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Experimental and some calculated data are presented in this review article on nuclear ˇssion
under 20 MeV to 3Ä6 GeV energy proton and 20 to 200 ÷ 450 MeV energy neutron interactions.
Data on primary stage of interactions of high energy protons and neutrons with nuclei are briey also
presented. Dependences of nuclear ˇssion cross sections, angular distributions of ˇssion fragments,
mass and isotope distributions of nuclear ˇssion products, kinematic characteristics of ˇssion products
from the energy of bombarding protons and neutrons are considered. Data on neutrons and charged
particles emission at the nuclear ˇssion induced by intermediate energy protons are briey presented.
Some characteristics of the nuclear ˇssion of bismuth, lead, tungsten, tantalum are similar to those of
highly excited uranium ˇssion, resulting in neutron-deˇcient products. The ˇssion of uranium nuclei
resulting in neutron-excess ˇssion products is by some characteristics similar to that of ˇssion of
uranium nuclei at the low energy excitation. Fission of the ˇrst group of nuclei is apparently related
to more central interactions of bombarding protons with nuclei and the ˇssion of the second group
is connected with peripheral interactions of protons. The other mechanism of nuclear ˇssion or the
contribution of other processes, i.e., nuclear fragmentation and multifragmentation, is appeared at the
energy of protons above 2000 ÷ 3000 MeV.
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Cu, La Bi ¶µ¤ ¤¥°¸É¢¨¥³ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 480 ¨ 660 ŒÔ‚ [21]. ‚ Ôɨ
¦¥ £µ¤Ò ..¥·Ë¨²µ¢ ¸ ¸µÉ·. ¶·µ¢¥²¨ ¡µ²Óϵ° ͨ±² · ¡µÉ ¶µ ¨§ÊÎ¥´¨Õ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· U, Bi, W ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 460 ¨ 660 ŒÔ‚
¸ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´¨¥³ ³¥Éµ¤ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ Ô³Ê²Ó¸¨° [22], ¨ ¢¶¥·¢Ò¥ ¢ ¶¥·¢µ° ¶µ²µ¢¨´¥ 1950 £. ´ ¡²Õ¤ ²µ¸Ó ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ³¥¤²¥´´Ò³¨ π − -³¥§µ´ ³¨ [22].
µÎɨ µ¤´µ¢·¥³¥´´µ É ±¦¥ ¢ 1950 £. ´ ¡²Õ¤ ²µ¸Ó ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ π − ³¥§µ´ ³¨ ƒ.….¥²µ¢¨Í±¨³ ¨ ˆ.Œ.”· ´±µ³. ‚ Ôɨ ¦¥ £µ¤Ò ‚.ˆ.ƒµ²Ó¤ ´¸±¨°
¸ ¸µÉ·. [23] ¨§³¥·¨²¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 232 Th, 238,235 U, Bi, Pb, Tl, Au,
Pt, Re, W ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ 84, 120 ¨ 380 ŒÔ‚. ¥°É·µ´Ò ¡Ò²¨
¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò µÉ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ ¸·Ò¢ (break up) ¤¥°É·µ´µ¢ ´ ³¥¤´µ° ³¨Ï¥´¨.
µ²ÓϨ´¸É¢µ ¨§ ¢Ò¶µ²´¥´´ÒÌ ´ ¸¨´Ì·µÍ¨±²µÉ·µ´¥ ¢ É¥ £µ¤Ò · ¡µÉ [19Ä
23] ´¥ ¶µÉ¥·Ö²¨ ±ÉÊ ²Ó´µ¸É¨ ¤µ ´ Ï¨Ì ¤´¥° ¨ ¨´É¥´¸¨¢´µ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§ÊÕÉ¸Ö ¨
ͨɨ·ÊÕÉ¸Ö ¶·¨ ¸µ¸É ¢²¥´¨¨ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ± ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¶µ ¤¥²¥´¨Õ Ö¤¥·.
2. …‚ˆ—Ÿ ‘’„ˆŸ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆŸ ’‚ ˆ
…‰’‚ Œ…†“’—‰ …ƒˆˆ ‘ Ÿ„Œˆ
·¨ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¢Ò¸µ±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, ¶·µÉµ´ ¨²¨
´¥°É·µ´ , ±µ£¤ ¥¥ ¸·¥¤´¨° ¸¢µ¡µ¤´Ò° ¶·µ¡¥£ ¢ Ö¤·¥ ¸É ´µ¢¨É¸Ö ¸· ¢´¨³Ò³
¸ ¤¨ ³¥É·µ³ ÉÖ¦¥²µ£µ Ö¤· , ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¥ Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¸ Ö¤·µ³ ³µ¦´µ · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ÉÓ ± ± ¸Éµ²±´µ¢¥´¨¥ ¸ ¨´¤¨¢¨¤Ê ²Ó´Ò³¨ ´Ê±²µ´ ³¨ Ö¤· -³¨Ï¥´¨ [24].
322 “•‚ .ˆ.
Ôɵ°, ¡Ò¸É·µ°, ¸É ¤¨¨ (τ ∼ τ0 , §¤¥¸Ó
τ0 < 10−22 c Å ¢·¥³Ö, ´¥µ¡Ìµ¤¨³µ¥ ¤²Ö
ɵ£µ, Îɵ¡Ò ¡Ò¸É· Ö Î ¸É¨Í ¶¥·¥¸¥±² Ö¤·µ) ¶µ¸²¥ ± ¸± ¤ ´Ê±²µ´-´Ê±²µ´´ÒÌ
¸Éµ²±´µ¢¥´¨° Ö¤·µ, µ¸É ¢Ï¥¥¸Ö ¶µ¸²¥ ¢Ò²¥É ´¥¸±µ²Ó±¨Ì ¡Ò¸É·ÒÌ ´Ê±²µ´µ¢, ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ¶µ²ÊÎ ¥É ²¨ÏÓ ¤µ²Õ
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö, ±µÉµ·ÊÕ ¶µ²ÊΨ²µ
¡Ò ¸µ¸É ¢´µ¥ Ö¤·µ. ‚ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ É ±µ£µ
¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ¡Ò¸É·ÒÌ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨²¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸ Ö¤· ³¨ ¶µ¸²¥ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨
¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö, · ¸¸Î¨ÉÒ¢ ¥³µ° ¶µ ³¥Éµ¤Ê ¸²ÊÎ °´ÒÌ ¸µ¢¶ ¤¥´¨° Å ³¥Éµ¤Ê Œµ´É¥Š ·²µ, µ¡· §Ê¥É¸Ö Ϩ·µ±¨° ´ ¡µ· Ö¤¥· ¶µ
A, Z ¨ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö [11, 25, 26, 27].
¢Éµ·µ°, ³¥¤²¥´´µ°, ¸É ¤¨¨ (τ >> τ0 )
¢Ò¸µ±µ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´µ¥ Ö¤·µ ¶µ¸²¥¤µ¢ É¥²Ó´µ
¨¸. 1. ˆ§³¥´¥´¨¥ ¸·¥¤´¥° ¶¥·¥¤¨¸¶ ·Ö¥É Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¨²¨ ¨¸¶ÒÉÒ¢ ¥É ¤¥²¥II
´¥° ±µ³¶µ´¥´ÉÒ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P , ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³µ£µ Ö¤· ³ U, Bi, Ru, ¢ § - ´¨¥ [11, 28]. ‚ ´ Î ²¥ 1970-Ì ££. ¡Ò² ¶·¥¤¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·Ê- ²µ¦¥´ ·Ö¤ ¶·¥¤· ¢´µ¢¥¸´ÒÌ, Ô±¸¨Éµ´´ÒÌ
ÕÐ¥£µ ¶·µÉµ´ , · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ § ¢¨¸¨- ³µ¤¥²¥°, ¸³., ´ ¶·¨³¥·, [29, 30]. ‚ ÔɨÌ
³µ¸É¨ [31]. ‚¥·Ì´ÖÖ ±·¨¢ Ö Å § - ³µ¤¥²ÖÌ · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ÕÉ¸Ö É·¨ ¸É ¤¨¨ ·¥ ±II
(Ep ) ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡· - ͨ¨: ¸É ¤¨Ö ¢´ÊÉ·¨Ö¤¥·´µ£µ ± ¸± ¤ , ¸É ¤¨Ö
¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ PCN
§µ¢ ´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· ¶·¥¤· ¢´µ¢¥¸´µ£µ ¨¸¶ ·¥´¨Ö Î ¸É¨Í ¨ ¸É ¤¨Ö · ¢´µ¢¥¸´µ£µ · ¸¶ ¤ , ¢±²ÕÎ ÕÐ Ö ¨¸¶ ·¥´¨¥ Î ¸É¨Í ¨²¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¥. ‚ · ¡µÉ Ì [25, 26] ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ¸·¥¤´ÖÖ
Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö µ¸É ɵδÒÌ Ö¤¥· · ¸É¥É ¸ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, ¶·¨ Ôɵ³ ¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²µ³Ê Ö¤·Ê ¶¥·¥¤ ¥É¸Ö ¡µ²ÓÏ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö [11, 25, 26]. ɵ µ¡ÑÖ¸´Ö²µ¸Ó É¥³, Îɵ ¤²Ö ¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ
Ö¤¥· ¸ ¡µ²ÓϨ³¨ · §³¥· ³¨ · ¤¨Ê¸ ¤µ²Ö ¶¥·¢¨Î´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í, ±µÉµ· Ö ¶·µÌµ¤¨É Î¥·¥§ Ö¤·µ ¡¥§ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö, ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö. µ·¨² [31] ´ Ï¥² ¸¢Ö§Ó
³¥¦¤Ê Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¨ ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³Ò³ Ö¤·Ê ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸µ³
P II ¢ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í, ¨¸¶µ²Ó§ÊÖ ¶¥·¢¨Î´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥
· ¸Î¥É ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö Œ¥É·µ¶µ²¨¸ ¨ ¤·. [25, 26]. ɨ
§ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¤²Ö É·¥Ì Ö¤¥·-³¨Ï¥´¥° U, Bi, Ru ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ´ ·¨¸. 1. ˆ§ ´¨Ì
¢¨¤´µ, Îɵ, É ± ¦¥, ± ± Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö E ∗ , ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³Ò° Ö¤·Ê-³¨Ï¥´¨
¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕШ³ ¶·µÉµ´µ³ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´¥³ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¨ P II · ¸É¥É ¶·¨
¶¥·¥Ìµ¤¥ µÉ ¡µ²¥¥ ²¥£±µ£µ Ö¤· Ru ± ¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²Ò³ Ö¤· ³ Bi, U. „ ²¥¥ µ·¨² ´ Ï¥² ¶µÎɨ ²¨´¥°´ÊÕ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ³¥¦¤Ê ¢¥²¨Î¨´µ° ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³µ£µ Ö¤·Ê
¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´¥³ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¨ ¨ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¶µ¸²¥ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ¤²Ö ¸²ÊÎ ¥¢ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö U ¨ Bi ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ Ep = 0, 46 ƒÔ‚,
Bi ¶·¨ Ep = 0, 94 ƒÔ‚ ¨ Ru ¶·¨ Ep = 0, 46 ƒÔ‚ [31].
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
323
II
∗
’µÎ´¥¥, ¡Ò² ´ °¤¥´ ²¨´¥°´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ P II /PCN
µÉ E ∗ /ECN
, £¤¥
∗
¨ ECN µ§´ Î ÕÉ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ ¨ Ô´¥·£¨Õ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö £¨¶µÉ¥É¨Î¥¸±µ£µ ¸µII
¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· , ¥¸²¨ ¡Ò µ´µ µ¡· §µ¢Ò¢ ²µ¸Ó. µ¤µ¡´Ò¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ P II /PCN
∗
∗
µÉ E /ECN ¡Ò²¨ ´ °¤¥´Ò · ¸Î¥É´Ò³ ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¥²Ö¥¢Ò³ ¨ ŒÊ·¨´Ò³ ¤²Ö ¸²ÊÎ Ö
¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ c Ô´¥·£¨¥° 135 ŒÔ‚ [32] ¨ · Ï¥´±µ¢Ò³, ’µ´¥¥¢Ò³ ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ c Ô´¥·£¨¥°
350 ŒÔ‚ [11].
’ ±¨³ µ¡· §µ³, Ê Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ɵ·µ¢ ¶µÖ¢¨² ¸Ó ¢µ§³µ¦´µ¸ÉÓ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¶µ¸²¥ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ ¶·µÉµ´ ¶·¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò P II Å ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³µ£µ Ö¤·Ê
¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ .
¶¶·µ±¸¨³¨·ÊÖ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° P II ¨ E ∗ , ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ ¢ [31],
²¥±¸ ´¤¥· ¨ ¤·. [33] ¶µ²ÊΨ²¨ ¸¢Ö§Ó ³¥¦¤Ê E ∗ ¨ P II ®¤²Ö ¢¸¥Ì Ö¤¥·³¨Ï¥´¥° ¨ ¢¸¥Ì ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨°¯ [33] ¢ ˵·³¥
II
PCN
P II
E∗
= 0, 75 II .
∗
ECN
PCN
(1)
ˆ³¶Ê²Ó¸, ¶¥·¥¤ ´´Ò° Ö¤·Ê ¢ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ¢¤µ²Ó ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Ö ¶Êα ,
P II , ¢ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö ¨²¨ ¨§ Ê£² ³¥¦¤Ê µ¸±µ²± ³¨, ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´µ£µ ± 180◦ , ¨²¨ ¨§ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö Ψ¸² µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´¥° ¨ § ¤´¥°
¶µ²Ê¸Ë¥· Ì ¢ · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±µ³ ³¥Éµ¤¥ ¨ ¢ ³¥Éµ¤¥ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ Ô³Ê²Ó¸¨° [14]. ’µ
¨ ¤·Ê£µ¥ ¸¢Ö§ ´µ ¸ ¶¥·¥´µ¸´µ° ¸±µ·µ¸ÉÓÕ V II ¨, ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ, ¸ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸µ³
Ö¤· P II . ·¨¸. 2 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ£µ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶¥·¥´µ¸´µ£µ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P II ¤²Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ÖÌ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö U,
Bi ¨ Ta(W) ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ c · §²¨Î´Ò³¨ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ 3000 ŒÔ‚ [34Ä42].
Š ± ¢¨¤´µ ¨§ ·¨¸Ê´± , ¤¢¥ µ¸µ¡¥´´µ¸É¨ Ì · ±É¥·´Ò ¤²Ö ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ.
‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ê· ´ ¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¶¥·¥´µ¸´ÒÌ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸µ¢ ¶·µÌµ¤ÖÉ Î¥·¥§ Ϩ·µ±¨¥ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³Ò µ±µ²µ Ô´¥·£¨° ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 460 ÷ 1000 ŒÔ‚.
´¥¥ ¶µ¤µ¡´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ² ¸Ó ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ɵ·¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸
³ ±¸¨³Ê³µ³ P II ∼ 300 − 350 ŒÔ‚/c, µ±µ²µ Ep ≈ 1000 ŒÔ‚ [43]. Œ ±¸¨³Ê³
P II ¤²Ö Ê· ´ ´ ·¨¸. 2 · ¢¥´ ∼ 380 ŒÔ‚/c, Îɵ ¡²¨§±µ ± §´ Î¥´¨Õ P II ¤²Ö
ɵ·¨Ö. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö Ta(W) ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ´¥¤µ¸É ɵδµ, ´µ, É¥³
´¥ ³¥´¥¥, µ´¨ ʱ §Ò¢ ÕÉ ´ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥ ¶·µ¤µ²Ó´µ£µ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P II ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 1 ƒÔ‚.
‚ɵ· Ö µ¸µ¡¥´´µ¸ÉÓ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¤²Ö P II ´ ·¨¸. 2 Å Ôɵ Ö¢´ Ö
¸¨²Ó´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¶¥·¥¤ ´´µ£µ ¤¥²ÖÐ¥³Ê¸Ö Ö¤·Ê ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ µÉ ɨ¶ Ö¤· .
‚ µÉ²¨Î¨¥ µÉ · ¸Î¥É´ÒÌ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° P II (Ep ), ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´ÒÌ ´ ·¨¸. 1 ¤²Ö
Ru, Bi, U ¢ µ¡Ð¥³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥, ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ P II µÉ Z 2 /A
Ö¤· µ¡· É´ Ö. ‘ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Z 2 /A Ö¤· , ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¤µ²Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· ¨§ µ¡² ¸É¨ Í¥´É· ²Ó´ÒÌ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ¸ ¡µ²ÓÏ¥° ¶¥·¥¤ Î¥° ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P II ¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö
324 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 2. ‡´ Î¥´¨¥ ¸·¥¤´¥£µ ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P II , ¶¥·¥¤ ¢ ¥³µ£µ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´¥³ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¨ ¤¥²ÖШ³¸Ö Ö¤· ³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ Ê· ´ , ¢¨¸³ÊÉ , É ´É ² (¢µ²ÓË· ³ ), ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ . U: Ep = 23 ÷ 92 ŒÔ‚ [34], 45, 80, 155 [35], 156 [36],
450 [37], 460, 660 [38], 1000 [14], 2900 [39], 3000 [38]; Bi: Ep = 96 ŒÔ‚ [40],
156 [36], 660 [38], 1000 [14], 2900 [41]; Ta: Ep = 156 ŒÔ‚ [40], 450 [37],
660 (W) [42], 1000 (W) [14]
Ö¤·Ê E ∗ . ´¥¥ ¶µ¤µ¡´Ò° ÔËË¥±É Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨Ö ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ P II , ɵδ¥¥, ¸±µ·µ¸É¨ V II , ¸ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Z 2 /A ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
200 ŒÔ‚ ¢Éµ· ³¨ ¸É ÉÓ¨ [44] ¡Ò² ´ §¢ ´ ÔËË¥±Éµ³ Í¥´É· ²Ó´ÒÌ ¸Éµ²±´µ¢¥´¨°, ¶·¨¢µ¤ÖÐ¨Ì ± µ¡· §µ¢ ´¨Õ ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· .
…¸²¨ ¢µ¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ÉÓ¸Ö ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¥³ (1) Å ¸¢Ö§ÓÕ ¶¥·¥¤ ´´µ£µ Ö¤·Ê ¨³II
∗
¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö E ∗ /ECN
, ɵ ³µ¦´µ ¶µ²ÊΨÉÓ § ¢¨¶Ê²Ó¸ P II /PCN
∗
¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¶¥·¥¤ ´´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö E µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ
¶·µÉµ´ ¨ ɨ¶ ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· (·¨¸. 3). ‚¨¤´µ, Îɵ, ± ± ¨ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¸ ¶¥·¥¤ Î¥° ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸ , Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Z 2 /A Ö¤· ¶·¨ ¤ ´´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ ¶·µÉµ´ . ‚ µÉ²¨Î¨¥
µÉ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ P II (Ep ), Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· E ∗ · ¸É¥É ¸
Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ ¶·µÉµ´ ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢
3000 ŒÔ‚, ̵ÉÖ ·µ¸É ¨ § ³¥¤²Ö¥É¸Ö ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ U, Bi.
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
325
¨¸. 3. ‡´ Î¥´¨¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· U, Bi, Ta(W) ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ ¶·µÉµ´ , ¢ÒΨ¸²¥´´µ¥ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ (1)
(¸³. É¥±¸É) ¨§ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ·¨¸. 2
3. ‡‚ˆ‘ˆŒ‘’œ ‘…—…ˆ‰ „…‹…ˆŸ Ÿ„…
’ …ƒˆˆ Œ„ˆ“™ˆ• ’‚
ˆ§ÊÎ¥´¨¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ µÉ
ɨ¶ ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· U, Th, Bi, Pb, W, Ta ¨ ¤·. ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²Ö¥É ¨´É¥·¥¸ ± ± ¤²Ö
¶µ´¨³ ´¨Ö ˨§¨±¨ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, É ± ¨, ± ± µÉ³¥Î ²µ¸Ó ʦ¥ ¢µ ¢¢¥¤¥´¨¨,
¤²Ö ·Ö¤ ¶·¨±² ¤´ÒÌ § ¤ Î.
Š ´ ¸ÉµÖÐ¥³Ê ¢·¥³¥´¨ ´ ±µ¶²¥´ ¸· ¢´¨É¥²Ó´µ ¡µ²Óϵ° ³ ¸¸¨¢ ¤ ´´ÒÌ
µ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨. ¤´ ±µ ¤ ´´Ò¥, ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´´Ò¥ ¢ ²¨É¥· ÉÊ·¥ ¶µ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·,
¡Ò²¨ ¢¥¸Ó³ ¶·µÉ¨¢µ·¥Î¨¢Ò.
’ ±, ‘É¥°´¥· ¨ ´£¥·³ ´ [45] ¢ 1956 £. ¨§³¥·¨²¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·
¤²Ö 238 U, 235 U, 232 Th, 209 Bi ¨ 197 Au ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° 100 ÷ 340 ŒÔ‚. ˆµ´¨§ ͨµ´´ Ö ± ³¥· ±µ³¶¥´¸ ͨµ´´µ£µ ɨ¶ (¸ ±µ³¶¥´¸ ͨ¥° ¢²¨Ö´¨Ö ¨µ´¨§ ͨ¨ ¶¥·¢¨Î´µ£µ ¶Êα ) ¡Ò² ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´ ¤²Ö ·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ÔÉ¨Ì ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¶µ± § ²¨, Îɵ
¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤²Ö ¨§µÉµ¶µ¢ Ê· ´ ¨ ¤²Ö ɵ·¨Ö ¢¥²¨±¨: 1,5 ¡ ¤²Ö Ê· ´ ¨
326 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 4. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ [47Ä53]. ‹¨´¥°´Ò¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´Ò ¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵα ³
0,8 ¡ ¤²Ö ɵ·¨Ö, ¨ Ôɨ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ´¥ ¨§³¥´ÖÕÉ¸Ö ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ 100 ÷ 400 ŒÔ‚.
‚¨¸³ÊÉ ¨ §µ²µÉµ ¶µ± § ²¨ § ³¥É´µ¥ ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨ ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ
Ô´¥·£¨¨, µÉ 0,15 ¡ ¤²Ö Bi ¨ 0,016 ¡ ¤²Ö Au ¶·¨ Ep = 158 ŒÔ‚ ¤µ 0,20 ¡ ¤²Ö Bi
¨ 0,05 ¡ ¤²Ö Au ¶·¨ 336 ŒÔ‚. ‘¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¡Ò²¨ ¨§³¥·¥´Ò É ±¦¥
· ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±¨ ¸Ê³³¨·µ¢ ´¨¥³ ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ³ ¸¸ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤²Ö ³¨Ï¥´¥°, µ¡²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨. ‘É¥¢¥´¸µ´ ¨ ¤·. [46] ´ ϲ¨, É ±¨³ µ¡· §µ³,
Îɵ ¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·¨³¥·´µ ¶µ¸ÉµÖ´´µ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨°
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ µÉ 30 ¤µ 340 ŒÔ‚ ¨ · ¢´µ 1,5 ¡. ‚ 1956 £. ˆ¢ ´µ¢µ° [47] ¡Ò²¨
µ¶Ê¡²¨±µ¢ ´Ò ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥·´µ° ԳʲӸ¨¨, ¶·µ¶¨É ´´µ° ¸µ²ÓÕ Ê· ´ , ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 140, 350, 460
¨ 660 ŒÔ‚. Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ê· ´ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö µÉ 1,6 ¡
¶·¨ Ep = 140 ŒÔ‚ ¤µ 1 ¡ ¶·¨ Ep = 660 ŒÔ‚.
