FHKDH<KDBCH;S?KL<?GGUCG:MQGUCNHG> Wdhghfbq_kdb_km[t_dlu ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb bgklblmpbhgZevgucZgZeba QZklv=hkm^Zjkl\h\kh\j_f_gghcJhkkbb Ba^Zgb_\lhjh_ bkijZ\e_ggh_b^hiheg_ggh_ Ih^j_^Zdpb_c ^wgijhnJFGmj__\Z Fhkd\Z 2003 J_^ZdpbhggZydhee_]byk_jbb©G_aZ\bkbfucwdhghfbq_kdbcZgZebaª dwg<;;_g_\he_gkdbc^xgQ:Dw^\_ee ^wgEBIhebsmdijhn^wgEBYdh[khg Wdhghfbq_kdb_ km[t_dlu ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb bgklblmpbhgZevguc ZgZeba Ih^ j_^Zdpb_c ^wg ijhn JF Gmj__\Z Ba^Zgb_ \lhjh_bkijZ\e_ggh_b^hiheg_ggh_<lj_oqZklyoQZklvlj_lvy=hkm^Zjkl\h\kh\j_f_gghcJhkkbb J_^ZdpbhggZydhee_]by ^wg JF Gmj__\ ]eZ\guc j_^Zdlhj dwg :< :e_dk__\ ^wg G: DjZ\q_gdh dwg X< EZlh\ dkg BI Ihih\Z ^cg F: RZ[Zgh\Z :\lhjkdbcdhee_dlb\ ^wg ijhn_kkhj aZkem`_gguc jZ[hlgbd <ukr_c rdheu JN JF G m j _ _ \ jmdh\h^bl_ev Z\lhjkdh]h dhee_dlb\Z dwg :< :e_dk__\ dkg ?K ;ZeZ[Zgh\Z dwg BN =_jph] ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev =M-<RW :< >_f_glv_\ dikbog :G >_fbg ^wg A;-> >hg^hdh\ dkg B< >hg^hdh\Z dwg :< ?jfbrbgZ ^wg G: DjZ\q_gdh dwg X< EZlh\ gZmqguc khljm^gbd BK G< EZlh\Z ^wg FX FZedbgZ ^wg E= Fbey_\Z dkg E? I_ljh\Z dkg BI Ihih\Z dwg B< JhafZbgkdbc klij_i =M-<RW :; Jmgh\ dkg :E L_fgbpdbcdwgLI Q_j_fbkbgZ^kgF: RZ[Zgh\ZZkibjZgl=M-<RWK= Rmev]bg Fg_gby\ukdZaZggu_\ba^Zgbyok_jbbhljZ`Zxlbkdexqbl_evghebqgu_\a]ey^uZ\lhjh\bg_ h[yaZl_evghkh\iZ^ZxlkihabpbyfbFhkdh\kdh]hh[s_kl\_ggh]hgZmqgh]hnhg^Zbbeb:]_glkl\Zih f_`^mgZjh^ghfmjZa\blbxKR:USAID). Dgb]ZjZkijhkljZgy_lky[_kieZlgh JFGmj__\ ISBN 5-89554-245-X M>D ;;D W Fhkdh\kdbch[s_kl\_ggucgZmqgucnhg^ KH>?J@:GB? Q:KLV=HKM>:JKL<H<KH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB .......................................................................................................... 6 =eZ\Z HKGH<UBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGH=HIH>OH>:D:G:EBAMJHEB=HKM>:JKL<: ........................... 10 14.1 :gZebabgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^udZdhlijZ\ghcimgdlbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdbamq_gbxjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z .....................10 14.2 Kmsghklvbhkgh\gu_nmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\Z \jughqghcwdhghfbd_klhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z................................................................................................................12 14.3 =hkm^Zjkl\h\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_ dZd]_g_jZlhjbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u ...............................................................................................................................................................14 14.4 Ijh[e_fZbgklblmpbhgZevghcg_Z^_d\Zlghklb jhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z .........................................................................................................................................................................................16 =eZ\Z J?<HEXPBYK<?JOMB?,IHKE?>KL<BY ................................................................................................... 19 15.1 BgklblmludhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcwdhghfbdb..................................................................................................................................19 15.2 Fh^_jgbaZpbykbkl_fu\jZfdZoklZjhckljmdlmju ...................................................................................................................................20 15.3 J_nhjfbjh\Zgb_j_nhjfdhgljj_\hexpbyk\_jom" ................................................................................................................................21 15.3.1 G_h[oh^bfhklvjZ^bdZebaZpbbj_nhjf...............................................................................................................................................21 15.3.2 IheblbdZnbgZgkh\hcklZ[bebaZpbb ...................................................................................................................................................22 15.4 J_amevlZlubgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc\Jhkkbb-o]h^h\ ..............................................................................................................23 15.5 Dgh\hcl_hjbbj_nhjf...................................................................................................................................................................................24 15.5.1 IhiuldZj_ZebaZpbb<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ ........................................................................................................................24 15.5.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dl_hjbbj_nhjf....................................................................................................................................25 =eZ\Z G:A:>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLBBEB<I?J?>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLB"..................... 29 16.1 HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklv dZdwdhghfbq_kdbcbgklblml ..................................................................................................................................................................................29 16.2 HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvijh[e_fuwnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby ...............................................................................31 16.2.1 Wdhghfbq_kdZyijbjh^Zbnmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb .........................................................................................................................................................................................32 16.2.2 KljmdlmjbaZpbyh[t_dlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb..............................................................................................................35 16.2.3 MijZ\ey_fhklvh[t_dlh\]hkkh[kl\_gghklb........................................................................................................................................36 16.2.4 Ihbkdwnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvx ..........................................................................38 16.3 GZaZ^dqZklgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcghf_gdeZlmjghckh[kl\_gghklb"........................................................................................................41 16.4 <i_j_^dqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb"..................................................................................................................................................................44 =eZ\Z=HKM>:JKL<H<K?H;S?=HI?J?J:KIJ?>?E?GBY ................................................................................... 105 17.1 =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_hljZke_\h_j_]mebjh\Zgb_\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb ....................................................................................................105 17.1.1 Ijbqbguj_]mebjh\Zgby......................................................................................................................................................................105 17.1.2 J_]mebjh\Zgb_gZjmr_gb_ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbebki_pbnbq_kdbcdhgljZdl"..........................................................................106 17.1.3 Kihkh[uZ^ZilZpbbj_]mebjm_fuonbjf ..........................................................................................................................................107 17.1.4 Hkh[_gghklbj_]mebjh\Zgby\Jhkkbb ...............................................................................................................................................110 17.1.5 DZdhlj_]mebjh\Zlvkbkl_fmj_]mebjh\Zgby.....................................................................................................................................110 17.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgu_eh\mrdbgZimlbklZgh\e_gby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ.....................................................................................111 17.2.1 L_hj_lbq_kdb_hkgh\u[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ............................................................................................................................111 17.2.2 Fh^bnbdZpbylbih\kh]eZr_gbc\kn_j_[x^`_lgh]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gby .................................................................................116 17.2.3 Ijhy\e_gbyhiihjlmgbafZ\kn_j_f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbcdZdklbfmebgklblmpbhgZevgh]hjZa\blby ...........................121 17.2.4 ;x^`_lgucn_^_jZebafijh[e_fubijhlb\hj_qby.......................................................................................................................123 17.3 Hl]hkm^Zjkl\Z\k_h[s_]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbydkhpbZevghfm ]hkm^Zjkl\m ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................126 17.3.1 Nmgdpbbbf_oZgbafukhpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z .............................................................................................................126 17.3.2 Kf_gZiZjZ^b]fukhpbZevghciheblbdb–hliZl_jgZebafZdeb[_jZebafm.................................................................................127 17.3.3 LjZgknhjfZpbykm[t_dlh\khpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gby .......................................................................................................................128 17.3.4 ;m^ms__JhkkbbkhpbZevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\hbeb" .............................................................................................................................129 =eZ\ZWE?DLHJ:EVGUCPBDEIHBKD IHEBLBQ?KDHCJ?GLU" .......................................................................................................................................................... 131 18.1 J_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ .......................................................................................................131 18.2 L_hjbyiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\........................................................................................................................................................133 18.3 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ......................................................................................................................................................................135 18.3.1 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ[_amq_lZljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d ................................................................................................................................................................................................135 18.3.2 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZkmq_lhfljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d ................................................................................................................................................................................................136 18.4 IhbkdhilbfZevgh]hiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ ................................................................................................................................137 18.4.1 F_oZgbafnhjfbjh\Zgbywe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ..............................................................................................................................137 18.4.2 HilbfZevguciheblbq_kdbc^_eh\hcpbde.......................................................................................................................................139 18.4.3 G_^hklh\_jghklvm]jhaubfibqf_glZ................................................................................................................................................141 =eZ\ZJHKLDBGH<UONMGDPBC=HKM>:JKL<: ...................................................................................................... 144 19.1 AZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbe_]dheb[ulvbg\_klhjhf" .........................................................................................................................144 19.1.1 Fhgblhjbg]\uiheg_gbydhgljZdlh\ ................................................................................................................................................144 19.1.2 :kbff_ljbqghklvbgnhjfZpbbbaZljZlugZ__ij_h^he_gb_ .......................................................................................................145 19.1.3 GZjmr_gbydhgljZdlh\ .......................................................................................................................................................................147 19.1.4 LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db^hklb`_gbykh]eZr_gbc......................................................................................................................148 19.1.5 GZijZ\e_gb_kh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbyaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb ......................................................................................................149 19.2 Nhjfbjh\Zgb_dhgdmj_glghckj_^u\Jhkkbb............................................................................................................................................150 19.2.1 L_hj_lbq_kdb_ih^oh^udZgZebamdhgdmj_gpbb..............................................................................................................................150 19.2.2 IheblbdZ]hkm^Zjkl\Zihih^^_j`d_dhgdmj_gpbb dZdbgklblmpbhgZevgh_ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ ...........................................................................................................................................152 19.2.3 Mkeh\bynhjfbjh\Zgbydhgdmj_glghckj_^u\ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb ....................................................................................................................................................................................................153 19.2.4 JZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbbbbgnjZkljmdlmjZ .........................................................................................................................................155 19.3 Ihiuldbklbfmebjh\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ......................................................................................................................................160 19.3.1 Bg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZbwdhghfbq_kdbcjhkl ..........................................................................................................................161 19.3.2 JZa\blb_bbebjhklbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju ........................................................................................................................165 19.3.3 Bggh\ZpbhggZyiheblbdZ ...................................................................................................................................................................166 A:DEXQ?GB?. Dm^Z`gZfieulv" ............................................................................................................................................. 