Романенко Ф.А., Гаранкина Е.В., Кокин О.В. Жизнь рельефа

Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ Ɏ.Ⱥ., Ƚɚɪɚɧɤɢɧɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ʉɨɤɢɧ Ɉ.ȼ.
(ɆȽɍ, Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, e-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected])
ɀɢɡɧɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ-ɂɨɫɢɮɚ ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɟ
Romanenko F.A., Garankina E.V., Kokin O.V.
(MSU, Geographical department, Moscow)
Relief life of Franz Josef Land in the Late Holocene
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɟɺ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ – ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ
ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɪɨɩɢɤɚɯ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɨ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɥɺɞ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɢ.
ȼ 2012–2013 ɝɝ. ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ
ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʌɟɞɨɜɢɬɨɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɟ Ɂɟɦɥɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ-ɂɨɫɢɮɚ. ȼ
2012 ɝ. Ɏ.Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ ɢ Ɉ.ȼ. Ʉɨɤɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɤɚ (ɇɉ) «Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɤɚ» ɄɗɣɊȺ-2012
(ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨ). ɋ ɛɨɪɬɚ ɹɯɬɵ “Alter ego” (ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ.
Ɂɟɦɟɥɶɤɨ, ɮɥɚɝ Ɇɚɥɶɬɵ) ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɨ 29 ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ. ȼ 2013 ɝ. Ɏ.Ⱥ.
Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ ɢ ȿ.ȼ. Ƚɚɪɚɧɤɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɇɉ «Ɋɭɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɤɚ»
«ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɦɨɪɹ-2013»/ɄɗɣɊȺ-2013 (ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɗ.ɋɚɥɚ ɢ Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨ). ɋ
ɛɨɪɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɯɨɞɚ «ɉɨɥɚɪɢɫ» (ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɑɟɪɟɩɭɯɢɧ, Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɟ
ɩɚɪɨɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ) ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ 27 ɜɵɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ 22 ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ ɁɎɂ,
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɺɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ ɇɉ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:
- ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɟ;
- ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɋɛɨɪ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨɝɨ
«ɢɫɯɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ» ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɜ (ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 500 ɤɦ ɩɟɲɢɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ). ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ
ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɴɺɦɤɚ, GPS-ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɧɚ
ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɟ
ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ,
ɩɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɨ-ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ, ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ
ɭɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ.
124
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɺɥ ɧɚ
ɁɎɂ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɘ. ɉɚɣɟɪ ɜ 1873–74 ɝɝ. ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɪɺɯ
ɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɭ [1]. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɍ. ɇɢɥɶ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ Ȼ.
Ʌɢ-ɋɦɢɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ Ɋ. Ʉɺɬɬɥɢɰ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ Ɏ. Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ
ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɢɦɨɜɨɤ 1881/82 ɢ 1894/97
ɝɝ. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ
ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɴɺɦɨɤ Ɍ.ɇ. ɋɩɢɠɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜ 1933/34 ɝɝ., ȼ.Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɛɧɟɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɜ 1950-ɟ ɢ 1970-ɟ ɝɝ. [2] ɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɆȽɊɗ (ɝ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜ) ɢ Ƚɂɇ ɊȺɇ ɜ 2000–2001 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ.
Ɉɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ
ɝɥɹɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɆȽȽ ɜ 1957–59 ɝɝ. (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ȼ.Ʌ. ɋɭɯɨɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ) [3, 4] ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Ʌ.ɋ.
Ƚɨɜɨɪɭɯɢ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜ
1990-ɟ ɝɝ. ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ƚɥɚɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, J.O. Naslund, ȼ. Ʉɨɫɬɤɢ, J.A. Dowdeswell, Ⱥ.ɂ. ɒɚɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɚɫɱɺɬ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɢɣ
ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ
(ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɞɚɬ) ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
[5, 6]. ɏɨɬɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɟ
ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ
ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ,
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ, ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɚ.
ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɟ - ɫɟɪɢɢ
ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɨɤɚɣɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ. ɇɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 10–15 ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ
ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɚɥɶɤɨɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɟɝɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɤ ɨɤɟɚɧɭ ɜɚɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ (ɞɨ 1 ɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ) ɨɤɚɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɥɭɧɚɦɢ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɭɡɤɢɦ
ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɦ – ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɝɚɥɶɤɨɣ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ
ɸɪɫɤɨ-ɦɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɝɥɢɧ – ɩɟɫɤɨɦ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɟ
ɜɚɥɵ (ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɞɨ 5 ɦ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɟɡɨɦ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɯɭɠɟ ɨɤɚɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɥɨɦɤɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ (10–20 ɦ), ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɥɢɬɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɥɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɦ ɫ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 10 ɤɦ
(Ɂɟɦɥɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɵ), ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɹ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ.
ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 40 ɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɹ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɩɨ
125
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɦɨɥɥɸɫɤɨɜ [5, 6] – ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧ (7–10 ɬɵɫ. ɪɚɞɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ –
ɪ.ɥ.ɧ.), ɫɚɦɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ – ɦɨɥɨɠɟ 1000 ɥɟɬ. Ɋɚɫɱɺɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɞɚɺɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɦɦ/ɝɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɫɭɲɢ ɜ ɤɭɬɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʉɚɧɞɚɥɚɤɲɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɚɥɢɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɫɭɲɢ ɧɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɟ, ɢ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɶɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɢ 8–9 ɦɦ/ɝɨɞ
ɢ ɞɚɠɟ 11 ɦɦ/ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɁɎɂ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ. ɇɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɟɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɥɟɞɵ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 500 ɥɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɂ.Ƚ.
Ⱥɜɟɧɚɪɢɭɫ [7] ɢ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨ. Ʉɨɤɨɢɯɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ Ʉɢɧɞɨ ɜ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ
ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɚɥɦɚ. ɇɚ ɁɎɂ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ.
ȼ 2012 ɝ. ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ (ɨɬɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɵ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɜɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ «ɥɚɫɬɨɱɤɢɧ ɯɜɨɫɬ», ɯɚɨɫɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɵɛ ɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɦɢ
ɝɪɚɧɹɦɢ, ɥɢɲɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ) ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨ.ɐɢɝɥɟɪɚ ɜ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨ-ɜɚɯ ȼɢɥɶɱɟɤɚ ɢ Ɇɚɤ-Ʉɥɢɧɬɨɤɚ – ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ.
ɇɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɁɎɂ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ
ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɟ ɢ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.
ȼ ɬɵɥɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɞɨ 0.1 ɤɦ2) ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɪɦɨɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɪɬɨɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɜɟɪɲɢɧɧɵɯ
ɛɚɣɞɠɟɪɚɯɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɥɨɠɛɢɧ ɫ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ 1.5–2 ɦ. ȼ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɛɚɣɞɠɟɪɚɯɨɜ ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɮ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 0.3–0.5 ɦ ɦɨɯɨɜɨɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɨ. Ƚɚɥɥɹ), ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ (Ɂɟɦɥɹ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɵ) ɢɥɢ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ (ɨ. Ɇɟɣɛɟɥ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɜɵɣ ɬɨɪɮ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɧɚ ɁɎɂ ȼ.Ʌ. ɋɭɯɨɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ [3]. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɮɚ, ɪɚɫɫɟɱɺɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦɢ ɪɜɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɦɵɫɟ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɚ – ɦɵɫɟ Ɇɷɪɢ ɏɚɪɦɫɭɨɪɬ Ɂɟɦɥɢ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɵ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɮɚ 4410±40 (Ƚɂɇ-14976), ɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɭɲɟ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 5500 ɪ.ɥ. (5570±60, Ƚɂɇ-14978; 5670±40, Ƚɂɇ-14979), ɚ ɧɚ ɨ.
Ɇɟɣɛɟɥ ɨɧ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ – 3470±40, Ƚɂɇ-14973). ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ, ɜ
ɬɵɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧ ɬɨɪɮ, ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 12 ɞɨ 29 ɦ. ɂ ɞɥɹ
Ɇɟɣɛɟɥɚ, ɢ ɞɥɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɚɥɭɧɧɨ-ɝɚɥɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ «ɤɪɭɠɟɜɚ». Ʉɨɥɶɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ
ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ
ɥɢɬɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ-ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɟ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ
ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 15 ɦ) ɜɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɬɚ. ɇɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25
126
ɦ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɶɹ ɨɫɵɩɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɛɚɣɞɠɟɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ
ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɨɤɚɪɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ.
ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɯ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 5 ɦ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ (ɨ. ɇɨɪɬɛɪɭɤ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚ Ƚɚɣɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨ.
Ȼɟɤɤɟɪɚ, ɨ. ȿɜɚ-Ʌɢɜ). ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɚɥɭɧɧɨ-ɝɚɥɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 11 ɦ. ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɭ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 3000 ɥɟɬ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɚɫ. ȼ
ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɁɎɂ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜ
ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɢɥɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɥɟɧɢ, ɪɨɝɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ (8–3 ɬɵɫ. ɪ.ɥ.ɧ.), ɥɶɞɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ [4, 8].
