Объектно-ориентированный анализ и проектирование

Ƚɪɚɞɢ Ȼɭɱ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɋ++
ȼɌɈɊɈȿ ɂɁȾȺɇɂȿ
Rational ɋɚɧɬɚ- Ʉɥɚɪɚ, Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɂ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ɏ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɑɚɫɬɶ I. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
1.1. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ
1.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
1.3. ȼɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɯɚɨɫ
1.4. Ɉ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
2.1. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
2.2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
2.3. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
3.1. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
3.2. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
3.3. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
3.4. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
3.5. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
3.6. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: ɉɨɢɫɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
4.1. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
4.2. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
4.3. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɑɚɫɬɶ II. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
5.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
5.2. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
5.3. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ
5.4. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
5.5. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
5.6. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
5.7. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
5.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɛ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
6.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
6.2. Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
6.3. Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
7.1. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
7.2. Ʉɚɞɪɵ
7.3. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ
7.4. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
7.5. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
7.6. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
7.7. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
7.8. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
7.9. ȼɵɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ III. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ
8.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
8.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
8.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
8.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ɋɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
9.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
9.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
9.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
9.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 10. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ: ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɭɱɟɬ
10.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
10.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
10.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
10.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 11. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ: ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ
11.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
11.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
11.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
11.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 12. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ
12.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
12.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
12.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
12.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ȼɪɟɡɤɚ: Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɉɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱥ.1.Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
Ⱥ.2. Smalltalk 455
Ⱥ.3. Object Pascal
Ⱥ.4. C++
A.5. Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)
A.6.Ada
A.7. Eiffel
Ⱥ.8. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Ⱥ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ȼ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɋ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
D. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ȿ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɋɍȻȾ
F. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
G. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɇ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
I. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
J. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
Ʉ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Ɉɛ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ
Ƚɪɚɞɢ Ȼɭɱ (Grady Booch), ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ Rational Software, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧ ɜɫɟɦ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɧ —
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ, ɤɚɤ «Object Magazine» ɢ «C++ Report» ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɟɫɬɫɟɥɥɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
Ƚɪɚɞɢ Ȼɭɱ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɢɢ «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ» («Object-oriented Software Engineering Series»), ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ AddisonWesley Longman.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɠɢɟɣ, ɠɚɠɞɟɬ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɹ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ,
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɹɫɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɇɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ; ɨɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ,
ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ.
Ⱥɪɥɚɧ Ɇɢɥɥɫ (Harlan Mills) DPMA ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (DPMA and Human
Productivity)
ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ-ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɵ ɦɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɦɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ-ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ. Ʉ ɧɟɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ.
ɑɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɧɢɝɢ "Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ" ("Object-Oriented Design with Applications")
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɟɝɟɥɶɛɚɧɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɚɜɢɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɚ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ.1 ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɦɢ, ɦɵ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɦɟɬɨɞ.
ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɟɤɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ
Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ (Jacobson), Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ (Rumbaugh), Ƚɨɚɞɚ ɢ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɚ (Goad and Yourdon),
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɣɧɚ (Constantine), ɒɥɟɪɚ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪɚ (Shiaer and Mellor), Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢ Ɉɞɟɥ-ɥɚ
(Martin and Odell), ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧɚ (Wasserman), Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝɚ ɢ Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ (Goldberg and Rubin),
ɗɦɛɥɢ (Embley), ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤɚ (Wirfs-Brock), Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɟɣɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɝɟɪɚ (Goldstein and Alger),
ɏɟɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ-ɋɟɥɥɟɪɫɚ (Henderson-Sellers), Ɏɚɣɟɫɦɢɬɚ (Firesmith) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ, ɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɞɨɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ)
ɧɚɲɢɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ, ɦɵ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ, ɜ ɧɚɲɭ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɇɵ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ.
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ
1
ȼɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ. ə ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɭ: "ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɟ ɥɢ ɜɵ ɜɚɲɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ?".
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɝɞɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɤɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ ɢ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ (public
domain).
ɐɟɥɢ, ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɢ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɝɥɚɜɚ 5 ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ, ɛɵɥɢ
ɹɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɵ 6 ɢ 7, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɨɬɪɚɡɢɜ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ C++. ɗɬɨɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, "ɫɨɱɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ" ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ "ɱɢɬɚɬɶ" ɧɚ
C++. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ - ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ Smalltalk, CLOS, Ada ɢɥɢ
Eiffel- ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ - ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ, ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɦɟɬɨɞ.
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ
ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
"ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ" ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ.
ɐɟɥɢ
ɗɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ:
xɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ;
xɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
xɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ.
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ
ɤɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
Ⱥɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ:
xɊɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɟ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɚɦ
ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɡɨɜɶɟɦ ɜɚɲɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ "ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ" ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɬ "ɩɥɨɯɨɣ" ɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ
ɜɚɠɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ - ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
xɆɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
xɋɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ - ɨɫɧɨɜɵ CASE (computer-aided software
engineering, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ).
xɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɨɣɞɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ - "Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ", "Ɇɟɬɨɞ" ɢ "ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ" - ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɇɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ: ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ,
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɞɚɟɦɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ
ɤɚɤ "ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ?" ɢ "ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ?". ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ: ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɩɹɬɢ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦ,
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ: ɫɛɨɪɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ. Ʌɟɝɤɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɦɵ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɟɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɟɦɭ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ). Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ
ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɫɧɵɦ
ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɝɥɚɜ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ (ɜɪɟɡɤɢ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ,
ɢɯ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ
ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɞɤɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɞɚ. ȼ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɣ (ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ) ɢ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ
ɫɜɨɞɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ "ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚɞɚɱ", ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ
ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. "ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚɞɚɱ" ("Instructor's Guide with Exercises", ISBN 0-80535341-0) ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ Ɇɷɪɢ Ȼɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫɨɧ (Mary Beth Rosson) ɢɡ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ɍɨɦɚɫɚ Ⱦɠ.
ȼɚɬɫɨɧɚ (Thomas J. Watson) ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ IBM. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ
ɤɧɢɝɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
Addison-Wesley Longman ([email protected]) ɢɥɢ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ
ɚɞɪɟɫɭ: [email protected].
ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ Ȼɭɱɚ
(Booch) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ Rational: [email protected]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Addison-Wesley Longman
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɲɭ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ?
Ʉɧɢɝɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɤɢ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ
ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɵ 1 ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɝɥɚɜ 5 ɢ 6; ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ 7. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬɟɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟɫɶ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɚɦ 8-12.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɟɣ ɠɟɧɟ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ:
ɋɷɦ Ⱥɞɚɦɟ (Sam Adams), Ɇɚɣɤ Ⱥɤɪɨɢɞ (Mike Akroid), Ƚɥɟɧɧ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɬ (Glenn Andert),
ɋɢɞ Ȼɚɣɥɢɧ (Sid Bailin), Ʉɟɧɬ Ȼɟɤ (Kent Beck), Ⱦɚɧɢɟɥ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ (Daniel Bobrow), Ⱦɢɤ
Ȼɨɥɶɰ (Dick Bolz), Ⱦɷɣɜ Ȼɚɥɦɚɧ (Dave Bulman), Ⱦɷɣɜ Ȼɟɪɧɫɬɟɣɧ (Dave Bernstein),
Ʉɷɣɜɚɧ Ʉɷɪɚɧ (Kayvan Carun), Ⱦɷɣɜ Ʉɨɥɥɢɧɡ (Dave Collins), ɋɬɢɜ Ʉɭɤ (Steve Cook),
Ⱦɚɦɢɚɧ Ʉɨɧɜɷɣ (Damian Conway), Ⱦɠɢɦ Ʉɨɩɥɢɟɧ (Jim Coplien), Ȼɪɷɞ Ʉɨɤɫ (Brad ɋɨɯ),
ȼɨɪɞ Ʉɚɧɢɧɝɷɦ (Ward Cunningham), Ɍɨɦ ȾɟɆɚɪ-ɤɨ (Torn DeMarco), ɆɚɣɤȾɟɥɜɢɧ (Mike
Delvin), Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ƚɚɛɪɢɟɥ (Richard Gabriel), ȼɢɥɶɹɦ ɐɟɧɟɦɟɪɚɫ (William Cenemeras),
Ⱥɞɟɥɶ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝ (Adele Goldberg), əɧ Ƚɪɷ-ɯɟɦ (lan Graham), Ɍɨɧɢ ɏɨɚɪ (Ɍɨɩɭ ɇɨɚɝɟ),
Ⱦɠɨɧ ɏɨɩɤɢɧɫ (Jon Hopkins), Ɇɚɣɤɥ Ⱦɠɷɤɫɨɧ (Michael Jackson), Ɋɚɥɶɮ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ (Ralph
Johnson), Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ Ʉɟɦɩɮ (James Kempf). ɇɨɪɦ Ʉɟɪɬ (Norm Kerth), ɂɨɪɞɚɧ Ʉɪɟɣɧɞɥɟɪ
(Jordan Kreindler), Ⱦɭɝ Ʌɢ ( Doug Lea), Ɏɢɥ Ʌɟɜɢ (Phil Levy), Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɚ Ʌɢɫɤɨɜ ( Barbara
Liskov), Ʉɥɢɮɮ Ʌɨɧɝɦɷɧ (Cliff Longman), Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ ɆɚɤɎɚɪɥɷɣɧ (James MacFarlane),
Ɇɚɫɚɭɞ Ɇɢ-ɥɚɧɢ (Masoud Milani), Ⱥɪɥɚɧ Ɇɢɥɥɫ (Harlan Mills), Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ɇɸɪɪɟɣ (Robert
Murray), ɋɬɢɜ ɇɟɣɫ (Steve Neis), Ⱦɠɢɧ ɍɣɟ (Gene Ouye), Ⱦɷɣɜ ɉɚɪɧɚɫ (Dave Parnas),
Ȼɢɥɥ Ɋɢɞɞɟɥ (Bill Riddel), Ɇɷɪɢ Ȼɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫɨɧ (Mary Beth Rosson), Ʉɟɧɧɢ Ɋɭɛɢɧ (Ʉɟɩɩɭ
Rubin), Ⱦɠɢɦ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯ (Jim Rumbaugh), Ʉɭɪɬ ɒɦɭɤɟɪ (Kurt Schmucker), ɗɞ ɋɟɣɞɟ-ɜɢɬɰ
(Ed Seidewitz), Ⱦɷɧ ɒɢɮɦɚɧ (Dan Shiftman), Ⱦɷɣɜ ɋɬɢɜɟɧɫɨɧ (Dave Stevenson), Ȼɶɟɪɧ
ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ (Bjarne Stroustrup), Ⱦɷɣɜ Ɍɨɦɫɨɧ (Dave Thomson), Ɇɚɣɤ ȼɢɥɨ (Mike Vilot),
Ɍɨɧɢ ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧ (Tony Wasserman), ɉɢɬɟɪ ȼɟɝɧɟɪ (Peter Wegner), Ⱥɣɫɟɚɥ Ȼɚɣɬ (Iseult
White), Ⱦɠɨɧ ȼɢɥɶɹɦɟ (John Williams), Ʌɥɨɣɞ ȼɢɥɶɹɦɟ (Lloyd Williams), Ɇɚɪɢɨ ȼɨɥɱɤɨ
(Mario Wolczko), ɇɢɤɥɚɭɫ ȼɢɪɬ (Niklaus Wirth) ɢ ɗɞ ɂɨɪɞɚɧ (Ed Yourdon).
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ:
Apple, Alcatel, Andersen Consulting, AT&T, Autotrol, Bell Northern Research, Boeing,
Borland, Computer Sciences Corporation, Contel, Ericsson, Ferranti, General Electric, GTE,
Holland Signaal, Hughes Aircraft Company, IBM, Lockheed, Martin Marietta, Motorola,
NTT, Philips, Rockwell International, Shell Oil, Symantec, Taligent ɢ TRW. ə ɨɛɳɚɥɫɹ ɫ
ɫɨɬɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɸ ɢɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ - ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Rational ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɨɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɭ Ⱦɷɧɭ Ƀɨɪɚɧɫɬɚɞɭ (DanJoraanstad) ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɢ Ɍɨɧɢ ɏɨɥɥɭ (Tony Hall), ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ
ɛɵ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɤɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɨɣ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɦɨɢɦ ɤɨɲɤɚɦ,
Ʉɷɦɢ (ɋɚɬɭ), ɗɧɧɢ (Annie) ɢ Ɍɟɧɢ (Shadow), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɦ ɦɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ
ɱɚɫɵ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ɑȺɋɌɖ ɉȿɊȼȺə
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɋɷɪ ɂɫɚɚɤ ɇɶɸɬɨɧ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ
ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ.
Ʌɢɥɢ Ɍɨɦɥɢɧ (Lily Tomlin)
ȼ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜɨ ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
(The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼɪɚɱ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɤɚ ɫɩɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɶɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ. ȼɪɚɱ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ: «ȼ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɢɥ ȿɜɭ ɢɡ ɪɟɛɪɚ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ». Ɍɭɬ ɜɦɟɲɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: «ɇɨ
ɟɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜ Ʉɧɢɝɟ Ȼɵɬɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɢɥ ɢɡ ɯɚɨɫɚ ɧɟɛɨ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɸ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢ,
ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ, ɜɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɵ. Ɇɨɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ
ɫɚɦɚɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɹɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ». ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɨɬɤɢɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɪɟɫɥɟ ɢ ɫ ɭɥɵɛɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɟɫɥɚ: «Ⱥ ɤɬɨ
ɠɟ ɩɨ-ɜɚɲɟɦɭ ɫɨɬɜɨɪɢɥ ɯɚɨɫ?»
1.1. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ
ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɩɫɚ; ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ; ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ, ɚɬɚɤɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɢɪɭɫ, — ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɳɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɨɠɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɪɨɞɚ. Ȼɪɭɤɫ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «ɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ Ȼɨɝ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɪɢɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɭ. ɍ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɧɟɬ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɟɲɟɧɢɹ: ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ»
[I].
Ɇɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ.
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɭɫɨɦɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ,
ɱɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ.
ɇɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ; ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɬɵ-ɫɹɱ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ;
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ — ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ƚɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ɍɜɵ, ɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ.
Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ «ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ», ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ: ɫ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ,
ɧɨ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɤɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ-ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨɝɨ ɫ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ɏɪɚɧɤɚ Ʌɥɨɣɞɚ Ɋɚɣɬɚ ɢɥɢ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɞɚ ȼɢɧɱɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɤɚɤ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɟ: «ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɝɟɧɢɟɜ, ɢ
ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ» [2]. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɦɵ ɱɭɬɨɱɤɭ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɵ, ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɦ
ɦɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ?
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ?
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ Ȼɪɭɤɫ, «ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ — ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ» [Ɂ]. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ;
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫ-ɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ
ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ; ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɚ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ,
ɫɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɶɬɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɹɜɧɨ), ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ! ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ'ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ȼɪɭɤɫ.
ɗɬɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ «ɧɟɫɬɵɤɨɜɤɢ» ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ: ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ. Ȼɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɥɢɲɶ
ɫɦɭɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ; ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɟɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ. ɍ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ
ɧɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɦɵ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ,
«ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ» ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ, ɨɧɢ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤ
ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ, ɱɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ — ɫɯɟɦ, ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ, — ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɟɣ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ — ɷɬɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɵɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ: ɩɨɞ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ;
ɩɨɞ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ — ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɧɟɣ; ɩɨɞ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ — ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɞɪɹɯɥɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɩɵɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ, ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ — ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ
ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɟɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɹ ɯɢɬɪɨɭɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ «ɫ
ɧɭɥɹ», ɥɢɛɨ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ. ȼɫɟɝɨ 20 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɇɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɦ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɦɵ
ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɨɬɧɢ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ
ɤɚɤɨɣ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɚ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɦ
ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɦɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɯɨɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵ ɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɥɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɢɥɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ; ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɞɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɩɨɞ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ — ɞɟɥɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɤɢɞɚɟɦ ɜɜɟɪɯ
ɦɹɱ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɸ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ. Ɇɵ ɛɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɞɢɜɢɥɢɫɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ, ɤɢɧɭɜ
ɦɹɱ ɫ ɱɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɢ
ɪɟɡɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.2 ȼ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɥɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɦɹɱɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢɯ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɹɱɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦ. ɉɚɪɧɚɫ [4] ɩɢɲɟɬ:
«ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ
ɧɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡɨɜ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɭɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ». ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɪɢɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ. Ɇɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ,
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɣ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ. Ȼɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɦ, ɫɢɞɹɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ 38J, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɲɟɥ ɛɵ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɢɤɟ. ȼ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ; ɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂ
ɩɨɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
«ɑɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɬɶ» [5]. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ 100-ɷɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ:
ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɱɬɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɟ ɡɚɞɭɦɵɜɚɹɫɶ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɧɢ, ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ.
2
Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɯɚɨɫɚ.
ɏɚɨɫ ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɧɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɏɚɨɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɚɬɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɲɟ ɧɟɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɇɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ, ɱɟɫɬɧɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɧɟɞɨɦɨɝɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɞɨɥɝɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɨɣ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɷɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɛɚɡɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ — ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ — ɢ ɤ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɡɚɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ? Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɱɟɥɧɨɤ Space Shuttle, ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶ ɩɨɞ Ʌɚ-Ɇɚɧɲɟɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɬɢɩɚ
Microsoft ɢɥɢ General Electric. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ.
1.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ (ɉɄ) — ɩɪɢɛɨɪ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɉɄ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ:
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ, ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ). Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ (ɐɉ) ɢ ɲɢɧɭ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ: ɐɉ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɯɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ: ɞɢɨɞɨɜ, ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ
ɷɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ
ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɐɉ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
Ⱦɟɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɉɄ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɷɬɨɣ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ (ɩɨɧɹɬ) ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɢ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ȼɨɬɚɧɢɤ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ.
Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɫɬɟɛɥɢ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜ,
ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɡ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɢɫ, ɦɟɡɨɮɢɥɥ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɭɸ
ɬɤɚɧɶ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɹɞɪɨ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɪɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɥɚ-ɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦ. Ʌɢɫɬɶɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ
ɫɬɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ «ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ» ɢ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ».
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɤɨɪɧɟɣ. ɉɪɨɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɐɉ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ «ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ» ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɋɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ; ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɫɬɟɛɥɢ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɨɣ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȿɫɬɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɢ ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɩɥɚɫɬ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɠɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɭɦɟɪɲɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ
ɡɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
[ɛ].
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɡɨɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ: ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ) ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. Ɇɵ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ ɋɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ — ɤɥɟɬɤɚ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ.
Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. ɇɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɨɛɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ.
ɀɢɡɧɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɧɚɞɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɂ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɂ
ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɚɹ
ɮɢɡɢɤɚ, ɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ
ɦɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ⱥɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɵ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɵ, ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɛɟɫɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ.
əɞɟɪɳɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɟɥɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɵ, ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɜɚɪɤɚɦɢ.
Ɇɵ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹɯ. ɇɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ȼɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɢɥ: ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɤ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɚɦ, ɢ ɤ ɤɜɚɪɤɚɦ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɟɟ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɮɢɫɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɨɜɚɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɥɟɪɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɨ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɪɤɚ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɢ ɨɛɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ ɢ ɗɧɞɨ, Ʉɭɪɬɭɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ [7]:
1. "ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɬ. ɞ.,
ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ."
ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɦɭɸ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
«ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ» ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢ» [8]. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɢɡ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɟɱɬɢɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ȼɫɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ... Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ» [9].
ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ? Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ:
2. ȼɵɛɨɪ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɇɢɡɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɦɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɦɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
3. «ȼɧɭɬɪɢɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ «ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɬ «ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ» ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ» [10].
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ
ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɵɦɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
4. «ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ
ɫɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ» [11].
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɢ, ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɧɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ [12]. Ƚɷɥɥ [13] ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɨ:
5. «Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɣ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ... ɋɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ «ɫ ɧɭɥɹ», ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ».
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ,
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ: ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ʉɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɩɢɥɨɬ,
ɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɦ
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɥɟɬɚɥ, ɢ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ (ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɪɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɪɨɧɵ ɢ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ), ɩɢɥɨɬ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɣɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɢɥɨɬ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɟɦɭ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɟɝɱɟ
ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɦ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɬɢɩɚ «ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ». ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɭɪɛɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ —
ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, a «Pratt and Whitney TF30» — ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɭɪɛɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ» ɨɛɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ
ɜɫɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦ; «ɬɭɪɛɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ» — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɬɢɩ
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ.
ɗɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɬɢɩɚ «is-a». ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ,
ɦɵ ɫɨɱɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɦɵ ɧɚɡɨɜɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.3
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ (ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɮɨɪɦɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1-1. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ
ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ:
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 1-1, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɛɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɦɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ
ɦɵ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɜɟɞɟ3
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɲ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵ ɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɹɬɶɸ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɦɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨ: ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ, ɭɥɨɠɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɭɸ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɨ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɵ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ? Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɷɬɭ ɢɞɟɸ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɭɪɫ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɫɟɦɢ ɩɥɸɫ-ɦɢɧɭɫ ɞɜɚ [14]. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɭ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɟɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ [15].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɞɢɥɟɦɦɨɣ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɠɟ ɧɚɦ
ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ?
1.3. ȼɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɯɚɨɫ
Ɋɨɥɶ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ, «ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɜ
ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ — divide et impera (ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɣ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɜɭɣ)» [16]. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɠɞɭɸ
ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ: ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɦɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɥɢɲɶ ɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ (ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ). ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɉɚɪɧɚɫ, ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [17].
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ «ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ», ɢ ɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1-2
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ
ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [18].
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1-3 ɦɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜɵɛɪɚɜ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɧɚ ɲɚɝɢ ɬɢɩɚ Get formatted update (ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ) ɢ Add check sum (ɉɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ), ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ Master File (Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɮɚɣɥ) ɢ Check Sum (Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɭɦɦɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɨɛɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ȼɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɢɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ. Get formatted update (ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ)
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ; ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɚɤ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ
G
Ɋɢɫ. 1-2. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ File of Updates (Ɏɚɣɥ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ). ɗɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ — Update to Card
(ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɟ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɳɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ, ɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɚɜ ɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɨ-ɬɨ ɢ ɬɨɬɨ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɲɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɯ, ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɟɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ.
Ⱦɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ? Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ — ɩɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ? ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɞɜɨɯ, ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ: ɜɚɠɧɵ ɨɛɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ
ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ4. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɟɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɦɨɝ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ,
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɝɚɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ (ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 2 ɢ 7),
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ-
4
Ʌɷɧɝɞɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ. Ɉɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «Ʉ. X.
ȼɚɞɞɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ.
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɫɹ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɢɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ.
ɗɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɢɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɸ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ — ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ — ɛɵɥ Ƚɟɪɚɤɥɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ»[34].
Ɋɢɫ. 1-3. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɹ ɧɚɦ
ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 8-12
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɪɟɡɤɚ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɫɫɵɥɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ 7±2 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɚɦ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪ: «Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɰɢɣ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɩɪɨɪɜɚɬɶ... ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɨɪ» [35]. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ȼɭɥɮ ɬɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ: «Ʌɸɞɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɭɟɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ
ɫ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ, ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ» [36]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ
ɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɦɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɥɢɫɬɚ
ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ — ɱɟɪɟɧɤɢ, ɠɢɥɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɦɢɪ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2 ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɇɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ — ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɜɚɠɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɨɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɢɫɤ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɚ ɡɚɪɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɷɪɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ,
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ) ɢ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɨɬɧɹɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɟɤɭɧɞ. ȼ 60-70-ɟ
ɝɨɞɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ, ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ, ɚ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɗȼɆ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ, ɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ
ɢɪɨɧɢɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼ 60-70-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɢɩɚ FORTRAN ɢɥɢ COBOL. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɢ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ: ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ, ɩɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ, ɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋɬɟɣɧ,
«ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 100 000 ɫɬɪɨɤ» [19]. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɉɟɬɟɪɫɨɦ [20], Ƀɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɐɚɢ [21], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ TeledyneBrown Engineering [22]. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ
ɬɟɦɵ. ɋɚɦɦɟɪɜɢɥɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ [23]:
• ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ;
• ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
• ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ [24],
Ɇɚɣɟɪɫɚ [25] ɢ ɉɟɣɞɠ-Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ [26]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ȼɢɪɬɚ [27, 28], Ⱦɚɥɹ,
Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɵ ɢ ɏɨɚɪɚ [29]; ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɇɢɥɫɚ,
Ʌɢɧɝɟɪɚ ɢ ɏɟɜɧɟɪɚ [30]. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ; ɨɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢ ɨɧ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧɚ [31, 32], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ȼɚɪɧɢɟɪɚ ɢ Ɉɪɪɚ [33]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ
ɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (object-oriented design, OOD) — ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ OOD ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Smalltalk, Object Pascal, C++, CLOS ɢ Ada.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ: ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɂɚɱɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɢɩɵ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ), ɦɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ [37].
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ
ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4 ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.
1.4. Ɉ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ, ɯɢɦɢɹ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ɉɟɬɪɨɫɤɢ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ: «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɢ, ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ: ɜɫɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɛɭɦɚɝɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɦɵɫɟɥ ɫɨɡɪɟɥ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ-ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ, ɨɧ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɦ-ɭɱɟɧɵɦ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɭɱɟɧɨɦɭ» [38]. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ,
Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ»
[39].
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ
ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ⱥ ɬɟɦ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵ, ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɇɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ («ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ» ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ) ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɯ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ
ɫɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɧɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɢɳɟɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇɨɫɬɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
x «ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ;
xɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ;
xɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ;
xɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ;
xɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ» [40].
ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ: «ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ — ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɫɧɨɣ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ... ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ» [41]. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɭɱɟɬ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ [42]. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɦɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ. Ɇɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɫ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɟ,
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɳɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ
(ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɭ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɥɚɬɵ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɳɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɫɰɢɥɥɨɝɪɚɮ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, «ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɣ ɩɭɥɢ» [43], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɥ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɟɩɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɟɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ.
ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɂ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɹɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɵɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ. ɂɯ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
xɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ — ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ;
xɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ — ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ;
xɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ — ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɫɚɦɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ?
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɭɚɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ:
"ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?" ȿɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ
ɧɢɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?» ȿɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɟɣ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɦ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɵɦɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɦɵ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɦɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɦ ɪɢɫɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1-4. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɫ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5 ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6 ɨɩɢɫɚɧ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɩɶ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7 ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ: ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ, ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1-4. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
xɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ.
xɁɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ — ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ.
xɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ; ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɨɛɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ: ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
xɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ.
xɉɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ; ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɢɯ
ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ.
xɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ; ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
xɈɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ȼɪɭɤɫɚ (Brooks) [ɇ 1975] ɢ [ɇ 1987]. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ƚɥɚɫɫɚ (Glass) [ɇ 1982],
Defense Science Board [ɇ 1987], ɢ Joint Service Task Force [ɇ 1982] ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɠɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɜɚɧ Ƚɟɧɭɱɬɟɧɚ (van Genuchten) [ɇ 1991],
Ƚɜɢɧɞɨɧɚ (Guindon) ɢ ɞɪ. [ɇ 1987], Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ (Jones) [H1992].
Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ (Simon) [A 1962,1982] — ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɭɪɬɭɚ (Courtois) [A 1985] ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɟɪɚ (Alexander) [11979] ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. ɉɢɬɟɪ (Peter) [I 1986] ɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɫɤɢ (Petroski) [11985] ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱥɥɥɟɧ ɢ ɋɬɚɪ (Alien and Starr) [A 1982] ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ. Ɏɥɭɞ ɢ Ʉɷɪɫɨɧ (Flood and Carson) [A 1988]
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼɨɥɞɪɚɩ
(Waldrop) [A 1992] ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɭɤɭ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɬɱɟɬ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ
(Miller) [A 1956] ɞɚɟɬ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ. Ɋɨɫɫ,
Ƚɭɞɢɧɚɮ ɢ ɂɪɜɚɣɧ (Ross, Goodenough, and Irvine) [ɇ 1980], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɂɟɥɤɨɜɢɬɫ (Zeikowitz) [ɇ 1978]
— ɷɬɨ ɞɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ: Ⱦɠɟɧɫɟɧ ɢ Ɍɨɧɢɫ (Jensen and Tonies) [ɇ 1979],
ɋɚɦɦɟɪɜɢɥɶ (Sommerville) [ɇ 1985], ȼɢɤ ɢ Ɋɚɦɚɦɭɪɬɢ (Vick and Ramamourthy) [ɇ 1984], ȼɟɝɧɟɪ
(Wegner) [ɇ 1980], ɉɪɟɫɦɚɧ (Pressman) [ɇ 1992], Ɉɦɚɧ ɢ Ʌɶɸɢɫ (Oman and Lewis) [A 1990],
Ȼɟɪɡɢɧɫ ɢ Ʌɭɤɢ (Berzins and Luqi) [ɇ 1991] ɢ Hɝ ɢ Ƀeɧ(NgandYen) [ɇ 1990]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ,
ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ , ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ Ƀɨɪɞɨɧ (Yourdon) [ɇ
1979] ɢ Ɏɪɢɦɚɧ ɢ ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧ( Freeman and Wasserman)[H 1993]. Ⱦɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, Ƚɪɷɯɟɦɚ (Graham) [F
1991] ɢ Ȼɟɪɚɪɞɚ (Berard) [ɇ 1993], ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ƚɥɟɣɤ (Gleik) [I 1987] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɚɨɫɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɟɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɢ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ. Ɋɟɧɱ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɥ: «ȼ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ 1970-ɯ. ɧɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ȼɫɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɦ. ɂ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
5
ɠɟ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ » [1]. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɛɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ 1990-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢ ɜ ɱɟɦ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɟɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
2.1. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɉɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭɸ, ɧɨ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɭɸ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ:
xɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ;
xɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ (ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ), ɤ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ).
ȼɟɝɧɟɪ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ:
xɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ(1954-1958)
FORTRAN I Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
ALGOL-58
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
Flowmatic
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
IPL V
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ
xȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ(1959-1961)
FORTRAN II
ALGOL-60
COBOL
Lisp
5
Wegner, P. [J 1981].
ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ
Ȼɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ
xɌɪɟɬɶɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ(1962-1970)
PL/I
FORTRAN+ALGOL+COBOL
ALGOL-68
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ALGOL-60
Pascal
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ALGOL-60
Simula
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
xɉɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ (1970-1980)
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɵɠɢɜɲɢɯ6 [2].
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
əɡɵɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɤɚɤ FORTRAN I, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɚ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɢɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɢ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɨɫɥɚ, ɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɬɢ ɷɬɢ
ɚɧɤɟɬɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɣ ɢɯ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 60-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ, ɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɥɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɤɚɤ ALGOL-68 ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ Pascal ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨ
ɫɬɚɥɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ.
70-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɦ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤɨɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ. Ʌɢɲɶ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ (ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ Fred, Chaos,
Tranquil), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ Smalltalk (ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ Simula), Ada (ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ
ALGOL-68 ɢ Pascal ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ Simula, Alphard ɢ CLU), CLOS (ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɣ Lisp, LOOPS ɢ Flavors),
C++ (ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɣ ɨɬ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɋ ɢ Simula) ɢ Eiffel (ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɨɬ Simula ɢ Ada). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2-1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ «ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ», ɦɵ
ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɤɚɤ FORTRAN ɢ COBOL, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ
ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ COBOL). ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɜɫɟɦ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɚ
6
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɮɪɚɡɚ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ «...ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ» (Ɇɚɬɮ. 22:14).
— ɉɪɢɦɟɱ. ɪɟɞ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2-1. Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ
ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 60-ɯ
ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ [Ɂ]. ɒɨɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ,
ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ... ɉɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɞɨ
1950 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ... ɂɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ... ɇɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɷɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ» [4].
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2-2), ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɨɟ-ɤɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ» ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ FORTRAN II ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ» ɧɚɱɚɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ, ɚ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2-3). ȼ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ,
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 2-2. Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɤɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ, ɫɨɱɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɢɡ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɦɨɝ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ,
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɷɬɚ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ: ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɨɞɢɧ
ɢɡ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɝ ɡɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɦɨɝ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɭɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥ ɒɚɧ-ɤɚɪ: «Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ» [5]. Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɤɚɤ Pascal.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɚ Simula ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜ 1970-1980-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɤɚɤ
Smalltalk, Object Pascal, C++, CLOS, Ada ɢ Eiffel. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦ, ɷɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2-4 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2-3. Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ: «ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ — ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ, ɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ — ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ — ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ» [ɛ].
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ» ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɜ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɦ». Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
(ɪɢɫ. 2-5). ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 1.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ɇɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɡɤɟ ɧɢɠɟ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚɹ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭ-
Ɋɢɫ. 2-4. Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɤɚɤ C++ ɢɥɢ Ada, ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɪɹɟɦ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ — ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɠɟ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɋ ɢ Pascal.
Ⱦɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɪɟɥɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɫɥɵɲɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɦɨɥɨɬɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɝɧɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɶɟɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɚɥɶɰɵ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɪɟɥɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɚ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɦɨɥɨɬɤɚ.
OOP, OOD ɢ ɈɈȺ
ɍɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɟɪɟɧɹɥ ɢ
ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɜ Smalltalk ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɜ C++ — ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɜ CLOS — ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2-5.
Ɍɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ȼ Object Pascal ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ada ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɭ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɚ ɱɬɨ — ɧɟɬ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɜɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɟ ɜ
ɝɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼɯɚɫɤɚɪɚ, «ɡɚɬɚɫɤɚɧ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɤɚɤ
"ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɨ", "ɹɛɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɢɪɨɝ" ɢ "ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ"» [7]. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 1 ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɟɮɢɤ ɢ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ «ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ» [8]. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ. Ⱦɠɨɧɫ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ... Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ — ɚ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ — ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ,
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɢɮɬ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɲɚɯɬɵ... Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɮɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ» [32].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ƀɨɧɟɫɚɜɚ ɢ Ɍɨɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ: «ɬɟɪɦɢɧ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬ" ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ, ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ»
[9]. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʌɟɜɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ:
x«ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɗȼɆ
xɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Simula, Smalltalk, CLU, Ada
xɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ»
[10].
Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɳɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ:
xɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
xɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ
xɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ» ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɫ
descriptor-based ɢ capability-based ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ [ 11 ]. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɞɟɥɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɬɨɣɬɢ ɨɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɨɧ ɇɟɣɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɗȼɆ [12]. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ: ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
Ɋɹɞ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ: Burroughs 5000, Plessey 250, Cambridge
CAP [13], SWARD [14], Intel 432 [15], Caltech's ɋɈɆ [16], IBM System/38 [17], Rational R1000, BiiN 40 ɢ 60.
ɋ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Ɉɋ). Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ THE, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [18]. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ Ɉɋ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ: Plessey/System 250 (ɞɥɹ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ Plessey 250), Hydra (ɞɥɹ
CMU C.mmp), CALTSS (ɞɥɹ CDC 6400), CAP (ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ Cambridge CAP), UCLA Secure UNIX (ɞɥɹ
PDP 11/45 ɢ 11/70), StarOS (ɞɥɹ CMU Cm*), Medusa (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ CMU Cm*) ɢ iMAX (ɞɥɹ Intel 432) [19].
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Microsoft Cairo ɢ Taligent Pink, ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɧɟɫɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Simula 67. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Flex
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵ Smalltalk-72, -74, -76 ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, -80, ɜɡɹɜ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ Simula, ɞɨɜɟɥɢ
ɢɯ ɞɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɪɹɞ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ,
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɞɟɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: Alphard, CLU, Euclid, Gypsy, Mesa ɢ Modula. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ Simula ɢ Smalltalk, ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ȼɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɋ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ C++ ɢ Objective ɋ. ɇɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ Pascal ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ Object Pascal, Eiffel ɢ Ada. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵ LISP, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ Flavors,
LOOPS ɢ CLOS (Common LISP Object System), ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ Simula ɢ Smalltalk. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɦ, ɤɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɛɵɥ
Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɉɚɪɧɚɫ ɜɜɟɥ ɢɞɟɸ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ [20], ɚ ɜ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɪɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ Ʌɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɀɢɥɶ [21], Ƚɭɬɬɚɝ [22], ɢ ɒɨɭ [23], ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɏɨɚɪ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ [24].
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ [25], ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ «ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ-ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ» (ER,
entity-relationship) [26]. ȼ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ER, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɑɟɧɨɦ [27], ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ 1975 ɝ. Ɇɢɧɫɤɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ [28].
Ɏɪɟɣɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɧɚ. Ƚɪɟɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. Ⱥ ɜ XVII ɜɟɤɟ Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ [29]. ȼ XX ɜɟɤɟ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɚ Ɋɷɧɞ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨ-ɝɢɢ [30]. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ Ɇɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɦɵɫɥɹɳɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ [31]. Ɉɧ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (object-oriented programming, OOP)? Ɇɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ: 1) OOP ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ (ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ «ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
1); 2) ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; 3) ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ «is ɚ» ɬɚɦ ɠɟ). ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ OOP, ɚ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɬɚɤ: «ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ... Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɫɬɢɥɟ OOP
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
OOP» [33]. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ Pascal ɢ ɞɚɠɟ COBOL ɢɥɢ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɢ ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ: «ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:
xɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ.
xɈɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ (ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ).
xɌɢɩɵ (ɤɥɚɫɫɵ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɫɭɩɟɪɬɢɩɨɜ (ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ)» [34].
ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
«is-a» («ɟɫɬɶ», «ɷɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ», « — ɷɬɨ»), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɪɨɡɚ — ɷɬɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ, ɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɤ — ɷɬɨ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ. əɡɵɤɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ.
Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɢ ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Smalltalk, Object
Pascal, C++ ɢ CLOS, a Ada — ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ. ɇɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɯ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɇɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ 1) ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ; 2) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ) ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ; ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ — ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɭ OOD, object-oriented design, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ɇɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ⱦɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨ [35], ɂɨɪɞɚɧɚ [36], Ƚɟɣɧɚ ɢ ɋɚɪɫɨɧɚ [37], ɚ ɫ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ ȼɚɪɞɚ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪɚ [38] ɢ ɏɨɬɥɢ ɢ ɉɢɪɛɯɚɹ [39], ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ (ɢɥɢ 00A, object-oriented analysis)
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ — ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɈɈȺ, OOD ɢ OOP? ɇɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɈɈȺ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ OOD; OOD ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ OOP.
2.2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɉɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɠɟɧɤɢɧɫ ɢ Ƚɥɚɡɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ,
ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ
ɰɟɥɢ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɢɥɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ» [40]. Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ ɢ ɋɬɟ-ɬɢɤ ɬɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: «ɗɬɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ» [41].
ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ:
• ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ
• ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
• ɥɨɝɢɤɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɰɟɥɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɨɜ
• ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ «ɟɫɥɢ-ɬɨ»
• ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɫɬɢɥɶ,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ — ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ. ɉɨ
ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɲɢɪɨɱɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ — ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ:
• ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
• ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
• ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
• ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ:
• ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
• ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ
• ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
Ȼɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɢɩɚ Smalltalk,
Object Pascal, C++, CLOS, Eiffel ɢɥɢ Ada, ɧɨ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɢɥɶ
FORTRAN, Pascal ɢɥɢ ɋ. ȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɚ. ɇɨ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ
ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɏɨɚɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɢɪɚ, ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜ, ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ» [42]. ɒɨɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɚɤ: «ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ. ɏɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ
ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ» [43]. Ȼɟɪɡɢɧɫ, Ƚɪɟɣ ɢ ɇɚ-ɭɦɚɧ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ «ɢɞɟɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ, ɩɨɧɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [44]. ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɹ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ:
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ
ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ. Ⱥɛɟɥɶɫɨɧ ɢ ɋɭɫɫɦɚɧ
ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ [45], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ [46]. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɸɪɩɪɢɡɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɧɟ ɟɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɟɣ
ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ 4.
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɋɟɣɞɜɢɰɚ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɤɚ «ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ» [47]. ȼɨɬ ɷɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɤ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ:
• Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟɤɨɣ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
• Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
• Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
• ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
Ɇɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ʉɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
(ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɦ). Ɇɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɞɟɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [48]: ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ).
Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ — ɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ [49].
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ. ɂɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ (ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɠɶ) ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ).
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɬɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɢ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɦɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦɢ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɬɶ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ-ɱɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ada, Smalltalk ɢ C++ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ
ɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ȼɫɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɮɚɣɥ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɦɹ ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ: ɮɚɣɥ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ, ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɫ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɋɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ (ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ Smalltalk ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ). Ɍɚɤ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4), ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɢɤɭ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɫɤɚ, ɝɪɚɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ — ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ,
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɇ) ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɉɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɰɟɥɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ — ɞɚɬɱɢɤ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ȼɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɇ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɋ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ — ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ? ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɣ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɩɨ Ɏɚɪɟɧɝɟɣɬɭ, ɐɟɥɶɫɢɸ ɢɥɢ Ʉɟɥɶɜɢɧɭ. ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ? ɗɬɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ;
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɷɬɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ? Ɇɵ ɪɟɲɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ?
Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɹɡɵɤ C++. ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢɯ
ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ C++.
// Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨ Ɏɚɪɟɧɝɟɣɬɭ
typedef float Temperature;
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ typedef unsigned
int Location;
class TemperatureSensor {
public:
TemperatureSensor (Location);
-TemperatureSensor() ;
void calibrate(Temperature actualTemperature);
Temperature currentTemperature() const;
private:
…
};
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ Temperature ɢ Location ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.7 Temperature — ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ
7
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ typedef ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜ C++:
typedef int Count;
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ɏɚɪɟɧɝɟɣɬɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ Location ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɮɟɪɦɵ, ɝɞɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫ TemperatureSensor — ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ; ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɤɚ
ɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ (private) ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ TemperatureSensor ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ — ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ, ɢ ɢɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
Temperature temperature;
TemperatureSensor greenhouselSensor(l);
TemperatureSensor greenhouse2Sensor(2) ;
temperature = greenhouselSensor.currentTemperature();
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ currentTemperature. ɉɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ —
ɱɬɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ Ɏɚɪɟɧɝɟɣɬɚ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ: ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɢ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ⱦɚɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ: ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɟɦɭ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ?
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɢɞɢɨɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ. Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ), ɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɜɪɨɞɟ:
class ActiveTemperatureSensor {
public:
ActiveTemperatureSensor (Location,
void (*f)(Location, Temperature));
~ActiveTemperatureSensor() ;
void calibrate(Temperature actualTemperature);
void establishSetpoint(Temperature setpoint,
Temperature delta);
Temperature currentTemperature() const;
private:
…
};
ɇɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ActiveTemperatureSensor ɫɬɚɥ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɭɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ, ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɦ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ establishSetpoint ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
actualTemperature ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ setpoint ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ delta. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɚ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɭɠɟ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ. ɇɨ ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɫɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɭɸ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ? ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜ ɤɚɤɨɟɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ: ɩɭɫɬɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ActiveTemperatureSensor ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ.
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ int. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ada ɢ Eiffel, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɤɨɪɦɤɢ ɢ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ,
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 15-ɟ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ 16 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
78°F, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 14 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨ 65°F ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɫɭɬɨɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɧɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚɲɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɚɬɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ, — ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɦɵ
ɹɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ-ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ» ɢ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɚɦ ɫɟɛɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɭɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɢɯ
ɫɜɹɡɢ.
ɇɚ C++ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɞɟɧɶ, ɱɚɫ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ,
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ):
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɝɨɞɚ
typedef unsigned int Day;
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɱɚɫ ɞɧɹ
typedef unsigned int Hour;
// Ȼɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ
enum Lights {OFF, ON};
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 14
typedef float pH;
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ: ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 100
typedef float Concentration;
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɜ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ:
// ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ
struct Condition {
Temperature temperature;
Lights lighting;
pH acidity;
Concentration concentration;
};
Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Condition — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜɨɬ ɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ:
class GrowingPlan (
public:
GrowingPlan (char *name);
virtual
~GrowingPlan();
void clear();
virtual void establish(Day, Hour, const Condition&);
const char* name() const;
const Condition& desiredConditions(Day, Hour) const;
protected:
…
};
Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɦɹ, ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ establish ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ
virtual ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ.
ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ (public) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
(ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ), ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
(ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ clear ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɚ establish) ɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ-ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ name ɢ desiredCondition). Ɇɵ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɜ ɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɨɱɢɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɦ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ? ɏɨɬɹ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɲɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ GrowingPlan ɤɚɤ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɬɨɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱥ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ,
ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɭɞɪɨ
ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɂɧɝɚɥɫ: «ɇɢɤɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ» [50]. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ «ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ», ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ «ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ» [51].
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ: ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɚ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɜɫɟɯ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ: ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɯɢɦɢɸ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [52]. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ» [53]. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ: ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɭɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ: ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɨ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ; ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ȼɪɢɬɨɧ ɢ
ɉɚɪɧɚɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ «ɬɚɣɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ» [54].
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɂɬɚɤ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ; ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ȿɳɟ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ: ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɦ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ
ɨɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫ (ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ), ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɧɹɜ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɶɧɨɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɧɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
// Ȼɭɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ
enum Boolean {FALSE, TRUE};
ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɪɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ, ɧɭɠɧɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚ-ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ TemperatureSensor. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫ Heater ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ C++:
class Heater {
public:
Heater(Location);
~Heater();
void turnOn();
void tum0ff();
Boolean is0n() const;
private:
};
ȼɨɬ ɢ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Heater. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɜɧɟ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ (ɝɞɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɠɚɪɤɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨ), ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɪɟɥɟ, ɚ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. ɋɤɚɠɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
ȼɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬ.
class SerialPort {
public:
SerialPort();
~SerialPort();
void write(char*);
void write(int);
static SerialPort ports[10];
private:
};
ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ Heater.
class Heater {
public:
…
protected:
const Location repLocation;
Boolean repIsOn;
SerialPort* repPort;
};
ɗɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ repLocation, repIsOn, repPort ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ C++ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Heater::Heater(Location 1)
:
repLocation(1),
repIsOn(FALSE),
repPort(&SerialPort::ports[l]) {}
Heater::Heater() {}
void Heater::turnOn()
{
if (!repls0n) {
repPort->write("*");
repPort->write(repLocation);
repPort->write(1);
repIsOn = TRUE;
}
}
void Heater::turn0ff()
{
if (repIsOn) {
repPort->write("*");
repPort->write(repLocation);
repPort->write(0);
repIsOn = FALSE;
}
}
Boolean Heater::is0n() const
{
return repIsOn;
}
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ɇɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ —
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ C++, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ (ɱɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ).
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GrowingPlan. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɚɪ ɜɪɟɦɹɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɯɟɲ-ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ. ɇɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɚɫ ɡɚ ɱɚɫɨɦ, ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɞ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɤɪɨɟɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ: ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɯɟɲ-ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ, ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ.
Ʉɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ,
ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ,
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, Smalltalk
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ Object Pascal ɧɟ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. əɡɵɤ CLOS ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɹ ɜɫɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ :reader, :writer ɢ : accessor, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ,
ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ). ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɫɥɨɬ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɨɬɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
CLOS ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ [55]. ȼ
ɹɡɵɤɟ C++ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ;
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ C++ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɞɪɭɡɟɣ»
(friends), ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
ɋɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ — ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ: ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɂɚɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ; ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɡɚɛɨɬɢɥɫɹ, ɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɫɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɩɨɫɬɢ; ɨɧɚ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ, «ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɠɭɥɶɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ» [56]. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɹɡɵɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɬ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦ; ɪɚɡɜɟ ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɮɚɣɥɚɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɠɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɇɚɣɟɪɫɚ «Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɞɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ... Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɧɟɨɰɟɧɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ»
[57]. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Smalltalk, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ, ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Object
Pascal, C++, Ada, CLOS, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ — ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɟ Ʌɢɫɤɨɜ «ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ». Ɇɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɚɪɧɚɫɚ: «ɋɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ — ɷɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ
ɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ» [58]. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɭɤɚ ɨɛ ɪɭɤɭ. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ C++ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ. Ⱦɥɹ C/C++ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ .h (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ-ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ). Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ .ɫ (ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɧɚ C++ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ .ɟɟ, .ɫɪ ɢ .ɫɪɪ). ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ
#include. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Object Pascal ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɨɠɟ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ (unit). əɡɵɤ
Ada ɢɞɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɲɚɝ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ: ɦɨɞɭɥɶ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ package) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ —
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɥɨ. ɇɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ Object Pascal, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɟɥɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ, ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ,
ɤɚɤ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɩɪɚɜ Ɂɟɥɶɤɨ-ɜɢɰ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ: «ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦɢ, ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ) ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ (ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ) ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ» [59].
Ɇɨɞɭɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ. Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɇȿ, ɂ-ɇȿ, ɂɅɂ-ɇȿ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɦɨɞɭɥɢ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɟɪɢɣ 7400, 7402 ɢɥɢ 7404.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɬɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɚɛɫɭɪɞɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 12,
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ
ɧɚɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɤɨɲɦɚɪ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ [60]. Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɛɟɫɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ.
ȼ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɤɭɱɤɚɦ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɭɱɤɭ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɚɹ: ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ȼɪɢɬɨɧ ɢ ɉɚɪɧɚɫ
ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ; ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ; ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ» [61]. ɉɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ
ɷɬɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ: ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɨɧɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɚ. ȼ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɢ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɦɨɞɭɥɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ.
ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɸ (ɟɫɥɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɸ), ɱɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɡɤɨɣ (ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ). ɇɚɲ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ, ɱɟɦ «ɜɵɱɢɳɟɧɢɟ» ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ: ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɯ. ɉɚɪɧɚɫ, Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɫ ɢ ȼɟɣɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ: «Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹɯ; ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɥɚ. ȼɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ; ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɢɦ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ» [62]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ,
ɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɚ
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɵɛɥɟɦɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɢ ɧɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ
ɭɱɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɷɲɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ.
ɇɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ
— ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚɦɢ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɭɛɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɪɟɠɟɬɚ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨɛ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, — ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ —
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ). Ɇɨɝɭɬ
ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ, ɚ ɞɪɭ ɝɚɹ —
ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ; ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ (ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ).
ɋɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ, ɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ:
ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ — ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ — ɷɬɚɩ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ⱦɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
GUI (Graphical User Interface). ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ — ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ C++ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɚɣɥ-ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ
(ɩɭɫɬɶ ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ gplan.h).
// gplan.h
#ifndef _GPLAN_H
#define _GPLAN_H 1
#include "gtypes.h"
#include "except.h"
#include "actions.h"
class GrowingPlan ...
class FruitGrowingPlan ...
class GrainGrowingPlan ...
#endif
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɜ ɮɚɣɥ ɬɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ: gtypes.h, except .h ɢ act ions. h. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɦɵ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɮɚɣɥ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ gplan.cpp.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɨɤɧɚɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɧɚɜɟɪɧɹɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ gplan.h, ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ-ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ GUI.
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɵ ɞɨɛɟɪɟɦɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ — ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɚɦɚɹ ɦɚɥɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ,
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɇɟɣɟɪ, «ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɋɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ... ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ» [63].
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ? Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ — ɜɟɳɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ, ɭɛɪɚɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ «is-a») ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ «part of»).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ: ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ «is-a» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ/ɩɨɬɨɦɨɤ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ).
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ «is-a». ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɜɟɞɶ ɟɫɬɶ
ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɟ, ɞɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ «ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ» ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ-ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
«Ʌɚɤɦɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɚ» ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ — ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ; ɬɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ Ⱥ, ɬɨ ɜ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬ Ⱥ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. ɂɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ «ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɵɣ» ɩɥɚɧ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɵɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ. ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ C++ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ
ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
// Ɍɢɩ ɍɪɨɠɚɣ
typedef unsigned int Yield;
class FruitGrowingPlan : public GrowingPlan {
public:
FruitGrowingPlan(char* name);
virtual ~FruitGrowingPlan();
virtual void establish(Day, Hour, Condition&);
void scheduleHarvest(Day, Hour);
Boolean isHarvested() const;
unsigned daysUntilHarvest() const;
Yield estimatedYield() const;
protected:
Boolean repHarvested;
Yield repYield;
};
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ FruitGrowingPlan ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ Growingplan. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ repHarvested
ɢ repYield, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ establish. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ — ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ «ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ» ɩɥɚɧɚ
«ɹɛɥɨɱɧɵɣ» ɤɥɚɫɫ AppleGrowingPlan.
ȼ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɋɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ, ɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ — ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ,
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. Ʉɨɤɫ ɩɢɲɟɬ: «ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ "ɫ
ɧɭɥɹ". Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɥɢɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ.
ɋɬɪɨɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦ ɧɨɜɢɱɤɨɜ ɧɨɜɵɦ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ — ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ» [64].
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɟɦ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɟ. Ⱦɚɧɮɨɪɬ ɢ Ɍɨɦɥɢɧɫɨɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ: «Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ
ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ, ɢ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ» [65]. Ⱦɥɹ
ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ. Ʌɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ: «ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ,
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ» [66]. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ;
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ C++. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ
ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ (private), ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ (protected),
ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ (public), ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ: ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ FruitGrowingPlan ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ Growingplan. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
class Plant {
public:
Plant(char* name, char* species);
virtual ~Plant();
void setDatePlanted(Day);
virtual establishGrowingConditions(const Condition&);
const char* name() const;
const char* species() const;
Day datePlantedt) const;
protected:
char* repName;
char* repSpecies;
Day repPlanted;
private:
…
};
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ plant ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ, ɜɢɞ ɢ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ
ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ C++. Ɍɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ (ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ).
ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ — ɰɜɟɬɵ, ɮɪɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɢ, — ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɨɜɨɳɟɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ — ɰɜɟɬɵ (Flower) ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ-ɨɜɨɳɢ (FruitVegetable); ɨɧɢ
ɨɛɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Plant. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɥɨɞɵ! Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, FlowerFruitVegetable, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Flower ɢ FruitVegetablePlant.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ-ɨɜɨɳɢ.
class FlowerMixin {
public:
PlowerMixin(Day timeToFlower, Day timeToSeed);
virtual ~`````FlowerMixin() ;
Day timeToFlower() const;
Day timeToSeed() const;
protected:
…
};
class FruitVegetableMixin {
public:
FruitVegetableMixin(Day timeToHarvest) ;
virtual ~FruitVegetableMixin() ;
Day timeToHarvest() const;
protected:
…
};
Ɇɵ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɦɟɲɢɜɚɥɢ (ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɢ ɢɦɹ Mixin) ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɪɨɡɭ:
class Rose : public Plant, public FlowerMixin...
Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ:
class Carrot : public Plant, public FruiteVegetableMixin {};
ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ Rose
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Plant, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ FlowerMixin. ɂ ɜɨɬ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɜɢɲɧɸ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɜɟɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɵ:
class Cherry : public Plant,
public FlowerMixin,
FruitVegetableMixin...
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɜɟɳɶ ɧɟɯɢɬɪɚɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ — ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɷɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ. ȼ C++ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɹɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ, ɚ ɜ Smalltalk ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɷɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɜɭɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦɭ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɣ
ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɩɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ? ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ «ɜɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ», ɚ ɜ
C++ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ. ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ
ɤɨɩɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɩɢɣ.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɜɚɬɚ — ɷɬɨ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɜɚɬɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɣɬɟ ɬɭ ɠɟ «ɥɚɤɦɭɫɨɜɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɭ»: ɟɫɥɢ B ɧɟ
ɟɫɬɶ Ⱥ, ɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ Ⱥ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɥɸɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ: ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ «is ɚ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ/ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ», ɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ «part of» (ɱɚɫɬɶ) ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ.
class Garden {
public:
Garden();
virtual ~Garden();
protected:
Plant* repPlants[100];
GrowingPlan repPlan;
};
ɗɬɨ — ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɦɟɹ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹɦɢ, ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ Ⱦɟɣɤɫɬɪɚ [67]. ȼ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɧɢɠɟɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ — ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ Flower
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Plant. ȼ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ «part of» ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ Garden ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Plant.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɦɨɳɶ: ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɝɨɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɦ ɨɝɨɪɨɞ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ (ɢɯ ɜɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɚɞɢɬɶ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ; ɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ Plant, ɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ GrowingPlan ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ Garden ɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ. ɉɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ
ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɟ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɪɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ? ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɢɡ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɨɣɱ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɢɩ, ɤɚɤ «ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ» [68]. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɬɢɩ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.8 Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɨɧɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ:
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼɟɝɧɟɪ
ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ» [70].
ɂɞɟɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɜɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ [71]. Ⱦɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɫ. ȼ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɧɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɢɥɭ — ɟɫɬɶ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Eiffel ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɧɨ, — ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ
ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ȼ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ
Smalltalk ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɟɬ: ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɢ
ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɤɥɚɫɫ) ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ
ɨɲɢɛɤɟ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. C++ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɟɬ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ; ɯɨɬɹ
ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɵɩɭɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
// ɑɢɫɥɨ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 100 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ
8
Ɍɢɩ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ; ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ
Trellis/Owl ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɢ ɬɢɩ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ Smalltalk ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ SmallInteger,
LargeNegativeInteger, LargePositiveInteger ɈɌɇɈɋəɌɋə Ʉ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ Integer, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ
[69]. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ.
typedef float Level;
Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ typedef ɜ C++ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ Level ɢ Concentration — ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ float, ɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ C++ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ: ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ int ɢɥɢ float
ɧɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, Ada ɢ Object Pascal ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ Ada ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɬɪɨɝɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ:
class StorageTank {
public:
StorageTank();
virtual ~StorageTank();
virtual void fill();
virtual void startDraining() ;
virtual void stopDraining();
Boolean isEmpty() const;
Level level() const;
protected:
…
};
class WaterTank : public StorageTank {
public:
WaterTank();
virtual ~WaterTank() ;
virtual void fill();
virtual void startDraining();
virtual void stopDraining();
void startHeating();
void stopHeating();
Temperature currentTemperature() const;
protected:
…
};
class NutrientTank : public StorageTank (
public:
NutrientTank() ;
virtual ~NutrientTank() ;
virtual void startDrainingt();
virtual void stopDraining();
protected:
…
};
Ʉɥɚɫɫ StorageTank — ɷɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɚɬɶ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ WaterTank (ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ
ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ) ɢ NutrientTank (ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ) ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ StorageTank, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɟ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫ WaterTank ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ:
StorageTank si, s2;
WaterTank w;
NutrientTank n;
Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ s1, s2, w ɢɥɢ n — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ s1» ɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ StorageTank,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ s1. Ɇɵ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɨɧɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, C++ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɬɪɨɠɟ. ɉɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ:
Level 1 = s1.level ();
w.startDrainingt();
n.stopDraining();
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ:
sl.startHeating(); // ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
n.stopHeating(); // ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
Ɍɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɟɬ ɧɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɧɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
n.fill();
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ fill ɧɟɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ NutrientTank, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ
ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ. Ⱥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ,
ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɨɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 3 ɢ 9, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟɣ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɋ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɜ C++: ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ void, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
class Inventory {
public:
Inventory();
~Inventory();
void add(void*) ;
void remove(void*);
void* mostRecent() const;
void apply(Boolean (*)(void*));
private:
…
};
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ apply — ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɫɦ. ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ɂɦɟɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Inventory, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ — ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ (ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ), ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ WaterTank ɢ TemperatureSensor, ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɹ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
mostRecent ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ WaterTank ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ StorageTank.
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ void, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TangibleAsset (ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɷɬɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤ
WaterTank, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤ GrowingPlan. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɫɟɱɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ
ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Smalltalk ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼ C++ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɭ. ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ:
s1 = s2;
s1 = w;
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɟ — ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɜ C++ ɤɚɤ «ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɪɟɡɤɢ»), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ w, WaterTank, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɝɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ s1, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ StorageTank.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵ:
w = s1; // ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
w = n; // ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɚ
ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ:
void checkLevel(const StorageTank& s);
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ WaterTank. ɂɥɢ ɜɨɬ ɟɳɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ:
if (((WaterTank&)s).currentTemperature() < 32.0) ...
ɗɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɜɞɪɭɝ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ s ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ NutrientTank, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɚɫɬ
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɞɨ
ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ɍɟɫɥɟɪ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ:
• «Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɛɨɹɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
• ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ-ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ-ɨɬɥɚɞɤɚ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɢ
ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɨ.
• Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
• Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦ ɹɜɧɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɢɩɵ» [72].
əɡɵɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ȼɨɪɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɂɧɝɚɥɫɚ: «ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ» [73]. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ», ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɥɢɯɜɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɜ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ: ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ — ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ. ɋɬɪɨɝɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ;
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɵ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ — ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ,
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ — ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (Ada), ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ — ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ — ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (C++, Object
Pascal), ɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɟɬ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (Smalltalk). əɡɵɤ CLOS ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ C++ ɢ Smalltalk: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ.
ɉɪɨɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɧɚ C++. ȼɨɬ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ», ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ:9
void balanceLevels(StorageTank& s1, StorageTank& s2);
ȼɵɡɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ StorageTank ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɢɩ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ StorageTank.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɜɪɨɞɟ:
if (s1.level() > s2.level ()) s2.fill();
ȼ ɱɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ level? Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ StorageTank, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ȼɵɡɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ — ɦɵ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɚ.
ɂɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ fill. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ StorageTank ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ WaterTank,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ s2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
WaterTank, ɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ — NutrientTank, ɬɨ ɢɡ StorageTank. ȼ
C++ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɞɥɹ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ; ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɵɡɨɜ fill
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤ WaterTank::fill ɢɥɢ StorageTank::fill.10
ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ: ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɢɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɢɦɟɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɤɚ, ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ [74]. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ;
ɨɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ (Ada).
ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
(ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ), ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɂ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ? ȿɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) — ɷɬɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ: ɜɟɤ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɥɨɝ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɚɧɫɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ
9
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ — ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɧɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɬɢɩɚ Smalltalk, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ.
10
Ɍɚɤ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ C++ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɹɜɧɭɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢɦɟɧɢ.
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ «ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ» ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ «ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ» ɢ «ɥɟɝɤɭɸ»
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ. «Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. «Ʌɟɝɤɢɟ» ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. «Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɟ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨ. ɋɜɹɡɶ
«ɥɟɝɤɢɯ» ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ UNIX ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ fork, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ Windows NT ɢ OS/2 —
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ʌɢɦ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, — ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɢ OOP ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ. ɋ OOP ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ, ɜɫɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ» [75]. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɟɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɞɚɥɟɟ: «ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ OOP ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɹɱɚ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨ-ɜɬɨɪɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ» [76]. Ȼɥɷɤ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ (1) ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢ (2) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ» [77].
ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ [78]. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ:
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ OOD, ɦɢɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ:
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɬ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɡɚɜɟɥɢɫɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ActiveTemperatureSensor,
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɟɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ — ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɬɭɬ
ɧɟ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɭ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ada ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ. ȼ
Smalltalk ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ process, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɫɨ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ —
Actors, Orient 84/K, ABCL/1, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ «ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ» ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ AT&T ɞɥɹ C++ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Shed, Timer, Task ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȿɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤ (ɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ActiveTemperatureSensor ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɚɣɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɤ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ, ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ,
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ. ȼ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚɞɨ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɚɫɬɟɪɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱥɬɤɢɧɫɨɧ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ:
• «ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ.
• Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ.
• ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ALGOL-60), ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
• Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɚɧɫɚɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
• Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
• Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ» [79].
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ — ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ:
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɢɧɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɨɞ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ [80].
ɍɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫ-ɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɡɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
(OODB, object-oriented databases). ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ — ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ
ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 10, ɷɬɚ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
əɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Smalltalk, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɧɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ
— ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɚɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ (ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ) ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ OODB [81]. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ — ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɋɍȻȾ; ɷɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɜɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɚɤɭɸ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 10.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ OODB ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. ɗɬɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɜɞɪɭɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɸ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
ɗɬɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɦɵ ɡɚɣɦɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 12.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ — ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɹ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɹɫɶ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
2.3. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ, ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ: «ɇɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɚɤ
C++. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
C++ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ "ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
C'' ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ OOD ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ C++ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ» [82]. Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɤɚɤ Smalltalk, Object Pascal, C++, CLOS ɢ Ada ɜɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ,
ɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ [83]. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ. Ⱥ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɜ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɢɥɢ, ɩɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ɋɨɛɫɨɧɚ, «ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ» [84].
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2-6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ OOD ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ʉ
ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɦɵ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7.
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ:
• ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ?
• Ʉɚɤ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ?
• Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?
• Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?
• Ʉɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ OOD? ɗɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɝɥɚɜ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
• Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ».
• ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɥɨɝɢɤɭ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ.
• Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ.
• ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ;
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
Ⱥɧɢɦɚɰɢɹ
Ȼɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ȼɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ
Ƚɢɩɟɪɦɟɞɢɚ
Ʉɢɧɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
Ɇɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋȻɂɋ
Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ
Ɋɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɢ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɋɢɫ. 2-6. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
• Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ.
• ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
• Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɦɟɧɨɣ.
• ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ — ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɬ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ.
• ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ — ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɦ (Jones) [F 1979] ɢ ȼɢɥɶɹɦɫɨɦ (Williams) [F 1986]. Ⱦɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ Ʉɷɹ (Ʉɚɭ) [F 1969] ɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɒɨɭ (Shaw) [J 1984] ɞɚɥɚ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ʌɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ
Ƚɭɬɬɚɝɚ (Liskov and Guttag) [H 1986], Ƚɭɬɬɚɝɚ (Guttag) [J 1980] ɢ ɏɢɥɮɢɧɝɟɪɚ Hilfinger [J 1982].
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɉɚɪɧɚɫɚ (Parnas) [F 1979] ɩɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɚ. ɋɦɵɫɥ ɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɉɚɬɢ (Pattee) [J 1973].
ȿɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɢ ɢ
ȼɟɝɧɟɪ (Cardelli and Wegner) [J 1985] ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪ (Wegner) ɏ[J 1987] ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɋɬɟɮɢɤɚ ɢ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜɚ
(Stefik and Bobrow) [G 1986], ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ (Stroustrup) [G 1988], Hɸɝɚɪɬɚ(Nygaard)[G 1986] ɢ
Ƚɪɨɝɨɧɨ (Grogono) [G 1991] ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɧɢɝɚɯ Ʉɨɤɫɚ (ɋɨɯ) [G 1986],Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ(Ɇɟɭɟɝ)[F
1988],ɒɦɭɤɟɪɚ(Schmucker) [G 1986] ɢ Ʉɢɦɚ ɢ Ʌɨɱɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ (Kim and Lochovsky) [F 1989] ɷɬɢ ɠɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɥ Ȼɭɱ (Booch) [F 1981,
1982, 1986, 1987, 1989]. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɒɥɷɟɪ ɢ
Ɇɟɥɥɨɪ (Shiaer and Mellor) [ȼ 1988] ɢ Ȼɷɢɥɢɧ (Bailin) [ȼ 1988]. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ (Rumbaugh) [F 1991], Ʉɨɚɞɚ ɢ Ƀɨɪɞɨɧɚ (Coad
and Yourdon) [ȼ 1991], Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɣɧɚ (Constantine) [F 1989], ɒɥɷɪɚ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪɚ (Shlaer and Mellor)
[ȼ 1992], Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢ Ɉɞɟɥɚ (Martin and Odell) [ȼ 1992], ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧɚ (Wasserman) [ȼ 1991],
Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ (Jacobson) [F 1992], Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝɚ (Rubin and Goldberg) [ȼ 1992], ɗɦɛɥɢ (Embly)
[ȼ 1992], ȼɟɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤɚ (Wirfs-Brock) [F 1990], Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɟɣɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɞɥɟɪɚ (Goldstein and Adler) [ɋ 1992],
ɏɟɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ-ɋɟɥɥɟɪɫ (Henderson-Sellers) [F 1992], Ɏɚɣɟɪɫɦɢɬɚ (Firesmith) [F 1992] ɢ Ɏɶɸɠɢɧɚ
(Fusion) [F 1992].
Ɋɚɡɛɨɪ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ɍɷɣɥɨɪɚ (Taylor) [H 1990, ɋ
1992], Ȼɟɪɚɪɞɚ (Berard) [H 1993], Ʌɨɜɚ (Love) [ɋ 1993] ɢ ɉɢɧɫɨɧɚ ɫ ȼɟɣɧɟɪɨɦ (Pinson and Weiner)
[ɋ 1990].
Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɉɟɬɟɪɫɨɧɚ (Peterson) [G 1987], ɒɪɢɜɟɪɚ ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪɚ (Schriver and
Wegner) [G 1987] ɢ ɏɨɲɚɮɹɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɛɧɭɚ (Khoshafian and Abnous) [I 1990]. Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ — ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɭɦɵ — OOPSLA, ȿɋɈɈɊ, TOOLS, Object Word ɢ
ObjectExpo.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: Object Management
Group (OMG) ɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ANSI X3J7.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ C++ — ɷɬɨ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɗɥɥɢɫ ɢ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ (Ellis and Stroustrup)
[G 1990]. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ: ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ (Stroustrup) [G 1991], Ʌɢɩɩɦɚɧ (Lippman) I [G
1991] ɢ Ʉɨɩɥɢɟɧ (Coplien) [1992].
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɂ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ, ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
3.1. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɑɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ?
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. əɪɤɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɹɱ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɚ, ɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɬɶ ɦɹɱ, ɦɥɚɞɟɧɟɰ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ
ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ: ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɭ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɟ: ɧɚɜɵɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɦɹɱ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɥɨɦɭ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ ɢ ɫɩɪɹɱɶɬɟ ɟɝɨ:
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ. Ɋɟɛɟɧɨɤ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ [1].
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ:
• ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɣ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɜɢɞɢɦɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ;
• ɧɟɱɬɨ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ;
• ɧɟɱɬɨ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Simula ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [2].
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
[Ɂ]. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɋɦɢɬɨɦ ɢ Ɍɨɤɢ:
"Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɥɢ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɭɸ), ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ" [4]. ȼ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ [5].
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɜɨɞ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɤɚɤ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɵ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɯɚ: ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɐɟɯɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɲɬɚɦɩɵ, ɩɪɟɫɫɵ, ɫɬɚɧɤɢ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ - ɪɚɦɵ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɵɥɶɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
Ɍɨɤɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ; ɪɚɦɚ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɹɜɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ,
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ CAD/CAM. Ⱦɜɚ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɭɛ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɤɭɛɚ, ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ:
ɪɟɤɢ, ɬɭɦɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ.1 ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɜɡɹɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ
ɦɨɥɨɬɨɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ-
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɜɨɡɞɢ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɷɦɨɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɧɟɜ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ - ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɨɛɴɟɤɬ) ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɟɧɭ
(ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ), ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɬ (ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ) - ɫɟɪɵɣ.
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɬ
1
ɗɬɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢɞɭɳɟɝɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɭ ɬɭɦɚɧɚ, ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ "ɦɨɣ ɬɭɦɚɧ" ɨɬ "ɬɜɨɟɝɨ ɬɭɦɚɧɚ". Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ: ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɬɭɦɚɧɚ ɜ ɋɚɧ-Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ ɢ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ:
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɨɠɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫ;
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ "ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ" ɢ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬ" ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ, ɩɪɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ.
ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɢ
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɢɬɨɤ. ɑɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɠɚɬɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ?
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɢɝɪɚɥ ɪɨɥɶ (ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ, ɧɚɠɚɜ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ. ɂɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ
"Ȼɪɨɫɶɬɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɥɨɱɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɩɢɬɨɤ" ɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ
ɥɢɲɧɸɸ ɦɨɧɟɬɭ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɤ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ: ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɞ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨ
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɞɚɞɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ:
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟɦ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɦɨɧɟɬɵ. ɗɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ) ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɦɨɧɟɬ. ɋɭɦɦɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɧɟɬ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɢɡ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧ "ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ".
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɵɟ
ɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɥɢɮɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɤ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ. ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ "ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ",
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɛɨɬ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɚ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɟɪɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɢɪɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɥɢɮɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 3, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɷɬɚɠɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɥɢɮɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɢ - ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ (ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɢɬɶ, ɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɧɟɬ, ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ: ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɢɫɥɨ 3)
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ "ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ", ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
"ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ" [ɛ].
Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɯ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
struct PersonnelRecord {
char name[100];
int
socialSecurityNurober;
char department[10];
float salary;
};
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ.2
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
PersonnelRecord deb, dave, karen, jim, torn, denise,
kaitlyn, krista, elyse;
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ (ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ), ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ
ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class PersonnelRecord {
public:
char* employeeName() const;
int employeeSocialSecurityNumberf) const;
char* employeeDepartment() const;
protected:
char name[100];
int socialSecurityNumber;
char department[10];
float salary;
};
ɇɨɜɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ.3 ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
2
Ɍɨɱɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ C++, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ - ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
3
Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɫɬɢɥɹɯ: ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PersonnelRecord - ɷɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɲɟɞɟɜɪ. Ɇɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɂɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ char*, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ: ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ, ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɨɞ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɞɚɟɦ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɢɦɹ, ɤɨɞ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ (ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ) ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɤ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɨ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ - ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ.
ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɚ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ; ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ - ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ append ɢ pop ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɸ (ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɴɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ length,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ Smalltalk,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ
C++, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɟɬɱɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ, ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ-ɱɥɟɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ.
ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɞ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ C++ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɷɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ
ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɠɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɜɵɞɚɫɬ ɧɚɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɟ (ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ
ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ). ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɞ
ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɦɭɫɨɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜɪɨɞɟ ɬɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9.
ɂ ɟɳɟ: ɤɥɚɫɫɵ - ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡ ɋ ɫ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ C++; ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɧɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ: ɨɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ:
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨ: ɢɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ. Ɉɩɢɲɟɦ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue (ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ):
class Queue {
public:
Queue();
Queue(const Queue&);
virtual ~Queue();
virtual Queue& operator=(const Queue&);
virtual int operator== (const Queue&) const;
int operator!=(const Queue&) const;
virtual void clear();
virtual void append(const void*);
virtual void pop();
virtual void remove(int at);
virtual int length() const;
virtual int isEmpty() const;
virtual const void* front() const;
virtual int location(const void*);
protected:
…
};
ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɋ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ void*, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɚ - ɤɥɢɟɧɬ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ (ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɟɥɨ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ void* ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟ "ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ" ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ. Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ~Queue () ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɟɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Queue ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ:
Queue ɚ, b, ɫ, d;
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ:
ɚ.append(&deb);
ɚ.append(&karen);
a. append (&denise);
b = a;
ɚ.pop();
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ (ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ karen), ɚ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ b - ɬɪɨɢɯ (ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ deb). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ - ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɞɧɭ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ (pop) ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ - ɬɪɢ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ.4 ɇɢɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
• Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
• ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
• ɂɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɨ
ɜɫɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɞɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɦɵ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ const - clear, append, pop,
remove), ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ const - length,
isEmpty, front ɢ location). ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ, ɦɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɟɣ.
Ⱦɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ; ɨɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
• Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
• Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ Smalltalk ɢ CLOS ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ).
ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Smalltalk,
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɧɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ Object
Pascal, C++, CLOS ɢ Ada ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɨɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ C++ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ-ɧɟɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ; ɦɵ
ɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ:
void copyUntilFound(Queue& from. Queue& to, void* item)
{
while ((!from.isEmpty()) && (from.front() != item))
{
to.append(from.front()) ;
from.pop();
}
}
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɞɨ
ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ; ɨɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ-ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Queue.
ȼ C++ (ɢ Smalltalk) ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
4
Ʌɢɩɩɦɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ (ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ) [7].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ - ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ - ɦɟɬɨɞɵ: ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
Ɋɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȼ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɹɦɢ. Ⱥɞɚɦɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɨɥɶ - ɷɬɨ ɦɚɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ [8]; ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ȼɢɪɮɫȻɪɨɤ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. "Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ - ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ" [9]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɪɨɥɢ, ɚ ɬɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ [10]:
• Ȼɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɞɜɟ
ɪɨɥɢ), ɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ
ɞɟɧɟɝ.
• Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɤɟɪɚ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɚɤɰɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɫɬɚ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ.
• ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɧɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ, ɜɪɚɱɚ,
ɫɚɞɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɢɧɨɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ.
Ɋɨɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɋɨɥɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɵ ɪɨɥɢ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 4 ɢ 6, ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɧɚɲ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɪɨɥɢ, ɜɜɨɞɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠ-ɞɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ [II]. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5 ɦɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ - ɧɟɬ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɟɧ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɥɨɜɢɬ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵ: ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ) ɧɟɬ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ. ɏɨɲɚɮɹɧ ɢ Ʉɨɭɩɥɷɧɞ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ:
"ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ - ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ
ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ" [12].
Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ,
ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɭɬɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɦɭ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɭ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ". ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ
ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ.
struct Point {
int x;
int ɭ;
Point() : x(0), ɭ(0) {}
Point(int xValue, int yValue) : x(xValue), y(yValue) {)
};
Ɇɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ point ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɬɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɲɚ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɩɨɥɹɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
point - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɯ,ɭ). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɞɜɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ: ɨɞɢɧ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (Displayltem). ɗɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ (GUI) - ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ. Ɇɵ
ɯɨɬɢɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ɇɚɞɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɭ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚɲɭ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ C++:
class Displayltem {
public:
Displayltem();
Displayltem(const Point& location);
virtual ~Displayltem();
virtual void draw();
virtual void erase();
virtual void select();
virtual void unselect();
virtual void move(const Point& location);
int isSelected() const;
Point location() const;
int isUnder(const Point& location) const;
protected:
…
};
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ɂɯ ɦɵ
ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ.
Ɇɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ draw. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, isUnder, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ, ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɛɴɹɜɢɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
DisplayItem item1;
Displayltem* item2 = new DisplayItem(Point(75, 75));
Displayltem* item3 = new Displayltem(Point(100, 100));
Displayltem* item4 = 0;
Ɋɢɫ. 3-1 ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ, ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɚ item1, item2, item3, item4. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ iteml ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem, ɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɥɢɲɶ item2 ɢ item3 ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Displayltem. ɍ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ item2 ɢ item3, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɟɬ
ɢɦɟɧ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ "ɪɚɡɵɦɟɧɨɜɵɜɚɹ" ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, *item2. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ item2
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem, ɧɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 3-1. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɢɦɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ *item2. ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɹ) ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ.
ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫ Ɂɟɧɨɧɚ ɨ ɪɟɤɟ: ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɪɟɤɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɫɚɦɵɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ?
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 3-1 ɛ):
item1.move(item2->location());
item4 = item3;
item4->move(Point(38, 100));
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ iteml ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ item2, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ item4 ɫɬɚɥ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ item3. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɡɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ
"ɨɛɴɟɤɬ item2" ɢ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ item2". ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ item1 ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ item2, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ *item3, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ
item4. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɫ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ "ɭɬɟɱɤɚɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ", ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɤ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɢ, ɯɭɠɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ item3, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
item4 ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ; ɷɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɢɫɲɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-1ɜ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ:
item2 = &item1;
item4->move(item2->location());
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ: item2 ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ iteml. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ iteml ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɨɬ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, - ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ item2, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ
ɩɪɹɦɨ, ɧɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɚ. ȼ Smalltalk ɢ CLOS ɩɚɦɹɬɶ,
ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɛɨɪɳɢɤɨɦ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ.
ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ C++ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ, ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɛɨɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.5
Ʉɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɧ. ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
void highLight(DisplayItem& i);
void drag(DisplayItem i); // Ɉɩɚɫɧɨ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ iteml, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ
ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦ:
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ i ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ,
ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ iteml ɢ i ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ iteml ɟɣ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɩɢɟɣ iteml: i ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ iteml. ȼ C++
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ. ɇɚɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ
ɷɬɢɦ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɱɚɹɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɩɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɠɟɥɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɚɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.6 Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɜ
C++ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɢ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ).
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ C++ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayitem:
Displayltem(const Displayltem&);
ȼ C++ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɹɜɧɨ (ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ (ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ). Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ,
5
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ ɭɬɟɱɤɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɵɦ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ. ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɯ
ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɟɧ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɜɨɡɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
6
ȼ Smalltalk ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɞɭɯɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɜ C++.