169 Mqblvkymqblvkybmqblvky«dZiblZebafm ............................................................................................................................................169 1. KbeZbkeZ[hklvjhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZgZimlbd 2. gZpbhgZevghcrdhe_...............................................................................................................................................................................................173 Dhg_pbkgh\ZgZqZeh .................................................................................................................................................................................178 3. H]eZ\e_gb_fhgh]jZnbb.........................................................................................................................................................................................294 =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z =eZ\Z Q:KLV=HKM>:JKL<H<KH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB Ij_^u^msb_ qZklb gZr_]h bkke_^h\Zgby [ueb gZijZ\e_gu gZ ZgZeba lh]h dZd f_gy_lky ih\_^_gb_ hkgh\guo fbdjhwdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ dZd nhjfbjmxlky gh\u_ ghjfu b ijZ\beZ \ mkeh\byo jZ^bdZevgh]h baf_g_gby fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhckj_^ukdhlhjh]hbgZqZekyijhp_kkkbkl_fghcljZgknhjfZpbbjhkkbckdh]hh[s_kl\ZDZdihdZau\Z_l hiul Jhkkbb fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdb_ f_ju \h\k_ g_ hdZau\Zxl lh]h ijyfh]h b g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ Z]_glh\ fbdjhwdhghfbdbdhlhjh_bfij_^ibkZgh\ljZ^bpbhgghcwdhghfbq_kdhciZjZ^b]f_KlZg^ZjlgucgZ[hjj_dhf_g^Zpbc^ey i_j_oh^Z d jugdm eb[_jZebaZpby nbgZgkh\Zy klZ[bebaZpby ijb\ZlbaZpby \hafh`gu \ZjbZglu fgh]h b kjZam beb g_[hevrbfb ^haZfb l_ rhdh\Zy l_jZiby beb ]jZ^mZebaf bkiulZgguc \ jZaguo \ZjbZglZo ijb\_e \ jZaebqguo ihklkhpbZebklbq_kdbokljZgZodhq_gvjZagufj_amevlZlZfIhiulZ_fky\uykgblvdZdmxjhev\mki_o_bebg_mki_o_gZrbo j_nhjfku]jZekZfbobgbpbZlhj <gZqZe_ljZgknhjfZpbbbf_gghkms_kl\mxsbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucZiiZjZlijZ\bl_evkl\h\uklmibebgbpbZlhjhf kbkl_fguo baf_g_gbc klZe ^_klZ[bebabjmxsbf mklhy\rbcky wdhghfbq_kdbc ihjy^hd nZdlhjhf Lj_lvy aZdexqbl_evgZy qZklv fhgh]jZnbb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihiuldm ijh\_klb bgklblmpbhgZevgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ dZd kh[kl\_ggh baf_g_gbc fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhckj_^ulZdb]eZ\gufh[jZahfljZgknhjfZpbbkZfh]h]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdhkh[h]hjh^Zhj]ZgbaZpbb Ljm^ghklv ihklZ\e_gghc aZ^Zqb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh g_evay jZkkfZljb\Zlv kms_kl\mxs__ \ ihklkh\_lkdhf h[s_kl\_]hkm^Zjkl\hdZdg_dh_p_eh_^eydhlhjh]h\hafh`ghmklhcqb\h_kms_kl\h\Zgb_p_e_cijbhjbl_lh\f_oZgbafh\ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh_ ijh\_^_gb_ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c iheblbdb b l^ Jhkkbckdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h -o ]] y\ey_lky dZd fu iheZ]Z_fg_mklhcqb\ufgZ[hjhfnhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\k^h\hevghdhjhldbfi_jbh^hfkms_kl\h\Zgby gZoh^ysboky ih^ kbevguf \ebygb_f eh[[bklh\ jZaebqguo ]jmii \ebygby fgh]b_ ba dhlhjuo hklZxlky eb[h kdjulufb eb[h g_e_]Zevgufb I_j_q_gv lZdh]h jh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bgklblmlh\ \_ebd gh \ gZb[he__ h[s_f \b^_ bo fh`gh jZa^_eblvgZke_^mxsb_ljb]jmiiu 1) BgklblmlumgZke_^h\Zggu_baijhreh]h: ZnhjfZevgu_–kbkl_fZljm^h\uohlghr_gbci_gkbhggZykbkl_fZa^jZ\hhojZg_gb_bh[jZah\Zgb_ [ g_nhjfZevgu_ – h`b^Zgby iZl_jgZebafZ hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd kh klhjhgu ^hfhohayckl\ lZd b kh klhjhgu ij_^ijbylbcl_g_\hck_dlhjwdhghfbdb 2) Gh\u_ jughqgu_ bgklblmlu ij_bfms_kl\_ggh nhjfZevgu_ qZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv jugdb lh\Zjh\ ^_g_] dZiblZeZg_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZynbgZgkh\Zykbkl_fZf_oZgbafu[Zgdjhlkl\Zb^j 3) Gh\u_d\Zabjughqgu_bgklblmluij_bfms_kl\_gghg_nhjfZevgu_ dhlhju_hljZ`Zxlijhp_kkuZ^ZilZpbb wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ d g_ijbylguf ^ey gbo bgklblmpbhgZevguf baf_g_gbyf [Zjl_j f_oZgbafu moh^Z hl gZeh]h\ q_jgucgZeblZd^Ze__ Keh`gu_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m wlbfb bgklblmlZfb hklZxlky g_ba\_klghc dhfihg_glhc \ebyxs_c g_ lhevdh gZ ijbgylb_ l_o beb bguo j_r_gbc gZ mjh\g_ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z b ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ p_ehf gh b ]eZ\gh_ gZ j_Zdpbb b kljZl_]bb Z^ZilZpbbjZaebqguomqZklgbdh\jugdZdbaf_g_gbyfbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u LZdbf h[jZahf kh\j_f_ggh_ ihklkh\_lkdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h ih^h[gh ^\mebdhfm Ygmkm h^bg ebd dhlhjh]h ]ey^bl \ ijhreh_Z^jm]hc–\[m^ms__?kebj_adh_jZajmr_gb_klZjhcbgklblmpbhgZevghckbkl_fup_gljZebah\ZgghmijZ\ey_fhc wdhghfbdb ijhbahreh \ hlghkbl_evgh k`Zlu_ kjhdb lh ijhp_kk nhjfbjh\Zgby gh\hc kbkl_fu bgklblmlh\ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^ebl_evguc b keh`guc ijhp_kk <aZbfh^_ckl\b_ ljZ^bpbhgguo bgklblmlh\ k gh\ufb ^_fhgkljbjm_l ]Zffm \ZjbZglh\ – hl bkq_agh\_gby ljZ^bpbhggh]h bgklblmlZ aZf_s_gby bkoh^guo hlghr_gbc gh\uf lbihf Z^ZilZpbb b Zkkbfbeypbx \iehlv ^h ihegh]h hllhj`_gby ijb\g_k_ggh]h ba\g_ bgklblmlZ Ljm^ghklb klZgh\e_gby gh\uo lbih\ \aZbfh^_ckl\bcmkm]m[eyxlkyl_fqlhnhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguoghjfbijZ\beijhbkoh^bl\hfgh]hfkihglZgghgZm]Z^\ hlkmlkl\bb ij_^klZ\e_gbc h `_eZ_fhc dhgnb]mjZpbb bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z \ mkeh\byo h[hklj_gby ^_kljmdlb\guoijhp_kkh\\wdhghfbd_bh[s_kl\_ >\hckl\_ggZy ijbjh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dhlhjh_ k h^ghc klhjhgu \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ hkgh\gh]h ]_g_jZlhjZ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u ih djZcg_c f_j_ \ h[eZklb nhjfZevguo ghjf b ijZ\be Z k ^jm]hc – y\ey_lky h^gbf ba Zdlb\guo mqZklgbdh\ jughqguo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc ijbh[j_lZ_l hkh[_ggh dhgnebdlgu_ nhjfu \ i_jbh^ kbkl_fghc ljZgknhjfZpbbqlhijb\h^bldijhlb\hj_qbxp_e_cbiheblbd Ihbkdj_glujZaebqgu_nhjfuhiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gbyoZjZdl_jgu_dZd^ey]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hZiiZjZlZ lZd b ^ey \aZbfhhlghr_gbc f_`^m nbjfZfb [bag_khf b ]hkm^Zjkl\hf f_`^m km[t_dlZfb N_^_jZpbb b p_gljhf \uklmiZxl \g_rgbfb ijhy\e_gbyfb bkdZ`_gghc k lhqdb aj_gby ^he]hkjhqghc i_jki_dlb\u jZa\blby h[s_kl\Z bgklblmpbhgZevghckljmdlmjuG_ihkj_^kl\_ggufj_amevlZlhfkms_kl\mxs_]hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hmkljhckl\ZklZgh\blky jhkl ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d \f_kl_ k m\_ebq_gb_f [xjhdjZlbq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ b jZkrbj_gb_f \hafh`ghkl_c ^ey dhjjmipbb H[sZyeh]bdZlj_lv_]hjZa^_eZlZdh\ZhlZgZebaZ\hafh`ghkl_cbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z\ihgbfZgbbp_e_cb nmgdpbc]hkm^Zjkl\Z\mkeh\byoljZgknhjfZpbb]eZ\Zdh[s_fmh[ahjmjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\ih^]hlh\d_bijh\_^_gbb j_nhjf ]eZ\Z aZl_f d bkke_^h\Zgbx hkgh\guo f_oZgbafh\ ^_yl_evghklb ihklkh\_lkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z – klZjuo mgZke_^h\Zgguohlkh\_lkdh]hh[s_kl\Z]eZ\ubgh\uoZ^_d\Zlguojughqghfmohayckl\m]eZ\Z<-c]eZ\_ ^_eZ_lky Zdp_gl gZ nmgdpbyo i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby qlh aZdhghf_jgh klZ\bl \hijhk h[ hilbfZevghf iheblbq_kdhf ^_eh\hf pbde_ dhlhjuc jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \ -c ]eZ\_ WlZ ]eZ\Z kem`bl fhklbdhf f_`^m ZgZebahf i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby kms_kl\mxsbo [eZ] b bamq_gb_f khab^Zl_evguo gZqZe ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb jhkldb dhlhjuo jZkkfZljb\Zxlky \ ihke_^g_c]eZ\_fhgh]jZnbb < q_lujgZ^pZlhc ]eZ\_ B< JhafZbgkdbc FX FZedbgZ) ^Z_lky h[sZy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z d ZgZebam jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ jughqguo b i_j_oh^guo wdhghfbq_kdbo kbkl_fZo Kh]eZkgh bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb ]hkm^Zjkl\h y\ey_lky ij_`^_ \k_]h ]_g_jZlhjhf bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u dhlhjZy hij_^_ey_l h]jZgbq_gby \u[hjZohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\nhjfbjm_lbokljmdlmjmklbfmeh\bij_^ihql_gbc\eby_lgZkhhl\_lkl\mxsmxkl_i_gv jZpbhgZevghklbih\_^_gbykihkh[kl\m_ldhhj^bgZpbb^_ckl\bcbkgb`Z_lkl_i_gvg_hij_^_e_gghklb=hkm^Zjkl\hfh`gh hij_^_eblv ihwlhfm dZd gZ[hj g_jughqguo bgklblmlh\ ijbgylby j_r_gbc <Z`g_cr_c oZjZdl_jbklbdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd hj]ZgbaZpbb hkh[h]h jh^Z y\ey_lky _]h ^\hckl\_ggZy ijbjh^Z k h^ghc klhjhgu hgh kZfh nhjfbjm_l ijZ\beZ b]ju k ^jm]hc–^he`ghbfih^qbgylvky=eZ\gufbbawlboijZ\bey\eyxlkyijZ\beZk\yaZggu_khki_pbnbdZpb_cbaZsblhcijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb Z lZd`_ kh[ex^_gb_f dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ [_a q_]h jughqgh_ ohayckl\h g_ fh`_l ghjfZevgh kms_kl\h\Zlv < i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ]hkm^Zjkl\h ijba\Zgh \uklmiZlv \ dZq_kl\_ bgbpbZlhjZ baf_g_gbc bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^uZlZd`_^he`ghih^^_j`b\Zlvkha^Zgb_dhgdmj_glghcZevl_jgZlb\ubgklblmpbhgZevguf eh\mrdZf >ey i_j_oh^Z jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb gZ imlv ih^ebggh]h jZa\blby g_h[oh^bfu g_ lhevdh ijZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ohayckl\_gghc `bagb b k\yaZggh_ k wlbf kha^Zgb_ wnn_dlb\guo ijZ\be b]ju gh b jZ^bdZevgZy kf_gZ h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb ij_^iheZ]ZxsZy j_adbc khpbZevguc hkljZdbaf \ hlghr_gbb l_g_\uo \b^h\ ^_yl_evghklb b ihhsjyxsZyq_klgucbkhab^Zl_evgucljm^ < iylgZ^pZlhc ]eZ\_ :< >_f_glv_\ ijh\h^blky j_ljhki_dlb\guc ZgZeba iheblbdb ijh\_^_gby jhkkbckdbo j_nhjfOhlybf_gghjhkkbckdh_]hkm^Zjkl\hbgbpbbjh\Zehihiuldbjughqghcfh^_jgbaZpbbhghmgZke_^h\Zehhlk\h_]h kh\_lkdh]h ijhreh]h fgh]hqbke_ggu_ bgklblmlu nhjfbjmxsb_ _]h \ukhdmx bg_jpbhgghklv Wlh b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy h[s_gZjh^gZy kh[kl\_gghklv gZ kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z b hlkmlkl\b_ \h fgh]bo hljZkeyo jZ\gh\_kguo p_g b jughqguo kb]gZeh\ aZf_gy_fuo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf j_]mebjh\Zgb_f p_g b p_gljZebah\Zgguf jZaf_s_gb_f j_kmjkh\ Mklhcqb\hklv lZdh]h jh^Z kbkl_fu [Zabjm_lky gZ kms_kl\h\Zgbb [xjhdjZlbq_kdh]h jugdZ hljZ`Zxs_]h bgklblmpbhgZebaZpbx nhjf Z^ZilZpbb wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ d lZdhc kljmdlmj_ Z lZd`_ gZ k\h_]h jh^Z klZ[bebaZlhjZo iha\hey\rbo k]eZ`b\Zlv __ g_^hklZldb < l_q_gb_ ^ebl_evgh]h i_jbh^Z iheblbdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ h[eZklb bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby [ueZ g_hij_^_e_gghc qlh kha^Zeh ^ey wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ \hafh`ghklv Z^Zilbjh\Zlvky d kms_kl\mxs_c g_^hj_nhjfbjh\Zgghc kljmdlmj_ k bkdZ`_ggufb kb]gZeZfb b klbfmeZfb ijh\hpbjmxs_c \hagbdgh\_gb_ bgklblmpbhgZevguo eh\mr_d L_f g_ f_g__ bgklblmpbhgZevguc [Zabk hij_^_eyxsbc jZfdb j_Zevgh kms_kl\mxs_c \ gZklhys__\j_fywdhghfbdbb\hafh`ghklb^ey__^Zevg_cr_]hj_nhjfbjh\Zgbym`_knhjfbjh\Zgbkl_j`g_f_]hfh`gh kqblZlvkha^Zgb_bgklblmlZgZpbhgZevghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklbihy\e_gb_qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb\j_amevlZl_ijb\ZlbaZpbb aZij_l gZ i_j_kfhlj j_amevlZlh\ dhlhjhc iha\hey_l kqblZlv jughqgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby g_h[jZlbfufb jZa\blb_ nbgZgkh\hckbkl_fuihy\e_gb_jugdh\lh\Zjh\ljm^ZbdZiblZeZ R_klgZ^pZlZy ]eZ\Z :< ?jfbrbgZ JF Gmj__\ b :; Jmgh\ 3, ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihiuldm bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ klZgh\e_gby bgklblmlZ qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb < dZq_kl\_ ]eZ\gh]h iheblbq_kdh]hZdlhjZijhp_kkZijb\ZlbaZpbbjZkkfZljb\Z_lkyiZjlbcgh-ohayckl\_ggZyghf_gdeZlmjZZ\dZq_kl\_]eZ\gh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h j_amevlZlZ __ ^_yl_evghklb - hklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv <i_j\u_ hklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvljZdlm_lkyg_lhevdhdZdxjb^bq_kdZynhjfZghbdZdwdhghfbq_kdbcbgklblmlIhdZaZgu ijbqbgu nhjfu b ihke_^kl\by g_wnn_dlb\ghklb mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx :gZebabjm_lky ^\Z \hafh`guo \ZjbZglZ __ jZa\blby – gZaZ^ d qZklghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ghf_gdeZlmjghc kh[kl\_gghklb b \i_j_^ d gZklhys_c qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb IhdZau\Zxlky hkh[_gghklb b ihke_^kl\by bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ijh_dlbjh\Zgby h[hbo \ZjbZglh\jZa\blby < k_fgZ^pZlhc ]eZ\_ :< ?jfbrbgZ §1, FX FZedbgZ § 2, A;-> >hg^hdh\ b B< >hg^hdh\Z ih^jh[gh jZkkfZljb\Zxlky gZb[he__ \Z`gu_ jm^bf_glu klZjuo nmgdpbc \hkijhba\h^ysb_ky \ gh\hf ihklkh\_lkdhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ dhff_jpbZebabjh\Zgguo hljZke_c i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ nbgZgkh\uo kj_^kl\ b khpbZevgZy iheblbdZ Dhg_qgh wlb nmgdpbb g_evay ljZdlh\Zlv lhevdh dZd jm^bf_glZjgu_ ihkdhevdm hgb \uihegyxlky b kh\j_f_ggufb ]hkm^Zjkl\Zfb \ jZa\bluo kljZgZo H^gZdh bf_ggh \ wlbo \b^Zo ^_yl_evghklb i_j_`bldb kh\_lkdh]h ijhreh]hijhke_`b\ZxlkygZb[he__j_ev_ngh GZqZevgu_ iZjZ]jZnu wlhc ]eZ\u ihk\ys_gu ijh[e_fZf hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb b ijyfh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby < ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb khojZgy_lky h]jhfgh_ qbkeh h[t_dlh\ dhlhju_ hlebqZxlky hj]ZgbaZpbhgguf b ijZ\h\uf fgh]hh[jZab_f Hkgh\ghc ijh[e_fhc \ wlhc h[eZklb y\ey_lky keh`ghklv wnn_dlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby H^gZdh kms_kl\mxl f_oZgbafu dhlhju_ iha\heyxl hlqZklb dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv \ebygb_ ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb bgl_j_kh\ beb hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby Z]_glh\ Ij_`^_ \k_]h wlh j_ZevgZy \hafh`ghklv kf_gy_fhklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo Ohly \ mijZ\e_gbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx ]eZ\gZy jhev ijbgZ^e_`bl kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx nhjfZevguo ijZ\be h^gZdh bf_ggh a^_kv fh]ml bf_lv [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu hdZau\Zxsb_ijyfh_bdhk\_ggh_j_]mebjmxs__\ha^_ckl\b_gZh[t_dlu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb<Z`gh_agZq_gb_ bf__l lZd`_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ b^_heh]bb ij_iylkl\mxs_c hiihjlmgbklbq_kdhfm ih\_^_gbx b kha^Zgbx bgklblmlh\ h[s_kl\_ggh]hdhgljhey JhkkbckdZy kblmZpby oZjZdl_jbam_lky gbadhc nhjfZebaZpb_c dhgljZdlguo hlghr_gbc Wlh kem`bl bklhqgbdhf ijhlb\hj_qb\hklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby LZd fgh]bf j_]mebjm_fuf hljZkeyf \ i_jbh^ i_j_oh^Z d jugdm ]hkm^Zjkl\hf [ueb hij_^_e_gu \aZbfhbkdexqZsb_ jheb - h[_ki_qb\Zlv wdhghfbq_kdbc ih^t_f b jZa\blb_ wdhghfbdb b h^gh\j_f_ggh kem`blv hkgh\guf bklhqgbdhf ^hoh^h\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h [x^`_lZ \k_o mjh\g_c Z lZd`_ h[_ki_qblv \uiheg_gb_ khpbZevguo nmgdpbc <hagbd bfiebpblguc dhgljZdl f_`^m keZ[uf ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b kbevgufb aZbgl_j_kh\Zggufb ]jmiiZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\h h[_ki_qb\Z_l km[t_dlZf bgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZke_c \hafh`ghklv ihemqZlv fhghihevgmx j_glm \ h[f_g gZ h[_ki_q_gb_ fbgbfZevgh]h mjh\gy khpbZevghc klZ[bevghklb \ kljZg_ b nbgZgkh\hc khklhyl_evghklb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[x^`_lZb[x^`_lguohj]ZgbaZpbc L_fZlbdZke_^mxs_]hiZjZ]jZnZho\Zlu\Z_lij_`^_\k_]hkn_jm[x^`_lgh]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ KlZgh\e_gb_ f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \ Jhkkbb jZkkfZljb\Z_lky kd\hav ijbafm bklhjbb kha^Zgby gh\h]h dhgljZdlgh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Zijbgpbihf\aZbfhhlghr_gbc\dhlhjhfy\ey_lkyn_^_jZebafHkh[_gghklvxl_dms_ckblmZpbb y\ey_lky g_jZ\_gkl\h hlghr_gbc P_gljZ k km[t_dlZfb N_^_jZpbb ijb wlhf nhjfZevgh_ jZ\ghijZ\b_ km[t_dlh\ hij_^_e_ggh_ dhgklblmpb_c ^hihegy_lky ^h]h\hjguf ijbgpbihf \aZbfhhlghr_gbc j_kim[ebd k p_gljhf G_mklhcqb\hklv bgklblmlh\ f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc kihkh[kl\m_l jZa\blbx wdhghfbq_kdh]h hiihjlmgbafZ dhlhjuc ijhy\ey_lky \ hldZa_ hl i_j_qbke_gby gZeh]h\ \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l ihiuldZo mklZgh\blv [Zjv_ju gZ j_]bhgZevguo jugdZo aZdj_ie_gbb \ j_]bhgZevguo aZdhgZo iheghfhqbc ijyfh ijhlb\hj_qZsbo Dhgklblmpbb JN b l^ H^gZdh ijhy\e_gby hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby b kp_gZjbb \aZbfhhlghr_gbc j_]bhgh\ k P_gljhf g_evay jZkkfZljb\Zlv bkdexqbl_evgh \ g_]Zlb\ghf ieZg_ – dZd j_amevlZl g_^hklZlhqghc ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b g_jZa\blhklb dhgljZdlguo hlghr_gbc Hiihjlmgbklbq_kdb_ nhjfu ih\_^_gby y\eyebkv ijh^mdlhf g_wnn_dlb\ghklb mklZj_\rbo bgklblmlh\ g_ kihkh[guo nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv \ gh\hc kj_^_ Bf_ggh [eZ]h^Zjy Z g_ \hij_db lZdbf \b^Zf ih\_^_gby ijhbkoh^be hl[hj gh\uo bgklblmlh\ dhlhju_ iha\heyeb khojZgblv p_ehklghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Imlb mkbe_gby gZqZe [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ k\yaZgu kh klZgh\e_gb_f kbkl_fu nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ dhlhju_ g_ h]jZgbqb\Zxlky lhevdh \ujZ[hldhc aZdhgh^Zl_evguo ghjf gZijZ\e_gguo gZ hij_^_e_gb_ h[sbo ijbgpbih\ hj]ZgbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklbjZa]jZgbq_gbbij_^f_lh\\_^_gbybiheghfhqbcgh\dexqZxl^_ckl\b_f_oZgbafh\hl\_lkl\_gghklbaZgZjmr_gb_ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Ke_^mxsbc iZjZ]jZn ihk\ys_g bkke_^h\Zgbx ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc khpbZevghc iheblbdb KhpbZevgu_ ijhp_kku \ Jhkkbb -o ]] oZjZdl_jbamxlky baf_g_gb_f \aZbfhhlghr_gbc f_`^m ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b hl^_evgufb qe_gZfb h[s_kl\Z =hkm^Zjkl\h \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb kgyeh k k_[y hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ h[_ki_q_gb_ mkeh\bc h[s_kl\_ggh]h jZa\blby qlh ijb\_ehdj_adhfmiZ^_gbx^h\_jbyd]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufkljmdlmjZfbijh\h^bfhcbfbiheblbd_<mkeh\byokh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc fh^_jgbaZpbb gZ[ex^Z_lky ijhp_kk h^gh\j_f_ggh]h aZjh`^_gby b klZgh\e_gby ij_^ihkuehd khpbZevghc hjb_glZpbbwdhghfbdbnhjfbjh\Zgbywe_f_glh\]jZ`^Zgkdh]hh[s_kl\Z^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]hiheblbq_kdh]hj_`bfZghijb khojZg_gbb bgklblmlh\ khpbZevghc aZsblu b h[_ki_q_gby Z^_d\Zlguo kh\_lkdhfm i_jbh^m ^ey dhlhjuo hij_^_eyxsbfb ijbagZdZfby\eyebkv]hkm^Zjkl\_gguciZl_jgZebafbmjZ\gbl_evghklv <\hk_fgZ^pZlhc]eZ\_K= Rmev]bgijh\h^blkykjZ\gbl_evgucZgZebakms_kl\mxsbol_hj_lbq_kdboih^oh^h\ d ijh[e_f_ ihbkdZ j_glu dhlhjZy jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd ba\e_q_gb_ ^hoh^Z [_a kha^Zgby ^h[Z\e_gghc klhbfhklb Wnn_dlb\ghklv lZdh]h jh^Z dhgljijh^mdlb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb aZ\bkbl hl jZaf_jh\ ^_ebfh]h ibjh]Z b dhebq_kl\Z \h\e_q_gguo \ j_glhbkdZl_evkl\h b]jhdh\ G_hbgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ d bkke_^h\Zgbx j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]h ih\_^_gby \u^_ey_l \ dZq_kl\_ ijbqbg kms_kl\h\Zgby iheblbq_kdhc j_glu g_iheghlm b Zkbff_ljbqghklv bgnhjfZpbb Z lZd`_ g_^hklZlhqgmx ki_pbnbdZpbx ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb gZ qZklgu_ [eZ]Z ij_^klZ\ey_fu_ h[s_kl\_gguf