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɭɪɧɨɣ – ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɢɟ,
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɟɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɥɢɬɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɭ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɭɧɧɵɯ
ɜɚɥɨɜ, ɨɬɱɥɟɧɹɜɲɢɯ ɥɚɝɭɧɵ, ɤɭɞɚ ɫɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɪɨɫɥɢ ɦɯɢ
ɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɞɚ ɨɥɟɧɟɣ. ɂ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɯɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɧɢɹ/ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɥɟɧɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɢ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɬɟɪɪɚɫ ɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5–6 ɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵ
ɦɨɪɨɡɨɛɨɣɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ (ɞɨ 0.5
ɦ) ɬɪɟɳɢɧ. ɇɚ ɨ. ȿɜɚ-Ʌɢɜ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 0,8 ɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɉɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ
ɜ ɜɚɥɭɧɧɨ-ɝɚɥɟɱɧɨɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɥɟɞɹɧɵɟ ɠɢɥɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɝɪɭɛɨɨɛɥɨɦɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ
ɨɩɨɥɡɧɢ-ɫɩɥɵɜɵ (Ɂɟɦɥɹ Ƚɟɨɪɝɚ) ɢ ɫɨɥɢɮɥɸɤɰɢɹ (ɨ-ɜɚ Ȼɥɢɫɫɚ, ɐɢɝɥɟɪɚ,
ɍɢɥɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɨɥɢɮɥɸɤɰɢɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɨɤ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
ɭɫɬɭɩɚ ɞɨ 1 ɦ, ɝɢɪɥɹɧɞɚɦɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɚɦ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɨɣ ɞɨ
200. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨ-ɚɥɟɜɪɢɬɨɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ (ɨ. ɐɢɝɥɟɪɚ) ɨɧ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ,
ɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɭ ɹɡɵɤɚɦɢ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɳɟɛɟɧɶ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɯ ɁɎɂ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ, ɢ ɜ 2012–13 ɝɝ. ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɡɢɦɨɜɶɟɦ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ ɗ.Ȼ. Ȼɨɥɞɭɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɨ.
Ⱥɥɶɞɠɟɪ ɭ ɦɵɫɚ ɉɨɥɨɝɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɧɚ 1.25–1.7 ɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ
(18.08.2012–14.08.2013). ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ
2012 ɝ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɪɟɩɟɪɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤ 1901–02 ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ,
ɤɚɤ ɢɫɱɟɡɥɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɡɢɦɨɜɶɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɢ Ȼ. Ʌɢ-ɋɦɢɬɚ (1881/82)
127
ɧɚ ɦɵɫɟ Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɨ. ɇɨɪɬɛɪɭɤ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1990-ɯ ɬɚɦ ɟɳɺ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ
ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɵ, ɚ ɤ 2013 ɝ. ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɩɟɪɨɜ, ɜ 2013 ɝ.
ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɰɟɧɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ Ɂɟɦɥɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ-ɂɨɫɢɮɚ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɝɢ. ɂ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɷɬɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɟɳɺ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɇɉ «Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɤɚ» ɢ ɊɎɎɂ
(ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ʋ 11-05-01044).
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
1. ɉɚɣɟɪ ɘ. 725 ɞɧɟɣ ɜɨ ɥɶɞɚɯ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɤɢ. Ɇ.-Ʌ: ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ƚɥɚɜɫɟɜɦɨɪɩɭɬɢ, 1935.
303 ɫ.
2. Dibner V.D. Geology of Franz-Josef Land. Meddelelse ʋ 146. Oslo: Norsk
Polarinstitutt, 1998. 190 p.
3. ɋɭɯɨɞɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.Ʌ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɝɥɹɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ,
1967. 120 ɫ.
4. Ɉɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɁɎɂ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1973. 352 ɫ.
5. Ɇɚɬɢɲɨɜ Ƚ.Ƚ., Ɇɵɫɥɢɜɟɰ ȼ.ɂ., Ɏɨɪɦɚɧ ɋ. Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ // ɋɪɟɞɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɂɟɦɥɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɚ-ɂɨɫɢɮɚ. Ⱥɩɚɬɢɬɵ:
Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ, 1994. ɋ. 13–14.
6. Forman S.L., Lubinski D.J., Ingolfsson O. et al. A review of postglacial emergence on
Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, northern Eurasia // Quaternary Science
Reviews. 2004. V. 23. P. 1391–1434.
7. Ⱥɜɟɧɚɪɢɭɫ ɂ.Ƚ., ȼɢɬɚɥɶ Ⱥ.Ⱦ., Ɏɪɨɥɶ ȼ.ȼ. ɇɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɚɥɦɚ (Ȼɟɥɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ)// Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ
ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ.
Ⱥɩɚɬɢɬɵ: Ʉɇɐ ɊȺɇ, 2005. ɋ. 9–10.
8. Forman C., Lubinski D., Weihe R. The Holocene occurrence of reindeer on Franz Josef
Land, Russia // The Holocene. 2000. V. 10. ʋ 6. P. 763–768.
The report discusses the preliminary results of the field work on Franz Joseph
Land in 2012–13. Traces of the recent (late Holocene) earthquakes, of
contemporary thermoabrasion and cryogenic processes set high (1.3–1.7 m / year)
rate of coastal retreat detected. The data on the age of peat (4–5.5 thousand years)
considered. Significant changes in the environment of the archipelago in the late
Holocene revealed.
128