KHMLWI D–djbl_jbchilbfbaZpbbi_j_^Z\Z_fuc\:KHMLWI F(K) -jZkq_lgh_nZdlbq_kdh_agZq_gb_D\^Zgghfijhp_kk_ Jbkmghd-Ko_fZkbkl_fumijZ\e_gbyijhba\h^kl\hf\_jog_]h mjh\gy Wdhghfbq_kdbc \_klgbd M=GLM ih^ j_^ ^wg Jh^bhgh\hc EGK[ljm^h\M=GLM–k4-17. I_qZlZ_lkyihfZl_jbZeZfWdhghfbq_kdh]h\_klgbdZM=GLM