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ:
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɧɟɹɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɹɜɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
"ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ" ɢ "ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ" ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɜ
ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ shallowCopy (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦ) ɢ deepCopy (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ - ɪɟɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨ). ɉɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ "ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ" ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢ "ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ" ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ C++ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
DisplayItem ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ:
virtual DisplayItem& operator=(const Displayltem&);
ɗɬɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ "ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ" ɢ "ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ".
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɹɜɧɨ, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨ.
ɋ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɞɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-1ɜ ɨɛɚ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ iteml ɢ item2. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ
item2 ɢ item3 ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ.
ȼ C++ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ:
virtual int operator=(const Displayltem&) const;
int operator!=(const Displayltem&) const;
Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ), ɢ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ: ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɬɨ).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ >= ɢ <=.
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ (ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ), ɚ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ - ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ. ȿɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɹɜɧɨ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫ item1): ɬɨɝɞɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ item3, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢɡ "ɤɭɱɢ". ȼ C++ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼ Smalltalk ɷɬɢɦ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ C++ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɩɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɡɢ-ɬɢɜɧɨ: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ. ɉɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ C++ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɹɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜ C++ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ new, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɜ "ɤɭɱɟ" ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȼ Smalltalk ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ
ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɫɛɨɪɳɢɤ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ, ɬɢɩɚ
C++, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ "ɤɭɱɟ" ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ
new, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ: ɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɹɜɧɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ delete. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ "ɡɚɛɵɬɶ", ɧɟ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ,
ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɭɬɟɱɤɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɸɬ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ),
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɹɜɧɨɦ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ C++ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ. ȿɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ.7
ɍɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭ-ɳɢɦɢ; ɩɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɝɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ
"ɩɨɞɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ". ȼɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɞɨɥɝɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
3.2. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
Ɍɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɋɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ: ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɉɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ
ɂɧɝɚɥɫɚ: "ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɛɟɡɡɚɫɬɟɧɱɢɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɟɠɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɛ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ" [13]. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ, ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ,
"ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ
ɭɩɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ" [14]. Ɉɧ ɥɟɬɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ: ɨɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ, ɢ ɨɛ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
• ɫɜɹɡɢ
• ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ.
Ɂɚɣɞɟɜɢɰ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɫɬɚɪɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ "ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ/ɩɨɬɨɦɨɤ" ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ [15].
ɋɜɹɡɢ
7
Ⱦɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ new,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɟ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɭɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ "ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ" [16]. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɶ - ɷɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɭɝɭ ɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ
ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ
ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɋɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ) ɢ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ aController ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem
(ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɚ ɢ ɶ). ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɛɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ aView, ɧɨ ɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ.
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ
(ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ; ɯɨɬɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ). Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ
ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.8 Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
aController), ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
aController ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ move ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɚ,
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
isUnder ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ b, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ
ɪɨɥɟɣ:
• Ⱥɤɬɟɪ9 Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦ
ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 3-2. ɋɜɹɡɢ
• ɋɟɪɜɟɪ Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
• Ⱥɝɟɧɬ Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ; ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɚɝɟɧɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-2 ɨɛɴɟɤɬ aController ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɚ - ɤɚɤ
ɚɝɟɧɬ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ aView - ɤɚɤ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ.
8
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-2, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ Smalltalk ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɤ MVC, model/view/controller
(ɦɨɞɟɥɶ/ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ/ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ). Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
9
Actor - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ. Ⱥ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱ.ɪɟɞ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɨɪɦɵ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ; ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɚɞɨ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɚ ɡɚɤɚɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ.
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɢɩ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɚɯ.
// ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɦɢɧɭɬ
typedef unsigned int Minute;
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɫɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ TemperatureRamp, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ
ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
class TemperatureRamp {
public:
TemperatureRamp() ;
virtual ~TenperatureRamp() ;
virtual void clear();
virtual void bind (Temperature, Minute);
Temperature TemperatureAt(Minute);
protected:
…
};
ȼɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɲ ɫɬɢɥɶ, ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɝɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɭɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚ 60-ɣ ɦɢɧɭɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 250°F, ɚ ɧɚ 180-ɣ - 150°F.
ɋɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ 120-ɣ ɦɢɧɭɬɟ? ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɨɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ, ɦɵ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ: ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ TemperatureRamp, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ
TemperatureController ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
class TemperatureController {
public:
TemperatureController(Location);
~TemperatureController();
void process(const TemperatureRamp&) ;
Minute schedule(const TemperatureRamp&) const;
private:
…
};
Ɍɢɩ Location ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ process ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ;
ɟɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ - ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɸ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɹɜɢɦ:
TemperatureRamp growingRamp;
TemperatureController rampController(7) ;
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɡɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɩɚɪɭ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɦ ɩɥɚɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ:
growingRamp. bind (250, 60);
growingRamp.bind(150, 180);
rampController.process(growingRamp) ;
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ rampController - ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ growingRamp ɤɚɤ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. ɗɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ rampController ɹɜɧɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ growingRamp ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ - ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ schedule ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
TemperatureController ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ, ɢ ɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɢɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɜɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ schedule, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ TemperatureController, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɨɬ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ.
ȼɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Ⱥ ɢ ɜ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ Ⱥ
ɦɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ, ɧɚɞɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ Ⱥ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɧɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɥɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ rampController ɜɢɞɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
growingRamp, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ growingRamp ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ rampController ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
• ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ.
• ɋɟɪɜɟɪ (ɢɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
• ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
• ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ - ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɜɪɟɡɤɭ ɧɢɠɟ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
• ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ - ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
• Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ - ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ.
• ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ - ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ.
ȼɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 9 ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ
"ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɟ" ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ, ɢɞɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ), ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɬɢ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ
(ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ - ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-3 ɨɛɴɟɤɬ rampController
Ɋɢɫ. 3-3. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ growingRamp ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ h ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater
(ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ rampController - ɰɟɥɨɟ, a h- ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, h - ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ rampController. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
rampController, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ h
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɦ),
ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ h.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ, ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɲɚɫɫɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ - ɷɬɨ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ
ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɗɬɨ,
ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɱɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ.
ȼɵɛɢɪɚɹ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ - ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ - ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ
ɫɥɚɛɟɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɞɨ ɜɡɜɟɫɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ), ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TemperatureController
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ:
Heater h;
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ TemperatureController ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɫɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ
ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
TemperatureController ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
TemperatureController::TemperatureController(Location 1) :
h(1) {}
3.3. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ?
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ
ɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ "Ɇɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ", ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ "ɷɬɨ - ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɟ" ɢɥɢ "ɬɨ - ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɟɟ".
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: "ɝɪɭɩɩɚ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɞ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ" [17]. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɞɢɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
Ʉɥɚɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɑɬɨ
ɠɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ? Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɵ
ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢɱɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɷɬɨ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.10
Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɟɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨ-ɫɬɹɦɢ (ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚɦɢ) ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ [18]. Ɇɵ ɠɟ, ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ɇɟɣɟɪ [19] ɢ ɋɧɚɣɞɟɪɫ [20] ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɢɞɟɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɯ
ɦɟɥɤɢɦ ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚɦ. ɇɢɝɞɟ ɷɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤ ɹɪɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɟɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɂɞɟɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ - ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉ ɧɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɢɤɨɦɭ, ɤɪɨɦɟ
ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ. ɉɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ:
• ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ (public) - ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ;
• ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ (protected) - ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ (friends);
• ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ (private) - ɜɢɞɢɦɭɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ.
Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɨɧɭ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ C++ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ, ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɸ
ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɞɪɭɡɟɣ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ. ȼ
Ada ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ. ȼ Smalltalk
ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ - ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ - ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ. ȼ Object Pascal ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼ CLOS ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ, ɚ ɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ
ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɢ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
ȼɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɢɬɪɨɭɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɨɟ:
10
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ. ɂɦɟɬɶ ɝɪɨɦɨɡɞɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ - ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɭɸ
ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɥɨ ɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ. ȼɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ.
Displayltem item1;
ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ,
ɜɟɫɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ. ȼ Smalltalk ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ, ɜ Object Pascal - ɩɨɥɹ, ɜ C++ - ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɜ CLOS - ɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɇɵ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ.
ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ȼ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɚɤ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ DisplayItem ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TemperatureController) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɢ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ.
3.4. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
Ɍɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ: ɰɜɟɬɵ,
ɦɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɤɢ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɪɨɡɵ, ɠɟɥɬɵɟ ɪɨɡɵ, ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɠɶɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɢ. Ɇɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
• Ɇɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɤɚ - ɰɜɟɬɨɤ.
• Ɋɨɡɚ - (ɞɪɭɝɨɣ) ɰɜɟɬɨɤ.
• Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɪɨɡɵ - ɪɨɡɵ.
• Ʌɟɩɟɫɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ.
• Ȼɨɠɶɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɰɜɟɬɵ.
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ [21].
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɤɢ, ɢ ɪɨɡɵ - ɷɬɨ
ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ: ɢ ɬɟ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɹɪɤɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɢ,
ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɚɪɨɦɚɬ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɪɨɡɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɬɵɟ ɪɨɡɵ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
ɦɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɤɢ. ɇɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɨɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɪɢɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɰɜɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɦ-ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɰɜɟɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɠɶɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ: ɛɨɠɶɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɵ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɛɨɠɶɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɚɦ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ [22]. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ/ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ" (ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ),
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ "is-a". Ɋɨɡɵ ɫɭɬɶ ɰɜɟɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ: ɪɨɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
"ɰɜɟɬɵ". ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɰɟɥɨɟ/ ɱɚɫɬɶ", ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɤɚɤ "part of". Ɍɚɤ,
ɥɟɩɟɫɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɷɬɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɨɠɶɢ ɤɨɪɨɜɤɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɜɟɬɚɦɢ -
ɯɨɬɹ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ. ɂɥɢ ɜɨɬ: ɪɨɡɵ ɢ ɫɜɟɱɢ - ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɚ.
əɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ:
• ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ
• ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
• ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
• ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
• ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
• ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ.
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ [23].
ɂɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɢ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ,
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ
ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɥɢɲɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɂɦɟɹ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ Ada, Eiffel ɢ C++, ɧɚɦ ɧɟ
ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. "Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ" ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
Smalltalk
Ɋɢɫ. 3-4. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ
ɢ CLOS. Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɀɟɥɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɦɵ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ - ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ Product - ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ Sale - ɫɚɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ:
ɡɚɞɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɞɚɧ, ɚ ɩɨɣɞɹ
ɨɬ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɚɣɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɨ.
ȼ C++ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ [24]. ȼɨɬ ɞɜɟ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
class Product;
class Sale;
class Product {
public:
…
protected:
Sale* lastSale;
};
class Sale {
public:
…
protected:
Product** productSold;
};
ɗɬɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɚ "ɨɞɢɧ-ɤɨ-ɦɧɨɝɢɦ": ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ Sale ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ - ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ. ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ
ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ) ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
(ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɭɤɚɡɚɜ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɚ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɦɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ (ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɞɚɥɟɟ) ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ "ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦ". Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɝɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ). ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ:
• "ɨɞɢɧ-ɤ-ɨɞɧɨɦɭ"
• "ɨɞɢɧ-ɤɨ-ɦɧɨɝɢɦ"
• "ɦɧɨɝɢɟ-ɤɨ-ɦɧɨɝɢɦ".
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɨɞɢɧ-ɤ-ɨɞɧɨɦɭ" ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɡɤɭɸ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ Sale ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ CreditCardTransaction: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɧɹɬɢɸ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɦɧɨɝɢɟ-ɤɨ-ɦɧɨɝɢɦ" ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Customer (ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Saleperson (ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ), ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ
ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5, ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ɇɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɨɧɞɵ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ) ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ
(ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɦɚɫɫ-ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɵ, ɬɟɥɟɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɮɢɤɫɚɬɨɪɵ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɦɢɤɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ȼɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ) ɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ:
class Time...
struct ElectricalData {
Time timeStamp;
int id;
float fuelCelllVoltage, fuelCell2Voltage;
float fuelCelllAmperes, fuelCell2Amperes;
float currentPower;
};
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ElectricalData ɧɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ timeStamp ɢɥɢ currentPower
(ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɨɛɟɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɛɚɬɚɪɟɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
ɢɡ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ). ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤɢɦɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȿɳɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ-
Ⱦɨɱɟɪɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ
ɤɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɭɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɫ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ;
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class TelemetryData {
public:
TelemetryData() ;
virtual ~TelemetryData();
virtual void transmit() ;
Time currentTime() const;
protected:
int id;
Time timeStamp;
};
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ, ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ) ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ transmit ɢ
currentTime, ɜɢɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ id ɢ
timeStamp ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ - ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ currentTlrne ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ timeStamp ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ).
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟɦɫɹ ɫ ElectricalData:
class ElectricalData : public TelemetryData {
public:
ElectricalData(float vl, float v2, float al, float a2);
virtual ~ElectricalData();
virtual void. transmit();
float currentPower () const;
protected:
float fuelCelllVoltage, fuelCell2Voltage;
float fuelCelllAmperes, fuelCell2Amperes;
};
ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ - ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TelemetryData, ɧɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ (ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ), ɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ - ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ
(ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ transmit). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
currentPower.
Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
(ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ, TelemetryData.
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ElectricalData. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ
ElectricalData ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
TelemetryData. Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ.
ɉɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ
GuardedQueue ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ
UnselectableDisplayltem ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Displayitem, ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ TelemetryData
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-5. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ. ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Cameradata - ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ SensorData, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TelemetryData. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɢɩ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ ɞɥɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ [25]. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4 ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-5 ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ - ɧɟɬ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚ-
Ɋɢɫ. 3-5. Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ElectricalData ɢ SpectrometerData (ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɞɟɪɟɜɚ). Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (SensorData ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ TelemetryData), ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɢɯ ɞɨ
ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɜ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ SubclassResponsibility.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɲɢɛɤɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜ C++ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ.
ɋɚɦɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ
C++, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɥɟɫ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɤɨɪɧɟɦ. ɇɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk ɷɬɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ object.
ɍ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ [26]:
• ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
• ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ [27]. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ
ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ-ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ,
ɧɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++: ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ
ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ: ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ).
ȿɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ȼ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɯ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ElectricalData
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ (id ɢ timeStamp) ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (fuelCelllVoltage, fuelCell2Voltage,
fuelCelllAmperes, fuelCell2Amperes).11
ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ElectricalData ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
currentTime (ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ), currentPower (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ) ɢ transmit (ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ȼ Smalltalk
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ.
ȼ C++ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ,
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ transmit ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ), ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ (currentTime) - ɧɟɬ.
Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ transmit ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
TelemetryData ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
void TelemetryData::transmit()
{
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ id
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ timeStamp
};
ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ElectricalData ɬɚ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ:
void ElectricalData::transmit()
{
TelemetryData::transmit();
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɤɚ
};
ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɟɟ ɹɜɧɨ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ TelemetryData:: transmit ().
Ɍɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɫɬ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ (id ɢ timeStamp), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
TelemetryData telemetry;
ElectricalData electrical(5.Ɉ, -5.0, 3.0, 7.0);
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ:
void transmitFreshData (TelemetryData& d, const Time& t)
{
if (d.currentTime() >= t)
d.transmit() ;
);
ɑɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ?
transmitFreshData(telemetry, Time(60));
transmitFreshData(electrical, Time(120));
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɦ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ. ȼɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ ɨɧ ɠɟ, ɩɥɸɫ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ? ȼɟɞɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ transmitFreshData ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ d,transmit ()! ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ d ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɍ
11
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɨɧɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ.
Ʉɚɪɞɟɥɥɢ ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ "ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɹɡɵɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ Pascal ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɧɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɭ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ" [28]. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɸ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ad hoc ɨɩɢɫɚɥ ɋɬɪɚɱɢ
[29], ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɢɦɜɨ-ɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
"+", ɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ
ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ C++ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ; ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ada ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɱɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ case ɢɥɢ switch. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Pascal
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ
ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɤɭ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ. ɇɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Pascal ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ TransmitFreshData
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
const
Electrical = 1;
Propulsion =2;
Spectrometer = 3;
Procedure Transmit_Presh_Data(TheData : Data; The_Tiime :
Time);
begin
if (The_Data.Current_Time >= The_Time)
then
case TheData.Kind of
Electrical:
Transmit_Electrical_Data(The_Data);
Propulsion:
Transmit_Propulsion_Data(The_Data);
end
end;
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ case. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɢ
ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ. Ʉɚɩɥɚɧ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
"ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ" [30]. ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɬɢɩ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ. ɗɬɨ
ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ada, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ȼ C++ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɦ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɪɟɡɤɚ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ transmit:
void ElectricalData::transmit()
{
TelemetryData:: transmit ();
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
// ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɤɚ
};
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɷɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɢɦɹ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ Smalltalk ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ super, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ self. ȼ C++ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɦɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ (ɤɚɤ
TelemetryData:: transmit () ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ). ȼɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ this.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.12
ȼɫɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-5 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ElectricalData ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɦ TelemetryData.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛɵɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ-
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ (ɪɢɫ. 3-6), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ
ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ circle, Triangle ɢ Rectangle. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Rectangle
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟ-ɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ SolidRectangle. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ DisplayItem ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ theCenter (ɡɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
• draw - ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
• move - ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
• location - ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ location ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɬɶ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ draw ɢ move ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ.
12
ȼ CLOS ɷɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ : before,: after ɢɥɢ : around. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Before-ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ, after-ɦɟɬɨɞ - ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ, around-ɦɟ-ɬɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ call-next-method.
Ɋɢɫ. 3-6. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Display Item
Ʉɥɚɫɫ Circle ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ theRadius ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (set) ɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɫ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ theCenter. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Rectangle ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ theHeight ɢ
theWidth ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ theCenter. ɉɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ
SolidRectangle ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Rectangle, ɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ draw ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
Displayltem* items[10] ;
for (unsigned index = 0; index < 10; index++) items[index]->draw() ;
ȼɵɡɨɜ draw ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɍ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ
DisplayItem. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɯɨɱɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ
ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. ɇɚɲ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ - ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ draw. Ʉɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ Smalltalk ɧɟɬ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ draw ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
• ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɳɟɬ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ;
• ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ, ɬɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɞ;
• ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɢɫɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ
ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ object, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "ɩɪɟɞɤɨɦ" ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ ɢ ɬɚɦ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ doesNotUnderstand, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɤɪɵɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ Smalltalk ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ
1.5 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ Smalltalk ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧ ɧɚ 20-30% ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɟɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɸ [31].
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ solidRectangle ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ. Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ Rectangle. ȼ Smalltalk ɞɥɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ super. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ super draw ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ
ɫ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɟɣɱɚ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɜ
85% ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦɭ
ɜɵɡɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ [32]. Ⱦɚɮɮ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ [33]. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ
ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɭ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ C++, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ
ɟɫɬɶ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ.
ȼ C++ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
(virtual), ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ draw - ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, a location ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ. ȿɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɜ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ
(inline), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɹɜɧɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɞ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɟɪ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ C++ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ vtable (ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ). Ɍɚɤɚɹ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Rectangle ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ draw, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɭɸ
ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ draw. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ DisplayItem ɟɫɬɶ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ rotate, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Rectangle ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ, ɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ rotate ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
DisplayItem. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɵɣ
ɤɨɞ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
[34].
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ SolidRectangle ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ draw ɢɡ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Rectangle::Draw();
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ [35]. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ-ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ; ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɲɟɫɬɶ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ
CLOS, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ: : before, : after, :
around. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ CLOS, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ:
• Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
• ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
• Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɦ.
• ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ : before.
• ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.
• ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ : after.
• ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ [36].
ȼ CLOS ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɚɥɨ ɤɬɨ
ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ ȼɢɧɫɬɨɧ ɢ ɏɨɪɧ: "Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ CLOS, ɫɥɨɠɧɵ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɭɞɟɫɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨɣ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨɣ" [37].
ɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ C++. Ⱦɥɹ Smalltalk, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɟɞɜɚ
ɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɬɢɩɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɦ,
ɝɞɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ C++:
TelenetryData telemetry;
ElectrycalData electrical (5.0, -5.0, 3.0, 7.0);
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɟɧ:
telemetry = electrical; //electrical - ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩ
telemetry
ɏɨɬɹ ɨɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɟɧ, ɨɧ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ: ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɫɪɟɡɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ electrical, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɧɟɤɭɞɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ telemetry ɤɥacca TelemetryData.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɟɧ:
electrical= telemetry; //ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ: telemetry-ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɬɢɩ electrical
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɯ ɞɨ-ɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɢɩ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɯ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ y ɢɥɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɦ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫ/ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ C++ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ (ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ)
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ.13 Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ set ɢɥɢ bag, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɂɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɷɬɨ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɞɢɨɦɭ void*, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue). ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
13
ɇɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ C++, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɦɹɝɱɢɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ.
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɭɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢ, ɡɧɚɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ. ɇɨ ɜɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɪɭɯɧɟɬ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫɜɨɞɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɭ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ. ȿɫɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ C++, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ. ɇɨ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼɨɬ ɱɬɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɇɢɤɚɥɥɟɮ:
"ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɵ
ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ" [38].
Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ.
ȼɵɪɚɠɚɹ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɋɧɚɣɞɟɪɫ ɩɢɲɟɬ: "ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ:
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ" [39]. ȼ Smalltalk ɢ CLOS ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ
ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦɵ. C++ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɨɤ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɟɝɨ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ public (ɤɚɤ ElectricalData ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɫ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ
ɧɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦɵɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɚɤ private, ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɞ-ɬɢɩɨɦ.14 ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɦ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɦɢ
(ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ) ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ:
class InternalElectricalData : private ElectricalData {
public:
InternalElectricalData(float vl, float v2, float al,
float a2);
virtual "InternalElectricalData() ;
ElectricalData::currentPower;
};
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ElectricalData ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ transmit, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫ InternalElectricalData ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɦ
ElectricalData, ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
14
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɫɬ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɤɬɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ.
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ currentPower ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɟ
ɹɜɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ C++ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ
"ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ", ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɱɥɟɧ timeStamp, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ TelemetryData ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
currentpower).
ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ada ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ȼɥɢɫɫɢɞɟɫ ɢ Ʌɢɧɬɨɧ: "ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɨɣ; ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɨɬ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ" [40].
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ C++ ɢ
CLOS, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɜ Smalltalk. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ OOP ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨ
ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɲɸɬ: ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧ
ɧɟ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɨɧ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɚɥɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ - ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ,
ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ. Ȼɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɢ
ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ⱥɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɰɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɭɦɚɝɚɦ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ
ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ - ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɶ (ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ, ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɤɥɚɞɵ). Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɵ; ɷɬɨ
ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɭɬɶ ɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ15. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-7. ɇɚ ɧɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Security (ɰɟɧɧɵɟ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ) ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ InterestBearingltem
(ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɨɜ) ɢ Asset (ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ). ɋɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
15
ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨ - "ɥɚɤɦɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɚ" ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɥɢɫɬɶɹ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɵ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɢ) ɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ
ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ.
BankAccount (ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɱɟɬ) ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
Insurableltem (ɫɬɪɚɯɭɟɦɨɟ) ɢ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ Asset ɢ
InterestBearingltem.
ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ C++. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ:
class Asset ...
class Insurableltem ...
class InterestBearingltem ...
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ; ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
class BankAccount :
class RealEstate :
class Security :
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
Asset,
Insurableltem ,
InterestBearingltem ...
Asset,
Insurableltem ...
Asset,
InterestBearingltem ...
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ,ɥɢɫɬɶɹ:
class SavingsAccount : public BankAccount . . .
class CheckingAccount : public BankAccount ...
class Stock : public Security ...
class Bond : public Security ...
Ɋɢɫ. 3-7. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɪɟɲɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ȿɫɬɶ ɞɜɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ - ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ) ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ Asset, ɬɚɤ ɢ Insurableltem ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ
presentValue, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫ
RealEstate ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɨɢɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ? ɗɬɨ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɛɟɞɚ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɦɟɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ
ɞɜɭɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɤɚɦɢ.
Ȼɨɪɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɦɟɧ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ
Smalltalk ɢ Eiffel, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ Eiffel ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɜ ɢɦɹ).
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ (ɬɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ CLOS). ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɢɲɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ C++.16
Ɉ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɩɢɲɟɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: "Ɉɞɧɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɪɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ ɤɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɧɚɩɢɲɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ D, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɜ ɢ ɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɬ Ⱥ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ" [41].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ:
class MutualFund :
public Stock,
public Bond ...
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ security.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɬɶ, ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ Smalltalk ɢ Eiffel (ɧɨ ɜ Eiffel, ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ). ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɜɟ
ɤɨɩɢɢ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ (ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ C++). ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ C++, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ - ɨɛɳɢɣ (shared) ɤɥɚɫɫ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ CLOS ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ "ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ" ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɟɡ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ:
• ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ;
• ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɪɚɮ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ, ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ [43]. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ, ɬɨ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɧɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ
ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɰɢɤɥɵ), ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (mixin). ɂɞɟɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ Flavors: ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ) ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɏɟɧɞɥɟɪ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤ: "ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɨɧɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ" [44]. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-7 ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Insurableltem ɢ interestBearingltem - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. ɇɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ
16
ȼ C++ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɦɟɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ.
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ.17 Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɚɞɤɚ ɷɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ,
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɵɦɢ.
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ. ȼɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ DisplayIem:
virtual void draw();
ɗɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. Ɉɧɚ
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ (ɫɦ. ɜɪɟɡɤɭ ɜɵɲɟ). ɗɬɨ
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ draw ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ - ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, drawGraphic ɢ drawText, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɧɚɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem.
ȼ CLOS ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɨɞɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ). ȼ C++ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɢɞɢɨɦɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ DisplayDevice, ɚ ɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem ɬɚɤ:
virtual void draw(DisplayDevice&);
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɢɩɚ
Displayltem, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ: draw
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ
ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Displayltem ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
DisplayDevice ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ. ɗɬɭ ɢɞɢɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɞɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ TemperatureController:
class TemperatureController {
public:
TemperatureController(Location) ;
~TemratureController();
void process(const TemperatureRamp&);
Minute schedule(const TemperatureRamp&) const;
17
Ⱦɥɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ CLOS ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ : before- ɢ : afterɦɟɬɨɞɵ.
private:
Heater h;
};
Ɋɢɫ. 3-8. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɹɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 3-8, ɤɥɚɫɫ TemperatureController ɷɬɨ,
ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater - ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-3.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TemperatureController
ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ; ɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɝɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TemperatureController.
Ɇɟɧɟɟ ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ TemperatureController ɬɚɤ:18
Heater* h;
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ TemperatureController ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ: ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ. ɇɭɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
"ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ". Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ Heater ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ TemperatureController, ɢ ɧɟ
ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ "ɡɚɰɢɤɥɢɬɶ", ɚ ɜɨɬ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ - ɦɨɠɧɨ (ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ).19
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ
ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ, ɯɨɬɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɚɤɰɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Shareholder (ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ) ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɸɱ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɟ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨɠɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. "Ʌɚɤɦɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɚ" ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ: ɟɫɥɢ (ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ) ɧɚɥɢɰɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
18
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ h ɤɚɤ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
(Heater& ɜ C++), ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
19
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 3-9. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
"ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ" ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɩɭɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ C++ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɟ (ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɟ) ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɋɟɲɚɹ, ɫ ɱɟɦ ɜɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɟ ɞɟɥɨ - ɫ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ - ɛɭɞɶɬɟ
ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɰɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ (is
ɚ), ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɟɳɟ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ȼ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ rampController ɢ
growingRamp ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
TemperatureController ɢ TemperatureRamp.
class TemperatureController {
public:
TemperatureController(Location) ;
~TemperatureController();
void process(const TemperatureRamp&);
Minute schedule(const TemperatureRamp&) const;
private:
Heater h;
};
Ʉɥɚɫɫ TemperatureRamp ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-
ɱɥɟɧɚ process;
ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ TemperatureController
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TemperatureRamp.
Ʉɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨ, ɜɨ ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɤɥɢɟɧɬ)
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ (ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-9.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ. ȼ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ TemperatureController ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
schedule ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Predictor
(ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ). Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɬ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ TemperatureController, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɋɬɪɨɝɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ,
ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ "ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɟ" ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ C++.
ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ. ɇɚɲɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue
(ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ) ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɲɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɟɦ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ C++ ɢ Eiffel.
Template<class Item>
class Queue {
public:
Queue() ;
Queue(const Queue<Item>&);
virtual ~Queue();
virtual Queue<Item>& operator=(const Queue<Item>&);
virtual int operator==(const Queue<Item>&) const;
int operator!=(const Queue<Item>&) const;
virtual void clear();
virtual void append(const Item&);
virtual void pop();
virtual void remove(int at);
virtual int length() const;
virtual int isEmpty() const;
virtual const Item& front() const;
virtual int location(const void*);
protected:
…
};
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ void*, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɚɫɫ item,
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɧ-ɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ. Ɉɛɴɹɜɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ - ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɰɟɥɵɯ
ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
Queue<int> intQueue;
Queue<DisplayItem*> itemQueue;
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ intQueue ɢ itemQueue - ɷɬɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue. ɉɨ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ
ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɥɸɛɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
DisplayItem, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ "ɫɪɟɡɚɬɶɫɹ", ɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 3-10. ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɗɬɨ ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɉɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ
C++ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɚ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ
ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ DisplayItem.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ Queue, ɟɝɨ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ DisplayItem ɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ itemQueue
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3-10.
Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ C++,
ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ, "ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ" [45], ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɵ ɧɟɭɤɥɸɠɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ,
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɩɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Smalltalk [46]. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟɬ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɭɠɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚ; ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ
ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Object Pascal, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Smalltalk, ɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɹɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ CLU. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɪɨɞɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ C++ ɢ Eiffel.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 3-10, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, DisplayItem. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɱɟɦ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ [47]. ɇɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɤɢ [48].
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ,
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ. C++ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ. ɗɬɨɬ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ (ɤɥɚɫɫ Item), ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ). ɉɪɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Item ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ.
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɑɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ? Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɭɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜɟɧɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ Smalltalk ɢ
CLOS, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ C++.
ȼɨɬ ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɛɫɨɧ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ: "ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤ, ɬɨ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ" [49].
ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ Smalltalk ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ - ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ), ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ [50]. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ, ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ Smalltalk ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
3-11, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ nextId ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ
TelemetryData, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ TelemetryData. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɢɯ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɥɟ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɜ C++ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɬ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ. C++ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ, ɜ C++ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (static), ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ: ɷɬɨɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ C++
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ Smalltalk. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ-ɱɥɟɧ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ Smalltalk.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɜ CLOS ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɟɳɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ
Smalltalk. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɛɪɨɭɡɟɪɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɋɢɫ. 3-11. Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ȼ CLOS ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ standard-class,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ defclass. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ makeinstance, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɹ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ CLOS ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɜ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɨɛɶɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ standard-method, ɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ standard-generic-function.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ,
ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
3.5. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ - ɷɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ. ɋɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɟ - ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɥɟɬɚɬɶ, ɥɟɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɜɚ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɟ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɠɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵ. ɇɚɛɨɪ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ
ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɫɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɵ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɵ, ɟɳɟ ɜɵɲɟ.
Ɋɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
• ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
• ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
(ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ), ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ - ɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ).
ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
3.6. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɂɧɝɚɥɫɚ "ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ; ɫɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ" [51]. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 4 ɢ
7 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɸ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ:
• ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ
• ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ
• ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
• ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ
• ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɬɢɜɟɧɫ, Ɇɚɣɟɪɫ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɣɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ
"ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ" [52]. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɉɟɣɞɠ-Ⱦɠɨɧɫ, ɨɩɢɫɚɜ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɨɧɨɤ [53].
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ - ɷɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ (ɚ ɞɥɹ OOD ɟɳɟ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ),
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɚɤ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫ Dog ɛɭɞɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ, ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ, ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ.
Ʉ ɢɞɟɹɦ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ set (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ). Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ. ɉɨɞ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɂɞɟɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɟɸ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ,
ɜɵɧɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ set ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ Add
(ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ) ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚ, ɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ,
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɟɳɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɨ
ɰɟɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ.20
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ?
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ:
20
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ). - ɉɪɢɦɟɱ. ɪɟɞ.
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ; ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɳɟ. ɉɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ
"ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɭɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
ɫɜɹɡɟɣ (ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ (ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ)" [54].
ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
ɏɚɥɛɟɪɬ ɢ 0'Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ:
• ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ Ȼɭɞɟɬ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ?
• ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ?
• ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ?
• Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɞɨ ɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ?
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ Object Pascal, C++,
CLOS ɢ Ada ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
(ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ). ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ C++, - ɷɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ
ɯɭɞɲɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɯɭɞɲɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ.
Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɨɤɨɜɵɟ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ,21 ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɞɜɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ:
21
Ada ɢ Smalltalk ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. əɡɵɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ C++ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ (ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ): ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ AT&T ɞɥɹ C++.
• ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ;
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɢɦ
• ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ
Ɍɨ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ
• ɋ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ɍɨ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
• Ⱥɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ.
ɇɭɠɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ X ɩɨɫɥɚɥ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ Y
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ M, ɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɯ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Y,
ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɦ. ɉɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɵ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɟɟ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɨɞɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
(ɬɚɤ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɟɦɟɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ) ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ" [56]. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɤɪɵɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɚɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɥɟɫ
ɢɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ [57]. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɫ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɤɚ [58].
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɥɟɫ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɞɚ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɷɬɚ "ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ" ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ Car (ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ)
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ Engine (ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ) ɢ wheel
(ɤɨɥɟɫɨ)? ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ Ⱥ ɂ ȼ "ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ Ⱥ" [59]. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɤɬɨ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɬɤɚɰɤɨɣ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɩɚɪɬɢɢ)
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɨɛ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ. əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɧɚɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ): ɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ X (ɤɥɢɟɧɬ) ɜɢɞɟɥ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ Y (ɫɟɪɜɟɪ):
• ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ;
• ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ;
• ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ;
• ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
ɗɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Y ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɯ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ: ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ: ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ (ɫɤɪɵɬɨ). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ) ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɭɞɪɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ
ȼɢɪɬ: "ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɢ ɧɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɉɧ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ" [60]. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɟɝɨ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ - ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ/ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɣɫɚ? ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ, ɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫ Cone (ɤɨɧɭɫ) ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɦɭ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ volume (ɨɛɴɟɦ). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢ
ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ volume [60]?
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ,
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk
ɷɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ. ȼ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
Object Pascal, C++, CLOS ɢ Ada ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ
ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɜɹɡɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ - ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɉɚɪɧɚɫ, Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɫ ɢ ȼɟɣɫ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: "ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɧɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ), ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ" [61].
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
• Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
• ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ.
• ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
• ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ) ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
• ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ - ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
• ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɥɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ.
• Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ.
• ɒɟɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
• Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
• ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɯ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ.
• Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɆɚɤɅɟɧɧɚɧ (MacLennan) [G 1982] ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ Ɇɟɢɟɪɚ (Ɇɟɭɟɝ) ɐ 1987] ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɭ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱥɥɶɛɚɧɨ (Albano) [G 1983],
Ⱥɥɥɟɧɚ (Allen) [A 1982], Ȼɪɚɯɦɚɧɚ (Brachman) (J 1983], ɏɚɣɥɩɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɇɝɭɟɧɚ
(Hailpern and Nguyen) [G 1987], ɢ ȼɟɝɧɟɪɚ ɢ Ɂɞɨɧɢɤɚ (Wegner and Zdonik) [J
1988] ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ. Ʉɭɤ ɢ ɉɚɥɫɛɟɪɝ (Cook and Palsberg) U 1989] ɢ Ɍɭɪɟɰɤɢɣ
(Touretzky) [G 1986] ɞɚɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɢɪɬ (Wirth) [] 1987] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ Oberon. ɂɧɝɚɥɫ (Ingalls) [G 1986] ɞɚɥ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ. Ƚɪɨɝɨɧɨ (Grogono) [G
1989] ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɚ ɉɨɧɞɟɪ ɢ
Ȼɚɱ (Ponder and Buch) [G 1992] ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɛɟɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ Ɇɟɣɟɪ (Ɇɟɭɟɝ) [G 1988] ɢ ɏɚɥɛɟɪɞ ɢ Ɉ'Ȼɪɚɣɚɧ
(Halberd and O'Brien) [G 1988]. ɅɚɅɨɧɞ ɢ ɉɭɯ (LaLonde and Pugh) U 1985]
ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ Ƚɨɥɞ-ɛɟɪɝɚ (Rubin and Goldberg) [ȼ 1992], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȼɢɪɮɫȻɪɨɤɚ, ȼɢɥɤɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɢ ȼɢɧɟɪɚ (Wirfs-Brock, Wilkerson and Wiener) [F 1990].
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ʉɨɚɞ (Coad)[F1991].
Ɇɟɣɟɪ (Ɇɟɭɟɝ) [G 1986] ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ
ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɹɡɵɤɭ Eiffel. ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ (Stroustrup) [G
1988] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ C++. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ
ɦɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ CLOS ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ Ʉɢɲɚɥɟɰ, Ɋɢɜɶɟɪɟɫ ɢ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ
(Kiczales, Rivieres, and Bobrow) [G 1991].
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥ ɋɬɟɣɧ (Stein) [G 1987].
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉ
ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɇɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ, ɤɚɤ "ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ", "ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ". Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: "Ʉɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɵ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɟɬɟɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ?" ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɹɡɵɤɚ C++, ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ: "ɗɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɫɜɹɬɨɝɨ Ƚɪɚɚɥɹ. ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɧɚɰɟɢ". Ƚɚɛɪɢɟɥɶ,
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ CLOS, ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: "ɗɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. ə
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɭɸ" [1]. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ,
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ (ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ) ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ.
4.1. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɲ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɟɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɦ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ - ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɹ, ɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, - ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ.
Ɇɢɯɚɥɶɫɤɢ ɢ ɋɬɟɩɩ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ: "ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ" [2]. Ɍɚ ɠɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɭ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧ-ɞɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ "ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚɹ, ɢ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɢ
ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ"
[Ɂ].
ɇɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɣɞɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɯ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ - ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɱɬɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɭ ɧɨɝɭ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ. ȼ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ
ɪɟɱɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ. ɑɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ - ɛɭɤɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ?
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɡɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɵ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ? Ʉɚɤ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ?
ɑɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚɛɡɚɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ?
Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ
ɧɚɡɨɜɟɲɶ. ɂ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ: ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɢ.
ȼɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ. Ɇɟɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɵɥɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ. ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɣ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤ Ʉɚɪɥ Ʌɢɧɧɟɣ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: ɨɧ
ɜɜɟɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ. ȼɟɤ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ Ⱦɚɪɜɢɧ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɥ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɢ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɢɞɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ - ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ Ⱦɚɪɜɢɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ⱦɚɪɜɢɧ,
"ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ, ɪɨɞɵ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɑɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ? ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɠɢɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ - ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ" [4]. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ
"ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ" ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ "ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ" [5]. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ: ɬɢɩ (ɨɬɞɟɥ), ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɨɬɪɹɞ
(ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ), ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ, ɪɨɞ ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜɢɞ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ. ȼ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ȾɇɄ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ȾɇɄ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ, ɧɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧɵ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɤɨɪɨɜɚɦ, ɱɟɦ ɤ
ɮɨɪɟɥɢ [ɛ].
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɣ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɝ Ɇɷɣ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: "ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɦɵ ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɲɭ
ɩɥɚɧɟɬɭ: ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ 2 ɦɥɧ. ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 50 ɦɥɧ." [7]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɜɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ
ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɨ ɤɪɨɜɧɨɦ
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬɜɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɠɟɥɚɟɬɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ" [8]. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ
ɫɬɪɨɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɢ [9]. ȼ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVII ɜ. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ȼɨɣɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟɤ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ, ɜ 1789 ɝ., Ʌɚɜɭɚɡɶɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ 23 ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ. ɇɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ 1869 ɝ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɜɚɥ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XX ɜ. ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɫɚɦɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ.
ȼɵɜɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ: "Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ - ɧɟɥɟɝɤɚɹ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɚɣɞɟɧ, ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ" [10]. Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ.
ɂɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɭɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɶ "ɞɨɥɝɨɫɬɪɨɣ" ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ,
ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɬɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ
ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɟɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ - ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɗɬɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɒɨɭ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ "ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ȼ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ad hoc, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɨɞ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. ɍɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ,
ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɡɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɦ ad hoc, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ
ɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɢ" [11].
ɂɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ
ɂ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɡ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ (ɜɵɜɨɞ), ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ), ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɥɢɬɶ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ (ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ). ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ, ɢ ɦɵ
ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ) [12].
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ? Ɇɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ "ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ" ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ,
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ʉɭɦɛɫ, Ɋɚɮɮɶɹ ɢ Ɍɪɚɥ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ" [13]. Ʌɸɛɚɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɏɥɭɞ ɢ Ʉɷɪɫɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: "ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ... ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢ - ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ - ɤɚɤ ɝɢɛɧɭɳɢɣ ɭɝɨɥɨɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɵ - ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ - ɤɚɤ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ,
ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ, ɛɪɢɬɚɧɰɟɜ - ɤɚɤ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɟ ɥɭɝɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɵ"
[14]. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɚɡɭɦɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɡɪɹɞɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɡɚɪɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɟɪɬɜɢɫɬɥ, Ⱦɚɥɶ, Ɇɸɪɯɚɭɝ ɢ ɇɸɝɚɪɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɜɟɬ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɟɧ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ - ɞɟɥɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ, ɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɝɥɚɡɧɨɟ" [15]. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɭ: "ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɭɱ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ
ɡɨɥɨɬɭɸ ɪɵɛɤɭ?.. ɉɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɬɨɬ, ɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɢɫɬɟɬɶ" [16]. ɇɚɞɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ.
4.2. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɉɥɚɬɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɦɵ
ɛɟɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ, ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɨɜ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ:
xɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ
xɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ
xɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ [17].
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ "ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɢ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ" [18]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɯɨɥɨɫɬɵɟ
ɥɸɞɢ - ɷɬɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɚɬ, ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɨɬ ɉɥɚɬɨɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɢɝɪɭ ɜ 20
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ (ɗɬɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ? ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɦɟɯɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɶɹɦɢ? Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɥɟɬɚɬɶ? ɉɚɯɧɟɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɨ?) [20]. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚɲɟɥ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ: Ɏɨɦɚ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ,
Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ, Ʌɨɤɤ. ɉɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ɏɨɦɵ Ⱥɤ-ɜɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ: "Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɟɳɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ" [21].
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ɉɶɹɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ
ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ, ɤɨɲɤɢ ɢ ɢɝɪɭɲɤɢ [22]. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ (ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ), ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (ɤɨɥɥɢ,
ɞɨɝɢ, ɨɜɱɚɪɤɢ) [23].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ. Ɇɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ "ɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɫɟɪɵɣ, ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɢ
ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɣ" [24]. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɦɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɨ
ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɥɟɬɚɸɬ, ɚ ɪɵɛɵ ɧɟɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɪɥɚ ɨɬ
ɮɨɪɟɥɢ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4-1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ 10 ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɨɬ Ⱥ ɞɨ J
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɡɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɜ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɡɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ - ɛɟɥɵɟ, ɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ - ɢ ɛɟɥɵɟ, ɢ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɡɹɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɋɬɟɩɩɚ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɥɶɫɤɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ [19]. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, "ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ" ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɇɚɲɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ 93 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ: ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ, ɬɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ
ɜɚɝɨɧɚɦɢ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ - ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɫ
ɩɨɟɡɞɚ. ɋɨɪɨɤ ɢɡ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɜɢɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ).
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ, ɦɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɟ ɋɬɟɩɩɚ ɢ
Ɇɢɯɚɥɶɫɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɫ
ɩɨɟɡɞɚ). Ɉɞɢɧ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ
ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ (A, ȿ, F,
H ɢ I), ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨɬ ɭɠ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ, ɞɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɡ ɫ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ - ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ. ɉɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɲɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ
ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. Ɇɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ? ɗɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɜɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɭɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɨɪɨɦ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ ɩɢɲɟɬ: "ɇɟɥɶɡɹ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜ
ɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɟɟ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ" [25].
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɤɜɨɡɶ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ. Ʉɨɫɨɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ "ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɬɢɰ ɥɟɬɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ. ɋɬɭɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦ, ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɝ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ" [26]. ɗɬɨ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ.
ɂɦɢ ɦɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚɣɦɟɦɫɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4-1. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɋɬɟɩɩ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɥɶɫɤɢ ɩɢɲɭɬ: "ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ" [27].
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ "ɥɸɛɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɫɧɹ". ɗɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɨɜ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɶ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɫɧɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɩɪɨ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨ
ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɦ ɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ
(ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ) ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɤ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ
ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ - ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ
ɤɧɢɝɟ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ Ɋɨɲ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ[28].
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢ ɱɟɬɤɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɚɤɨɮɮ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɬɚɤ: "ɉɨ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ ȼɢɬ-ɬɝɟɧɫɬɟɣɧɚ (Wittgenstein), ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɝɪɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɫɟɦ ɢɝɪɚɦ... ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɶɸ... ȼɢɬɬɝɟɧɫɬɟɣɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɝɪ ɧɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɝɪ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɢɝɪɵ" [29]. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ: ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ-ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ, ɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ.
Ʌɚɤɨɜ ɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɤ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɫɬɭɥɶɟɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ
ɩɭɮ, ɩɚɪɢɤɦɚɯɟɪɫɤɨɟ ɤɪɟɫɥɨ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɥ ɫɬɭɥɶɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ, ɧɨ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɮɚɦɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ... ɇɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɭɮɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɢɤɦɚɯɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɥɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɚ - ɫɬɭɥɶɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɧɵɣ ɫɬɭɥ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɫɜɨɟɦɭ. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ (ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ), ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ"
[30].
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ - ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ,
ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɨ
ɫɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɦɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
"ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ" [31]. ȿɫɥɢ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɭɞɨɛɨɜɚɪɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɵ
ɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɵ ɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɢ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ɗɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɵ, ɧɨ
ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ.22
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɒɥɚɟɪ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ [32]:
xɈɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ, ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
xɊɨɥɢ
Ɇɚɬɶ, ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ
xɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɉɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫ
xȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
Ɂɚɟɦ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɑɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [33]:
xɅɸɞɢ
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
xɆɟɫɬɚ
xɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɦɢ
Ɉɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ
xɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɨɜ
xɄɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ
ɧɟɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ
xɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɇɟɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
Ʉɨɚɞ ɢ ɂɨɪɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ [34]:
xɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ "ɰɟɥɨɟ-ɱɚɫɬɶ" ɢ "ɨɛɳɟɟɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ"
xȾɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ
xɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
xɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɡɚɩɨɦɧɟɧɵ
ɉɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
xɊɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ
Ɋɨɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
22
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɮɚɡɚɦ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ), ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 6. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɫɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɧɚ
"Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ".
xɆɟɫɬɚ
Ɂɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨɮɢɫɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
xɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ
ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ Ʉɨɚɞ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.23 ɗɬɨ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ: ɦɵ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɨɞ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ "ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ - ɷɬɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɟɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɦ" [36]. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɜɨɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
Ɋɭɛɢɧ ɢ Ƚɨɥɶɞɛɟɪɝ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: "ɇɚɲ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ
ɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ... ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ,
ɨɩɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɨɥɢ" [37].
ɂɞɟɢ Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ 1979 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɥɶɛɪɟɯɬɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
"ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ" [38], ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ: ɜɜɨɞ/ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫ, ɮɚɣɥ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ
ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚɦɢ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɟɫɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɹɥɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɭɡɤɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ, ɭɤɚɡɚɜ ɜɚɦ ɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɟ ɱɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɪɟɞɤɨ.
23
ɒɥɚɟɪ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɜ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ.
ɂɞɟɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɇɟɣɛɨɪɫ. Ɇɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɤ "ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ" [39]. Ɇɭɪ ɢ
Ȼɚɣɥɢɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ:
x"ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɹɯ ɫ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
xɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
xɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
xɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɭɠɞɚɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ" [40].
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
(ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɬ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ,
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɳɟ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ? ȼ ɪɨɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ.
Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ
ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ.
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ɍɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɲɚɝ ɡɚ ɲɚɝɨɦ - ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ,
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ,
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɧɟɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɫ
ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɟɝɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ "ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ" [41].
Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ
ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɹɫɶ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ,
ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɤɚɞɪɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɳɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɫɬɵ
[42]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ,
ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (Ƚɨɥɶɞ-ɫɬɟɣɧ ɢ
Ⱥɥɞɠɟɪ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ [43]). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɡɠɟ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
6, ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
CRC-ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ. CRC ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ Class-Responsibilities-Collaborators
(Ʉɥɚɫɫ/Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ/ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ). ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ. Ʉɚɪɬɵ CRC ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ Ȼɟɤ
ɢ Ʉɚɧɧɢɧɝɯɷɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ,
ɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɚɬɚɤ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ 3ɯ5 ɞɸɣɦɚ
(ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɜɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɤɭɩɢɬɟ 5ɯ7; ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɥɢɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ - ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɟɱɬɚ). ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɚɯ
ɜɵ ɩɢɲɢɬɟ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ) ɫɜɟɪɯɭ - ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ - ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ - ɫ ɤɟɦ ɨɧ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ.
ɉɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɩɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ, ɡɚɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ
ɞɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɣɬɟ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɛɞɭɦɵɜɚɣɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ "ɜɵɞɟɥɹɣɬɟ ɢɡɥɢɲɟɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ" ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɢɬɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɥɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɣɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ.
Ʉɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ, ɢɯ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ Ⱥɛɛɨɬɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ,
ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ [45]. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɨɤɢɣɫɤɨɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ ɢ ɜ Fujitsu [46].
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ Ⱥɛɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɭɠɚɫɧɨ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɤ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɇɚɦ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ.
ɆɚɤɆɟɧɚɦɢɧ ɢ ɉɚɥɦɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ:
"ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɨ
ɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ? Ɉɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɚɲ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ" [47]. ɗɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ (ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ȼɚɪɞɚ ɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪɚ [48]), ɬɨ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɨ:
xɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
xɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
xɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ
xɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ:
xɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
xɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɣɞɟɜɢɰ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, "ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɭɸ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ" [49]. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [50].
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɲ
ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɜɚɥɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ ɫɜɚɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɶ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɹɬ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɤ ɡɚɦɭɫɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ24 ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɡɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɦɚɯɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɚɦ ɚɤɬ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ - ɞɟɥɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɟ, ɢ, ɱɟɫɬɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ. ɂɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
4.3. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦɚɹ
ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ: ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɲɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ, ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɥɢɲɧɟɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝ, "ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ" [51].
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ
ɫɟɛɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɫɥɭɲɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɟɫɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɬɨ
ɷɬɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ [52]. ɂɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɹ, ɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɦ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɚɧɤɨɦɚɬɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ "ɫɱɟɬ, ɫɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ"; ɷɬɢ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ - ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɯ, ɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ,
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ. ɗɬɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ - ɫɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
6, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɢ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ "ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ: Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ? Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ? Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ
ɧɚɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ? ȿɫɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵ, ɬɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
24
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ.
ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɚ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɟɦ ɛɪɨɫɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ" [53].
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ. ɏɚɥɛɟɪɬ ɢ Ɉ'Ȼɪɚɣɟɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ "ɧɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ" [54]. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɪɬ-ɛɥɚɧɲ ɧɚ ɯɚɤɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ: ɧɟ
ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ: "ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ
ɧɨɜɵɯ" [55].
Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ, ɧɚɣɞɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɜ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ [56]. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ
ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ [57]. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɵ ɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɥɟɝɤɨɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ,
ɞɭɦɚ ɹ ɢ ɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɢ ɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ [58]. ɉɪɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɚ: ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ. ɍɦɧɨɠɶɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɜɵ
ɩɨɣɦɟɬɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ:
xɈɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ: theSensor ɢɥɢ shape.
xɄɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ: Sensors,
Shapes.
xɈɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ-ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ: Draw,
moveLeft.
xɍ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ-ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɢɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ "to be": extentOf, isOpen.
xɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ - ɧɚ ɜɚɲɟ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɟɛɟ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ? ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɚɤ, ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɸ: ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟ ɧɚ
ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ
ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ - ɤ ɢɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ - ɞɟɥɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ:
xɆɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ).
xɉɨɞ ɩɟɞɚɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɚɪɛɸɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɦ).
xɄɚɪɛɸɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɬ. Ȼɚɤ ɫ ɝɨɪɸɱɢɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɲɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɢ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ. ɉɨɬɨɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɠɢɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɤɟ. ɇɚɠɚɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɥɶ ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɠɢɦ
(ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɟɲɟɜɨ).
Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɧɟɜɟɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦ. ȼɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ, ɧɚɠɚɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɥɶ
ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɨɧ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɡɚɠɟɝɲɢɟɫɹ ɮɚɪɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɇɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ - ɷɬɨ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɹɜɧɨ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɩɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɤɢɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɪɚɫɬɚɥ-
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɫɭɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɤɢɜɚɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ȼ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɵɯ, ɫɬɪɨɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ.25 ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ CLOS ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɚɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ Ada
ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ [59]. ɂɡɭɱɚɹ ɹɡɵɤ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɮɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ Ʉɨɩɥɟɣɧ,
ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ɉɧ
ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ "ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɞɢɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɵ" ɢ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɞɢɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ "ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ C++
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɥɥɸɡɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ" [60].
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɋɪɟɞɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ - ɷɬɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ - ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Apple MacApp ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤ Bedrock - ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ C++ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
Macintosh. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ Windows ɢɝɪɚɸɬ Microsoft Foundation
Classes ɢ ObjectWindows ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ Borland.
25
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ: ɜɵ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɟɫɶ ɜ ɣɟɯɭ
ɢɥɢ, ɟɳɟ ɯɭɠɟ, ɜ ɱɭɠɚɤɚ, ɧɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ: ɨɤɧɨ, ɜɢɞ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɧɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɹɞ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɨɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɟɛɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ: ɜɢɞɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ
ɜɢɞɚɦ. Smalltalk ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɨɣ
Model-View-Controller, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ-ɜɢɞ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ (MVC) [61].
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. MVC, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Smalltalk. ɗɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk (ɤɥɚɫɫɚ object) ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ (ɤɚɤ MS-DOS), ɢɦɟɬɶ ɹɞɪɨ
(UNIX) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
THE) [62]. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɧɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ [63]. Ʉɨɚɞ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɹɜɢɥ ɪɹɞ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɚɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ [64]. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
xɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ.
xɄɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
xɄɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɣ; ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
xȿɫɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ: ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ), ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ) ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ
(ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɨɠɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ).
xɆɟɬɨɞ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ - ɷɬɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ: ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
xɄɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ; ɢɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ
ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
xɆɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɱɧɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ "ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤ" ɉɥɚɬɨɧ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶ ɜ "Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ" ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ Ɏɨɦɚ
Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɜ "Summa Theologica" ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬ ɜ "Ɋɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ"
ɨɛɞɭɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ Ɋɷɧɞɚ (Rand) [I 1979].
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
Ʌɚɤɨɜɵɦ (Lakoff) [I 1990] ɢ Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɢ Ⱥɥɠɟɪɨɦ (Goldstein and Alger) [ɋ
1992].
ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ - ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɜɵɤ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɢ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɵɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɉɶɹɠɟ
(Piaget) ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɵɬɨɠɟɧɵ Ɇɚɣɟɪɨɦ (Maier) [A 1969]. Ʌɟɮɪɚɧɫɭɚ (Lefrancois)
[A 1977] ɞɚɥ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ.
ɇɶɷɥɥ ɢ ɋɚɣɦɨɧ (Newell and Simon) [A 1972] ɞɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɋɚɣɦɨɧɚ (Simon) [A
1982], ɏɨɮɫɬɚɞɬɟɪɚ (Hofstadter) [I 1979], Ɂɢɝɥɟɪɚ ɢ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞɫɚ (Siegler and
Richards) [A 1982] ɢ ɋɬɢɥɥɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (Stillings et al.) [A 1987]. Ʌɢɧɝɜɢɫɬ Ʌɚɤɨɜ
(Lakoff) [A 1988] ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɹɡɵɤɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɇɢɧɫɤɢ (Minsky) [A 1986] ɩɨɞɨɲɟɥ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ Ɇɢɯɚɥɶɫɤɢ ɢ CTenn(Michalski and
Stepp) [Ⱥ 1983, 1986],ɉɟɤɯɚɦ ɢ Ɇɚɪɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ (Peckham and Maryanski) [] 1988] ɢ
Coya (Sowa) [A 1984]. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɉɪɢɟɬɨ-Ⱦɢɚ-ɫɚ ɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɝɨ (PrietoDiaz and Arango) [A 1991]. ɂɫɤɨ (Iscoe) [ȼ 1988] ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɂɫɤɨ, Ȼɪɨɭɧɚ ɢ ȼɟɬɚ (Iscoe, Browne and Weth) [ȼ
1989], Ɇɭɪɚ ɢ Ȼɷɣ-ɥɢɧɚ (Moore and Bailin) [ȼ 1988] ɢ Ⱥɪɚɧɝɨ (Arango) [ȼ
1989].
ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ,
ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɪ, ɢ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ. Ɏɨɧ Ɉɢɱ
(Von Oech) [I 1990] ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɨɚɞ (Coad) [A 1993] ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɝɪɭ Object Game,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɧɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɭɠɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ: Ʉɨɩɥɢɟɧ (Coplien) [G 1992], Ʉɨɚɞ (Coad) [Ⱥ 1992],
Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ (Johnson) [Ⱥ 1992], ɒɨɭ (Shaw) [Ⱥ 1989,1990, 1991], ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤ
(Wirfs-Brock) [ɋ 1991]. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɟɪɚ (Alexander) [I 1979] ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɜɟɞɹ ɢɯ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɢɜɟɧɟ (Stevens) [A 1946] ɢ Ʉɭɦɛɫ, Ɋɚɣɮɚ ɢ Ɍɪɚɥɥ (Coombs, Raiffa and Thrall)
[A 1954] ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢɡɞɚɟɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɫ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɑȺɋɌɖ ȼɌɈɊȺə
Ɇɟɬɨɞ
Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɚ ɤɚɤɨɟ
ɤ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɭ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɦɨɫɬ, ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɫɤɪɟɛ,
ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɛɟɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɯɨɱɟɬ ɜɫɟ
ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɱɬɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ.
Ƚɟɧɪɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɫɤɢ (Henry Petroski)
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
(Ɍɨ Engineer is Human)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ - ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
(ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɩɨɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɚ, ɯɢɦɢɤɚ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ), ɜɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɨɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ, ɫɚɥɮɟɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɵ
[1].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɱɢɜɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦ. ɋɢɦɜɨɥ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɳɢɤɚɦ ɦɢɪɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɧɚɞ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɡ
ɋɚɧ-Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɥɨɦɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ, ɪɟɲɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɟɪɢ, ɨɤɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɤɭ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɦɟɬɢɥ
ɍɚɣɬɯɟɞ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ, "Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɡɝ ɨɬ
ɥɢɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ" [2]. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɱɟɬɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ:
"Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɪɨɩɨɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ... ɏɨɬɹ
ɧɚɲɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɧɚɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɢɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ... ɑɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɟ - ɷɬɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛ ɟɟ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɭɣɞɭɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ" [Ɂ].
5.1. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ Ʉɥɟɣɧ ɢ Ⱦɠɢɧɝɪɢɱ: "ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɭ ɮɭɬɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɧɧɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɱɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɚɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɦɟɪ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɢɝɪɵ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦ" [4].
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
1), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ.
ɑɟɪɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɗɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɵ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɝ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɬɨɝɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɲ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ "ɧɨɬɚɰɢɟɣ Booch Lite" (ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
Ȼɭɱɚ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɠɟ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ? ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɧɢ
ɧɭɠɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ; ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ CASE. Ɇɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ȼɚɣɧɛɟɪɝ: "ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ), ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɤɨɜ, ɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɟɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɞɤɨ"
[5]. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ - ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɢ
ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶ.
ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ
ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɟ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɢ
ɩɪɨɪɚɛ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɭɬ ɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-1. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɤɢ. Ƚɥɭɩɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɵɟ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ: ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɫɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɨɫɬ
ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ). ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɢɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɤɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɳɢɤɚɦ ɜ
ɭɞɨɛɨɜɚɪɢɦɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ, ɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɷɫɤɢɡɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ. ɇɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Smalltalk ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, C++ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ. ɇɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɧɤɟ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ CLOS ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
:before, :after ɢ :around. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ C++ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ,
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ: ɷɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɝɥɚɜɵ 6. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7 ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 8-12 ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɵ
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤɨɜɚ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-1, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ
ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ: ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ/ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ/ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ. Ɉɛɚ
ɷɬɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɢɞ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɫɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɹɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ,
ɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ȼ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɨɬɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɟɟ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ. Ɉɞɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɞɪɭɝɚɹ - ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ "ɭɫɬɨɢɬɫɹ" (ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɜ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ), ɜɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ), ɨɛɴɟɤɬ A ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ M ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ B, ɬɨ M ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ B. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ A ɢ B, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ A ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ M.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɞɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɨɩɢɲɟɦ; ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ:
xɄɚɤɨɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ?
xɄɚɤɨɜɵ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ?
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
xɄɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ?
xɄɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ?
xȽɞɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ?
xɄɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ?
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
xɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
xɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
xɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
xɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ɇɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɟ
ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ:
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɉɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɥɨɯɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɢɦɟɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɫɬɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɱɟɦ
ɪɚɧɶɲɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɟɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɜɟɳɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɳɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɸɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ
ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɨɣ: "ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ", ɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɨɜɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɚɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ (ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ;
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɇɨ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɢɤɚɤɚɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ
ɜɚɲɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɇɵ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ, ɜɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭ
ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
5.2. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɜɪɨɞɟ
ɨɛɥɚɤɚ..1
1
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ - ɷɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɜ
- ɷɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ. Ɇɵ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɱɤɨ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ Intel, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ iAPX432 [ɛ]. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɩɥɵɜɱɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ.
ɉɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯ [7]:
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ). Ɉɛɥɚɱɤɨ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ,
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɩɨɪɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɇɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɦɹ; ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɧɨ, ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɚɦ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ɂɦɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɜ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ -
Ɋɢɫ. 5-2. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɞɥɹ C++ ɢ Smalltalk, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɥ ɢɦɹ,
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. "ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ", ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɯɥɨɩɨɬɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ; ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɢɯ
ɜɢɞɟɬɶ - ɦɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɱɟɪɬɭ ɢ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.2 Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ
ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ:
xA
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ;
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ;
x:C
xA:C ɢɦɹ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ;
ɢɦɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ.
xA:C=E
ɂɦɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɜɭɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɤ ɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xN()
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ;
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (R), ɢɦɹ ɢ
xRN(Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ)
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ (ɟɫɥɢ ɟɫɬɶ).
ɂɦɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ: ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧ ɤ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɭ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ C++ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ
ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ;3 ɜ CLOS ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞ
:around. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɨɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, ɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ.
2
Ɍɨɱɧɟɟ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟɧ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɦɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ, ɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.
3
ȼ C++ ɱɥɟɧɵ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ',
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ; ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ.
ɤɥɚɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɵ
ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ⱥ ɜ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5-3). Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ:
ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɢɞ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ;
ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɨɧɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-4: ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ
(has) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɦɟɬɤɭ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ. ɂɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ.
Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Employment (ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ), ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ). Ɉɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼɨɡɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 3), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ:
x1
ȼ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɇɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ (0 ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ)
xN
x0..N ɇɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
x1..N Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-3. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-4. Ɂɧɚɱɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
x0..1
x3..7
x1..3, 7
ɇɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ, ɬɨ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɵ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɦ
ɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɨɛɳɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ",
ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɤ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ (ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ" (ɫɜɹɡɶ "has") ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɠɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ. ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ
ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɚɹ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɟ.
Ɂɧɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ" ɢ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɩɭɫɬɵɦ ɤɪɭɠɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ. ɗɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɜɫɟɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-5 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ
GardeningPlan (ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ
crop (ɩɨɫɟɜ), ɨɞɧɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ-ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-5. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
execute (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ) ɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ-ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ canHarvest (ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ?). ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
EnvironmentalController (ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ): ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɩɥɚɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ.
ɗɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ
EnvironmentalController ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ: ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Heater (ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ) ɢ Cooler
(ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ), ɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Light
(ɥɚɦɩɨɱɤɚ). Ɉɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Heater ɢ Cooler ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Actuator, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ
startUp ɢ shutDown (ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ Temperature.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɤɥɚɫɫ - ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɸɠɢɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ, ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.4
Ɋɢɫ. 5-6. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ "ɠɢɬɶ" ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ
ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. "ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ", ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɯɥɨɩɨɬɧɨ, ɞɚ
ɷɬɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɱɟɪɬɭ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɧ. ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɟɧ ɜ C++, ɢɦɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
4
ɋɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Smalltalk ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɥɨ ɧɚɫ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ Smalltalk ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ: ɨɧɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ C++
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ (ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ), ɨɧɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɧ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ [8]. (ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱ. ɪɟɞ.)
ɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ A ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ B, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ A::B. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɞɥɹ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɭɸ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ,
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɬɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ. ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɜɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɟ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ
ɧɢɠɟ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
ɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5-4). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ A
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ B, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɡ A ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢɡ B.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-7. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜɪɨɞɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ-ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ Object ɜ
Smalltalk, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɝɪɨɦɨɠɞɚɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ global ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɋɥɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɥɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɥɨɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɭɠɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
(ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ) ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɡɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ - ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ, ɚ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, - ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Ɍɢɩɵɉɨɫɟɜɨɜ - ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ. ɇɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: GardeningPlan (ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ) ɫ ɪɢɫ. 5-5 ɢ
PlanAnalyst (ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ). ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-8. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.5 Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ: ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, C++, Eiffel ɢ Ada
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3,
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-8, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ
ɭɝɥɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ (ɫɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ) ɫ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ.
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ (GardeningPlan ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ).
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɨɝɨ
ɠɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ.
5
ȼɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ Booch Lite.
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Smalltalk ɢ CLOS, ɟɫɬɶ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 3) - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ Smalltalk, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
(ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ C++), ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɮɚɛɪɢɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
(ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ), ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-9. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ CLOS ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ [9].
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɷɬɨ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 5-9. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ (ɦɟɬɚɫɜɹɡɶ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ
ɠɢɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɭ. Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ
GardeningPlan ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ-ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ new() ɢ default (),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GardeningPlan.
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɵɬɶ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
Ɇɟɬɚɫɜɹɡɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɦɟɬɚɫɜɹɡɶ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬ/ ɤɥɚɫɫ". ɗɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ) ɢ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ.
ɍɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɟ
ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ C++, Object Pascal ɢ CLOS, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨ Smalltalk, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ-ɧɟ-ɱɥɟɧ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɫ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ.
ɍɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɧɟɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ) ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɜ C++ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ6). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ,
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɚɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ.
6
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ Smalltalk ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɞɢɨɦɭ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-10. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-10, ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ
ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɧɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
PlanMetrics (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɥɚɧɚ) ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
expectedYield (ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ) ɢ timeToHarvest (ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ
ɭɪɨɠɚɹ). ɍɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ - GardeningPlan (ɩɥɚɧ) ɢ
CropDatabase (ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɠɚɟ). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ,
PlanMetrics ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ CropDatabase: ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɥɚɫɫ PlanAnalyst ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
PlanHetrics.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-10 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ
ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ PlanAnalyst, ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ PlanAnalyst. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ
ɨɞɧɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5-8).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɨɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧ. ȼɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ. Ɇɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ; ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-11 ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ - Nutritionist::NutrientProfile.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-11. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ. əɡɵɤɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ, ɚ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ-ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ. ȼɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ C++ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ (ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɫɟɦ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ), ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ (ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ) ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ (ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.7 ȼ Ada ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ. ȼ Smalltalk ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɩɨ
ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ - ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɜɧɨ: ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɧɨ.
Ɇɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ:
x<ɧɟɬ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ>
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ (ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ)
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ
x|
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ
x||
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
x|||
Ɇɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ "ɡɚɫɟɱɤɢ" ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 5-12 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ GrainCrop ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Crop (ɩɨɫɟɜ) (ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ) ɢ FoodItem (ɩɢɳɚ) (ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ).
7
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ .ɫɪɪ-ɮɚɣɥɟ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɱɥɟɧɚɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɮɚɣɥɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-12. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ
FoodItem ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɬɪɟɯ
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ VitaminContent (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ) ɢ
ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ CaloricEquivalent (ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ).
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ CaloricEquivalent ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
FoodItem, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɪɚɜɧɚ 1:1. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ GrainCrop (ɩɨɫɟɜ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ)
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ GrainYieldPredictor (ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ)
ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
GrainCrop ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
GrainYieldPredictor.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ. Ɇɟɬɚɫɜɹɡɶ (ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ) ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɇɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦ,
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɚ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-12 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ Crop
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ scientificName (ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ),
ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ - yield (ɭɪɨɠɚɣ), ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ - nutrientValue
(ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɜɫɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɬɤɨɣ.
Ɍɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɫɟɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ,
ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ. ȼ C++, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɬɪɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ:
xstatic
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ (ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ) ɤɥɚɫɫɚ;
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ
xvirtual
ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
xfriend
ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ S,V ɢɥɢ F
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-13, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
OrganicItem (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ItemDictionary (ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ) ɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ
ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ). ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ static ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ
ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ GrainCrop, ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɢɜɲɢɫɶ, ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ). ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɜ C++ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ-ɥɢɫɬɶɹɯ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ, ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɚɫɫ Grainɋrop
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɩɢɸ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
OrganicItem, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-13 ɤɥɚɫɫ PlanAnalyst ɞɪɭɠɢɬ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
Crop, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɛɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ yield ɢ scientificName.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ "ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ" ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɟɝɨ
ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ "ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ" ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ: ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɬ ɢɦɢ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɨ ɩɨɫɟɜɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-14. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤɭɸ,
ɤɚɤ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɚ, ɭɪɨɠɚɣ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɞɤɨɪɦɤɢ.
Ⱥɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ;
ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ,
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ, ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɞɚ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ; ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ. ȼ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ:
xɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ
xɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ
ɰɟɥɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Smalltalk,
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ,
ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɤ - ɞɥɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɷɬɨɬ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-14. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ CropHistory (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɚ) ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ NutrientSchedule (ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ) ɢ ɋlimateEvent (ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ). Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ CropHistory ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ
ɨɞɢɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Crop. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ - ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ CropEncyclopedia
(ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ) ɢ CropHistory. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ "ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ", ɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɭ
CropEncyclopedia ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
CropHistory, ɧɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɭɬ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɭ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ CropEncyclopedia ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ CropHistory.
Ɋɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɢɝɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ; ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɢɡɭɱɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɪɨɥɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ - ɷɬɨ ɬɨ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɟ
ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ,
ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-15. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ PlanAnalyst (ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ) ɢ Nutritionist (ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɤ)
ɨɛɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
CropEncyclopedia (ɨɧɢ ɨɛɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɸ), ɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PlanAnalyst ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢɡ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ). ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PlanAnalyst:
ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɯ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ CropEncyclopedia.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-15. Ɋɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɢ
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
CropEncyclopedia ɢ Crop, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɸɱ (ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ).
Ʉɥɸɱ - ɷɬɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ CropEncyclopedia ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ
scientificName, ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ,
ɤɥɸɱ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ, ɢ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ-ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-16. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ɂɧɚɱɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ - ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ - ɜ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ
ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ: ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɦ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɮɢɝɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɫɜɹɡɶɸ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-16 ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ EnviromentalController
ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɬɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 7 ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ (ɧɭɥɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ), ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ
(ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ⱥ).
Ʉɥɚɫɫ Heater (ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼ
ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ: ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɩɹɬɢ ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Heater, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ:
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
EnvironmentalController ɢ Light ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɫɜɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
EnvironmentalController ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ Heater ɢ Cooler, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ Heater ɢ
Cooler, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɢɦ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Cooler:: ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ) ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ (ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ) ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɧɨ
ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ.8 ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ Adult
(ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ) ɢ Child (ɞɟɬɢ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Person (Ʌɸɞɢ). Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɧɚɛɞɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ Person ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ dateofbirth
(ɞɚɬɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ age (ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ.
8
ȼ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ: ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɨɧ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ. ɇɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ; ɷɬɨɬ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, age - ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ: ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ
dateofbirth. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɛɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ,
ɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɧɨ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ Adult
ɢ Child, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ Parent (ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ), ɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ, ɢɦɟɧɭɟɦɭɸ Caretaker (ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶ), ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ). Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ Caretaker ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ: ɟɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Parent; ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ
ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ Caretaker.
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ; ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-17. ɇɚ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟɤɨ-ɦɧɨ-ɝɢɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ Crop ɢ Nutrient. ɗɬɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ N (ɥɸɛɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ) ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ N (ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ) ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ NutrientSchedule ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ-ɤɨ-ɦɧɨɝɢɦ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɟɜɚ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɦɵ ɪɢɫɭɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɨɬ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Crop/Nutrient (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ) ɤ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɭ - ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
NutrientSchedule (ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ). Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ.
ɂɞɟɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ: ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ - ɞɟɥɨ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦɨɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,
Ɋɢɫ. 5-17. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-17 ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ NutrientSchedule, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɨɛ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ (ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ); ɞɪɭɝɨɟ (ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ) ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɤ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Nutrient ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɟɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɤɢ, ɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦ ɢɯ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ: ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ,
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ (ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ.9
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ: ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ: ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦ, ɢ ɷɬɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ - ɫɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɧɟɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɜɭɯ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɢɦ ɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɵ
ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, - ɨɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚɲɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɧɟ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ). ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ
ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ; ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɭ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. ȼɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ:
ɂɦɹ:
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ:
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɍɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɢɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ).
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɮ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɞɭɪɚɰɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬ
9
Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ, ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
windows-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦ Macintosh. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Ƚɚɦɦɚ, ɏɟɥɩɚ, Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧɚ ɢ
ȼɥɢɫɫɢ-Ⱦɟɫɚ[10].
ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɧɭ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ:
Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ:
Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ:
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ - ɷɬɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɚɮɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ - ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ - ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɧɚɛɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɧɢɠɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ C++ ɢɥɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɜ Ada.
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɮɭ:
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬ:
ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ:
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ:
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ | ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ:
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ:
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ;
ɨɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ:
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ:
ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ | ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ | ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɣ |
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ | ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ - ɷɬɨ ɬɚ, ɱɶɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɶ ɫɚɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 2). ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɬɨɤ. Ɉɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɢ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ "ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ" ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɚɮɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚɲɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɭɧɤɬɵ:
Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ:
ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɗɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɭɧɤɬ:
Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ:
ɬɟɤɫɬ
ȼ C++, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɵ:
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ:
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ | ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ | ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ | ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ
Object Pascal ɜɫɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɜ Ada ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɚ ɜ C++ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɵ
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ:
ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɗɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk: ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɪɨɞɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ initialize-release
(ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ-ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ) ɢɥɢ model access (ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ).
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
ɉɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:
ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ:
ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ
ɉɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ:
ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɤɫɬ | ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ |
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬ | ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ |
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬ | ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ |
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ:
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɮ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɉɚɦɹɬɶ:
ȼɪɟɦɹ:
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ |
ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɣ |
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɝɪɚɮɚɦ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
5.3. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ: ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ; ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɥɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɏɚɪɟɥɨɦ [11]: ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ, ɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.10
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
Ɋɢɫ. 5-18. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɇɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ
ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ - ɷɬɨ,
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ: ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɡɜɨɧɨɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɬɨɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɛɨɪɭ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ; ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɡɚɡɜɨɧɢɬ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɛɟɫɟɞɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
10
Ɇɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ [12] ɢ Ȼɟɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. [13].
ɧɚɛɟɪɟɬ ɜɚɲ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɬɪɭɛɤɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ), ɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɟɬɟ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɜɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨ ɡɜɨɧɢɜɲɢɦ.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
(ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. ɉɨɞ "ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ" ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɢ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ, ɢ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
"ɠɢɜɭɬ" ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ (ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-18 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɦɹ; ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ
ɢɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ,
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɨɬɨɜɫɸɞɭ, ɚ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ȼɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
ɇɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɧɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-18, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɢɥɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ.11
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-19. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ. ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ. ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɨɧ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-19. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ:
xɉɨɫɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ
xɍɪɨɠɚɣ ɫɨɡɪɟɥ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɤ ɫɛɨɪɭ
xɂɡ-ɡɚ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ ɭɩɚɥɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ
xɈɬɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
xɇɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ,
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ - ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɟɜɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
11
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɏɚɪɟɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ
ɭɛɪɚɬɶ.
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
Ɉɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ - ɷɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ: ɯɨɬɹ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
(ɩɨɫɟɜɵ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ), ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ/ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɥɚɦɩɨɱɤɢ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɟɧɭ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɧɨɱɢ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ - ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ,
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ - ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɏɚɪɟɥ,
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɚ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɹ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ (ɢɥɢ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ), ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ CoolerFailure (ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ) ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɥ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɴ-ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɤɨɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ (model-view-controller), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɢɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ DeviceFailure (ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ CoolerFailure
(ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ) ɢ HeaterFailure (ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ). Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɥɢɫɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, CoolerFailure) ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
(DeviceFailure). ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ CoolerFailure, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ DeviceFailure, ɬɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɫɛɨɣ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɞɭɯɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤɭɸ
ɤɚɤ GardeningPlan:: execute (). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ:
xheater.startUp() ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ
xDeviceFailure
ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
xstart Heating
xstop Heating
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɂɦɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ; ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ Actuator::shutDown ()) ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ (ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ). Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ harvest crop (ɫɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ), ɦɵ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ; ɨɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɪɭɠɤɚ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɷɬɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬɫɹ). Ɇɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɪɢɫɭɹ ɧɟɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɡɧɚɱɤɭ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɭɠɨɤ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-20. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ (EnvironmentalController)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɵɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-20 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ EnvironmentalController,
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-5.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ Idle (ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ); ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ Define climate, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
(ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɜɨɞ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ). Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ-ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ Daytime ɢ Nighttime (ɞɟɧɶ ɢ
ɧɨɱɶ); ɨɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ Sunrise ɢ Sunset (ɜɨɫɯɨɞ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɬ)
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ
adjustTemperature(), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ). Ɇɵ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Idle, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ Terminate
climate, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ
ɦɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɦ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɪɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɏɚɪɟɥɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-21. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-18, ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ:
xentry start Alarm
ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɜɵɡɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ
xexit shutDown()
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ entry ɢ exit(ɜɯɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ).
Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ
ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ:
xdo Cooling
ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ:
"ɇɚɱɚɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ".
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-21 ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Heating (ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ
Heater::startUp(), ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ - ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ Heater::shutDown(), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
Failure (ɫɛɨɣ), ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ
(Alarm).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Idle ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Heating.
Ɉɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ (ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ; ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ.
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ "ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ". ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ, ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ.
ɂɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ. ɉɭɫɬɶ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ S, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ ȿ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ T ɫ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ C ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ T ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
xɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ȿ.
xɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ C.
xȿɫɥɢ C ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ, ɬɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ T ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ Ⱥ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ C ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ȿ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
C ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ. ɉɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ȿ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ C
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ Ⱥ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ S,
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ C ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ: ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ T ɜɫɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɫɹ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ:
xin Cooling
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ). ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
xtimeout (Heat ing, 30) ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 30 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ Heating ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɢɩ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ "ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ", ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟɦ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ.12
ɑɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ? ɉɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ: ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬ.
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ; ɷɬɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɬ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɏɚɪɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɡɪɵɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-21 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Cooling, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɵ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ.
12
ɏɚɪɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ "ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɬɭɲɤɭ" ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ Cooling, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ Running, - ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ.
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Cooling ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ xor (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɥɢ) ɞɥɹ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ: ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ Cooling
(ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ), ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ Startup
(ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ), Ready (ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢɥɢ Running (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ).
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-ɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɬ, ɚ
ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ ɫ ɱɟɪɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Ready ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ.13
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɚɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɥɸɛɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ:
xɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɞɧɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ (ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡ Failure
ȼ Idle ɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ready ɜ Running) - ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ;
ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
xɆɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (ɤɚɤ ɢɡ
Idle ɜ Startup), ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɢɡ
Running ɜ Idle), ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
xɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɢɡ Cooling ɜ Failure
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ Failure) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ
ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ.
xɍɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Failure)
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ (ɩɨ
ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ).