µ¸²¥ ¶µÖ¢²¥´¨Ö É¢¥·¤µÉ¥²Ó´ÒÌ É·¥±µ¢ÒÌ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·µ¢ ¨ µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨Ö ¸ ¨Ì
¶µ³µÐÓÕ ¢µ§³µ¦´µ¸É¨ ¤¥É¥±É¨·µ¢ ÉÓ µ¸±µ²±¨ ¸ ³ ¸¸µ° ¡µ²ÓÏ¥ 20 .¥. [54, 55]
¢ 1965Ä1976 ££. ¡Ò²¨ ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´Ò ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ ¸¥·¨° ¨§³¥·¥´¨° Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±µ°
§ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ° µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¤µ
300 ƒÔ‚ [48Ä53] (·¨¸. 4). ˆ§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ê· ´ , ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´´Ò¥
¢ 1965Ä1976 ££., ¶·µ¤¥³µ´¸É·¨·µ¢ ²¨ · §²¨Î´Ò¥ ˵·³Ò ¨Ì § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
327
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢: ¶µ¸ÉµÖ´¸É¢µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ 10 ƒÔ‚
¨²¨ · §²¨Î´Ò¥ ¢ ·¨ ´ÉÒ Ê³¥´ÓÏ¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° (·¨¸. 4). ‡ ¨¸±²ÕÎ¥´¨¥³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ˆ¢ ´µ¢µ° [47] ¨ Šµ´ÓϨ´ [48], Œ Éʸ¥¢¨Î [49], ¢µ ¢¸¥Ì ¤·Ê£¨Ì ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´ÒÌ ´ ·¨¸. 4 Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì µ¸±µ²±¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ·¥£¨¸É·¨·µ¢ ²¨¸Ó ¤¢Ê³Ö
É¢¥·¤µÉ¥²Ó´Ò³¨ ¤¥É¥±Éµ· ³¨ ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ¸Ô´¤¢¨Î , ¨³¥´´µ ¤¥É¥±Éµ· ³¨ ¨§ ¸²µ¥¢
¸²Õ¤Ò [50Ä52], ³ ±·µËµ²Ö [53], ®¤¢ µ¸±µ²± ¢ ¸µ¢¶ ¤¥´¨¨¯. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Šµ´ÓϨ´ , Œ Éʸ¥¢¨Î µ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢²Ö² ¸Ó µ¤´µ¸Éµ·µ´´ÖÖ ·¥£¨¸É· ꬅ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸¨²¨± É´Ò³ ¸É¥±²µ³ [48, 49]. ¤´µ° ¨§ ¢µ§³µ¦´ÒÌ ¶·¨Î¨´ · ¸Ìµ¦¤¥´¨Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° ·¨¸. 4 Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ´¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸ÉÓ ¢ ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨± ͨ¨ ¸²¥¤µ¢ µ¸±µ²±µ¢, ²¥ÉÖÐ¨Ì ¢ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¨ ¶²µ¸±µ¸É¨ ¤¥É¥±Éµ· ¨ ɵ·³µ§ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö ¢ ´¥³.
ɵ ¢¨¤´µ ¨§ ¸· ¢´¥´¨Ö ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éµ¢ ¤¢ÊÌ · §²¨Î ÕÐ¨Ì¸Ö ¸¶µ¸µ¡µ¢ ¶µ¤¸Î¥É ¸²¥¤µ¢ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ µ¤´µ³ ¨ ɵ³ ¦¥ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·¥ ¢ 1969 ¨ 1976 ££. [50, 52].
‘ÊÐ¥¸É¢µ¢ ² ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¡µ²Óϵ° · §¡·µ¸ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¢ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤·Ê£¨Ì
Ö¤¥· Å Th, Bi, Au, Ta, W.
¢Éµ· ³¨ [56, 57] ¡Ò²¨ ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´Ò ¸¥·¨¨ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ·Ö¤ Ö¤¥· µÉ Ê· ´ ¤µ É ´É ² ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 70, 100, 155,
200 ŒÔ‚ [56] ¨ 1 ƒÔ‚ [57]. Š·Ê£µ¢ Ö £¥µ³¥É·¨Ö · ¸¶µ²µ¦¥´¨Ö É¢¥·¤µÉ¥²Ó´ÒÌ
É·¥±µ¢ÒÌ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·µ¢ (¸¨²¨± É´µ¥ ¸É¥±²µ) µ¡¥¸¶¥Î¨¢ ² 100 % ÔËË¥±É¨¢´µ¸ÉÓ
·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨¸¸²¥¤Ê¥³ÒÌ Ö¤¥·. É £¥µ³¥É·¨Ö ¶µ§¢µ²Ö² ¢Éµ· ³ µ¤´µ¢·¥³¥´´µ µ¶·¥¤¥²ÖÉÓ Ê£²µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
¨ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ê ¶¥·¥´µ¸´µ° ¸±µ·µ¸É¨ Ö¤¥·. „²Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U, 235 U, 232 Th ¡Ò²µ
´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ¨Ì ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨³¥ÕÉ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢¡²¨§¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 70 ŒÔ‚ ¨ § É¥³ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ÕɸÖ, ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· 209 Bi, 208 Pb, 207 Pb, 206 Pb,
197
Au ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´¥ ¤µ¸É¨£ ÕÉ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 1 ƒÔ‚ [58]. „·Ê£µ° £·Ê¶¶µ° ¢Éµ·µ¢ [59, 60] ¡Ò²¨ ¨§³¥·¥´Ò ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ ɵ·¨Ö ¤µ ³¥·¨Í¨Ö ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨
10 ÷ 100 ŒÔ‚. „²Ö ·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨³¨ ¡Ò²¨ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´Ò
ɵ´±µ¶²¥´µÎ´Ò¥ ¶·µ¡µ°´Ò¥ ¸Î¥ÉΨ±¨ (’‘), · §· ¡µÉ ´´Ò¥ ¢ ¤¨¥¢µ³ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ¥. Ò²µ Ê¸É ´µ¢²¥´µ, Îɵ ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢ ¸¥Î¥´¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ § ¢¨¸¨É µÉ ¨Ì Z 2 /A ¨ ´ ̵¤¨É¸Ö ¢ · °µ´¥ 50Ä60 ŒÔ‚.
·¨¸. 5 ¨ 6 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ¢Éµ· ³¨ [56Ä60] Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥
¤ ´´Ò¥ µ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U ¨ 235 U ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 10 ÷ 1000 ŒÔ‚ [61]. „²Ö µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´Ò É ±¦¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¶·¥Í¨§¨µ´´ÒÌ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¤µ
30 ŒÔ‚ [66], ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ 238 U §´ Ψɥ²Ó´µ ³¥´¥¥ ɵδµ¥ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 9 ƒÔ‚, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´µ¥
· ´¥¥ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ³¥Éµ¤¨±¨ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ Ô³Ê²Ó¸¨° [67]. ·¨¸. 5, 6 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò
¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¤µ 200 ŒÔ‚,
¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ ‹¨¸µ¢¸±¨³ ¨ ¤·. [62]. ’ ± ¦¥, ± ± ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥
¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ɵ²Ó±µ ¸¤¢¨´ÊÉÒ° ¢
¸Éµ·µ´Ê ³¥´ÓÏ¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ (µ±µ²µ 30Ä40 ŒÔ‚) ¨ ¶·¨ ³¥´ÓÏ¥³ §´ -
328 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 5. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ [61] ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í: + Å ¶·µÉµ´Ò, Ô±¸¶¥p¨³¥´É [59, 60], ◦ Å ¶·µÉµ´Ò, Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É [56Ä58]; × Å ´¥°É·µ´Ò, Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É [62], Ä Å ´¥°É·µ´Ò, · ¸Î¥É [63]
¨¸. 6. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ [61] ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· 235 U µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕШÌ
Î ¸É¨Í. ¡µ§´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸³. ´ ·¨¸. 5
Î¥´¨¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö. ‡¤¥¸Ó ¦¥ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· 238 U ¨ 235 U ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥
Ô´¥·£¨° ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ 9 ƒÔ‚ [63]. ‚¨¤´µ ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ¥ ¶µ¤µ¡¨¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨
¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ É·¥Ì ¸²ÊÎ ÖÌ, ´µ ¸µ ¸¤¢¨£µ³ ¶µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´¥ ¨ ˵·³¥
§ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨. ·¨¸. 7 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ [61] § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨ σf /σin Ö¤¥·
238
U ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢. ·¨ ¢ÒΨ¸²¥´¨¨ ¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨
σf /σin Ö¤¥· 238 U ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´Ò §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ´¥Ê¶·Ê£µ£µ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸ Ö¤· ³¨ Ê· ´ ¨§ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ±¨ · Ï¥´±µ¢ [65]. Š ± ¢¨¤´µ ¨§
¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´µ° ´ ·¨¸. 7 § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨, ´ Ψ´ Ö ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ∼100 ŒÔ‚,
¤¥²¨³µ¸ÉÓ Ö¤¥· 238 U ´ Ψ´ ¥É § ³¥É´µ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ÉÓ¸Ö. µ¤µ¡´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ
¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨ Ö¤¥· ¡Ò² ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´ ¨ ¤²Ö 235 U [61].
°¸³µ´É ¨ ¤·. [68] ±µ´¸É ɨ·µ¢ ²¨, Îɵ ´ ±µ¶²¥´ ¡µ²Óϵ° µ¡Ñ¥³ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ µ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ta − U ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨, µ¤´ ±µ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¶µ²´µ° ±µ³¶¨²Öͨ¨ ¨ ¸· ¢´¨É¥²Ó´µ£µ
±·¨É¨Î¥¸±µ£µ ´ ²¨§ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ´¥ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢µ¢ ²µ. ´¨ ¶µ¸É ¢¨²¨ § ¤ ÎÊ § ¶µ²´¨ÉÓ ÔÉµÉ ¶·µ¡¥². Ò² ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ Ô±¸É¥´¸¨¢´Ò° ´ ²¨§ ¨
±µ³¶¨²ÖÍ¨Ö Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ ¨§³¥·¥´´ÒÌ (p, f )-¸¥Î¥´¨° 181 Ta, 183 W, nat W,
208
Pb, nat Pb, 209 Bi, 232 Th, 238 U ¨ nat U ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ µÉ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤µ 30 ƒÔ‚. Š ± ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ´ ²¨§ ¨ ±µ³¶¨²Öͨ¨, ¡Ò² ¸µ-
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
329
¨¸. 7. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ [61] ¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨ Ö¤¥· σf /σin µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
238
U: • Å Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ σf [59, 60]; ◦ Å Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥
σf [56, 57]; Å · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ [64]; σin Å ¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ´¥Ê¶·Ê£µ£µ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö,
¨§ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ±¨ [65]
§¤ ´ ¡ § ¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¢±²ÕÎ ÕÐ Ö 100 ¸¥·¨° ¤ ´´ÒÌ. ¢Éµ·Ò [68] ¢Ò¶µ²´¨²¨
¸· ¢´¨É¥²Ó´Ò° ±·¨É¨Î¥¸±¨° ´ ²¨§ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ° ɥ̴¨±¨, ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´´µ° ¶·¨ ¨§³¥·¥´¨¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·, Îɵ¡Ò ¢ÒÖ¸´¨ÉÓ, ´ ¸±µ²Ó±µ
´ ¤¥¦´µ µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö²¨¸Ó ¢ ± ¦¤µ³ · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ¥³µ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ì · ±É¥·¨¸É¨±¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· (¶µÉµ± ¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ɵ²Ð¨´ ³¨Ï¥´¥°, ÔËË¥±É¨¢´µ¸ÉÓ ·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨). ‚ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ É ±µ£µ ´ ²¨§ ¡Ò² ¶·¨¸¢µ¥´ ®Ê·µ¢¥´Ó ´ ¤¥¦´µ¸É¨¯
± ¦¤µ° ¸¥·¨¨ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¸µ£² ¸´µ ¸²¥¤ÊÕШ³ ±·¨É¥·¨Ö³: 1-° (¢Ò¸Ï¨°) Ê·µ¢¥´Ó ´ ¤¥¦´µ¸É¨ ¡Ò² ¶·¨¸¢µ¥´ ¸¥·¨Ö³ ¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¥¸²¨ ´ ²¨§ ´¥ µ¡´ ·Ê¦¨¢ ²
± ±µ°-²¨¡µ ʶÊÐ¥´´Ò° ¨²¨ ´¥¤µµÍ¥´¥´´Ò° ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨Ì µÏ¨¡µ±, 2-° (¸·¥¤´¨°) Ê·µ¢¥´Ó ¤µ¸Éµ¢¥·´µ¸É¨ Å ¸¥·¨¨ ¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¥¸²¨ ¨³¥²¨¸Ó
ʶÊÐ¥´´Ò¥ µÏ¨¡±¨ ¨²¨ ´¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸É¨, ±µÉµ·Ò¥ ³µ£²¨ ¡ÒÉÓ Ô±¸¶¥·É´µ
µÍ¥´¥´Ò; 3-° (´ ¨´¨§Ï¨°) Ê·µ¢¥´Ó ¤µ¸Éµ¢¥·´µ¸É¨ ¶·¨¸¢µ¥´ ¤ ´´Ò³, ¥¸²¨
´ ²¨§ µ¡´ ·Ê¦¨¢ ² ³¥Éµ¤¨Î¥¸±¨¥ ¤¥Ë¥±ÉÒ, ¢¥¤ÊШ¥ ± ¡µ²ÓϨ³ ¨ ´¥¶·¥¤¸± §Ê¥³Ò³ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨³ µÏ¨¡± ³. „ ´´Ò¥, µÉ´¥¸¥´´Ò¥ ± 3-° £·Ê¶¶¥, ´¥
· ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ²¨¸Ó ¢ ¤ ²Ó´¥°Ï¥³ ´ ²¨§¥. ‚ҸϨ° Ê·µ¢¥´Ó ¶·¨¸¢ ¨¢ ²¸Ö ¢Éµ· ³¨ [68] ¤ ´´Ò³, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò³ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ¸µ¢·¥³¥´´µ° ¢Ò¸µ±µ¨´Ëµ·³ ɨ¢´µ° ɥ̴¨±¨ (¶µ²Ê¶·µ¢µ¤´¨±µ¢Ò¥ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·Ò, ɵ´±µ¶²¥´µÎ´Ò¥ ¶·µ¡µ°´Ò¥
¸Î¥ÉΨ±¨, É¢¥·¤µÉ¥²Ó´Ò¥ É·¥±µ¢Ò¥ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·Ò µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ̵·µÏ¨Ì £¥µ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ʸ²µ¢¨ÖÌ). „ ´´Ò¥, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ É¥Ì´¨±¨ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ Ô³Ê²Ó¸¨° ¨²¨ ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¸Ê³³¨·µ¢ ´¨Ö · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢, µÉ´µ¸¨²¨¸Ó, ± ± ¶· ¢¨²µ, ± ´ ¨´¨§Ï¥° £·Ê¶¶¥. ‚ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ É ±µ£µ ´ ²¨§ ¢¸¥£µ
³ ¸¸¨¢ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ µ (p, f )-¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¡Ò² ¸µ§¤ ´ ¡ § ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¤²Ö 232 Th, 238 U, (·¨¸. 8, ,¡) 181 Ta, nat W, 208 Pb, nat Pb, 209 Bi (·¨¸. 8,¢Ä¤)
¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨°. ±µ´Î É¥²Ó´µ ¡Ò² ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´ ´ ²¨É¨Î¥¸± Ö
¶¶·µ±¸¨³ Í¨Ö Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ Ö
³¥Éµ¤µ³ ´ ¨³¥´ÓÏ¨Ì ±¢ ¤· ɵ¢ (¸¶²µÏ´Ò¥ ²¨´¨¨ ´ ·¨¸. 8,aĤ).
330 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 8. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
232
Th ( ), 238 U, nat U (¡), 181 Ta, 183 W, 184 W, nat W (¢), 208 Pb, nat Pb (£), 209 Bi (¤).
‘¨³¢µ²Ò µÉ´µ¸ÖÉ¸Ö ± Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ¤ ´´Ò³ (¸³. µ¡µ§´ Î¥´¨Ö ´ ·¨¸. 1 ¸É ÉÓ¨ [68]). ‘¶²µÏ´Ò¥ ²¨´¨¨ µ¡µ§´ Î ÕÉ ²¨´¨¨ ´ ¨²ÊÎÏ¥£µ ¸µ£² ¸¨Ö (best ˇts). Ê´±É¨·´ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ´ ·¨¸. 8,£ Å ²¨´¨Ö ´ ¨²ÊÎÏ¥£µ ¸µ£² ¸¨Ö ¤²Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö 208 Pb(p, f ) [68],
¶Ê´±É¨·´ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ´ ·¨¸. 8,¤ Å ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö 209 Bi(p, f ) ¢ ENDF/B-VI/HE. ¨¸Ê´µ± ¢§ÖÉ
¨§ · ¡µÉÒ °¸³µ´É ¨ ¤·. [68]
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
¨¸. 8,¢, £, ¤
331
332 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 9. ‘¥Î¥´¨Ö [71] ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
232
Th, 238 U, nat U, 235 U, 237 Np, 239 Pu. ‘¨³¢µ²Ò µÉ´µ¸ÖÉ¸Ö ± Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³
¤ ´´Ò³ (¸³. É ¡². 1 [71]). ‹¨´¨¨ µ¡µ§´ Î ÕÉ ²¨´¨¨ ´ ¨²ÊÎÏ¥£µ ¸µ£² ¸¨Ö ¢ µ¶¨¸ ´¨¨
¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ ¢ [71]
´¥¥ ”ʱ ̵·¨ ¨ ¨·²¸É °´ [69] ¶·¥¤²µ¦¨²¨ ¶ · ³¥É·¨§ Í¨Õ (p, f )-¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ 181 Ta ¤µ 209 Bi ¢ ˵·³¥:
σf (Ep ) = P1 {1 − exp [−P3 (Ep − P2 )]},
(2)
£¤¥ σf Å ¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (³¡), Ep Å Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´ (ŒÔ‚) ¨ P1 , P2 , P3
Å ¶µ¤£µ´µÎ´Ò¥ ¶ · ³¥É·Ò. µ§¤´¥¥ ¶µ¤µ¡´ Ö Ëµ·³Ê² ¡Ò² ¶·¥¤²µ¦¥´ ¤²Ö ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸É¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö σf /σin Ö¤¥· µÉ nat Ag ¤µ 239 Pu [70]. Š Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ¥
¸µ£² ¸¨¥ ¸ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´Éµ³ ¡Ò²µ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´µ, ̵ÉÖ µÉ³¥Î ²¨¸Ó · ¸Ìµ¦¤¥´¨Ö ¸
Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´Éµ³ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶µ·Ö¤± £¨£ Ô²¥±É·µ´¢µ²ÓÉ, £¤¥
¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ±¨ ¶¥·¥µÍ¥´¨¢ ÕÉ ¤¥²¨³µ¸É¨. —ɵ¡Ò ʲÊÎϨÉÓ µ¶¨¸ ´¨¥ ¤ ´´ÒÌ,
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
333
¨¸. 10. ‘¥Î¥´¨Ö [71] ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
165
Ho, nat Yb, 181 Ta, nat W, nat Re, nat Pt, 197 Au, nat Hg, nat Pb, 209 Bi. ‘¨³¢µ²Ò µÉ´µ¸ÖÉ¸Ö ± Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ¤ ´´Ò³ (¸³. É ¡². 1 [71]). ‘¶²µÏ´Ò¥ ²¨´¨¨ µ¡µ§´ Î ÕÉ
²¨´¨¨ ´ ¨²ÊÎÏ¥£µ ¸µ£² ¸¨Ö ¤²Ö ± ¦¤µ£µ ±µ´±·¥É´µ£µ ¸²ÊÎ Ö, ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢Ò¥ ²¨´¨¨ Å
¶·¥¤¸± § ´¨¥ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ± [71]
334 “•‚ .ˆ.
·µ±µËÓ¥¢ [71] ³µ¤¨Ë¨Í¨·µ¢ ² ˵·³Ê²Ê (2):
σf (Ep ) = P1 {1 − exp [−P3 (Ep − P2 )]}(1 − P4 ln Ep ),
(3)
£¤¥ ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´Ò° ¶ · ³¥É· P4 ¢¢¥¤¥´, Îɵ¡Ò µ¶¨¸ ÉÓ Ê³¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ. ¢Éµ·µ³ ¡Ò² ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ´µ¢ Ö ¸¥²¥±Í¨Ö
¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¢±²ÕÎ ÕÐ Ö ¢Éµ·¸±ÊÕ ¶¥·¥µÍ¥´±Ê µÏ¨¡µ± ¨§³¥·¥´¨°. ·¨¸. 9
¨ 10 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ±µ³¶¨²Öͨ¨ ¨ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ§ ͨ¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ 239 Pu ¤µ 165 Ho ¤²Ö ¸²ÊÎ Ö (p, f ) ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨°
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ [71].
4. ‡‚ˆ‘ˆŒ‘’œ ‘…—…ˆ‰ „…‹…ˆŸ Ÿ„…
’ …ƒˆˆ …‰’‚
‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ ´¨§±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° Ö¤· -³¨Ï¥´¨ ³µ¦´µ ¶µ¤· §¤¥²¨ÉÓ Ê¸²µ¢´µ ´ ¤¢¥ £·Ê¶¶Ò: Ö¤· , ±µÉµ·Ò¥
¤¥²ÖÉ¸Ö É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ (´ ¶·¨³¥·, 233 U, 235 U, 239 Pu), ¨ Ö¤· , ±µÉµ·Ò¥ ¨³¨ ´¥ ¤¥²ÖÉ¸Ö (´ ¶·¨³¥·, 232 Th, 238 U, 240 Pu). ‚ ¶¥·¢µ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥
¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· ³¥´ÓÏ¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¸¢Ö§¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ¢ ¸µ¸É ¢´µ³ Ö¤·¥, ¢µ ¢Éµ·µ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Å ¡µ²ÓÏ¥. ‘¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶¥·¢µ° £·Ê¶¶Ò
¸´ Î ² ʳ¥´ÓÏ ÕÉ¸Ö ¸ ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ¨¸¶ÒÉÒ¢ ÕÉ ·Ö¤ ·¥§µ´ ´¸´ÒÌ ¢¸¶²¥¸±µ¢ ¨ § É¥³ µ¡· §ÊÕÉ ¶¥·¢µ¥ ¶² ɵ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢
1Ä5 ŒÔ‚. Ÿ¤· ¢Éµ·µ° £·Ê¶¶Ò ´ Ψ´ ÕÉ ¤¥²¨ÉÓ¸Ö Éµ²Ó±µ ¶·¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ°
¶µ·µ£µ¢µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨, ¨Ì ¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢´ Î ²¥ · ¸É¥É ¡Ò¸É·µ ¨ § É¥³ ¤µ¸É¨£ ¥É ´ ¸ÒÐ¥´¨Ö Å ¶¥·¢µ£µ ¶² ɵ. Šµ£¤ Ô´¥·£¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¢µ§· ¸É ¥É ¢ÒÏ¥
6 ŒÔ‚, Ì · ±É¥· ¨§³¥´¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤¢ÊÌ £·Ê¶¶ Ö¤¥· ¶µ¤µ¡¥´, ¸É ´µ¢¨É¸Ö Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨ ¢µ§³µ¦´Ò³ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶µ¸²¥ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö µ¤´µ£µ ´¥°É·µ´ (n, nf ), § É¥³ ¶µ¸²¥ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ¢Éµ·µ£µ, É·¥ÉÓ¥£µ ¨ É.¤. ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¢¡²¨§¨ 12,17 ŒÔ‚ ¨ É.¤.