k_dlhjhf JZkkfhlj_g\hijhk\ebygby\hafh`ghkl_cihihbkdmj_glugZnhjfbjh\Zgb_iheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ NbgZevgZy ^_\ylgZ^pZlZy ]eZ\Z G: DjZ\q_gdh §1, 3, :< >_f_glv_\ b B< JhafZbgkdbc jZkkfZljb\Z_l \ dZdhc kl_i_gb ihklkh\_lkdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \uihegy_l l_ nmgdpbb dhlhju_ ^he`gu klZlv ^ey g_]h kZfufb \Z`gufb ihkdhevdmbf_gghhgbZ^_d\Zlgujughqghckbkl_f_ohayckl\Z GZqZevguc iZjZ]jZn wlhc ]eZ\u jZkkfZljb\Z_l kms_kl\mxsb_ nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu aZsblu [_ahiZkghklb b ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb ijbf_gbl_evgh d ijZ\Zf bg\_klhjh\ < l_q_gb_ i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z [ueb aZeh`_gu ohlybg_kh\_jr_ggu_hkgh\uijZ\h\hcaZsblumqZklgbdh\jugdZH^gZdhdZdihdZau\Z_lijZdlbdZgZebqb_nhjfZevguo ghjf b ijZ\be ^Z`_ ih^dj_ie_ggh_ ki_pbZevgh kha^Zggufb kljmdlmjZfb g_ y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqguf ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijhbahrebbaf_g_gby\h[eZklbijbf_g_gbywlboghjf<qZklghklbnhjfZevgh_gZebqb_]ZjZglbcaZsbluijZ\bg\_klhjh\ g_ y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqguf ^ey bo aZsblu L_f g_ f_g__ ijhp_kk klZgh\e_gby hlkmlkl\h\Z\rbo jZg__ f_oZgbafh\ aZsblu ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbihkl_i_gghjZa\b\Z_lkybl_fiu_]h^h\hevgh\ukhdbGZkdhevdhmki_rghb[ukljh[m^_lijhbkoh^blv nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kbkl_fu aZsblu ijZ\ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ih gZr_fm fg_gbx \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb aZ\bkbl hl jZa\blby g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ - ghjf b ijZ\be \aZbfh^_ckl\bc b bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k nhjfZevgufb ijZ\beZfb JZa\blb_ g_ijZ\h\uo b \g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bgklblmlh\ aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb y\ey_lkyhq_\b^ghcm]jhahckdhlhjhck\yaZgh khojZg_gb_keh`b\r_ckykblmZpbb <ke_^mxs_fiZjZ]jZn_ZgZebabjm_lky^_yl_evghklv]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZd]_g_jZlhjZdhgdmj_glghckj_^uHkgh\gufb nmgdpbyfb dhgdmj_gpbb \ mkeh\byo h]jZgbq_gghc jZpbhgZevghklb wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ y\ey_lky h[_ki_q_gb_ fgh]hh[jZabynhjfohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbgZjugd_ZlZd`_k_e_dpbygZb[he__wnn_dlb\guoj_r_gbcbhj]ZgbaZpbc < ieZgh\hc wdhghfbd_ n_ghf_g dhgdmj_gpbb \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb oZjZdl_j_g ^ey kn_ju jZkij_^_e_gby qlh ijhy\ey_lky \ nhjf_ [hjv[u aZ ijbk\h_gb_ j_glu Kbkl_fZ \ dhlhjhc ij_h[eZ^Zxl klbfmeu d lZdh]h jh^Z g_ijhba\h^bl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb \ dhlhjhc jZkij_^_ebl_evgZy wnn_dlb\ghklv hdZau\Z_lky [he__ \ukhdhc ih kjZ\g_gbx k ijhba\h^kl\_gghc kdehggZ d kZfhih^^_j`b\Zgbx l_dms_c bgklblmpbhgZevghc fZljbpu <hagbdZ_l lZd gZau\Z_fuc wnn_dl [ehdbjh\db ihjh`^Z_fucaZ\bkbfhklvxih\_^_gbywdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\hlbgklblmpbhgZevguojZfhd\dhlhjuohgb\hagbdebqlh hagZqZ_l\hkijhba\h^kl\hg_jZ\guomkeh\bcdhgdmj_gpbbjZaebqgh]hjh^ZZ^fbgbkljZlb\gu_[Zjv_ju[Zjv_ju\oh^ZgZ jughd Wlh lj_[m_l hl ijZ\bl_evkl\Z [he__ j_rbl_evguo b ihke_^h\Zl_evguo ^_ckl\bc \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^udhlhjZykihkh[kl\m_l^hfbgbjh\Zgbxklbfmeh\dih\ur_gbxijhba\h^bl_evghcwnn_dlb\ghklb gZ^klj_fe_gb_fihemqblvdZdb_-eb[hjZkij_^_ebl_evgu_ij_bfms_kl\ZIjZdlbdZ^_yl_evghklbZglbfhghihevguohj]Zgh\ \ h[eZklb ih^^_j`db dhgdmj_gpbb b hnbpbZevgZy klZlbklbdZ mdZau\Zxl gZ \ukhdmx kl_i_gv fhghihebaZpbb lh\Zjguo jugdh\ b gZ rbjhdhfZkrlZ[gmx ijhlb\hijZ\gmx fhghihebklbq_kdmx ^_yl_evghklv \ Jhkkbb Wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_^hklZlhqghc ijZ\h\hc [Za_ j_]mebjh\Zgby b g_h[oh^bfhklb ih\ur_gby wnn_dlb\ghklb km^hijhba\h^kl\Z b bkiheg_gby km^_[guo j_r_gbc =hkm^Zjkl\h hdZau\Z_lky b ]eZ\guf lhjfhahf jZa\blby _keb hgh g_ \ khklhygb_ h[_ki_qblv g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhggucoZjZdl_jk\hbo\aZbfhhlghr_gbck[bag_khfb]ZjZglbjh\ZlvaZsblmijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb < nbgZevghf iZjZ]jZn_ ^_\ylgZ^pZlhc ]eZ\u bkke_^m_lky iheblbdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ h[eZklb klbfmebjh\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ Mklhcqb\h_ jZa\blb_ bf__l fgh`_kl\h p_e_c Kj_^b gbo jhkl ^hoh^Z gZ ^mrm gZk_e_gby y\ey_lky ebrvh^ghcbafgh]boaZ^ZqjZa\blbydhlhju_\dexqZxljhkldZq_kl\Z`bagbdZdaZkq_lkgb`_gbyklhbfhklbqZklguo[eZ] bjZkrbj_gbyh[s_kl\_gguo[eZ]lZdbaZkq_lk]eZ`b\Zgbyg_jZ\ghf_jghklbjZkij_^_e_gbykha^Zggh]h^hoh^ZKihabpbc bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ lhevdh bf__l kjZ\gbl_evgu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z \ hkms_kl\e_gbb bggh\Zpbc bf_xsbo oZjZdl_j h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] gh b h[_ki_qb\Z_l \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m ijZ\bl_evkl\hf qZklguf k_dlhjhf g_ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb b ^jm]bfb we_f_glZfb ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z < mkeh\byo kbkl_fghc ljZgknhjfZpbb ijZ\bl_evkl\h y\ey_lky h^ghc ba g_fgh]bo dhgkheb^bjmxsbo kbe b ^ey p_e_c jZa\blby hgh ^he`gh \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb \aylv gZ k_[y nmgdpbb ih^^_j`db klZgh\e_gby b wnn_dlb\gh]h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby qZklgh]h k_dlhjZ Z lZd`_h[_ki_q_gbyklZ[bevghklbwdhghfbdbij_^kdZam_fhklvbhij_^_e_gghklvbaf_g_gbc\aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_h]jZgbq_gby ki_dmeypbc ij_^mij_`^_gb_ djbabkh\ b kgb`_gby g_jZ\ghf_jghklb jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ f_`^m ]jZ`^ZgZfb b l_jjblhjbyfb ;_amkeh\gh wlh g_h[oh^bfu_ gh \jy^ eb ^hklZlhqgu_ mkeh\by ^ey jZa\blby Kha^Zgb_ mkeh\bc ^ey gZjZsb\Zgby b Zdlb\baZpbb bggh\Zpbhggh]h ihl_gpbZeZ ij_^klZ\ey_lky hij_^_eyxsbf nZdlhjhf jZa\blby ^ey gZr_c kljZgu LZd dZd hkgh\gZy fZkkZ bggh\Zpbc ]_g_jbjm_lky aZ kq_l \aZbfh^_ckl\by ^\mo khklZ\eyxsbo \ dZq_kl\_ dhlhjuo \uklmiZxl \hafh`ghklb kha^Z\Z_fu_ gh\hc l_ogbdhc b l_ogheh]b_c b ]hlh\ghklv d bo \hkijbylbx kh klhjhgu ihlj_[bl_e_c lh ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc aZ^Zq_c y\ey_lky khab^Zl_evgZy ^_yl_evghklv ih h[hbf mihfygmluf gZijZ\e_gbyf Ke_^h\Zl_evgh hkgh\gu_ mkbeby kh klhjhgu j_]mebjmxsbo b mijZ\eyxsbo hj]Zgh\ gZ^h khkj_^hlhqblv g_ klhevdh \ h[eZklb ihbkdZ gh\uo bklhqgbdh\ bg\_klbpbc kdhevdh \ kha^Zgbb f_oZgbafh\ ih\ur_gby bo wnn_dlb\ghklb d qbkem dhlhjuohlghkblkyklbfmebjh\Zgb_kha^Zgbyjughqguobgklblmlh\ Ijh^_eZgguc ZgZeba iha\hey_l k^_eZlv \u\h^ h lhf qlh ih\ur_gb_ jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ kha^Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevguo ij_^ihkuehd ^ey jZa\blby jughqghc wdhghfbdb kha^Zkl gZ^_`gu_ ij_^ihkuedb ^ey wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZbijhp\_lZgbygZr_ckljZgu\XXI\_d_ =eZ\Z HKGH<UBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGH=HIH>OH>: D:G:EBAMJHEB=HKM>:JKL<: 14.1 :gZebabgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^udZdhlijZ\ghcimgdlbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdbamq_gbx jheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z BgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam ]hkm^Zjkl\Z1 - lZd `_ dZd b d ZgZebam ^jm]bo ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ hlebqZ_lky hl g_hdeZkkbq_kdh]h Kh]eZkgh g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb ]hkm^Zjkl\h lj_[m_lky lhevdh \ hkh[uo kemqZyo ijh\Zeh\ jugdZ Wlh lZdb_ kemqZb \ dhlhjuo jughd g_ \ khklhygbb h[_ki_qblv wnn_dlb\gh_ jZaf_s_gb_ j_kmjkh\ H[uqgh\u^_eyxlkyq_luj_kemqZyijh\Zeh\jugdZfhghiheby\g_rgb_wnn_dluh[s_kl\_ggu_[eZ]ZZkbff_ljbqgZy bgnhjfZpby2 <h \k_o wlbo kemqZyo \f_rZl_evkl\h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z - khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ \b^_ j_]mebjh\Zgby ^_yl_evghklb fhghihebc mkljZg_gby \g_rgbo wnn_dlh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] h[_ki_q_gby jZ\ghf_jgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby bgnhjfZpbb f_`^m dhgljZ]_glZfb - iha\hey_l ^h[blvky memqr_gby ih IZj_lh l_ ^hklbqv hilbfZevgh]h jZaf_s_gby j_kmjkh\ LZdbfh[jZahfbag_hdeZkkbq_kdhcl_hjbbke_^m_lqlhjughqgZywdhghfbdZ[_a]hkm^Zjkl\ZbjughqgZywdhghfbdZ ijb gZebqbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hlebqZxlky lhevdh jZaghc kl_i_gvx wnn_dlb\ghklb \ jZaf_s_gbb j_kmjkh\ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh jZaghc \_ebqbghc [eZ]hkhklhygby bo mqZklgbdh\ Gh g_ kms_kl\m_l nmg^Zf_glZevguo jZaebqbc \ bo nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbb Bgufb keh\Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ \ghkbl gbq_]h ijbgpbibZevgh gh\h]h \ jughqgmx wdhghfbdm hgh ebrv g_kdhevdh ih^gbfZ_lmjh\_gvwnn_dlb\ghklb__^_yl_evghklb DZj^bgZevgh_hlebqb_bgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zhlg_hdeZkkbq_kdh]hkhklhbl\b^__qlhjughqgZywdhghfbdZ [_a\uiheg_gby]hkm^Zjkl\hfg_dhlhjuohij_^_e_gguonmgdpbc\hh[s_g_fh`_lghjfZevghkms_kl\h\Zlv>_eh\lhfqlh ghjfZevgh_nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_lZdhcwdhghfbdbhkgh\ZghgZgZebqbbbkh[ex^_gbbhij_^_e_gguo-fhjZevguobijZ\h\uo - ghjf3 ijZ\be b]ju Zdp_gl gZ agZqbfhklb dhlhjuo dZd jZa b hlebqZ_l bgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ hl ^jm]bo rdhe wdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZWlbijZ\beZb]ju–bebbgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Z -kha^ZxljZfdb\dhlhjuohkms_kl\eyxlky \aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mohayckl\mxsbfbkm[t_dlZfb\jughqghcwdhghfbd_4Bbf_ggh]hkm^Zjkl\hkha^Z_lagZqbl_evgmx qZklvlZdboijZ\beb]juZbf_gghnhjfZevgu_ijZ\beZb]jubebnhjfZevgu_bgklblmlu–aZdj_ie_ggu_aZdhgh^Zl_evgh beb bgkljmdlb\gh ghjfu b ijZ\beZ j_]eZf_glbjmxsb_ ^_yl_evghklv qZklguo b xjb^bq_kdbo ebp >jm]bf we_f_glhf bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u y\eyxlky g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju beb g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu – h[uqZb ljZ^bpbb kl_j_hlbiuih\_^_gbyp_gghklgu_mklZgh\db Kh]eZkgh bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z b]jZ_l h]jhfgmx jhev \ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbb b jZa\blbb wdhghfbdb – jhev g_^hhp_gdZ dhlhjhc nmg^Zf_glZevgh h[_^gy_l wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba b \ lhf qbke_ b ihgbfZgb_jheb]hkm^Zjkl\ZFh`gh\u^_eblvke_^mxsb_Zki_dluwlhcjhebdhlhju_\hij_^_e_gghcf_j_\aZbfhk\yaZgu f_`^mkh[hc : H]jZgbq_gb_ \u[hjZ G_hdeZkkbq_kdZy l_hjby jZkkfZljb\Z_l ih kmlb ^\Z lbiZ h]jZgbq_gbc \u[hjZ ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ – [x^`_lgu_ ^hoh^u b p_gu b gZlmjZevgu_ nbabq_kdb_ j_kmjku h]jZgbqbl_eb Hlebqb_f bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z y\ey_lky \\_^_gb_ \ wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba lj_lv_]h lbiZ h]jZgbq_gbc bgklblmpbhgZevguo Wlbfb h]jZgbq_gbyfb dZd jZa b y\eyxlky nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu – ijZ\beZ ebfblbjmxsb_ ^_ckl\by qZklguo b xjb^bq_kdbo ebp ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv qlh bgklblmlu \dexqZxl kZgdpbb xjb^bq_kdh]h beb khpbZevgh]h oZjZdl_jZdhlhju_\klmiZxl\kbemijbgZjmr_gbbmdZaZgguoijZ\be5). ;<ebygb_gZkljmdlmjmklbfmeh\<aZ\bkbfhklbhloZjZdl_jZijZ\beb]jugZijbf_jq_ldZyhij_^_e_gghklvb aZsbs_gghklv ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb beb gZh[hjhl g_hij_^_e_gghklv hlghr_gbc kh[kl\_gghklb ohayckl\mxsb_ km[t_dlu klbfmebjmxlky d wnn_dlb\ghfm bkihevah\Zgbx j_kmjkh\ ^ey fZdkbfbaZpbb ebqgh]h ^hoh^Z hl ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb beb `_ d g_ijhba\h^bl_evghfm mihlj_[e_gbx j_kmjkh\ \ p_eyo ihbkdZ j_glu bbeb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h mqZklby\djbfbgZevguo\b^Zo^_yl_evghklbBa\_klgucg_hbgklblmpbhgZebklLW]]_jlkkhg\jZ[hl_BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby \ i_j_oh^guo wdhghfbdZo6 ij_^eh`be ijb ZgZeba_ h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ \\_klb ^hihegbl_evgh Fu ]h\hjbf bf_ggh h[ hkgh\Zo bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z d ZgZebam jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ihkdhevdm p_ehklgZy b g_ijhlb\hj_qb\Zy l_hjby]hkm^Zjkl\Z\dZdhf-eb[hbagZijZ\e_gbcbgklblmpbhgZebafZihdZqlhhlkmlkl\m_lIj_^eZ]Z_fuc\wlhc]eZ\_fZl_jbZegZibkZg\ ^mo_ k\h_h[jZagh]h kbgl_aZ klZjh]h ljZ^bpbhggh]h bgklblmpbhgZebafZ b^_b dhlhjh]h \ dhgp_ ;; \_dZ \ hkgh\ghf jZa\b\Zxlky w\hexpbhggufbgklblmpbhgZebafhfbg_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ\\_jkbb>GhjlZdhlhjmxg_j_^dhgZau\Zxlih^oh^hf<Zrbg]lhgkdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZwlhlih^oh^ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcgZb[he__g_hjlh^hdkZevgh_l_q_gb_\jZfdZog_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZkfNhnhgh\:: =_g_abk gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb :\lhj_n ^bk KI[ Hl > GhjlZ fu aZbfkl\m_f dhgp_ipbx bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u b ljZdlh\dm ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd ki_pbnbdZlhjZ b aZsblgbdZ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ qZklghklb b kha^Zl_ey nhjfZevghc qZklb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u \ p_ehf gZ wlhl Zki_dl ^_eZ_l Zdp_gl \ k\hbo ljm^Zo \b^guc jhkkbckdbc g_hbgklblmpbhgZebkl <E LZf[h\p_\ Hl ljZ^bpbhggh]h bgklblmpbhgZebafZ fu aZbfkl\m_f h[sbc f_lh^heh]bq_kdbc ijbgpbi bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ^_l_jfbgbafZ l_ ijbgpbi aZ\bkbfhklb ih\_^_gby ex^_c hl khpbZevguo ghjf Z lZd`_ b^_x bkdexqbl_evghc \Z`ghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ^ey ]_g_abkZ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby b mki_rghc w\hexpbb jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z b hldZa hl ljZdlh\db \ ^mo_ >` ;vxd_g_gZ b _]h ihke_^h\Zl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z bkdexqbl_evgh dZd kh\hdmighklb Zlhfbabjh\Zgguo qbgh\gbdh\ hilbfbabjmxsbo k\hb ebqgu_nmgdpbbihe_aghklb 2 Gmj__\JFDmjkfbdjhwdhghfbdbMq_[gbd^ey\mah\FK 3 H[wlhfibkZe_s_\ijhrehf\_d_h^bgba\_^msboij_^klZ\bl_e_cg_f_pdhcbklhjbq_kdhcrdheubij_^l_qZbgklblmpbhgZebafZ= Rfhee_j\jZfdZok\h_cl_hjbbohayckl\_ggh]hwlhkZkfQmijh\:BBklhjbyiheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbbFK-215. 4 Wlb jZfdb _klv g_ qlh bgh_ dZd bgklblmlu \ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc ljZdlh\d_ wlh]h l_jfbgZ kf RZklbldh :?. G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKK 5 Kf He_cgbd :G BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZ Mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdh_ ihkh[b_ L_fZ GhjfZ dZd [Zah\uc we_f_gl bgklblmlh\ <hijhkuwdhghfbdbK. 137-138. 6 Eggertsson T. The Economics of Institutions in Transition Economies // Institutional Change and the Public Sector in Transitional Economies. Cshiavo-&DPSR6HG:RUOG%DQN'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHU1994. P.36. 1 djb\mxkhpbZevguo\hafh`ghkl_cVRFLDOIURQWLHUdhlhjZyjZkiheh`_gZe_\__djb\hcijhba\h^kl\_gguo\hafh`ghkl_cb k^\b] dhlhjhc \ijZ\h jZkrbjy_l ]jZgbpu \u[hjZ J_ahggh ij_^iheh`blv qlh k^\b] \ijZ\h fh`_l ijhbkoh^blv ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f hlf_gu jZaebqguo h]jZgbq_gbc gZ ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb aZf_gu f_g__ wnn_dlb\guo ghjf [he__ wnn_dlb\gufbdmevlmjghcw\hexpbbh[s_kl\ZZlZd`_ijhklhih^\ebygb_f\j_f_gbdh]^ZbgklblmpbhgZevguc\Zdmmf klbfmebjmxsbc hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ b ih\urZxsbc ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db aZihegy_lky g_nhjfZevgufb bgklblmlZfbkkh[kl\_ggufbnhjfZfbaZsblu < Kgb`_gb_ kl_i_gb g_hij_^_e_gghklb b \uiheg_gb_ dhhj^bgbjmxs_c nmgdpbb GZebqb_ ijZ\be b]ju kljmdlmjbjm_l\aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mohayckl\mxsbfbkm[t_dlZfbbl_fkZfufh[e_]qZ_ldhhj^bgZpbxf_`^mgbfbWlh km`Z_l\hafh`guc^bZiZahg^_ckl\bckm[t_dlh\bl_fkZfufkgb`Z_lkl_i_gvg_hij_^_e_gghklb =<uiheg_gb_jZkij_^_ebl_evghcnmgdpbbKms_kl\h\Zgb_bgklblmlh\g_ba[_`ghhagZqZ_lgZebqb_jZaebqguo h]jZgbq_gbc b ijZ\ m jZaguo ]jmii ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ Ijb wlhf jZkrbj_gb_ ijZ\ h^gbo km[t_dlh\ h[uqgh g_\hafh`gh[_akm`_gbyijZ\^jm]boLZdbfh[jZahfdZ`^hcbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^_khhl\_lkl\m_lk\h_jZkij_^_e_gb_ iheblbq_kdhcbwdhghfbq_kdhc\eZklbkj_^bqZklguobxjb^bq_kdboebp > <ebygb_ gZ kl_i_gv jZpbhgZevghklb ih\_^_gby < hlebqb_ hl g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb bgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ g_ ljZdlm_l ih\_^_gb_ Z]_glh\ dZd oZjZdl_jbamxs__ky k\hckl\hf iheghc jZpbhgZevghklb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh dZd gZijZ\e_ggh_gZhilbfbaZpbxp_e_\hcnmgdpbb<aZ\bkbfhklbhlbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uhkh[_ggh__g_nhjfZevghc khklZ\eyxs_cih\_^_gb_ex^_c\jZaguokn_jZoohayckl\_gghc`bagbfh`_l\Zjvbjh\ZlvkyhliheghklvxjZpbhgZevgh]h ^h ijb\uqgh]h b jmlbggh]h GZijbf_j mki_rgh_ kgb`_gb_ nhjfZevgufb bgklblmlZfb kl_i_gb g_hij_^_e_gghklb beb ihhsj_gb_ g_nhjfZevgufb bgklblmlZfb bg^b\b^mZevgh]h gZdhie_gby [h]Zlkl\Z ih\urZxl kl_i_gv jZpbhgZevghklb ih\_^_gbykflZd`_iZjZ]jZn\=eZ\_ ?