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ
ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɝɞɟ ɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ. ɗɬɭ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɦɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ (ɛɭɤɜɚ H (History) ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɠɤɚ,
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɞɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
5-22 ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Failure. ȼ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ Create log (ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ); ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɠɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥ (log) ɫɨɡɞɚɧ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Log ready. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɛɨɟ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ, ɦɵ ɜɨɡɜɪɚ-
13
ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ Too hot ɢ ok ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Cooling
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-21 ɫ ɱɟɪɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-22. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
ɳɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɚɞɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Failure ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡ,
ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ, ɢ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɤ Log
ready, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Failure,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ "ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ" ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ
ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɭɪɨɜɧɢ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɷɬɨ, ɩɪɢɪɢɫɨɜɚɜ ɤ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɭ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɭ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɩɪɢɪɢɫɨɜɚɜ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ.
5.4. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɧɢɦɨɤ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚɦɢ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɛɟɡɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-23. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-23 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ.
ɂɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ:
xA
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
x:C
xA:C ɢɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɟ
ɭɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ, ɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɬɟɤɫɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ
ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ), ɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.14 ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɹɜɧɨ.
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ: ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ; ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɧɨɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
(ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ C++), ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ - ɧɢ ɹɜɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜ ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ, ɧɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, - ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɧɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɬɨ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɦ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɛɟɡ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ) ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɤ
ɤɚɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-24. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɇɚ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ.
"ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ" - ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ
ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɨɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ
ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ
ɢɦɟɧ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧ ɤ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
14
ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ: ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-24. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ,
ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɟɹɜɧɨ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦ ɫɟɛɟ.
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ A ɢ B ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ L ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ A ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ B ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ A. Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ A, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ B. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ M ɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ B, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ L, ɬɨ ɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
B, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-24, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ:
xD
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ
ɜɵɡɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ
xM
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
xS
Ɇɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. Ɉ ɧɢɯ ɦɵ
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɠɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ȼɵɡɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ - ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xN()
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɹ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
xRN(arguments)
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ,
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɬɨ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɦɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ, ɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɫɥɚɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɹɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫ ɤ ɜɵɡɨɜɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ.
ɉɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɞɪɭɝɚ; ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ
ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-25 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ
ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Planning
(ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-7). ɐɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɟɜɚ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ PlanAnalyst
(ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ) ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ timeToHarvest() (ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ)
ɧɚɞ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PlanMetrics (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ PlanMetrics
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ status() (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ) ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GardeningPlan (ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ). ȼ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ:
"ɇɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ". ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ GardeningPlan ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ maturationTime() (ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ) ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GrainCrop (ɩɨɫɟɜ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ),
ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɚ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-25. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
PlanAnalyst, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ
C.yield(), ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ Crop::yield()).
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PlanAnalyst, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ netCost ().
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ PlanAnalyst
ɢ GardeningPlan. ɏɨɬɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ, ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɨɩɹɬɶ: ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɨɥɢ, ɤɥɸɱɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɟɟ
ɪɨɥɶ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɟɬɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-26 ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ PlanAnalyst
ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɜɟ (Crop) ɜ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
CropEncyclopedia (ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ) ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɨɥɢ Ⱥɜɬɨɪ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ.
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɹɜɧɨɟ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨ-
Ɋɢɫ. 5-26. Ɋɨɥɢ
ɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-26 ɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ insert (ɜɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ) ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ succeeded
(ɭɫɩɟɯ). ɉɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɪɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɦɢ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɞ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ,
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɤɨɞɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-27 ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 5-25 ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ,
ɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ PlanAnalyst ɤ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
PlanMetrics ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ G; ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ PlanAnalyst ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ :
GardeningPlan: ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GrainCrop ɜɢɞɟɧ
ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ Ɋ); ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɋ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ F (field)).
ȼɨɨɛɳɟ, ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
xG
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
xɊ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
xF
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
xL
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɤ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ (ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ) ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɤ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ (ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ). ȿɫɥɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɷɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɵɦ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɷɬɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ "ɱɚɫɬɶ/ɰɟɥɨɟ" (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɹ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ; ɜɬɨɪɨɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ -
Ɋɢɫ. 5-27. Ɂɧɚɱɤɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɢ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ: ɤɚɤ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɦ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɋɚɧɟɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɦɵ
ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ: ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ,
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ. ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɜ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ
ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɜ sequential, guarded,
synchronous ɢɥɢ active. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-28 ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ H, C
ɢ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ EnvironmentalController - ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ.
ɇɟɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ L, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-28, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ turnON()
(ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ) - ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ; ɨɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-28. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ startUp() - ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɞɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɵɥɤɚ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ
ɹɡɵɤɟ Ada (rendezvous). ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ isReady() ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
restart() ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɡɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɠɞɚɬɶ, ɩɨɤɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ failure ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɟɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪ
ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ɋɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ) ɦɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɥɸɫ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-29 ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ startUp() ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ
5 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ 6.5 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ready() ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɫɩɭɫɬɹ 7 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ turnOn().
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɟ
ɧɟɫɭɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ.
ȼ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Context: ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ | ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ | ɤɥɚɫɫ | ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ).
Ɋɢɫ. 5-29. Ɋɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
5.5. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.15 ȼ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-30 ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-25. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɪɨɥɢ, ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɨɛɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɜ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ.16
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɨɧɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɢɫ. 5-30, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɬɟ
ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ) ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɟɟ
ɫɬɪɨɤɟ. ɉɨɞ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɢɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ.
Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɨɦ ɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ,
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɤ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ,
15
ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ [15].
16
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɯ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɋɢɫ 5-30
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɠɟɦ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-31. ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ
ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5-31), ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ, ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɢ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ Ⱥ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ X ɢ Y ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ,
ɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ X ɢ Y ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɝɨ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ Z. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-31, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ GardeningPlan, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɠɟ.
5.6. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Smalltalk, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ; ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɢɯ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-32 ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ - ɷɬɨ ɮɚɣɥɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɮɚɣɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ȼ
C++, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɮɚɣɥɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ
.ɫɪɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ-ɧɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ
main. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɨɜɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. Ɂɧɚɱɨɤ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɮɚɣɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ C++, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɣɥɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ .h, ɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɬɟɥɚ - ɮɚɣɥɭ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ .ɫɪɪ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-32. Ɂɧɚɱɤɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɤɪɨɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɦɹ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɮɚɣɥɚ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɧɚɱɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɹ ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɞɥɢɧɧɨ, ɦɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ
ɮɚɣɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨ ɢɞɟɟ, "ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜ" ɡɧɚɱɨɤ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-33. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ, - ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ - ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɣ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ. ȼ C++, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ
ɬɚɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ #include. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜ Ada
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɡɨɣ with. ȼ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɵ. ɑɬɨɛɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɣ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-33 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɲɟɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. Ⱦɜɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, climatedefs ɢ cropdefs, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ, ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ: ɷɬɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ
ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ, ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ
ɫɤɪɵɬɨɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɢɦɹ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɨ,
ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ, ɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦɢ (.ɫɪɪ ɢ .h).
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ
ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɥɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ climate ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ heater, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
climatedefs.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɵɫɹɱ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɉɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɟɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɛɟɡɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɢɩɚ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ - ɷɬɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-32 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ,
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ,
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɜ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ; ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ
ɩɪɟɠɧɟɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-34 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɜ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 5-34. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɪɢɫ. 5-7)
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɦɨɪɮɧɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Ʉɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɍɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ
ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Ɍɟɩɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɄɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɢ ȼɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɍɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ada,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-32.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ada ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ, ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɫɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɤɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ
ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɞ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɜɟɪɥɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɑɬɨɛɵ
ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ, ɫɧɚɛɞɢɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɦɟɬɤɨɣ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɭ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɯ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ.
ȼ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɲɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. "Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ" ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɢɥɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
5.7. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ: ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɤɭɪɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-35 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ - ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɢɦɹ; ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ "ɠɟɥɟɡɨ", ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ main ɢɡ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ) ɢɥɢ ɢɦɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ).
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-35 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ - ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 5-35. Ɂɧɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɚ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ
ɧɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, RS232, Ethernet, ɢɥɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, "Ɂɟɦɥɹ-ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ". ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɞɜɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ
ɫɬɪɟɥɤɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɤɭ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-36 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɟɩɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ
ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɨɞɢɧ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɭ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5-35 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ),
ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɨɤɚ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ), ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɳɢɤɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. ȼ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ,
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ-
Ɋɢɫ. 5-36. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɦɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɧ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ - ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ.ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɇɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɟ.
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɜ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɤɭ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦɟɧ:
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɟ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɫɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɷɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
5.8. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ), ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ).
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɟɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɵ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɱɚɜ ɫ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɗɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɧɚɲɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ, ɯɨɬɹ,
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɥɹɞɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ
ɜɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɟ. Ⱥ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɚɧɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ
ɟɦɭ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ
Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɷɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɚ
ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ʉ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɤ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɲɟɦɭ ɞɨɝɦɚɬɭ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ. ȼ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɹɬɶ ɝɥɚɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ; ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ/ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ/ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ) ɢ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
(ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ).
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɜ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɜ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ - ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ: (1) ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; (2) ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ; (3)
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞ
Ȼɭɱɚ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɚɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɭ
(Rumbaugh) ɢ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɭ (Jacobson), ɭɞɚɥɹɥ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɥ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɛɟɪɟɝɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɡɟɧɢɰɚ ɨɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ - ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.
Ɉɛ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ; ɤɧɢɝɚ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɆɚɤɄɥɸɪɚ (Martin and McClure) [H 1988] ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ. Ƚɪɷɯɚɦ (Graham) [F 1991] ɞɚɥ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɪɹɞɚ
ɧɨɬɚɰɢɣ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
Ɋɚɧɧɹɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ȼɭɱɚ (Booch) [F 1981]. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ (ɋɬɢɥɢɧɝɫ ɢ ɞɪ. (Stillings et al.) [A
1987] ɢ Ȼɚɪɪɢ Ɏɟɣɝɟɧɛɚɭɦ (Barrand Feigenbaum) [J 1981]),ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ "ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ-ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ"
(ɑɷɧ (Chen) [ȿ 1976]), ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɋɨɫɫ (Ross) [F 1987]), ɫɟɬɢ ɉɟɬɪɢ (Petri) (ɉɟ-ɬɟɪɫɨɧ
(Peterson) [J 1977], ɋɚɯɚɪɭ (Sahraoui) [F 1987] ɢ Ȼɪɭɨɧ ɢ Ȼɚɥɡɚɦɨ (Bruon and Balsamo) [F 1986]),
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (Ɋɭɦɛɚɯ (Rumbaugh) [F 1991]) ɢ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɏɚɪɟɥ (Harel) [F 1987]).
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ, ɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ.
Ɂɧɚɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ iAPX 432 [D 1981]. Ɂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɟɣɞɜɢɰɚ (Seidewitz) [F 1985].
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ȼɭɪɚ (Buhr) [F1988,1989].
ɑɷɧ (Chang) [G 1990] ɞɚɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ-ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɳɭɬ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɜɨɥɲɟɛɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ - ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɩɚɧɚɰɟɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ʌɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ "ɩɨɜɚɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ"; ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɵ ɠɟ
ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɥɟɩɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɂɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ "ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ" ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯ.
Ʌɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɟ, ɡɚɛɨɬɹɫɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɬɢ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɜ ɭɦɟɥɵɯ ɪɭɤɚɯ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɨɩɢɫɚɜ ɰɟɥɢ, ɜɢɞɵ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ.
6.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
ɍɞɚɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɨɜɟɦ ɬɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɥ (ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɟɥ) ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ, ɭɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ:
xəɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
xɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ.
x
xȺɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ - ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ȼɪɭɤɫɚ, "ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ" [1]. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 1 ɢ 5, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɧɟɬ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ,
"ɹɫɧɚɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ" ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɚ, ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɚ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ [2].
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɟ.
xɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɝɥɭɩɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɬɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɵɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɠɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ?
xɄɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɹɝɨɬɟɟɬ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ,
ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 1 ɢ 2, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
xɏɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ:
xɈɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɦɢɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
xɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹɫɶ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
xȺɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ: ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ.
xɆɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, - ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ - ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
xɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɢɡɹɳɧɨ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɥɢɜɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ
ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɛɟɪɢɯɢ.
x
xɐɢɤɥ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ - ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɸ; ɬɹɠɤɢɦ
ɬɪɭɞɨɦ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ) ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜ
ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ, ɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɫɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ. ɗɬɨ - ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ.17 ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ
ɢɦɟɟɦ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɦɵ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɨɣ,
ɜɨɡɞɜɢɝɧɭɬɨɣ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɟɣ.
xȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɢ
ɚɧɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɧɢ ɞɪɚɤɨɧɨɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɦɵ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɞɚɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ,
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ-ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ),
ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
xɂɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ "ɜɨɞɨɩɚɞɚ" ɢ
ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ-ɜɧɢɡ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ-ɜɜɟɪɯ.
Ɉɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ [3, 4]. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɬɚɬ ɮɢɪɦɵ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɤɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɚɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ,
ɱɬɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɚ ɬɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɳɢɤɚɦ. ɗɬɨ - ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ-ɜɧɢɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɟɦ ɭɡɤɢɯ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ)
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ [5]. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɧɚɧɹɜ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ
ɜɫɟ ɪɭɤɢ, ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ. ɗɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
17
ȿɫɬɶ ɲɚɧɫ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɡɟɦɥɢɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ, ɧɨ ɜɚɦ ɧɟ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
xɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ-ɜɧɢɡ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ-ɜɜɟɪɯ. Ⱦɪɭɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ "ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ" (round-trip gestalt design). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ, ɧɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
xȼ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ
ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ:
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ; ɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɦ, ɜ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɱɟɪɬɚɯ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɧɨ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɭɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɢɫɤ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [ɛ]. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɟɟ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶ.
xȻɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ: ɨɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɢɞɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ,
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ.18 Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
xɊɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
xɈɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɪɟɥɭɸ,
ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɟɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
xɍɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ɏɷɦɮɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ [7]:
x
x• ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
• Ɋɭɱɧɨɟ
ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ.
• Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɤɜɚɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɜɚɧɬɚɯ.
• ɐɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
18
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ Ʉɟɪɬɢɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɥɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ
ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ (ɚɧɚɥɢɡ,
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ "ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɩɥɨɯɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ... Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭɜɧɢɡ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ... ɏɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ" [8].
Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɚɦ ɧɟ
ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ.
• ȼɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɳɟɟ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ.
• ɇɟɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɳɟɟ
• ȼɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
• Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ; ɨɧ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ - ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
• ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɐɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ
ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
• Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ.
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɉɚɪɧɚɫ ɢ Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɫ: "Ɇɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɨɬɵɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɥ ɛɵ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ", ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɟɥɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ
ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɨɧɢ, "ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ... (ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɚɥɨ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɚ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ, ɟɫɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ... ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɞɟɪɠɢɦ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɟ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɱɟ
ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ" [9].
ɋ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: "Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɶ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ?". Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ
Ȼɨɟɦɨɦ, ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ [10].
Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ "ɜɨɞɨɩɚɞɭ" ɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɦɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢɦɢɪɹɹ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɦɵ
ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ, ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ; ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɯɚɨɫɭ.
Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ,
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɞɡɢɪɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
6.2. Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, - ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ,
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɛɟɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ,
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ.
ȼ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɧɵ, ɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ".
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɋɬɪɚ-ɭɫɬɪɭɩ, "ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɦ, ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɜɤɭɫ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ...
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟɨɬɞɟɥɢɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ" [II].
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6-1, ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
xɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
xɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
xɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
xɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɐɟɥɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ
ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɦ ɧɚɲɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ,
ɪɟɲɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɚ ɱɬɨ - ɧɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɞɚɛɵ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥ [12]. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-
Ɋɢɫ. 6-1. Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.19 ȼ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ: ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ - ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ - ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɢɧɵɟ - ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɨɠɢɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɚɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɭɸ
ɢ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ - ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨ
ɜɫɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɟɥ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ,
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɭ ɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɭɩɭɳɟɧɵ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɢ
ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟɦ.
19
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɇɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɟɧ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɷɬɢɯ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ɉɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞɟɥ 4.2,
"Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ"), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɚɫɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ: ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ.
xɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɦ ɠɟ) ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ.
xȾɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɦ ɠɟ). ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦ, ɞɨɛɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɬɟɦɧɵɯ
ɭɝɨɥɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ CRC-ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ "ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɬɭɪɦɚ" ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɬɟɫɧɟɟ ɫɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ,
ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ.20
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɯɨ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɢ
ɪɨɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ, ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɭɬɶ
ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ - ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ, ɦɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ (ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ), ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ ɷɬɭ
ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚ ɧɚɫ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
20
ɗɬɨ ɭɠɚɫɧɨ ɛɚɧɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɛɳɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ.
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. ɉɨ
ɯɨɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɐɟɥɶ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɦ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɲɚɝ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɫɱɟɬɟ, - ɤ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ (ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
5), ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɹ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɦɵ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ C++
ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ .h-ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɜ Ada - ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ, ɜ CLOS ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɜ Smalltalk - ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ȼ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ, ɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɫ-ɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɹɜɧɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɲɚɝɟ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ
ɧɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ - ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ
ɡɵɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɚ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɬɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɨ
ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ:
xȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ (ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ; ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ
ɲɚɝɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
xɉɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ - ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
xɉɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ; ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ.
ɇɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɢ CRC-ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɚ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ,
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ - ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɟ - ɜ
ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɦ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɮɪɚɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ; ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦ ɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ. ɇɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,21 ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ,
ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ,
ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɫɬɟɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ:
21
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɟɫɬɜɟ; ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
xȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
xɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ
ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ɉɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɝɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ.
xɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ: ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɵ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ (ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ). Ƚɞɟ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
xɍɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ [13].
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
xɉɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ, ɧɨ "ɨɤɪɭɝɥɹɸɬ"
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨɦɧɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨɬ
ɲɚɝ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ - ɩɨɢɫɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ - ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼɵɹɜɥɹɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɞɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɟɳɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ:
xɂɦɟɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ
ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɇɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
xɂɦɟɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɣɬɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɢ
ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɢ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ; ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ
ɲɚɝ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3. ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ. ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɟ ɥɸɞɢ.22
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɣɬɟ ɛɭɪɧɵɯ ɞɟɛɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ɇɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɐɟɥɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ - ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ
ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɠɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɱɚɬɨɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɟɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ:
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ,
ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɫɭɬɶ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ
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Ɉɫɬɟɪɟɝɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ; ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɧɚɞɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧ-ɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ɇɟɬ ɧɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ "ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ",
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ "ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ" ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɧɚɱɚɬɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ. əɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ
- ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ. ɗɬɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɲɚɝɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɟɦ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɨ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ
ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɚɛɵ: ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ,
ɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ; ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
xȼɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ
ɛɵ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɪɚɡɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ/ɨɛɳɟɟ" ɢɥɢ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ.
xȾɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ.
xɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɢ
ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ⱥ,
ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
xɄɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ. Ƚɞɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ - ɚɤɬɟɪɵ, ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ
ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɟ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ
ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ "ɨɛɳɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ". Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3,
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ "ɥɟɫ" ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ,
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ; ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ
ɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɝɥɚɜɵ 3. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ: ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ, ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɡɤɨɣ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ).
xɄɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ - ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɥɨɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ. ɂɦɟɹ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɭɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ (ɞɥɹ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
xɊɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɧɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚ-ɰɢɣ - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɱɬɨ-ɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɦɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ-ɛɪɨɫɨɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɪɨɥɢ, ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɂɦɟɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɭɠɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ
"ɨɛɳɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ". Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɬɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
xɇɚɣɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
xɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
xɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ: ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɢ, ɤɥɸɱɢ,
ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɇɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ: ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ ɷɬɭ
ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɟɪɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ - ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ. ɉɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ; ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
(ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ).
ɗɬɨɬ ɲɚɝ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɛɟɪɟɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɨɬ
ɧɟɞɨɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ), ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɵ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ). Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɞ ɢɡ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɲɚɝ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ:
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɷɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵ: ɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɚɤ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɉɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
xɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɳɚɹ) ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
xɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ-ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
xȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ
ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɵ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ-ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɯ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ, ɧɟɭɤɥɸɠɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
6.3. Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ. Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ, ɜɧɟɫɬɢ
ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ ɞɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɬɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ (ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɉɚɪɧɚɫɚ) ɧɚ ɬɨɦ,
ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɪɨɞɭɟɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɰɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ.23 Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɨɥɧɭɟɬ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ; ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧ ɫɪɨɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ - ɞɜɭɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ
ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ȼ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɦɟɪɭ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
6-2, ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
xȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ
(ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ).
xɊɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɚɧɚɥɢɡ).
xɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ).
xɂɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ).
xɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
(ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ).
x
Ɋɢɫ. 6-2. Ɇɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɍ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ȼɨɧɤ, "ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɝ ɡɚ ɲɚɝɨɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ, ɩɥɸɫ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ" [14]. ɗɬɨɬ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ƚɢɥɛ: "ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɫ ɨ ɧɚɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ" [15].
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɨɣɬɢ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ.
23
ɇɭ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɛɚɜɶɬɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ. ə ɞɭɦɚɸ, Ⱦɚɧɬɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ
ɝɨɥɨɜɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɡɚɩɚɞɟɬ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɐɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɞɟɸ, ɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ, ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ, ɩɭɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ "ɧɚ
ɫɤɨɪɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ". Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ
(ɩɭɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵɟ) ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɞɚɟɬ
ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ), ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼɟɞɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɪɨɡɢɬɶ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɣ.
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ: ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɢ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɶ ɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɋɠɚɬɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ: ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɚ
ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɚɦɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ.24 ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ
ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ: ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɢɯ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɚɦɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɟɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɢɩɢɱɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ:
xɊɟɲɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ
ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ.
xɋɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ
24
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɚ, ɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ, ɧɟ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ. ɂɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɨɫɢɪɨɬɟɜɲɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
ɦɟɱɬɚɬɟɥɶ). ɋɚɦɨɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ - ɧɟ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɭɬɢ.
xɈɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɦ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɨ ɡɪɟɥɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ.
Ⱦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ
Smalltalk), ɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ (ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, C++).
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɱɚɳɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɪɨɤɚɦ (ɢɦɟɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧ ɤ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɟ), ɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɥɨɯɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɬ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ.
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɟɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɢɞɟɹɦ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɠɟ ɦɟɪɬɜɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ - ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ
ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɭɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɡɚɜɚɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢɞɟɹɦɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ,
ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɜɩɭɫɬɭɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ,
ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɤɢɜɚɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɧɚɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɐɟɥɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ɇɟɥɥɨɪ, "ɰɟɥɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ - ɞɚɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ, ɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɦ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɵɦ" [1ɛ].
Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɰɟɥɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ - ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɧɟɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ. Ʌɸɛɨɟ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ "ɤɚɤ", ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. ȼ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɦɵ ɢɳɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ (ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ,
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɟɦ ɤ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɸ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ
Ⱥɥɚɧɨɦ Ⱥɥɶɛɪɟɯɬɨɦ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [17]. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ.25 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ)
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɜɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ - ɦɟɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧɚ
ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɦɫɹ ɤ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɟɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɞɚɛɵ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɫɹ ɫ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɂɦɟɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɞɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɟɝɱɟ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ⱦɟɒɚɦɩɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ [19]. ȼ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ. Ɇɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ.
Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ CRCɤɚɪɬɨɱɟɤ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ).
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
[20].
ɉɨɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ: ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
25
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ⱦɪɟɝɟɪ, ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ [18].
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɛɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɜɡɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɭɱɲɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ,
ɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ.
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɭ Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝɚ (Rubin adn Goldberg),
Ⱥɞɚɦɫɚ (Adams), ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤɚ (Wirfs-Brock), Ʉɨɚɞɚ (Coad) ɢ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ
(Jacobson). Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ:
xɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ.
xȾɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4.26 ȼ
ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦ ɲɬɭɪɦɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ CRCɤɚɪɬɨɱɟɤ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ [21].
xȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ.
xȾɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ).
xɇɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
xȼɧɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
26
ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ [22] ɢ
Ɋɭɛɢɧɚ ɢ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝɚ[23].
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ ɷɬɭ
ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ, ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ; ɝɨɜɨɪɹ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɢɦ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ,- ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ. ɏɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɢɬɶ
ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɋɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɭɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.27
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɢɥɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɞɥɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ) ɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɞɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ). Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɜɫɟɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɭɸ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ (ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ) ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɪɟɥɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ,
ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ - ɷɬɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɸɞɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɜ
ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ
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Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ɨɬɵɫɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɭ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɇɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɯ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɊɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ (ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɫɥɨɢ; ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚ
ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
xɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ.
xɈɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ.
Ɍɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɩɥɨɯɨɟ
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɭɸ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɢɫɤ, ɹɜɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɲɢɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ
ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ,
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.
xȾɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ.
xȾɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɦ,
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
xɊɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɟ-ɥɢɡ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
xɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
xɇɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɥɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɪɢɫɤɚ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɦ ɷɬɭ
ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɭɸ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɡɨɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ. ɏɨɪɨɲɚɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ.
ɝɥɚɜɭ 1).
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ - ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɐɟɥɶ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ - ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɟɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. - ɨɞɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɧ ɜɟɫ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɱɬɟɧ ɜɟɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɩɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ,
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɚ. Ɉɫɥɚɛɶɬɟ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ; ɭɫɢɥɶɬɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɚɞɭɬ. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ - ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɬ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ "ɟɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ,
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ - ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ" [24].
ɉɟɣɞɠ-Ⱦɠɨɧɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ:
x"Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ.
xɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ
ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ.
xɆɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɹɬ ɫ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ
ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɵɛɢɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ.
xȽɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ.
xȻɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
xɊɟɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɟ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɢ
ɨɬɥɚɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ".
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ, ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɝɨ 12-18
ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ: ɩɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɭ
ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɪɟɠɟ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɞɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ? ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɚɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ, ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɯ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ (ɚɥɶɮɚ ɢ ɛɟɬɚ) ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. "ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ" ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɟɥɢɡɭ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɸ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɟɟ,
ɤɚɤ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɠɚɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ: ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɰɢɤɥ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɇɵ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɟɥɢɡɭ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɤ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɭɬ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɥɢɡ,
ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ
ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ.
xɊɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ
ɧɟɞɟɥɶ.
xɄɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɑɟɬɤɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ
ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ.
xɁɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɪɟɥɢɡɨɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɬ
ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ
ɩɨɞɬɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ
ɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ:
xȾɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
xɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
xɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
xɊɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
xɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɐɟɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɤɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɨɩɚɞɟɬ ɜ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɨ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ). ȿɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɨɡɠɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ȼ
ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɜ
C++ - ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ). Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ)
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ Smalltalk, C++, CLOS ɢ Ada, ɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (ɟɫɥɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɧɟ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɡɨɜɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɰɟɧɭ: ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɪɟɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ
ɋɬɟɮɢɤ ɢ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ, "ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɭɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ" [26]. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɣɦɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ,
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɪɨɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ (ɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢ ɬ. ɞ.).
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, - ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ,
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ-ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ), ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɲ
ɨɩɵɬ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɇɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ
ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ɋɟɞɤɨ, ɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ; ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɑɚɳɟ
ɦɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɭɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ,
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɜɵ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɤɪɟɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ. ɂɧɤɪɟɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɚ? Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ: ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ. ɉɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɭɬɨɤ
ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ. Ʉɚɤ
ɜɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɬɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɬɟ? ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ [27].
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɵɲɟ; ɜ ɷɬɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɥɟɝɤɢɟ:
ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɝɭɛɢɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɱɟɪɟɫɱɭɪ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɢɟ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ [28].
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ ɮɚɡɭ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɟɪɨɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ
ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦ, ɢ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ - ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɢ
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ.
Ƚɪɭɛɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɪɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɬɵɫɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ [29]. ȼɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟ-ɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
[30]. Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɧɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ.
ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɐɟɥɶ. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
Ʌɟɦɚɧ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɞɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ,
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ "ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ" ɭɠɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
x"ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ; ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ (ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ).
xɄɨɝɞɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ (ɡɚɤɨɧ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ)" [Ɂ].
Ɇɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬ ɟɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ; ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɭɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ). ɂɬɚɤ,
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɟɫɥɢ ɰɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɰɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɨɛɪɚɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ - ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɣ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɟɝɨ
ɦɵ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɟɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɠɟ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɨɛɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɛɵ
ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.28 ȼ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ.
ȼɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɞɚɥɚɫɶ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
xɍɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
xɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɟɥɢɡɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ.
xɉɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
ɉɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɯɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɉɭɬɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɟɯɚɦɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ; ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ.
28
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɭɞɟɫɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
xɍɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɰɢɤɥɨɦ.
xɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
xɆɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
(ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ); ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
xɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ.
xȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɤɚɞɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɢɫɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ.
xɌɪɟɬɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ.
xɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ - ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ.
xɆɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ.
xɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ; ɨɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɢ, ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ
ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɢ.
xȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ȿɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ - ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ.
xɌɪɟɬɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɵ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ.
xɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ - ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
xɉɹɬɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ - ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ, ɧɨ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɋɚɧɧɹɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭɱɟɦ (Booch) [F 1982]. Ȼɟɪɚɪɞ (Berard) ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥ ɷɬɭ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [F 1986]. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ GOOD
(General Object-Oriented Design) ɋɟɣɞɜɢɰɚ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɤɚ (Seidewitz and Stark) [F
1985,1986,1987], SOOD (Structured Object-oriented Design) ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ Ʌɨɤɯɢɞ
(Lockheed) [ɋ 1988], MOOD (Multipleview Object-oriented Design) Ʉɟɪɬɚ (Kerth)
[F 1988], ɢ HOOD (Hierarchical Object-oriented Design), ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ CISI
Ingenierie ɢ Matra ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ [F 1987]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɫɜɟɠɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ: ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ (Stroustrup) [G 1991] ɢ Microsoft [G 1992], ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɦ, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɦ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ. ȼɨɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ: Ⱥɥɚɛɢɨ
(Alabios) [F 1988], Ȼɨɣɞ (Boyd) [F 1987], Ȼɭɪ (Buhr) [F 1984], ɑɟɪɪɢ (Cherry) [F
1987,1990], ɞɟɒɚɦɩɨ (deChampeaux) [F 1992], Ɏɟɥɫɢɧɝɟɪ (Felsinger) [F 1987],
Ɏɚɣɟɪɫɦɢɬ (Firesmith) [F 1986,1993], ɏɚɣɧɫ ɢ ɘɧɝɟɪ (Hines and Unger) [G
1986], Ⱦɠɟ-ɤɨɛɫɨɧ (Jacobson) [F 1985], Ⱦɠɚɦɫɚ (Jamsa) [F 1984], Ʉɚɞɢ (Kadie)
[F 1986], Ɇɚɡɢɟɪɨ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨ (Masiero and Germano) [F 1988], ɇɢɟɥɫɟɧ
(Nielsen) [F 1988], ɇɢɟɫ (Nies) [F 1986], Ɋɷɣɥɢɱ ɢ ɋɢɥɶɜɚ (Railich and Silva) [F
1987], Ƚɪɷɯɟɦ (Graham) [F 1987].
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ⱥɪɧɨɥɶɞɚ (Arnold) [F 1991], Ȼɨɟɦ-Ⱦɷɜɢɫɚ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɚ
(Boehm-Davis and Ross) [H 1984], ɞɟɒɚɦɩɨ (deChampeaux) [ȼ 1991], Ʉɪɢɛɛɫɚ,
Ɇɭɧɚ ɢ Ɋɨ (Cribbs, Moon, and Roe) [F 1992], Ɏɨɭɥɟɪ (Fowler) [F 1992], Ʉɟɥɥɢ
(Kelly) [F 1986], Ɇɚɧɢɧɨ (Mannino) [F 1987], ɋɨɧɝɚ (Song) [F 1992], ȼɟɛɫɬɟɪɚ
(Webster) [F 1988]. Ȼɪɭɤɦɚɧ (Brookman) [F 1991] ɢ Ɏɢɱɦɷɧ (Fichman) [F 1992]
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ.
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʉɟɪɬɢɫ (Curtis) [H 1992], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ
Software Process Workshop [H 1988]. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ Ƚɜɢɧɞɨɧɭ (Guindon) [H 1987], ɢɡɭɱɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ. Ɋɟɱɬɢɧ (Rechtin) [H 1992] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ
ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ "ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ" ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
- ɷɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɏɷɦɮɪɢ (Hamphrey) [H 1989]. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, - ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɉɚɪɧɚɫɚ (Parnas) [H 1986].
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɬɟɞɠɟɣ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ [1]. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ Ʉɢɲɢɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ
ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ "ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ - ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲ ɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ" [2].
ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɱɧɚɹ
ɧɚɭɤɚ. ȼɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɏɚɜɪɢɫ-ɤɟɜɢɱ: "ɏɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ
ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢ ɹɫɧɨ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦ: ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ" [Ɂ].
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɚ
ɷɬɨ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɤɭɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ
ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɡɚɣɦɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
7.1.ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɡɡɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɚɬɶ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ
ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ - ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɋɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ, ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɭɬɶ
ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɢɫɤ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɪɚɡ ɜ
ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɭɪɫɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ, ɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɢɡ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɚ ɪɭɤɢ, ɨɠɢɞɚɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭɬ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɝɥɨɯɧɭɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ
ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɦɚɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ,1
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦ,
ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ [4]. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ "ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ", ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ
ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɋɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɂ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ, ɠɟɪɬɜɭɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, - "ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɚ" ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɝɨ
1
Ƚɥɢɛ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ: "ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬɟ ɜ ɚɬɚɤɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ
ɚɬɚɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɫ" [5].
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵ: ɨɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬ
ɦɟɫɹɰ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ
ɨɬɧɹɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɥ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ (ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ), ɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɨɰɟɧɢɥ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ
ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
"ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ" ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, - ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɧɚɜɵɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɵɬɨɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ
ɹɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɍɟ ɠɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɦɵ ɢ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ: ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ
ɭɠɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ
ɉɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ (walkthroughs) - ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ,
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɦɟɫɬ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɧɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ, ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɵ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɩɨɡɞɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ, ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.2 ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɹɫɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɟɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ (ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ) ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧ
ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɧ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɇɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɠɟɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ. ɇɚ ɧɟɦ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɐɟɥɶ - ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨɛɨɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ - ɞɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɢɱɤɨɜ.
7.2. Ʉɚɞɪɵ
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ - ɷɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ "ɜ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ". ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼɵɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɧɚɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɨɫɜɨɹɬɫɹ ɫ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ,
ɦɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ. Ɍɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɠɟ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ ɤ
ɪɟɥɢɡɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨɫɤɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɬɪɭɞɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɬɨ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɫɶ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ,
2
Ɇɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɧɟɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɚɤ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɵ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢ, ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢ, ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɢɪɵ.
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɋɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ - ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɢ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɜ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ:
xɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
xɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
xɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ - ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɟɰ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ
ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ; ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɦɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ - ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ,
ɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɜ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɩɵɬɭ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ
ɡɧɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ - ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ,
ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɭɳɢ ɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɯɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ - ɧɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ, ɜɴɟɡɠɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɤɨɧɟ, ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ƚɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɦ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɭɸ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɬɜɨɪɰɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ. Ʌɢɞɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ
ɬɪɟɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ (ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ) - ɦɥɚɞɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɟ
ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ɗɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟ; ɡɚɬɨ ɨɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɡɧɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ.
Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ
ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ
ɩɭɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ: ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼɵɜɨɞ: ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɩɨ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦ, ɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɥɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ) ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ (ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ):
• Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
Ɉɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
• Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɤ
Ɉɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ; ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɜ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
• ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟɦ (ɪɟɩɨɡɢɬɚɪɢɟɦ) ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ; ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ,
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɳɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
• Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɂɡɦɟɪɹɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ; ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ)
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɡɨɜ.
• Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ; ɫɥɟɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɢɯ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
• ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɳɢɤ
Ɉɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ) ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɞɚ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ, ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɨ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ.ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ; ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥ.
Ɍɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; ɟɝɨ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
7.4. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ)
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ: ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɞɢɨɦ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ
ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ (ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨ).
ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɰɢɮɪɚɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ [9]. ȼ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɨ
70% (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ), ɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ. ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ; ɧɚɞɨ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɯɨɬɨɣ ɡɚɣɦɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ, ɱɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ C++, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɫɟɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ:
xɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
xɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɟɦɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ (ɱɟɦ
ɲɢɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɪɭɝ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɜɚɥɸɬɚ, ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ, ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɧɚɲɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
(ɜɚɥɸɬɚ), ɥɢɛɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵ (ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ), ɥɢɛɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ).
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ:
• ɇɚɛɨɪ
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɞɭɛɥɢɤɚɬɨɜ).
• Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɇɚɛɨɪ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
• Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
• ɋɩɢɫɨɤ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ;
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ.
• ɋɬɟɤ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ; ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ.
• Ɉɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ - ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ.
• Ⱦɟɤɚ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ.
• Ʉɨɥɶɰɨ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ
ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
• ɋɬɪɨɤɚ
ɂɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ.
• Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɚɪ "ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ/ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ". ɦɚɫɫɢɜ
• Ⱦɟɪɟɜɨ
ɇɚɛɨɪ (ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ - ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ) ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ
ɪɟɛɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ;
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ.
• Ƚɪɚɮ
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɪ (ɛɟɡ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ: ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ (ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ), ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ - ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɟɤɢ
ɢ ɫɬɟɤɢ). ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ (ɝɪɚɮɵ, ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ
ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɞɚɥɟɟ,
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ
ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɞɟɤɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɹɦɢ19). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɵ, ɨɞɧɨɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ
ɫɩɢɫɤɢ, ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ AVL-ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ 20. ɗɬɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ; ɢɯ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɥɹɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɇɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ:
• Ⱦɚɬɚ/ȼɪɟɦɹ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ.
• Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ
ȼɜɨɞ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ.
• ɉɨɢɫɤ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ
• ɉɨɢɫɤ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
• ɋɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
• ɍɬɢɥɢɬɵ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ
ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ
(ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ, ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɤɭɱɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
(ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɯɨɞɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ʉɚɤ
ɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɦɵ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɂɬɚɤ, ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ;
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ - ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤ: "ɋɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ... ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ". ɗɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɬ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɫɪɟɞɚ - ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
• ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
• ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
• ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
• ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ
• ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ.21 ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ
ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɪɹɞ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ, ɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ, ɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɧɚɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɭɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
ȼɫɬɚɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ? Ʉɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ? Ʉɚɤ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ? Ʉɚɤɢɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ? ȼɨɬ ɬɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ:
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɢ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ; ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɨɣ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɧɚ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ
ɞɭɲɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ:
ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɬɟɦ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɟɦɭ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɹɬɶ ɫ
ɧɭɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɜɵɪɢɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ - ɷɬɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ
ɬɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɱɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɨɜɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.
9.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ Ʉɨɝɝɢɧɫɚ "ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɢɡɦ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɞɶ ɉɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ
ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɶ". ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ
ɧɚɥɨɠɚɬ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɢɯ
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ
ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɭɸ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ
ɜ C++:
class NetworkEvent... // ɫɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ
class EventQueue {// ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
public:
EventQueue();
virtual ~EventQueue();
virtual void clear(); // ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ
virtual void add(const NetworkEvent&); // ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ
virtual void pop(); // ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ
virtual const NetworkEvent& front() const; // ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
...
};
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ: ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ. C++ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ clear ,
add, pop ɢ front ).
ɇɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɚɹ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɢɯ ɫɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ:
class PriorityEventQueue : public EventQueue {
public:
PriorityEventQueue();
virtual ~PriorityEventQueue();
virtual void add(const NetworkEvent&);
…
};
ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ add) ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ.