Ÿ¤¥·´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¤²Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ´¨¦¥ 20 ŒÔ‚ ·¥£Ê²Ö·´µ µÍ¥´¨¢ ÕÉ¸Ö ¢ ¡¨¡²¨µÉ¥± Ì ¤ ´´ÒÌ, É ±¨Ì, ± ± JENDL-3.2 (Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, Ÿ¶µ´¨Ö), ENDF/B-VI (Evaluated Nuclear Data File,
Version 6, ‘˜), „ (BROND) (¡¨¡²¨µÉ¥± ·¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ´´ÒÌ µÍ¥´¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ, ¡´¨´¸±, µ¸¸¨Ö), CENDL-2 (Chinese Evaluated
Neutron Data Library, Š¨É °), JEF-2 (Joint European File). Í¥´¥´´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¶µ ´¥°É·µ´´Ò³ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö³ ¶¥·¨µ¤¨Î¥¸±¨ ¶Ê¡²¨±ÊÕÉ¸Ö ¢ ¢¨¤¥ ɲ ¸µ¢ ´¥°É·µ´´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ [72Ä75]. ‚ ¶µ¸²¥¤´¨¥ £µ¤Ò ¸É ²¨ ¸µ§¤ ¢ ÉÓ¸Ö Ë °²Ò ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¤²Ö Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ ·¥ ±Í¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨°,
¢ ENDF/B-VI-HE, High Energy File, ¢ ¡´¨´¸±µ³ Í¥´É·¥ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ Å
¡¨¡²¨µÉ¥± µÍ¥´¥´´ÒÌ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¤²Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨° ¤µ 100 ŒÔ‚, MENDL, ¢ JENDL, High Energy File, ±µÉµ·Ò° ¡Ê¤¥É ¢±²ÕÎ ÉÓ
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
335
Ö¤¥·´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¤²Ö ·¥ ±Í¨°, ¢Ò§¢ ´´ÒÌ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¤µ 2 ƒÔ‚.
4.1. ˆ§³¥·¥´¨Ö σf (En ) ´ ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± Ì ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ En ¢ÒÏ¥
20 ŒÔ‚. ´±· ɵ¢ [76] ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ² ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± ³µ´µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ (ͨ±²µÉ·µ´, ·¥ ±Í¨¨ D[d, n]3 He, T [d, n]4 He), Îɵ¡Ò ¶¥·¥±·ÒÉÓ ¨´É¥·¢ ²
µÉ 5 ¤µ 37 ŒÔ‚ ¤²Ö ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 238 U ¨ 232 Th. ƒµ²Ó¤ ´¸±¨° ¸
¸µÉ·Ê¤´¨± ³¨ [23] ¨§³¥·¨²¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 235 U, 238 U, 232 Th, 209 Bi,
nat
Pb, Tl, 197 Au, Pt, Re, nat W ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ 84, 120 ¨ 380 ŒÔ‚
(´¥°É·µ´Ò µÉ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ ¸·Ò¢ ¤¥°É·µ´µ¢). „²Ö ¤¥É¥±É¨·µ¢ ´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´ ·¥ ±Í¨Ö 12 C(n, 2n) 11 C.
Š ± ʦ¥ µÉ³¥Î ²µ¸Ó, µ¸´µ¢´ Ö Î ¸ÉÓ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éµ¢, ¸µ¸É ¢²ÖÕÐ¨Ì ¡ §Ê
Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¶µ (n, f )-¸¥Î¥´¨Ö³ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¢ÒÏ¥
20 ŒÔ‚, ¸µ¸Éµ¨É ¨§ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éµ¢, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ ´ ®¡¥²Ò̯ ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± Ì ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ´ ¡ §¥ ʸ±µ·¨É¥²¥° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ Å ¸ Ep = 800 ŒÔ‚ ¢ LANL [8] ¨ ¸
Ep = 1000 ŒÔ‚ ¢ ¥É¥·¡Ê·£¸±µ³ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ¥ Ö¤¥·´µ° ˨§¨±¨ [9]. ‚ ‹µ¸² ³µ¸¥ ʸɷµ°¸É¢µ, ¸µ¸ÉµÖÐ¥¥ ¨§ ¢µ²ÓË· ³µ¢µ° ³¨Ï¥´¨, ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²Ö¥É ¢Ò¸µ±µ¨´É¥´¸¨¢´Ò° ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ¶µÎɨ ¨¤¥ ²Ó´Ò° ¤²Ö ¨§³¥·¥´¨° µÉ
¤µ²¨ ŒÔ‚ ¤µ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±¨Ì ¸µÉ¥´ ŒÔ‚. ·µÉµ´´Ò° ¶Êε± ¶ ¤ ¥É ´ ¢µ²ÓË· ³µ¢ÊÕ ³¨Ï¥´Ó ¤²¨´µ° 7,5 ¸³, ¤¨ ³¥É·µ³ 3 ¸³, Îɵ¡Ò ¸µ§¤ ÉÓ ®¡¥²Ò°¯ ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨±
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¢ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ ¸µÉ¥´ ŒÔ‚. ɨ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¢Ò¶µ²´¥´Ò ¸
´¥¸±µ²Ó±¨³¨ ¶·µ²¥É´Ò³¨ ¡ § ³¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ¢ Î ¸É´µ¸É¨, ¸ ¶·µ²¥É´Ò³ ¶ÊÉ¥³
20 ³¥É·µ¢.
‚ ¥É¥·¡Ê·£¸±µ³ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ¥ Ö¤¥·´µ° ˨§¨±¨ ´¥°É·µ´´Ò° ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨± ¸µ¸Éµ¨É ¨§ µÌ² ¦¤ ¥³µ° ¢µ¤µ° ¸¢¨´Íµ¢µ° ³¨Ï¥´¨ 40 × 20 × 5 ¸³, µ¡²ÊÎ ¥³µ°
¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ c Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1000 ŒÔ‚ ´ ¸¨´Ì·µÍ¨±²µÉ·µ´¥ ¢ ƒ ÉΨ´¥. ˆ§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¢Ò¶µ²´ÖÕÉ¸Ö ¸ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´¨¥³ £ ÉΨ´¸±µ£µ ´¥°É·µ´´µ£µ ¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É· ¶µ ¢·¥³¥´¨ ¶·µ²¥É ¸ ¶·µ²¥É´µ° ¡ §µ° 50 ³¥É·µ¢ (ƒ…‰‘).
É´µÏ¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ·¥ ±Í¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨§³¥·Ö²¨¸Ó ¢ ¨µ´¨§ ͨµ´´ÒÌ ± ³¥· Ì, ¸µ¤¥·¦ ¢Ï¨Ì ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ ¸²µ¥¢ ˵²Ó£ µ±¸¨¤´µ£µ ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö ³ É¥·¨ ² .
¢Éµ· ³¨ · ¡µÉ [62,77Ä83] ¡Ò²¨ ¨§³¥·¥´Ò ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶µ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Õ ± 235 U ¤²Ö ¢¸¥Ì µ¸´µ¢´ÒÌ ±É¨´µ¨¤µ¢: 232 Th, 233,234,238 U, 237 Np,
239,240,242,244
Pu.
²ÓÉ¥·´ ɨ¢´Ò¥ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° (n, f ) ¡Ò²¨ ´ Î ÉÒ ¢ 1992 £. ¢ ‹ ¡µ· ɵ·¨¨ ‘¢¥¤¡¥·£ (˜¢¥Í¨Ö) ¢ ±µ²² ¡µ· ͨ¨ Ê´¨¢¥·¸¨É¥Éa “¶¶¸ ² ¨ ¤¨¥¢µ£µ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉa ¨³. ‚.ƒ.•²µ¶¨´ [84Ä88]. ˆ§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¢µ¤ÖÉ¸Ö ¸ ±¢ §¨³µ´µÌ·µ³ ɨΥ¸±¨³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ µÉ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ 7 Li(p, n) ¸ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´¨¥³
ɥ̴¨±¨ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¶µ ¢·¥³¥´¨ ¶·µ²¥É . „²Ö ·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ²¨¸Ó ɵ´±µ¶²¥´µÎ´Ò¥ ¶·µ¡µ°´Ò¥ ¸Î¥ÉΨ±¨. Ò²¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´Ò
σ(n, f ) ¤²Ö 197 Au, nat Pb, 208 Pb, 209 Bi, 232 Th, 235 U ¨ 238 U ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° 22 ÷ 173 ŒÔ‚ [84Ä88]. ¥¤ ¢´µ, É ±¦¥ ¢ ±¢ §¨³µ´µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î´µ³ ¶Êα¥
´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö σ(n, f ) ¤²Ö 238 U ¡Ò²¨ ¨§³¥·¥´Ò ¤²Ö Ô´¥·£¨°
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ 34, 46 ¨ 61 ŒÔ‚ [89]. ·¨¸. 11 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ Ö
336 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 11. ±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ Ö ¡ § ¤ ´´ÒÌ µ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ
Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶·¨ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ [87]
¡ § ¨§¢¥¸É´ÒÌ ´ ¸¥£µ¤´Ö ¤ ´´ÒÌ µ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (n, f ) ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Pu
¤µ Au (¨§ · ¡µÉÒ [87]).
4.2. Í¥´¥´´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´ÒÌ §´ Î¥´¨° σf (En ) ¤²Ö 235 U ¢
¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ 20÷200 ŒÔ‚ [90] ± ± ¸É ´¤ ·É. C¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 235 U ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤µ 20 ŒÔ‚ Ϩ·µ±µ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§ÊÕÉ¸Ö ¢ ± Î¥¸É¢¥ ¸É ´¤ ·É . ¢Éµ·Ò [90] µ¡µ¸´µ¢Ò¢ ÕÉ ¢µ§³µ¦´µ¸ÉÓ ¸µ§¤ ´¨Ö ¸É ´¤ ·É σ(n, f ) 235 U ¨ ¤²Ö Ô´¥·£¨° ¢ÒÏ¥ 20 ŒÔ‚. ‚ µ¸´µ¢Ê ¸É ´¤ ·É ¶µ²µ¦¥´Ò ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° σf (En ) ¤²Ö 235 U ‹¨¸µ¢¸±µ£µ ¨ ¤·. [62]. Í¥´¥´´Ò¥ µÏ¨¡±¨
ÔÉ¨Ì ¤ ´´ÒÌ · ¢´Ò 2 % (µÉ 30 ¤µ 50 ŒÔ‚), 3 % (µÉ 50 ¤µ 80 ŒÔ‚), 4 % (µÉ
80 ¤µ 120 ŒÔ‚) ¨ 5 % (µÉ 120 ¤µ 200 ŒÔ‚). ¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸É¨ ¢±²ÕÎ ÕÉ
± ± ¸É ɨ¸É¨Î¥¸±¨¥, É ± ¨ ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨¥ ¶µ£·¥Ï´µ¸É¨ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¨ · ¸Î¥Éµ¢ ÔËË¥±É¨¢´µ¸É¨ ³µ´¨Éµ·¨·µ¢ ´¨Ö ¶µÉµ± ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ´¨ ´¥ ¢±²ÕÎ ÕÉ
´¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸É¨ ¢ ¸¥Î¥´¨¨ ¸É ´¤ ·É H(n, n). ±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ ¤ ´´Ò¥
· ¡µÉÒ [62] ¤²Ö En ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 20 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò²¨ ´µ·³ ²¨§µ¢ ´Ò ± µÎ¥´Ó ɵδҳ ¤ ´´Ò³ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 235 U ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ 14 ŒÔ‚. ‘¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
235
U, ± ± ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ [62], ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö ¢ÒÏ¥ En ≈30 ŒÔ‚ ¨ § É¥³, ¢¡²¨§¨
150 ŒÔ‚, ¤µ¸É¨£ ¥É ¶·¨³¥·´µ ¶µ¸ÉµÖ´´µ£µ §´ Î¥´¨Ö. „ ´´Ò¥, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥
· ´¥¥ ‹¨¸µ¢¸±¨³ ¨ ¤·. [62], ¡Ò²¨ µÍ¥´¥´Ò ¤²Ö ¢´ÊÉ·¥´´¥£µ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´¨Ö
¢ LANL. ’ ± ± ± ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö (n, f ) ¤²Ö 235 U Å µÎ¥´Ó ¢ ¦´Ò° ¸É ´¤ ·É, ¶·¨
¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ·¥±µ³¥´¤Ê¥É¸Ö [90] §´ Î¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì ¸¥Î¥´¨°, ¨¸¶µ²Ó§Ê¥³ÒÌ
¢ LANL, ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ÉÓ ± ± µ¡Ð¨° ¸É ´¤ ·É, ¶µ± ´¥ ¶µÖ¢¨É¸Ö ´µ¢ Ö µÍ¥´± ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨° ¢ Ôɵ° µ¡² ¸É¨. ɨ §´ Î¥´¨Ö σ(n, f ) ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ¢ É ¡². 1.
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
337
’ ¡²¨Í 1. ¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ´´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ 235 U (n, f )
¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ En > 20 ŒÔ‚ (¸µ±· Ð¥´´Ò° ¢ ·¨ ´É) [90]
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
20,5
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
2,0143
2,0963
2,0691
2,0188
1,9654
45,0
50,0
55,0
60,0
65,0
1,9190
1,8796
1,8435
1,8071
1,7716
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
1,7373
1,7021
1,6670
1,6331
1.6009
95,0
100,0
150,0
170,0
200,0
1,5713
1,5446
1,4527
1,4507
1,4478
·¨³¥Î ´¨¥: σ = Σa(N )E N−1 ,
20, 00 < E < 22, 259 ŒÔ‚, a(1) = 42, 7166, a(2) = −7, 62357, a(3) = 0, 538579,
a(4) = −0, 0170663;
22, 259 < E < 26, 15 ŒÔ‚, a(1) = 1162, 3369, a(2) = −272, 40531, a(3) = 26, 499823,
a(4) = −1, 3679508, a(5) = 0, 039538964;
26, 15 < E < 62, 95 ŒÔ‚, a(1) = −2, 02908, a(2) = 0, 521141, a(3) = −0, 0257918,
a(4) = 6, 44748 · 10−4 , a(5) = −8, 77333 · 10−6 , a(6) = 6, 18946 · 10−8 ,
a(7) = −1, 77344 · 10−10 ;
62, 95 < E < 134, 1 ŒÔ‚, a(1) = 1, 40538, a(2) = 0, 0301602;
134, 1 < E < 200, 0 ŒÔ‚, a(1) = 1, 46724, a(2) = −9, 71941 · 10−5 .
4.3. Í¥´¥´´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´ÒÌ §´ Î¥´¨° σf (En ) ¤²Ö 238 U ¢
¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ 20 ÷ 200 ŒÔ‚ [90]. ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤²Ö 238 U(n, f ) ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 20 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ‹¨¸µ¢¸±¨³
¨ ¤·. [62] ¨§ µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° σ(n, f ) 238 U/235 U ¢ ±µ³¡¨´ ͨ¨ ¸
¡¸µ²ÕÉ´Ò³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨¥³ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö 235 U(n, f ), ´µ·³ ²¨§µ¢ ´´µ£µ ± µÎ¥´Ó ɵδµ³Ê §´ Î¥´¨Õ ¶·¨ En =14 ŒÔ‚. ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö σf (En ) ¤²Ö 238 U,
¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ¢ [62], ʳ¥´ÓÏ ÕÉ¸Ö ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 20÷30 ŒÔ‚ ¨
§ É¥³, ¢¡²¨§¨ 150 ŒÔ‚, ¸É ´µ¢ÖÉ¸Ö ¶·¨³¥·´µ ¶µ¸ÉµÖ´´Ò³¨. Ò²µ ·¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ´µ [90] ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ÉÓ §´ Î¥´¨Ö σf (En ), ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ‹¨¸µ¢¸±¨³ ¨ ¤·. [62],
¶µ± ´¥ ¡Ê¤¥É ¶·µ¨§¢¥¤¥´ ´µ¢ Ö µÍ¥´± ¤ ´´ÒÌ. ɨ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ¢
É ¡². 2. ‚ · ¡µÉ¥ [90] ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ É ±¦¥ ´ ²¨É¨Î¥¸±¨° ¢¨¤ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ σf (En )
¤²Ö 238 U. µ²´ Ö ´¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸ÉÓ Å µ±µ²µ 2 % ¢ ¤¨ ¶ §µ´¥ Ô´¥·£¨° µÉ 30
¤µ 50 ŒÔ‚, 3 % Å ¤²Ö ¨´É¥·¢ ² 50 ÷ 80 ŒÔ‚, 4 % Å ¤²Ö 80 ÷ 120 ŒÔ‚,
5 % Å 120 ÷ 200 ŒÔ‚.
4.4. Í¥´¥´´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¡¸µ²ÕÉ´ÒÌ §´ Î¥´¨° σf (En ) ¤²Ö 209 Bi
¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° 20÷1000 ŒÔ‚ [90]. ‚ ± Î¥¸É¢¥ ¸É ´¤ ·É ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨
En > 20 ŒÔ‚ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 209 Bi ¶µ¤Ìµ¤ÖÉ ¶µ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±¨³ ¶·¨Î¨´ ³ [90]:
) ËÊ´±Í¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¨³¥¥É ¶µ·µ£ ∼ 25 ŒÔ‚, Îɵ ¨¸±²ÕÎ ¥É ¢²¨Ö´¨¥
´¨§±µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢;
338 “•‚ .ˆ.
’ ¡²¨Í 2. ¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ´´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ 238 U (n, f )
¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ En > 20 ŒÔ‚ (¸µ±· Ð¥´´Ò° ¢ ·¨ ´É) [90]
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
¡
20,5
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
1,4453
1,5873
1,6075
1,6387
1,6431
45,0
50,0
55,0
60,0
65,0
1,6383
1,6289
1,6153
1,5960
1,5741
70,0
75,0
80,0
85,0
90,0
1,5505
1,5244
1,4968
1,4695
1.4427
95,0
100,0
150,0
170,0
200,0
1,4179
1,3952
1,3173
1,3161
1,3137
·¨³¥Î ´¨¥: R =
238 U(n, f )/235 U(n, f ),
¤²Ö 20 < E < 30 ŒÔ‚; a(1) = −1, 8415050, a(2) = 0, 29048799,
R=
a(3) = −0, 010901993,
R = A(1 − exp (−E/B)) + C(1 − exp (−E/D)) ¤²Ö E > 30 ŒÔ‚; A = 0, 8119,
B = 13, 88724, C = 0, 09563, D = 30, 65851.
Σa(N )E N−1
’ ¡²¨Í 3. ¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ´´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ 209 Bi (n, f )
¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ En > 20 ŒÔ‚ (¸µ±· Ð¥´´Ò° ¢ ·¨ ´É) [90]
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
³¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
³¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
³¡
´¥·£¨Ö,
ŒÔ‚
σ,
³¡
21,0
21,5
22,0
22,5
23,0
24,0
0,000066
0,000138
0,000241
0,000446
0,000773
0,00181
24,5
25,0
25,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
0,00233
0,00309
0,00407
0,0327
0,631
3,32
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
500,0
600,0
28,1
60,5
78,3
88,1
93,5
96,4
700,0
800,0
900,0
950,0
1000,0
98,0
98,9
99,4
99,5
99,7
·¨³¥Î ´¨¥:
σ = exp (−108, 7 + 50(ln E) − 5, 6(ln E)2 ) ¤²Ö Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ µÉ 20 ¤µ 73 ŒÔ‚;
σ = 100(1 − exp (−0, 006(E − 45))) ¤²Ö Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ µÉ 73 ¤µ 1000 ŒÔ‚.
¡) ¨³¥¥É¸Ö ¶² ¢´µ¥ ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥ ¸¥Î¥´¨Ö ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, Îɵ ¤¥² ¥É
¸É ´¤ ·É ´¥ÎÊ¢¸É¢¨É¥²Ó´Ò³ ± · §·¥Ï¥´¨Õ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢;
¢) 209 Bi Å ³µ´µ¨§µÉµ¶´Ò° ¨ ´¥· ¤¨µ ±É¨¢´Ò° ³ É¥·¨ ². µÔɵ³Ê ¥£µ
²¥£±µ É· ´¸¶µ·É¨·µ¢ ÉÓ ¨ ²¥£±µ µ¡· Ð ÉÓ¸Ö ¸ ´¨³. µ¸´µ¢ ´¨¨ ¢¸¥Ì ¨³¥ÕÐ¨Ì¸Ö ¤ ´´ÒÌ µ ¸¥Î¥´¨ÖÌ 209 Bi(n, f ) ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ´¥°É·µ´µ¢
18 ÷ 500 ŒÔ‚ ¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´µ° · ´¥¥ ¶¶·µ±¸¨³ ͨ¨ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö
209
Bi(p, f )/209 Bi(n, f ), ±µÉµ· Ö ¸É·¥³¨É¸Ö ± 2 ¶·¨ En > 300 ŒÔ‚ [91], ¢Éµ·Ò [90] ·¥±µ³¥´¤µ¢ ²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÊÕ ¨³¨ ¶ · ³¥É·¨§ Í¨Õ σf (En ) ¢¶²µÉÓ
¤µ 1000 ŒÔ‚ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ÉÓ ¢ ± Î¥¸É¢¥ ¸É ´¤ ·É . ´ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ ¢ É ¡². 3.
¥µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¸É¨ Ôɵ° ¶ · ³¥É·¨§ ͨ¨ ∼ 50 % ¶·¨ En = 20 ÷ 40 ŒÔ‚,
∼ 13 % Å ¶·¨ 40 ŒÔ‚, ¤µ 10 % Å ¶·¨ 160 ŒÔ‚ ¨ ∼ 30 % Å ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 169 ŒÔ‚.
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
339
5. “ƒ‹‚… ‘…„…‹…ˆ… ‘Š‹Š‚ „…‹…ˆŸ
ˆ ‹“—…ˆˆ ’Œˆ
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 235 U ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 14 ŒÔ‚ [92] ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´Ò° ¢Ò²¥É µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ¤ Ê£² ³¨ 0◦ ¨ 180◦ . …¸²¨
¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¨ÉÓ, ± ± Ôɵ ¡Ò²µ ¸¤¥² ´µ .µ·µ³ [93], Îɵ ¤¥²ÖÐ¥¥¸Ö Ö¤·µ ¶·¨
¶·µÌµ¦¤¥´¨¨ Î¥·¥§ ¸¥¤²µ¢ÊÕ ÉµÎ±Ê µ¡² ¤ ¥É µ¸¥¢µ° ¸¨³³¥É·¨¥° ¨ Îɵ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥ µ¸¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨, ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ÕÐ¥¥ ¸ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¸µÌ· ´Ö¥É¸Ö
¶µ¸²¥ ¶·µÌµ¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤·µ³ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¨, ɵ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥ · §²¥É µ¸±µ²±µ¢
µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥³ µ¸¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨ Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ¨, ¸²¥¤µ¢ É¥²Ó´µ, ´¥±µÉµ·µ° ¢¥²¨Î¨´µ° Å K-¶·µ¥±Í¨¥° Ê£²µ¢µ£µ ³µ³¥´É Ö¤· I ´ ¥£µ µ¸Ó ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨. ·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨ § ·Ö¦¥´´Ò³¨ Î ¸É¨Í ³¨ ¸·¥¤´¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨°, ±µ£¤ ¢ Ö¤·µ ¢´µ¸¨É¸Ö §´ Ψɥ²Ó´Ò° Ê£²µ¢µ° ³µ³¥´É,
¢ ¸¶²µÏ´µ³ ¸¶¥±É·¥ ¢µ§³µ¦´ÒÌ ¶¥·¥Ìµ¤´ÒÌ ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨° ¨³¥¥É¸Ö ´¥±µÉµ· Ö
¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ¸ÉÓ ¤²Ö ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨° ¸ ³ ²Ò³ §´ Î¥´¨¥³ K, É ± ± ± Ôɨ³ ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨Ö³ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É ³¥´ÓÏ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö Ö¤· :
E¢· =
2
2 2
K2 +
(I − K 2 ),
2JII
2J⊥
(4)
£¤¥ JII ¨ J⊥ Å ³µ³¥´ÉÒ ¨´¥·Í¨¨ Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ µ¸¨
¸¨³³¥É·¨¨ Ö¤· ¨ ¶¥·¶¥´¤¨±Ê²Ö·´µ° ± ´¥° µ¸¨ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ. ‘É·Êɨ´¸±¨°
¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¨² [94], Îɵ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¶µ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³ ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ°
ɵα¥ µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö Ë ±Éµ·µ³ µ²Óͳ ´ , W (E¢· ) ∼ exp [−E¢· /T ], £¤¥ T Å
É¥³¶¥· ÉÊ· Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥. ’µ£¤ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¶µ K ¡Ê¤¥É
£ ʸ¸µ¢¸±µ£µ ɨ¶ :
(5)
W (K) ∼ exp [−K 2 /2K02 ],
1 J⊥ JII
1
T = 2 JÔËË T.