<ebygb_gZkl_i_gvke_^h\Zgbyebqgufbgl_j_kZf<aZ\bkbfhklbhlwnn_dlb\ghklbxjb^bq_kdbokZgdpbcb hllbiZg_nhjfZevguoijZ\beih\_^_gb_ex^_cfh`_l\Zjvbjh\ZlvkyhlhiihjlmgbafZ^hihegh]hbkdexq_gbyijhy\e_gby ebqgh]h bgl_j_kZ – ihkemrZgby7 LZd g_wnn_dlb\ghklv xjb^bq_kdbo kZgdpbc aZ gZjmr_gb_ nhjfZevguo ijZ\be klbfmebjm_l hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ Z Z[khexlgh_ ^hfbgbjh\Zgb_ \ h[s_kl\_ ojbklbZgkdhc wlbdb \ __ ijZ\hkeZ\ghfbebdZlhebq_kdhf\ZjbZgl_fh`_lkihkh[kl\h\ZlvjZkijhkljZg_gbxihkemrZgby @ Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ij_^ihql_gbc Ihkdhevdm bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z \eby_l gZ kljmdlmjm klbfmeh\ kl_i_gv jZpbhgZevghklb b kl_i_gv ke_^h\Zgby ebqguf bgl_j_kZf lh fh`gh ]h\hjblv h __ \ebygbb dZd gZ oZjZdl_j ij_^ihql_gbc Z]_glh\ lZd b gZ kl_i_gv aZ\bkbfhklb ij_^ihql_gbc hl h]jZgbq_gbc GZijbf_j _keb \ wdhghfbd_ ^hfbgbjm_l lZdhc lbi g_nhjfZevguoijZ\beb]judhlhjuckhhl\_lkl\m_lljZ^bpbhgghfmh[s_kl\mlhij_^ihql_gbyhl^_evgh\aylh]hq_eh\_dZ [m^ml\hq_gvagZqbl_evghcf_j_aZ\bk_lvhl_]hj_Zevgh]h^hoh^Zkf\]eZ\_fZl_jbZeuhljZ^bpbhgZebaf_jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhcdmevlmju Klhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z^eynmg^Zf_glZevgh]hihgbfZgbykmsghklbbnmgdpbc]hkm^Zjkl\Z\ wdhghfbd_g_h[oh^bfh]em[hdh_hkhagZgb_\k_omdZaZgguoZki_dlh\lhcjhebdhlhjmxb]jZ_lbgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Z\ jughqghf ohayckl\_ <f_kl_ k l_f ljZdlh\dZ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u \ dZq_kl\_ keh`gh]h _^bgkl\Z nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ hlgx^v g_ ij_^iheZ]Z_l hlkmlkl\b_ mq_lZ jZaebqbc f_`^m wlbfb ^\mfy hkgh\gufb lbiZfb ijZ\beb]ju JZaebqbynhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguoijZ\beb]juaZdexqZxlky\ke_^mxs_f <h-i_j\uo nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu ijb\ghkylky ba\g_ kha^Zxlky khagZl_evgh ]hkm^Zjkl\hf Z g_nhjfZevgu_ \hagbdZxlkihglZgghiml_fw\hexpbhggh]hhl[hjZ <h-\lhjuo nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu h[_ki_q_gu ijZ\h\ufb b Z^fbgbkljZlb\gufb ]ZjZglbyfb g_nhjfZevgu_ `_ bf_xl g_ijZ\h\u_ nhjfu aZsblu fhjZev wlbdZ ikboheh]bq_kdb_ kl_j_hlbiu [ul b ij Bgufb keh\Zfb \uiheg_gb_ nhjfZevguo ijZ\be b]ju ^hklb]Z_lky xjb^bq_kdbfb kZgdpbyfb Z \uiheg_gb_ g_nhjfZevguo ijZ\be – khpbZevgufb kZgdpbyfblbiZkhpbZevgh]hhkljZdbafZbl^ <-lj_lvbo kha^Zgb_ nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ - ^_eh ^hjh]hklhys__ hgb \k_]^Z k\yaZgu k dhgdj_lgufb nbgZgkh\ufb ba^_j`dZfb dhlhju_ kh[kl\_ggh b kjZ\gb\Zxlky k [m^ms_c ij_^iheZ]Z_fhc wdhghfb_c gZ ljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`dZo\lhfkemqZ_dhg_qgh_kebnhjfbjh\Zgb_wlbobgklblmlh\y\ey_lkyijh^mdlhfjZpbhgZevgh]h \u[hjZg_nhjfZevgu_`_bgklblmlu\hkijbgbfZxlkydZd[_kieZlgu_ <-q_l\_jluo g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu ]b[dh i_jfZg_glgh ih^kljZb\Zxlky d f_gyxs_cky kj_^_ nhjfZevgu_ `_ f_gyxlkyj_^dh[ukljhagZqbl_evgh-lh]^Zdh]^ZgZdhie_gZdjblbq_kdZyfZkkZg_khhl\_lkl\bybebdh]^ZijZ\h\hc\Zdmmf \nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbbg_nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\ij_^klZ\ey_lj_Zevgmxm]jham^ey^hklb`_gbyh[s_kl\_gghagZqbfhcp_eb <-iyluo g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ \k_]^Z aZgbfZxl lh ijhkljZgkl\h dhlhjh_ hklZ_lky g_aZgyluf nhjfZevgufb bgklblmlZfbohlyhgbfh]ml\hagbdZlvbdZdkm[klblmlu NhjfZevgu_bg_nhjfZevgu_bgklblmlugZoh^ylky\keh`ghf\aZbfh^_ckl\bb JZkijhkljZgyy l_jfbgheh]bx kh\j_f_gghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb gZ ij_^f_l bamq_gby bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb ke_^m_l ijbagZlv qlh nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu fh]ml khhlghkblvky dZd km[klblmlu dhfie_f_glu eb[h g_aZ\bkbfu_ ijZ\beZ Ijbq_f \ ex[hf ba i_j_qbke_gguo hlghr_gbc hgb fh]ml [ulv ebrv qZklbqgh GZijbf_jljm^ghij_^klZ\blvnhjfZevgu_bg_nhjfZevgu_ijZ\beZdhlhju_fh]eb[u[ulvZ[khexlgufbkm[klblmlZfb <lh`_\j_fyke_^m_ljZa]jZgbqb\Zlvk\hckl\Zbf_oZgbaf\aZbfh^_ckl\bynhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguoijZ\be Dh]^Z fu ]h\hjbf h \aZbfhaZf_gy_fhklb beb \aZbfh^hihegy_fhklb ijZ\be j_qv b^_l h[ bo k\hckl\Zo Dh]^Z `_ ZgZebabjm_lkykihkh[bo\aZbfgh]h\ebygbyijbh^gh\j_f_gghfbkihevah\Zgbbj_qvb^_lhf_oZgbaf_\aZbfh^_ckl\byK gZr_clhqdbaj_gbyfh`gh\u^_eblvke_^mxsb_lbiu\aZbfh^_ckl\by ijhlb\hj_qb_^jm]^jm]m\ij_^_e_-\aZbfhbkdexq_gb_ jZa^_e_gb_kn_j\ebygbyfbjgh_eb[hdhgnebdlgh_ \aZbfgh_mkbe_gb_kbg_j]_lbq_kdbcwnn_dl \aZbfgh_hkeZ[e_gb_ g_cljZevgh_hlghr_gb_g_i_j_k_q_gb_ 7 MbevyfkhgH Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZKI[E_gba^ZlK-101. <havf_f gZijbf_j kemqZc dh]^Z nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ y\eyxlky km[klblmlZfb aZf_gbl_eyfb Hgbfh]mleb[hfbjghkhkms_kl\h\ZlvaZgbfZykh[kl\_ggu_k_]f_glukdZ`_fbgklblmlhnbpbZevgh]hb]jZ`^Zgkdh]h [jZdZbgklblml[Zgdh\kdh]hb\aZbfgh]hdj_^blZeb[h]hkm^Zjkl\hij_^mkfZljb\Z_lkZgdpbbZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hbbeb ijZ\h\h]hoZjZdl_jZijhlb\g_nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\gZijbf_jaZdhguaZij_sZxsb_[Zjl_jb\aZbfhaZq_lu >jm]hc kemqZc – ba `bagb ijZ\be-dhfie_f_glh\ \aZbfh^hihegyxsbo ^jm] ^jm]Z ?keb h[s_kl\_ggZy fhjZev b p_gghklgu_ mklZgh\db h[s_kl\Z gZijZ\eyxl khagZl_evgu_ ^_ckl\by [bag_kf_gh\ gZ kh[ex^_gb_ ^h]h\hjghc ^bkpbiebgu gZ[ex^Z_lky kbg_j]_lbq_kdbc wnn_dl h^gh\j_f_ggh mkbeb\Z_lky agZqbfhklv aZdhgZ b ih^dj_iey_lky kbeZ p_gghklguo mklZgh\hdh[s_kl\Z?keb`_iheh`_gb_h[jZlgh_lhijhbkoh^blhkeZ[e_gb_bnhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguoijZ\be I_j_qbke_ggu_ lbiu \aZbfh^_ckl\by kms_kl\mxl b \gmljb kZfbo nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo ijZ\be lh _klv jZaebqgu_nhjfZevgu_ijZ\beZlZd`_fh]mlkhhlghkblvkydZdkm[klblmludhfie_f_glueb[h[ulvg_aZ\bkbfufb^jm]hl ^jm]ZLh`_dZkZ_lkybg_nhjfZevguoijZ\be DZd m`_ [ueh g_h^ghdjZlgh hlf_q_gh nhjfZevgmx khklZ\eyxsmx bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u – nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju – g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh kha^Z_l ]hkm^Zjkl\h Gh ijb wlhf \ jZfdZo bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ \hafh`gh ijbagZgb_k_jv_agh]h\ebygby]hkm^Zjkl\ZbgZg_nhjfZevgu_ijZ\beZb]jukfiZjZ]jZnGh^eyihegh]hihgbfZgby \k_o wlbo Zki_dlh\ ^_yl_evghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z g_h[oh^bfh ki_j\Z h[jZlblvky d jZkkfhlj_gbx _]h ijbjh^u b hlebqbc hl ^jm]bolbih\ohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\\wdhghfbd_ 14.2 Kmsghklvbhkgh\gu_nmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\jughqghcwdhghfbd_klhqdbaj_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z < jZfdZo bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h fh`gh hij_^_eblv dZd hkh[uc lbi hj]ZgbaZpbb dhlhjuc nmg^Zf_glZevghhlebqZ_lkyhl^jm]bohj]ZgbaZpbcnmgdpbhgbjmxsbo\jughqghcwdhghfbd_ :=hkm^Zjkl\hgZ^_e_gh\eZklvxbebiheblbq_kdhc\he_c ; >ey kh[ex^_gby k\h_c iheblbq_kdhc \heb ]hkm^Zjkl\h kha^Z_l hkh[u_ bgklblmlu ijbgm`^_gby b gZdZaZgby – bgklblmlu ijbf_g_gby gZkbeby Wlb bgklblmlu ih oZjZdl_jm b f_oZgbafm ^_ckl\by kms_kl\_ggh hlebqZxlky hl bgklblmlh\jugdZ < =hkm^Zjkl\h y\ey_lky hj]Zghf ^hklb`_gby h[s_kl\_gguo p_e_c b \ lh `_ \j_fy ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ZiiZjZl qbgh\gbdh\ ijbgbfZxsbo j_r_gb_ hl bf_gb \k_]h h[s_kl\Z dhlhju_ ij_ke_^mxl k\hb ebqgu_ p_eb b eh[[bjmxl ]jmiih\u_ p_eb gZijbf_j heb]Zjobq_kdbo khxah\ ihwlhfm kZfhfm ]hkm^Zjkl\m ijbkms_ jZa^\h_gb_ < lh \j_fy dZd lbih\hc Z]_gl ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb nbjfZ beb ^hfhohayckl\h \ jughqghc wdhghfbd_ dZd ijZ\beh jmdh\h^kl\m_lky ebqguf w]hbafhf ^Z`_ lh]^Z dh]^Z _]h \u[hj k lhqdb aj_gby kh\j_f_gghc g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb g_evay gZa\Zlv iheghklvx jZpbhgZevguf qbgh\gbd kh\f_sZ_l \ k\h_f \u[hj_ h[s_kl\_ggu_ ]jmiih\u_ b ebqgu_ p_eb lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u ^hklbqv fZdkbfmfZ [eZ]hkhklhygby \ mkeh\byo hkh[uo h]jZgbq_gbc gZeh`_gguo ki_pbnbdhc _]h ^_yl_evghklb<k\yabkwlbf^_yl_evghklvqbgh\gbdZijbgbfZxs_]hj_r_gbyhjZkij_^_e_gbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokj_^kl\ hlqZklbgZihfbgZ_lghjfZlb\gh_^_ckl\b_kljh]hihbgkljmdpbbZhlqZklb-lhj]bebjughqguch[f_g = ?keb ijb ijbgylbb j_r_gbc g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc km[t_dl dZd ijZ\beh jmdh\h^kl\m_lky hlghkbl_evgufb ij_^_evgufb ihe_aghklyfb dhlhju_ _fm ^hklZlhqgh ohjhrh ba\_klgu ohly b a^_kv kms_kl\mxl n_ghf_gu g_jZpbhgZevgh]h \u[hjZ Zkbff_ljbqghc bgnhjfZpbb ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d ihemq_gby g_h[oh^bfuo ^Zgguo baf_j_gby [eZ]Z ijbgylby j_r_gby b l^ lh ^ey ebpZ ijbgbfZxs_]h j_r_gb_ hl bf_gb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z kbkl_fZ ij_^ihql_gbc nhjfbjm_lky bkdmkkl\_ggh ?_ fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv dZd \a\_r_ggmx kj_^gxx Zjbnf_lbq_kdmx bg^b\b^mZevguo ij_^ihql_gbc \ dhlhjhc kZfb \_kZ ij_^klZ\eyxl keh`gh_ ijhba\_^_gb_ jZaebqguo dhwnnbpb_glh\ iheblbq_kdh]h khpbZevgh]h ij_^ihql_gby bg^b\b^mZevgh]h b ]jmiih\h]h \ebygby bg_jpbb h[_ki_q_gghklb j_r_gby bgklblmlZfbj_ZebaZpbbbij > J_r_gby ijbgbfZ_fu_ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ghkyl ]eh[Zevguc oZjZdl_j dZkZxlky h^gh\j_f_ggh p_ehc ]jmiiu beb \hh[s_\k_okm[t_dlh\b^_ckl\mxl^ebl_evgh_\j_fyHgbk\yaZguk]hjZa^h[hevrbfb_^bgh\j_f_ggufbaZljZlZfbb [hevrbf kjhdhf hdmiZ_fhklb ihwlhfm a^_kv \ fZdkbfZevghc kl_i_gb lj_[m_lky ijhkqblu\Zlv b g_cljZebah\Zlv \hafh`gu_ jbkdb <havf_f d ijbf_jm ijbgylb_ aZdhgZ Ih^]hlh\dZ aZdhgZ b ijh\_^_gb_ ijhp_^mju _]h ijbgylby kh]eZkh\Zgbyml\_j`^_gbylj_[mxlfZkku\j_f_gbZlZd`_nbgZgkh\uobgl_ee_dlmZevguofZl_jbZevguobijhqboaZljZl Ihke_^kl\byhlg_ijhjZ[hlZggh]haZdhgZghkyl^ebl_evgucoZjZdl_jbijb\h^ylddhehkkZevgufihl_jyf\[eZ]hkhklhygbb \l_q_gb_^he]h]h\j_f_gbDklZlbwlhy\ey_lkyh^ghcbaijbqbglh]hqlh\JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb^hkboihj^_ckl\m_l jy^aZdhgh\ijbgyluo_s_ijbKKKJ8. ? Hl\_lkl\_gghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z aZ ijbgbfZ_fu_ j_r_gby j_`_ b \ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb i_jkhgbnbpbjh\ZgZ lZd dZd kZfbj_r_gbyihqlb\k_]^Zghkyldhee_dlb\gucoZjZdl_jKe_^h\Zl_evghebpZijbgbfZxsb_j_r_gbyg_kmlkheb^Zjgmx hl\_lkl\_gghklv N_ghf_g kheb^Zjghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb k h^ghc klhjhgu ihjh`^Z_l djm]h\mx ihjmdm k ^jm]hc – dhee_dlb\gmx[_ahl\_lkl\_gghklvg_kdh]hkijhkblv <k_ \ur_i_j_qbke_ggu_ hkh[_gghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z iha\heyxl hij_^_eblv _]h dZd gZ[hj g_jughqguo bgklblmlh\ ijbgylby j_r_gbc Gh g_ f_g__ \Z`_g ke_^mxsbc Zki_dl K e_]dhc jmdb > GhjlZ \ kh\j_f_gghc bgklblmpbhgZevghc GZijbf_j ^h gZklhys_]h \j_f_gb e_]blbf_g Dh^_dk aZdhgh\ h ljm^_ h[jZapZ ] Ijbgylb_ b bkiheg_gb_ gh\h]h ljm^h\h]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h jughqguf j_Zebyf fh]eh [u ijb\_klb d fZkkh\uf [Zgdjhlkl\Zf ij_^ijbylbc b m\hevg_gbx jZ[hlgbdh\ wlh b y\ey_lky ]eZ\guf k^_j`b\Zxsbf fhlb\hf baf_g_gby dh^_dkZ < lh `_ \j_fy keh`b\rZyky kblmZpby k jhkkbckdbf ljm^h\uf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf gZ]ey^gh ^_fhgkljbjm_l d q_fm ijb\h^bl khojZg_gb_ ZlZ\bklbq_kdbo ghjf ijb kms_kl\h\Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h\ZdmmfZEv]hlu]ZjZglbbghjfZlb\umklZgh\e_ggu_klZjufljm^h\ufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf\uklmiZxlnZdlhjZfb `_kldhklb jugdZ ljm^Z ij_iylkl\mxsbfb jughqghfm i_j_jZkij_^_e_gbx jZ[hq_c kbeu K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hgb kihkh[kl\mxl jZkijhkljZg_gbx g_nhjfZevghc aZgylhklb Zdlb\gh]h gZk_e_gby Ihy\eyxlky g_e_]Zevgu_ ljm^h\u_ hlghr_gby g_ j_]eZf_glbjm_fu_ nhjfZevgufb ijZ\beZfb ]^_ hlkmlkl\b_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ]ZjZglbc g_j_^dh ijb\h^bl d jZagh]h jh^Z aehmihlj_[e_gbyf ijZdlbdm_lky gZ_f [_a ljm^h\h]h ^h]h\hjZ hlkmlkl\b_ kljZoh\Zgby g_ghjfbjh\Zgguc jZ[hqbc ^_gv m\hevg_gb_ [_a \uoh^gh]h ihkh[by b ij < j_amevlZl_jughdljm^Z\gZklhys__\j_fy-h^bgbagZb[he__aZl_fg_gguok_dlhjh\wdhghfbdbhnbpbZevgZyklZlbklbdZdhlhjh]hg_ ih^^Z_lkygbdZdhcjZpbhgZevghch[jZ[hld_ihlhfmqlhhgZg_hljZ`Z_lj_Zevgh]hiheh`_gby\_s_c 8 ljZ^bpbb bgklblmlu ljZdlmxlky dZd ijZ\beZ b]ju Z hj]ZgbaZpbb – dZd b]jhdb9 LZd \hl mgbdZevgh_ k\hckl\h ]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdhj]ZgbaZpbbaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlhhghg_lhevdhdZd^jm]b_hj]ZgbaZpbbnbjfu^hfhohayckl\Z ^he`ghih^qbgylvkyijZ\beZfb]jughhgh\hlebqb_hlwlboijhqbohj]ZgbaZpbckZfhg_ihkj_^kl\_gghnhjfbjm_lwlb ijZ\beZ lhqg__ bo nhjfZevgmx qZklv LZdbf h[jZahf k lhqdb aj_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z kmsghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z^\hckl\_ggZ DZdb_ `_ ijZ\beZ b]ju \ jughqghc wdhghfbd_ kha^Zxlky mdZaZgguf gZ[hjhf g_jughqguo bgklblmlh\ ijbgylby j_r_gbc" =eZ\gufb ba wlbo ijZ\be y\eyxlky ijZ\beZ k\yaZggu_ kh ki_pbnbdZpb_c b aZsblhc ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb Wlb ijZ\beZgZklhevdh\Z`guklhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbbqlh\jZfdZowlhcl_hjbbkbokha^Zgb_fk\yau\Z_lky ]_g_abk ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ;_a gbo g_fukebfh kZfh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z Qlh[u mykgblv wlh h[jZlbfky d nmg^Zf_glZevghfmagZq_gbxl_jfbgZjughdJughd-wlhij_`^_\k_]hf_klh\klj_qbijh^Z\ph\bihdmiZl_e_cf_`^m gbfbhkms_kl\ey_lkyh[f_gihp_g_hdhlhjhcm^Zehkv^h]h\hjblvkyIjbwlhfijhbkoh^bl^h[jh\hevgh_hlqm`^_gb_k\h_c kh[kl\_gghklb b ijbk\h_gb_ qm`hc Ke_^h\Zl_evgh jughd hagZqZ_l \aZbfgmx i_j_^Zqm ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb10 LZdbf h[jZahf nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ jughqghc wdhghfbdb fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv dZd g_ij_ju\gh ijh^he`Zxsbcky kj_^b __ mqZklgbdh\^h[jh\hevguch[f_gijZ\Zfbkh[kl\_gghklb Ykgh qlh lZdhc h[f_g g_ fh`_l ijhbkoh^blv _keb ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb g_ ki_pbnbpbjh\Zgu b g_ aZsbs_gu IjZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb hij_^_eyxsb_ ijbgZ^e_`ghklv [eZ] mqZklgbdZf jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z - dhlhju_ \ lZdhf ohayckl\_ y\eyxlky^_p_gljZebah\Zggufbbh[hkh[e_ggufb^jm]hl^jm]Z-y\eyxlkyg_h[oh^bfufmkeh\b_f^eynmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby lZdh]h ohayckl\Z Ihwlhfm ex[hc h[f_g ijZ\Zfb kh[kl\_gghklb «ij_^iheZ]Z_l gZebqb_ lh]h beb bgh]h ]ZjZglZ - ebpZ ]jmiiu ebp beb bgh]h khpbZevgh]h bgklblmlZ dhlhjuc \uihegye [u jhev km[t_dlZ nbdkbjmxs_]h ijbagZxs_]h b aZsbsZxs_]hi_j_jZkij_^_eb\rb_kyf_`^miZjlg_jZfbijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbgZij_^f_lk^_edb11Dhg_qgh\ijbgpbi_\ dZq_kl\_ ih^h[gh]h ]ZjZglZ fh]ml \uklmiZlv kZfb mqZklgbdb jughqghc wdhghfbdb H^gZdh wlhl imlv j_r_gby ijh[e_fu ki_pbnbdZpbbbaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbg_y\ey_lkywnn_dlb\guflZddZd\lZdhfkemqZ_ijhbkoh^blhl\e_q_gb_qZklb j_kmjkh\ hl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb Djhf_ lh]h hl^_evgu_ mqZklgbdb jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z g_ bf_xl klbfmeh\ kZfhklhyl_evgh j_rZlv ^Zggmx ijh[e_fm lZd dZd \u]h^u hl aZgylby lZdhc ^_yl_evghklb fh]ml ih bo jZkq_lZf[ulvagZqbl_evghgb`_ba^_j`_d Ke_^h\Zl_evgh \hagbdZ_l g_h[oh^bfhklv \ lhf qlh[u ]ZjZglhf kh[ex^_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb [ueZ g_dZy \g_rgyy kbeZ LZdhc kbehc dZd jZa b hdZau\Z_lky ]hkm^Zjkl\h K lhqdb aj_gby > GhjlZ12 ]_g_abk ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ke_^m_l ljZdlh\Zlv dZd ke_^kl\b_ hkms_kl\e_gby ke_^mxs_]h k\h_h[jZagh]h h[f_gZ mqZklgbdb jughqghc wdhghfbdb i_j_^Zxl \gh\v \hagbdZxs_c hj]ZgbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\m ijZ\Z gZ kh\_jr_gb_ gZkbeby l_ nbabq_kdh]h h]jZgbq_gby bo ki_dljZ \hafh`ghkl_c^eymki_rgh]hhkms_kl\e_gbyki_pbnbdZpbbbaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbaZwlhhgb`_]hlh\uhieZqb\Zlv ^Zggmx ^_yl_evghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ \b^_ gZeh]h\ LZdbf h[jZahf ijbjh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hij_^_ey_lky \eZklgufb hlghr_gbyfb \hagbdZxsbfb f_`^m ]jZ`^ZgZfb b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf ZiiZjZlhf13 Bgufb keh\Zfb «]hkm^Zjkl\h hkh[uc \ZjbZgl \eZklguo hlghr_gbc \hagbdZxsbo \ j_amevlZl_ i_j_^Zqb ]jZ`^ZgZfb qZklb ijZ\ ih dhgljhex aZ k\h_c ^_yl_evghklvx«14. =eZ\ghc kn_jhc bo ^_yl_evghklb dhlhjmx hgb iha\heyxl ]hkm^Zjkl\m dhgljhebjh\Zlv dZd jZa b y\ey_lky ki_pbnbdZpbybaZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbIheghklvxki_pbnbpbjh\Zggh_ijZ\hkh[kl\_gghklb\k\hxhq_j_^v\dexqZ_l p_euc gZ[hj ijZ\ \eZ^_gby ihevah\Zgby jZkihjy`_gby mijZ\e_gby gZ ^hoh^ gZ dZiblZevgmx klhbfhklv [eZ]Z gZ [_ahiZkghklv gZ i_j_oh^ [eZ]Z ih gZke_^kl\m beb ih aZ\_sZgbx [_kkjhqghklv aZij_s_gb_ \j_^gh]h bkihevah\Zgby b hl\_lkl\_gghklv\\b^_\aukdZgby15<oh^_h[f_gZ\jZfdZojughqghcwdhghfbdbijhbkoh^bli_j_^ZqZgZ[hjZijZ\beb_]h hl^_evguo we_f_glh\ h^gbf qZklguf beb xjb^bq_kdbf ebphf ^jm]hfm Hlkx^Z ke_^m_l lZd`_ qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\h ^he`gh g_klb hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ kh[ex^_gb_ dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ ihkdhevdm dhgljZdlu - g_ qlh bgh_ dZd ^h]h\hj_gghklb f_`^m ohayckl\mxsbfb km[t_dlZfb ih ih\h^m baf_g_gby kljmdlmju jZkij_^_e_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb ;_ki_j_[hcgh nmgdpbhgbjmxsZy kbkl_fZ dhgljZdlh\ iha\hey_l agZqbl_evgh mf_gvrZlv g_hij_^_e_gghklv [m^ms_]h b dhhj^bgbjh\Zlv ^_ckl\bywdhghfbq_kdbokm[t_dlh\ LZdbf h[jZahf [_a q_ldhc ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b [_a ]ZjZglbjh\Zgby kh[ex^_gby dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ Z agZqbl b [_a jZa\blhc km^_[gh-ijZ\h\hc kbkl_fu jughqgh_ ohayckl\h g_ fh`_l ghjfZevgh nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv GbadZy kl_i_gv ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb gZjmrZ_l k\yav f_`^m mkbebyfb ^Zggh]h ohayckl\mxs_]h km[t_dlZ b j_amevlZlZfb dhlhjuo _fm m^Z_lky ^h[blvky Wlh \ k\hx hq_j_^v hl[b\Z_l klbfmeu d e_]Zevghcijhba\h^kl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbbkha^Z_lij_^ihkuedb^eyihbkdZiheblbq_kdhcj_glubbebg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h mqZklby\k^_edZoqbklhdjbfbgZevgh]hoZjZdl_jZkfimgdl;\iZjZ]jZn_gZklhys_c]eZ\uDjhf_lh]h\wdhghfbd_ khdjZsZ_lkyh[s__dhebq_kl\he_]ZevghaZdexqZ_fuodhgljZdlh\bm\_ebqb\Z_lkykh[eZaghiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby l_ ih\_^_gby k\yaZggh]h k gZjmr_gb_f \ayluo h[yaZl_evkl\ b \hh[s_ ijZ\h\uo b fhjZevguo ghjf Ijb wlhf ijZ\beZ j_]eZf_glbjmxsb_ aZsblm ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b aZdexqZ_fuo dhgljZdlh\ gZqbgZxl kha^Z\Zlvky djbfbgZevgufb kljmdlmjZfb kf ]e ihk\ys_ggmx jheb hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb dZd km[klblmlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ h[eZklb aZsblu ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbdhgljZdlh\ Ghjl>BgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gbyjZfdbZgZebaZ<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK Gmj__\JFMdZakhqK 11 LZf[h\p_\<E =hkm^Zjkl\hbi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZij_^_eumijZ\ey_fhklbFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKK 12 GZb[he__ agZqbl_evgufb jZ[hlZfb > GhjlZ \ dhlhjuo aZljZ]b\Z_lky jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd kha^Zl_ey nhjfZevghc khklZ\eyxs_c bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uy\eyxlkyke_^mxsb_dgb]bNorth D. Structure and Change in Economic History. London: Norton, 1981; Ghjl>. Bgklblmlu bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby b nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ wdhghfbdb F Nhg^ wdhghfbq_kdhc dgb]b GZqZeZ Ba \k_o kh\j_f_gguo bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ dZd g_h- lZd b w\hexpbhgguo bf_ggh > Ghjl [hevr_ ^jm]bo aZgbfZeky ijh[e_fZfb ZgZebaZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z 13 He_cgbd:GMdZakhqL_fZL_hjby]hkm^Zjkl\Z<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK 14 LZf`_K 15 Gmj__\JFMdZakhqK. 