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ: ɜɨɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɜɰɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item>
class Queue {
public:
Queue ();
virtual ~Queue() ;
virtual void clear();
virtual void add(const Item&);
virtual void pop();
virtual const Item& front() const;
…
};
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɜɡɹɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ,
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ.
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɲ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ PriorityQueue ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item>
class PriorityQueue : public Queue<Item> {
public:
PriorityQueue();
virtual ~PriorityQueue();
virtual void add(const Item&);
…
};
Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ - ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɟɣ:
Queue<char> characterQueue;
typedef Queue<MetworkEvent> EventQueue;
typedef PriorityQueue<NetworkEvent> PriorityEventQueue;
Ɋɢɫ. 9-1. ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɤ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ - ɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-1 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
(Queue), ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ (PriorityQueue), ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ
(PriorityEventQueue) ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ (mailQueue).
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ
ɧɚɲɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ: ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɦɟɪɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɟɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɤɨɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ, - ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ
ɯɭɞɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ (ɪɢɫ. 9-2). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ Support (ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ) ɞɥɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɫ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ: ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ: ɫɜɹɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ.
Ɉɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɭ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɨɥɶɰɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ. Ʉ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ Support ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ - ɬɟ, ɧɚɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɜ ɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɞ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɦɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɡ Support. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 9-2. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ
Support ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 9-2, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɚ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɬɢɩɚ Smalltalk.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ
Graphs, Lists ɢ Trees ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɦɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɟɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ. ɋ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɫ
ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɰɟɥɵɦ: ɟɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ (ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɚɮ) ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɨɞɫɩɢɫɤɚɦ,
ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɛɪɚɦ ɝɪɚɮɚ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ "ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦɢ", ɚ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ - "ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ", ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ
Queue), ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɋɜɨɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ "ɜɪɟɦɹ/ɩɚɦɹɬɶ". Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɦ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ (ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, - ɷɬɨ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ
ɨɬɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ,
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɢ ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɹɬɫɹ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ
ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɤɷɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ. Ɍɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ O(n) ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
O(1) - ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɷɲɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɷɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɭɱɢ. ɂɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ:
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ:
• Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ).
• ɇɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɱɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɢɯ ɨɛɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɇɵ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ
ɷɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ
2, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɂɯ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɞɢɧ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ) ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ. əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦ, ɷɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Queue. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɪɜɚɧ
ɪɚɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ ɜ
ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-3. ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ,
ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ:
• ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
• ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ
• ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ.
Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-3. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ:
• Ɉɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ.
• ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
• ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɨ "ɱɢɫɬɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ".
• ɍɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɢ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɨɞɢɧ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ:
template<...>
class Name : public Superclass {
public:
// ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ // ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ
// ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ
// ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
// ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ
protected:
// ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
// ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
private:
// Ⱦɪɭɡɶɹ
};
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item> class Queue {
ɋɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ template ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ C++ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ (ɢ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɜ ɪɭɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ:
Queue();
Queue(const Queue<Item>&);
virtual -Queue() ;
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɦ
ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ:
virtual Queue<Item>& operator=(const Queue<ltem>&) ;
virtual int operator==(const Queue<Item>&) const;
int operator!=(const Queue<Item>&) const;
Ɇɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ (operator==) ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (operator==) ɤɚɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ɉɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ), ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ. ɗɬɚ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ
ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɹɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ,
ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ:
virtual void clear() = 0;
virtual void append(const Item&) = 0;
virtual void pop() =0;
virtual void remove (unsigned int at) = 0;
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ const ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ (ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ) ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ:
virtual
virtual
virtual
virtual
unsigned int length() const = 0;
int isEmpty() const = 0;
const Item& front() const =0;
int location(const Item&) const = 0;
ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ.22 Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Queue, ɜ. ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ), ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ Queue ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ:
virtual
virtual
virtual
virtual
virtual
virtual
void purge () =0;
void add(const Item&) = 0;
unsigned int cardinality() const = 0;
const Item& itemAt (unsigned int) const =0;
void lock();
void unlock();
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ-ɞɪɭɡɶɹɯ ɢ ɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ Queue ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɯ:
friend class QueueActiveIterator<Item>;
friend class Queuepassivelterator<ltem>;
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɞɢɨɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɂɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɨɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɨɱɚɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɪɚɞɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɬɨɪ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ "ɤɭɱɟ").
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɇɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧ, ɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɡ
ɤɭɱɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ).23 Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦ. ɍɱɬɟɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨ ɤ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɞɜɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, Unbounded (ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ) ɢ
Bounded (ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ). Ɂɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ unbounded ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ "ɤɭɱɢ". ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ)
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 9-4, ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ,
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦ Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ. ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ unbounded
ɢ Bounded ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-4. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ
Ɇɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɥɚɤɦɭɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ: BoundedQueue, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ - ɷɬɨ ɛɟɡɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ
ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ Size, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ StorageManager, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɦɵ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Unbounded ɢ Bounded ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɪɟɲɚɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ;
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded:
template<class Item, unsigned int Size>
class Bounded {
public:
Bounded();
Bounded(const Bounded<Item, Size>&);
~Bounded();
Bounded< Item, Size>& operator=(const Bounded<Item,
Size>&);
int operator==(const Bounded<Item, Size>&) const;
int operator!=(const Bounded<Item, Size>&) const;
const Item& operator[](unsigned int index) const;
Item& operator[](unsigned int index);
void clear();
void insert(const
Item&);
void insert(const
Item&, unsigned int before);
void append(const
Item&);
void append(const
Item&, unsigned int after);
void remove(unsigned int at);
void replace(unsigned int at, const Item&);
unsigned int available() const;
unsigned int length() const;
const Item& first() const;
const Item& last() const;
const Item& itemAt(unsigned int) const;
Item& itemAt(unsigned int);
int location(const Item&) const;
static void* operator new(size_t);
static void operator delete(void*, size_t);
protected:
Item rep[Size] ;
unsigned int start;
unsigned int stop;
unsigned int expandLeft(unsigned int from);
unsigned int expandRight(unsigned int from);
void shrinkLeft(unsigned int from);
void shrinkRight(unsigned int from);
};
Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ
ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ? ȿɫɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɧɨ, ɬɨ ɧɚ 80% ɷɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6. Ɂɚɬɟɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɞɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.
ɋɟɪɞɰɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ rep ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ Size. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ:
Bounded<char, 100U> charSequence;
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢɡ 100 ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ start ɢ
stop (ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ) ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɛɭɮɟɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɫɵɥɨɤ (ɦɵ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3). ɇɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɤɨɫɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ
ɬɟɦɵ, ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
ȼ C++ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ
ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded, ɝɞɟ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Bounded ɢ Item.
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɟɥɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚ itemAt) - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɬ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ C++
ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ
ɫɫɵɥɤɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɢɩɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɬɪɢ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ
ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɛɴɹɜɢɜ ɬɢɩɵ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ [12].
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ (ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ), ɧɨ
ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ "ɫɪɟɡɚɧ" ɞɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɫɹ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧ-ɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ. ɏɨɬɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ
ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ BoundedQueue ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
class Event ... typedef Event* EventPtr;
BoundedQueue<int, 10U> intQueue;
BoundedQueue<Event, 50U> eventQueuel;
BoundedQueue<EventPtr, 100U> eventQueue2;
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ eventQueuel ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚ Event ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ "ɫɪɟɡɤɚ", ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɨ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ eventQueue2
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Event, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ "ɫɪɟɡɤɢ" ɧɟ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ.
ɇɚɲɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɫɫɵɥɨɤ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɢ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɩɨ
ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
(ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ) ɧɟ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ Bounded ɩɪɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ BoundedQueue. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ
BoundedQueue ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ rep ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded.
template<class Item, unsigned int Size>
class BoundedQueue : public Queue<Item> {
public:
BoundedQueue();
BoundedQueue(const BoundedQueue< Item, Size>&);
virtual ~BoundedQueue() ;
virtual Queue<Item>& operator=(const Queue<Item>&);
virtual Queue<Item>& operator=(const BoundedQueue<Item,
Size>&) ;
virtual int operator==(const Queue<Item>&) const;
virtual int operator" (const BoundedQueue<Item, Size>&)
const;
int operator!=(const BoundedQueue< Item, Size>&) const;
virtual void clear();
virtual void append(const Item&);
virtual void pop();
virtual void remove(unsigned int at);
virtual unsigned int available() const;
virtual unsigned int length() const;
virtual int isEmpty() const;
virtual const Item& front() const;
virtual int location(const Item&) const;
protected:
Bounded< Item, Size> rep;
virtual void purge();
virtual void add(const Item&);
virtual unsigned int cardinality() const;
virtual const Item& itemAt(unsigned int) const;
static void* operator new(size_t);
static void operator delete(void*, size_t);
};
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ - ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Bounded, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
template<class Item, unsigned int Size>
unsigned int BoundedQueue<Item, Size>::length() const
{
return rep.length() ;
}
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ BoundedQueue ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ
available, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
(ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ Size - length()). ɗɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ.
Ɇɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɚɤ
ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ new ɢ delete ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɢɲɢɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ BoundedQueue (ɱɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɨɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ).
Ʉɥɚɫɫ Unbounded ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ, ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ
Bounded, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ.
template<class Item, class StorageManager>
class Unbounded {
public:
…
protected:
Node<Item, StorageManager>* rep;
Node<Item, StorageManager>* last;
unsigned int size;
Node<Item, StorageManager>* cache;
unsigned int cacheIndex;
};
Ɏɨɪɦɚ Unbounded ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɡɥɨɜ, ɝɞɟ
ɭɡɟɥ (Node) ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item, class StorageManager>
class Node {
public:
Node(const Item& i,
Node<ltem, StorageManager>* previous, Node<Item,
StorageManager>* next);
Item item;
Node<Item, StorageManager>* previous;
Node<ltem, StorageManager>* next;
static void* operator new(size_t);
static void operator delete(void*, size_t);
};
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ - ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɡɥɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ
ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɤ ɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɨɝɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢ
ɠɟɪɬɜɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɞɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɦɧɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ Bounded ɢ Unbounded ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɯɨɠɟɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ. Ɇɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ
ɫ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ O(n).
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɷɲɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɡɟɥ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɭɡɥɭ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɠɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚɯ, ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ (ɜ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ O(n/2) ɟɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ
ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ (ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ O(1) ).
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɭɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. ɇɚɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ new ɢ delete, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ) ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ.24 Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ:
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ (aClient) ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (append) ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ UnboundedQueue (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ UnboundedQueue).
• UnboundedQueue, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ rep, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ unbounded.
• Unbounded, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ new, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Node.
• ɗɬɨɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ Node, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ StorageManager, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ,
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ-ɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɢɡ UnboundedQueue (ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ
Unbounded ɢ Node), ɤɚɤ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ. StorageManager ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ StorageManager ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɫɟɦ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɦɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɚɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɤ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɦ
StorageManager, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ
allocate ɢ deallocate, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
class Unmanaged {
public:
static void* allocate(size_t s)
{return ::operator new(s);} static void deallocate(void*
p, size_t) {::operator delete(p);}
private:
Unmanaged() {}
Unmanaged(Unmanaged&) {}
void operator=(Unmanaged&) {}
void operator==(Unmanaged&) {}
void operator!=(Unmanaged&) {}
};
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɞɢɨɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Unmanaged ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ new ɢ delete. Ɇɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ
Unmanaged, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ,
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɡɥɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɭɥɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɭɡɟɥ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧ ɩɨɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɡɥɟ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɭɱɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɭɫɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɤ
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ.25
ɉɪɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɜɟɞɹ
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ, ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ.
ɂ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɥ, ɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɜ ɤɭɱɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class Pool {
public:
Pool(size_t chunkSize);
~Pool();
void* allocate(size_t);
void deallocate(void*, size_t);
void preallocate(unsigned int numberOfChunks);
void reclaimUnusedChunks();
void purgeUnusedChunks();
size_t chunkSize() const;
unsigned int totalChunks() const;
unsigned int numberOfDirtyChunks() const;
unsigned int numberOfUnusedChunks() const;
protected:
struct Element ... struct Chunk ...
Chunk* head;
Chunk* unusedChunks;
size_t repChunkSize;
size_t usableChunkSize;
Chunk* getChunk(size_t s);
};
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Element ɢ chunk (ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ).
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Pool ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ chunk,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɢ "ɫɵɪɨɣ" ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ
ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Element (ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ pool). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɵ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class Managed {
public:
static Pool& pool;
static void* allocate(size_t s)
{return pool.allocate(s); } static void deallocate(void*
p, size_t s)
{pool.deallocate(p, s);}
private:
Managed() {}
Managed(Managed&) {}
void operator=(Managed&) {}
void operator==(Managed&) {}
void operator!=(Managed&) {} };
ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢ Unmanaged. ɂɡ-ɡɚ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ C++ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɢɩɚ UnboundedQueue, ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ
StorageManager.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Pool, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Managed, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ (ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɩɭɥ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɢ
ɫɜɨɣ ɩɭɥ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-6. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɭ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ.
Ɇɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ Managed ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ Unbounded ɢ UnboundedQueue; ɷɬɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɚ
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚ-ɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɢɫ. 9-7 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɇɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-7. Ɇɨɞɭɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ C++ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ
ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ), ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ) ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ C++ [14]. ɇɚɲɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ, ɪɹɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ.
ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Exception (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ:
class Exception {
public:
Exception(const char* name, const char* who, const char*
what);
void display() const;
const char* name() const;
const char* who() const;
const char* what() const;
protected:
…
};
Ʉɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɦɹ ɟɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɨɬ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɩɨɬɨɤ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Exception:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ContainerError
Duplicate
IllegalPattern
IsNull
LexicalError
MathError
NotFound
NotNull
NotRoot
Overflow
RangeError
StorageError
Underflow
Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ overflow (ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class Overflow : public Exception {
public:
Overflow(const char* who, const char* what)
: Exception("Overflow", who, what) {}
};
Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ; ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ
ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ ɛɭɥɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ, ɦɵ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
inline void _assert(int expression,const Exception&
exception)
{
if (!expression)
throw(exception);
}
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɭɸ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɫɟ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜ C++ throw ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ). Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɭ (-D ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ C++)
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ throw ɜ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɧɟ-ɱɥɟɧɚ,
ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
void _catch(const Exception& e)
{
cerr << "EXCEPTION: ";
e.display();
exit(l);
}
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ insert ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Bounded:
template<class Item, unsigned int Size>
void Bounded<ltem, Size>::insert(const Item& item)
{
unsigned int count = length();
_assert((count < Size), Overflow("Bounded::Insert",
"structure is full"));
if (!count)
start = stop = 1;
else
{
start--;
if (!start)
start = Size;
}
rep[start - 1] = item;
}
ɉɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ,
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ Overflow.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɨ (ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɩɨɞɟɥɚɬɶ). Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ insert, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ, ɦɵ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɵ ɫɤɪɭɩɭɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-8 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-8. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. ȼ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 3 ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɨɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɹɥ ɜɵɛɨɪ: ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ,
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ:
• ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
• ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɸ; ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ, ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.1 ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue:
template <class Item> class QueueActiveIterator {
public:
QueueActiveIterator(const Queue<Item>&);
~QueueActiveIterator();
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ "ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɭɸ" ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ɗɬɚ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
void reset();
int next() ;
int isDone() const;
const Item* currentltem() const;
protected:
const Queue<Item>& queue;
int index;
};
Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ "ɜɟɪɯɚ" ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɷɬɨ
ɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ currentItem ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ; ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɩɭɫɬ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
next (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ Ɉ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ). ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ isDone ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɨɧ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 0, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɭɫɬɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ reset ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
BoundedQueue<NetworkEvent> eventQueue;
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɞɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɚ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
QueueActiveIterator<NetworkEvent> iter(eventQueue);
while (!iter.isDone()) {
iter.currentItem()->dispatch();
iter.next();
}
ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-9, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ QueueActiveIterator ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɸ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ cardinality, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item>
QueueActiveIterator<ltem>::QueueActiveIterator(const
Queue<Item>& q)
:queue(q), index(q.cardinality() ? Ɉ : -1) {}
Ʉɥɚɫɫ QueueActiveIterator ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
cardinality ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ isDone ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ:
template<class Item>
Ɋɢɫ. 9-9. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ
int
{
QueueActiveIterator<Item>::isDone() const
return ((index < 0) II (index >= queue.cardinality()));
}
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ currentItem ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ
ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ:
template<class Item>
const Item* QueueActiveIterator<Item>::currentItem () const
{
return isDone() ? 0 : &queue.itemAt(index);
}
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ, ɧɚ ɫɟɣ ɪɚɡ itemAt. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, currentItem
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ itemAt ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ itemAt ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ. ɉɪɚɜɞɚ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɵ ɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫ Unbounded ɯɪɚɧɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ, ɤ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ (ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ next ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ:
template<class Item>
int QueueActiveIterator<Item>::next()
{
index++;
return !isDone();
}
ɂɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɟ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue: cardinality ɢ itemAt. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɷɬɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɬ Queue.
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ,
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item>
Queue<Item>& Queue<Item>::operator=(const Queue<Item>& q)
{
if (this == &q)
return *this;
((Queue<Item>&)q).lock();
purge();
QueueActiveIterator<Itea> iter(q);
while (!iter.isDone()) {
add(*iter.currentltem());
iter.next();
} ((Queue<Item>&)q).unlock();
return *this;
}
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɢɨɦɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ.
ɉɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ q. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ
ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ purge ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ add ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɍɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɨ ɫ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɩɩɥɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template <class Item>
class QueuePassiveIterator {
Public:
QueuePassiveIterator(const Queue<Item>&);
~QueuePassiveIterator();
int apply(int (*)(const Item&));
Protected:
const Queue<Item>& queue;
};
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ
(ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ) ɨɞɧɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ apply ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɤɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ apply ɫɚɦɚ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ).
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ UNIX, OS/2 ɢ Windows NT
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ "ɥɟɝɤɢɯ" ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ26. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɧɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɚɤ
ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ;
ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ:
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ
Semaphore (ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪ) ɞɥɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵ
ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ).
Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ Semaphore,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ:
class Semaphore {
public:
Semaphore ();
Semaphore (const Semaphore&);
Semaphore (unsigned int count);
~Semaphore ();
void seize(); // ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ void release(); // ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ
unsigned int nonePending() const;
protected:
};
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɦɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ Guard (ɫɬɪɚɠ),
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Semaphore ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ. Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ Monitor, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Semaphore, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-3, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Guard. ȼɫɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ seize (ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ) ɢ release (ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ),
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ GuardedUnboundedQueue, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɬ
UnboundedQueue:
template<class Item, class StorageManager, class Guard>
class GuardedUnboundedQueue : public UnboundedQueue<Item,
StorageManager> {
public:
GuardedUnboundedQueue ();
virtual ~GuardedUnboundedQueue ();
virtual void seize();
virtual void release();
protected:
Guard guard;
};
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ: ɤɥɚɫɫɚ semaphore. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-10 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,
Ɋɢɫ. 9-10. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ). Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɚɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟ ɫɧɢɦɟɦ
ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ; ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ
ɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ɂɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɛɟɡɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ - ɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ,
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ
ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Semaphore, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪɨɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɫɬɪɚɠ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɱɬɨ
ɢ semaphore (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ). ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ; ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɂɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɭɹ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɠɟɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɠɟɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɫɬɪɚɠ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ:
ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɠɟɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ. Ɂɚɯɜɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɢ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɠɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɋɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɦ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ:
class Monitor {
public:
Monitor();
Monitor(const Monitor&);
virtual ~Monitor();
virtual void seizeForReading() = 0;
virtual void seizeForWriting() = 0;
virtual void releaseFromBeadingt() = 0;
virtual void releaseFromWritingt() = 0;
protected:
…
};
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
• Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɚɹ
Ƚɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɢɥɢ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ.
• Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ
Ƚɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ.
Ⱥɝɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɨɧ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Monitor. Ɉɛɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Semaphore.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ: ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɚɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɤɚɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɹɜɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ,
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-11. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ReadLock ɢ WriteLock ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɟɦɚɮɨɪ, ɥɢɛɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ReadLock:
class ReadLock {
public:
ReadLock (const Monitor& m)
: monitor(m) {monitor.seizeForReadingt);} ~ReadLock ()
(monitor.releaseFromReading();}
private:
Monitor& monitor;
};
Ɋɢɫ. 9-11. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɟɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɦɵ ɞɚɥɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ WriteLock ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ "ɨɛɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ" ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ length ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ:
template<class Item, class StorageManager, class Monitor>
unsigned int SynchronizedUnboundedQueue<Item, StorageManager,
Monitor>::length() const
{
ReadLock lock(monitor);
return UnboundedQueue<Item, StorageManager>::length();
}
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɞɚ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
9-11. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ReadLock ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ WriteLock - ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɹɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɱɬɟɧɢɹ/ɡɚɩɢɫɢ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ
ɧɟɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ; ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ.
ɇɚɲɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ "ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɬɢɟ". ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɫɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ
operator= ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ:
template<class Item>
Queue<Item>& Queue<Item>::operator=(const Queue<Item>& q)
{
if (this == &q)
return *this;
}
Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚɲɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, lock ɢ unlock,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ;
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ operator= ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥ
ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ:
template<class Item>
Queue<Item>& Queue<Item>::operator=(const Queue<Item>&
q)
{
((Queue<Item>&)q).lock();
((Queue<Item>&)q),unlock();
return *this;
}
əɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ const ɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ.
9.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɫɤɭɱɧɚ ɢ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɥɢ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ) ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ27.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɂ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 6), ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɨ
ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Set ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ:
• setHashFunction
ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɯɟɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ.
• clear
Ɉɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ.
• add
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ.
• remove
ɍɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ.
• setUnion
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ.
• intersection
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ.
• difference
ɍɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ.
• extent
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟ.
• isEmpty
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɫɬɨ.
• isMember
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɭ.
• isSubset
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
• isProperSubset
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ BinaryTree:
ɍɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɨɜ.
• clear
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ.
• insert
• append
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ.
• remove
ɍɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ.
• share
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ.
• swapChild
ɉɟɪɟɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ ɫ ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ.
• child
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ.
• leftChild
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ.
• rightChild
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚ.
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ.
• parent
• setItem
ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ
ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ.
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɢ.
• hasChildren
• isNull
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɟ.
• isShared
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɨ.
• isRoot
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ 1, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ.
• itemAt
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ
ɞɟɪɟɜɨɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɯɨɠɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 3).
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ, ɦɵ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ Bounded ɢ Unbounded, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨ
ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ
ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɯ. ɇɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɩɨɢɫɤ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɪɚ ɜɫɟɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɬɪɟɬɢɣ, "ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ" ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ:
• Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ "ɤɭɱɟ" ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ, ɞɥɢɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ Dynamic ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ).
ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
Bounded ɢ Unbounded, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, DynamicString, GuardedDynamicString, ɂ
SynchronizedDynamicString). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ:
template<class Item, class StorageManager> class Dynamic
{ Public:
Dynamic(unsigned int chunkSize);
Protected:
Item* rep;
unsigned int size;
unsigned
int totalChunks;
unsigned
int chunkSize;
unsigned
int start;
unsigned
int stop;
void resize(unsigned int currentLength,
unsigned int newLength, int preserve
- 1);
unsigned
int expandLeft(unsigned int from);
unsigned
int expandRight(unsigned int from);
void shrinkLeft(unsigned int from);
void shrinkRight(unsigned int from);
};
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ chunkSize. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɂɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ Dynamic ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ Bounded ɢ Unbounded. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ.
Ɂɚɣɦɟɦɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ. ȿɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɪɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɯɟɲɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɯɟɲ-ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɦɵ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɯɟɲ-ɤɨɞ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ, ɚ
ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɤɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɤɭɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɯɟɲ-ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item, class Value, unsigned int Buckets,
class Container> class Table { public:
Table(unsigned int (*hash)(const Item&))
void setHashFunction(unsigned int (*hash)(const Item&));
void clear();
int bind(const Item&, const Value&);
int rebind(const Item&, const Value&);
int unbind(const Item&);
Container* bucket(unsigned int bucket);
unsigned int extent() const;
int isBound(const Item&) const;
const Value* valueOf(const Item&) const;
const Container *const bucket(unsigned int bucket)
const;
protected:
Container rep[Buckets];
};
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Container ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɯɟɲ-ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ (ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ) ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Table ɢ Unbounded:
template<class Item, class Value, unsigned int Buckets,
class StorageManager> class UnboundedMap : public
Map<Item, Value> { public:
UnboundedMap();
virtual int bind(const Item&, const Value&);
virtual int rebind(const Item&, const Value&);
virtual int unbind(const Item&);
protected:
Table<Item, Value, Buckets, Unbounded<Pair<Item, Value>,
StorageManager> > rep;
};
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Table ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɦ
unbounded. Ɋɢɫ. 9-12 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ Table ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-12. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ-ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɦɢ. ɇɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Table, ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ
ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ
ɪɨɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɞɟɟ Ⱦɠɟɤɨɛ-ɫɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ [16].
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ:
• ɉɪɨɫɬɨɣ
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ
ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ 0(ɪɩ), ɝɞɟ ɪ - ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɧ- ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
• Ʉɧɭɬ-Ɇɨɪɪɢɫ-ɉɪɚɬɬ
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ
0(ɪ+ɩ). (Knuth-Morris-Pratt) Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɩɢɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɝɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ.
• Ȼɨɣɟɪ-Ɇɭɪ
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɫ ɫɭɛɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ
(ȼɨɭɟɝɟ-Ɇɨɨɝɟ)
0(ɫ(ɪ+ɩ)), ɝɞɟ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1 ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪ.
• Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɢɫɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɍ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɪɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɱɟɪɬɵ: ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɯɨɠɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ), ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ
(ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ), ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ (ɰɟɥɟɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɧɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ).
Ɉɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɢɪɦɵ. Ɇɵ
ɯɨɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ, ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɫ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ
ɨɬɞɟɥɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ operator==, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
PersormelRecord, ɧɟ ɞɚɫɬ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɥ ɛɵ
(ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ) ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ:
template<class Item, class Sequence> class PatternMatch
{ public:
PatternMatch();
PatternMatch(int ( *isEqual)(const Item& x, const Item&
y));
virtual ~PatternMatch();
virtual void setIsEqualFunction(int (*)(const Item& x,
const Item& y));
virtual int
match(const Sequence& target, const Sequences; pattern,
unsigned int start = 0) = 0;
virtual int
match(const Sequence&; target, unsigned int start = 0) =
Ɉ;
protected:
Sequence rep;
int (*isEqual)(const Item& x, const Item& y);
private:
void operator=(coust PattemMatcb&) {} void
operator==(const PatternMatch&) {} void operator!=(const
PatternMatch&) {}
};
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ. Ɇɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ
Ȼɨɣɟɪɚ-Ɇɭɪɚ:
template<class Item, class Sequence>
class BMPatternMatch ; public PatternMatch<ltem,
Sequence> {
public:
BMPatternMatch();
BMPattemMatch(int (*isEqual) (const Item& x, const Item&
y));
virtual ~BMPattemMatch();
virtual int
match(const Sequence& target, const Seque unsigned int
start = 0);
virtual int
match(const Sequence& target, unsigned in
Protected:
unsigned int length;
unsigned int* skipTable;
Ɋɢɫ. 9-13. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
void preprogress(const Sequence& pattern);
unsigned int itemsSkip(const Sequence& pattern,const
Item& item);
};
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɟɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 9-13 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ. ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
9.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɞɚɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɭɸ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ
ɪɹɞɨɦ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɬɨ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɚɲ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɥɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢ
ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɋɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ "ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɬɢɹ";
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɜɵɛɨɪ, ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ (ɡɚɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ). ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɤ
ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɷɬɨ
ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɫɤɥɨɧɹɟɦɫɹ ɤɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 9-14 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɪɨɞɥɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ persist ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Queue; ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
friend class Persist<ltem, Queue<Item>
>;
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧ-ɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Queue. ȼɧɟɞɪɢɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Persist ɫ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ persist ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ
ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ put ɢ get, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
template<class Item, class Structure> class Persist {
Public:
Persist();
Persist(iostream& input, iostream& output);
virtual ~Persist();
virtual void setInputStream(iostream&);
virtual void setOutputStream(iostream&);
Ɋɢɫ. 9-14. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ
virtual void put (Structure&);
virtual void get (Structure&);
protected:
iostream* inStreain;
iostream* outStream;
};
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Structure, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Persist ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ purge, cardinality, itemAt, lock, ɢ unlock.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ: ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Structure ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ persist ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡɨ
ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ Persist::put:
template<class Item, class Structure>
void Persist<Item, Structure>:put(Structure& s)
{
s.lock() ;
unsigned int count = s.cardinality();
(*outStream) " count " endl;
for (unsigned int index = 0; index < count; index++)
(*outStream)
s.unlock() ;
}
" s.itemAt(index);
ɗɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɟɧ: ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ persist:: get ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ:
template<class Item, class Structure> void Persist<ltem,
Structure>::get(Structure& s)
{
s.lock() ;
unsigned int count;
Item item;
if (! inStream->eof()) {
(*inStream) " count;
s.purge() ;
for (unsigned int index = 0; (index < count) && (!
inStream->eof()); index++) { (*inStream) " item;
s.add(item);
} } s.unlock () ;
}
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɋɬɚɪɚɣɬɟɫɶ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɚɲɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ: ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɚɤ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ,
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ. ɋɚɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɢɯ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ. ɋɤɚɡɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɚɲɢ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ
ɨɳɭɬɢɥ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞ, ɚ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɢɤɟɦ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ȼɢɝɟɪɫɬɚɮɮ ɢ ɉɟɪɥɢɫ (Biggerstaffand Perlis) [H 1989] ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼɢɪɮɫ-Ȼɪɨɤ (Wirfs-Brock) [ɋ 1988] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧ (Johnson) [G 1992]
ɢɡɭɱɚɥ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɥ ɪɹɞ
ɨɛɳɢɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɆɚɫȺɪɪ [G 1989] ɞɥɹ Macintosh ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɸɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɒɦɭɤɟɪɚ (Schmucker) [G 1986]. ȼ
ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ƚɨɥɞɫɬɟɣɧ ɢ Ⱥɥɞɠɟɪ (Goldstein and Alger) [ɋ 1992]
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ Macintosh.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɝɢɩɟɪɦɟɞɢɚ (Ɇɟɣɪɨɜɢɰ (Meirowitz)
[ɋ 1986]), ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ (Ƀɨɲɢɞɚ (Yoshida) [ɋ 1988]), ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ (əɧɝ (Young) [ɋ 1987]), ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Ɏɟɪɪɟɥ
(Ferrel) [Ʉ 1989]). ɋɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ȿɌ++ (ȼɟɣɧɚɧɞ
(Weinand) [Ʉ 1989]) ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ MVC-ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ (ɒɷɧ (Shan)
[G 1989]). Ʉɨɝɝɢɧɫ (Coggins) [ɋ 1990] ɢɡɭɱɢɥ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ
ɞɥɹ C++.
ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɢɯ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ʌɶɸɢɫɚ (Lewis) [ɋ
1992].
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 10
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɟɪɜɟɪ: ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɭɱɟɬ
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɢɯ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɋɍȻȾ).
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɋɍȻȾ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɪɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɩɨ ɛɚɡɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɚɞɨ ɨɬɤɪɨɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɯ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ "ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ" ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɢɪ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɬɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ -ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɭɤɥɸɠɟɣ ɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ȿɳɟ ɜ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɗȼɆ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɨɡɞɜɢɝɚɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ
ɟɦɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɩɪɢɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ: ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɤɭɩɟ ɫ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɮɢɫɚ, ɧɨ
ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɇɢɦɧɨ, "Ɋɟɡɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɦ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɨɛɳɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ"
[1]. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (MIS,
management information system) ɢ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ.
10.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɡɤɟ. ɗɬɨ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ
ɞɭɲɨɣ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 7). ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ "ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ", ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ
ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɟɢɧɠɟɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɦɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
• ɍɱɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ
ɉɪɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ.
• ȼɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ. ɉɪɢɟɦ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦ.
• Ɉɬɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɸ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɦ, ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɫɚɦ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɭ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɬɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɱɟɬɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
• ɍɱɟɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɫɤɥɚɞ.
• ɍɱɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɡɚɤɚɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ. ɂɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ.
• Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
• Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɥɚɬ.
• Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
• ɋɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɭɱɟɬ
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬ ɢ
ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ.
• Ɂɚɤɭɩɤɢ
Ɂɚɤɚɡ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ.
• ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ.
• ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ȼɵɩɭɫɤ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ.
ɇɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ-10-1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ,
ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɬɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɨɬɞɟɥ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 10-1. ɋɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɟɣ: ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ (LAN),
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɦ, ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɬɟɪ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ
ɭɠ ɢ ɜɚɠɟɧ, ɥɢɲɶ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ
ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ, ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ
ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ
ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɫɬ ɟɟ ɝɪɭɡɱɢɤɚɦ.
ɍɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɦɢ, - ɜɫɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɚɞɟɟɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ
ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ
ɰɟɥɨɟ ɜɫɟ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɦɚɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ (ɤɚɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɢɯ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ), ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ (ɤɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ). Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ:
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ: ɨɧɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɢɩɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ; ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɮɢɪɦɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɳɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɪɵɧɤɢ. ɍɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ ɜ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɪɚɬɭ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɩɵɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
• ɜɢɞɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
• ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɵɯ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɬɟɪɹɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɯ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ.28 Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ, ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɸɬ.
ɇɢɤɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ
ɩɨɤɭɩɤɭ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ. ȼɧɟɞɪɹɹ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ
ɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ, ɜɵ ɪɢɫɤɭɟɬɟ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ:
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ) ɱɚɫɬɶɸ. əɞɪɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ;
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɹɞɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ (ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ) ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɣ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɸ, - ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ
ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɬɢɩɚ Windows, - ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ. Ɉɬɱɟɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɧɨɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. Ʉɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ: ɨɤɧɚ ɢ
ɦɵɲɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ; ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɢ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɋɍɊȻȾ), ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɋɍȻȾ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ;
ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɭɞɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɋɍȻȾ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɦ, ɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɨ ɦɷɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 10-1, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦ
ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɟɪɜɟɪ; ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɦ. Ʉ ɧɟɦɭ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ
ɏɨɬɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɡɨɪɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɑɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɠɚɪɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ.29 ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɤɚɤ "ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ" [2]. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ:
• Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥ, ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɲɬɪɢɯ-ɤɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ.
ȼɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɜɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɵɲɢ.
• Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ.
• Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, "ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ... ȼ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ SQL" (SQL, Structured Query Language, ɹɡɵɤ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ).
• Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
"ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɣ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɋɍȻȾ... ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɋɍȻȾ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ" [Ɂ].
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɞɥɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɲɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɨɣ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ POSIX (Portable Operating System
Interface, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), CORBA (Common Object Request
Broker, ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɤɟɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ), ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ SQL (SQL3), ɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɪɦɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ OLE (Object Linking and Embedding, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ) ɮɢɪɦɵ Microsoft.30
ɇɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ. ɂɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɭ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ:
• Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ ɠɟ,
ɝɞɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥ ɜɜɨɞɚ-ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
• ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɬɚɦ
ɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ.
• ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ,
ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ
ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
• ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ, ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɋɍȻȾ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ [4].
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɞɚɫɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɰɟɥɵɣ
ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ:
• ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
• ɉɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ.
• Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ.
• Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ [5]. ɇɚɞɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ:
• ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɷɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ
ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɯɨɡɹɢɧ-ɪɚɛ).
• Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ... ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ [ɛ].
Ɇɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɢɫɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɦ ɧɚɲ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɢɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɪɹɞ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɜ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɥɟɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɭɸ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɚɡ.
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɩɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ.
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ.
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɡ
ɡɚɤɚɡɚ.
• Ʉɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ.
• ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ
ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɟ.
• Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ.
• Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɨɜɚɪ.
• Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ.
• Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ.
• Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɪɭɡ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ.
• Ʉɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ.
• Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ.
• ɉɥɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
• ɉɥɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɯ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɹɞ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ:
• Ɂɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ.
• Ɂɚɤɚɡ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɧɢɬ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɬɨ, ɤɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɨ.
• Ʉɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɭɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɢɫɶ.
• ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ.
• Ʉɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɥ ɩɨ ɫɱɟɬɭ.
• Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɡ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɲɟɥ ɢɡ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ.
xɈɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɪɭɡ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ.
xɄɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
xɂɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ
ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɜɟɪɧɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɥɶ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.31 ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɭɟɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ: ɧɟ ɠɞɢɬɟ, ɩɨɤɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ (ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɢɬ), ɢɡɭɱɢɬɟ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 80% ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɩɵɬɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɯɨɬɹ
ɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɵ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ
ɡɚɤɚɡ ɜ ɬɟɥɟɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɟ. ȼ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ (aCustomer) ɫ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ (anAgent),
ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɟ
(aCustomerRecord), ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɯ (inventoryDatabase) ɢ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ (aPackingOrder), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 10-2. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 10-3. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 10-3 ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. ɇɚ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɮɢɝɭɪɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (shipping), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-3,
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-2, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɦ ɡɚɤɚɡ (anOrder) ɤɚɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ȼ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɫɟɛɟ ɪɹɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ? Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ:
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ? ɇɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɥɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ? ɑɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ (ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶɫɹ)? ɑɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ?
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɵ ɨɬɤɪɨɟɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɥɢɰ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ:
• Customer
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ
• Supplier
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ
• OrderAgent
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ
• Accountant
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ
• ShippingAgent
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɢ
• Stockperson
ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ
• PurchasingAgent
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ
• ReceivingAgent
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
• Planner
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɰ: ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɜɨɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɬɨ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɠɚɥɨɛɵ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɬɨ ɜɟɥ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ
ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɟɧ: ɨɧ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ:
• CustomerRecord
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɟ
• ProductRecord
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɟ
• SupplierRecord
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɟ
• Order
ɡɚɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
• PurchaseOrder
ɡɚɤɚɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɭ
• Invoice
ɫɱɟɬ
• PackingOrder
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ
• StockingOrder
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ
• ShippingLabel
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɭ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ CustomerRecord, ProductRecord ɂ SupplierRecord ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ Customer, Product ɢ Supplier. Ɇɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ: ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɢ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɬ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɇɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɹɫɶ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɨɧɢ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ɉɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ Packingorder ɢ StockingOrder ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦɢ,
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ (OrderAgent) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡ (order)
ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ (Customer), ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɞɚɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ (StockPerson) ɧɚ
ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Packingorder (ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ). ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɛɨɪ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɵɩɢɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ. ɇɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɇɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ: ɧɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 10-4. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. 32 ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ - ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɞɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɝɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
Ɋɢɫ. 10-4 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɡɚɤɚɡ, ɦɵ ɛɵ
ɯɨɬɟɥɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɪ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ,
ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡ; ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ
(order) ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ (customer). ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɭɸ, ɧɚɞɨ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɢ ɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɟ; ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɨɬ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɤ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ - ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɨɧ ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɦ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ Order ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ PackingOrder ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
1:N (ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ)? ɉɨ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ,
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɚɡɟ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ StockPerson ɢ
PackingOrder:
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɥ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ.
Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
• Report
ɨɬɱɟɬ
• Transaction
Ɍɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ
Ɇɵ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ Report ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɉɪɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɦ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.
ɇɚɲ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɧ, ɧɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɨ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ⱦɷɣɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ "ɜɦɟɫɬɢɥɢɳɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ. ɉɨɞ "ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ" ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɡɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ... ɉɨɞ "ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ" ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ" [7]. ɉɪɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
"ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ" [8].
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ȼɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɛɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ
ɜɫɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɩɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ
ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ [9]. ȼɺɪɤɨɜɫɤɢ ɢ Ʉɭɥ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ "Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ" [10]. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ "ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ-ɫɜɹɡɶ" (entityrelationship diagrams). Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ-ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɷɣɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: "Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ?" [ 11 ]. Ɍɪɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ, ɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ:
• ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
• ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ
• ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ.