2
h J⊥ − JII
h
·¨ § ¤ ´´µ³ §´ Î¥´¨¨ I ¨ K Ê£²µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ ¶Êα Î ¸É¨Í µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö ± ± [94]:
£¤¥ K02 =
2I 2 2
(I sin θ − K 2 )−1/2 .
4π 2
µ¸²¥ ¨´É¥£·¨·µ¢ ´¨Ö ¶µ ¢¸¥³ ¢µ§³µ¦´Ò³ §´ Î¥´¨Ö³ I ¨ K Ê£²µ¢µ¥
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨³¥¥É ³ ±¸¨³Ê³Ò ¶µ¤ Ê£² ³¨ 0◦ ¨ 180◦ ± ¶ÊαÊ
¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í, ¨ ¢¥²¨Î¨´ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³
¶ · ³¥É· p = (Imax /2K0)2 . ·¨ ³ ²ÒÌ §´ Î¥´¨ÖÌ p ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
WI,K (θ) =
2
/8K02 ),
W (0◦ )/W (90◦ ) 1 + (Imax
£¤¥ Imax Å ³ ±¸¨³ ²Ó´Ò° Ê£²µ¢µ° ³µ³¥´É ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· .
(6)
340 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 12. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ [120] ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· oÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 238 U: 10 [95], 22,8 [104], 10Ä30 [66],
45, 80, 155 [35], 156 [36], 180 [106],
70, 100, 155, 200 [107], 600 [108],
660 ŒÔ‚ [109]. ‘¶²µÏ´µ° ²¨´¨¥° ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ · ¸Î¥É´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¤µ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Ö¤· ³¨, ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢µ° µ¡µ§´ Î¥´Ò · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨
¸ ÊΥɵ³ ¢±² ¤ ¤¥²¥´¨° ¶µ¸²¥ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ˜É·¨Ì¶Ê´±É¨·´ Ö ±·¨¢ Ö
¸¶· ¢ ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ®´ £² §¯ ¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵα ³. µ± § ´µ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 238 U
´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 75 ŒÔ‚ () [122]
¨¸. 13. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· oÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 209 Bi: 24Ä29 [110], 30−45
[111, 112],
70, 100, 155, 200 [107],
156 [36], 450 [113], 660 [109],
1000 ŒÔ‚ [96]. C¶²µÏ´Ò¥ ²¨´¨¨ Å
· ¸Î¥É (¸³. É¥±¸É).
˜É·¨Ìµ¢ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ¢ÒÏ¥ Ep = 70 ŒÔ‚ ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ®´ £² §¯ ¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵα ³. „a´µ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 209 Bi ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 75 ŒÔ‚ () [122]
µ³¨³µ Ψ¸Éµ ´ Êδµ£µ ¨´É¥·¥¸ , ¸¢¥¤¥´¨Ö µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨³¥ÕÉ ¨ ®¶·¨±² ¤
A
´µ¥¯ §´ Î¥´¨¥, É.±. ±µÔË˨ͨ¥´É 1 +
(£¤¥ A Å ¢¥²¨Î¨´ ´¨§µÉ·µ3
¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ê£²µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ɨ¶ W (θ) = B(1 + A cos2 θ),
θ Šʣµ² ³¥¦¤Ê ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ¸¨¸É¥³¥ Í¥´É· ³ ¸¸ ¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨Í¥°) ¢Ìµ¤¨É ¢ ± Î¥¸É¢¥ ¸µ³´µ¦¨É¥²Ö ¢ ˵·³Ê²Ê, µ¶·¥¤¥²ÖÕÐÊÕ
¸¥Î¥´¨¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·.
Š ± ¡Ò²µ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´µ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° µ¡· §µ¢ ´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· ¶·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨, ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He, ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö Ê£²µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í [95]. ·¨ ¤ ²Ó´¥°Ï¥³ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¤µ 45, 80, 155 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò²µ µÉ³¥Î¥´µ ¶µ¸É¥¶¥´´µ¥ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
¨¸. 14. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ [96] ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 207 Pb: 24Ä29
[110], 100Ä200 [107], 1000 ŒÔ‚ [96].
‘¶²µÏ´ Ö ²¨´¨Ö Å · ¸Î¥É (¸³. É¥±¸É),
ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ®´ £² §¯
¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵα ³
341
¨¸. 15. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 197 Au [115, 110, 114, 36, 96].
‘¶²µÏ´ Ö ²¨´¨Ö Å · ¸Î¥É (¸³. É¥±¸É),
ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ®´ £² §¯
¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵα ³
´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ [35]. ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¢ Ê£²µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨¸¸²¥¤µ¢ ² ¸Ó ¤²Ö Ϩ·µ±µ£µ ±·Ê£ Ö¤¥·: 238 U, 232 Th,
209
Bi, 207 Pb, 197 Au ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 70, 100, 155, 200 ¨
1000 ŒÔ‚ [96]. ·¨¸. 12Ä15 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¨§ ¸É ÉÓ¨ [96] ¤²Ö 238 U,
209
Bi, 207 Pb ¨ 197 Au ¨ ¤µ¡ ¢²¥´µ Ê£²µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¤²Ö ¡²¨§±¨Ì ¶µ A, Z
Ö¤¥· Re, W, Ta (·¨¸. 16) (¢¢¨¤Ê ³ ²µ£µ Ψ¸² Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¤²Ö
´¨Ì, µ´¨ ¸µ¥¤¨´¥´Ò ¢³¥¸É¥). ¡Ð¨³ ¤²Ö ¢¸¥Ì ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´´ÒÌ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥°
Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ɵ, Îɵ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·µÌµ¤¨É Î¥·¥§ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢¡²¨§¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 50 ŒÔ‚ ¨ § É¥³ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö. “£²µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢
¸É ´µ¢¨É¸Ö ¨§µÉ·µ¶´Ò³ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 600 ÷ 1000 ŒÔ‚, É.±.
¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¸¢ÒÏ¥ 50 ŒÔ‚ Ê£²µ¢Ò¥ ³µ³¥´ÉÒ Ö¤¥·
¶µ¸²¥ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö µ± §Ò¢ ÕÉ¸Ö ¤¥§µ·¨¥´É¨·µ¢ ´´Ò³¨
µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Ö ¶ ¤ ÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨§-§ ¢Ò²¥É ± ¸± ¤´ÒÌ ´Ê±²µ´µ¢ [98].
‚ · ¡µÉ Ì [117, 118] ¡Ò² ¶·¥¤²µ¦¥´ ¸¶µ¸µ¡ · ¸Î¥É Ê£²µ¢µ° ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·, ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ µÉ²¨Î ÕШ°¸Ö µÉ ¶·¥¤²µ¦¥´´µ£µ • ²¶¥·´µ³, ‘É·Êɨ´¸±¨³ [94], ´µ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ÕШ° ¸ ´¨³ ¶·¨ ³ ²ÒÌ §´ Î¥´¨ÖÌ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨.
342 “•‚ .ˆ.
¢Éµ·Ò [117, 118] ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¨²¨, Îɵ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥
¶µ ®¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨Ö³ K¯ (¶·µ¥±Í¨¨ Ê£²µ¢µ£µ ³µ³¥´É I ´ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨¥ µ¸¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨ Ö¤· ) µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓÕ ¤¥²¨É¥²Ó´µ° Ϩ·¨´Ò Γf (E ∗ , I, E¢· )
µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥, ¢ ˵·³¥, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´µ° •ÓÕ§¥´£µ° ¨ ‚ ´¤¥´¡µÏ¥³ [119], ¢ · ³± Ì ³µ¤¥²¨ Ë¥·³¨-£ § . ’µ£¤ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸ÉÓ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´ ± ±
¸É 1/2
cÉ 1/2
) −1] exp [2af (E ∗ − Ef − E¢·
) ] + 1}, (7)
Wf ∼{[2af (E ∗ − Ef − E¢·
1/2
1/2
£¤¥ af Å ±µ´¸É ´É ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ Ê·µ¢´¥° ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥, Ef Å ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥¸É
Å Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥
²¥´¨Ö ´¥¢· Ð ÕÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· , E¢·
¶·¨ ˵·³¥ ´¥¢· Ð ÕÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· . Š ± ¸²¥¤Ê¥É ¨§ · ¸¸³µÉ·¥´¨Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥°
(4) ¨ (7), Ê Ö¤· ¢ ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨¨ ¸ K = 0 ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ (Ê£²µ¢µ° ³µ³¥´É
I ¶¥·¶¥´¤¨±Ê²Ö·¥´ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Õ ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ Ö¤· ) ´ ¨¡µ²ÓÏ Ö ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸ÉÓ
· §¤¥²¨ÉÓ¸Ö (´ ¨³¥´ÓÏ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö). Š ± ¶µ± § ´µ ¢ [94] ¨§ ¶·µ¸ÉÒÌ £¥µ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¸µµ¡· ¦¥´¨°, ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨° Ö¤¥· ¸²¥¤Ê¥É ¢ Ôɵ³
¸²ÊÎ ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Õ
1
.
(8)
W (θ) ∼
sin θ
2 2
2
‡ ³¥´ÖÖ ¢ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¨ (7) E ∗ − Ef − (
I /2J⊥ ) ´ aT ¨ · §² £ Ö ¶µ± § É¥²Ó
1
1
/T , ¢Éµ·Ò [117] ¶µ²ÊΨ²¨
−
Ô±¸¶µ´¥´ÉÒ ¢ ·Ö¤ ¶µ ¸É¥¶¥´Ö³ 2 K 2
JII
J⊥
¢ ¶¥·¢µ³ ¶·¨¡²¨¦¥´¨¨
1
1
∗
2 2
−
W (E , I, K) ∼ exp − K
/2T ,
JII
J⊥
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ¶µ K, ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ÕÐ¥¥ ¸ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¥³,
¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò³ • ²¶¥·´µ³ ¨ ‘É·Êɨ´¸±¨³ [94].
¸Î¥É´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U, 209 Bi, 207 Pb, 197 Au
´ ·¨¸. 12Ä15 ¢Éµ·Ò [96] ¶µ²ÊΨ²¨ ¢ ¶·¨¡²¨¦¥´¨¨ • ²¶¥·´ Ä‘É·Êɨ´¸±µ£µ
2
W (0◦ )/W (90◦ ) = 1 + Imax
/8K02 ,
¸É 1/2
cÉ
)
Šɥ³¶¥· ÉÊ· Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥, E¢·
=
T = af (E ∗ − Ef − E¢·
2
2
= (4/9)Imax /2J⊥ Å ¸·¥¤´ÖÖ ¢· Рɥ²Ó´ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥.
2
‡´ Î¥´¨Ö Imax µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö²¨¸Ó ¨§ ¸µµÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö Imax
= 3, 9Ep − 22 [110],
§´ Î¥´¨Ö ³µ³¥´Éµ¢ ¨´¥·Í¨¨ JII ¨ J⊥ Å · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¶µ ¦¨¤±µ± ¶¥²Ó´µ° ³µ¤¥²¨ [101]. ‡ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò ¡ ·Ó¥·µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨´¨³ ²¨¸Ó · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥
§´ Î¥´¨Ö Ef [102]. ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ · §²¨Î ÕÉ¸Ö ¤²Ö 238 U ¨ 209 Bi. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ 209 Bi (¨ ¡µ²¥¥ ²¥£±¨Ì Ö¤¥·³¨Ï¥´¥°) (·¨¸. 13Ä16) · ¸Î¥É´ Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö, ¶·µÌµ¤¨É
Î¥·¥§ ³¨´¨³Ê³ ¨ § É¥³ Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. „²Ö É ±¨Ì Ö¤¥·
¶µ·µ£µ¢ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ¶·¨ ±µÉµ·µ° Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ
1/2
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
343
Ö¤· · ¢´ ¶µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´¥ ¡ ·Ó¥·Ê
¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¢ÒÏ¥ ±Ê²µ´µ¢¸±µ£µ ¡ ·Ó¥· Ö¤· . ‘ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢ Ôɵ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´ÒÌ
Ö¤¥· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ
¶µ²ÊÎ¥´ ± ± Ê£µ¤´µ ³ ²µ° ¶·¨ ±µ´¥Î´µ³ §´ Î¥´¨¨ ¢´µ¸¨³µ£µ Ê£²µ¢µ£µ ³µ³¥´É , Îɵ ¶·¨¢µ¤¨É, ¸µ£² ¸´µ (6), ± ·¥§±µ³Ê ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨Õ
´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 238 U ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¶µ¤µ¡´Ò¥
ʸ²µ¢¨Ö ´¥ ³µ£ÊÉ ¡ÒÉÓ ¤µ¸É¨£´ÊÉÒ,
É ± ± ± ¶µ·µ£µ¢ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´µ¢
¢ Ôɵ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ §´ Ψɥ²Ó´µ ³¥´ÓÏ¥ ¨¸. 16. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Re, Ta(W) ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
±Ê²µ´µ¢¸±µ£µ ¡ ·Ó¥· Ö¤· .
[37, 40, 42, 110, 114]. ‘¶²µÏ´ Ö ²¨´¨Ö Å
209
207
Bi,
Pb
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
· ¸Î¥É (¸³. É¥±¸É), ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢ Ö ²¨´¨Ö ¶·µ¢¥¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ´¥É Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤¥´ ®´ £² §¯ ¶µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³ ɵΤ ´´ÒÌ, ±µÉµ·Ò¥ ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢µ¢ ²¨ ± ³: • Å Re; ◦ Å Ta; Å W
¡Ò µ ¶·¥¤¸± §Ò¢ ¥³µ³ ¶µ¤Ñ¥³¥
´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ¨¦´ee §´ Î¥´¨¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢ ÔÉ¨Ì Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì · ¢´Ö²µ¸Ó
24 ŒÔ‚ [110]. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö 197 Au ¢Éµ· ³ [115] ʤ ²µ¸Ó ¨§³¥·¨ÉÓ
Ê£²µ¢ÊÕ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Õ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 17 ŒÔ‚, ¶·¨ Ôɵ³
¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ (·¨¸. 15), ¶· ¢¤ ,
¢¸¥£µ ²¨ÏÓ ¶·¨ µ¤´µ³ §´ Î¥´¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨. ·¨¸. 16 ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³¨ ¤ ´´Ò³¨ ¤²Ö 185 Re, Ta, W ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ · ¸Î¥É´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤²Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· 186 W. ¸Î¥É ¡Ò² ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ¶µ µ¶¨¸ ´´µ°
¸Ì¥³¥ ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· Bi, Pb, Au. ¸Î¥É´Ò° ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ´ ·¨¸. 16 ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ¥É ¸ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¢Ï¨³¸Ö ¢ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É¥.
´¥¥ ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 206 Pb ¨ 207 Pb ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He [100]. ¥§±¨° ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¶µ§¤´¥¥ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ²¸Ö ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö ¨µ´ ³¨
4
He Í¥²µ£µ ·Ö¤ ¨§µÉµ¶µ¢ Pb, Pt, Re, 192 W, 178 Hf [99, 116]. ¢Éµ· ³¨ · ¡µÉÒ ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥, ¸ ±µÉµ·µ°
´ Ψ´ ¥É¸Ö ·µ¸É ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨ Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Z 2 /A ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· µÉ ∼4 ŒÔ‚ ¤²Ö ¨§µÉµ¶µ¢ Po
¤µ ∼ 10 ŒÔ‚ ¤²Ö ¨§µÉµ¶µ¢ Os ¨ W. ·¨¸. 17 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ , ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò³¨ ¤ ´´Ò³¨ [99, 116], · cΥɴ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 206 Pb ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ ¸ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He. ¸Î¥É ¡Ò² ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´ ¶µ
¢ÒÏ¥¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´µ° ¸Ì¥³¥ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· U−Re ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¢ ¶·¨¡²¨¦¥´¨¨ • ²¶¥·´ Ä‘É·Êɨ´¸±µ£µ. ‡ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¡ ·Ó¥·µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ef ¨ ³µ³¥´Éµ¢
344 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨´¥·Í¨¨ JII ¨ J⊥ ¶·¨´¨³ ²¨¸Ó · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¨§ [102] ¨ [101] ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ. ‡´ Î¥´¨¥ Imax µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö²µ¸Ó
2
¨§ ¸µµÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö (Imax
)4 He = 20, 3E4 He −
−392 [99]. ‚ Ôɵ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ · ¸Î¥É´Ò°
¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ É ±¦¥ ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ² ¸ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³Ò³ ¢ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É¥. ÉµÉ ÔËË¥±É ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ µ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´ ˨§¨Î¥¸±¨
¶µ´ÖÉ´µ° ¶·¨Î¨´µ°: ¶·¨ ±µ´¥Î´µ³ §´ Î¥´¨¨ ¢´µ¸¨³µ£µ ¨µ´µ³ 4 He Ê£²µ¢µ£µ ³µ³¥´É Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ ¤µ¢¥¤¥´ ¤µ
³¨´¨³ ²Ó´µ ¢µ§³µ¦´µ£µ §´ Î¥´¨Ö, ±µ£¤ Ö¤·µ ³µ¦¥É · §¤¥²¨ÉÓ¸Ö ²¨ÏÓ ¢ ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨¨ ¸ K = 0, ¸ ³¨´¨³ ²Ó´µ ¢µ§³µ¦¨¸. 17. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥2 2
I .
²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 206 Pb ¨µ- ´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¢· Ð¥´¨Ö E¢· =
2J⊥
´ ³¨ 4 He [99, 116]. ‘¶²µÏ´ Ö ²¨- ‚¸¥ Ôɵ ¨ ¢¥¤¥É ± Ê£²µ¢µ³Ê · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö Å · ¸Î¥É´ Ö ±·¨¢ Ö (¸³. É¥±¸É)
´¨Õ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ¸²¥ · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö
1
W (θ) ∼
.
sin θ
¢Éµ·Ò [97] ³¨´¨³¨§¨·µ¢ ²¨ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ (6) ¤²Ö Ê£²µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨ ´ ϲ¨ ¶·µ¸ÉÊÕ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ: · ¸Î¥É´Ò° ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨
´ Ψ´ ¥É¸Ö É¥³ ¤ ²ÓÏ¥ µÉ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, Î¥³ ¡µ²ÓÏ¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö Ef , ɵδ¥¥,
Umin = E ∗ − Ef ≈ Ef − d − b/a,
(9)
£¤¥ d Å Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¸¢Ö§¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¢ ¸µ¸É ¢´µ³ Ö¤·¥, b ¨
2
a Å ±µÔË˨ͨ¥´ÉÒ ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Imax
= aE − b. „²Ö 208 Po ¨ 182 W µÍ¥´±¨
¤ ²¨ Umin , · ¢´Ò¥, ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ, ∼ 5 ¨ ∼ 9 ŒÔ‚, Îɵ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ¥É ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸ ʶµ³Ö´Êɵ° ¢ÒÏ¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓÕ Umin µÉ Z 2 /A.
Š ± ¢¨¤´µ ¨§ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨Ö (9), ¶µ³¨³µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò Ef ´ ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥ ³¨´¨³Ê³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢²¨Ö¥É ¨ ¢¥²¨Î¨´ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¸¢Ö§¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥° Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¢
¸µ¸É ¢´µ³ Ö¤·¥ d. ’ ±, ´ ¶·¨³¥·, ± ± µÉ³¥Î ²¨ ¢Éµ·Ò [97], Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨Ö
´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 3 He ´¥ ¸²¥¤µ¢ ²µ
µ¦¨¤ ÉÓ ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ Er, Îɵ ¨ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ²µ ¸ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ³¨ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É [121]. Š ± ¸²¥¤Ê¥É ¨§ · ¸¸³µÉ·¥´¨Ö ˵·³Ê² (6) ¨ (7), ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥· ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ɵ¦¥ ³µ¦´µ µ¦¨¤ ÉÓ ¶µ¤Ñ¥³ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢¡²¨§¨
¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¶·¨Î¥³ ¤²Ö ¡µ²¥¥ Ϩ·µ±µ£µ ±·Ê£ Ö¤¥·, Î¥³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He.
‚ ± Î¥¸É¢¥ ¶·¨³¥· ´ ·¨¸. 13 ¶Ê´±É¨·´µ° ²¨´¨¥° ʱ § ´ · ¸Î¥É´ Ö Ê£²µ¢ Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸ Ö¤· ³¨ Bi.
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
345
‚¨¤´ § ³¥É´ Ö · §´¨Í ¢ §´ Î¥´¨ÖÌ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨
¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ³¨´¨³Ê³ , ¨§-§ µÉ¸Êɸɢ¨Ö ±Ê²µ´µ¢¸±µ£µ ¶µ²Ö. „²Ö µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö
2
= 5En [94].
¢´µ¸¨³µ£µ ³µ³¥´É ¢ Ôɵ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¶·¨´¨³ ² ¸Ó § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Imax
·¨¸. 13 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´µ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´´µ¥ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ö¤¥· 209 Bi ¸ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 75 ŒÔ‚,
´ ·¨¸. 12 Å Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ¥ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 238 U ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ ɵ° ¦¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ [122]. ˆ§ÊÎ¥´¨¥ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨
¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ ¸ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¤ ¸É ´µ¢Ò¥ ¸¢¥¤¥´¨Ö µ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨
¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö.
6. Œ‘‘‚… ‘…„…‹…ˆ… ‘Š‹Š‚ „…‹…ˆŸ Ÿ„…
ˆ ‹“—…ˆˆ ’Œˆ ˆ …‰’Œˆ
Œ…†“’—›• …ƒˆ‰
µ²ÓϨ´¸É¢µ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¢¥¤¥´Ò ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±µ£µ ¨ ³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±µ£µ ³¥Éµ¤µ¢.
ɨ ³¥Éµ¤Ò ¶µ§¢µ²ÖÕÉ ¶µ²ÊΨÉÓ ²¨ÏÓ ¢Éµ·¨Î´µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶µ¸²¥ ¢Ò²¥É ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. „²Ö Ôɵ£µ
¨§³¥·ÖÕÉ ±Ê³Ê²Öɨ¢´Ò° ¢Ò̵¤ ¨§µ¡ ·Ò ¢ ±µ´Í¥ Í¥¶µÎ±¨ β − -¶·¥¢· Ð¥´¨°,
±µÉµ·Ò° ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²Ö¥É ¸Ê³³Ê ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ¢¸¥Ì µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸ ¤ ´´Ò³ ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò³ Ψ¸²µ³. „²Ö ´¥±µÉµ·ÒÌ Ô²¥³¥´Éµ¢ ¶·¨³¥´¥´¨¥ ³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±µ° ɥ̴¨±¨ ¶µ§¢µ²Ö¥É ¨§³¥·¨ÉÓ ¢Ò̵¤ ¸É ¡¨²Ó´ÒÌ ¨ ¤µ²£µ¦¨¢ÊÐ¨Ì ¨§µÉµ¶µ¢ ¸ ¶µ¢ÒÏ¥´´µ° ɵδµ¸ÉÓÕ. ‚Ò̵¤ ¶·µ¤Ê±É µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö ± ± ¶·µÍ¥´É ¤¥²¥´¨°,
¶·¨¢µ¤ÖÐ¨Ì ± µ¡· §µ¢ ´¨Õ ¨¸¸²¥¤Ê¥³µ£µ ¶·µ¤Ê±É . ¥·¢¨Î´µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¤µ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´µ ¶·¨ ¨§³¥·¥´¨¨ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¨ ¸±µ·µ¸É¥° ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ·¨ ¶µ¢ÒÏ¥´¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í,
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨° Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö Ψ¸²µ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ¥³ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ (¨ § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í ¶·¨ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ) ¤µ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨²¨ ¶µ¸²¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨§ µ¸±µ²±µ¢. ¥·¢¨Î´Ò¥ µ¸±µ²±¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸³¥Ð ÕÉ¸Ö ± ²¨´¨¨ β-¸É ¡¨²Ó´µ¸É¨, ¶µÖ¢²ÖÕÉ¸Ö ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡Òɵδҳ¨ ¨
´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´Ò¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ˆ¸¶Ê¸± ´¨¥ ¡µ²Óϵ£µ Ψ¸² Î ¸É¨Í
ʸ²µ¦´Ö¥É ¨ ¢µ§³µ¦´µ¸ÉÓ ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨± ͨ¨ ¶¥·¢¨Î´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ ¨Ì
±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨³ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³ ¨ ¸±µ·µ¸ÉÖ³ [1, 4, 14, 123].