9 10 G_ gZfgh]h f_g__ \Z`gu ^jm]b_ Zki_dlu nhjfZevghc khklZ\eyxs_c bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u aZ dhlhju_ g_k_l hl\_lkl\_gghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\h H^bg ba gbo - ^_g_`gh_ h[jZs_gb_ ;_a g_]h g_\hafh`gh ghjfZevgh_ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ kbkl_fu dhgljZdlh\ ihkdhevdm hgh h[_ki_qb\Z_l dZd kj_^kl\h \k_h[s_]h khbaf_j_gby dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ lZd b kj_^kl\h bo \uiheg_gby Ykgh qlh lZdbf kj_^kl\hf dZd jZa b y\eyxlky ^_gv]b ih^jh[g__ h[ wlhf kf iZjZ]jZn =hkm^Zjkl\h ^he`gh h[_ki_qb\Zlv hj]ZgbaZpbx ^_g_`gh]h h[jZs_gby b ih^^_j`b\Zlv _]h klZ[bevghklv Djhf_ lh]h hgh g_k_l hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ kha^Zgb_ lZdh]h dhebq_kl\Z ^_g_] dhlhjh_ khhl\_lkl\m_l ihlj_[ghklyf \ gbo ihjh`^_gguf h[s_kl\_gguf ijhba\h^kl\hf G_\uiheg_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf wlbo nmgdpbc \_^_l d ^\mf \aZbfhk\yaZgguf ihke_^kl\byf – bgneypbbb^_fhg_lbaZpbbohayckl\ZIhke_^g__ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hc\ul_kg_gb_bah[jZs_gby^_g_][Zjl_jhfbijhqbfb ^_g_`gufb aZf_gbl_eyfb Ijb wlhf \Z`gh hlf_lblv qlh lZdh_ \ul_kg_gb_ ijhbkoh^bl g_ lhevdh ijb ba[ulhqghf dhebq_kl\_^_g_]ghbijbbog_^hklZld_G_ke_^m_llZd`_aZ[u\Zlvqlhh^gZba\Z`g_crbonmgdpbc^_g_]dZdba\_klgh_^bgbpZ kq_lZ f_jZ p_gghklb ;eZ]h^Zjy wlhc nmgdpbb q_j_a p_gh\mx kbkl_fm m^Z_lky h[_ki_qb\Zlv bgnhjfZpbx h[ h[jZsZxsboky gZ jugdZo lh\ZjZo b ke_^h\Zl_evgh ih\ukblv wnn_dlb\ghklv nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby wdhghfbdb LZdbf h[jZahfbgneypbyb^_fhg_lbaZpbyy\eyxsb_kyke_^kl\b_fg_\uiheg_gby]hkm^Zjkl\hfmdZaZgghcnmgdpbbhj]ZgbaZpbb ^_g_`gh]h h[jZs_gby ijb\h^yl d bkdZ`_gbyf \ p_gh\hc b dhgljZdlghc kbkl_fZo b d h[s_wdhghfbq_kdhfm b l_ogheh]bq_kdhfmmiZ^dmohayckl\ZZg_ijhklhdg_kdhevdh[he__gbadhfmmjh\gx_]hwnn_dlb\ghklb ?s_h^bgZki_dl–ijZ\beZj_]eZf_glbjmxsb_^hklmiZ]_glh\ohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbgZl_bebbgu_jugdb \ lhf qbke_ b ^hklmi g_j_ab^_glh\ gZ hl_q_kl\_ggu_ jugdb l_ \g_rg_lhj]h\Zy iheblbdZ Wlb ijZ\beZ y\eyxlky hkgh\guf nZdlhjhf \ebyxsbf gZ kl_i_gv fhghihebabjh\Zgghklb beb dhgdmj_glghklb gZpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb Q_f \ [hevr_ckl_i_gb]hkm^Zjkl\hklj_fblkydh[_ki_q_gbxjZ\guo\hafh`ghkl_c^hklmiZ^ey\k_okm[t_dlh\wdhghfbdbl_f [he__ dhgdmj_glgu jughqgu_ kljmdlmju lZdhc wdhghfbdb K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ij_^\aylhklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ jZkij_^_e_gbb ijZ\^hklmiZgZjugdbkj_^bohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\b[eZ]hijbylkl\h\Zgb_l_fkm[t_dlZfdhlhju_gZoh^ylky\[he__ \u]h^ghf iheh`_gbb \ke_^kl\b_ _kl_kl\_ggh]h oh^Z \_s_c - l_ [eZ]hijbylkl\h\Zgb_ _kl_kl\_gguf fhghihebyf h ijyfhf]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfj_]mebjh\Zgbb_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebckfiZjZ]jZn-ebfblbjm_l\hafh`ghklbk\h[h^ghc dhgdmj_gpbbKmsghklv`_dhgdmj_gpbbklhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z16\lhfqlhhgZij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hc ijhp_kk q_j_a dhlhjuc hkms_kl\ey_lky w\hexpbhgguc hl[hj gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guo bggh\Zpbc g_ lhevdh \ h[eZklb l_ogheh]bcghb\hj]ZgbaZpbhgghckn_j_Ihwlhfmqj_af_jgZyfhghihebaZpbyohayckl\Zh[j_dZ_l_]hgZmiZ^hdijbq_f g_lhevdhl_ogheh]bq_kdbc<lh`_\j_fy]hkm^Zjkl\h^he`ghaZsbsZlvhij_^_e_ggucdjm]fhghihebklh\Zbf_gghl_oba gboqvyfhghihebyh[jZah\ZgZ\ke_^kl\b_kha^Zgbygh\h]hijh^mdlZbebl_ogheh]bb>_yl_evghklvlZdbogh\Zlhjh\^he`gZ [ulv aZsbs_gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kbkl_fhc iZl_glh\ b ebp_gabc qlh y\ey_lky qZklguf kemqZ_f kZfhc i_j\hc ba jZkkfhlj_gguonmgdpbc]hkm^Zjkl\ZHlkmlkl\b_lZdhckbkl_fuhl[b\Z_lklbfmeudl_ogbq_kdhfmjZa\blbx17. < h[s_f fhghiheby \hafh`gZ [_a ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ih^^_j`db fhghiheby fh`_l [ulv mklZgh\e_gZ k ihfhsvx ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h kZfh fh`_l kha^Zlv fhghihebx gh k\h[h^Z b dhgdmj_gpby g_^hklb`bfu [_a \f_rZl_evkl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\Z18. G_ f_gvrmx jhev b]jZ_l iheblbdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z k\yaZggZy k hij_^_e_gb_f b baf_g_gb_f ijZ\ ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ gZ hklZlhqguc ^hoh^ hl ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh lZd`_ k jZkij_^_e_gb_f wdhghfbq_kdhc \eZklb kj_^b jZaguo ]jmii wlbo km[t_dlh\ Wlhl Zki_dl aZljZ]b\Z_lky \ jZaebqguo we_f_glZo khpbZevghc iheblbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Qj_af_jgZy aZj_]mebjh\Zgghklv \ \b^_ [hevrbo gZeh]h\ b khpbZevguo ljZgkn_jlh\ hl[b\Z_l klbfmeu d ljm^m b bg\_klbpbyf d e_]Zevghc ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb gZp_e_gghc gZ wnn_dlb\gh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ bf_xsbo j_kmjkh\ b gZ h[gh\e_gb_ kihkh[h\ lZdh]h bkihevah\Zgby l _ gZ l_ogbq_kdbc ijh]j_kk K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hlkmlkl\b_ dZdhc-eb[h ijh^mfZgghc khpbZevghc iheblbdb fh`_l ijb\_klb d qj_af_jgh g_jZ\ghf_jghfm jZkij_^_e_gbx wdhghfbq_kdhc \eZklb kj_^b km[t_dlh\ l _ d qj_af_jgh g_jZ\ghf_jghfm jZkij_^_e_gbx ^hoh^Z b [h]Zlkl\Z kj_^b gbo qlhfh`_lhl[blvklbfmeumkZfuog_aZsbs_gguo]jmiiZ]_glh\dq_klghcijhba\h^bl_evghc^_yl_evghklbbih[m^blvbod mdehg_gbx hl kh[ex^_gby nhjfZevguo ijZ\be b]ju bbeb d hj]Zgbah\Zgguf ^_ckl\byf ih bo baf_g_gbyf Ykgh qlh b g_kh[ex^_gb_ijZ\bebbog_klZ[bevghklvg_[eZ]hijbylkl\mxlwnn_dlb\ghcwdhghfbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklb 14.3 =hkm^Zjkl\h\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_dZd]_g_jZlhj bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u < i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ]hkm^Zjkl\h \uihegy_l hkh[u_ nmgdpbb lZd qlh lj_[m_lky kha^Zgb_ hkh[hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ^ey lZdbo kbkl_f <h-i_j\uo \ i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ]hkm^Zjkl\h nhjfbjm_l kZfh k_[y dZd gZ[hj bgklblmlh\ gh\hc kbkl_fu <h-\lhjuo \ i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ]hkm^Zjkl\h mqZkl\m_l\nhjfbjh\Zgbbbgklblmlh\jugdZkha^Z_lbgklblmpbhgZevgmxkj_^m JZkkfhljbfi_j\ucZki_dl K lhqdb aj_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h oZjZdl_jgh_ ^ey ieZgh\hc wdhghfbdb kms_kl\_gguf h[jZahfhlebqZ_lkyhl]hkm^Zjkl\Zih^oh^ys_]hjughqghcwdhghfbd_Ohly[uihlhfmqlh\ieZgh\hfohayckl\_hghg_ hl^_e_ghhlwdhghfbdbBebihlhfmqlh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_hj]ZgbaZpbbij_^klZ\eyxl_^bgh_p_eh_kdZ`_fg_ljZa^_e_gby nbkdZevguobfhg_lZjguo\eZkl_c–jZa^_e_gbyy\eyxs_]hkyklhev\Z`gufnZdlhjhffZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhcklZ[bevghklb\ jughqghcwdhghfbd_;he__lh]h]hkm^Zjkl\h\jughqghcwdhghfbd_\agZqbl_evghcf_j_hjb_glbjm_lkygZg_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu aZ dhlhjufb hklZ_lky ijbfZl ^Z`_ ijb nhjfbjh\Zgbb nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ < wlhf hkh[Zy p_ev fbkkby jughqghcwdhghfbdbhkgh\ZgghcgZijbgpbiZoiheblbq_kdhc^_fhdjZlbbk\h[h^ubg^b\b^mZevgh]h\u[hjZ=hkm^Zjkl\h :lhqg__klhqdbaj_gbyw\hexpbhggh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ Ihfg_gbx>GhjlZbf_gghki_pbnbdZpbybaZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbgZbah[j_l_gby-\dexqZ\rb_\qZklghklbiZl_glgh_ijZ\h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ bkihevah\Zgby lhj]h\uofZjhdblhj]h\uoagZdh\-klbfmebjh\Zebijhfure_gguci_j_\hjhl\gZqZe_ ;,; \ ijb\_^rbc d lhfm qlh wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl klZe k k_j_^bgu lh]h \_dZ ghjfZevguf kihkh[hf nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby wdhghfbd AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu b K_\_jghc :f_jbdbKf.: North D. Structure and Change in Economic History. N.Y.: Norton, 1981. P. 81; He_cgbd:G MdZakhqL_fZ 18 JZkdh\G<<b^bfZyjmdZ:^ZfZKfblZ\a_jdZe_jhkkbckdbo^_nhjfZpbc<_klgbdKI[=MK_jbyWdhghfbdZ<uiK 16 17 `_oZjZdl_jgh_^eyieZgh\h]hohayckl\ZgZijhlb\ih^qbgy_l\kxkbkl_fmg_nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\kbkl_f_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ G_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu a^_kv bf_xl khih^qbg_gguc oZjZdl_j b \ wlhf kmlv Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghc kbkl_fu Wlb b^_b kh]eZkmxlky k ijb\_^_gghc F <_[_jhf deZkkbnbdZpb_c hkgh\guo b^_Zevguo lbih\ ijZ\e_gby dhlhju_ bf_xl k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_ hkh[_ggu_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ hkgh\u LZd jZpbhgZevgh-e_]Zevguc lbi ijZ\e_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbc jughqghfm ohayckl\m hkgh\Zg gZ nhjfZevghf ijZ\_ bf_xs_f jZpbhgZevgu_ ij_^ihkuedb ljZ^bpbhgguc lbi ijZ\e_gby - gZ bklhjbq_kdb ljZ^bpbhggh keh`b\rboky ghjfZo h[uqZyo Z oZjbafZlbq_kdbc ij_^Zgghklbebqghklbeb^_jZ\_j_\_]hmgbdZevgu_kihkh[ghklb]_jhckl\hkbem^moZbhjZlhjkdbclZeZglihke_^gb_ ^\ZlbiZoZjZdl_jgu^eyieZgh\h]hohayckl\Z19. Qlh`_dZkZ_lkyjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Zihnhjfbjh\ZgbxbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u\i_j_oh^guokbkl_fZolhwlZjhev \jZfdZobgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zfh`_l[ulvjZkkfhlj_gZkg_kdhevdbolhq_daj_gby : ?keb ijb^_j`b\Zlvky h[s_ijbagZggh]h l_abkZ h lhf qlh ^ey _kl_kl\_ggh]h nhjfbjh\Zgby bgklblmlh\ \ ijhp_kk_ hl[hjZ lj_[m_lky ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy - e_l jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo k\h^blky d lhfm qlh ^eymkdhj_gbywlh]hijhp_kkZhghijba\Zgh\uklmiZlv\dZq_kl\_bgbpbZlhjZ baf_g_gbcbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uIh kmlb^he`ghijhbahclbh[jZlgh_lhfmqlhbf_ehf_klh\w\hexpbhgbjmxsbokbkl_fZo\Gb^_jeZg^Zo<_ebdh[jblZgbbb ^jm]bokljZgZoAZiZ^Z]^_nhjfZevgu_bgklblmluaZqZklmxebrvaZdj_ieyebm`_^_ckl\h\Z\rb_g_nhjfZevgu_ghjfub ijZ\beZ b ^Z\Zeb bf xjb^bq_kdb_ ]ZjZglbb H^gZdh nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu g_^hklZlhqgh ijhklh kha^Zlv hgb gZqbgZxl j_Zevgh jZ[hlZlv ebrv lh]^Z dh]^Z ^hihegyxlky b ih^dj_ieyxlky g_nhjfZevgufb ghjfZfb b hlghr_gbyfb < ijhlb\hiheh`ghckblmZpbbfubf__fdhgnebdlbgklblmlh\bg_jZ[hlZxsb_aZdhgu ; H^gh\j_f_ggh ]hkm^Zjkl\h ijba\Zgh nbdkbjh\Zlv b ^Z\Zlv ijZ\h\u_ ]ZjZglbb gZjh`^Zxsbfky m`_ gZ [Za_ kms_kl\mxsbo aZdhgh\ b ghjf Z lZd`_ jZkp\_lZxsbf \ bgklblmpbhgZevghf \Zdmmf_ g_nhjfZevguf hlghr_gbyf < i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ijhp_kk dhgdmj_gpbb g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ m^Zqgh gZa\Zgguc <ELZf[h\p_\uf f_lZdhgdmj_gpb_c20agZqbl_evghmkdhjy_lkyg_j_^dhkjhdbo`bagbbkqbkey_lkyg_kdhevdbfb]h^ZfbbgklblmpbhgZevgZy b hj]ZgbaZpbhggZy kljmdlmjZ f_gyxlky ^bgZfbqgh q_fm \ g_fZehc kl_i_gb kihkh[kl\m_l hlkmlkl\b_ \gmlj_ggbo `_kldhkl_c ijbkmsbo ZjoZbqguf kbkl_fZf Ihwlhfm \ i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ba[_`gh klZedb\Z_lky k ijh[e_fhc kms_kl\h\Zgby b g_h[oh^bfh]h aZdj_ie_gby \j_f_gguo i_j_oh^guo bgklblmlh\ j_]eZf_glbjmxsbo ih\_^_gb_ hj]ZgbaZpbc i_j_oh^gh]h lbiZ < p_ehf g_^he]h\_qghklv ^_ckl\mxsbo ghjf y\ey_lky ijbqbghc h]jhfguo jZkoh^h\gZaZdhgh^Zl_evgmx^_yl_evghklvb__gbadhcwnn_dlb\ghklb <BgklblmluklZjhckbkl_fulZd`_h[eZ^Zxlg_dhlhjhc`b\mq_klvxbg_jpbhgghklvxwlhfh`_l[ulvk\yaZghdZd k [_a\ha\jZlgufb ba^_j`dZfb lZd b k dhkghklvx fure_gby Hgb kms_kl\mxl \ \b^_ fZj]bgZevguo hklZlhqguo ghjf ijZ\be b hlghr_gbc Z^Zilbjmxsboky d gh\hc kj_^_ Ba ie_y^u lZdh]h jh^Z fmlZglh\ gZb[he__ bgl_j_k_g bgklblml [Zjl_jZ dhlhjuc fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ^_nhjfbjh\Zgguc \ZjbZgl ijyfuo ohayckl\_gguo hlghr_gbc f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfbkhpbZebklbq_kdhckbkl_fuohayckl\h\ZgbykfiZjZ]jZn:ijZdlbdm_fu_k_]h^gy\aZbfhaZq_luhq_gv kbevghgZihfbgZxll_ghfbgZevgu_jZkq_lgu_hlghr_gbydhlhju_bf_ebf_klhijbieZgh\hfjZkij_^_e_gbbj_kmjkh\b ijh^mdlh\G_kemqZcghlZdb_kbkl_fuihemqbebgZa\Zgb_bgklblmpbhgZevguoeh\mr_d^hklZlhqghh^bgjZa\dexqblvky \ b]jm k bo ijZ\beZfb qlh[u \lygmlvky b aZ\yagmlv ih mrb Nmgdpby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ i_j_oh^guo kbkl_fZo lZdbf h[jZahf k\h^blky d kha^Zgbx fhsghc dhgdmj_glghc Zevl_jgZlb\u bgklblmpbhgZevguf eh\mrdZf" gZijbf_j ih^^_j`Zgbx \_dk_evguo nhjf jZkq_lh\ <Z`gmx jhev a^_kv lZd`_ fh] [u ku]jZlv j_Zevgh ^_ckl\mxsbc aZdhg h [Zgdjhlkl\_dhlhjuck_]h^gyg_\hafh`ghaZimklblvbf_ggh\kbem\ukhdboljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dihemq_gbybklbgghc bgnhjfZpbbhnbgZgkh\hfiheh`_gbbij_^ijbylbcijZdlbdmxsbog_^_g_`gu_nhjfu\aZbfhhlghr_gbc<keh`b\rboky mkeh\byoijZdlbdm_lkyg_wdhghfbq_kdh_Zkdhj__iheblbq_kdh_[Zgdjhlkl\hKemqZ_\j_Zevgh]h[Zgdjhlkl\Z\lhfqbke_ \\_^_gby \g_rg_]h mijZ\e_gby g_fgh]h gh \k_ hgb ihoh`b dZd [ebag_pu-[jZlvy <_a^_ hkh[uc bgl_j_k ijhy\ey_l Z^fbgbkljZpby dhlhjZy h[uqgh eb[h j_rZ_l k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_ iheblbq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu eb[h eh[[bjm_l bgl_j_ku dZdhcgb[m^v[bag_k-]jmiibjh\db Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh \uklmiZy \ dZq_kl\_ ]_g_jZlhjZ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u ]hkm^Zjkl\h \ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_g_ba[_`ghklZedb\Z_lkykjy^hfkms_kl\_gguoijh[e_f : Hlkmlkl\b_ ijZdlbq_kdh]h gZpbhgZevgh]h hiulZ b ij__fkl\_gghklb bgklblmlh\ jugdZ Ohly ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ihke_^g__ ml\_j`^_gb_ g_evay ijbgbfZlv Z[khexlgh ihlhfm qlh gZijbf_j \ gZr_c kljZg_ \ mkeh\byo ieZgh\hckbkl_fuhl^_evgu_hkljh\dbjugdZnmgdpbhgbjmxsb_\mkeh\byohkh[h]hjbkdZb^hihegbl_evguoh]jZgbq_gbc ij_^klZ\eyeZ l_g_\Zy wdhghfbdZ aZjh^b\rZyky \gmljb wlhc kbkl_fu DZd wlh gb kljZggh bf_ggh hgZ ij_^klZ\eyeZ a^hjh\mxhkgh\m^eynhjfbjh\Zgbygh\hcbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uBf_ggh[u\rb_nZjph\sbdbp_oh\bdbg_e_]Zevgu_ lhj]h\puq_jgh]hjugdZbih^ihevghc^hfZrg_ckn_jumkem]khklZ\bebi_j\u_jy^ujhkkbckdboij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c bf_gghmgbo[uehiulg_nhjfZevguojughqguo\aZbfhhlghr_gbc ; >bkdj_lghklv bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z l _ hlkmlkl\b_ \gmlj_gg_]h _^bgkl\Z bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u iha\heyxs_]h jZkkfZljb\Zlv __ dZd dZq_kl\_ggh p_eh_ b g_ij_ju\gh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ Wlh kha^Z_l ^hihegbl_evgu_ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbyi_j_oh^guokbkl_f < G_h[oh^bfhklv j_rZlv \ i_j_oh^guo wdhghfbdZo fgh`_kl\h ijh[e_f g_k\hckl\_gguo klZ[bevgh nmgdpbhgbjmxsbfkbkl_fZfH[sZyfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZyg_klZ[bevghklvbihklhyggZy[hjv[ZkjZagh]hjh^ZdjbabkZfb km`Zxl lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ]hjbahglu ieZgbjh\Zgby i_j_dexqZy \gbfZgb_ \eZkl_c k jZajZ[hldb kljZl_]bq_kdbo ijh]jZff ^he]hkjhqgh]h oZjZdl_jZ gZ j_r_gb_ kbxfbgmlguo aZ^Zq kgb`_gb_ ^_nbpblZ [x^`_lZ \u[b\Zgb_ dj_^blZ F<N j_kljmdlmjbaZpby \g_rg_]h ^he]Z kiZk_gb_ [Zgdh\kdhc kbkl_fu h[_ki_q_gb_ lhieb\hf [hjv[Z k ml_qdhc dZiblZeh\ ^heeZjbaZpb_c wdhghfbdb h[gZebqb\Zgb_f lheebg]hf b ij Wlb kbxfbgmlgu_ aZ^Zqb lj_[mxl kha^Zgby Z^_d\Zlguo jZ[hqbo ghjf ijZ\be b hj]ZgbaZpbc dhlhju_ fh`gh gZa\Zlv bgklblmlZfb Zglbdjbabkgh]h mijZ\e_gby >ey ijb\_^_gby lZdbo bgklblmlh\ \ ^_ckl\b_ g_j_^dh lj_[m_lky ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ \k_]h bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z baf_g_gb_ nhjfZevguo ghjf Ijbf_jh\ lhfm \ Jhkkbb -o ]] ^hklZlhqgh GZijbf_j mqj_`^_gb_ :kkhpbZpbb j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb KfGmj__\JFL_hjbbjZa\blbybgklblmpbhgZevgu_dhgp_ipbbklZgh\e_gbyjughqghcwdhghfbdb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K 20 LZf[h\p_\<EMdZakhqK-103. 