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɬɢɩ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɈɈɋɍȻȾ). ɈɈɋɍȻȾ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ,
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɋȺȿ) ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ (CASE), ɝɞɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɜ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɈɈɋɍȻȾ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ "ɛɟɫɲɨɜɧɭɸ" ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɢɥ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ - ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɢɤɚɤ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɹɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɨ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɪɟɥɚɹ, ɨɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɭɠɟ
ɜɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɧɨɱɶ ɜɫɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɋɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɟɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɦɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɟɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ: ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɤɪɚɬɰɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɂɧɚɹ ɢɯ, ɦɵ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɣɦɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
"ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɚ
ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ... Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ
ɫɬɚɪɵɯ: ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ" [12].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
products
productId
description
0081735
0081736
3891043
9074000
9074001
Resistor, 10 ɚɟ 1/4 watt
Resistor, 10 ɚɟ 1/4 watt
Capacitor, 100 pF
7400 1ɋ quad NAND
74LS00 1ɋ quad HAND
Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɚɦɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ (ɫɬɨɥɛɰɵ), ɧɟ ɜɚɠɟɧ; ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ, ɧɨ
ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ, productID, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɥɸɱɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ; ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ, ɢɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɟɟ
ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
Suppliers
SupplierID
Company
Address
Telephone
00056
Interstate Supply
2222 Fannin,
806-555-0036
Amarillo, TX
03107
Interstate Supply
3320 Scott, Santa
408-555-3600
Clara, CA
78829
Universal Products 2171 Parfet Ct,
303-555-2405
Lakewood, CD
supplierID - ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɸɱ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ
ɰɟɧɚɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɰɟɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪ/ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤ:
Prices
productID
0081735
0081735
0156999
7775098
6889655
9074001
SupplierID
03107
78829
78829
03107
00056
03107
Price
$0.10
$0.09
$367.75
$10.69
$0.09
$1.75
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ
productID ɢ supplierID. Ʉɥɸɱ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ - ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɢɦ; ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɟɣ productID ɢ supplierID ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɥɹ productID ɢ supplierID ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-5 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɬɢɦ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɫ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 10-5. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ:
Inventory
ProductId
Quantity
0081735
1000
0097890
2000
0156999
34
7775098
46
6889655
1
9074001
92
ɗɬɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ
ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-4, quantity ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ProductRecord, a ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ quantity ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ (description) ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (quantity) ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ
ɨɬɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɢɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɪɭɡɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɟɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 10-4, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɢɞɧɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ productRecord ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ quantity ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ.
ɋɚɦɨɣ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
(ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ). Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ
ɥɟɝɤɨ (ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ (ɜɚɠɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ [13]) ɛɵɥɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ; ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɬɨ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ [14]:
• ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ (1NF) Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɧɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɦɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ).
• ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ (2NF) Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ 1NF, ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɥɸɱɚ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ).
• Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ (3NF) Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ 2NF, ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɟ (ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ "ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɥɸɱɚ, ɜɟɫɶ
ɤɥɸɱ ɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɥɸɱɚ" [15].
ȼɫɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ 3NF. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɢ
ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɢ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɜɧɨɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɡɚɦɟɧ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ.
SQL
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ, ɝɞɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ. Ɉɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɯɨɬɟɬɶ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ,
ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ
ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɋɍȻȾ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ - SQL
(Structured Query Language, ɹɡɵɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ). SQL ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɚɦɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ SQL ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
SELECT ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ:
SELECT <attribute> FROM
<relation> WHERE <condition>
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɱɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɧɚ
ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 100 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
SELECT PRODUCTID, QUANTITY FROM
INVENTORY WHERE
QUANTITY < 100
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɝɞɟ
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
SELECT NAME, QUANTITY FROM
INVENTORY, PRODUCTS
WHERE QUANTITY < 100 AND
INVENTORY.PRODUCTID =
PRODUCTS.PRODUCTID
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ SELECT ɧɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɬɪɨɤ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ SQL
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɠ ɫ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
DECLARE ɋ CURSOR
FOR SELECT NAME, QUANTITY
FROM
INVENTORY, PRODUCTS
WHERE
QUANTITY < 100
AND
INVENTORY.PRODUCTID - PRODUCTS.PRODUCTID
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɭ, ɦɵ ɩɢɲɟɦ
OPEN ɋ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ FETCH:
FETCH ɋ INTO NAME, AMOUNT
ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ, ɦɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ;
CLOSE ɫ
ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ: ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɢɦɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ:
CREATE VIEW V (NAME, COMPANY, COST)
AS SELECT PRODUCTS.NAME, SUPPLIERS.COMPANY,
PRICES.PRICE FROM
PRODUCTS, SUPPLIERS, PRICES WHERE
PRODUCTS.PRODUCTID . PRICES.PRODUCTID AND
SUPPLIERS.SUPPLIERID - PRICES.SUPPLIERID
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ
ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ SQL-ɷɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ SQL, ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ SQL ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ SQL-ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɹɡɵɤ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɪɵɬ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ: ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɡɚɤɚɡ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɢɦɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ SQL, ɷɬɨ
ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ C++, ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ:
currentOrder.customer().name()
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ customer, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ name, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɦɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɦ:
SELECT NAME
FROM
ORDERS, CUSTOMERS
WHERE ORDERS.CUSTOMERID CURRENTORDER.CUSTOMERID
AND
ORDERS . CUSTOMERID = CUSTOMERS .CUSTOMERID
ɋɩɪɹɬɚɜ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ, ɦɵ ɫɤɪɵɥɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ SQL.
Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɧɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ 33 ɉɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɸ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, "ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ" [16]. Ɋɭɦɛɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɸ) ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:
• Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ.
• Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ" ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ.
• Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ "ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ" ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɨɦ [17].
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ:
• ɋɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ.
• Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɪɟɩɥɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ (ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ).
• Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ
(ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɨɞɧɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ) [18].
ɇɟɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ SQL ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.34 ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɬɨɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ, ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɭɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɯɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
Ⱦɷɣɬ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ: "ɉɭɫɬɶ ɞɚɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ? Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ? ɗɬɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ" [19].
Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɵ ɧɚɱɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɩɟɪɜɚ ɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɭɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɜ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ Ɋɭɦɛɚɯɚ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɬɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɨɥɹɦ ɝɪɭɩɩ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ):
• CustomerTable
• SupplierTable
• OrderAgentTable
• AccountantTable
• ShippingAgentTable
• StockPersonTable
• RecetvingAgentTable
• Flannel-Table
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ:
• ProductTable
• InventoryTable
ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɩɨɬɨɤɚ:
• OrderTable
• PurchaseOrderTable
• InvoiceTable
• PackingOrderTable
• StockOrderTable
• ShippingLabelTable
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Report ɢ Transaction, - ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ. ɇɚɜɟɪɧɨ, ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ; ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 10-4), ɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ
ɞɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
10.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ: ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɞɜɭɦɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ: ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɧɚ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɬɚɤɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɹɫɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ
ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Order ɢ ProductRecord.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
• construct
• setCustomer
• setOrderAgent
• addItem
• removeItem
• orderID
• customer
• orderAgent
• numberOfItems
• itemAt
• quantityOf
• totalValue
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
C++, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɜ ɞɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ:
// ɬɢɩɵ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ typedef unsigned int OrderID;
// ɬɢɩ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɜɚɥɸɬɭ typedef float Money;
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
class Order { public:
Order();
Order(OrderID);
Orderfconst Order&);
-Order() ;
Orders operator=(const Orders);
int operator==(const Orders) const;
int operator!=(const Orders) const;
void setCustomer(Customer&);
void setOrderAgent(OrderAgent&);
void addItem(Product&, unsigned int quantity = 1);
void removeItem(unsigned int index, unsigned int quantity = 1);
OrderID orderID() const;
Customer& customer() const;
OrderAgent& orderAgent() const;
unsigned int numberOfItem() const;
Product& itemAt (unsigned int) const;
unsigned int quantityOf(unsigned int) const;
Money totalValue() const;
protected:
...
};
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ (Order ()) ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ
ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ OrderID. Ʉɨɩɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ OrderID, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ
ɛɚɡɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɭɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ,
ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ: ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ SQL-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɥɢɛɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɜ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɫ order ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ OrderID, ɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɪɟɩɨɡɢɬɨɪɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 10-6 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ SQLɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɚ. ȼ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ:
* aClient ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ setCustomer ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Order; ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Customer ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ.
• Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Order ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ customerID c ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ
ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɥɸɱ.
Ɋɢɫ. 10-6. ȼɵɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɟɬɚ
• Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ SQL-ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
UPDATE, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɚ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ). ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9. ɇɢɠɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɠɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɜ
ɛɚɡɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɣ. ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. ɇɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɷɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɫɤɪɵɜ ɫɚɦ ɮɚɤɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɜ ɛɚɡɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɷɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ. ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.35
ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ
ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɵ, ɦɵ ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɦ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɰɟɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ,
ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɯ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɜɚɥɸɬɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ
ɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɬɚɦ ɝɞɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ; ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ,
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫ product. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
• construct
• setDescription
• setQuantity
• setLocation
• setSupplier
• productID
• description
• quantity
• location
• supplier
ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ, ɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ:
• ɋɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
• ȿɞɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
• Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɞɢɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɢ) ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ.
• ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ-ɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɪɢɫ. 107. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɣ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤɨɜ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ? Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ: ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 10-7. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ) ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ
ɟɝɨ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ
ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ "ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ" [20]:
• ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ (pipes)
• ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ (RPC)
• ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ SQL.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɇɨ, ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɲ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ɇɵ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɥɢ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ "ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ
ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ" [21]. ɗɬɨ ɢ
ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɧɚɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɟɝɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɦ
ɜɢɞɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɇɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɡɚɤɚɡɚ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɋ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ,
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ:
• attachOperation
• dispatch
• commit
• rollback
• status
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Transact ion
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ attachoperation, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ SQLɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ⱦɷɣɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ, ɱɬɨ "ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ SQL (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ SQL), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦɵ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ".36
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɬɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ (dispatch), ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ.
ɉɪɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ (commit). ɇɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɚɬ ɜ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (rollback). ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ status ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɚ ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ? Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɮɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ [23]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Transaction, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɜɫɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ commit. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɡɨɣ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ, ɦɵ ɨɬɤɚɬɢɦ ɜɫɸ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ Transaction ɡɧɚɟɬ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ.
Ɋɢɫ. 10-8. Ɍɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.
10-8. Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ. Ʉɥɚɫɫ Transaction ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
UpdateTransaction ɢ QueryTransaccion, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ - ɧɟɬ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɹ ɷɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɦɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɲ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ,
ɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ AddTransaction ɢ DeleteTransaction, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ
ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Transaction
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɦ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ C++ ɨɧ
ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
public:
Transaction(};
virtual ~Transact ion ();
virtual void set0peration(const
UnboundedCollection<SQLStatement>&);
virtual int dispatch();
virtual void commit();
virtual void rollbackO;
virtual int status{) const;
protected:
...
};
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ
ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
UnboundedCollection.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ SQL-ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɫɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ - ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚɭɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
(ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ) ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ,
ɜɤɭɫɵ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ
ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
"ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ" ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɭɠɧɨ
ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɨɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɏ Window System ɨɬ MIT,
Open Look, Windows ɨɬ Microsoft, MacApp ɨɬ Apple, NextStep ɨɬ Next,
Presentation Manager ɨɬ IBM. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ:
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɹɞɪɚ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɇɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɧɨɱɶ.
ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɩɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɛ
ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɬ
ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ, ɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9 ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɤɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ) ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ GUI-ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ [24]:
• ɦɵɲɶ
• ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɚ
• ɦɟɧɸ
• ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɧɚ
• ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɤɧɚ
• ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ/ɞɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ
• ɧɚɱɚɥɨ/ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ.
Ɇɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɦ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.37 Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɬɶ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Transaction, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ, ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɸɳɢɣ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ [25]:
• ɐɢɤɥ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ȼ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
• Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ GUI; ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ.
• Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ.
ɂɡɪɹɞɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɟ MacApp
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥ, ɜ Motif - ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ, a Microsoft Windows
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɳɟ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ GUI-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ: ɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɤɪɭɬɤɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɦɵɬɶɸ, ɦɟɧɸ,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɪɚɦɨɤ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ
GUI-ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ GUI-ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ.
10.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɢɡɚɦɢ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ.
ȼɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ (ɟɟ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɟɡ) ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ
ɫɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɹɯ: ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɛɚɡɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ, ɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ:
• Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɯ; ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ: ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ; ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɯ,
ɡɚɤɚɡɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ.
• ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ:
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɱɟɬɚ.
• ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ:
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɩɢɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ.
• ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɟɣ:
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ.
• ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ.
• ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɪɨɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ 12-18 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɪɟɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɸ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɨɯɜɚɱɟɧɵ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6 ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɡɚ ɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ
ɫɚɦɨɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɦ
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚ-ɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɱɬɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɪɟɥɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɬɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɨɜ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ (4GL). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ
ɢɞɟɹɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, 4GL-əɁɕɄɂ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɤɨɞɚ.
əɡɵɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ
ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɞ ɜ ɧɚɲɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, "ɨɛɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɹ" ɟɝɨ
ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɞ,
ɫɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ 4GL, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ 4GL,
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɡɵɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɮɟɣɫɵ (API) ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ C++.
Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɧɟɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɞ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ 38, ɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ GUIɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ "ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɧɚ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɦɵ ɡɚɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɲɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɱɟɬɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
10.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɇɟ ɬɨ ɱɬɨɛ ɦɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ:
• ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ
ɫɜɹɡɢ.
• Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟ-ɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
• ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɜ ɤɥɚɞɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɛɨɥɶ-ɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɢ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɟ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɫ ɫɨ ɰɢɚɥɴɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ƚɢɛɤɚɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢ-ɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɭ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨ-ɛɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɭ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɉɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ⱦɜɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɷɬɨ Ⱦɟɜɚɣɪ (Dewire) [H 1992] ɢ Ȼɟɪɫɨɧ (Berson) [H 1992], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɡɨɪɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ. Ȼɥɭɦ (Bloom) [H 1993] ɞɚɥ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ, ɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɟ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ.
Ⱦɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ȼɫɟ
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ƚɜɟɧɞɠɟɪɢɱɚ
(Guengerich) [H 1992].
ɂɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɭ Ⱦɷɣɬɚ (Date) [ȿ 1981,1983,1986]. ȼɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ, Ⱦɷɣɬ (Date)
[E 1987] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ SQL. Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɭ ȼɟɪɢɹɪɞɚ (Veryarcl) [ȼ 1984], ɏɚɜɪɢɲɤɟɜɢɱɚ
(Hawryszkiewycz) [ȿ 1984) ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɚ (Ross) [F 1987).
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɥɚɜ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɉɬɱɟɬɵ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɭ Ʉɷɬɬɥɚ (Cattle) (ȿ 1991], Ⱥɬɜɭɞɚ (Atwood) [ȿ 1991],
Ⱦɷɜɢɫɚ ɢ ɞɪ. (Davis et al.) [H 1983], Ʉɢɦɚ ɢ Ʌɨ-ɱɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ (Kim and Lochovsky)
[H 1989], Ɂɞɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ɇɚɣɟɪɚ (Zdonik and Maier) [E 1990].
ȼ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ Microsoft Windows API ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ Windows [G 1992], ɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ Apple ɆɚɫȺɪɪ - ɜ Ɇɚɫɚɪɪ [G 1992].
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 11
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ:
ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡ
Ɇɵɫɥɹɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɦɭɬɧɨ. ɉɨɞɭɦɚɣɬɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɩɨɟɡɞɤɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɞɟɥ. ȼ ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɦ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɣ. ȼɵ ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɟɞɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ
ɲɭɦɧɨɣ ɜɟɱɟɪɢɧɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɇɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
ɩɪ-ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɉɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɜ ɲɭɦɟ ɢ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɤɨɮɨɧɢɢ.
ɗɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȿɪɦɚɧ, Ʌɚɪɤ ɢ ɏɚɣɟɫ-Ɋɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
"ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɷɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ):
• ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
• ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ;
• ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ;
• ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ;
• ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ" [1 ].
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ. ȿɳɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ
ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɢɚɪɟɣɫɨɜ: ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɬɶ
ɜɪɟɞɚ, ɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ.
ɍɫɩɟɯɢ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɵ; ɧɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ,
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɞɚɥ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [2]. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
11.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɡɤɟ, ɦɵ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ
ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ DES (Data Encryption Standard, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ
ɤɥɸɱɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɤɨ
ɜɫɟɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɜɡɥɨɦɚ. ɇɨ ɧɚɲɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɲɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɧɟ ɡɚɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ!) ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɚɲ
ɲɚɝ:
Q AZWS DSSC KAS DXZNN DASNN
ɉɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɚ: ɛɭɤɜɚ w ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɭɤɜɟ v ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɉɟɪɟɛɨɪ
ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 26 ɩɪɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɛɭɤɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ 26! (ɨɤɨɥɨ
4.03ɯ1026) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɵ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɚɟɦ
ɹɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤ, ɦɵ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ
ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ.
ȼɨɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɲɚɝ ɡɚ ɲɚɝɨɦ:
1. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɭ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɦ w ɧɚ v.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ "ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ" [Ɂ].
Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ (ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ)
ɜ ɡɚɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ (ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ) ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɟɳɟ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ
Ɋɢɦɚ) ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɜ
ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ: ɛɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ B, B ɧɚ C, a Z
ɧɚ Ⱥ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ:
CLOS is an object-oriented programming language
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ:
DMPT jt bo pckfdu-psjfoufe qsphsbnnjoh mbohvbhf
ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥ
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ G, B ɧɚ J ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ:
PDG TBCER CQ ɌɋɄ AL S NGELCH QZBBR SBAJG
ɉɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɚ: ɛɭɤɜɚ C ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɭɤɜɟ O
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ
ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ
ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɍɞɨɛɧɨ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ
ɞɜɭɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ (I, a, or, it, in, of. on).
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɝɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɭɤɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɪɟɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɵ O, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚ one,our, off.
Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ qq. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɤɜɵ g
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ing. ɇɚ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ it
ia ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɟɦ if is. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ: ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ, ɧɨ ɧɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɬɨ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɜɭɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɸ or, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɸ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ
ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, on.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ: ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɧɚɣɬɢ ɷɬɭ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ (ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ) ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ.
Q AZVS DSSC KAS DXZNN DASNN
2. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ, Ⱥ ɢɥɢ I; ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨ Ⱥ:
A AZVS DSEC KAS DXZNN DASNN
3. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ UU ɢɥɢ II, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȺȺ (ɛɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɭɠɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ). ɉɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȿȿ.
A AZVE DEEC ɄȺȿ DXZNN DAENN
4. ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɢ ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ȿ, ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ THE.
A HZVE DEEC THE DXZNN DHENN
5. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɚɹ, ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ I, O, U
(ɛɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ). Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ I ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɥɨɜɨ.
A HIVE DEEC THE DXINN DHENN
6. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɫ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ E ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɭɤɜ
(DEER, BEER, SEEN). Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ SEEN.
A HIVE SEEN THE SXINN SHENN
7. ɋɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɥɟɣ
(HIVE) ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ (SEEN), ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ.
ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɟ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɜɟɪɟɧ, ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɨɬɦɟɧɢɜ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ - ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ I. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
I HAVE SEEN THE SXANN SHENN
8. ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ. Ⱦɜɨɣɧɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ S ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɚ ɜɨɬ LL ɞɚɟɬ
ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ.
I HAVE SEEN THE SXALL SHELL
9. ɂɡ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ S?ALL, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ SMALL.
I HAVE SEEN THE SMALL SHELL
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ:
xȾɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ: ɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ, ɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɥɨɜ, ɨ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ.
xɋɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɤ
ɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
xɆɵ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɚɭɝɚɞ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ
ɞɟɥɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ (ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɛɭɤɜ,
ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ȿ ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, THE), ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ (?ȿȿ? ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ DEER, BEER, SEEN, ɧɨ
ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ SEEN).
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. Ɉɧ
ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɇɶɸɷɥɥɨɦ ɜ 1962 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ
Ɋɟɞɞɢ ɢ ȿɪɦɚɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ Hearsay ɢ Hearsay II ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɱɢ [4].
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ [5]. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ; ɨɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ [ɛ].
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
(ɫɦ. ɝɥɚɜɭ 9). ɉɨɩɪɨɛɭɟɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ
ɗɧɝɥɟɦɨɪ ɢ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɣ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɥɨɦɤɢ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɭɸ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ:
ȼɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ "ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ" ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɤɟ). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ, ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ
ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ, ɧɚɲɟɞɲɢɣ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɭɫɨɤ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɡɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼɫɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɡɧɚɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɦɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɇɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɞɨɫɤɟ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ) ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ). ɗɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ[7].
ɂɡ ɪɢɫ. 11-1 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ:
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ-ɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ, ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɷɬɢɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ [8]. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɇɢ:
"ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɯɨɞɟ ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɫɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ" [9].
ɗɧɝɥɟɦɨɪ ɢ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ: "ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ,
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɚɱɢ. Ɍɟɤɭɳɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢ-
Ɋɢɫ. 11-1. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ
ɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ɏɨɪɦɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢɥɢ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ" [10].
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɢ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ
ɮɨɧɟɦɚɯ, ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢɦɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɵɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ, ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɟ (ɞɨɦɚ, ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɨɥɹ,
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɥɸɞɢ).
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ
ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɮɨɧɟɦ (ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ), ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ). ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɝɥɚɝɨɥ (ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ) ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɜ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɜ (ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ),
ɗɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɳɢɦ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ. ȼɨɬ
ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ ɦɵ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ: ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ:
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ "ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ" ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ (ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ). ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɟɫɥɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɨɧ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɭ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɮɢɝɭɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɹɫɶ, ɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ
ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɭɤɭ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ. ɂɡ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟɫɬ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɬɨ
ɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ȼɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɫɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ:
• ɉɪɟɮɢɤɫɵ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɫɥɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, re, anti, un).
• ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜ (ly, ing, es, ed).
• ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ
Ȼɭɤɜɵ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɢ.
• ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɦ ɚɩɪɢɨɪɢ,
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɞɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
• Ⱦɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɞɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɛɭɤɜɵ(tt,ll,ss).
• ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɛɭɤɜ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɤɜ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ.
• ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɛɭɤɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, qu ɢ zg).
• ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ
ɋɥɨɜɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ.
• ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɮɪɚɡ
Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ
ɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚɯ.
• Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɉɞɧɨ-, ɞɜɭɯ-, ɬɪɟɯ- ɢ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ.
• Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɨ ɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɵ ɡɚɲɥɢ ɜ
ɬɭɩɢɤ.
• Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟ
Ȼɭɤɜɵ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɢ.
• ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɧɚɪɟɱɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɜ,
ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ (ɡɧɚɧɢɹ), ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ
(ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɦ) ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ).
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ. ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ,
ɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɟ: ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ
ɛɭɤɜɚɦ.
11.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ "ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ": ɦɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ:
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɤɚ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ. Ɉɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
xSentence
ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
xWord
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɟ
xCipherLetter
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ:
xAssumption
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ:
xAlphabet
Ⱥɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ
ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ
ȿɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ? Ɉɬɜɟɬ
ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ: ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
class BlackboardObject ...
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɜɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xregister
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ
ɍɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫ ɞɨɫɤɢ
xresign
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
BlackboardObject, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɞ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ? ɗɬɨ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɚɦ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ. "Ʌɚɤɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ" ɬɟɫɬ ɜ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɷɬɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: "ɂɦɟɟɬ ɥɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ?". Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɧɟɟ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ). Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ: ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ (ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ)
ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɪɚɡɚ, ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk, ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4. Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ:
class Dependent {
public:
Dependent();
Dependent(const Dependent&);
virtual ~Dependent();
...
protected
UnboundedCollection<KnowledgeSource*> references;
};
Ɇɵ ɡɚɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɤɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɨɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. 39
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
xadd
ɍɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
xremove
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
xnumberOfDependents
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ
xnotify
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ: ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ - ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ:
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (Assumption) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɤɟ (BlackboardObject). Ɍɚɤ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɤɜɚ K ɜ ɲɢɮɪɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɭɤɜɟ Ɋ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɉɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ G ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ J.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ:
class Affirmation . . .
ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ. Ȼɭɤɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɭɤɜ ɢ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɨɜ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤɚɹɥɢɛɨ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ. Ⱥɥɮɚɜɢɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɢɡ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɛɭɤɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ
Affirmation ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɦɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ:
xmake
ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ
xretract
ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ
xchiphertext
ɛɭɤɜɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ
xplaintext
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɲɢɮɪɚ
ɂɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɪɨɥɢ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ: ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ
ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ - ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ. ɉɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɭɤɜ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶ
ɷɬɢ ɪɨɥɢ, ɭɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ Assumption ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɟ
Assertion (ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ). ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Affirmation ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ make ɢ retract ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ:
xisPlainLetterAsserted
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ?
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɥɢ ɷɬɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ
xisCipherLetterAsserted
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ?
ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ
xplainLetterHasAssumptlon
ɛɭɤɜɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ?
xcipherLetterHasAssumption
ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ
ɛɭɤɜɟ ɲɢɮɪɚ?
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ Assumption. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ:
class Assumption : public BlackboardObject {
public:
…
BlackboardObject* target;
KnowledgeSource* creator;
String<char> reason;
char plainLetter;
char chipherLetter;
};
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ String.
Ʉɥɚɫɫ Assumption ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ:
xtarget
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ
xcreator
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
xreason
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ
xcipherLetter
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ: ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ "ɛɭɤɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ - ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ" ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ). ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ target ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ. Ɉɧɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɚɬɚ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ Assertion:
class Assertion : public Assumption ...
Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Assumption ɢ Assertion ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ:
xisRetractaole əɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɦ?
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɤɚɬɚ
isRetractable ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ - ɥɨɠɧɵɦ. ɋɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ.
Ɋɢɫ. 11-2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɥɚɫɫ
KnowledgeSource ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ (creator)
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ - ɫɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ (referencer) ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɭ ɲɢɮɪɚ. ɂɡ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɢɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɜ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
(Sentence), ɫɥɨɜɚ (Word) ɢ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɲɢɮɪɚ (cipherLetter). ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɤɢ (ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɥɨɜ, ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ:
class Sentence : public BlackboardObject,
virtual public Dependent {
public:
…
protected:
List<Word*>. words;
};
ɋɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ Dependent ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɬ sentence, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɯɨɬɹɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɨɬ Dependent. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Dependent ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ.
ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ register ɢ resign (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɟ BlackboardObject) ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Dependent, ɦɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:
Ɍɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
xvalue
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
xisSolved
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ value ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ isSolved ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɨɣ, value ɜɟɪɧɟɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɬɟɤɫɬ.
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɭɤɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Word ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
class Word : public BlackboardObject,
virtual public Dependent {
public:
…
Sentence& sentence() const;
Word* previous 0 const;
Word* next() const;
protected:
List<CipherLetter*> letters;
};
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xvalue
Ɍɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ.
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɭɤɜɚɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ
xisSolved
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫ cipherLetter (ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ). Ȼɭɤɜɵ
ɲɢɮɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɛɭɤɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧ) ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Affirmation. Ɉɩɢɲɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɭɤɜɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class CipherLetter : public BlackboardObject,
virtual public Dependent {
public:
…
char value() const;
int isSolvedO const; ...
protected:
char letter;
Affirmation affirmations;
};
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ affirmations, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɸ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɯ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋɦɵɫɥ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ
Affirmation ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ:
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
xmoatRecent
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ n-ɨɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
xstatementAt
ɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ)
ɍɬɨɱɧɢɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ:
UnboundedOrderedCollection<Assumption*> statements;
ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧ ɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɵ 9.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ Alphabet (ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ). Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɲɢɮɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ
ɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɫ ɚ ɲɢɮɪɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɭɤɜ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɩɨ
ɛɭɤɜɟ ɲɢɮɪɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Alphabet
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class Alphabet : public BlackboardObject {
public:
char plaintext (char) const;
char ciphertext(char) const;
int isBound(char) const;
};
Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ CipherLetter, ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫ Alphabet ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ affirmations ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ Blackboard, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɟɣ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Blackboardobject ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
class Blackboard : public DynamicCollection<BlackboardObject*>
...
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɫɤɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ (ɬɟɫɬ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ), ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
DynamicCollectlon. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Collection, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɢ:
Ɉɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɤɭ
xreset
ɉɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
xassertProblem
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤ ɞɨɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ
xconnect
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɨ
xissolved
xretriaveSolution Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-3 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ Blackboard. Ɉɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɠɞɭ Assumption ɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɨɩɭɲɟɧɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 11-3. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ Blackboard ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɭ-ɟɬ ɨɬ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ DynamicCollection, ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Dependent ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ. ɇɟ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɤ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ Blackboard, ɦɵ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɦ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ) ɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ KnowledgeSource (ɩɨ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ BlackboardObject). ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚ,
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ - ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɪɚɡɢɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ:
class SentenceKnowledgeSource : public KnowledgeSource ...
class WordKnowledgeSource : public KnowledgeSource ...
class LetterKnowledgeSource : public KnowledgeSource ...
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ SentenceKnowledgeSource ɨɧɢ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class SentenceStructureKnowledgeSource : public
SentenceKnowledgeSource ...
class SolvedKnowledgeSource : public
SentenceKnowledgeSource ...
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ WordKnowledgeSource ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɚɤ:
class wordStructureKnowledgeSource : public
WordKnowledgeSource ...
class SmallWordKnowledgeSource : public WordKnowledgeSource
...
class pattemMatchingKnowledgeSource : public
WordKnowledgeSource ...
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɟ grep ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ UNIX:
xɅɸɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
?
xɇɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
~
xɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
*
xɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
{
xɄɨɧɟɰ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
}
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ?ȿ~{Ⱥ ȿ I O U}, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɢɫɤɚɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢɡ
ɬɪɟɯ ɛɭɤɜ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɤɜɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɞɟɬ ȿ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɣ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɟɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ (ɫɦ.
ɝɥɚɜɭ 9). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɲ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class PatternMatchingKnowledgeSource : public
WordKnowledgeSource { public:
...
protected:
static BoundedCollection<Word*> words;
REPattemMatching pattemMatcher;
};
ȼɫɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ, ɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ stringKnowledgeSource
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class CoinmonPrefixKnowledgeSource : public
StringKnowledgesource ...
class ConunonSuffixKnowledgeSource : public
StringKnowledgesource ...
class DoubleLetterKnowledgeSource : public
StringKnowledgesource ...
class LegalStringKnowledgeSource : public
StringKnowledgesource ...
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ LetterKnowledgeSource:
class DirectSubstitutionKnowledgeSource : public
LetterKnowledgeSource ...
class VowelKnowledgeSource : public
LetterKnowledgeSource ...
class ConsonantKnowledgeSource : public
LetterKnowledgeSource ...
class LetterPrequencyKnowledgeSource : public
LetterKnowledgeSource ...
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
xReset
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ.
xevaluate
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ - ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ: ɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ
ɞɚɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
xȼɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
xɇɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɬɢɬɶ
ɢɯ.
xȼɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ.
xɋɨɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɭ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɟ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ (InferenceEngine) ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ (ɩɪɹɦɚɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɥɢɛɨ Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ
(ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ:
class InferenceEngine ( public:
InferenceEngine<DynamicSet<Rules*>};
...
};
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ:
xevaluate
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ
ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫ InferenceEngine.
Ɍɨɱɧɟɟ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ KnowledgeSource::evaluate ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ
InferenceEngine::evaluate, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ
ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
Ɋɢɫ. 11-4. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ? Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ (ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ Lisp)
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɯ:
((* I ? ?)
(* I N G)
(* I E S)
(* I E D))
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ *I?? (ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ antecedent) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ING, IES ɢ IED (ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ consequent). ȼ C++ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥ:
class Rule{ public:
…
int bind(String<char>& antecedent, String<char>&
consequent);
int
remove(Strlng<char>& antecedent);
int
remove(String<char>t antecedent, String<char>&
conseiruent);
int
hasConflict(const String<char>& antecedent)
const;
protected:
String<char> antecedent;
List<String<char> > consequents;
};
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɢɯ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɵ
9.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɨɧɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ ɢ
ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class KnowledgeSource :
public InferenceEngine,
public Dependent (
public:
KnowledgeSource(Blackboard*, Controller*);
void reset() ;
void evaluate {) ;
protected:
Blackboard* blackboard;
Controller* controller;
UnboundedOrderedCollection<Assumption*> pastAssumptions;
};
ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ pastAssumptions,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Blackboard ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɉɨ ɫɯɨɠɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ
KnowledgeSources, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ
ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ:
class KnowledgeSources : public
DynamicCollection<KnowledgeSource*>...
Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ 13 ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xrestart
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ
xStartKnowledgeSource
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
xconnect
ɋɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 11-5. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɫ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ
ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɭ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɫɟ, ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ, ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
evaluate.
Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ? Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ:
xɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
xȿɫɥɢ ɤɬɨ-ɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɜɫɸ ɮɪɚɡɭ, ɧɚɞɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ.
xɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ,
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɚɫɫ KnowledgeSources. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɣ, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ controller ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xreset
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
xaddHint
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
xremoveHint
ɍɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
xprocessNextHint
Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
xisSolved
ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ.
xUnableToProceed ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɡɚɫɬɪɹɥɢ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
xconnect
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
class Controller {
public:
…
void reset{);
void connect(Knowledgesource&);
void addHint{KnowledgeSourceu);
void removeHint(KnowledgeSourceu) ;
void processNextHint () ;
int isSolved() const;
int unableToProceed() const;
};
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 11 -6. ɂɡ ɧɟɟ
ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ: ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (Initializing), ɜɵɛɨɪ (Selecting), ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ
(Evaluating), ɬɭɩɢɤ (Stuck) ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (Solved). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɤ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ selecting ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ (CreatingStrategy) ɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ
(ProcessingHint) ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
(SelectingKS).
Ɋɢɫ. 11-6. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ
Ⱦɚɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Evaluating, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ Connecting ɩɪɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤ Baclctraking, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ
ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɤɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ, ɨɩɨɜɟɫɬɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ solved (ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɪɟɲɟɧɚ) ɢɥɢ stuck (ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ).
11.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɡɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ.
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-7 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 11-1. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ
theBlackboard ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ theKnowledgeSources
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Cryptographer. Ɉɧ
ɚɝɪɟɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɲɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
Ɋɢɫ. 11-7.Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɫɨɤ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
xreset
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɤɭ
ɇɚɱɚɬɶ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
xdecipher
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ reset ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬ: ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ decipher ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ - ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ:
char* solveProblem (char* ciphertext) {
Cryptographer theCryptographer;
return theCryptographer.decipher(ciphertext);
}
Ɇɟɬɨɞ decipher ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ assertProblem ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɭ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɡɚɣɞɟɬ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɨ
ɤɨɞ ɧɚ C++ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ:
theBlackboard.assertProblem();
cheKnowledgeSources.reset() ;
while (StheController.isSolvea ||
!theController.unableToProceed() )
theController.proceaaNextHint();
it (theBlackboard.isSolved())
return theBlackboard.retrieveSolution() ;
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɢ. ɏɨɬɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ, ɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ decipher, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ assertProblem ɢ retrieveSolution. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɨɫɤɢ. Ɉɩɢɲɟɦ ɧɚɲ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ if
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɭɫɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ return ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɥɨɜɨ (ɫɚɦɨɟ
ɤɪɚɣɧɟɟ ɫɥɟɜɚ) ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ for ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ if ɫɢɦɜɨɥ
ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɟɥ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ else
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ "ɛɭɤɜɚ ɲɢɮɪɚ"
ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɛɭɤɜɭ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɭ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɛɭɤɜɭ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɭ
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6 ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ
C++ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ retrieveSolution ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ: ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ
ɫɬɪɨɤɭ,ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɤɟ. ȼɵɡɵɜɚɹ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ
ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ isSolved ɜɟɪɧɭɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ True, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɦɵ ɭɦɟɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ
ɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɤɢ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɜɜɢɞɭ
ɟɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 11-8 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɨɛ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɭ ɢ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɩɪɨɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɛɭɤɜɟ, ɦɵ ɭɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ.
Ɋɢɫ. 11-8. ȼɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɧɶɲɟ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɞɧɨɛɭɤɜɟɢɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ I (ɧɭɠɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɚɹ). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɜɭɯɛɭɤɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ NN (ɧɭɠɧɵ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ). ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ
ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ Assumption ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɨɛɨɣ (ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ). Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ (ɤɥɚɫɫ InferenceEngine), ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɫɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ. Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, evaluateRules. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɛɟɞɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ:
xɌɪɭɞɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ.
xɈɬɥɚɞɤɚ ɛɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɹ ɫ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɚɦɢ). ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɵ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ
ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ
StructureKnowledgeSource, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ. ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ - ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ.
11.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɟɦɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɳɢ. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ - ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. ɂɞɟɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ.
ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜɜɟɞɟɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫ Action, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ:
class Action ( public:
Action(KnowledgeSource* who, BlackboardObject* what,
char* why);
Action<Controller* who, KnowledgeSource* what, char*
why);
};
ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ who (ɤɬɨ)
ɡɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ, ɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ what (ɱɬɨ) - ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ why (ɩɨɱɟɦɭ) - ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ).
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɚ. ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. Ɇɵ
ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
xɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ;
xɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ;
xɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ;
xɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ;
xɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ: ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɦ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɧɚɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɤɬɨ? ɱɬɨ? ɤɨɝɞɚ? ɩɨɱɟɦɭ?. ɋɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɹ ɧɭɠɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Actions.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɬɨ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ:
xɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ;
xɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɲɢɮɪɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ (ɨɞɧɭ) ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ;
xɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɤɥɚɫɫ Alphabet ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɦɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɨɫɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɮɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ.
Ɍɪɭɞɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɭ ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɜɵɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɜɤɭɩɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɜɟɥɚ
ɜ ɬɭɩɢɤ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ
ɜ ɧɚɲɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɒɨɭ (Shaw) [A 1991]
ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ.
ȿɧɝɥɟɦɨɪ ɢ Ɇɨɪɝɚɧ (Englemore and Morgan) [ɋ 1988] ɞɚɥɢ
ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ,
ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ: ȼȼ1 ɢɡ ɋɬɷɧɮɨɪɞɚ ɢ BLOB,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɭ ɏɚɣɟɫɚɊɨɬɚ (Hayes-Roth) D 1985] ɢ ɇɢɢ (Nil) [) 1986].
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ Ȼɚɪɪɚ ɢ Ɏɟɣɝɟɧɛɚɭɦɚ
(Barr and Feigenbamn) [J 1981 ], Ȼɪɚɯɦɚɧɚ ɢ Ʌɟɜɟɫɤɶɟ (Brachman and Levesque)
U 1985], ɏɚɣɟɫ-Ɋɨɬɚ, ȼɚɬɟɪɦɚɧɚ ɢ Ʌɟɧɚ (Hayes-Roth, Waterman, and Lenat) [J
1983], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ȼɢɧɫɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɏɨɪɧɚ (Winston and Horn) [Gl 989].
Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɢ Ɇɚɬɢɚɫ (Meyer and Matyas) [I 1982] ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɲɢɮɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɢɯ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 12
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɡɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ: ɨɬ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɞɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɬɟɥɟɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɛɚɡɚɦ ɜɢɞɟɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɹ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚɹ, ɧɨ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɞɚ. ȼ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɤɨɞɚ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ, ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɫɭɛɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ, - ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, - ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɭɝɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɱɬɟɬ ɝɥɭɩɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ɇɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ. ɂ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɝɥɭɩɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɦ ɫɟɛɟ ɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɭɸ ɨɬ "ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ" ɢɥɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɛɚɧɤɟ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬɚɯ. ɍɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ:
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ - ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ. ɂɡ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ - ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɸ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
12.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɧ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ
ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ. ȼ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɋɒȺ, ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ, ɚ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɢ ɝɚɡ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ; ɩɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ - ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ. ɋ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɣ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
ɀɟɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɀɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ - ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ
ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɡɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ [I].