6.1. ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ·¨³¥·Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ (¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢) ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ·Ö¤ Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨
¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ´ ·¨¸. 18: ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [124], 226 Ra ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 11 ŒÔ‚ [125], 206 Pb ¨µ´ ³¨
4
He [126] (Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ´ ¤ ¡ ·Ó¥·µ³ 8 ŒÔ‚), 178 Hf ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He [127]
(Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö 182 W ´ ¤ ¡ ·Ó¥·µ³ 20 ŒÔ‚). ’ ³ ¦¥ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ ¶·¨³¥·
³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 258 Fm [128].
346 “•‚ .ˆ.
·¨¢¥¤¥´´Ò¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢ÊÕÉ µ · §²¨Î´µ³ Ì · ±É¥·¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö: ¶·¨ ¶¥·¥Ìµ¤¥ µÉ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ɨ¶ Ê· ´ ± ¡µ²¥¥
²¥£±¨³ ɨ¶ ¢µ²ÓË· ³ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö ¶¥·¥Ìµ¤ µÉ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ± ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³Ê ¤¥²¥´¨Õ. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
· ¤¨Ö ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 11÷16 ŒÔ‚ [120,125] ´ ¡²Õ¤ ²¨¸Ó
· §¤¥²Ó´µ ± ± ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ Ö Ëµ·³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, É ± ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ Ö. µ§¤´¥¥
É·¥Ì£µ·¡µ¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´ ¡²Õ¤ ²µ¸Ó ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 232 Th ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ 2 ÷ 14 ŒÔ‚ [129] ¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ 13 ÷ 53 ŒÔ‚ [130].
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 36 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥·
¨ ʱ § ´¨¥ ´ µÎ¥´Ó ³ ²Ò° ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³¨¸. 18. Œ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µ- ³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (´ Ê·µ¢´¥ 0,3 % µÉ
¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö) [131]. µ§¤¤¥²¥´¨¨ 258 Fm [128], ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ´¥¥ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ Ö ±µ³¶µ´¥´É ¢ ³ ¸235
U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [124], ¸µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
226
Ra Å ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸
11 ŒÔ‚ [125], 206 Pb Å ¨µ´ ³¨
Ô´¥·£¨¥° 36,1 ŒÔ‚ ´¥ ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ 4
He [126], 178 Hf Å ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He [127]
[132]. ˆÉ±¨¸ ¨ ¤·. [126] ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨Í¨·µ¢ ²¨ ³ ²Ò° ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³Ò ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´ Ê·µ¢´¥ ∼ 2 · 10−2 % ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 206 Pb ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He (¶·¨
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢´µ£µ Ö¤· 210 Po 8Ä10 ŒÔ‚ ´ ¤ ¡ ·Ó¥·µ³). ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 182 W (Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ´ ¤ ¡ ·Ó¥·µ³ 20 ŒÔ‚) ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³Ò ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´¥ ¡Ò²µ µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´µ ´ Ê·µ¢´¥ 10−2 µÉ´µÏ¥´¨° ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ [127].
‘ ¤·Ê£µ° ¸Éµ·µ´Ò, ¶µ A ¨ Z µÉ Ê· ´ ¢¸¥ ¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²Ò¥ Ö¤· ¢¶²µÉÓ
¤µ 256 Fm ¸¶µ´É ´´µ ¤¥²ÖÉ¸Ö ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ [5, 124, 128].
¤´ ±µ ´ Ψ´ Ö ¸ 258 Fm ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ 260 Rf (Z = 104) ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ Ö Ëµ·³ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· [128].
• · ±É¥·´µ° µ¸µ¡¥´´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ (·¨¸. 18) Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö
¶µÎɨ ´¥¨§³¥´´µ¥ ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥ ¶· ¢µ£µ ¶¨± ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³Ò ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
¢¡²¨§¨ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ Î¨¸¥² A = 132 ÷ 145 ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¤¨ ¶ §µ´¥ Ö¤¥·-³¨Ï¥´¥°
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
347
µÉ Z = 100 ¤µ Z = 84. ·¨ Ôɵ³ ²¥¢Ò° ¶¨± ³ ¸¸- ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³Ò
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸¤¢¨£ ¥É¸Ö ¢ ¸Éµ·µ´Ê ²¥£±¨Ì ³ ¸¸: ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤· 210 Po ÔɵÉ
¶¨± ¡Ò² ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨Í¨·µ¢ ´ ¶·¨ A ≈ 70 [126]. ·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· 258 Fm, ± ± ¢¨¤´µ ¨§ ·¨¸. 18, ¶·µ¨¸Ìµ¤¨É ´ ¤¢ Ë· £³¥´É ¸ ³ ¸¸ ³¨ A ≈ 130. ’ ±µ° Ì · ±É¥· ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ µÎ¥¢¨¤´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢Ê¥É µ ¸¨²Ó´µ³ ¢²¨Ö´¨¨
Ö¤¥·´µ° ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¨§ 50 ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨ 82 ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ´ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö ³ ¸¸ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ . ·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¸ Z < 92 ¨§-§ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨Ö ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ´¥µ¡Ìµ¤¨³Ò³ µ¡· §µ³ ¢´µ¸¨³ Ö ¢ Ö¤·µ Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö, Îɵ ¶·¨¢µ¤¨É ± ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨Õ ¢²¨Ö´¨Ö Ôɵ°
¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ´ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·.
6.2. ˆ§³¥´¥´¨¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ¸´µ¢´Ò¥ µ¸µ¡¥´´µ¸É¨ ¨§³¥´¥´¨Ö ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥·
ɨ¶ Ê· ´ ¶·¨ ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í ¸µ¸ÉµÖÉ ¢ ¸²¥¤ÊÕÐ¥³: ¢´ Î ²¥ ¡Ò¸É·µ¥, § É¥³ § ³¥¤²ÖÕÐ¥¥ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥ ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ÒÌ ¤¥²¥´¨°, ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥ ¢±² ¤ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¶¨±µ¢ ¤¢Ê£µ·¡µ£µ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨ ´¥±µÉµ·µ¥ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥ ¢±² ¤ ¸¨²Ó´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ÒÌ
¤¥²¥´¨° [124]. ‘¨¸É¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨° ´ ²¨§ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 233 U, 235 U, 238 U, 237 Np, 239 Pu, 242 Pu, 244 Pu, 241 Am ¨
243
Am ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 8 ÷ 32 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò² c¤¥² ´ ¢ · ¡µÉ Ì É§Ê±¨ ¨ ¤·. [133Ä135]. Ò²¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò° ¢Ò̵¤ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢
¤¥²¥´¨Ö, µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³¥ ¨ ³¨´¨³Ê³¥
¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢. ´ ²¨§ ¶µ± § ², Îɵ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ʱ² ¤Ò¢ ÕÉ¸Ö ¢ ¡¨³µ¤ ²Ó´ÊÕ ³µ¤¥²Ó ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, £¤¥ µ¤¨´ ɨ¶ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Å ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥
¤¥²¥´¨¥ Å ¨³¥¥É ¡µ²ÓϨ° ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¡µ²¥¥ ¢ÒÉÖ´ÊÉÊÕ ±µ´Ë¨£Ê· ͨÕ
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ³µ³¥´É · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö (³¥´ÓÏ Ö ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö) ¢ ¸· ¢´¥´¨¨ ¸
¤·Ê£¨³, ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³ ɨ¶µ³ · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö [135]. ɨ ¤ ´´Ò¥ ʱ §Ò¢ ÕÉ, Îɵ
¤²Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨° ¨³¥ÕÉ¸Ö ¤¢ ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³ÒÌ ¶Êɨ
¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ˆ¸¸²¥¤µ¢ ´¨Ö ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· 238 U ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 10 ÷ 340 ŒÔ‚
¶µ± § ²¨, Îɵ ³¨´¨³Ê³ ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨¸Î¥§ ¥É
²¨ÏÓ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ∼ 150 ŒÔ‚ [1].
¥¤ ¢´µ ´ ¨¸ÉµÎ´¨±¥ ¡Ò¸É·ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ LANL ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¡Ò²¨ ¢¶¥·¢Ò¥ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 238 U ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¢
Ϩ·µ±µ° µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° µÉ ¶µ·µ£ ¤µ 500 ŒÔ‚ [136]. ˆ§ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´µ° ¸¥·¨¨
22 ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ ¸¶¥±É·µ¢ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕШÌ
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¢¨¤´µ, Îɵ ³¨´¨³Ê³ ¢ ¢Ò̵¤ Ì µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° µ¡² ¸É¨
¨¸Î¥§ ¥É, ±µ£¤ En ¤µ¸É¨£ ¥É §´ Î¥´¨° 120 ŒÔ‚.
‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö · ¤¨Ö, ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
±µÉµ·µ£µ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ µ¶¨¸Ò¢ ¥É¸Ö É·¥Ì£µ·¡µ° ±·¨¢µ°, ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨
348 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 19. ) ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨e ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ U, Th, Bi, Au,
Re, Ta, Ho ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 450 ŒÔ‚. ¡) ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ
§ ·Ö¤ ³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ U, Bi, La, Sb ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 660 ŒÔ‚ ¨ Ho ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 460 ŒÔ‚. ‘É·¥²± ³¨ ʱ § ´Ò §´ Î¥´¨Ö ) (A³¨Ï + 1)/2; ¡) (Z³¨Ï + 1)/2.
¨¸Ê´µ± ¨§ · ¡µÉÒ [2]
’ ¡²¨Í 4. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¶µ²ÊϨ·¨´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö W1/2 (A) ¨ ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨Ö ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨
Amax ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ , ¸¢¨´Í ¨ §µ²µÉ Ep , ŒÔ‚
W1/2 ,
.¥.³.
Amax
36 [131]
18
54* [141]
22
103
102
Ep , ŒÔ‚
W1/2 ,
.¥.³.
Amax
‚¨¸³ÊÉ
58 [131] 600* [153]
28
38Ä39
1000 [148]
45, 5 ± 0, 2
2900 [41]
43
95 ± 2
95 ± 2
90
32 [142]
21 ± 1
490 [151]
30
1000 [148]
54, 5 ± 0, 6
98
90
84 ± 2
102
‡µ²µÉµ
*‘¢¨´¥Í.
¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í p, d ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö, Í¥´É· ²Ó´Ò° ¶¨± ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ Ôɵ³ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ · ¸Ï¨·Ö¥É¸Ö [137Ä140].
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ Ö¤¥· ɨ¶ Bi, Pb ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò° ¶¨± ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¸Éµ
· ¸Ï¨·Ö¥É¸Ö [19, 21, 22, 131, 141Ä143]. ·¨¸. 19, ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
349
¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ [144], ɵ·¨Ö, ¢¨¸³ÊÉ , §µ²µÉ , ·¥´¨Ö, É ´É ² ¨ £µ²Ó³¨Ö [145] ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 450 ŒÔ‚. ‚ µÉ²¨Î¨¥ µÉ Ì · ±É¥· ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ (·¨¸. 18), ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í §´ Ψɥ²Ó´µ ¢ÒÏ¥ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¢¸¥Ì Ö¤¥· ¸É ´µ¢¨É¸Ö ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³.
·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ ¨ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 209 Bi, 197 Au, nat W ¨ nat Yb ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° Ep = 1 ƒÔ‚ ¸ ¶µ²ÊϨ·¨´µ° W1/2 (A), · ¢´µ° 45,5; 54,5; ¨¸. 20. ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ [13] ¶µ ³ ¸66,0 ¨ 62,1 .¥.³. ¤²Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· ¸µµÉ¢¥É- ¸ ³ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨ · ¸Ð¥¶²¥¸É¢¥´´µ. „ ´´Ò¥ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ¢ (2E)- ´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ · §²¨Î´ÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨°: ) 100 ŒÔ‚,
Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì [148].
¡) 170 ŒÔ‚, ¢) 2,9 ƒÔ‚, £) 28 ƒÔ‚
‚ É ¡². 4 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò µ¸´µ¢´Ò¥ Ì · ±É¥·¨¸É¨±¨ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨°
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·: W1/2 (A) ŠϨ·¨´ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´ ¶µ²µ¢¨´¥ ¢Ò¸µÉÒ, Amax Å ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ Ψ¸²µ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ (¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢) ¢ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· 209 Bi, nat Pb, 197 Au ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
Ep = 36 ÷ 3000 ŒÔ‚. ‚¨¤´µ, Îɵ Ϩ·¨´ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° ´ ¶µ²µ¢¨´¥ ¢Ò¸µÉÒ W1/2 ¤²Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢,
³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¢ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ Amax ¸¤¢¨£ ¥É¸Ö ¢ µ¡² ¸ÉÓ ³¥´ÓÏ¨Ì ³ ¸¸. ·¨
¥Ð¥ ¡µ²¥¥ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ, ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¢ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ ƒÔ‚, ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸É ´µ¢¨É¸Ö ¡µ²¥¥ Ϩ·µ±¨³ ¢ ¸· ¢´¥´¨¨ ¸ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥³ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢ ¸µÉ´¨ ŒÔ‚ (·¨¸. 20). ‚ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ³
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¥Ð¥ µÉΥɲ¨¢µ ¢¨¤¥´ Ϩ·µ±¨° ¶¨± ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤ ¦¥
¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 2,9 ¨ 28 ƒÔ‚ ¶·¨ ≈ 110 ¨ 107
¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ [13, 149], ´µ ¶·¨ Ôɵ³ ·¥§±µ ¢µ§· ¸É ¥É ¢Ò̵¤ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¸
A < 50. ‚Ò̵¤ ÔÉ¨Ì ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¸¢Ö§Ò¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ³¥Ì ´¨§³µ³ Ë· £³¥´É ͨ¨
Ö¤¥· [13]. ·¨¸. 21Ä23 ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 209 Bi, nat Pb, 197 Au ¨ 181 Ta(W) ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¢
Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨°. ˆ§ ·¨¸. 21Ä23 ¨ · ¡µÉÒ [148] µÎ¥¢¨¤´µ, Îɵ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Bi, Pb, Au, Ta,
W ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ Ô´¥·£¨¨ 1 ƒÔ‚, ¶·¨
Ôɵ³ ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ µ´¨ · ¸Ï¨·ÖÕÉ¸Ö (¸³. É ±¦¥ É ¡². 4).
·¨¸. 21 ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò³¨ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö³¨ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨
· ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¨ ¸¢¨´Í , ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò³¨ · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±¨³ ³¥Éµ-
350 “•‚ .ˆ.
¤µ³, ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´µ¥
¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ·¥£¨¸É· ͨ¨ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨ ¸±µ·µ¸É¨ µ¤´µ£µ ¨§
´¨Ì ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 2,9 ƒÔ‚ [41]. Š ± ¢¨¤´µ, ±·¨¢ Ö
³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨³¥¥É ˵·³Ê µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ ʧ±µ£µ ¶¨± , Ì · ±É¥·´µ£µ ¤²Ö
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ·¨¸. 21 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢
· ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö ¸¢¨´Í ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
3 ƒÔ‚ [150]. Š·¨¢ Ö ³ ¸¸ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ° ³ ¸¸µ° 90Ä95, ± ±
¨¸. 21. ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ [12] ¶µ ¢¨¤´µ, µ¡ÑÖ¸´Ö¥É ¡µ²ÓÏÊÕ Î ¸ÉÓ · ¤¨µÌ¨³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ · ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö ¨ ³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢, ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³ÒÌ ¢ Ôɵ°
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸- µ¡² ¸É¨ [41].
µÌµ¦¨¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ´ °¤¥´Ò ¨ ¶·¨
³ÊÉ ¨ ¸¢¨´Í ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 40, 480, 3000 ŒÔ‚. „µ¡ ¢- µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· §µ²µÉ (·¨¸. 22) ¨ É ´É ² ²¥´Ò § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ σ(A) ¶·¨ µ¡²Ê- (¢µ²ÓË· ³ ) (·¨¸. 23) ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨. ·¨ Ô´¥·Î¥´¨¨ Bi ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 58 £¨ÖÌ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ³¥´ÓÏ¥ 1000 ŒÔ‚ µÉΥɲ¨¢µ
[131] ¨ 2900 ŒÔ‚ [41]
¢¨¤´Ò ¸ ÊΥɵ³ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éµ¢ · ¡µÉ [148, 180]
É·¨ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢: 1) µ¡² ¸ÉÓ ¢¡²¨§¨
Ö¤· -³¨Ï¥´¨, µ¡² ¸ÉÓ µ¸É ɵδÒÌ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ · ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·; 2) µ¡² ¸ÉÓ ¸
A < 30 ÷ 40, µ¡² ¸ÉÓ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ Ë· £³¥´É ͨ¨ ¨ 3) µ¡² ¸ÉÓ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ A ≈ 40 ÷ 150 ¤²Ö ¢¨¸³ÊÉ , A ≈ 40 ÷ 140 ¤²Ö §µ²µÉ , A ≈ 40 ÷ 130 ¤²Ö
É ´É ² , ¢µ²ÓË· ³ .
‡´ Ψɥ²Ó´Ò¥ ¨§³¥´¥´¨Ö ¢ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨
¶·µ¨¸Ìµ¤ÖÉ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢ÒÏ¥ 1000 ŒÔ‚: § ¶µ²´Ö¥É¸Ö ¢¶ ¤¨´ ³¥¦¤Ê µ¡² ¸ÉÖ³¨ µ¸É ɵδÒÌ Ö¤¥· · ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö ¨ µ¡² ¸ÉÓÕ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ·¥§±µ ¢µ§· ¸É ÕÉ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢Ò̵¤Ò Ö¤¥·-Ë· £³¥´Éµ¢ ¸ A ≤ 40.
¨§³¥´¥´¨¥ ³¥Ì ´¨§³ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ ¢ Ôɵ° µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ʱ §Ò¢ ¥É ¨ ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥ ·Ö¤ ±¨´¥³ ɨΥ¸±¨Ì Ì · ±É¥·¨¸É¨± ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨
Ê· ´ . ’ ±, ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ∼ 3 ƒÔ‚ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ ´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´ÒÌ
¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´¥-§ ¤´¥° ¶µ²Ê¸Ë¥· Ì ¶µ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Õ ± ¶ÊÎ±Ê ¶·µÉµ´µ¢
¶·µÌµ¤¨É Î¥·¥§ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ [154Ä157]. Š¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´ÒÌ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ §´ Ψɥ²Ó´µ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢
1, 0 ÷ 3, 0 ƒÔ‚. ˆ§ÊÎ¥´¨¥ Ê£²µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ ¶µ± § ²µ
¶¥·¥Ìµ¤ µÉ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ° ´ ¶· ¢²¥´´µ¸É¨ ¢ ¶¥·¥¤´ÕÕ ¶µ²Ê¸Ë¥·Ê ± ¶¥·¶¥´¤¨±Ê²Ö·´µ° µ·¨¥´É ͨ¨ ¶µ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Õ ± ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Õ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕШÌ
¶·µÉµ´µ¢ [103, 158Ä160].
6.3. ·¨·µ¤ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·. ·¨·µ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ±É¨´¨¤´ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ´¨§±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö
Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö µ¤´µ° ¨§ § £ ¤µ± ¸µ ¢·¥³¥´¨ µÉ±·ÒÉ¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·. •µÉÖ § Ôɵ
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
¨¸. 22. ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ [151] ¶µ
³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ · ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö ¨
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 197 Au
¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ) 0,20,
¡) 0,49, ¢) 1,0, £) 3,0 ¨ ¤) 11,5 ƒÔ‚
351
¨¸. 23. ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ [152] ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ · ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö ¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· 161 Ta ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ) 0,34,
¡) 0,45, ¢) 0,58, £) 0,66, ¤) 5,7, ¥) 19,0 ƒÔ‚
¢·¥³Ö ¡Ò²µ ¸¤¥² ´µ ³´µ£µ ¶µ¶Òɵ± ¶µ´ÖÉÓ ¶·¨·µ¤Ê ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ, ´¨ µ¤´ ¨§ ´¨Ì ´¥ ¨³¥² ʸ¶¥Ì ¢ ±µ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ³ ¶·¥¤¸± § ´¨¨ [161]. ‘· ¢´¥´¨¥ Ì · ±É¥·¨¸É¨± ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· (·¨¸. 18)
¨ ¶·¨ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö (·¨¸. 19) ¸ µÎ¥¢¨¤´µ¸ÉÓÕ
¶·¨¢µ¤¨É ± ¤¢Ê³ µ¸´µ¢´Ò³ ¢Ò¢µ¤ ³.
1. ·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ¸ÉÓ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ±É¨´¨¤´ÒÌ Ö¤¥·, ´ ²¨Î¨¥ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³Ò ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ · ¤¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¨ ¸¢¨´Í ¨µ´ ³¨ £¥²¨Ö ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥·
258
Fm (¨ ·Ö¤ ¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥·) ¸ ´¥¸µ³´¥´´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢ÊÕÉ µ¡
µ¶·¥¤¥²ÖÕÐ¥³ ¢²¨Ö´¨¨ ´ Ì · ±É¥· ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·´µ° ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò
¸ ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò³ Ψ¸²µ³ A = 132.
2. ‚²¨Ö´¨¥ ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¸ A = 132 ´ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö
¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·, Îɵ ¶·µÖ¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¢ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¨ ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ±É¨´¨¤´ÒÌ Ö¤¥·, ¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥³ Z 2 /A ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· . ‚µ ¢Éµ·µ³ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¶µ¢ÒÏ ¥É¸Ö
´¥µ¡Ìµ¤¨³ Ö ¶¥·¢µ´ Î ²Ó´ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¨§-§ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨Ö ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·.
352 “•‚ .ˆ.
“± § ´¨Ö ´ ¢²¨Ö´¨¥ µ¡µ²µÎ¥Î´µ° ¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¢ Ö¤·¥ ´ Ì · ±É¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ±É¨´¨¤´ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¡Ò²¨ ¸¤¥² ´Ò ʦ¥ ¢ ¶¥·¢ÒÌ · ¡µÉ Ì [162Ä164]. µ¸²¥
µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨Ö Ë ±É , Îɵ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸
Ô´¥·£¨¥° 190 ŒÔ‚ ¶·µ¨¸Ìµ¤¨É ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ [165], ’Ê·±¥¢¨Î ¨ ¨¤¥° ¢Ò¤¢¨´Ê²¨ £¨¶µÉ¥§Ê µ ¤¢ÊÌ ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³ÒÌ ¸¶µ¸µ¡ Ì ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Å
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³ ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³ [166]. É £¨¶µÉ¥§ ´ ϲ ¶µ¤É¢¥·¦¤¥´¨¥
¶µ¸²¥ µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ · ¤¨Ö ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ µ¤´µ¢·¥³¥´´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö [167].
6.4. Œ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ³µ¤¥²¨ ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨.
• · ±É¥· ¨§³¥´¥´¨Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¸¶µ¸µ¡ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨
¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ´ Ï¥² µ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨¥ ¢ · ³± Ì ³µ¤¥²¨ § ·Ö¦¥´´µ° ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨.