19 dj_^blguo hj]ZgbaZpbc :JDH ihlj_[h\Zeh \g_k_gby baf_g_gby ^Z`_ \ =jZ`^Zgkdbc dh^_dk JN <\_^_ggZy \ g_]h ihijZ\dZ h \hafh`ghklb ij_h[jZah\Zgby Zdpbhg_jguo h[s_kl\ \ g_dhff_jq_kdb_ hj]ZgbaZpbb kl_jeZ ]jZgv f_`^m mdZaZggufb lbiZfb mqj_`^_gbc bf_\rbfb ^h wlh]h jZagu_ ijZ\Z \ mijZ\e_gbb ihemq_gbb ^hoh^h\ b jZkij_^_e_gbb bfms_kl\Z\kemqZ_ebd\b^Zpbb21. G_j_^dh mdZaZggu_ kbxfbgmlgu_ aZ^Zqb lj_[mxl hkh[uo `_kldbo f_j dhlhju_ qZklh bf_xl ih[hqgu_ wnn_dlu \ha^_ckl\mygZnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_^jm]bok_dlhjh\wdhghfbdbGZijbf_j\jZa]ZjZ\]mklh\kdh]hnbgZgkh\h]hdjbabkZP; JN \\_e `_kldbc dhgljhev aZ i_j_qbke_gb_f \Zexlu aZ jm[_` k p_evx ij_^hl\jZs_gby fZkkh\h]h hllhdZ dZiblZeZ dZlZkljhnbq_kdh]h h[\ZeZ jm[ey b bklhs_gby klhev g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey \uieZlu \g_rgbo ^he]h\ \Zexlguo j_a_j\h\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z G_aZf_^ebl_evgh ^Ze k_[y agZlv ih[hqguc wnn_dl wlh]h j_r_gby gh\u_ ijZ\beZ i_j_qbke_gby \Zexlu agZqbl_evgh mkeh`gbeb jZ[hlm bfihjl_jh\ gZjmrbeb ghjfZevgu_ \aZbfhhlghr_gby k bghkljZggufb iZjlg_jZfb qlh ijb\_ehdjhklmmgboljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dbkgb`_gbxb[_alh]hih^hj\Zgghcdjbabkhfwnn_dlb\ghklbbfihjlZ < h[s_f wdhghfbdZ k ihjZ`_ggufb \hkijhba\h^kl\_ggufb ijhp_kkZfb ihklhyggh \uk\_qb\Zxsbfbky madbfb f_klZfb nmgdpbhgbjmxsZy \ [md\Zevghf kfuke_ keh\Z \ ihemZ\Zjbcghf khklhygbb lh ZlhfgZy eh^dZ aZlhg_l lh aZ]hjblkyl_e_[Zrgylh\ahj\_lkykbkl_fZ]ZahkgZ[`_gby«gZ]jZgbnheZlj_[m_lhkh[h]hmijZ\e_gbyBlh]^Zf_gyxlky h[s_kl\_ggu_ ijbhjbl_lu b i_j\hc kdjbidhc ijZ\bl_evkl\Z klZgh\blky Fbgbkl_jkl\h ih qj_a\uqZcguf kblmZpbyf gZ h[_ki_q_gb_^_yl_evghklbdhlhjh]hhl\e_dZ_lky\k_[hevr_j_kmjkh\h[s_kl\Z 14.4 Ijh[e_fZbgklblmpbhgZevghcg_Z^_d\Zlghklb jhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z Baeh`_gguc\ur_fZl_jbZegZ\h^blgZfukevhg_h[hkgh\Zgghklbbg_ijZ\bevghklbijbau\h\[hevrbgkl\Z jhkkbckdboj_nhjfZlhjh\iheghklvxmkljZgblv]hkm^Zjkl\hbakn_jumijZ\e_gbywdhghfbdhc\p_eyo[uklj_cr_]hb wnn_dlb\gh]h i_j_oh^Z d jugdm G_m^Zqb jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb \ -_ ]] \ hq_gv agZqbl_evghc f_j_ [ueb h[mkeh\e_guih^h[gufbZglbwlZlbklkdbfbgZkljh_gbyfb Dhg_qgh jughqgZy wdhghfbdZ g_ kh\f_klbfZ k ^bj_dlb\guf ieZgbjh\Zgb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf j_]mebjh\Zgb_f [hevrbgkl\Zp_gbeb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvxgZ[hevrmxqZklvkj_^kl\ijhba\h^kl\Z\kljZg_Gh\_^vdZdm`_ ^he`gh [ulv klZeh ykgh wlbf g_ bkq_jiu\Zxlky \hafh`gu_ kihkh[u mqZklby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ohayckl\_gghc `bagb Hgh fh`_l mqZkl\h\Zlv \ g_c g_ lhevdh jZkij_^_eyy beb bkihevamy bf_xsb_ky j_kmjku gh b h[_ki_qb\Zy \aZbfh^_ckl\by qZklguo \eZ^_evp_\ wlbo j_kmjkh\ gZ qlh b mdZau\Z_l bgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ Ihwlhfm fh`gh \ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ kh]eZkblvky k i_l_j[mj]kdbf ijhn_kkhjhf G< JZkdh\uf ml\_j`^Zxsbf qlh JughqgZy wdhghfbdZ gZqbgZ_lky k ]hkm^Zjkl\Zhgh^he`ghgZclbk\h_f_klh\wlhckbkl_f_ohayckl\ZHghg_^he`ghgbkZfhmkljZgylvkygb[jZlvgZk_[yg_ k\hckl\_ggu__fmnmgdpbb22. Ij_^klZ\ey_lky qlh jhkkbckdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \ -_ ]] \ p_ehf g_ kijZ\behkv k \uiheg_gb_f [hevrbgkl\Z k\hbo bgklblmpbhgZevguo nmgdpbc Z \hafh`gh g_j_^dh ^Z`_ b g_ iulZehkv wlh k^_eZlv ?]h bgklblmpbhgZevgZy g_Z^_d\ZlghklvoZjZdl_jbah\ZeZkvke_^mxsbfb\agZqbl_evghcf_j_\aZbfhk\yaZggufbZki_dlZfb Ij_`^_\k_]hjhkkbckdZywdhghfbdZhkh[_gghgZklZjl_i_j_oh^ZdjugdmhlebqZeZkvqj_a\uqZcghiehohc ki_pbnbdZpb_c ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb < gZqZe_ -o ]] ]hkm^Zjkl\h hldZaZehkv hl mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb ij_^ijbylbyfb kha^Z\ mkeh\by ^ey lZd gZau\Z_fhc ghf_gdeZlmjghc ijb\ZlbaZpbb l _ ^ey ijbk\h_gby [u\r_c ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb jmdh\h^ysbf khklZ\hf ]hkij_^ijbylbc23 ^_lZevguc ZgZeba ijbjh^u ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbbZki_dlh\k\yaZgguok__mijZ\e_gb_f^Zg\iZjZ]jZn_ Ijb wlhf \ gZr_c wdhghfbd_ hq_gv gbadZ kl_i_gv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b aZdexqZ_fuo dhgljZdlh\ kf gZijbf_j fZl_jbZe h ijZ\h\hc g_aZsbs_gghklb bg\_klhjh\ \ Jhkkbb <h fgh]hf wlh ke_^kl\b_ g_jZa\blhklbkm^_[gh-ijZ\h\hckbkl_fubljZ^bpbhggh]h^eyJhkkbb^hfbgbjh\Zgbybkihegbl_evghc\eZklbgZ^^jm]bfb \_l\yfb \eZklb GZijbf_j lZdb_ y\e_gby dZd hlkmlkl\b_ \ aZdhgZo hij_^_e_gby f_oZgbafh\ bo j_ZebaZpbb g_bkihegy_fhklvaZdhgh\Zfhjnghklvnhjfmebjh\hdkh^_j`Zsboky\bol_dklZog_khhl\_lkl\b_jZaebqguoaZdhgh\^jm] ^jm]m b xjb^bq_kdb_ imklhlu lbiZ gZebqby \ h^ghf aZdhg_ hlkuedb gZ ^jm]hc aZdhg dhlhjuc ihdZ _s_ g_ ijbgyl ij_^klZ\eyeb kh[hc h[s__ f_klh \ Jhkkbb -o ]]24 ;he__ lh]h jhkkbckdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_j_^dh kZfh gZjmrZeh kh[kl\_ggu_h[yaZl_evkl\Zihl_fdhgljZdlZf\jZfdZodhlhjuohghy\eyehkvh^ghcbaklhjhg25. Djhf_ lh]h jhkkbckdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ h[_ki_qb\Zeh klZ[bevgh_ b wnn_dlb\gh nmgdpbhgbjmxs__ ^_g_`gh_ h[jZs_gb_AZ-_]]j_adhkhdjZlbekydhwnnbpb_glfhg_lbaZpbbhlghr_gb_^_g_`gh]hZ]j_]ZlZFd<<Ib`b\u_ ^_gv]b hdZaZebkv \ul_kg_ggufb [Zjl_jhf g_ieZl_`Zfb b ijhqbfb kmjjh]ZlZfb Wlb g_]Zlb\gu_ ijhp_kku fgh]b_ wdki_jlu kqblZxl ke_^kl\b_f g_^hklZlhqghklb ^_g_`ghc fZkku hlghkbl_evgh ihlj_[ghkl_c \ ^_gv]Zo j_Zevgh]h k_dlhjZ ^_g_`guf ]heh^hf ijhfure_gghklb KlZedb\Zykv k g_o\Zldhc ^_g_] jhkkbckdb_ ij_^ijbylby aZqZklmx \ugm`^_ggh i_j_oh^bebgZ[Zjl_j26qlhg_kihkh[kl\h\ZehqZklhfmaZdexq_gbx^he]hkjhqguodhgljZdlguoh[yaZl_evkl\[_adhlhjuo Bg\_klbpbhggucdebfZl\Jhkkbb<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK JZkdh\ G< <b^bfZy jmdZ :^ZfZ KfblZ« K I_j\Zy qZklv wlh]h l_abkZ gZoh^blky \ iheghf khhl\_lkl\bb k ih^oh^hf ljZ^bpbhgguobgklblmpbhgZebklh\dZgZebamwdhghfbq_kdhcjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Zhghhij_^_ey_lbki_pbnbpbjm_lwdhghfbq_kdb_ijZ\Zb ij_`^_ \k_]h ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb dhlhju_ nhjfbjmxl \eZklgmx kljmdlmjm \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ ^_l_jfbgbjmxsmx oZjZdl_j jughqguo hlghr_gbcKf.: Samuels W. J. Institutional Economics // Companion to Contemporary Economic Thought. Ed. by D. Greenaway et al. London: Routledge, 1991. P. 115. 23 Kf JZkdh\ G< Ijh[e_fu mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb ij_^ijbylbyfb \ Jhkkbb \ i_jbh^ j_nhjf <_klgbd KI[=M K_jby WdhghfbdZ <ui K - Kf lZd`_ Dhe]Zgh\ : D \hijhkm h \eZklb deZgh\h-dhjihjZlb\guo ]jmii \ Jhkkbb <hijhku wdhghfbdbK-115. 24 Kf M^h\_gdh KI =mjbgh\bq : = IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ nhjfbjh\Zgby jughqghc wdhghfbdb \ Jhkkbb g_j_r_ggu_ ijh[e_fu <_klgbdKI[=MK_jbyWdhghfbdZ<uiK-46. 25 LZf[h\p_\<EMdZakhqK 26 KfgZijbf_jDe_iZq:>he]h\ZywdhghfbdZfhg_lZjguc\hkijhba\h^kl\_ggucb\eZklgucZki_dlu<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 21 22 g_fukebfZ wnn_dlb\gZy jughqgZy wdhghfbdZ <ijhq_f gZb[he__ nmg^Zf_glZevgu_ ijbqbgu [Zjl_jbaZpbb jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb[uebk\yaZgukh[s_cijZ\h\hcg_aZsbs_gghklvxnhjfbjh\Z\r_cky\-_]]wdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_fu Hq_gv \Z`_g [ue lZd`_ lhl nZdl qlh kbkl_fZ nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ Jhkkbb -o ]] hkh[_ggh \ i_j\hc iheh\bg_ wlh]h i_jbh^Z oZjZdl_jbah\ZeZkv qj_a\uqZcgh \ukhdhc g_klZ[bevghklvx Kh^_j`Zgb_ aZdhgh^Zl_evguo b ghjfZlb\guoZdlh\g_ij_ju\ghih^\_j]Zehkv[_kdhg_qgufj_\babyf27<j_amevlZl_fgh]b_aZdhguZlZd`_ihklZgh\e_gby b jZkihjy`_gby bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb ijh`b\Zeb qj_a\uqZcgh dhjhldmx `bagv g_ khihklZ\bfmx kh klZg^ZjlZfb ijhfure_ggh jZa\bluo kljZg ijb wlhf hlebqZykv hq_gv [hevrbf dhebq_kl\hf >ey beexkljZpbb ijb\_^_f ke_^mxsb_ ^Zggu_kf lZ[e 14.1). LZ[ebpZ Kjhdb^_ckl\byghjfZlb\guoZdlh\ihwdhghfbq_kdbfijh[e_fZf^g_c IhklZgh\e_gbcbjZkihjy`_gbc MdZah\bjZkihjy`_gbcij_ab^_glZ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z =h^ Dhe- Kj_^g FZdkbfZe Fbgbf Dhe- Kj_^gb FZdkbfZe Fbgbf \h ckjhd vguckjhd Zevvguckjhd Zev\h bc guc ^_ckl\ ^_ckl\by guc kjhd ^_ckl\by kjhd by kjhd ^_ckl\ ^_ckl\ ^_ckl\ by by by 1992 272 777 1649 18 70 881 1758 54 1993 272 645 1345 13 84 640 1377 2 1994 235 431 1090 11 25 477 927 78 1995 125 291 686 21 9 339 621 63 1996 73 164 374 17 24 155 342 12 KhklZ\e_ghgZhkgh\_FZm<<hehkZlh\:IjZ\h\Zy[ZaZwdhghfbq_kdhcj_nhjfuijh[e_fZmklhcqb\hklb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K < FZm b : <hehkZlh\ h[tykgyxl g_mklhcqb\hklv \gh\v ijbgbfZ_fuo ghjfZlb\guo Zdlh\ ^\mfy hkgh\gufb ijbqbgZfb <h-i_j\uo l_ogbq_kdbfb b iheblbq_kdbfb hrb[dZfb ijb jZajZ[hld_ b ijbgylbb ^hdmf_glh\ <h-\lhjuo ijhlb\hklhygb_f khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbo kbe ]jmii bgl_j_kh\ hdZau\Zxsbo \ebygb_ gZ oh^ ijbgylby iheblbq_kdbo j_r_gbc b \ujZ[hldb ^hdmf_glh\ «Ijb[uev gZ ©bg\_klbpbbª \ eh[[bjh\Zgb_ ghjfZlb\gh]h ZdlZ hdmiZ_lky ]hjZa^h [uklj__ ex[uo ^jm]bo nhjf bg\_klbpbc28 Wlh _s_ h^bg Zki_dl bgklblmpbhgZevghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb jhkkbckdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hgh kha^Zeh mkeh\by fZdkbfZevgh [eZ]hijbylgu_ ^ey ihbkdZ j_glu Z]_glZfb ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb ;he__ lh]h hgh kZfh \ ebp_ k\hboqbgh\gbdh\[uehh^gbfbakZfuoZdlb\guoj_glhbkdZl_e_c ihklhyggh \\h^y lZdb_ nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju dhlhju_ iha\heyeb _fm i_j_jZkij_^_eylv ^hoh^u b [h]Zlkl\h \ k\hx ihevam H^gbf ba gZb[he__ \hibxsbo ijbf_jh\ fh`_l kem`blv IhklZgh\e_gb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\Z JN hl ] dhlhjh_ \f_gbeh \ h[yaZgghklv khhl\_lkl\mxsbf km[t_dlZf fZjdbjh\Zgb_ Zm^bh- \b^_h- b dhfivxl_jghc l_ogbdb ]heh]jZnbq_kdbfbfZjdZfb <k_ wlb Zki_dlu dZkZebkv g_Z^_d\Zlghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ h[eZklb h[_ki_q_gby nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbownn_dlb\ghcjughqghcwdhghfbd_H^gZdhg_ke_^m_laZ[u\Zlvh[m`_mihfygmlhfdhk\_gghf\ebygbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gZ g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu Wlh \ebygb_ dZd ijZ\beh g_^hhp_gb\Z_lky ^Z`_ [hevrbgkl\hf ij_^klZ\bl_e_cbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zg_]h\hjym`_hg_hdeZkkbdZobaZkem`b\Z_lhkh[h]hjZkkfhlj_gby>_eh\ lhf qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\h k\hbfb ^_ckl\byfb – ij_`^_ \k_]h q_j_a kj_^kl\Z fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb - y\gh beb g_y\gh kihkh[kl\m_lnhjfbjh\Zgbxbbaf_g_gbxh[s_kl\_gghcb^_heh]bbl_kbkl_fuh[s_kl\_gguop_e_cbij_^ihql_gbc\ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ \ebyxs_c gZ p_eb b ij_^ihql_gby hl^_evguo ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\29 KZfZ `_ h[s_kl\_ggZy b^_heh]by gZoh^blky \ keh`guo hlghr_gbyo \aZbfghc aZ\bkbfhklb k g_nhjfZevgufb ijZ\beZfb b]ju b hdZau\Z_l h]jhfgh_ \ebygb_ gZ q_eh\_q_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ gZqbgZy hl kl_i_gb ke_^h\Zgby ebqguf bgl_j_kZf b aZdZgqb\Zy fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbfbj_r_gbyfblbiZkdehgghklbdk[_j_`_gbx < wdhghfbq_kdhc bklhjbb \ dZq_kl\_ beexkljZpbb wdhghfbq_kdhc jheb h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb ij_`^_ \k_]h fh`gh \u^_eblv i_jbh^ jZa\blby dZiblZebafZ \ ;9,,-;,; \\ \ jy^_ ijhl_klZglkdbo kljZg - ij_`^_ \k_]h \ KR: b R\_cpZjbb - ]^_ ^hfbgbjh\ZeZ wlbdZ djZcgbo ijhl_klZglkdbo k_dl - imjblZgkdZy wlbdZ Kmlvx wlhc wlbdb y\eyeZkv b^_heh]byfbjkdh]hZkd_lbafZkhq_lZgb_fZdkbfZevghchl^Zqb\ijhba\h^kl\_gghckn_j_bgl_gkb\gu_aZljZluljm^Z\h \k_o\b^Zo\dexqZyij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\h[ukljh_gZdhie_gb_dZiblZeZb`_kldboh]jZgbq_gbc\ihlj_[bl_evkdhckn_j_ kjZ\gbl_evghfZeu_h[t_fuihlj_[e_gbybg_[hevrh_dhebq_kl\h\j_f_gbjZkoh^m_fh_gZhl^uoIjbwlhf^ZggZywlbdZ klbfmebjh\ZeZ Z[khexlgh q_klgh_ ih\_^_gb_ \ ohayckl\_gghc `bagb b fZdkbfZevgmx hl\_lkl\_gghklv ijb kh[ex^_gbb dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ LZdbf h[jZahf imjblZgkdZy wlbdZ h[_ki_qbeZ hq_gv [hevrb_ klbfmeu d ljm^m ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\m k[_j_`_gbyf b bg\_klbpbyf qlh hdZaZeh iheh`bl_evgh_ \ebygb_ gZ wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl \ qZklghklbbgZklZgh\e_gb_aZiZ^gh]hdZiblZebafZdZdwnn_dlb\ghcwdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_fu\p_ehf30. K-56. 27 M^h\_gdhKI=mjbgh\bq:=MdZakhq 28 FZm<<hehkZlh\:IjZ\h\Zy[ZaZwdhghfbq_kdhcj_nhjfuijh[e_fZmklhcqb\hklb<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK 29 Kf lZd`_ JhafZbgkdbc B< >bgZfbdZ h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb dZd nZdlhj wdhghfbdh-bgklblmpbhgZevguo baf_g_gbc LjZgknhjfZpby wdhghfbq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb fbdjhwdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba F Fhkdh\kdbc h[s_kl\_gguc gZmqgucnhg^K-31. 30 OhlyqbklhfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdb_ihke_^kl\byjZkijhkljZg_gbyb^hfbgbjh\ZgbyimjblZgkdhcwlbdbg_evaygZa\Zlvh^ghagZqgufbba-aZ lh]hqlhh^gbfbawe_f_glh\b^_Zevgh]hih\_^_gbybg^b\b^Z\jZfdZowlhcwlbdbijbagZ\ZeZkvdj_^blhkihkh[ghklvZh[Zgdjhlb\rbcky ^he`gbdjZkkfZljb\ZekydZdhl\_j`_gguc;h]hfij_^hij_^_e_ggucd\_qghfmhkm`^_gbx^ZggZywlbdZg_ihhsjyeZex[u_kihkh[u \g_rg_]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby bg\_klbpbc b ihlj_[e_gby qlh h]jZgbqb\Zeh wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl Ih^jh[g__ kf JhafZbgkdbc B<. ImjblZgkdZywlbdZbfZdjhnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_dZiblZebafZK_fbgZj fheh^uowdhghfbklh\.<uiK->:^j_k\Bgl_jg_l_ ZZZHFRQSXUXSXEOLVKV\H6<(6PHFKWP@ < wlhc klZlv_ kh^_j`blky ^_lZevgh_ baeh`_gb_ b^_b h \ebygbb imjblZgkdhc wlbdb gZ >jm]bf ijbf_jhf fhsgh]h \ebygby h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb gZ wdhghfbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ kem`bl dhffmgbklbq_kdZy b^_heh]by \ KKKJ b g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo lhlZeblZjguo ]hkm^Zjkl\Zo ^\Z^pZlh]h \_dZ G_khfg_ggh qlh h^ghc ba ijbqbg [ukljh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby KKKJ \ -1950-_ ]] - gZjy^m k `_klhqZcrbfb f_lh^Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hijbgm`^_gbybbah[beb_fj_kmjkh\-[ueZklZebgkdZyb^_heh]byjZkkfZljb\Z\rZyljm^dZd^_ehq_klb ^h[e_klb b ]_jhckl\Z LZdbf h[jZahf kh\_lkdZy wdhghfbdZ \ mdZaZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb hlebqZeZkv hq_gv \ukhdbf agZq_gb_f hlghr_gb_f ljm^Z d hl^uom ZRUNOHLVXUH UDWLR b hlkmlkl\b_f Zki_dlh\ hleugb\Zgby31 qlh [_amkeh\gh klbfmebjh\Zeh ohayckl\_ggh_ jZa\blb_ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu aZf_^e_gb_ jhklZ \ -1980-_ ]] \ hij_^_e_gghc f_j_ [ueh \ua\Zghg_y\gufijhgbdgh\_gb_f\kh\_lkdmxb^_heh]bxfhlb\h\b`^b\_gq_kl\Zbmdehg_gbyhlbgl_gkb\gh]hljm^Z–wlh \hiehlbehkv\ba\_klghck_gl_gpbbHgb^_eZxl\b^qlhgZfieZlylaZlhqlhfu^_eZ_f\b^qlhjZ[hlZ_f GZgZr\a]ey^^jZfZlbq_kdb_kh[ulbyijhbkoh^b\rb_\-_]]\wdhghfbd_hkgh\ghcqZklb[u\r_]hKKKJ– JhkkbblZd`_\hfgh]hffh`ghh[tykgblvhkh[_gghklyfb]jmiih\h]hih\_^_gbyk\yaZggufbkh[s_kl\_gghcb^_heh]b_c >_eh \ lhf qlh gZ jm[_`_ -1990-o ]] \ i_jbh^ jZa\ZeZ KKKJ b klZgh\e_gby Jhkkbb dZd ]hkm^Zjkl\Z k jughqghc wdhghfbdhc \ kljZg_ ijhbahreZ jZ^bdZevgZy kf_gZ h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb Dhffmgbklbq_kdb_ p_gghklb [ueb j_adh ^_fhglbjh\Zgu <hagbdh]jhfgucb^_heh]bq_kdbc\ZdmmfHgklZe[ukljhaZihegylvkyh]hel_ehcijhiZ]Zg^hc\]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kj_^kl\Zo fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb [mj`mZaguo p_gghkl_c Z lhqg__ ijhiZ]Zg^hc [ukljh]h g_f_^e_ggh]h h[h]Zs_gby ex[hc p_ghc ihlj_[e_gby ^hjh]bo ij_klb`guo lh\Zjh\ b \ p_ehf djZkb\hc `bagb :dlb\gh \g_^jy\rZyky q_j_a \k_ KFB gh\Zy h[s_kl\_ggZy b^_heh]by – b^_heh]by djZkb\hc `bagb - hdZaZeZ fhsgh_ \ebygb_ gZ p_eb b ij_^ihql_gby [hevrbgkl\Zohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdbKZfufh[sbfke_^kl\b_fgZkZ`^_gbylZdhch[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb klZeh \k_h[s__ ij_g_[j_`_gb_ d q_klghfm khab^Zl_evghfm ljm^m Ljm^y]b [ueb ihklZ\e_gu \ iheh`_gb_ ba]h_\Kha^ZeZkvmgbdZevgZykblmZpbyijbdhlhjhch[s_kl\_ggh_ijbagZgb_klZebihemqZlvl_km[t_dludhlhju_\jZfdZo k\h_c ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb hldjulh gZjmrZeb nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju l_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb hkh[_ggh __ djbfbgZevghc khklZ\eyxs_c =_jhyfb ^gy klZeb ijhklblmldb nbgZgkh\u_ ki_dmeyglu Z lh b ijhklh hlty\e_ggu_ [Zg^blu L_ `_ dlh ijyfh g_ klZgh\beky djbfbgZevguf we_f_glhf ihemqbeb [hevrb_ klbfmeu d hiihjlmgbklbq_kdhfmih\_^_gbx32. LZdbfh[jZahfgZkZ`^_gb_\]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokj_^kl\ZofZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbbh[s_kl\_gghcb^_heh]bbdjZkb\hc `bagb ijb\_eh d lhfm qlh g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju kljmdlmjbjmxsb_ jZfdb ih\_^_gby f_`^m jhkkbckdbfb ohayckl\mxsbfb km[t_dlZfb ih`Zemc _s_ [hevr_ hldehgbebkv hl l_o qlh khhl\_lkl\mxl wnn_dlb\ghc jughqghc wdhghfbd_ ih kjZ\g_gbx k ^hj_nhjf_gguf i_jbh^hf Iju`hd ba ljZ^bpbhggh]h kh\_lkdh]h h[s_kl\Z \ ihklkh\_lkdh_ h[s_kl\h fZkkh\h]h ihlj_[e_gby h[_jgmeky ehfdhc l_o `Zedbo hklZldh\ q_klghklb hl\_lkl\_gghklb ZevljmbafZdhlhju__s_ijbkmlkl\h\Zeb\ih\_^_gbb]hfhkh\_lbdmkZ=hkm^Zjkl\hq_j_a\g_^j_gb_gh\hch[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb djZkb\hc `bagb ijb\_eh d qj_a\uqZcgh \ukhdhc kl_i_gb hiihjlmgbafZ \ ih\_^_gbb kha^Zeh m]jham ihkl_i_gghcebd\b^Zpbb]jZgbf_`^me_]Zevgufbgg_e_]ZevgufbnhjfZfbohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklb Hlkx^Z ke_^m_l qlh ^ey i_j_oh^Z jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb gZ imlv ih^ebggh]h jZa\blby g_h[oh^bfh g_ lhevdh ijZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ohayckl\_gghc `bagb b k\yaZggh_ k wlbf kha^Zgb_ wnn_dlb\guo ijZ\be b]ju gh b jZ^bdZevgZy kf_gZ h[s_kl\_gghc b^_heh]bb ij_^iheZ]ZxsZy j_adbc khpbZevguc hkljZdbaf \ hlghr_gbb l_g_\uo \b^h\ ^_yl_evghklbbihhsjyxs_cq_klgucbkhab^Zl_evgucljm^kwe_f_glZfbZkd_lbafZbZevljmbafZIj_^klZ\ey_lkyqlh\k_ wlb i_j_f_gu \hafh`gu ebrv \ kemqZ_ lZdhc j_nhjfu kbkl_fu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb ijb dhlhjhc j_adh ih\ukblky kl_i_gv jZa^_e_gby lj_o \_l\_c \eZklb qlh ij_^iheZ]Z_l \ qZklghklb ^hklb`_gb_ ih^ebgghc g_aZ\bkbfhklb km^h\33 Z hkh[_gghkl_i_gvhl\_lkl\_gghklbbkihegbl_evguohj]Zgh\i_j_^ij_^klZ\bl_evgufbhj]ZgZfbbgZk_e_gb_f\p_ehf Dexq_\Zy ijh[e_fZ jhkkbckdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh kZfh ]hkm^Zjkl\h \ ebp_ k\hbo qbgh\gbdh\ hlgx^v g_ `_eZ_l ih^qbgylvky dZdbf-eb[h ijZ\beZf b]ju dhlhju_ hgh mklZgZ\eb\Z_l ^ey ^jm]bo b]jhdh\ hj]ZgbaZpbc Ijb wlhf mdZaZggu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju ihklhyggh baf_gyxlky lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u ihklZ\blv \ [eZ]hijbylgh_ iheh`_gb_ l_ ]jmiiu ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ dhlhju_ \ gZb[hevr_c kl_i_gb ijb[eb`_gu d ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf qbgh\gbdZf Dh]^Z fbgbklju g_ hl\_lkl\_ggu i_j_^ iZjeZf_glhf b gZjh^hf dh]^Z hgb kZfb gbdZd g_ aZsbs_gu aZdhghf lh \ ijZ\h\hf kfuke_ keh\Z g_l b ijZ\bl_evkl\Z _klv g_dbc ZiiZjZl ijb Z\lhjblZjghc ebqghklb dhlhjuckem`bl_cbf_gy_lkyih__ijbohlb«<wlhfbkhklhbl]eZ\gZyiZjZ^b]fZjhkkbckdhcbkihegbl_evghc\eZklbb g_lkfukeZ]Z^Zlvijb^_j`b\Z_lkyebhgZfhg_lZjbafZd_cgkbZgkl\Zbebeb[_jZebafZGZkZfhf^_e_hgZjmdh\h^kl\m_lky ebrvZ\lhjblZjbafhf34<hlwlmiZjZ^b]fmZ\lhjblZjbafZjhkkbckdhc\eZklbbg_h[oh^bfhkf_gblv^eyij_h^he_gby__ bgklblmpbhgZevghc g_Z^_d\Zlghklb b ^ey [m^ms_]h mki_rgh]h nhjfbjh\Zgby \ Jhkkbb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u khhl\_lkl\mxs_cwnn_dlb\ghcjughqghcwdhghfbd_ fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdb_l_g^_gpbbb\aZbfhk\yab 31 RZklbldh:?MdZakhqK 32 Ijb wlhf kbevgh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ihemqbeh lh qlh [ueh gZa\Zgh L<_[e_ghf ^_fhgkljZlb\guf ihlj_[e_gb_f Gh\u_ [h]Zlu_ j_adh m\_ebqbeb kijhk gZ ij_klb`gu_ ^hfZ Z\lhfh[beb jZaghh[jZagu_ ij_^f_lu jhkdhrb ijbq_f \ hkgh\ghf bghkljZggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z qlh ijb\_eh d djZcg_ g_[eZ]hijbylguf fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbf ihke_^kl\byf Kf JhafZbgkdbc B< >bgZfbdZ h[s_kl\_gghcb^_heh]bb«K 33 G_kl_j_gdh : I_j_oh^guc i_jbh^ aZdhgqbeky Qlh ^Zevr_" <hijhku wdhghfbdb K Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh fu g_ kh]eZkgukl_abkhfkh^_j`Zsbfky\i_j\hcqZklbgZa\Zgby^ZgghcklZlvb 34 JZkdh\G<FZdjhwdhghfbdZgZmdZbj_Zevghklv<_klgbdKI[=MK_jbyWdhghfbdZ<uiK =eZ\Z J?