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«КТО ТАКОЙ СЕРИЙНЫЙ УБИЙЦА?»
Ямщикова Ксения Ивановна
студентка юридического института, Российского Университета Дружбы Народов, Москва
“WHO IS A SERIAL MURDER?”
Yamshchikova Kseniya, the student of PFUR’s law faculty, Moscow
АННОТАЦИЯ
За прошедшее столетие в мире произошло множество убийств, как с насилием, так и без него, к сожалению.
Большинство из них было совершено серийными убийцами, которые впоследствии стали известными во всех странах.
Изучая различные биографии серийных убийц, были замечены некоторые сходства между ними. В данной работе определяется понятие серийного убийства и рассматриваются черты убийц-серийников, находятся различия и сходства
между ними.
ABSTRACT
Unfortunately, there has been a great number of murders, both with violence and without in the world for the last century.
The majority of them were made by serial murderers who later became known in all countries. This paper defines the concept
of a serial murder and their features, examines distinctions and similarities between them.
Ключевые слова: серийный убийца; дезорганизованный асоциальный; организованный несоциальный.
Keywords: serial murder; disorganized asocial; organized non-social.
The term "serial murders" arose gradually. In ancient
times those who willingly killed other people were considered
as evil spirit and beasts. So in the 19th century, having learned
about Jack the Ripper (England), Joseph Vache ("the French
eviscerator") and G. G. Holmes (USA), one journalist, making
attempts to understand the essence the latter, introduced the
term "the multi murderer" which did not succeed. Over the one
could meet other concepts, such as: "sexual murderers",
"obsessed maniac murderers" and "murderers of strangers", but neither of them hit the bull's eye, that is they did not capture
the essence of the defined phenomenon.
In the 2nd half of the 20th century the special agent of
FBI Robert K. Resler who was one of founders of Scientific
department of FBI on criminals’ behavior research
("Behavioural department"), published the book "To
Everybody Who Battles to Monsters" subsequently and
became Jack Crawford's prototype (Scott Glenn – the actor)
from the movie "Silence of Lambs", gave lecture in the British
Police Academy and one of attendees said the phrase "the
crimes going series" — this phrase was picked up by Resler
who made it more laconic and at the further lectures began to
speak about "serial murders" and "serial murderers". For the
first time this term was used concerning Thady Bandi, and
gained fame after David Berkowitz's business, according to
newspapers known as "serial killer" and "serial murderer". As
Resler admitted, he enclosed in the term "serial murder" some
additional sense which is that serial murders remind infinite
series on TV which force the viewer to anticipate each
following episode impatiently as the maniac waits the
following murder with impatience expects.
"The serial crime — is multi-episode criminal actions
(number of episodes not less than three), made by one
personfor unobvious motives during which the person earlier
not familiar to the wrongdoer person becomes an object of
invasion but time between the episodes of murders exceeds the
interval, necessary for emotional alienation of the wrongdoer
after commiting the crime.
The phenomenon of serial murder contains 3
indispensable conditions:
1) voluntariness.
The maniac has to kill only voluntarily, but not on
compulsion of others.
2) not less than 2 murders.
3) between the murders the maniac endures the periods
of emotional rest, "cooling".
Meanwhile, the period of emotional stress is in an
interval from several days to several years. In the period of lull
the maniac is engaged in usual vital affairs. The third factor
plays the most significant role as unlike serial murderers,
existing "mass" (or "chain") murderers — destroy a little or
many people in one place in one days. You shouldnot forget
about "heavy" murder — the option of "mass" murder
expanded in time and/or a place of commission when the
murderer moves from one place to another, killing people on
his way, or kills not in one, and in some days or even weeks.
The heavy murderer is quite difficult to tell from a serial one–
but "a heavy" murderer, as well as "mass" murderer, destroys
all the victims "on one breath", without the periods of
emotional cooling between murders. (For example, the famous
Charles Starkvizer who killed 11 people in 26 days in the
Международный Научный Институт "Educatio" II (9), 2015
various cities of the USA and inspired young Stephen King,
was such — the "heavy" murderer, but not serial.)
It is necessary to emphasize that each of these
conditions are mandatory, at non-compliance of even one of
them a murderer cannot be considered a maniac.
It is also worth paying attention to such an important
factor as motive. The scholar V. Obraztsov, an author writing
about serial murderers, declares that they can have any motive,
even a lucrative impulse. Therefore, the difference between
serial murders and other multi-episode murderers is that:
o The maniac cannot help killing.
o Between the murders a period of emotional rest is
mandatory.
Serial murderers divide into two types: disorganized
asocial and organized non-social. Each of these types has its
features.
The organized unsocial:
The majority of them has highly developed intellect,
those with higher education are not rare. Organized criminals
are socially competent, they have partners. Some of them make
a family. The organized criminal does not feel homesickness.
He can work, he has a wide range of acquaintances.
Owing to the personal features, it is not difficult for
them to make new friends, they are able to make a good
impression on people. Such criminals attentively trace info in
mass media.
The disorganized asocial:
In the childhood many of criminals of this type became
a victim of physical or mental abuse. Quite often they were
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brought up in incomplete families (without father). If the
family was full, the father had low-wage or an unstable job. In
the childhood they had few friends, they preferred games and
entertainments in loneliness, avoided their peers. The reason
of his loneliness is other than the loneliness of an organized
non-social criminal. The disorganized asocial criminal is
lonely because people around consider him "somewhat
eccentric", strange and do not seek for communication with
him. For the criminal of this type difficulties in studying and
social adaptation are characteristic features. His intelligence is
lower than of an average. His status in society is the derivative
of components of his personality: unskilled (often the most
low-paid) job, deficiency of social contacts (with women in
particular).
These very features of personality define the very
character of a crime: spontaneity, deficiency of elements of the
thought-over planning. This type of the criminal feels
homesickness and therefore, he often commits crimes "in the
neighbourhood", "in a reach zone". As a rule, the criminal of
this kind is not interested in the mass media reports.
The laxity, characteristic for him, being disorganized,
untidy can be found on a scene of crime until he is caught.
Robert K. Resler made a huge contribution to criminal
investigation technique, defined the concept of "serial crime".
He also divided all serial murderers into 2 types, differing
among themselves.
Таблица 1
Differences between 2 types of serial murderers
Organized non-social
Disorganized asocial
Crimeisplanned
Crime is spontaneous
The victim is purposefully chosen from among strangers
The victim is unknown
The victim is personalized
The victim is depersonilized
Excanges are under control
Exchanges are of minimum
Crime scene is under control
Crimesceneischaotic
The pray is humble
Sudden violence
The pray is tied
The pray is not tied
Aggressive movements
Murder weapon is prepared in advance
Improvised means are used for murder
Список литературы
1. Образцов В.А., Богомолова С.Н. Криминалистическая психология: монография. М.: Юнити-Дана, Закон и право, 2002. – 448 с.
2. John Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, Allen G. Burgess,
Robert K. Ressler Crime Classification Manual: A
Standard System for Investigating and Classifying
Violent Crimes: Jossey – Bass, 2006. – 572 с.