‘µ£² ¸´µ · ¸Î¥É ³ ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ · ¢´µ³¥·´µ § ·Ö¦¥´´µ° ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ˵·³¥ Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É ´ ¨³¥´ÓÏ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö
¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨, ´ ¨³¥´ÓϨ° ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö [101, 168Ä170], ɵ ¥¸ÉÓ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¢ ³µ¤¥²¨ ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨ ¶·¥µ¡² ¤ ¥É. ‘ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¶µÖ¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¢µ§³µ¦´µ¸ÉÓ ¤²Ö ³¥´¥¥ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨ ¢Ò£µ¤´ÒÌ,
³¥´¥¥ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ÒÌ ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ° Ö¤· ¶·¨ ¶·µÌµ¦¤¥´¨¨ Î¥·¥§ ¢¥·Ï¨´Ê ¶µÉ¥´Í¨ ²Ó´µ£µ ¡ ·Ó¥· . ‘É·Êɨ´¸±¨° [170] ¨ ¨±¸, ‘¢Öɥͱ¨° [171] ¢ÒΨ¸²¨²¨ ¦¥¸É±µ¸ÉÓ § ·Ö¦¥´´µ° ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨ ¶µ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Õ ± ¨§³¥´¥´¨Õ ¥¥
˵·³Ò, Ì · ±É¥·¨§Ê¥³ÊÕ ±µ´¸É ´Éµ° Km . ˆ¸Ìµ¤Ö ¨§ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´¨Ö µ É¥·³µ¤¨´ ³¨Î¥¸±µ³ · ¢´µ¢¥¸¨¨ ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ¨ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²ÖÖ, ¢¸²¥¤¸É¢¨¥ Ôɵ£µ,
¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸ÉÓ µÉ±²µ´¥´¨Ö ˵·³Ò Ö¤· µÉ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ±·¨¢µ° ƒ ʸ¸ , µ´¨
¶µ²ÊΨ²¨ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¥ ¤²Ö ±µ´±Ê·¥´Í¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¸µ ¸É¥¶¥´ÓÕ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨
U = m/(m1 + m2 ):
P (U ) =
1
1 2
)
exp
−(U
−
/(2T
/K
)
,
m
2
(2πT /Km )1/2
(10)
£¤¥ T Šɥ³¶¥· ÉÊ· Ö¤· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥. ɵ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¥ ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ
¶· ¢¨²Ó´µ µ¶¨¸Ò¢ ¥É ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥, ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¥ Ϩ·¨´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Bi, Pb, Au, Ta, W ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸
Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¤µ 1 ƒÔ‚ (¸³. É ¡². 4 ¨ ·¨¸. 21Ä23 ¸ ÊΥɵ³ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨
¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ (·¨¸. 3)).
‚ · ¡µÉ¥ ´¤·µ´¥´±µ ¨ ¤·. [172] ¡Ò²¨ · ¸c묃 ´Ò ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Bi, Au, W, Ag ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1 ƒÔ‚. Ò²¨ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´Ò ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ · ¸Î¥Éµ¢ ± ¸± ¤´µ° ¸É ¤¨¨
¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ¨ ¸É ɨ¸É¨Î¥¸± Ö ³µ¤¥²Ó ”µ´£ ¡¥§ Ê봃 µ¡µ²µÎ¥Î´ÒÌ ÔËË¥±Éµ¢ [173] ´ ¢Éµ·µ° ¸É ¤¨¨ ·¥ ±Í¨¨ ¸ ¢±²ÕÎ¥´¨¥³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·. ‘µ£² ¸´µ
”µ´£Ê, ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸ÉÓ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ ɵ° ¨²¨ ¨´µ° ¸É¥¶¥´ÓÕ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö ¶²µÉ´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¸µ¸ÉµÖ´¨° ¸Ëµ·³¨·µ¢ ¢Ï¨Ì¸Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ɵα¥ · §·Ò¢ .
Š ± ¶µ± § ²µ ¸· ¢´¥´¨¥, ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ · ¸Î¥É ̵·µÏµ ¢µ¸¶·µ¨§¢¥²¨ µ¸´µ¢´Ò¥
¶ · ³¥É·Ò Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° [14, 172].
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
353
6.5. ‚²¨Ö´¨¥ ¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò Ö¤· . ϱ¥¢¨Î¥³ [174] ¡Ò² · ¸¸Î¨É ´ ¶µÉ¥´Í¨ ²Ó´ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¡µ²ÓÏ¨Ì ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨÖÌ ¸ ÊΥɵ³ µ¡µ²µÎ¥Î´µ°
¶µ¶· ¢±¨ ³¥Éµ¤µ³ ‘É·Êɨ´¸±µ£µ. ”µ·³ Ö¤· ¢ ´Ê²¥¢µ³ ¶·¨¡²¨¦¥´¨¨ µ¶¨¸Ò¢ ² ¸Ó µ¢ ²µ¨¤ ³¨ Š ¸¸¨´¨. Ò²µ ¶µ± § ´µ, Îɵ ¶·¨ ¡µ²ÓÏ¨Ì ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨÖÌ
Ö¤· ¢¡²¨§¨ ɵα¨ · §·Ò¢ · ¸¸Î¨É ´´ Ö Ëµ·³ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ´ ̵¤¨É¸Ö ¢
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‚ ¶µ¸²¥¤´¨¥ £µ¤Ò ¡Ò² ¢Ò¸± § ´ £¨¶µÉ¥§ µ ³Ê²Óɨ³µ¤ ²Ó´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ´¨§±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö. É £¨¶µÉ¥§ · §· ¡ ÉÒ¢ ² ¸Ó ¢ · ¸Î¥É Ì ·µ§Ò ¨ ¤·. [175,176] ¤²Ö 4 ± ´ ²µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö: ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¸µ ®¸É ´¤ ·É´µ°
¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¥°¯, ¶·¨¢µ¤ÖÐ¥° ± ±µ´Ë¨£Ê· ͨ¨ ¸ ÉÖ¦¥²Ò³ µ¸±µ²±µ³ ¸ A ≈ 140;
¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¸ ¸Ê¶¥·³ ²µ° ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¥°, ¶·¨¢µ¤ÖÐ¥° ± ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³ ±µ´Ë¨£Ê· ֳͨ ¸ ¡µ²Óϵ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¥°; ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¸ ¸Ê¶¥·Ê¤²¨´¥´´Ò³¨
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³¨ ¤¥Ëµ·³ ֳͨ¨, ¶·¨¢µ¤ÖШ³¨ ± ³ ²Ò³ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨³ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢; ¨, ´ ±µ´¥Í, ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¸ ¸Ê¶¥· ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¥°, ¸
µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥³ ³ ¸¸ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ 3:1. Š ¦¤µ³Ê ± ´ ²Ê ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É ±µ³¶µ´¥´É ¢
³ ¸¸µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨, ¸¢Ö§ ´´ Ö ¸ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢ÊШ³ ¡ ·Ó¥·µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. µ¤µ¡´Ò¥ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ϱ¥¢¨Î¥³ ¤²Ö Ö¤¥· ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ë¥·³¨Ö ¢
¥£µ · ¸Î¥É Ì ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ Ö¤¥· ¸ ÊΥɵ³ µ¡µ²µÎ¥Î´µ° ¶µ¶· ¢±¨ [177].
‘ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨¥ É· ´¸ ±É¨´¨¤´ÒÌ Ö¤¥·, ± ± ʦ¥
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¶·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ´¨§±µÔ´¥·£¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö; 2) ´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´Ò¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ¢Ò¸µ±µÔ´¥·£¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö; 3) µÎ¥´Ó ´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´Ò¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ £²Ê¡µ±µ£µ
· ¸Ð¥¶²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¨ Ë· £³¥´É ͨ¨. ·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö Ê· ´ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 2,2 ƒÔ‚ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ ³ ¸¸ A = 90 ÷ 140 ¢Éµ·Ò [98] ¥Ð¥
¸¢Ö§Ò¢ ÕÉ ¸ µ¡Òδҳ ¡¨´ ·´Ò³ ¤¥²¥´¨¥³.
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µ¸±µ²± ³¨ ¢ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ¡Òδµ § ¤ ÎÊ ¶µ¸É·µ¥´¨Ö · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö
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¢ ·¥¤±¨Ì ¸²ÊÎ ÖÌ, ±µ£¤ Ö¤·µ-¶·¥¤Ï¥¸É¢¥´´¨± ¢ Í¥¶µÎ±¥ ¨§µ¡ ·µ¢ Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö
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± ± ¤ ²¥±¨¥ µÉ ´¥¥ ¨§µ¡ ·Ò ¨³¥ÕÉ ¸²¨Ï±µ³ ±µ·µÉ±¨¥ ¤²Ö ̨³¨Î¥¸±µ£µ ¢Ò¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢·¥³¥´ ¦¨§´¨. ‚ ¡µ²ÓϨ´¸É¢¥ · ¡µÉ ¤²Ö Ôɵ° Í¥²¨ ¤µ ´¥¤ ¢´¥£µ
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§ ·Ö¤ µ¸±µ²± ¶µ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ·¥´É£¥´µ¢¸±µ£µ ¨§²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö ¥£µ ɵ³´µ° µ¡µ²µÎ±¨
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µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ³¥¤²¥´´Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨ ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³Ò¥ ¢Ò̵¤Ò ¨§µ¡ ·µ¢ ·Ö¤ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ Í¥¶µÎ¥±
ʤµ¢²¥É¢µ·¨É¥²Ó´µ ʱ² ¤Ò¢ ÕÉ¸Ö ´ µ¤´Ê Ê´¨¢¥·¸ ²Ó´ÊÕ ±·¨¢ÊÕ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ£µ
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö P (Z − Zp ), ¥¸²¨ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ£µ § ·Ö¤ ¢
± ¦¤µ° ³ ¸¸µ¢µ° Í¥¶µÎ±¥ Zp (A) ¢Ò¡· ´ ¸µ£² ¸´µ ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´¨Õ µ · ¢¥´¸É¢¥ ¤²¨´ Í¥¶µÎ¥± β-· ¸¶ ¤µ¢ ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ (Zp − ZA )² =
= (Zp − ZA )É , £¤¥ ¨´¤¥±¸Ò ®²¯ ¨ ®É¯ µÉ´µ¸ÖÉ¸Ö ± ²¥£±µ³Ê ¨ ÉÖ¦¥²µ³Ê
µ¸±µ²±Ê ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ. ‚ ²Ó ´ Ï¥² Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÊÕ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Zp (A)
¤²Ö §´ Ψɥ²Ó´µ£µ Ψ¸² ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ Í¥¶µÎ¥± ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [183], ±µÉµ· Ö ¡²¨§± ± · ¸Î¥É´µ° ¢ ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¨ · ¢¥´¸É¢ ¤²¨´
Í¥¶µÎ¥± ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢. ‘µ£² ¸´µ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ³, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´Ò³ · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±¨³ ³¥Éµ¤µ³, § ·Ö¤µ¢ Ö ¶²µÉ´µ¸ÉÓ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸ A = 132 µÉ²¨Î ¥É¸Ö
µÉ ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ § ·Ö¤ ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¨§ 50 ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨ 82 ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. µ µ¡· §µ¢ ´¨¥ ³ £¨Î¥¸±µ° ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¢ ÉÖ¦¥²µ³ µ¸±µ²±¥ ¢ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ¶·¨ ´¨§±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¨£· ¥É, ¶µ-¢¨¤¨³µ³Ê, ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´ÊÕ ·µ²Ó
¢ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¨ ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ § ·Ö¤ ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´ÒÌ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨ ¢
Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¨ ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ § ·Ö¤ ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ, ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´ÒÌ ²¥£±¨Ì
µ¸±µ²±µ¢, ¢ µÉ±²µ´¥´¨¨ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Zp (A) ¤²Ö ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ µÉ µ¦¨¤ ¥³µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Zp (A) ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ · ¢´µ°
¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ § ·Ö¤µ¢ ¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢.
·¨ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ ¡µ²¥¥ ¢Ò¸µ±¨³¨ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¢µ§´¨± ÕÉ ¡µ²ÓϨ¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ ɷʤ´µ¸É¨. ‘µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ §´ ´¨Ö µ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¶·¨ ¡µ²¥¥ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í ¡µ²¥¥ µ£· ´¨Î¥´´Ò, ¨ ³µ¦´µ Ê¸É ´µ¢¨ÉÓ Éµ²Ó±µ µ¸´µ¢´Ò¥ É¥´¤¥´Í¨¨ ¢ Ô¢µ²Õͨ¨ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ£µ · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö. ˆ³¥ÕШ¥¸Ö ¤ ´´Ò¥ ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢ÊÕÉ, Îɵ Ì · ±É¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· U, Th ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸·¥¤´¨Ì ¨ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¢µ§¡Ê¦-
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
355
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É ±µ° ¦¥, ± ± ¨ ¶·¨ ´¨§±µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ [184, 185], ¨²¨ ¦¥ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδҰ ³¥¦¤Ê ¤¢Ê³Ö · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö³¨, ¸µ£² ¸´µ ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´¨Õ µ · ¢¥´¸É¢¥ ¤²¨´ Í¥¶µÎ¥± β-· ¸¶ ¤µ¢ ¨ µ
· ¢¥´¸É¢¥ ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¨ § ·Ö¤µ¢ ¶ ·´ÒÌ
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ [186, 187].
·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ¸¨²Ó´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ê· ´ , ±µÉµ·Ò¥ ¢µ§´¨± ÕÉ
¢ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ²¨ÏÓ ¢Ò¸µ±µ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´ÒÌ Ö¤¥·, ¨³¥ÕÉ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ¥
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥, ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢ÊÕÐ¥¥ £¨¶µÉ¥§¥ · ¢´ÒÌ ¶²µÉ´µ¸É¥° § ·Ö¤µ¢ ¤¥- ¨¸. 24. Š·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¤²Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ A ≈ 131,
²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ [188Ä190].
µ¡· §µ¢ ¢Ï¨Ì¸Ö ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨
·¨ ¤ ²Ó´¥°Ï¥³ ·µ¸É¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ- Ê· ´ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ · §²¨Î´ÒÌ Ô´¥·´µ¢ Ϩ·¨´ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö £¨° [13, ¸.269]
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö
(·¨¸. 19,¡) [146, 147].
·¨ ¨§ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¢Ò̵¤ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·, ¢Ò§¢ ´´µ£µ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·µ¢±µ° ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 190 ŒÔ‚, ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ N/Z ²¥£±µ£µ ¨ ÉÖ¦¥²µ£µ Ë· £³¥´Éµ¢ ¶·¨³¥·´µ µ¤¨´ ±µ¢µ [191], Îɵ
´¥ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É £¨¶µÉ¥§¥ · ¢´µ£µ ¸³¥Ð¥´¨Ö § ·Ö¤ , ± ± Ôɵ ¨³¥¥É ³¥¸Éµ
¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ³¥¤²¥´´Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨. µ¤µ¡´Ò¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥
·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ §µ²µÉ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
40 ŒÔ‚ [192].
7.2. ‡ ·Ö¤µ¢ Ö ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. µ¤ ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¥° § ·Ö¤µ¢
¶µ´¨³ ÕÉ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³ÒÌ ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ´Ê±²¨¤µ¢ ¸·¥¤¨ ¨§µ¡ ·µ¢ ¸
¤ ´´Ò³ ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò³ Ψ¸²µ³. ‚ ·Ö¤¥ · ¡µÉ [19, 184, 193, 194] ¡Ò²µ ¶µ± § ´µ,
Îɵ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸µÉ¥´ ŒÔ‚ ±·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ · ¸Ï¨·ÖÕÉ¸Ö ¸ ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ § ¸Î¥É ¶µÖ¢²¥´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´ÒÌ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¸·¥¤¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡ÒɵδÒÌ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ´¨§±µ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´µ£µ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·. ’ ±¦¥ ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³Ò Zp ¢ ±·¨¢ÒÌ § ·Ö¤µ¢ÒÌ
¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨° ¸¤¢¨´ÊÉÒ ¡²¨¦¥ ± ²¨´¨¨ β-¸É ¡¨²Ó´µ¸É¨ [184, 194] ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥
0 ÷ 2 ¥¤. Z ¸ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡Òɵδµ° ¸Éµ·µ´Ò µÉ ²¨´¨¨ β-¸É ¡¨²Ó´µ¸É¨ (ZA ) ¢
¸· ¢´¥´¨¨ ¸ ¤¥²¥´¨¥³ Ö¤¥· ´ É¥¶²µ¢ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´ Ì, £¤¥ ZA − Zp ´ ̵¤ÖÉ¸Ö ¢
¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ 3 ÷ 4 ¥¤. Z [181].
·¨¸. 24 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ±·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢ÒÌ ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨° ¤²Ö ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ A ≈ 131, µ¡· §µ¢ ´´ÒÌ ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ê· ´ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
· §²¨Î´ÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨° [13, 195]. ‘²¥¤Ê¥É ¨³¥ÉÓ ¢ ¢¨¤Ê, Îɵ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´´Ò¥ ´ ·¨¸Ê´±¥ ±·¨¢Ò¥ ´¥ Ö¢²ÖÕɸÖ, ¸É·µ£µ £µ¢µ·Ö, § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¥°, ¶µ¸±µ²Ó±Ê
¶µ µ¸¨ ¡¸Í¨¸¸ µÉ²µ¦¥´ ´¥ § ·Ö¤ µ¸±µ²± , µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ N/Z [13]. ˆ§ ·¨¸. 24
356 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 25. Š·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¤²Ö A ∼ 131 ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ê· ´ (¸¶²µÏ´ Ö ±·¨¢ Ö), ¸¢¨´Í (¶Ê´±É¨·) ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 2,9 ƒÔ‚; Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ ɵα¨ Å
¸¢¨´¥Í, ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³Ò¥ ¢Ò̵¤Ò, Å ±Ê³Ê²Öɨ¢´Ò¥ ¢Ò̵¤Ò [13, ¸.270]
¨¸. 26. Š·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢ÒÌ ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨° ¤²Ö A ∼ 72 ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ê· ´ (¸¶²µÏ´ Ö ±·¨¢ Ö) ¨ ¸¢¨´Í (¶Ê´±É¨·) ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 2,9 ƒÔ‚. , Å ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³Ò¥ ¢Ò̵¤Ò,
◦, • Å ±Ê³Ê²Öɨ¢´Ò¥ ¢Ò̵¤Ò [13, ¸.272]
¢¨¤´µ, Îɵ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 1 ƒÔ‚ ¨ ¢ÒÏ¥ ´ ±·¨¢ÒÌ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¶µÖ¢²ÖÕÉ¸Ö ¤¢ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ . ¡· §µ¢ ´¨¥ ²¥¢µ£µ (´¥°É·µ´µ¤¥Ë¨Í¨É´µ£µ)
³ ±¸¨³Ê³ µ¡Ö§ ´µ ¶·µÖ¢²¥´¨Õ ¢Ò¸µ±µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ˜¨·¨´ ¨
¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥ ¢Éµ·µ£µ (¶· ¢µ£µ) ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ , ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢ÊÕÐ¥£µ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡Òɵδҳ ¶·µ¤Ê±É ³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (N/Z ≈ 1, 5), ³ ²µ ¨§³¥´Ö¥É¸Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨
¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥ Ôɵ£µ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³ ¡²¨§±µ ± ¶µ²µ¦¥´¨Õ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡Òɵδµ£µ ¶¨± ¢ ´¨§±µÔ´¥·£¥É¨Î´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨.
·¨¸. 25 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ±·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¤²Ö A = 131 ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ Ê· ´ ¨ ¸¢¨´Í ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 2,9 ƒÔ‚ [13], ´ ·¨¸. 26 Šɵ ¦¥
¤²Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸ A ≈ 72 [13]. „ ´´Ò¥ ·¨¸. 25 ¨ 26 ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢ÊÕÉ: ) ±·¨¢Ò¥ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ ¤²Ö ¸¢¨´Í ¨ Ê· ´ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ µÉ²¨Î ÕɸÖ, ¶·¨
Ôɵ³ ¢Ò̵¤Ò ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¸ ¡µ²ÓϨ³¨ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö³¨ N/Z ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ´¨¦¥
¤²Ö ¸¢¨´Í , Î¥³ ¤²Ö Ê· ´ ; ¡) ¤¢µ°´µ° ¶¨± § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨, ´ °¤¥´´Ò°
¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ A ≈ 131 [13, 196] ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ , ´¥ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö ¤²Ö ³ ²ÒÌ
§´ Î¥´¨° A ≈ 72. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ê· ´ ¶·µ¤Ê±ÉÒ ¸ A ≈ 72 ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢ÊÕÉ ¸¨²Ó-
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
357
´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³Ê ¤¥²¥´¨Õ, ¶µ-¢¨¤¨³µ³Ê, ¸ ¡µ²ÓÏ¥° Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö
(·¨¸. 20). ¥±µÉµ·Ò¥ ± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¶µ¤µ¡´Ò¥ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ¶·¨
¨§ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¨§µÉµ¶´ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ê· ´ ¨ ¨·¨¤¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1 ƒÔ‚ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É· ®¢ ²¨´¨Õ¯ [197].
Š ± ¡Ò²µ µÍ¥´¥´µ [195], ¸µµÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ ¶²µÐ ¤¥° ¤¢ÊÌ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³µ¢ ¢ § ·Ö¤µ¢µ° ¤¨¸¶¥·¸¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1 ƒÔ‚
ʱ §Ò¢ ¥É ´ µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´µ ¡µ²Óϵ° ¢±² ¤ (µ±µ²µ 200 ³¡) ´¨§±µ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´ÒÌ ¤¥²¥´¨°. ‚ ¸¢Ö§¨ ¸ Ôɨ³ ¨´É¥·¥¸´µ µÉ³¥É¨ÉÓ, Îɵ ¶·¨ ¨§ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1 ƒÔ‚ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ¤¢Ê̶²¥Î¥¢µ£µ ¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É· ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ [198] ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ £·Ê¶¶ ¤¥²¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ¸µ¡Òɨ° ¸ ¸¥Î¥´¨¥³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 140 ³¡ (≈ 10 % ¢¸¥Ì ¸µ¡Òɨ°),
¨³¥ÕÐ Ö Ì · ±É¥·´µ¥ ¤²Ö ³ ²µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¢Ê£µ·¡µ¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¶·µ¤Ê±Éµ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. …Ð¥ · ´ÓÏ¥ ¢ · ¡µÉ¥ [143] ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
238
U ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° Ep = 156 ŒÔ‚ ¢Éµ·Ò µÍ¥´¨²¨ ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° ³µ¤Ò ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ 30 % ³¥Éµ¤µ³ · §²µ¦¥´¨Ö Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ° ³ ¸¸µ¢µ°
±·¨¢µ° ´ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö.
8. Šˆ…’ˆ—…‘ŠŸ …ƒˆŸ ‘Š‹Š‚ „…‹…ˆŸ Ÿ„…
‚¸±µ·¥ ¶µ¸²¥ µÉ±·ÒÉ¨Ö ƒ ´µ³ ¨ ˜É· ¸¸³ ´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· · ¤¨µÌ¨³¨Î¥¸±¨³ ³¥Éµ¤µ³ .”·¨Ï [199] Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ Ê¸É ´µ¢¨², Îɵ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¢Ò¤¥²Ö¥É¸Ö §´ Ψɥ²Ó´ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö. ´ ¨§³¥·¨² ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ê ¨³¶Ê²Ó¸µ¢, ¸µ§¤ ¢ ¥³ÒÌ µ¸±µ²± ³¨ ¢ ¨µ´¨§ ͨµ´´µ° ± ³¥·¥. µ§¤´¥¥ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö
Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·µ¨§¢µ¤¨²¨¸Ó ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ¤¢ÊÌ ¨µ´¨§ ͨµ´´ÒÌ ± ³¥·, · §¤¥²¥´´ÒÌ ¸¥É±µ° ”·¨Ï . ‚ ´ ¸ÉµÖÐ¥¥ ¢·¥³Ö ³¥Éµ¤ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ
ʸµ¢¥·Ï¥´¸É¢µ¢ ´´ÒÌ ¨µ´¨§ ͨµ´´ÒÌ ± ³¥· ¶¥·¥¦¨¢ ¥É ¢Éµ·µ¥ ·µ¦¤¥´¨¥.