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɉɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɣ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɀɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɦ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɫ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ: Amtrak, Burlington, Canadian National Railway
Company, CP Rail, CSX Transportation, Norfolk and Western Railway Company,
Southern Railway Company, Union Pacific. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɛɵɥ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ; ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚ-
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ:
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɨɤ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ [2].
Ɋɢɫ. 12-1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɹɝɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɚ ɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɭ ɢ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ - ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɬɶ. ɉɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ. ȼɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ,
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɬɢ,
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ȼɨɪɬɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚ. ɇɚ ɧɟɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ȼɥɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɲɥɸɡ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ.
Ɉɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (GPS, Global
Positioning System) Navstar. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɜ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɳɟ (ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɤɚɯ). Ɉɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɛɥɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɟɡɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚɦɢ GPS, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɪɚ.
Ȼɥɨɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚ), ɢɥɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɨɤ ɤɨɥɟɫ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɛɥɨɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ) ɨɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. ɇɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ
ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɦɢɦɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɜɞɨɥɶ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɟɡɞ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɶɸ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɟɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɜ
ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɩɨ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɭ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɶɸ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɭɬɟɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɶɸ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɵ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ; ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɫ ɩɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɶ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɞɚɯ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɭɬɢ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨ
ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɭ. ɉɨɟɡɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ (ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚɦɢ
ɢɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢɡ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ). Ⱦɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚɦ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ
ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɵ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ.
ɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚ ɜɪɟɡɤɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɵ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɟɬɵ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ.
ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɞɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
xȺɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
xɊɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ.
ɇɚɲ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ, ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɚ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ.
Ɇɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɝɨ, ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7, ɫɚɦ
ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ; ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ
ɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ. Ɂɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ.40 ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ. Ȼɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɟɬ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ: ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɫɟɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɉɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɨɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɰɟɥɶ - ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɧɢɝɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɲɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɯɪɭɩɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ
ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɍɠɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 121- ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɬɨ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɫɤɟɥɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-1), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ - ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ.41 ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6 ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ "ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ 80%". ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɪɨ
Ɋɢɫ. 12-2. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ 80% ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ. Ⱦɨɠɢɞɚɬɶɫɹ 100% ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɫɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɤ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɧɨ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ). ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ - ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɵ ɢɥɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɭɸ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɟɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ.
Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɭɠɧɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-1. ȼ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɟ,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ, ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ɇɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɦ, ɧɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɤ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɦɢɦɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɟɡɞ;
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ. ȼɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ) ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ-
Ɋɢɫ. 12-3. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɳɢɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɫɟɬɶ ɤ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ (ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ). Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ). ȼ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɢɡɤɨɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɇɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ: ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɟɡɞ, ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 6 ɢ 7, ɡɞɪɚɜɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɧɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɨɤ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɧɟ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
xɫɟɬɶ
xɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
xɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ "ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ/ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ"
xɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ
ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ?
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ: ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɦɢ,
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ
ɩɭɬɟɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚɦɢ.
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ
ɩɪɢɟɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɯ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɨɤ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɫɟɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ
ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɵ; ɧɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ UNIX ɢɥɢ Windows, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ (ɩɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ. ɇɟ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ, - ɤɪɭɝ ɡɚ
ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ.
ɂɡ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɵ
ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ:
• ɉɨɟɡɞɚ Ʌɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɜɚɝɨɧɵ.
• ɉɭɬɢ
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɩɭɬɢ, ɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
• ɉɥɚɧɵ Ɋɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ,
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɟɡɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɹɯ ɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɟɡɞ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɟɡɞɭ, ɧɨ ɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɭɬɢ.
Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ
(ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ) ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱ:
xɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
xɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ
xɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
xɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ.
ɗɬɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɧɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɵ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɥɢ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɩɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ.
12.2. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɳɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɠɢɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. ɋɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɦɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɢɜɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ), ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
ɉɨɞ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ: ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɩɭɬɢ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ
ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɭ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ:
xɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ
xɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ.
ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɦɟɯɢ, ɨɬɤɚɡɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ - ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 12-3). Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ: (1) Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ? (2) Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ? (3) Ʉ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ? ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɟɬ. Ɇɵ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɦ ɤ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɬ "ɭɡɤɢɯ" ɦɟɫɬ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ).
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɟɬ
ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɫɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Message, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɧɤɚɩ-
Ɋɢɫ. 12-4. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
ɫɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ: ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ; ɛɟɡ ɧɢɯ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ
ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ. ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ;
//ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ
typedef unsigned int Packetid;
//ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
typedet unsigned Int NodeId;
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɚɞɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Message:
class Message {
public:
Message () ;
Message(NodeId sender);
Message(const Message&);
virtual `Message () ;
virtual Message& operator=(const Message&);
virtual Boolean operator==(const Message&);
Boolean operator!=(const Message&);
PacketId id() const;
Time timeStamp() const;
NodeId sender() const;
virtual Boolean isIntact() const = 0;
};
ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ (ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɟɳɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɲ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɞɥɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-4, ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ, ɧɟɩɨɥɧɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɫɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ-
Ɋɢɫ. 12-5. ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ: ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ, ɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɭɡɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ ɭɡɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ.
Ⱦɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ Transporter (ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɇɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɠɞɚɥ, ɩɨɤɚ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɞɢɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɦɟɯ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
Listener (ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɭɸ
ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ nextMessage.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ISO OSI [4]. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ,
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɞɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ ɧɚ
ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɨɟɡɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɟɡɞɭ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ.
ɇɚɲ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ,
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ - ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ. ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ
ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɝɨɧɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TrainPlan. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 10, ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɟɡɞɚ (ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
"ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ-ɫɜɹɡɶ"). Ɇɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɭ, ɧɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ
ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ,
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
ȼɪɟɦɹ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
0800
1100
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ
40 ɦɢɥɶ/ɱ
1300
Pueblo
Colorado
Springs
Denver
1600
Pueblo
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ
40 ɤɢɥɶ/ɱ
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɤɚɡ
ɥɢɰɨ
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɞɟɩɨɉɨɤɢɧɭɬɶ ɞɟɩɨ
Ɉɬɰɟɩɢɬɶ 30
ɜɚɝɨɧɨɜ
Ɉɬɰɟɩɢɬɶ 20
ɜɚɝɨɧɨɜ
ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɞɟɩɨ
ɂɡ ɪɢɫ. 12-6 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ TrainPlan ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɬɢɩɚ UniqueId, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ TrainPlan.
Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Mɟssage ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɟɡɞɚ; ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɥɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚɫ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-6 ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɪɨɫɤɨɦ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ:
ɝɞɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ?
ȼ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɝɞɟ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ: ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵ
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
Ɋɢɫ. 12-6. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ TrainPlan (ɩɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ)
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ, ɫ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɇɚɲɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɚ ɤɨɩɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɫɟɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɩɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ (ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ) ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚ, ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɤɨɩɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-7 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɩɢɣ
ɩɥɚɧɚ. ɉɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɨɫɥɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 12- 7. ɉɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ get ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ UniqueId
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ) ɡɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɧ, ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ. ȼ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɩɢɢ, ɚ
ɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɡɞɟ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɩɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɥɚɧ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɜ
ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨ ɫɟɬɢ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ? Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɠɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɋɍȻȾ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Microsoft Windows ɢɥɢ ɏ
Windows. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ
ɧɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɭɬɢ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ: ɜ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɡɞɟ (ɝɞɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ). ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɢɦɟɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɩɭɬɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɦɵ
ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚɲ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ. Ɇɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ɇɵ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ.
ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɢɥɹ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟ-
Pɢc. 12-8. Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-8 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɗɬɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ Windows, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɤɪɵɬ ɨɬ
ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ Windows API
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɟ. ɇɚɲɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɚ; ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Windows
API ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɟɡɞɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɥɢ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɢ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ (ɦɟɧɟɟ) ɦɨɳɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ
TrainDisplayUtilities. Ȼɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɦ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ȼɵɲɟ ɦɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ. ȼɫɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ
- ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜɜɨɞ-ɜɵɜɨɞ ɩɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɨɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ
ɜɵɲɟɥ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɲɟɥ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ),
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ.
ȼɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɱɪɟɜɚɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɭɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɞɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɫ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɬɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɚɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɗɬɨ,
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɯ
ɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ.
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɪɟɲɚɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 8, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɦ ɦɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ȿɫɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ.
ɗɬɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ.
12.3. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ; ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ. ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ,
ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɭɛɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɀɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɫ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ? ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɵ ɧɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ. Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɚɤ ɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ
ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-9 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɩɨɞɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ:
ɫɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ "ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ/ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ".
Ɋɢɫ. 12-9. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɨ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɭɸ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɭɬɢɥɢɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ; ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɧɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ C++ ɷɬɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 12-9 ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ NetworkFacilities (ɫɟɬɶ). Ɇɵ
ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ - ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ
(RadioCommunication (ɪɚɞɢɨɫɜɹɡɶ)), ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ - ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ (Messages
(ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ)). Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ Databases (ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ), ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ NetworkFacilities ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ. Ɇɵ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɷɬɭ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
TrainPlanDatabase (ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ) ɢ TrackDatabase (ɛɚɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ). Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɛɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ DatabaseManager (ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɛɚɡ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ).
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Devices (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɇɵ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɚ, - ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ.
ɗɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Devices, ɢ ɨɛɟ ɨɧɢ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ TrainPlanDatabase ɢ Messages.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ Devices ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
UserApplications (ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ) ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ EngineerApplications (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚ) ɢ
DispatcherApplications (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɚ), ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ EngineerApplications ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ DispatcherApplicatlona
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ "ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪ/ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ". ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
EngineerApplications ɢ DispatcherApplications ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Displays (ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ),
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ȼɚɠɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ
ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7 ɭɠɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɛɨɪ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɪɟɥɢɡ, ɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɷɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ - ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ, ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ - ɞɥɹ
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɢɧ - ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɟɥɢɡɵ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ, ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɟɪɟɝɚɬɶɫɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ? ɇɭɠɧɨ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɬɟ ɠɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4 ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ:
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ? Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ? Ʉɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ?
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ TrainPlanDatabase. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ (Messages, TrainDatabase,
TrackDatabase) ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ - ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
WaysideDevices (ɩɭɬɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ), LocomotiveDevices (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɟ), EngineerApplications ɢ DispatcherApplications.
ɉɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ TrainPlanBatabase ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ - ɨɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɯɢɬɪɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɟɡɞɚ.
ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɨ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Messages.
Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ TrainPlanDatabase?
ȼɫɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 10, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ C++, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɚɛɞɹɬ ɧɚɫ
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɚ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɯ, ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ
(ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ), ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ.
12.4. ɋɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɞɨɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɲɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɥɟɬ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɧɚɡɚɞ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɤɚɦ). ɑɟɦ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɱɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɦɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɬɟɦ ɱɚɳɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ:
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ
ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɦɨɤ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ;
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɨɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɣ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɚ. ȼɫɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɢɝɚɞ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɫɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɹ ɷɬɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɭɸ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ.
ɑɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ? Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɟ. ɇɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
UserApplications. Ɉɬɬɭɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɢɞɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ:
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ? ɇɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ TrainPlanDatabase ɢ
DispatcherApplications, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ TrainPlanDatabase; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ DispatcherApplications ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɵ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 11.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
Ɇɵ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɫ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɬɶ.42 ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɯ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ?
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɤ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɹɦ, ɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɨɛ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɫɤɪɵɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Displays. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ
ɧɚɲɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɟɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬ ɧɚɲɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚɲ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Massages ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦɢ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟ
ɨɬɪɚɡɹɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɟ; ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Messages
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɪɢɡɨɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɵ.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɗɬɨ - ɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɟɡɞɚɦɢ (Advanced Train Control System),
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ Ɇɚɪɮɢ (Murphy) [ɋ 1988].
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɉɥɢɧɬɚ, Ʌɢ ɢ Ɋɢɫɫɦɚɧ (Plinta, Lee, and
Rissman) [ɋ 1989] ɞɚɥɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ,
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
ɂɛɨ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɚɯ ɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɟɳɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɦɵ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɢɞɢɦ ɭ
ɩɢɲɭɳɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɤ, ɨɠɢɞɚɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ
ɫɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ.
Ƚɂ ɅȿɎɊȺɇɋɍȺ(GUY
LEFRANCOIS)
Ⱦɟɬɢ (Of Children)
ɉɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜɢɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɇɚɲ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫ ɨɲɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɨɣ. ɉɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ, ɧɚɦ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɞɭɯɭ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ,
ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ʉɚɤ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ȼɭɥɶɮ, ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɪɟɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ:
• ɷɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
• ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
• ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ [1].
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɯ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. Ɇɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɫɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ,
ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɢɞɢɨɦɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ - C++ ɢ Smalltalk.
Ⱥ.1. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ
ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-
Ɋɢɫ. Ⱥ-1. Ƚɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ
ɞɢɬɶ ɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ. ɇɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ.
ȼ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2 ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ: ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ.
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɵ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɨɬɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ.
Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤ Simula, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1960
ɝɨɞɭ Ⱦɚɥɟɦ, Ɇɸɪɯɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɇɵɝɚɪɞɨɦ [2]. əɡɵɤ Simula ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɹɯ
ALGOL, ɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ. ɇɨ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ Simula, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɜɟɥɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. Ⱥ-1, ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭ ɒɦɭɤɟɪɚ [Ɂ], ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɸ
ɩɹɬɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: Smalltalk. Object Pascal, C++,
CLOS ɢ Ada. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɵ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ".
Ⱥ.2. Smalltalk
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
əɡɵɤ Smalltalk ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center Learning Research Group (Xerox, ɉɚɥɨ Ⱥɥɶɬɨ, ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ,
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ), ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Dynabook ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ⱥɥɚɧɚ Ʉɟɹ (Alan Kay). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɢɞɟɢ Simula, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɡɵɤ FLEX ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɋɟɣɦɨɪɚ ɉɚɩɟɪɬɚ (Seymore Papert) ɢ ȼɚɥɥɚɫɚ Ɏɟɭɪɡɟɣɝɚ (Wallace Feurzeig).
Smalltalk ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɗɬɨ - ɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ; ɞɚɠɟ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Simula, Smalltalk ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ Macintosh, Windows ɢ Motif.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Smalltalk ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɫɬɨɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɵɥ
Ⱦɷɧ ɂɧɝɚɥɫ (Dan Ingalls), ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɉɢɬɟɪ Ⱦɟɣɱ
(Peter Deutsh), Ƚɥɟɧɧ Ʉɪɚɫɧɟɪ (Glenn Krasner) ɢ Ʉɢɦ ɆɚɤɄɨɥɥ (Kim McCall).
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫɚ Ⱥɥɶɬɯɨɮɚ (James Althoff), Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɚ Ɏɥɟɝɚɥɚ
(Robert Flegal), ɇɟɞɚ Ʉɟɥɟɪɚ (Ned Kaehler), Ⱦɢɚɧɵ Ɇɟɪɪɢ (Diana Merry) ɢ
ɋɬɢɜɚ ɉɚɰɚ (Steve Putz) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ Smalltalk. Ⱥɞɟɥɶ Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝ
(Adele Goldberg) ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɞ Ɋɨɛɫɨɧ (David Robson) ɜɡɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɨɥɶ
ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɟɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɩɹɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɭ ɢɯ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Smalltalk-72, -74. -76, -78, ɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɟ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ - Smalltalk-80.
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ 1972 ɢ 1974 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɸ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ
ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ; ɷɬɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Smalltalk-80 ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ.
ȿɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ (ɫɯɨɠɢɣ ɫɨ Smalltalk-80),
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Smalltalk/V. Ɉɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Digitalk ɞɥɹ IBM PC
(Windows ɢ OS/2) ɢ Macintosh. Ɂɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Smalltalk/V ɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵ. ɋɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ Smalltalk-80
[4].
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɂɧɝɚɥɫ: "ɐɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Smalltalk - ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɦɢɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ȼɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
ɨɬ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɞɨ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ" [5]. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ:
ɜɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɹɫɶ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ Smalltalk ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫɟɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ-ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɨɜ [ɛ].
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-1. Smalltalk
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɇɟɬ
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɇɟɬ Ⱦɚ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ɇɟɬ Ⱦɚ(ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ)
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɩɪɹɦɚɹ (ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ)
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɇɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɝɭɪ: ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɟ 3). ȼ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ Smalltalk ɭɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ
ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ-ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ
ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɭɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ AShape ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
Object subclass: ʋAShape
instanceVariableNames: 'theCenter'
classVariableNames: ' ' poolDictionaries: ' '
category: 'Appendix'
initialize
"ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ"
theCenter:= Point new
setCenter: aPoint
"Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ"
theCenter := aPoint
center
"ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɮɢɝɭɪɵ"
^theCenter
draw
"ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ"
self subclassResponsibility
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ACircle:
AShane subclass: #ACircle
instanceVariableNames: 'theRadius'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Appendix'
setRadius: anInteger
"Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ"
theRadius := aInteger
radius
"ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ"
^theRadius
draw
"ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɶ"
| anArc index |
anArc := Arc new.
index := 1.
[index <= 4]
whileTrue:
[anArc
center: theCenter radius: theRadius quadrant: index. anArc display. index :=
index + 1]
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ARectangle:
AShape subclass: ʋARectangle
instanceVariableNaines: 'theHeight theWidth'
classVariableNairies : ' '
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Appendix'
draw
"ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ"
| aLine upperLeftCorner |
aLine := Line new.
upperLeftCorner := theCenter x - (theWidth
/2)@
(theCenter ɭ - (theHeight /2)). aLine beginPoint: upperLeftCorner.
aLine endPoint: upperLeftCorner x + theWidth @
upperCorner y.
aLine display.
aLine beginPoint:: aLine endPoint.
aLine endPoint: upperLeftCorner x + thewidth ɜ
(upperCorner ɭ +
theHeight). aLine display.
aLine beginPoint: aLine endPoint. aLine endPoint: upperLeftCorner x @
(upperLeftCorner
ɭ+
theHeight). aLine display.
aLine beginPoint: aLine endPoint. aLine endPoint: upperLeftCorner. aLine
display
setHeight: anInteger
"Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ"
theHeight := anInteger
setWidth: anInteger
"Ɂɚɞɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ"
CheWidth := anInteger
height
"ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ"
^theHeight
width
"ȼɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ"
^thewidth
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ASolidRectangle ɨɩɢɲɟɦ ɬɚɤ:
ARectangle subclass: #ASolldRectangle
instanceVariableNames: ''
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Appendix'
draw
"ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ"
I upperLeftCorner lowerRightCorner I
super draw.
upperLeftCorner := theCenter x - (thewidth quo: 2) + 1 ɜ
(theCenter ɭ - (theHeight quo: 2) + 1). lowerRigthCorner :=
upperLeftCorner x + thewidth - 1 ɜ
(upperLeftCorner ɭ + theHeight - 1). Display
fill:
(upperLeftCorner corner: lowerRightCorner)
mask: Form gray
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɭ Smalltalk ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɧɢɝɢ
"Smalltalk-80:
The Language", Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝ ɢ Ɋɨɛɫɨɧ [7]; "Smalltalk-80: The Interactive
Programming Environment", Ƚɨɥɞɛɟɪɝ [8]; "Smalltalk-80: Bit of History Words of
Advice", Kpac-ɧɟɪ, [9]. ɅɚɅɨɧɞ ɢ ɉɭɯ [10] ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ Smalltalk-80, ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱥ.3. Object Pascal
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Object Pascal ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Apple Computer
(ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Smalltalk) ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ
ɇɢɤɥɚɭɫɨɦ ȼɢɪɬɨɦ (Niklaus Wirth), ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ Pascal.
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ Object Pascal ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Clascal
(ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ Pascal ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ Lisa). Object Pascal
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɫ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
(MPW), ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ Macintosh ɮɢɪɦɵ Apple. Ⱦɥɹ MPW
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɆɚɫȺɪɪ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ Macintosh.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
ɒɦɭɤɟɪ (Schmucker) ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ "Object Pascal - ɷɬɨ "ɫɤɟɥɟɬ"
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɦɢ "ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ" ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ" [II].
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Object Pascal.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-2. Object Pascal
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ ɇɟɬ ɇɟɬ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ (unit)
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɇɟɬ ɇɟɬ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ(ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ)
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ Object Pascal ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "MPW Object Pascal
Reference" ɨɬ Apple [12].1
Ⱥ.4. C++
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
əɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ C++ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ Ȼɶɟɪɧɨɦ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɨɦ,
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ AT&T Bell Laboratories. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ
C++ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋ with Classes, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ 1980 ɝɨɞɭ. əɡɵɤ ɋ
with Classes, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɋ ɢ Simula.
C++ - ɷɬɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɧɚɞ ɋ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ C++ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɋ, ɬɟɦ ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜ. ɇɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ C++
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤ ɋ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ C++. ȼ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ 1.0 ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1989 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ 2.0 ɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ),
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ 3.0 (1990) ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ
(ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬ ANSI ɩɨ C++
(X3J16) ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɢɦɟɧ (ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ C++ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɋ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ cfront. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɚ ɋ, ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ C++
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ UNIX-ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ
(ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ) "ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ" ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ C++.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ ɩɢɲɟɬ: "C++ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɞɪɭɡɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɟ, ɋ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɹɡɵɤ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ
ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ. C++ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ. ȿɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ"
[13]. C++ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɋ ɢ ɜɜɟɥ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ, ɫɫɵɥɤɢ,
ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ [14].
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɟɧ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Delphi ɮɢɪɦɵ Borland. - ɉɪɢɦɟɱ. ɪɟɞ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ C++ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-3. C++
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɮɚɣɥ
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ(ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ)
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɩɪɹɦɚɹ (ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ)
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɇɟɬ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ
ɋɧɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɝɭɪ. ȼ C++ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
struct point {
int x;
int ɭ;
};
class Shape {
public:
Shape();
void setCenter (Point p};
virtual void draw() = 0;
Point center 0 const;
private
Point theCenter;
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
Circle();
void setRadius(int r);
virtual void draw();
int radius() const;
private:
int theRadius;
};
class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
Rectangle();
void setHeight(int h);
void setWidth(int w);
virtual void draw();
int height () conat;
inc width () const;
private:
int theHeigh;
int TheWidth;
};
class SolidRectangle : public Rectangle {
public:
virtual void draw();
};
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ C++ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɏ Windows ɢ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Display, window, GraphlcsContext (ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ xlib).
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ:
Shape::Shape()
{
theCenter.x = 0;
theCenter.y = 0;
};
void Shape::getCenter(Point p)
{
theCenter = p;
};
Point Shape::center() const
{
return theCenter;
};
Circle::Circle() : theRadius(0) {};
void Circle: :setRadius( int r)
{
theRadius = r;
};
void Circle::draw()
{
int x = (center ().x - theRadius);
int Y = (center().ɭ - theRadius);
XDrawArc(Display, Window, GraphicsContext, X, Y,
(theRadius • 2), (theRadius * 2), 0, (360 • 64));
};
int Circle::radius() const
{
return theRadius;
};
Rectangle::Rectangle() : theHeight(0), theWidth(0) {};
void Rectangle: :setHeight( int h)
{
theHeight = h;
};
void Rectangle: :setWidth( int w)
{
theWidth = w;
};
void Rectangle::draw()
{
int X = (center().x - (theWidth / 2));
int Y = (center ().ɭ - (theHeight / 2));
XDrawRectangle (Display, Window, GraphicsContext, X, Y, thewidth,
theHeight);
};
int Rectangle: : height() const
{
return theHeight;
};
int Rectangle: : width () const
{
return thewidth;
};
void SolidRectangle::draw()
{
Rectangle::draw() ;
int x - (centerO.x - (width() / 2));
int Y - (center().y - (height() / 2));
gc oldGraphicsContext = GraphicsContext;
XSetForeground(Display, OraphicsContext, Gray);
XDrawFilled(Display, Window, GraphicsContext, X, Y,
width (), height());
GraphicaContext = OldGraphicsContext;
};
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɩɨ C++ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "Annotated C++ Reference Manual"
ɗɥɥɢɫ ɢ ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩɚ [15]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɋɬɪɚɭɫɬɪɭɩ [16] ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ
ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱥ.5. Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ Lisp, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
MacLisp, Standard Lisp, SpiceLisp, S-1 Lisp, ZetaLisp, Nil, InterLisp ɢ Scheme. ȼ
ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 80-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢɞɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɨɜ Lisp, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ɍɫɩɟɯ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Common Lisp ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵ ɜ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɂɞɟɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɚ ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ ACM ɩɨ
Lisp ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɟ X3J13 ANSI (ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ
ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ Common Lisp). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɨɣ ɧɚɞ Common Lisp, ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Common Lisp Object
System (Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Common Lisp) ɢɥɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ, - CLOS.
ȼɨɡɝɥɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ Ⱦɷɧɢɟɥ Ȼɨɛɪɨɜ (Daniel Bobrow), ɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɋɨɧɹ
Ʉɢɧ (Sonya Keene), Ʌɢɧɞɚ ɞɟ Ɇɢɱɢɥ (Linda DeMichiel), ɉɚɬɪɢɤ Ⱦɚɫɫɚɞ (Patrick
Dussud), Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ Ƚɚɛɪɢɟɥɶ (Richard Gabriel), Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ Ʉɟɦɩɮ (James Kempf),
Ƚɪɟɝɨɪ Ʉɢɫɚɡɥɟɫ (Gregor Kicazles) ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɞ Ɇɭɧ (David Moon).
ɋɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ CLOS ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ NewFlavors ɢ
CommonLoops. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɭɯɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜ 1988 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ
ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ CLOS.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ʉɢɩ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ CLOS ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ.
CLOS ɞɨɥɠɟɧ:
• ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ;
• ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ;
• ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ [17].
Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ CLOS ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-4. ɇɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, CLOS ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ [18].
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-4. CLOS
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɑɬɟɧɢɟ,ɡɚɩɢɫɶ,ɞɨɫɬɭɩ Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
ɉɚɤɟɬ
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɇɟɬ Ⱦɚ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ Ⱦɚ (ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ)
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɚ
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɭ CLOS ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ -"Common Lisp
Object System Specification" [19].
Ⱥ.6. Ada
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɋɒȺ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɡ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ, ɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɧɟ
ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ. ɋɬɚɥɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɢɬɫɹ,
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɡɥɟɬɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ,
ɨɬɹɝɨɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ Ada ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ 1975 ɝɨɞɭ (Steelman) ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ
1978 ɝɨɞɭ. Ȼɵɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɧɭɥɨɫɶ
17 ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ, ɢ
ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɞɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ; ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ
ɫɨɬɧɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬ-ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Green (ɜ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɥ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɨɜɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ); ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɢɦɹ Ada ɜ
ɱɟɫɬɶ Ⱥɞɵ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɧɢ Ʌɚɜɥɟɣɫ (Ada Augusta Lovelace), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ
ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɟɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɛɵɥ ɀɚɧ ɂɤɛɶɹɧ (Jean Ichbian)
ɢɡ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ. ȼ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɢ: Ȼɟɪɧɞ Ʉɪɢɝ-Ȼɪɸɤɧɟɪ (Bernd
Krieg-Brueckner), Ȼɪɢɚɧ ȼɢɱɦɚɧ (Brian Wichmann), Ⱥɧɪɢ Ʌɟɞɝɚɪ (Henry
Ledgard), ɀɚɧ-Ʉɥɨɞ ȿɥɶɹɪ (Jean-Claude Heliard), ɀɚɧ-Ʌɭ Ƚɚɣɥɢ (Jean-Loup
Gailly), ɀɚɧ-Ɋɚɣɦɨɧ Ⱥɛɪɢɚɥɶ (Jean-Raymond Abrial), Ⱦɠɨɧ Ȼɚɪɧɫ (John
Barnes), Ɇɚɣɤ ȼɭɞɠɟɪ (Mike Woodger), Ɉɥɢɜɶɟ Ɋɭɛɢɧ (Olivier Roubine), ɋ. Ⱥ.
ɒɭɦɚɧ (S. A. Schumann) ɢ ɋ. ɋ. ȼɟɫɬɚɥɶ (S. ɋ. Vestal).
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ Ada ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Pascal ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Euclid, Lis, Mesa, Modula ɢ Sue. Ȼɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ALGOL-68, Simula, CLU ɢ Alphard. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ANSI ɞɥɹ
Ada ɛɵɥ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧ ɜ 1983 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪɵ Ada, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ,
ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ. Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ, ɹɡɵɤ Ada ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ. Ada - ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ANSI ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ Ada 9x. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧ ɪɹɞ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ: ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ Ada ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ 9x ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ Ada ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɥɢɫɶ ɨ:
• ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
• ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
• ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [20].
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ada ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-5. Ada
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ ɇɟɬ ɇɟɬ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ,ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ,ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɉɚɤɟɬ
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɬ(ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ada9x)
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
Ⱦɚ ɇɟɬ(ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ada9x)
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɤɭ Ada ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ "Reference Manual for
the Ada Programming Language" [21].
A.7. Eiffel
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪ Eiffel Ȼɟɪɬɪɚɧ Ɇɟɣɟɪ (Bertrand Meyer) ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɡɵɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ Simula, Eiffel - ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Eiffel ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜ. ȼ Eiffel ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɣɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ; ɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɬɢɩ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɥɨɞɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ.
ɇɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞ- ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ
ɧɟɝɨ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. ȿɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ.
Ɉɛɡɨɪ
Eiffel ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɛɪɨɬɧɭɸ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Eiffel ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɚ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɪɨɭɡɟɪ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. Ⱥ-6.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ Ⱥ-6. Eiffel
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ ɇɟɬ
ɂɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɜ
Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ
Ȼɥɨɤ (unit)
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ
ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɒɚɛɥɨɧɵ
Ɇɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫɵ
Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ Ⱦɚ ɇɟɬ
Ɍɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɋɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɉɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ Ⱦɚ Ⱦɚ
ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɫɵɥɤɢ
Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɭ Ɇɟɣɟɪɚ "Object Oriented Software
Construction" [22].
Ⱥ.8. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. Ⱥ-2 ɜɵ ɧɚɣɞɟɬɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.
ABCL/1
ABE
Acore
Act/1
Act/2
EmeraldNew
FlavorsSASTAct/3
Actors
Felix
PascalOakUspSelfActra
Argus
ART
Berkeley Smalltalk
FOOPS
ObjectCobot
Smalltalk
Concurrent Smalltalk
CSSA
CST
Director
Distributed Smalltalk
Eiffel
Lore
Mace
MELD
Mjolner
ModPascal
Neon
Plasma 11
POOL-T
PROCOL
Quick Pascal
Quicktalk
ROSSActor
ExperCommonLisp
Extended Smalltalk
NIL
0-CPU
SCOOP
SCOOPSAda
Flavors
FOOPlog
Oberon
Object Assembler
Simula
SINA
Object Lisp
Object Logo
Object Oberon
Smalltalk AT
Smalltalk V
Smallworld ɋ
OOPC
OOPS+
STROBE
TClassic
Beta
FRL
Blaze
Galileo
GLISPObject
Garp
PascalSPOOLC++ Gypsy
Objective-C SR ɋ_
talkHybridObjVLispSRLBro
uhaha
Cantor
Inheritance
IntermissionOPALTrellis/Ow InnovAda
lClascal
Jasmine
KL-
OneOrient84/KUniform
Orbil
wilh Classes
Ada
Turbo Pascal 5.xCluster
86
Common
LoopsKRLOTMUNITS
Common
ObjectsKRSPCOLVulcanCo
mmon ORBITLittle
SmalltalkPIEXLISPConcurr
ent
PrologLOOPSPL/LLZoom/V
MCLOS
Ɋɢɫ. Ⱥ-2. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɋɚɭɧɞɟɪɫɚ [23] ɞɚɧ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɫɟɦɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ [24]:
• Actor
əɡɵɤɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
• ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ.
• Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
• Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
əɡɵɤɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ. ɧɚ
ɮɪɟɣɦɚɯ
• Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɚɞ
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɦ ɢ.
• Ɍɢɩɚ Smalltalk
Smalltalk ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɵ.
• ɂɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ.
• Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɹɡɵɤɢ.
ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ
CRC-ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ, CRC cards. CRC — Class/Responsibilities/Collaborators,
Ʉɥɚɫɫ/Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɢ/ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ; ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ, ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɬɭɪɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, abstract operation. Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ. ȼ C++ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɨ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ.
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, abstract class. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ.
Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬ
ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, abstraction. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
ɚɝɟɧɬ, agent. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɫɚɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɚɤɬɟɪ, actor. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, active object. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, algorithmic decomposition. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, module architecture. Ƚɪɚɮ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ, ɚ ɪɟɛɪɚ — ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, process architecture. Ƚɪɚɮ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɚ ɪɟɛɪɚ — ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, architecture. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ, association. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ, attribute. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ).
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, base class. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɢɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, blocking object. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ. ȼɵɡɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ
ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, visibility. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɡɜɧɟ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɟɧ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹɦ.
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, virtual function. Ʉɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ.
ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ» ɢ «ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ»
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, time complexity. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, action. ɇɟɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɟ, ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɨɜ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, delegation. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ.
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ, destructor. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɟɬ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, activity. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, interaction diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, class diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, module diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, object diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɟ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.
Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ — ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɧɢɦɨɤ ɢɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, state transition diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, process diagram. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, dynamic binding. ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ) ɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ.
ɞɪɭɝ, friend. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ.
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ, private. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ,
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ (ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɚɹ) ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɚɹ, protected. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, identity. ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɢɞɢɨɦɚ, idiom. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚ-ɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ, hierarchy. ɉɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ. Ⱦɜɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ — ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ «ɨɛɲɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ»)
ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ «ɰɟɥɨɟ/ɱɚɫɬɶ»); ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, invariant. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ.
ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɹ, encapsulation. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɋɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, instantiation. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ.
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, interface. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɟɝɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, exception. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ C++ ɦɵ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ.
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, use. ɋɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɸ ɢɡɜɧɟ. ɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪ, iterator. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, class category. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ~ ɧɟɬ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɤɥɚɫɫ, class. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ
«ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɢ «ɬɢɩ» ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ.
ɤɥɚɫɫ-ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ, container class. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ) ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ), ȼ C++ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɵ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ.
ɤɥɢɟɧɬ, client. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɥɢɛɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ,
ɤɥɸɱ, key. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, key abstraction. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, concrete class. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ.
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ, constructor. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
ɦɟɬɚɤɥɚɫɫ, metaclass. Ʉɥɚɫɫ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ; ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ.
ɦɟɬɨɞ, method. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɇɟ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ — ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɦɟɬɨɞ»,
«ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ» ɢ «ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ» ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ; ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, — ɨɧ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ.
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, mechanism. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, modifier. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ, module. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɞɚ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, modularity. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɟ
ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ.
ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ, monomorphism. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ
ɢɦɟɧɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, cardinality. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ,
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, inheritance. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ (ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
(ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ «ɨɛɳɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ»
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, generic function. Ʉɚɤɚɹ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ.
Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ; ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ
ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ» ɢ «ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ»
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, generic class. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ: ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ.
Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɢ «ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ, reverse-engineering. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɞɭ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɭ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, object, ɇɟɱɬɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ» ɢ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, object model. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ,
ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɹɰɢɢ,
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, object-based programming. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, object-oriented decomposition.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɛɢɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ
ɦɢɪ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, object-oriented programming
(OOP). Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɦ
ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵ, ɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɨɦ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, object-oriented design (OOD).
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ,
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, object-oriented analysis. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ,
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɱɥɟɧ, member object. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵɱɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ»,
«ɩɨɥɟ». «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɱɥɟɧ» ɢ «ɫɥɨɬ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ, constraint. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, class operation. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ
ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ.
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, operation. ɇɟɱɬɨ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɚɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ȼɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ,
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ (ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ
«ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ», «ɦɟɬɨɞ» ɢ «ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, responsibility. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ, public. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ,
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ (ɜɢɞɢɦɚɹ) ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɢɡɦ, concurrency. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɬ
ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ.
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, concurrent object. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ, parameterized class. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ; ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɚɰɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɞɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ
«ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɢ «ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, passive object. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, class variable. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ȼ C++ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɱɥɟɧ.
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ, instance variable. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ȼ
ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ», «ɩɨɥɟ», «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɱɥɟɧ» ɢ «ɫɥɨɬ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ, transition. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, behavior. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ; ɜɢɞɢɦɚɹ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫ, subclass. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ).
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, subsystem. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ — ɫɤɪɵɬɚ.
ɩɨɥɟ, field. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɩɨɥɟ», «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ», «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɱɥɟɧ» ɢ «ɫɥɨɬ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ.
ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦ, polymorphism. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ
ɢɦɟɧɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ (ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ) ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ,
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨ-ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, round-trip gestalt design. ɋɬɢɥɶ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, sequential object. ɉɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ.
ɩɨɫɬɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, postcondition. ɂɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, thread of control. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ; ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɭɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. (Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ
«thread of control» ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɧɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ». ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ «ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ» ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «flow of control», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ. — ɉɪɢɦɟɱ.
ɪɟɞ.)
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, precondition. ɂɧɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ.
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶ, mixin. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ;
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, space complexity, Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ.
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, state space. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦɨɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɨ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ).
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, protocol. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ; ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, process. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ, processor. ɑɚɫɬɶ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ, forward-engineering. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɩɨ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɭ.
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ, partition. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, reactive system. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɞɜɢɠɢɦɚɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ «ɜɯɨɞ-ɜɵɯɨɞ».
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, implementation. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
ɪɨɥɶ, role. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɰɟɥɶ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ; ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ; ɪɨɥɶ — ɷɬɨ ɥɢɰɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɢɪɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, free subprogram. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ
ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ — ɷɬɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɫɜɹɡɶ, link. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ, selector.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ.
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, server. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɢ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
ɫɢɝɧɚɬɭɪɚ, signature. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ, strongly typed. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ.
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, synchronization. ɋɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ (ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ);
ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ (ɪɚɧɞɟɜɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ); ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ (ɪɚɧɞɟɜɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɠɞɚɬɶ);ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɪɚɧɞɟɜɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɠɞɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ); ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ (ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ).
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, real-time system. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ»
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ; ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɝɪɨɡɢɬ
ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɣ.
ɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, information hiding. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ; ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, data dictionary. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɫɥɨɣ,
layer. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɫɥɨɬ, slot. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɩɨɥɟ», «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ», «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɱɥɟɧ» ɢ «ɫɥɨɬ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ.
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, event. ɑɬɨ-ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, message. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ», «ɦɟɬɨɞ» ɢ «ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ» ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ (ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ), aggregate object. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ).
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, state. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ: ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; ɜ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
(ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ) ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɷɬɢɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, collaboration. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ, persistence. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ,
ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɜɲɢɣ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɹɫɶ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, framework. ɇɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, static binding. ɋɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ) ɤɥɚɫɫɭ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ (ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɰɢɢ), ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ.
ɫɬɪɚɠ, guard. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ; ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨ, ɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ.
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, strategic design decision. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, class structure. Ƚɪɚɮ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɚ ɪɟɛɪɚ — ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ.
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, object structure. Ƚɪɚɮ, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɚ ɪɟɛɪɚ — ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, structure. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, structured design. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ.
ɫɭɩɟɪɤɥɚɫɫ, superclass. Ʉɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ).
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ, scenario. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, tactical design decision. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɬɢɩ, type. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ
«ɤɥɚɫɫ» ɢ «ɬɢɩ» ɨɛɵɱɧɨ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ; ɬɢɩ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɬɟɦ,
ɱɬɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ.
ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɹ, typing. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ.
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, transformational system. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ «ɜɯɨɞ-ɜɵɯɨɞ» ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ, access control. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼ C++ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜɫɟɦ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɮɚɣɥɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɮɚɣɥɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, level of abstraction. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ȼ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ «ɱɚɫɬɶ/ɰɟɥɨɟ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ: ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ «ɨɛɳɟɟ/ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ»,
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ.
ɭɫɥɭɝɚ, service. ɉɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, device. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ, assertion. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ.
ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, class utility. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɇɚ C++ —
ɤɥɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ, function point. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ — ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨɟ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, function. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɜɯɨɞ-ɜɵɯɨɞ», ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɡ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ-ɱɥɟɧ, member function. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɤ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ȼɫɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ — ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ - ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɱɥɟɧɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ» ɢ «ɦɟɬɨɞɵ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ-ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ; ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ-ɱɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ, — ɨɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜ
ɩɨɞɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ.
ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ, instance. ɇɟɱɬɨ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɗɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬ» ɢ «ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ» ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.