ˆµ´¨§ ͨµ´´ Ö ± ³¥· ¨³¥¥É ·Ö¤ ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢: ¢µ§³µ¦´µ ¨§³¥·¥´¨¥ ¶µ²´µ°
Ô´¥·£¨¨ Î ¸É¨ÍÒ ¸ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨³ · §·¥Ï¥´¨¥³ ²ÊÎϨ³, Î¥³ ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ
¶µ²Ê¶·µ¢µ¤´¨±µ¢ÒÌ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·µ¢; µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨, ³ ¸¸Ò,
ɵ³´µ£µ ´µ³¥· Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, Ê£²µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö Î ¸É¨Í [200]. µ²Óϵ°
µ¡Ñ¥³ ¨´Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ µ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶µ²ÊΨ²¨
¶ÊÉ¥³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ ¶µ²Ê¶·µ¢µ¤´¨±µ¢ÒÌ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·µ¢ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì
Ô´¥·£¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ (2E)-Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì ¨²¨ ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¸±µ·µ¸É¥° ¢
(2V )-Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É Ì [123].
8.1. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µÉ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö ¨Ì ³ ¸¸. …¸²¨ ¡Ò ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µ¶·¥¤¥²Ö² ¸Ó
ɵ²Ó±µ ¨Ì ±Ê²µ´µ¢¸±¨³ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¥³ ¢ ³µ³¥´É · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ɵ ¤²Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸Ë¥·¨Î¥¸±µ° ˵·³Ò, ¢ ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¨ Z1 /Z2 = A1 /A2 , ¸Ê³³ ·´ Ö ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¤¢ÊÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¡Ò² ¡Ò ´ ¨¡µ²ÓÏ¥° ¶·¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î-
358 “•‚ .ˆ.
´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¨ ʳ¥´ÓÏ ² ¸Ó ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö ³ ¸¸ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ [2].
¤´ ±µ, ± ± ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ ¶·¨
¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥·
[201Ä203], ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ
Ö¤¥·
É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨
´¥°É·µ´ ³¨
[204, 205], ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
´¥¸±µ²Ó±µ ŒÔ‚ [206Ä208] ¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 226 Ra ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 9Ä13 ŒÔ‚
[209] ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ē± (AÉ /A² ) ¨³¥¨¸. 27. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¸·¥¤´¥° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥- ¥É¸Ö ³¨´¨³Ê³ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µÉ ´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö.
µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö ¨Ì ³ ¸¸ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 233 U, 235 U ¨ 239 Pu É¥¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ- ¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¶·µ¢ ² ¢ ±¨´ ³¨ [205], 226 Ra ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸¨³14 ŒÔ‚ [212], 209 Bi ¨ 197 Au ¨µ´ ³¨ 3 He ³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ± ± ¡Ò²µ ´ °¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 25,5 ŒÔ‚ [212]
¤¥´µ, ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö¥É µ±µ²µ 20Ä35 ŒÔ‚
¨ ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö.
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ¨ ɵ·¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 14 ŒÔ‚ ¶·µ¢ ² ¢ Ē± ¤²Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö²
12Ä15 ŒÔ‚ [206, 207], ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 235 U ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 20 ŒÔ‚
¶·µ¢ ² ¢ Ē± ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö² ʦ¥ ∼ 10 ŒÔ‚ [210, 211]. ·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 226 Ra ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¨ ¤¥°É·µ´ ³¨ 11Ä14 ŒÔ‚ ¶·µ¢ ² Ē± ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö² ∼ 9 ŒÔ‚ [209, 212]. ·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¦¥
Ö¤¥· ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¨ §µ²µÉ ¨µ´ ³¨ 3 He ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 25,5 MÔ‚ ¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He ¸
Ô´¥·£¨¥° 25 ¨ 42 ŒÔ‚ ¡Ò² ´ °¤¥´ ¶² ¢´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Ē± (AÉ /A² ) ¸ ³ ±¸¨³Ê³µ³ ¤²Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (·¨¸. 27) [212, 213].
‚ ·Ö¤¥ · ¡µÉ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Ē± (AÉ /A² ) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ
Ö¤¥· ¸¢Ö§Ò¢ ¥É¸Ö ¸ ¢²¨Ö´¨¥³ ¸É¥¶¥´¨ § ¶µ²´¥´´µ¸É¨ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ µ¡µ²µÎ¥± ´ ˵·³Ê µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ³µ³¥´É · §¤¥²¥´¨Ö [206], ¸ ¶µ¢ÒÏ¥´´µ° ¦¥¸É±µ¸ÉÓÕ ¶µ
µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Õ ± ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ µ±µ²µ³ £¨Î¥¸±¨Ì µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨ ¸ ¶µ´¨¦¥´´µ° ¦¥¸É±µ¸ÉÓÕ µ¸±µ²±µ¢, ¤ ²¥±µ µÉ¸ÉµÖÐ¨Ì µÉ § ¶µ²´¥´´ÒÌ µ¡µ²µÎ¥± [214, 215].
‚ ¤·Ê£µ° £·Ê¶¶¥ · ¡µÉ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Ē± (AÉ /A² ) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· µ¡ÑÖ¸´Ö² ¸Ó ± ± ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ´ ²µ¦¥´¨Ö ¤¢ÊÌ ´¥§ ¢¨¸¨³ÒÌ É¨¶µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Å ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ [212, 216Ä218]. ‘ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³ ¤¥²¥´¨¥³ ¸¢Ö§Ò¢ ¥É¸Ö ¡µ²ÓÏ¥¥ · ¸¸ÉµÖ´¨¥ ³¥¦¤Ê Í¥´É· ³¨ ÉÖ¦¥¸É¨
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ¸· ¢´¥´¨¨ ¸ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´Ò³ ¤¥²¥´¨¥³, ¸²¥¤µ¢ É¥²Ó´µ, ³¥´ÓÏ Ö
±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ [212, 216]. ˆ´É¥·¥¸´µ µÉ³¥É¨ÉÓ, Îɵ ¸¨²Ó´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ³ ¸¸ A ≥ 150 ¶µ Ì · ±É¥·Ê
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´ ¶µ³¨´ ¥É ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨¥. ’ ±, ¶·¨ ˵ɵ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 240 Pu
¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸Ê³³ ·´ Ö ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö, ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
359
Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¨ ¸¨²Ó´µ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨° ¨²¨ µ¸É ¥É¸Ö ¶µ¸ÉµÖ´´µ°, ¨²¨ ¸²¥£± ¢µ§· ¸É ¥É [219]. Š´¨ÉÉ¥· ¨ ¤·. [220] ¶·µ ´ ²¨§¨·µ¢ ²¨ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¸Ê³³ ·´µ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
235
U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [220] µÉ ³ ¸¸Ò ÉÖ¦¥²µ£µ µ¸±µ²± ± ± ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É
´ ²µ¦¥´¨Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸Ê¶¥·Ê¤²¨´¥´´µ° ˵·³Ò, ¸É ´¤ ·É´µ£µ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö 1 ¨ ¸É ´¤ ·É´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 2 ¨§ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ° µ¡² ¸É¨.
Š ± ¸²¥¤µ¢ ²µ ¨§ · ¸¸³µÉ·¥´¨Ö µ¸µ¡¥´´µ¸É¥° ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö
µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö (¸³. · §¤. 6), ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¸ ´¥¸µ³´¥´´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¶·µÖ¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¢²¨Ö´¨¥ ¶µ¤¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò ¨§ 50 ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¨ 82 ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ‘²¥¤Ê¥É µÉ³¥É¨ÉÓ, Îɵ ¶µ¤µ¡´µ ¶·µ¢ ²Ê ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨
¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ ±·¨¢µ° ³ ¸¸ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö ¨ ¶·µ¢ ² ¢ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÔɨÌ
Ö¤¥· ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ē± (AÉ /A² ). ‘ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö ¶·µ¢ ² ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ± ± ¢
§ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ¢Ò̵¤µ¢ ³ ¸¸, É ± ¨ ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ē± (AÉ /A² ).
8.2. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¸·¥¤´¥° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µÉ
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢. ‚ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¸·¥¤´¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ´¥¡µ²Óϵ¥ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³µ¥ ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥ Šʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨¥ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 235 U ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [221] ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ¥É ¸ µ¦¨¤ ¥³Ò³ ¨§³¥´¥´¨¥³ ¨§-§ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨Ö ¢±² ¤ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´ÒÌ ¤¥²¥´¨° ¸ ³ ±¸¨³ ²Ó´µ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¨ ¨§-§ ʳ¥´ÓÏ¥´¨Ö ¸ ³µ° ¢¥²¨Î¨´Ò ³ ±¸¨³ ²Ó´µ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¤²Ö ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨
¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö. ·¨ ¤ ²Ó´¥°Ï¥³ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤µ 20 ŒÔ‚
¸·¥¤´ÖÖ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 233 U, 235 U ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ
´¥ ¨§³¥´Ö¥É¸Ö [221, 222]. µ¤µ¡´Ò° ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ¡Ò² ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨
’ ¡²¨Í 5. ‘·¥¤´¨¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö ¸Ê³³ ·´µ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶a·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ē± [ŒÔ‚] ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
nÉ [7]
Ÿ¤·µ
Ep , ŒÔ‚
96 [40]
235
U
U
238
209
197
169, 3 ± 0, 5
Bi
Au
181
Ta
*‚µ²ÓË· ³.
156 [36, 40] 450 [37]
163 ± 3
166 ± 4
154 ± 7
144 ± 3
154 ± 3
142 ± 3
144 ± 3
119 ± 4
1000 [148]
2900 [41]
137, 2 ± 20
133,1
126, 5 ± 3, 0
122 ± 4
111, 5∗ ± 3, 0
360 “•‚ .ˆ.
238
U, 235 U, 232 Th, 209 Bi ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 90 ŒÔ‚ [223]. ‘·¥¤´ÖÖ
±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 235 U ɵ²Ó±µ ´ 5 ŒÔ‚
¢ÒÏ¥, Î¥³ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ³¥¤²¥´´Ò³¨
´¥°É·µ´ ³¨. ‚ É ¡². 5 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò §´ Î¥´¨Ö ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢
¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· U, Bi, Au, Ta ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 100 ÷ 1000 ŒÔ‚ (¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Bi ¥Ð¥
¨ ¶·¨ Ep = = 2900 ŒÔ‚). ‚¨¤´µ, Îɵ
±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 238 U, 209 Bi, 197 Au, 181 Ta,
nat
W ¢ ʱ § ´´µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ³ ²µ ¨§³¥´Ö¥É¸Ö, ¸²¥£± ʳ¥´ÓÏ Ö¸Ó.
·¨¸. 28 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¸Ê³³ ·´µ° ¸·¥¤´¥° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¨¸. 28. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¶µ²´µ° ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·
¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ Ē± ¶ ·´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥- ¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢
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¢ [224] ¤²Ö Ϩ·µ±µ£µ ±·Ê£ Ö¤¥· ¶·¨
Ö¤· [224]
¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¨ ¢ ·¥ ±Í¨ÖÌ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ¸ Î ¸É¨Í ³¨, ¢±²ÕÎ Ö ÉÖ¦¥²Ò¥ ¨µ´Ò. ‘Õ¤ ´¥ ¢±²ÕÎ¥´Ò ´µ³ ²Ó´µ ¢Ò¸µ±¨¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö Ē± 230 ŒÔ‚ ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 258 Fm ¨
260
Md [128].
9. …‰’› ˆ ‡Ÿ†…›… —‘’ˆ–›,
ˆ‘“‘Š…Œ›… ˆ „…‹…ˆˆ Ÿ„…
´¥·£¨Ö, µ¸¢µ¡µ¦¤ ¥³ Ö ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤· , ·¥ ²¨§Ê¥É¸Ö ¢ ˵·³¥ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ¨§ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨ £ ³³ -±¢ ´Éµ¢. ’ ± ± ± ¸·¥¤´ÖÖ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢
¶· ±É¨Î¥¸±¨ ´¥ ¨§³¥´Ö¥É¸Ö ¸ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· , ɵ ¤µ¡ ¢µÎ´ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö, ¢´¥¸¥´´ Ö ¢ Ö¤·µ, ¨¤¥É, ¢ µ¸´µ¢´µ³, ´ ¨¸¶ ·¥´¨¥
¤µ¶µ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ·¨ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¢Ò¸µ±µ° ¢´¥¸¥´´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¨¸¶Ê¸± ÕÉ¸Ö § ·Ö¦¥´´Ò¥
Î ¸É¨ÍÒ. ‚ ´¥±µÉµ·ÒÌ ·¥¤±¨Ì ¸²ÊÎ ÖÌ § ·Ö¦¥´´Ò¥ Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, ¢ µ¸´µ¢´µ³
²ÓË -Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, ¨¸¶Ê¸± ÕÉ¸Ö ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥·, ¢Ò§¢ ´´µ³ Î ¸É¨Í ³¨ ´¨§±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° [225, 226]. Œ¥Ì ´¨§³ ¢µ§´¨±´µ-
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
361
¢¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í, ¶µ-¢¨¤¨³µ³Ê, µÉ²¨Î¥´ µÉ ¨¸¶ ·¨É¥²Ó´µ£µ ¨
§¤¥¸Ó · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ÉÓ¸Ö ´¥ ¡Ê¤¥É.
9.1. ˆ¸¶Ê¸± ´¨¥ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ’ ± ± ± ¢ ³µ¤¥²¨ ¦¨¤±µ° ± ¶²¨ ³¨´¨³Ê³
¶µÉ¥´Í¨ ²Ó´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ Ö¤· ¢ ³µ³¥´É ¶¥·¥¤ · §¤¥²¥´¨¥³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É ˵·³¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢, µÉ²¨Î´µ° µÉ ¸Ë¥·¨Î¥¸±µ° [101], ³¨´¨³Ê³ ¶µÉ¥´Í¨ ²Ó´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¨ ¨Ì ¡¥¸±µ´¥Î´µ³ µÉ¤ ²¥´¨¨ ¤·Ê£ µÉ ¤·Ê£ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢Ê¥É ¸Ë¥·¨Î¥¸±µ° ˵·³¥, ɵ ÔÉ · §´¨Í ¢ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¥¢· Ð ¥É¸Ö ¢µ ¢´ÊÉ·¥´´ÕÕ Ô´¥·£¨Õ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢. ¸±µ²±¨
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¨ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ´¨§±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¸¨²Ó´µ ´¥°É·µ´µ¨§¡ÒɵδÒ. ÉµÉ ¨§¡Òɵ± Î ¸É¨Î´µ
ʳ¥´ÓÏ ¥É¸Ö ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¨¸¶ ·¥´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ § ¸Î¥É ¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö. ‚
¸É ÉÓ¥ [7] ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò µÍ¥´¥´´Ò¥ ¸·¥¤´¥³¨·µ¢Ò¥ §´ Î¥´¨Ö Ψ¸¥² ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥·, ¢Ò§¢ ´´µ³ É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨.
´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨¥ ¸¶¥±É·Ò ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µÉ ´¥¸±µ²Ó±¨Ì
Ô²¥±É·µ´¢µ²ÓÉ ¤µ ∼ 14 ŒÔ‚ ¸ ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 0, 72 ŒÔ‚ ¨
¸·¥¤´¥° Ô´¥·£¨¥° µ±µ²µ 2 ŒÔ‚ ¨³¥ÕÉ Ì · ±É¥·, ¡²¨§±¨° ± ³ ±¸¢¥²²µ¢¸±µ³Ê
¢ ² ¡µ· ɵ·´µ° ¸¨¸É¥³¥ ±µµ·¤¨´ É [227]. ¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡µ²¥¥ ɵδÒÌ ¨ ¢ ¡µ²¥¥
Ϩ·µ±µ³ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±µ³ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ ¨§³¥·¥´¨° ¶·¨¢¥²¨ ± ´¥µ¡Ìµ¤¨³µ¸É¨ ¡µ²¥¥ ¸²µ¦´µ£µ µ¶¨¸ ´¨Ö ¸¶¥±É·µ¢ ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö [228, 229].
‘ ·µ¸Éµ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤· Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ¥É¸Ö Ψ¸²µ Ô³¨É¨·µ¢ ´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ [229Ä232]. ‚ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
En § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Î¨¸² ¨¸¶Ê¸± ¥³ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ³µ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ ¢Ò· ¦¥´¨¥³ ν̄(En ) = ν̄0 + aEn , £¤¥ ν̄0 Å ¸·¥¤´¥¥ Ψ¸²µ ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢
¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨. · ³¥É· a ≈ 0, 15 ¸² ¡µ § ¢¨¸¨É µÉ
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ ´¥°É·µ´ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° ¤µ 50 ŒÔ‚ [7].
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 238 U ¨ 209 Bi ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 147 ŒÔ‚ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ² ¸Ó Ô³¨¸¸¨Ö ¡µ²Óϵ£µ Ψ¸² ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. ·Ö³Ò³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨¥³ ³´µ¦¥¸É¢¥´´µ¸É¨ • ·¤¨´£ ´ Ï¥², Îɵ Ô³¨É¨·Ê¥É¸Ö (13, 1 ± 1, 6) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ´ ¤¥²¥´¨¥
¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ê· ´ ¨ (10, 0 ± 2, 7) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ´ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ [233].
• ·¤¨´£ ¨ ” ·²¨ [234] ¨§³¥·¨²¨ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ Ψ¸² ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ²¥ÉÖÐ¨Ì ¶ · ²¥²Ó´µ ¨ ¶¥·¶¥´¤¨±Ê²Ö·´µ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Õ ¤¢¨¦¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·
¥¸É¥¸É¢¥´´µ£µ Ê· ´ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 147 ŒÔ‚. ´¨
¶µ²ÊΨ²¨ §´ Î¥´¨¥ ¤²Ö Ôɵ£µ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨Ö (1, 27 ± 0, 11), ±µÉµ·µ¥ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ²µ ¸
¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´¨¥³, Îɵ ¡µ²ÓÏ Ö Î ¸ÉÓ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Ô³¨É¨·Ê¥É¸Ö ¤µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤· ,
¨ ɵ²Ó±µ (2, 5 ± 1) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Ô³¨É¨·Ê¥É¸Ö ¨§ ¤¢¨¦ÊÐ¨Ì¸Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢. ‚ ¶µ¸²¥¤ÊÕÐ¥° · ¡µÉ¥ [235] ¡Ò² ¨§³¥·¥´ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨° ¸¶¥±É· ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶·¨
¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 150 ŒÔ‚ ¸ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´¨¥³ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ
ԳʲӸ¨° ¸ ¢Ò¸µ±µ° ÎÊ¢¸É¢¨É¥²Ó´µ¸ÉÓÕ. ‘·¥¤´ÖÖ Ô´¥·£¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
¡Ò² ´ °¤¥´ · ¢´µ° (2, 4 ± 0, 2) ŒÔ‚, Îɵ ¸µ¢¶ ¤ ²µ ¸ § ±²ÕÎ¥´¨¥³, Îɵ
¡µ²ÓϨ´¸É¢µ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ¥É¸Ö ¤µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö.
362 “•‚ .ˆ.
ɲ¨Î ÕШ¥¸Ö ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ¢ · ¡µÉ¥ •¥°Ë¥Í ¨ ¤·. [236],
·¥£¨¸É·¨·µ¢ ¢Ï¨Ì ´¥°É·µ´Ò ¢ ¸µ¢¶ ¤¥´¨¨ ¸ µ¸±µ²± ³¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 155 ŒÔ‚. ´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢
¨§³¥·Ö²¨¸Ó ¶µ¢¥·Ì´µ¸É´µ-¡ ·Ó¥·´Ò³¨ ¤¥É¥±Éµ· ³¨, Ô´¥·£¨¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Å ¶µ
¢·¥³¥´¨ ¶·µ²¥É . „²Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ¡µ²ÓÏ¥ 1 ŒÔ‚ µ´¨ ´ ϲ¨ §´ Î¥´¨¥ N (0◦ )/N (90◦ ) = (2, 05 − 2, 45) ¤²Ö U ¨ (1,77Ä2,11) ¤²Ö Bi. ·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 252 Cf ɵ ¦¥ µÉ´µÏ¥´¨¥ · ¢´µ 6. ‚ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ ¡Ò²µ µÍ¥´¥´µ, Îɵ
¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ Ê· ´ (5, 8 ± 1, 0) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Ô³¨É¨·Ê¥É¸Ö ¤µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, (5, 1 ± 0, 5) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Å ¶µ¸²¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö. ·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ µÍ¥´± ¤ ² , Îɵ (6, 9 ± 1, 0)
¨ (4, 2 ± 0, 5) ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ, ¨¸¶Ê¸± ÕÉ¸Ö ¤µ ¨ ¶µ¸²¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö.
µ¤µ¡´Ò¥ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ ¡Ò²¨ ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´Ò ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¨
¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 475 ŒÔ‚ [105].
‚ · ¡µÉ¥ °¸³µ´É [237] ¡Ò² µÍ¥´¥´ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ¸ÉÓ Éµ£µ, Îɵ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ , ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´ÒÌ ¤µ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢ÒÏ¥ 20 ŒÔ‚, ´¥±µÉµ· Ö ¤µ²Ö
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ (Ê¢¥²¨Î¨¢ ÕÐ Ö¸Ö ¸ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨¥³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢) ³µ¦¥É Ô³¨É¨·µ¢ ÉÓ¸Ö
¢ ̵¤¥ ʸ±µ·¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤µ ³µ³¥´É ¶µ²´µ£µ ʸ±µ·¥´¨Ö. µ µÍ¥´± ³
Ôɵ° · ¡µÉÒ ¢¶µ²´¥ ¢¥·µÖÉ´µ, Îɵ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤· Ê· ´ , ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´´µ£µ ¤µ
Ô´¥·£¨¨ ∼ 100 ŒÔ‚ (Îɵ ¨³¥¥É ³¥¸Éµ ¶·¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ 147 ŒÔ‚), Ô³¨¸¸¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨§ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·µ¨¸Ìµ¤¨É ¢ µÎ¥´Ó ±µ·µÉ±µ¥
¢·¥³Ö, ¶·¨ ±µÉµ·µ³ µ¸±µ²±¨ ´¥ ʸ¶¥¢ ÕÉ ´ ¡· ÉÓ ¡µ²Óϵ° ¸±µ·µ¸É¨. ’ ±¨³
µ¡· §µ³, ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³ Ö Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ ´¥§´ Ψɥ²Ó´ Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨Ö ¢Ò²¥É ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ [234] ¨ ³ ² Ö ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸± Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ [235] ³µ£ÊÉ ¡ÒÉÓ
± Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ µ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´Ò [237]. Šµ²² ¡µ· ͨ¥° ¨¸¸²¥¤µ¢ É¥²¥° ¤¨¥¢µ£µ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ ¨³. ‚.ƒ.•²µ¶¨´ (‘.-¥É¥·¡Ê·£, µ¸¸¨Ö), “´¨¢¥·¸¨É¥É ÏÉ É ·¥£µ´
(‘˜) ¨ ¤¥¶ ·É ³¥´É ´¥°É·µ´´ÒÌ ¨¸¸²¥¤µ¢ ´¨° (INF) “´¨¢¥·¸¨É¥É “¶¶¸ ² (˜¢¥Í¨Ö) ¶µ¤£µÉµ¢²¥´ ¨ ´ Î ² ¶·µ¢µ¤¨ÉÓ¸Ö Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ¶µ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Õ
Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±µ£µ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, Ô³¨É¨·µ¢ ´´ÒÌ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥·
¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨Ö ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ c Ô´¥·£¨¥° 50 ÷ 200 ŒÔ‚ ¸ 209 Bi, 232 Th,
238
U, 237 Np. „²Ö ¢Ò¶µ²´¥´¨Ö Ôɵ° § ¤ Ψ ¸µ§¤ ´ ¢Ò¸µ±µ¶·¥Í¨§¨µ´´Ò° ¸¶¥±É·µ³¥É·, ¸¶µ¸µ¡´Ò° ¨§³¥·ÖÉÓ ´¥°É·µ´´Ò¥ ¸¶¥±É·Ò, Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨¥, Ê£²µ¢Ò¥
±µ··¥²Öͨ¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢, É ±¦¥ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±¨¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨, ³ ¸¸Ò ¨ µÉ´µ¸¨É¥²Ó´Ò¥ Ê£²Ò ¢Ò²¥É µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö [238].
9.2. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Î¨¸² ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ µÉ ³ ¸¸Ò µ¸±µ²± . ·¨
¨§³¥·¥´¨¨ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ψ¸² ¨¸¶ÊÐ¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ µÉ ³ ¸¸Ò µ¸±µ²± ¢
¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 252 Cf ¨ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 233 U, 235 U, 239 Pu
É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ¶¨²µµ¡· §´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ¢Ò̵¤ ν(A) [239Ä242]. ‘ ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¥³ ³ ¸¸Ò ²¥£±µ£µ ¨ ÉÖ¦¥²µ£µ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ Ψ¸²µ
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨§³¥´Ö¥É¸Ö É ±, Îɵ µ´µ Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ´ ¨³¥´ÓϨ³ ¤²Ö ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ²¥£±µ£µ µ¸±µ²± ¢ ²¥£±µ° £·Ê¶¶¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¨ ´ ¨¡µ²ÓϨ³ ¤²Ö ´ ¨¡µ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²µ£µ
µ¸±µ²± ¢ ÔÉ¨Ì ¤¢ÊÌ £·Ê¶¶ Ì. ¡² ¸ÉÓ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸ ≈ 110 ÷ 130 Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¶¥·¥Ìµ¤´µ° ¤²Ö ÔÉ¨Ì ¤¢ÊÌ ¢¥É¢¥°. Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ´ ¨¡µ²ÓÏ¥¥ Ψ¸²µ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ Ô³¨É¨·Ê¥É¸Ö ¶·¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 234 U, 236 U ¨ 240 Pu [242].
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
363
Í¥´¥´´ Ö · §´¨Í ¢ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶·¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³ ¨ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¨ ¶²Êɵ´¨Ö É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö¥É µ±µ²µ
20 ŒÔ‚ [242], Îɵ ¶·¨³¥·´µ · ¢´µ ¢¥²¨Î¨´¥ ¶·µ¢ ² ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ°
Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¸¨³³¥É·¨Î´µ£µ
¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· (¸³. · §¤. 8). ¨²µµ¡· §´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ν(A) ¡Ò² ´ °¤¥´ ¨ ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 226 Ra ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 13 [243] ¨ 12 ŒÔ‚ [244]. ·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 209 Bi ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 36 ŒÔ‚ Ê¸É ´µ¢²¥´µ, Îɵ ¢Ò̵¤
´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¶µÎɨ ²¨´¥°´µ ¢µ§· ¸É ¥É
¸ ³ ¸¸µ° µ¸±µ²± ¤¥²¥´¨Ö [132].
·¨¸. 29 ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨
ν(A) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [242], 226 Ra ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 13 ŒÔ‚ [243], 209 Bi ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 36 ŒÔ‚ [132]. ’ ³ ¦¥ ¶·¨¢¥¤¥´µ ¸Ì¥³ ɨδµ · ¸Î¥É´µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ ν(A) ¤²Ö ¸²ÊÎ Ö ¸¶µ´É ´´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· 258 Fm [245]. ¨¸. 29. ‡ ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ Î¨¸² ¨¸¶ÊÐ¥´´ÒÌ
·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ 209 Bi ¨ 238 U ¶·µÉµ- µ¸±µ²±µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢
´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 155 ŒÔ‚ [246] ´ - µÉ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ£µ Ψ¸² A: ) ¶·¨ ¸¶µ´É ´¡²Õ¤ ²µ¸Ó ¶² ¢´µ¥ ¢µ§· ¸É ´¨¥ ¢Ò- ´µ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 258 Fm, µÍ¥´¥´´ Ö § ¢¨¸¨Ìµ¤ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ν(A) ¸ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ ³µ¸ÉÓ [245] Å ÏÉ·¨Ìµ¢ Ö ²¨´¨Ö; ¡) ¶·¨
¤¥²¥´¨¨ 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ [242]
³ ¸¸Ò µ¸±µ²± (·¨¸. 30).
Å
¶Ê´±É¨·; ¢) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· 226 Ra
Š Î¥¸É¢¥´´µ¥ µ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨¥ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³µ° ¶¨²µµ¡· §´µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ- ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 13 ŒÔ‚ [243] Å
209
Bi ¶·µ¸É¨ ν(A) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ ¶Ê´±É¨·; £) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥·
ɵ´ ³¨
36
ŒÔ‚
[132]
Å
¶Ê´±É¨·.
‘¶²µÏÖ¤¥· µ¸´µ¢Ò¢ ²µ¸Ó ´ ¶·¥¤¶µ²µ¦¥´µ° ²¨´¨¥° ¸Ì¥³ ɨδµ µ¡µ§´ Î¥´µ ³ ¸¸µ´¨¨, Îɵ ˵·³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢ ³µ³¥´É
¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸µµÉ¶¥·¥¤ · §¤¥²¥´¨¥³ § ¢¨¸¨É µÉ ¡²¨- ¢¥É¸É¢ÊÕÐ¨Ì Ö¤¥·
§µ¸É¨ µ¸±µ²± ± ³ £¨Î¥¸±µ³Ê Ψ¸²Ê ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢ ´¥³
[206, 240, 247, 248]. ´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢, ¶·µ¶µ·Í¨µ´ ²Ó´ Ö ¤¥Ëµ·³ ͨ¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶¥·¥¤ · §¤¥²¥´¨¥³, µ± §Ò¢ ¥É¸Ö ´ ¨³¥´ÓÏ¥° ¤²Ö µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¢¡²¨§¨ § ¶µ²´¥´´ÒÌ µ¡µ²µÎ¥± ¸ N = 82, Z = 50 c A = 132. Šµ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥´´Ò¥ · ¸Î¥ÉÒ ¶·¨¢¥²¨ ± ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ̵·µÏ¥³Ê ¸µ£² ¸¨Õ ¸ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´-
364 “•‚ .ˆ.
¨¸. 30. ‘·¥¤´¥¥ Ψ¸²µ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ν̄, ¨¸¶ÊÐ¥´´ÒÌ µ¸±µ²±µ³ ¤ ´´µ° ³ ¸¸Ò ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ 209 Bi (a) ¨ 238 U (¡) ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ c Ô´¥·£¨¥° 155 ŒÔ‚ [246], ´¨¦´¨¥ ¸¶²µÏ´Ò¥
²¨´¨¨ Å ¶µ£·¥Ï´µ¸É¨ ¢ µ¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ψ¸² ´¥°É·µ´µ¢. Ê´±É¨·µ³ µ¡µ§´ Î¥´µ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢ÊÕÐ¥¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢µ¥ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö
É ²Ó´µ° § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓÕ ν(A) ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 235 U É¥¶²µ¢Ò³¨ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨
¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¸¶µ´É ´´µ£µ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö 252 Cf [215, 227]. ¸Î¥ÉÒ, ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ʤµ¢²¥É¢µ·¨É¥²Ó´µ µ¶¨¸Ò¢ ÕШ¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´Ò¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ν(A) ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥·, ¡Ò²¨ ¸¤¥² ´Ò ¢ · ³± Ì ³Ê²Óɨ³µ¤ ²Ó´µ£µ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´¨Ö µ ¤¥²¥´¨¨
Ö¤¥· [176].
9.3. ˆ¸¶Ê¸± ´¨¥ § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í. ·¨ ¤µ¸É ɵδµ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ
¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ ´¥°É·µ´ ³¨ ¨¸¶ ·ÖÕÉ¸Ö § ·Ö¦¥´´Ò¥
Î ¸É¨ÍÒ, ¢ µ¸´µ¢´µ³ ¶·µÉµ´Ò. ·¨ ¨§ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¸ ¶µ³µÐÓÕ Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ Ô³Ê²Ó¸¨° ¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ Ψ¸²µ § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í, ¸µ¶·µ¢µ¦¤ ÕШÌ
¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ö¤¥·, · ¸É¥É ± ± ¸ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢,
É ± ¨, ¶·¨ ¤ ´´µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕÐ¨Ì ¶·µÉµ´µ¢, ¶·¨ ¶¥·¥Ìµ¤¥ µÉ ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· ɨ¶ Ê· ´ ± ¡µ²¥¥ ²¥£±¨³ Å ¢¨¸³ÊÉÊ ¨ ¢µ²ÓË· ³Ê [22, 38, 42, 249].
’ ±, ¸·¥¤´¥¥ Ψ¸²µ § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í ´ µ¤´µ ¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ê· ´ , ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸
Ô´¥·£¨¥° < 25 ŒÔ‚, ¢µ§· ¸É ¥É µÉ 0,25 ¶·¨ Ep = 140 ŒÔ‚ [249] ¤µ 1,9
¶·¨ Ep = 3000 ŒÔ‚ [38]. Œ ±¸¨³ ²Ó´µ¥ Ψ¸²µ § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í ´ µ¤´µ
¤¥²¥´¨¥ Ê· ´ ¡Ò²µ · ¢´µ 8, 10, 16 ¨ 26 ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³¨ 460, 660, 3000 ¨ 9000 ŒÔ‚ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ [250]. ·¨¸. 31
¶·¨¢¥¤¥´Ò ³¨±·µËµÉµ£· ˨¨ ¤¢ÊÌ ¤¥²¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ¸µ¡Òɨ° ¢ Ö¤¥·´µ° ԳʲӸ¨¨,
¸µ¤¥·¦ ¢Ï¥° ¸µ²¨ Ê· ´ , ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ , ¢Ò§¢ ´´µ£µ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨
¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 9 ƒÔ‚ [251]. ¤´µ ¸µ¡Òɨ¥ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¨§µÏ²µ ¶·¨ ¡µ²Óϵ°
¶¥·¥¤ Î¥ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¨ ¸µ¶·µ¢µ¦¤ ²µ¸Ó ¨§²ÊÎ¥´¨¥³ 18 § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
Î ¸É¨Í, ¢ µ¸´µ¢´µ³ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥°
³¥´ÓÏ¥ 25 ŒÔ‚. ‚ɵ·µ° ¸²ÊÎ ° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·µ¨§µÏ¥² ¡¥§ ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í, ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ³¥´ÓÏ¥
25 ŒÔ‚, ¸ ³ ²µ° ¶¥·¥¤ Î¥° Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤·Ê Ê· ´ ¡µ³¡ ·¤¨·ÊÕШ³
¶·µÉµ´µ³. ’ ±¨Ì ¸µ¡Òɨ° ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö
¤µ 30 % ¢ ¸²ÊÎ ¥ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨Ö Ê· ´ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 9 ƒÔ‚ [67].
‚ · ¡µÉ¥ [252] Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ
¡Ò²µ ´ °¤¥´µ, Îɵ ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨
Ê· ´ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 475 ŒÔ‚
¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 3 He ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 2 ƒÔ‚ ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¨¸¶Ê¸± ¥É¸Ö ¤µ 22 ¨ 34 ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ (³ ±¸¨³ ²Ó´µ ¨§³¥·¥´´Ò¥ Ψ¸² ´¥°É·µ´µ¢). ¢Éµ·Ò [252]
¶² ´¨·ÊÕÉ, ´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ ʦ¥ ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ´´Ò³ 4π-´¥°É·µ´´Ò³ ¤¥É¥±Éµ·µ³, ¨¸¶µ²Ó§µ¢ ÉÓ ¢ ¸µ¢¶ ¤¥´¨¨ 4π-¤¥É¥±Éµ· § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í. ɵ ¶µ§¢µ²¨É ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ ¶·µ¤¢¨´ÊÉÓ¸Ö ¢ ¶µ´¨³ ´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´Ö¤¥·´ÒÌ ·¥ ±Í¨° ¨, ¢µ§³µ¦´µ, ¢ ¶µ´¨³ ´¨¨ ¶·¨·µ¤Ò ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨Ö ¡µ²Óϵ£µ Ψ¸² § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ Î ¸É¨Í ¶·¨ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ ,
¶µ¤µ¡´µ ¨§µ¡· ¦¥´´µ³Ê ´ ·¨¸. 31.
365
¨¸. 31. Œ¨±·µËµÉµ£· ˨¨ ¤¢ÊÌ ¸µ¡Òɨ° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¢ Ö¤¥·´µ°
ԳʲӸ¨¨ ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸
Ô´¥·£¨¥° 9 ƒÔ‚: ) ¤¥²¥´¨¥ ¸µ¶·µ¢µ¦¤ ¥É¸Ö ¨¸¶Ê¸± ´¨¥³ 18 § ·Ö¦¥´´ÒÌ
Î ¸É¨Í ¢ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ ¶¥·¥¤ Ψ ¶·µÉµ´µ³ ¡µ²Óϵ° ¶µ·Í¨¨ Ô´¥·£¨¨; ¡) ¸²ÊÎ ° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¸ ³ ²µ° ¶¥·¥¤ Î¥° Ô´¥·£¨¨; f1 ¨ f2 Å µ¸±µ²±¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö [251]
10. ‡Š‹—…ˆ…
1. ¤´µ ¨§ µÉ²¨Î¨° ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¶·µ³¥¦Êɵδµ° Ô´¥·£¨¨
²¥£±¨Ì Î ¸É¨Í Å Ôɵ ´ ¡µ· ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö Ö¤¥· ¶µ A, Z ¨ Ô´¥·£¨Ö³ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö.
‚ ɵ ¦¥ ¢·¥³Ö, ± ± ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢ÊÕÉ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ·¨¸. 3, ¤¥²ÖШ³¸Ö Ö¤· ³
¶¥·¥¤ ¥É¸Ö ¶·µÉµ´µ³ ¸· ¢´¨É¥²Ó´µ ´¥¡µ²ÓÏ Ö Ô´¥·£¨Ö ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö. ’ ±, ¶·¨
¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ê· ´ , ¢¨¸³ÊÉ , É ´É ² ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° 1 ƒÔ‚ ¤µ²Ö ¶¥·¥¤ ´´µ°
¶·µÉµ´µ³ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¸µ¸É ¢²Ö¥É 0,16; 0,21 ¨ 0,3 ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ.
2. ‘· ¢´¥´¨¥ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¥° ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢
¨ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ (·¨¸. 5Ä11) ¸ µÎ¥¢¨¤´µ¸ÉÓÕ Ê± §Ò¢ ¥É ´ · §²¨Î¨¥ ³¥Ì ´¨§³ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤¢ÊÌ £·Ê¶¶ Ö¤¥·: ɨ¶ Ê· ´ , ¸ µ¤´µ° ¸Éµ·µ´Ò, ¨ Ö¤¥· ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ,
¢µ²ÓË· ³ , É ´É ² Å ¸ ¤·Ê£µ°. Š ± µÉ³¥Î ²µ¸Ó ¢ ¸É ÉÓ¥ [61], ¤¥²¨³µ¸ÉÓ
Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° ¸² ¡µ § ¢¨¸¨É µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö,
± ± Ôɵ ¨³¥¥É ³¥¸Éµ ¨ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ³ ²ÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨°. ˆ, ´ µ¡µ·µÉ, ¤¥²¨³µ¸ÉÓ
Ö¤¥· ɨ¶ ¢¨¸³ÊÉ ¸¨²Ó´µ § ¢¨¸¨É µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö, Ô´¥·£¨¨ Î ¸É¨Í ¢
366 “•‚ .ˆ.
µ¡² ¸É¨ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨°, ± ± Ôɵ ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥É¸Ö ¤²Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ö¤¥· ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨
Ô´¥·£¨° Î ¸É¨Í ¤µ ∼ 50 ŒÔ‚.
‚ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ Ô±¸É¥´¸¨¢´µ£µ ´ ²¨§ ¨ ±µ³¶¨²Öͨ¨ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´µ ¨§³¥·¥´´ÒÌ (p, f )-¸¥Î¥´¨° Ϩ·µ±µ£µ ±·Ê£ Ö¤¥· µÉ 181 Ta ¤µ 238 U [68] ¨ µÉ
165
Ho ¤µ 239 Pu [71] ¸µ§¤ ´ ¡ § ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ Ô´¥·£¨° ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ µÉ
¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¤µ ∼ 10−30 ƒÔ‚.
3. ¢Éµ· ³¨ · ¡µÉ [96, 117, 118] ¸¨¸É¥³ ɨ§¨·µ¢ ´ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· µÉ 238 U ¤µ 197 Au µÉ Ô´¥·£¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´µ¢ ¢¶²µÉÓ ¤µ
1000 ŒÔ‚. ˆ³¨ ¶·¥¤²µ¦¥´µ µ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨¥ Ö¢²¥´¨Ö É ± ´ §Ò¢ ¥³µ£µ ´µ³ ²Ó´µ£µ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨Ö ´¨§µÉ·µ¶¨¨ ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ɨ¶ 208 Pb ¶·¨
µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¨µ´ ³¨ 4 He ¨ Ö¤¥·185 Re ¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ± ± ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É ¢Ò¸É·µ¥´´µ¸É¨ Ö¤¥· ¢ ¸¥¤²µ¢µ° ɵα¥ ¶¥·¶¥´¤¨±Ê²Ö·´µ ´ ¶· ¢²¥´¨Õ Ê£²µ¢µ£µ
³µ³¥´É .
4. ‘· ¢´¥´¨¥ ³ ¸¸µ¢ÒÌ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨° µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥·, § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ ±¨´¥É¨Î¥¸±µ° Ô´¥·£¨¨ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö µÉ ¸¨³³¥É·¨¨ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸É¨ Ψ¸² ¨¸¶Ê¸± ¥³ÒÌ ³£´µ¢¥´´ÒÌ ´¥°É·µ´µ¢ µÉ ³ ¸¸Ò µ¸±µ²± ¶·¨
¤¥²¥´¨¨ Ö¤¥· ¢¡²¨§¨ ¶µ·µ£ (·¨¸. 18, 27, 29) ¨ ¶·¨ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö (·¨¸. 19, 30) ¸ ´¥¸µ³´¥´´µ¸ÉÓÕ ¸¢¨¤¥É¥²Ó¸É¢Ê¥É µ ¸¨²Ó´µ³ ¢²¨Ö´¨¨
³ £¨Î¥¸±µ£µ Ψ¸² ´Ê±²µ´µ¢ A ≈ 132 ´ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶·¨ ³ ²ÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ ¨ ¨¸Î¥§´µ¢¥´¨¨ Ôɵ£µ ¢²¨Ö´¨Ö ¶·¨ ¢Ò¸µ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨ÖÌ.
5. ·¨ ¢ÒΨ¸²¥´¨ÖÌ, ´ ¶·¨³¥·, ¸¥Î¥´¨° ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨
¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨° Î ¸Éµ ¶µ² £ ÕÉ, Îɵ ¸²µ¦´ Ö, ¤¢Ê£µ·¡ Ö
¸É·Ê±ÉÊ· ¡ ·Ó¥· ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ö¤¥· [5, 7], µ¡Ö§ ´´ Ö ¶·µÖ¢²¥´¨Õ µ¡µ²µÎ¥Î´µ° ¸É·Ê±ÉÊ·Ò Ö¤· , ¨¸Î¥§ ¥É ¸ Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ Ô´¥·£¨° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¥£µ¸Ö Ö¤· ¢ÒÏ¥ ∼50 ŒÔ‚. µ, ± ± µÉ³¥Î ²µ¸Ó (· §¤. 7), ¢Éµ· ³¨ [198]
¨ [143] ¡Ò² µ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ £·Ê¶¶ ´¨§±µÔ´¥·£¨Î´ÒÌ ¤¥²¥´¨° Ö¤¥· Ê· ´ ¸ Ì · ±É¥·´Ò³ · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥³ µ¸±µ²±µ¢ ¶µ ³ ¸¸ ³ ¢ ±µ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥ ∼ 10 % ¨ 30 %
¶·¨ µ¡²ÊÎ¥´¨¨ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨ 1000 ¨ 156 ŒÔ‚ ¸µµÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´µ.
6. µ¢Ò¥ É¥µ·¥É¨Î¥¸±¨¥ ¶·¨¡²¨¦¥´¨Ö · §¢¨¢ ÕÉ¸Ö ¤²Ö µÍ¥´±¨ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢ÊÕÐ¨Ì Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ. ’ ±, ¢ · ¡µÉ¥ [253] ¡Ò² ¶¥·¥¸³µÉ·¥´ ³µ¤¥²Ó ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¶ÊÉ¥³ ¶µ²ÊÔ³¶¨·¨Î¥¸±µ° ¶ · ³¥É·¨§ ͨ¨ ¢ÒΨ¸²¥´¨Ö ¢±² ¤ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¢ Ϩ·µ±µ° µ¡² ¸É¨ Z, A, Ô´¥·£¨° ¢µ§¡Ê¦¤¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· ¶·¨ ¢§ ¨³µ¤¥°¸É¢¨¨ ¸ ¶·µÉµ´ ³¨, ²ÓË -Î ¸É¨Í ³¨ ¨ ¨µ´ ³¨. Œµ¤¥²Ó ¢µ¸¶·µ¨§¢µ¤¨É
¨§³¥·¥´´Ò¥ ±µ´±Ê·¥´Í¨Õ ¸± ²Ò¢ ´¨Ö Å ¤¥²¥´¨Ö Ö¤¥· (¸¥Î¥´¨Ö), ³ ¸¸µ¢Ò¥
· ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¨ É.¤. ¤²Ö ¤¥²ÖÐ¨Ì¸Ö ¸¨¸É¥³ µÉ Ta ¤µ Cf ¢ µ¡² ¸É¨ ¶·µ³¥¦ÊɵδÒÌ Ô´¥·£¨°.
‚ § ±²ÕÎ¥´¨¥ ¢Éµ· ¢Ò· ¦ ¥É ¡² £µ¤ ·´µ¸ÉÓ ¸µÉ·Ê¤´¨± ³ ¤¨¥¢µ£µ ¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ ¨³. ‚.ƒ. •²µ¶¨´ ‚.. °¸³µ´ÉÊ, .. ‘³¨·´µ¢Ê, .‚. ·µ±µËÓ¥¢Ê,
.ˆ. É¥´±µ¢Ê, ‘.ƒ. Ÿ¢Ï¨ÍÊ § ¶·¥¤µ¸É ¢²¥´¨¥ ·Ö¤ ³ É¥·¨ ²µ¢ ¨ ³´µ£µÎ¨¸²¥´´Ò¥ ¤¨¸±Ê¸¸¨¨ ¨ ¤µÍ¥´ÉÊ ‘¥¢¥·µ-‡ ¶ ¤´µ£µ § µÎ´µ£µ ¶µ²¨É¥Ì´¨Î¥¸±µ£µ
¨´¸É¨ÉÊÉ ˆ..¡Ê̵¢µ° § ¡µ²ÓÏÊÕ ¶µ³µÐÓ ¢ ¶µ¤£µÉµ¢±¥ µ¡§µ· ± ¶Ê¡²¨± ͨ¨.
„…‹…ˆ… Ÿ„… ˆ ‚‡ˆŒ„…‰‘’‚ˆˆ ‘ ’Œˆ
367
‘ˆ‘Š ‹ˆ’…’“›
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