<HEXPBYK<?JOMB?,IHKE?>KL<BY >ZggZy ]eZ\Z ihk\ys_gZ ZgZebam jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u \ kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb>eywlh]hfukgZqZeZihiulZ_fkyhoZjZdl_jbah\Zlvl_bgklblmluwdhghfbdbkh\_lkdh]hlbiZdhlhju_[m^ml\Z`gu ^Ze__ ^ey ZgZebaZ jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ljZgknhjfZpbhgghf ijhp_kk_ Wlh iha\hebl gZf mq_klv lhl nZdl qlh bgklblmpbhgZevgZy ^bgZfbdZ ghkbl ijbgpbibZevgh bg_jpbhgguc oZjZdl_j b [he__ lhqgh ihgylv ijbjh^m bgdj_f_glgh]h ijhp_kkZbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbchlh^gh]hklZ[bevgh]hkhklhygby35kmklhcqb\ufgZ[hjhfnhjfZevguoijZ\beb g_nhjfZevguoh]jZgbq_gbcd^jm]hfm 15.1 BgklblmludhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcwdhghfbdb DZdh\u hkgh\gu_ q_jlu bgklblmpbhgZevghc kljmdlmju b hj]ZgbaZpbb nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb" A^_kv ke_^m_l h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ g_ lhevdh gZ nhjfZevgu_ \g_rgb_ bgklblmlu gh b gZ nmgdpbhgbjh\Z\rmx ^_kylbe_lbyfb kbkl_fm klbfmeh\ wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ kl_j_hlbih\ bo ih\_^_gby b f_oZgbafh\ Z^ZilZpbb d bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^_ G_l gm`^u ]h\hjblv qlh knhjfbjh\Z\rZ_ky \ ijbgpbibZevgh bguo mkeh\byo dmevlmjZ iheblbq_kdboijZ\h\uobwdhghfbq_kdbohlghr_gbc_s_^he]h_\j_fy[m^_lhij_^_eylvoZjZdl_jjZa\blbywdhghfbq_kdhc kblmZpbb\Jhkkbb>hhkgh\guonhg^h\dhlhju_bkihevamxlkyk_]h^gyrgbfbij_^ijbylbyfbkha^Zguijbkh\_lkdhc \eZklbhdhehjZ[hlgbdh\ihemqbebh[jZah\Zgb_\klZjhckbkl_f_bq_j_a^_kylve_llZdb__s_[m^mlkhklZ\eylvihqlb iheh\bgm Keh`b\rZyky d k_j_^bg_ -o ]] b ijhkms_kl\h\Z\rZy [_a agZqbl_evguo baf_g_gbc ^h ] kljmdlmjZ kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbdb[Zabjh\ZeZkvgZke_^mxsbonmg^Zf_glZevguoijbgpbiZo <h-i_j\uo ij_h[eZ^ZeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy h[s_gZjh^gZy kh[kl\_gghklv gZ kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z. KijZ\_^eb\hklbjZ^bke_^m_lhlf_lblvqlhkms_kl\h\ZeZbdhhi_jZlb\gh-dheohagZynhjfZkh[kl\_gghklbh^gZdhj_Zevguc dhgljhevgZ^g_c[uekhkj_^hlhq_g\jmdZo]hkm^Zjkl\Z <h-\lhjuo hlkmlkl\h\Zeb f_oZgbafu jughqghc dhgdmj_gpbb aZf_sZ_fu_ `_kldbf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf j_]mebjh\Zgb_f p_g ijZdlbq_kdb ih \k_f \b^Zf ijh^mdpbb hij_^_ey_fuo ih aZljZlghfm f_lh^m <ky wdhghfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ[ueZ\ukljh_gZgZhkgh\_kljh]hcb_jZjobq_kdhckljmdlmjumijZ\e_gbyfZl_jbZevgufbihlhdZfb <-lj_lvbo lh\Zjgh-^_g_`gu_ hlghr_gby bf_eb \lhjhkl_i_ggh_ agZq_gb_ \ hkgh\ghf ^ey h[kem`b\Zgby gZk_e_gby >_gv]b b]jZeb ebrv mq_lgmx nmgdpbx b hlqZklb \u^Zggu_ \ \b^_ aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu hdZau\Zeb \ebygb_ gZ ^\b`_gb_ ebrv l_o fZl_jbZevguo j_kmjkh\ jZ[hq_c kbeu dhlhju_ g_ y\eyebkv ijyfuf h[t_dlhf gZlmjZevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby <-q_l\_jluo kZf nZdl hlkmlkl\by jZ\gh\_kguo p_g b jughqguo kb]gZeh\ d bo dhjj_dpbb g_ fh] g_ ijb\_klb d \hagbdgh\_gbx lh\Zjgh]h ^_nbpblZ – wlhc g_hlt_fe_fhc q_jlu khpbZebklbq_kdhc wdhghfbdb – b ke_^h\Zl_evgh dhehkkZevguokljmdlmjguo^bkijhihjpbc Gb`_ fu [he__ ih^jh[gh hklZgh\bfky gZ i_j_qbke_gguo hkh[_gghklyo g_^hklZldZo kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb b iheblbd_]hkm^Zjkl\Z\wlhck\yabZlZd`_\uy\bfnZdlhjuh[mkeh\b\rb_aZdhghf_jghklvjhkkbckdh]h\ZjbZglZkf_gu bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ub\dZdhc-lhkl_i_gbij_^hij_^_eb\rb_klhev^ebl_evguci_j_oh^djughqghcwdhghfbd_ < kh\_lkdhc Dhgklblmpbb [ueh aZibkZgh qlh km[t_dlhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb y\ey_lky \_kv kh\_lkdbc gZjh^ Gh fh] eb hg \uklmiZlv \ jheb UHVLGXDO FODLPDQW l _ ij_^ty\eylv ijZ\Z gZ hklZlhqgmx kh[kl\_gghklv" G_l \_^v gZjh^ nZdlbq_kdb [ue hlkljZg_g hl ]hehkh\Zgby b g_ bf_e hlghr_gby d j_Zevghfm \u[hjm Fh`_l [ulv dZd kqblZeb Fbeh\Zg >`beZk b FboZbe <hke_gkdbc36 wlbf kh[kl\_ggbdhf y\eyeZkv ghf_gdeZlmjZ – \k_ jmdh\h^bl_eb \oh^b\rb_ \ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gmxbiZjlbcgmxb_jZjobb"H^gZdh_keb\gbfZl_evg__ihkfhlj_lvgZp_ebbijbhjbl_lughf_gdeZlmju__ \hafh`ghklb k\h[h^gh jZkihjy`Zlvky h[t_dlZfb h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb lh hdZau\Z_lky qlh wlhl gh\uc deZkk ijZ\bevg__ [ueh [u kqblZlv bkihegbl_eyfb k \_kvfZ ki_pbnbq_kdhc p_e_\hc nmgdpb_c Ghf_gdeZlmjZ g_ bf_eZ \hafh`ghklbgZijyfmxih^f_gblvh[s_gZjh^gu_bgl_j_kuk\hbfbkh[kl\_ggufbb\wlhfdjuehkvijhlb\hj_qb_\_^ms__ d djZcg_ g_wnn_dlb\ghfm mijZ\e_gbx kh[kl\_gghklvx Qlh[u jZaj_rblv wlh ijhlb\hj_qb_ g_h[oh^bfh [ueh ih^Z\Zlv h[s_kl\m k\h_h[jZagu_ kb]gZeu lh]h qlh ^_yl_evghklv qbgh\gbdh\ hkms_kl\eyeZkv \h bfy b gZ [eZ]h ijhp\_lZgby gZjh^ZAZl_\Zebkv]jZg^bhagu_ijh_dlukljhbl_evkl\h>\hjpZKh\_lh\;:FZ37bl^gZmijZ\e_gbbdhlhjufbfh`gh [uehk^_eZlvdZjv_jmbgZ`blvkhklhygb_Kwdhghfbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gby\k_wlbkljhcdbdhffmgbafZij_^klZ\eyebkh[hc g_\b^Zggmx ih fZkrlZ[Zf jZkljZlm j_kmjkh\ lZd dZd m kh\_lkdhc [xjhdjZlbb ijhklh hlkmlkl\h\Zeb \ ghjfZevghf ihgbfZgbbdjbl_jbbwnn_dlb\ghklblZdboijh_dlh\LZdbfh[jZahf\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_nZdlbq_kdbg_kms_kl\h\Zeh \_joh\gh]hkh[kl\_ggbdZlh_klvg_[uehkm[t_dlZ–ghkbl_eyijZ\Zdhg_qgh]hdhgljheybijZ\ZgZhklZlhqguc^hoh^< wlhf kfuke_ h[s_gZjh^ghklv kh[kl\_gghklb aZdexqZ_lky \ __ gbq_cghklb Dhg_qgh \ dZ`^hf ih-kh\_lkdb rbjhdhfZkrlZ[ghfijh_dl_fh`gh[uehgZclbaZbgl_j_kh\Zggmx]jmiimex^_ch^gZdhboaZbgl_j_kh\ZgghklvgbdZdg_ khq_lZeZkv k wnn_dlb\ghklvx mijZ\e_gby kh[kl\_gghklvx ?keb _s_ fh`gh [ueh gZclb km[t_dlh\ ijZ\ \eZ^_gby ihevah\ZgbymijZ\e_gbybl^lhdhg_qgufbijZ\Zfbg_[uegZ^_e_gGBDLH Ijh[e_fhc wnn_dlb\ghklb jZaf_s_gby fZl_jbZevguo j_kmjkh\ \ fZkrlZ[Zo \k_]h gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z ijba\Zg [ue aZgbfZlvky =hkieZg Ih kmlb f_oZgbafu j_ZebaZpbb h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb ^_ckl\h\Zeb q_j_a p_gljZebah\Zggh_ mijZ\e_gb_ wlhc h]jhfghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc fhghiheb_c38 GZ ijZdlbd_ lZdZy dhfZg^gh35 A^_kv ke_^m_l ih^q_jdgmlv qlh klZ[bevghklv bgklblmpbhgZevghc kbkl_fu ^Ze_dh g_ hagZqZ_l __ wnn_dlb\ghklb h q_f [m^_l kdZaZgh gb`_ 36 <hke_gkdbcFKGhf_gdeZlmjZ=hkih^kl\mxsbcdeZkkKh\_lkdh]hKhxaZFKh\_lkdZyJhkkbykh\fkFIHdly[jv 37 Kljhbl_evkl\h ;ZcdZeh-:fmjkdhc fZ]bkljZeb ij_ke_^h\Zeh b hij_^_e_ggu_ ]_hiheblbq_kdb_ bgl_j_ku \ k\yab k \h_gghc m]jhahc kh klhjhguDblZy 38 <-o]]\PWFB[ueZ^Z`_ihkljh_gZl_hj_lbq_kdZyfh^_evhilbfZevgh]hnmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbykhpbZebklbq_kdhcwdhghfbdbh^gZdh hgZhdZaZeZkvfZehijh^mdlb\ghclZddZdg_mqblu\ZeZgZebqbyljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\wdhghfbd_ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZy kbkl_fZ hdZaZeZkv qj_a\uqZcgh ]jhfha^dhc g_]b[dhc b kebrdhf ]jm[hc qlh[u [ulv wnn_dlb\ghc =hkieZgmm^Z\Zehkvhlke_^blvbZ]j_]bjh\Zlvlhevdhhdhehj_Zevghcghf_gdeZlmjuijh^mdpbbqlh\_ehdh]jm[e_gbx hp_ghd mijZ\eyxsbo \ha^_ckl\bc b \ dhg_qghf blh]_ \ua\Zeh hlklZ\Zgb_ \ kbkl_f_ l_ogheh]bq_kdbo ^himkdh\ gZ ijh^mdpbx39Wlhg_fh]ehg_kdZaZlvkybgZmjh\g_ijhba\h^kl\_gghcdmevlmjuih^Z\eyxs_]hqbkeZjZ[hlgbdh\kh\_lkdbo ij_^ijbylbc L_g^_gpbyf h]jm[e_gby y\ey\rbfky ke_^kl\b_f \ukhdbo ba^_j`_d baf_j_gby b h]jZgbq_gghc jZpbhgZevghklb hj]ZgZ p_gljZevgh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby ^Z`_ k mq_lhf ijbf_g_gby aZiZ^ghc we_dljhggh-\uqbkebl_evghc l_ogbdb m =hkieZgZ [ueZ [u \hafh`ghklv h[jZ[hlZlv bgnhjfZpbx ebrv h lukyqZo ba [he__ fbeebhgZ gZbf_gh\Zgbc ijh^mdpbb\dZdhc-lhkl_i_gbijhlb\hklhyebbgklblmlu\h_gghcijb_fdbihlj_[bl_evkdh]hkijhkZb=hkklZg^ZjlZJhev ihke_^g_]h [ueZ bkdexqbl_evgh \Z`gZ lZd dZd hg g_ iha\heye ij_^ijbylbyf ^_abgnhjfbjh\Zlv p_glj b ih^f_gylv ieZgh\u_aZ^ZgbykimkdZ_fu_ihjZagZjy^d_ihghf_gdeZlmj_ijh^mdpbb LZdZy ]jm[Zy b \f_kl_ k l_f ojmidZy kh\_lkdZy kbkl_fZ p_gljZebah\Zggh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby g_ kfh]eZ [u nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv^ebl_evgh_\j_fy_keb[ubgklblmpbhgZebaZpbynhjfZ^ZilZpbbwdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\dg_cg_ijb\_eZ [u d ihy\e_gbx k\h_]h jh^Z klZ[bebaZlhjh\ iha\hey\rbo k]eZ`b\Zlv __ g_^hklZldb D bo qbkem ke_^m_l hlg_klb ihklhyggmx dhjj_dlbjh\dm ieZgh\ gZijZ\e_ggmx gZ ijb\_^_gb_ \ khhl\_lkl\b_ kimkdZ_fuo k\_jom jZagZjy^hd k j_Zevgufb\hafh`ghklyfbij_^ijbylbc<j_amevlZl_ieZgklZgh\bekyihoh`bfg_gZaZdhgZebrvgZkbkl_fmhjb_glbjh\ qlh^bkdj_^blbjh\ZehkZfmb^_xieZgbjh\Zgbyh^gZdhiha\heyeh\k_ckbkl_f_jZ[hlZlv >jm]bflZdbfbgklblmlhf[ueZ^_g_`gZykbkl_fZKh^ghcklhjhguhgZh[_ki_qb\ZeZnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_jugdh\ dhg_qghcijh^mdpbb–ihlj_[bl_evkdh]hbdheohagh]h]^_^_ckl\h\Zebhlghkbl_evghg_aZ\bkbfu_ihlj_[bl_ebbimklv\ h]jZgbq_gghf dhebq_kl\_ ijhba\h^bl_eb b ]^_ jZkq_l hkms_kl\eyeky ihkj_^kl\hf gZebqguo ^_g_] K ^jm]hc klhjhgu kms_kl\h\Zeb [_agZebqgu_ ^_gv]b \ nhjf_ nbgZgkh\uo ieZgh\ kem`Zsbo ih^l\_j`^_gb_f \uiheg_gby ieZgZ ih fZl_jbZevgufihklZ\dZfbmf_gvrZxsbo\_jhylghklvg_^h[jhkh\_klgh]hih\_^_gby^bj_dlhjh\ij_^ijbylbclZddZdwlh kem`beh^hihegbl_evgufbgkljmf_glhfdhgljheyaZbo^_yl_evghklvx ?s_ h^ghc \Z`ghc aZ^Zq_c nbgZgkh\hc kbkl_fu y\eyehkv dj_^blh\Zgb_ ij_^ijbylbc q_j_a ki_pbZevgu_ hljZke_\u_ [Zgdb ih ijZdlbq_kdb gme_\uf ijhp_glguf klZ\dZf40 LZdb_ dj_^blu iha\heyeb ij_^ijbylbyf ijb\e_dZlv ^hihegbl_evgu_j_kmjkuijhba\h^kl\_ggu_nhg^ubjZ[hqmxkbem\h[oh^=hkieZgZ\aZbfh^_ckl\mygZ]hjbahglZevghf mjh\g_ f_`^m kh[hc qlh g_khfg_ggh m\_ebqb\Zeh bo kihkh[ghklv Z^Zilbjh\Zlvky \ f_gyxsboky mkeh\byo H^gZdh wlh ihjh`^Zeh b ijh[e_fm fy]dbo [x^`_lguo h]jZgbq_gbc dh]^Z ij_^ijbylb_ jZkihjy`Zehkv nZdlbq_kdb g_ ijbgZ^e_`Zsbfbbfj_kmjkZfb<k\hxhq_j_^vlZdh_ih\_^_gb_ijb\h^behdrbjhdhfZkrlZ[ghfmlh\Zjghfm^_nbpblm ijbq_f \ hlkmlkl\b_ \gmlj_ggbo klbfmeh\ \ kbkl_f_ ihiuldZ aZf_gblv bo `_kldhc [xjhdjZlbq_kdhc km[hj^bgZpb_c h[hjZqb\ZeZkv \hagbdgh\_gb_f [xjhdjZlbq_kdh]h jugdZ Lh\Zjguc `_ jughd g_ fh] m^h\e_l\hjblv ihlj_[bl_evkdbc kijhk gZk_e_gby \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h gZdZieb\Zeky h]jhfguc bgneypbhgguc gZ\_k ebrv qZklbqgh Zddmfmebjh\Z\rbcky \ k[_jdZkkZoBgneypbylZdbfh[jZahf]jhabeZi_j_clbbaih^Z\e_gghcnhjfu\hldjulmx41. H^gbf ba ijbgpbih\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdb kem`beh lZd`_ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ k_dlhjh\ k\yaZgguokdhg_qgufihlj_[e_gb_fe_]dZybibs_\Zyijhfure_gghklvk_evkdh_ohayckl\hihhklZlhqghfmijbgpbim. G_k[ZeZgkbjh\ZggZy\gZlmjZevguoihlhdZowdhghfbq_kdZykbkl_fZ\u`b\ZeZaZkq_lg_^hnbgZgkbjh\Zgbyij_^ijbylbc g_ ijbgZ^e_`Zsbo d ijbhjbl_lguf k_dlhjZf lZdbf dZd h[hjhggZy b ly`_eZy ijhfure_gghklv ljZgkihjl f_lZeemj]by wg_j]_lbdZ ?kl_kl\_ggh wlh kem`beh k\h_]h jh^Z fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbf klZ[bebaZlhjhf \ \_kvfZ g_mklhcqb\hc kbkl_f_ gZlmjZevgh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby gh \f_kl_ k l_f ihjh`^Zeh lh\Zjguc ^_nbpbl b ijb\h^beh d ]b]Zglkdbf kljmdlmjguf ^bkijhihjpbyf \ wdhghfbd_ iha\hey\rbf l_f g_ f_g__ ^h\hevgh ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy hkms_kl\eylv iheblbdm ^h]hgyxs_c bfihjlhaZf_sZxs_c bg^mkljbZebaZpbb >hfbgbjh\Zgb_ djmiguo ij_^ijbylbc – fhghihebklh\ \ k\hbo k_dlhjZo ebr_gguo h[jZlghc k\yab k ihlj_[bl_e_f b ihlhfm bf_\rbo djZcg_ g_]b[dmx ijhba\h^kl\_ggmx [Zam b g_aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo\m\_ebq_gbbijb[ueb–djhf_gZdZieb\Z\rboky]h^Zfb^_nhjfZpbc\hlghkbl_evguop_gZoijb\_eh d _s_ h^ghc ijh[e_f_ ihy\e_gb_ bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h bg\_klhjZ lj_[h\Zeh gZebqby m ihke_^g_]h djmigh]h aZiZkZ ^_g_`guo kj_^kl\ qlh \ mkeh\byo m`_ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb ih\ebyeh gZ \u[hj \ZjbZglZ ijb\ZlbaZpbb \ ihevam [_kieZlgh]h Ke_^m_l ih^q_jdgmlv qlh mklhcqb\hklv bgklblmlh\ hlgx^v g_ ]ZjZglbjm_l bo wnn_dlb\ghklb ohly b y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f ^ey __ ^hklb`_gby BkdZ`_ggZy ijbjh^Z klbfmeh\ dZd ke_^kl\b_ ^_nhjfbjh\Zgghc kljmdlmju hlghkbl_evguo p_g ijb\_eZ d lhfm qlh ^Z`_ g_agZqbl_evgh_ hkeZ[e_gb_ b lZd djZcg_ gbadh]h mjh\gy dhgljhey gZ^ bkihegbl_eyfb iexk hkeZ[e_gb_ \g_rgbo nZdlhjh\ klZ[bevghklb [eZ]hijbylgZy dhgtxgdlmjZ wdkihjlguo p_g gZebqb_ \g_rg_]h \jZ]Z b l^ \u\_eb kbkl_fm ba jZ\gh\_kby G_h[oh^bfhklv i_j_f_g klZeZ hkhagZ\Zlvky ijZdlbq_kdb \k_fb qe_gZfb h[s_kl\Z gh g_ykghklv imlb j_nhjfbjh\Zgby b g_hij_^_e_gghklv hlghkbl_evgh j_amevlZlh\ ij_h[jZah\Zgbc Z lZd`_\ukhdZybg_jpbhgghklvkbkl_fug_^ZebihclbiheblbdZf\h\j_f_gZi_j_kljhcdb^Zevr_ihemf_jqlhhdhgqZl_evgh jZajmrbehljZ^bpbhggucmdeZ^\wdhghfbd_ghg_kha^Zehwnn_dlb\ghcaZf_gu<wlhfbkhklhbli_j_oh^gucoZjZdl_j hl_q_kl\_gghcwdhghfbdbdh]^Zm`_g_jZ[hlZxlklZju_bgklblmluZwnn_dlb\ghklvgh\uokgb`Z_lkyba-aZkbevg_cr_]h \ebygb_g_nhjfZevguoh]jZgbq_gbcihk\h_cijbjh^_bg_jpbhgguoy\ey\rbokyijh^he`_gb_fbdhgdj_lbaZpb_cklZjuo hlfbjZxsboijZ\beih\_^_gbywdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\ 15.2 Fh^_jgbaZpbykbkl_fu\jZfdZoklZjhckljmdlmju <hlkmlkl\b_jughqghchp_gdb[xjhdjZlbq_kdbcnbevlj\hljZkeyog_k\yaZgguokijbhjbl_lgufb\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_jZ[hlZe g_wnn_dlb\ghqlhijb\h^behdihgb`_gguflj_[h\Zgbyfdl_ogheh]bbbdZq_kl\mijh^mdpbbIhkZfufkdjhfgufhp_gdZfhlklZ\Zgb_ Jhkkbb\l_ogheh]bq_kdhfmdeZ^_hljZa\bluokljZgAZiZ^ZkhklZ\ey_lgZk_]h^gyrgbc^_gvihjy^dZ-e_l 40 <kihfgbfdijbf_jmihgylb_\ukr_cj_glZ[_evghklb\\_^_ggh_KlZebgufbebijZdlbdmg_\ha\jZlguodj_^blh\ihih\ur_gguf klZ\dZf 41 G_dhlhju_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb \ wlhc k\yab mdZau\Zxl gZ lZd gZau\Z_fmx bgneypbx dZq_kl\Z ijh^mdpbb dh]^Z ijb g_baf_gghc ieZgh\hc p_g_ kh \j_f_g_f mom^rZebkv ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ k\hckl\Z lh\Zjh\ >hklZlhqgh \kihfgblv ijbf_ju k \Zj_ghc dhe[Zkhc b [ukljhj`Z\_xsbfbdmah\Zfb@b]me_c 39 <]\gmlj_ggb_bklhqgbdbkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbdb\hfgh]hfihkljh_gghcihijbgpbimbfihjlhaZf_sZxs_c bg^mkljbZebaZpbb [ueb bklhs_gu42 Ihiuldhc hkms_kl\blv klhev g_h[oh^bfu_ j_nhjfu h^gZdh \ jZfdZo khpbZebklbq_kdh]h\u[hjZklZeZiheblbdZmkdhj_gbyFK=hj[Zq_\mm^Z\Zehkvijb\e_dZlvkheb^gu_aZiZ^gu_dj_^blu ih^ h[_sZgby ^_fhdjZlbq_kdbo j_nhjf43 <g_rgb_ aZbfkl\h\Zgby gZijZ\eyebkv gZ j_ZebaZpbx ]jZg^bhaguo ijh_dlh\ nhjfbjmyh]jhfgu_aZ^_euijhba\h^kl\Z44Gh\_kviZjhiylvmoh^be\k\bklhdlZddZdkh\_lkdZykbkl_fZg_[ueZkihkh[gZ dih\ur_gbxhl^Zqbhlbg\_klbpbc <u[hj\dZq_kl\_Zevl_jgZlb\ujZ^bdZevgufj_nhjfZf\ZjbZglZiheblbdbihkljh_gbykhpbZebafZkq_eh\_q_kdbf ebphf [ue \h fgh]hf h[mkeh\e_g n_ghf_ghf bklhjbq_kdhc h[mkeh\e_gghklb beb ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb aZ\bkbfhklb l_dms_]h khklhygby wdhghfbdb hl ljZ_dlhjbb ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h jZa\blby HibjZykv gZ hiul Q_ohkeh\Zdbb <_g]jbb X]hkeZ\bb b DblZy dklZlb g_ hq_gv m^Zqguc kh\_lkdh_ jmdh\h^kl\h ieZgbjh\Zeh gZ^_eblv ]hkij_^ijbylby agZqbl_evgufb k\h[h^Zfb hklZ\b\ \kx kbkl_fm ieZgh\h]h jZkij_^_e_gby \ p_ehf [_a baf_g_gbc <uoh^yl AZdhgu H[ bg^b\b^mZevghc ljm^h\hc ^_yl_evghklb b H ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf ij_^ijbylbb h[t_^bg_gbb ij_^iheZ]Z\rb_ [hevrmx kZfhklhyl_evghklv ij_^ijbylbc b jhkldb ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_fhdjZlbb \u[hjghklv ^bj_dlhjh\ < ^hiheg_gb_ d mgbdZevghfm khq_lZgbx klZjuo b gh\uo bgklblmlh\ j_]eZf_glbjmxsbo aZqZklmx g_kh\iZ^Zxsb_ lbiu h[f_gh\ ihy\bebkvAZdhguHdhhi_jZpbbbH[Zj_g^_bZj_g^guohlghr_gbyoiheh`b\rb_gZqZehljZgknhjfZpbbhlghr_gbc kh[kl\_gghklbjZa\blbxj_Zevguojughqguohlghr_gbcbqZklgh]hij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\ZLZdgZau\Z_fucwnn_dl[he__ iha^g_]hjZa\blbyg_m[_j_]hlijh[e_fg_ba[_`gh\hagbdZxsbo\kbemijbgpbibZevgh]hg_kh\_jr_gkl\Zbgklblmlh\b j_amevlZluhdZaZebkv^Ze_dbhlh`b^Z_fuoNhjfZevgh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_j_kmjkuklZebi_j_dZqb\Zlvky\qZklguck_dlhj _s_[hevr_kgb`Zywnn_dlb\ghklv]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h Baf_g_gb_ bgklblmpbhgZevghc [Zau kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb ijhbkoh^beh gZ nhg_ ]jZg^bhaguo i_j_f_g \ iheblbq_kdhc `bagb kljZgu ;mjgZy ^_fhdjZlbaZpby h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb kgylb_ `_e_agh]h aZgZ\_kZ nhjfbjh\Zeb ij_^ihkuedb ^ey \hagbdgh\_gby deZkkZ ex^_c ]hlh\uo ih^^_j`Zlv jughqgu_ j_nhjfu B^_heh]bq_kdb_ ij_^ijbgbfZl_eb ihemqbeb \hafh`ghklv gZdZieb\Zlv iheblbq_kdbc dZiblZe j_Zebam_fuc \ \b^_ jZkrbj_gby bo we_dlhjZlZ Djhf_ lh]h dZd mdZau\Ze > Ghjl ohly ijb\_j`_gghklv b^_heh]bb y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f ^ey fZkkh\hc ih^^_j`db j_\hexpbb wlm ijb\_j`_gghklv ljm^gh ih^^_j`b\Zlv ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy45 A^_kv fu klZedb\Z_fkyk nmg^Zf_glZevguf ijhlb\hj_qb_f \ h[tykg_gbb \u[hjZ f_`^m iheblbdhc rhdh\hc l_jZibb b ]jZ^mZebafZ k h^ghc klhjhguhq_\b^ghqlhdjmigu_bgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gbyhkh[_gghwlhdZkZ_lkyljZ^bpbcbkl_j_hlbih\ih\_^_gby mdhj_gb\rboky \ ih\k_^g_\ghf ih\_^_gbb ijhbkoh^yl f_^e_ggh k ^jm]hc klhjhgu aZly]b\Zgb_ ijhp_kkZ g_hij_^_e_gghklb k\hckl\_gghc wdhghfbd_ i_j_oh^gh]h lbiZ m\_ebqb\Z_l \_jhylghklv kdZlu\Zgby \ lZd gZau\Z_fmx bgklblmpbhgZevgmxeh\mrdm\dhlhjhcgZqbgZxl\hkijhba\h^blvky\k_g_wnn_dlb\ghklbl_dms_]hkhklhygbyDZd`_wlh ijhlb\hj_qb_jZaj_rZehkv\Jhkkbb" 15.3 J_nhjfbjh\Zgb_j_nhjfdhgljj_\hexpbyk\_jom" 15.3.1 G_h[oh^bfhklvjZ^bdZebaZpbbj_nhjf Ijb hij_^_e_gbb kljZl_]bb b lZdlbdb j_nhjf g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv g_jZaju\gmx k\yav iheblbdb b wdhghfbdb JZkiZ^ KKKJ klZe h^gbf ba djmig_crbo kh[ulbc fbjh\hc bklhjbb dhgpZ OO \ JZkiZ^ KW< b iZjZ^ km\_j_gbl_lh\ khxaguoj_kim[ebdbf_ebke_^kl\b_fjZaju\ljZ^bpbhgguowdhghfbq_kdbok\ya_cqlhij_^hij_^_ebehiZ^_gb_\aZbfgh]h lh\Zjhh[hjhlZbh[t_fh\ijhba\h^kl\ZkhdjZs_gb_jugdh\k[ulZP_gljebrbekykms_kl\_gghc^hebi_j_jZkij_^_ey_fuo bf j_kmjkh\ – ]eZ\gh]h juqZ]Z k\h_]h \ebygby IhiuldZ kha^Zlv wdhghfbq_kdbc khxa gZ hkgh\_ ]hjbahglZevguo k\ya_c f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfb g_ m\_gqZeZkv mki_ohf \h fgh]hf ba-aZ iheblbq_kdbo jZagh]eZkbc :]hgb_c klZjhc iheblbdhwdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_fu klZeh \uklmie_gb_ =DQI \ Z\]mkl_ ] ihke_ ijh\ZeZ dhlhjh]h klZeh ykgh \hkklZgh\e_gb_ ij_`g_c kbkl_fu g_\hafh`gh Fgh`_kl\h Zevl_jgZlb\ [m^ms_]h jZa\blby Jhkkbb nZdlbq_kdb khdjZlbehkv ^h ^\mo \aZbfhbkdexqZxsbo\ZjbZglh\ I_j\uf [ue imlv w\hexpbhggh]h jZa\blby – ieZghf_jgh_ \ukljZb\Zgb_ gh\uo wdhghfbq_kdbo b iheblbq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ihkl_i_gguchldZahlieZgh\hckbkl_fu\wdhghfbd_ijbkhojZg_gbb[hevrhc^heb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoaZdmihdb h^gh\j_f_gghcih^^_j`d_f_oZgbafh\jughqghcdhgdmj_gpbbGhhk_gvx]lZdhc\ZjbZgljZa\blbykh[ulbc[uem`_ g_j_Zebam_fJhkkbyg_bf_eZg_h[oh^bfuobgklblmlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklbhdhgqZl_evghmljZlb\bgkljmf_gludhgljhey< j_amevlZl_i_j_klZxlaZdexqZlvkyh[yaZl_evgu_oha^h]h\hjZgZke_^mxsbc]h^nZdlbq_kdbij_djZsZxlkyihklZ\dba_jgZ ]hkm^Zjkl\hklZgh\blky[ZgdjhlhfZ\Zexlgu_j_a_j\ukljZguhdZaZebkvbkq_jiZguWlbh[klhyl_evkl\Zij_^hij_^_ebebb ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv [m^msbo bgklblmpbhgZevguo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc k^_eZ\ g_\hafh`gufb \hiehs_gb_ \ `bagv ijh]jZff ^g_c =: Y\ebgkdh]h ijh\_^_gb_ kgZqZeZ ijb\ZlbaZpbb ihlhf – eb[_jZebaZpbb b ^bj_dlhjZ BgklblmlZ gZjh^ghohayckl\_ggh]h ijh]ghabjh\Zgby X< Yj_f_gdh kljmdlmjgZy i_j_kljhcdZ wdhghfbdb dZd g_h[oh^bfh_ mkeh\b_ eb[_jZebaZpbb <dhgp_]\mkeh\byoihegh]hjZajmr_gbynbgZgkh\hckbkl_fu\j_f_gbgZbgklblmpbhgZevgu_bkljmdlmjgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby ijba\Zggu_ ^hihegylv eb[_jZebaZpbx wdhghfbdb m`_ g_ hklZ\Zehkv < mkeh\byo bgneypbhggh]h ieZl_`gh]h b h[s_]h kbkl_fgh]h djbabkh\ Jhkkbb ij_^klhyeh ihclb ih bghfm imlb Z bf_ggh j_rblvky gZ jZ^bdZevgu_ GZjZklZgb_djbabkZbijb[eb`_gb_gZqZeZkiZ^Zi_j\ufbihqm\kl\h\Zeb\h_ggu_dhlhjufihlj_[h\Zebkv^_gv]bgZijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ ijh]jZff_KHBZbog_hdZaZehkv 43 GZdhie_gguc aZ \lhjmx iheh\bgm -o ]] \g_rgbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ^he] [u\r_]h Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ \ h[t_f_ ihjy^dZ fej^ ^heeZjh\ ey`_l \ihke_^kl\bb ly`_euf ]jmahf gZ ie_qb fheh^h]h jhkkbckdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z qlh [m^_l hdZau\Zlv \ebygb_ gZ fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdmxiheblbdmJhkkbbg_h^bg^_kylhde_l 44 ;hevrmxklZlvx\[x^`_lguojZkoh^ZokhklZ\eyebb^hlZpbbdp_gZf 45 Kf Ghjl > Bgklblmlu bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby b nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ wdhghfbdb F Nhg^ wdhghfbq_kdhc dgb]b GZqZeZ K 42 f_ju eb[_jZebaZpbx p_g46 b ohayckl\_gguo k\ya_c ijb j_adhf m`_klhq_gbb [x^`_lgh-^_g_`ghc iheblbdb hldjulb_ wdhghfbdb gme_\u_ bfihjlgu_ ihrebgu b h]jZgbq_gby gZ \\ha aZl_f – ijb\ZlbaZpbx nbgZgkh\mx klZ[bebaZpbx b kljmdlmjgu_j_nhjfu I_j\ufbj_amevlZlZfbeb[_jZebaZpbbp_gklZebmf_gvr_gb_nbgZgkh\hcg_k[ZeZgkbjh\ZgghklbaZkq_l\\_^_gby G>K b kms_kl\_ggh]h kgb`_gby p_gh\uo km[kb^bc ebd\b^Zpby ^_g_`gh]h gZ\_kZ ihy\e_gb_ f_oZgbafh\ [he__ wnn_dlb\gh]h jZkij_^_e_gby j_kmjkh\ \ wdhghfbd_ gZ hkgh\_ dhgdmj_gpbb mkljZg_gb_ ^_nbpblZ lh\Zjh\ kljmdlmjguc k^\b]\klhjhgm^_fbeblZjbaZpbbwdhghfbdb H[hjhlgZy klhjhgZ rhdh\hc l_jZibb khklhyeZ \ mkdhj_gbb l_fih\ iZ^_gby ijhba\h^kl\Z47 b ih^ju\_ iheblbq_kdhc [Zau ^ey nbgZgkh\hc klZ[bebaZpbb >hihegbl_evgufb nZdlhjZfb h[tykgyxsbfb n_ghf_g hleh`_gghc klZ[bebaZpbbklZebhlkmlkl\b_\Dhgklblmpbbq_ldh]hf_oZgbafZ\aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mlj_fy\_l\yfb\eZklbbh]jhfgZy bg_jpby [xjhdjZlbq_kdh]h jugdZ \hr_^r_]h \ djh\v b iehlv gh\uo gZqbgZgbc G_ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv ^_g_`ghc b [x^`_lghciheblbdb[ueZh[mkeh\e_gZihkmlbdhZebpbhggufoZjZdl_jhfbkihegbl_evghc\eZklbijbq_fdljZ^bpbhggh fhsgufZ]jZjghfmb\h_ggh-ijhfure_gghfmeh[[b^h[Z\bebkv]jmiiu^Z\e_gby\ujZ`Zxsb_bgl_j_kuLWDbfihjl_jh\ b[Zgdh\kdh]hk_dlhjZ < mkeh\byo keZ[hc ^_fhdjZlbb j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ ih\_^_gb_ ]jmii bgl_j_kh\ qlh \ ijbgpbi_ gbq_f g_ hlebqZ_lkyhldeZgh\h-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghckbkl_fu[xjhdjZlbq_kdh]hjugdZbdZdke_^kl\b_iheblbdZfy]dh]h\oh`^_gby \ jughd \ua\Zeb fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ihimebklkdb_ j_r_gby ih^hj\Z\rb_ kbkl_fm ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ b bgbpbbjh\Z\rb_nbkdZevgucdjbabk A^_kv mf_klgh ih^jh[g__ hklZgh\blvky gZ hkh[_gghklyo j_nhjfbjh\Zgby [Zgdh\kdhc kbkl_fu NZdlbq_kdb hgZ gZqZeZkvkjZamihke_ijbgylbyJhkkb_c^_deZjZpbbbg_aZ\bkbfhklbkihklZgh\e_gbyH]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf[Zgd_JKNKJb [ZgdZo g_ l_jjblhjbb j_kim[ebd \ bxe_ ] < dhgp_ wlh]h `_ ]h^Z <_joh\guc Kh\_l Jhkkbb ijbgye AZdhg H P_gljZevghf [Zgd_ Jhkkbb b H [ZgdZo b [Zgdh\kdhc ^_yl_evghklb gZ l_jjblhjbb Jhkkbb qlh ihkem`beh hkgh\hc ^ey nhjfbjh\Zgby^\momjh\g_\hc[Zgdh\kdhckbkl_fu\kljZg_AZdhgh[_ki_qbenhjfbjh\Zgb_dhff_jq_kdbo[Zgdh\dhlhjh_ ihrehihlj_fhkgh\gufgZijZ\e_gbyf 1) ij_h[jZah\Zgb_nbebZeh\bhl^_e_gbc[u\rboki_pbZebabjh\Zgguo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo[Zgdh\aZbkdexq_gb_f K[_j[ZgdZ dhlhjuc khojZgb\ k\hx nbebZevgmx k_lv \ j_]bhgZo ijZdlbq_kdb h[_ki_qbe k_[_ fhghihevgh_ iheh`_gb_\kn_j_h[kem`b\Zgbynbabq_kdboebp 2) kha^Zgb_ dhff_jq_kdbo [Zgdh\ ih hljZke_\hfm ijbgpbim dh]^Z fbgbkl_jkl\Z b \_^hfkl\Z dhgljhebjh\Zeb ^_yl_evghklv ij_^ijbylbc hljZkeb q_j_a h[kem`b\Zgb_ bo nbgZgkh\uo ihlhdh\ lZd [ueb kha^Zgu :]jhijhf[ZgdFhk[bag_k[ZgdIjhfkljhc[Zgdba[u\rboJhkk_evoha[ZgdZ@bekhp[ZgdZbIjhfkljhc[ZgdZ 3) kha^Zgb_ [Zgdh\ hj]ZgbaZpbyfb b ij_^ijbylbyfb aZ kq_l i_j_^Zqb \ mklZ\ghc dZiblZe kh[kl\_gguo kj_^kl\ ij_^ijbylbyqlhiha\heyehihke_^gbfihemqZlvev]hlgu_dj_^blu GZ jughd ihemqbeb ^hklmi bghkljZggu_ b kh\f_klgu_ [Zgdb k mqZklb_f bghkljZggh]h dZiblZeZ jhev dhlhjuo h^gZdh[ueZg_\_ebdZ Ev]hlgucj_`bfijbkha^ZgbbnbgZgkh\uomqj_`^_gbch[_ki_qbebo[mjgucjhkl\i_j\u_]h^uj_nhjfdhlhjuc g_ hklZgh\beky ^Z`_ ijb m`_klhq_gbb lj_[h\Zgbc P_gljZevgh]h [ZgdZ ih ebp_gabjh\Zgbx [Zgdh\kdhc ^_yl_evghklb FZdkbfmf ih qbkem dj_^blguo hj]ZgbaZpbc [ue ^hklb]gml \ ] IjbqbgZfb lZdh]h iheh`_gby \_s_c klZeb \ukhdZy ^hoh^ghklv hi_jZpbc k \Zexlhc Z lZd`_ hljbpZl_evgu_ j_Zevgu_ ijhp_glgu_ klZ\db \ i_jbh^ \ukhdhc bgneypbb < j_amevlZl_ knhjfbjh\ZeZkv jZa\blZy k_lv g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo [Zgdh\ h^gZdh mkeh`gbeZkv aZ^ZqZ ih mijZ\e_gbx lZdhc kbkl_fhch[_ki_q_gbx__mklhcqb\hklbdlhfm`_\hagbdeZijh[e_fZkdhgp_gljZpb_c[Zgdh\kdh]hdZiblZeZ KmffZjgZy dZiblZebaZpby [Zgdh\kdhc kbkl_fu Jhkkbb ^Z`_ ^h nbgZgkh\h]h djbabkZ [ueZ g_^hklZlhqghc ^ey ihlj_[ghkl_c wdhghfbdb Z hkh[_gghklb dhgdmj_gpbb \ [Zgdh\kdhf k_dlhj_ ij_^hij_^_ebeb oZjZdl_j l_g^_gpbc dhgp_gljZpbb[Zgdh\kdh]hdZiblZeZ\Jhkkbbdh]^Z^hfbgbjmxsmxjhev\wlhfijhp_kk_b]jZ_lP;m`_klhqZylj_[h\Zgby ih gZ^_`ghklb b mklhcqb\hklb [Zgdh\ j_]mebjmy kebygby b ih]ehs_gby [Zgdh\ < wlhl ijhp_kk fh]ml \dexqZlvky g_nhjfZevgu_ [Zgdh\kdb_ h[t_^bg_gby b h[s_kl\Z nhjfbjmy ohe^bg]b b mklZgZ\eb\Zy f_`[Zgdh\kdb_ kh]eZr_gby ih \aZbfguf ]ZjZglbyf \deZ^h\ qlh \ [m^ms_f fh`_l [eZ]hijbylgh kdZaZlvky \ ieZg_ \u^Zqb kbg^bpbjh\Zgguo dj_^blh\ j_Zevghfmk_dlhjm H^gZdhwlZijh[e_fZ–k\yavdhff_jq_kdbo[Zgdh\bj_Zevgh]hk_dlhjZ–\JhkkbblZdbg_j_r_gZIjh\h^b\rZyky\ 1992- ]] iheblbdZ \u^_e_gby p_gljZebah\Zgguo dj_^blh\ \ klj_fe_gbb ih^^_j`Zlv ijhba\h^kl\h ebrv hlly]b\ZeZ j_r_gb_ ijh[e_fu j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb ij_^ijbylbc b kZfhc [Zgdh\kdhc kbkl_fu I_j\u_ ^he]h_ \j_fy g_ bkiulu\Zeb ijh[e_fkijb\e_q_gb_f\g_rgbokj_^kl\qlhba[Z\eyehbohlg_h[oh^bfhklb\kljmdlmjghcj_hj]ZgbaZpbbijhba\h^kl\Z >ey[Zgdh\kdhckbkl_fulZdZyiheblbdZh[_jgmeZkvihl_j_cklbfmeh\^eydj_^blh\Zgbyj_Zevgh]hk_dlhjZbijb\e_q_gby kj_^kl\khklhjhgugZk_e_gbybij_^ijbylbc D hk_gb ] keh`bebkv g_h[oh^bfu_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ mkeh\by ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby klZ[bebaZpbhgghc ijh]jZffu ih\ukbeZkv iheblbq_kdZy mklhcqb\hklv ^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]h j_`bfZ \ j_amevlZl_ ijbgylby gh\hc Dhgklblmpbb g_aZ\bkbfhklvP_gljZevgh]h[ZgdZhliZjeZf_glZihy\beZkvg_h[oh^bfZynbgZgkh\ZybgnjZkljmdlmjZ^eyhkms_kl\e_gby g_wfbkkbhggh]hdj_^blh\Zgby^_nbpblZ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[x^`_lZ 15.3.2 IheblbdZnbgZgkh\hcklZ[bebaZpbb <Z`gh hlf_lblv qlh iheghc eb[_jZebaZpbb p_g b \g_rg_c lhj]h\eb g_ khklhyehkv ih ijbqbg_ hlkmlkl\by _^bgh]h wfbkkbhggh]h p_gljZ KblmZpby hkeh`gyeZkv gZebqb_f g_kdhevdbo P; \ [jZlkdbo j_kim[ebdZo khj_\gh\Z\rboky \ kdhjhklb i_qZlZgby jm[e_\hc fZkkuihwlhfmkhojZgbehkvd\hlbjh\Zgb_wg_j]hj_kmjkh\Zp_gugZgboieZgbjh\Zehkvhlimklblvihke_i_j_\h^ZP_gljZevguo[Zgdh\ [u\rbokhxaguoj_kim[ebdgZdhjj_kihg^_glkdb_kq_lZ\P;J 47 >jm]bfb nZdlhjZfb ih\e_drbfb aZ kh[hc klhev ^jZfZlbq_kdh_ kgb`_gb_ h[t_fh\ \uimkdZ y\bebkv h]jZgbq_gby ih kijhkm b dhgdmj_gpbykhklhjhgubghkljZgguolh\Zjh\khdjZs_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hihlj_[e_gbyh[sZy^_ahj]ZgbaZpbyohayckl\_gguok\ya_cb g_kihkh[ghklv^bj_dlhjh\ij_^ijbylbcd[ukljhcZ^ZilZpbb\gh\uomkeh\byo\j_amevlZl_q_]hm\_ebqbehkvqbkeh[Zjl_jguok^_ehdb \aZbfguog_ieZl_`_cf_`^mij_^ijbylbyfb 46 Ihke_ \\_^_gby gZ \Zexlghf jugd_ gZdehggh]h dhjb^hjZ h[f_ggh]h dmjkZ \ bxe_ ] b i_j_oh^Z d j_`bfm mijZ\ey_fh]h \Zexlgh]h dmjkZ \ fZ_ ] \hafh`ghklb ^ey ki_dmeylb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb dhff_jq_kdbo [Zgdh\ j_adh mf_gvrbebkvghihy\bebkvgh\u_Zbf_gghb]juk]hkm^Zjkl\hf\jughd=DHJZkdjmqb\Zgb_wlh]hjugdZbdjZo_]h\ ]klZebieZlhcaZhlghkbl_evgmxnbgZgkh\mxklZ[bebaZpbx^hklb]gmlmx\] NbgZgkh\Zy klZ[bebaZpby y\eyykv g_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ g_ ^hklZlhqgZ ^ey _]h mklhcqb\h]h ih^^_j`Zgby KhojZgbeZkv g_hij_^_e_gghklv \ jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b ^himklbfuo fZkrlZ[Zo \f_rZl_evkl\Z \ wdhghfbdm ijb hldjh\_ggh keZ[uo \hafh`ghklyo hkms_kl\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\hf k\hbo ijyfuo h[yaZgghkl_c – aZsbl_ e_]ZevguoijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbnhjfbjh\ZgbxbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uIjbhldZa_hlbgneypbhggh]hnbgZgkbjh\Zgby [x^`_lgh]h ^_nbpblZ ijhbahreh j_adh_ kgb`_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ^hoh^h\ b jZkoh^h\ < mkeh\byo hlkmlkl\by g_h[oh^bfuo kljmdlmjguo j_nhjf \ h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_wlhg_]Zlb\ghkdZaZehkvgZkbkl_f_khpbZevgh]hh[_ki_q_gby h[jZah\Zgbbf_^bpbg_gZmd_bdmevlmj_K\hbfke_^kl\b_fwlhbf_eh^_]jZ^Zpbxq_eh\_q_kdh]hdZiblZeZ–\Z`g_cr_]h nZdlhjZ^he]hkjhqgh]h\ukhdhl_ogheh]bq_kdh]hwdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ Mqblu\Zy fZkrlZ[ghklv ij_h[jZah\Zgbc eb[_jZebaZpby p_g b lhj]h\eb ijhbahreZ \ djZlqZcrb_ k bklhjbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby kjhdb AZ - ]] wdhghfbq_kdb_ Z]_glu ijbkihkh[bebkv d \ukhdhc bgneypbb b gh\uf p_gh\uf khhlghr_gbyf \ wdhghfbd_ dhlhju_ \h fgh]hf [eZ]h^Zjy bkdmkkl\_ggh ih^^_j`b\Z_fhfm \ukhdhfm dmjkm jm[ey khojZgbebkv \iehlv ^h Z\]mklh\kdh]h djbabkZ ] < mkeh\byo eb[_jZebah\Zgghc wdhghfbdb baf_g_gby p_gh\uo ijhihjpbc _keb hgb bf_xl wg^h]_gguc oZjZdl_j hljZ`Zxl \ h[s_f j_amevlZlu fZdkbfbaZpbhgghc ^_yl_evghklb wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ b l_f kZfuf bg^mpbjmxl bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby kgbam < Jhkkbb \ kbem \ukhdhc wg_j]h_fdhklbijhba\h^kl\ZkblmZpbyhkeh`gy_lkyba-aZ\ukhdbop_ggZijh^mdpbx_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebcy\eyxsboky \wlhfkfuke_wdah]_ggufb^ey\k_cijhfure_gghklbWlhkms_kl\_gghbkdZ`Z_lkljmdlmjmijhba\h^kl\_gguoba^_j`_dd lhfm `_ ijh[e_fZ g_ j_rZ_lky Z\lhfZlbq_kdb gZ fbdjhmjh\g_ Z lj_[m_l p_e_gZijZ\e_gghc iheblbdb kh klhjhgu ]hkm^Zjkl\Z48kfiZjZ]jZn Hlghkbl_evgh[ukljh_\hkklZgh\e_gb_ijhfure_gghklbihke_nbgZgkh\h]hdjbabkZ] 49ijhbahrehgZnhg_ gh\h]h \kie_kdZ \ baf_g_gbb hlghkbl_evguo p_g \ wdhghfbd_ qlh ih^lZedb\Zeh fbdjhZ]_glh\ d fh^bnbdZpbb kihkh[h\ hj]ZgbaZpbb [bag_kZ H^gZdh ke_^m_l ijbagZlv qlh \ua\Zggh_ ^\mdjZlguf iZ^_gb_f j_Zevgh]h dmjkZ jm[ey h`b\e_gb_ \ wdhghfbd_ijZdlbq_kdbp_ebdhfhkgh\Zggh_gZwnn_dl_bfihjlhaZf_s_gbyZlZd`_\ukhdbop_gZogZg_nlvijhbkoh^beh \ ij_`gbo bgklblmpbhgZevguo jZfdZo b \h fgh]hf bf_ggh ihwlhfm [ueh ijbgpbibZevgh g_mklhcqb\h G_aZ\bkbfhklv [Zgdh\kdh]h k_dlhjZ hl j_Zevgh]h iha\hebeZ [ukljh ij_h^he_lv ihke_^g_fm ihke_^kl\by nbgZgkh\h]h djbabkZ gh ^_eZeh g_\hafh`gufi_jki_dlb\m^he]hkjhqgh]hih^t_fZijhfure_gghklbhkgh\Zggh]hgZijb\e_q_gbbbg\_klbpbc LZdbf h[jZahf fh`gh ml\_j`^Zlv qlh k ^hklb`_gb_f hlghkbl_evghc nbgZgkh\hc klZ[bebaZpbb aZ\_jrbeky i_j\uc kZfuc keh`guc b kZfuc \Z`guc wlZi khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdhc ljZgknhjfZpbb \ Jhkkbb < j_amevlZl_ [ue knhjfbjh\Zg bgklblmpbhgZevguc [Zabk hij_^_eyxsbc jZfdb j_Zevgh kms_kl\mxs_c \ gZklhys__ \j_fy wdhghfbdb b \hafh`ghklb^ey__^Zevg_cr_]hj_nhjfbjh\Zgby 15.4 J_amevlZlubgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc\Jhkkbb-o]] < gh\h_ lukyq_e_lb_ jhkkbckdZy wdhghfbdZ \klmibeZ k m`_ knhjfbjh\Z\rbfky bgklblmpbhgZevguf [Zabkhf dhlhjuc hij_^_eye oZjZdl_j ^Zevg_cr_c wdhghfbq_kdhc ljZgknhjfZpbb >ebl_evguc i_jbh^ g_hij_^_e_gghklb \ hlghr_gbb iheblbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ h[eZklb bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ieZgbjh\Zgby ij_^hklZ\be \hafh`ghklv wdhghfbq_kdbf Z]_glZf Z^Zilbjh\Zlvky d kms_kl\mxs_c g_^hj_nhjfbjh\Zgghc kljmdlmj_ b wlh lj_[m_l hl ijZ\bl_evkl\Z [he__ j_rbl_evguobihke_^h\Zl_evguo^_ckl\bc\h[eZklbbgklblmpbhgZevguoj_nhjf =h\hjy h j_amevlZlZo ijhr_^rbo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc \ h[eZklb nhjfbjh\Zgby bgklblmlh\ jughqghc wdhghfbdb ke_^m_l\u^_eblvkha^Zgb_ij_`^_\k_]hbgklblmlZgZpbhgZevghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb Kl_j`g_f j_nhjf \ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kn_j_ klZeZ ijb\ZlbaZpby aZij_l gZ i_j_kfhlj j_amevlZlh\ dhlhjhc nZdlbq_kdb k^_eZe jughqgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby g_h[jZlbfufb Ijhp_kk ljZgknhjfZpbb hlghr_gby b kljmdlmju kh[kl\_gghklb\JhkkbbhdZaZekyqj_a\uqZcghkeh`gufgZkf_gmkihglZgghc^bj_dlhjkdhcijb\ZlbaZpbbdhgpZ-o]] ijbreZ fZkkh\Zy [_kieZlgZy ijb\ZlbaZpby aZ dhlhjhc ihke_^h\Zeh i_j\hgZqZevgh_ aZdj_ie_gb_ b i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ ijZ\hfhqbc kh[kl\_gghklb H^gZdh ijb\ZlbaZpbhggZy iheblbdZ - ]] [ueZ gZijZ\e_gZ g_ klhevdh gZ ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ bgklblmlZ qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb b nhjfbjh\Zgb_ rbjhdh]h deZkkZ kh[kl\_ggbdh\ kdhevdh gZ j_r_gb_ nbkdZevguo aZ^Zq IjZdlbdZ ijh\_^_gby aZeh]h\uo Zmdpbhgh\ klZeZ hkgh\Zgb_f ^ey nhjfbjh\Zgby \ Jhkkbb lZd gZau\Z_fhc fh^_eb heb]Zjobq_kdh]h dZiblZebafZ50 GZ j_]bhgZevghf mjh\g_ hklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv y\ey_lky bgkljmf_glhf ba\e_q_gby j_glu b k_jv_aguf ij_iylkl\b_f ^ey ihy\e_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h bg\_klhjZ – j_Zevgh]hkh[kl\_ggbdZ Kha^Zgug_aZ\bkbfucP_gljZevguc;ZgdbbgklblmlunbgZgkh\hckbkl_fujugdbdhjihjZlb\guop_gguo[mfZ] j_]bhgZevguo b fmgbpbiZevguo h[eb]Zpbc qZklgZy ^_ihablZjgZy b j_]bkljZlhjkdZy kbkl_fu bg^mkljby Zm^blZ b [jhd_jkdbomkem]bl^ Ij_^ijbgyluihiuldbj_nhjfbjh\ZgbygZeh]h\hckbkl_fukljZguh^gZdh\k_hgbfh]mlhdZaZlvkyls_lgufb_keb g_[m^_lijh\_^_gZgZeh]h\ZyZfgbklbybdZdke_^kl\b_\hkklZgh\e_gh\aZbfgh_^h\_jb_]hkm^Zjkl\Zb[bag_kZ >Zevg_cr__jZa\blb_f_oZgbafh\jughqghcdhgdmj_gpbbgZlZedb\Z_lkygZijh[e_fmgZjmr_gbyZglbfhghihevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z j_]bhgZevgufb b f_klgufb \eZklyfb dhlhju_ \ ih]hg_ aZ j_glgufb ijb[ueyfb mklZgZ\eb\Zxl Jy^ ^hklZlhqgh Zdlb\guo f_j \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb ij_^ijbgbfZeky ijZ\bl_evkl\hf \ ] gZijbf_j kgb`_gb_ `_e_agh^hjh`guo lZjbnh\gZ]jmah\u_i_j_\hadb 49 H[t_f<<I\]khklZ\behlmjh\gy] 50 >jm]hc ij_^ihkuedhc ^ey wlh]h klZeZ ijhdjmldZ [x^`_lguo kj_^kl\ \ ijb[eb`_gguo dhff_jq_kdbo [ZgdZo \ i_jbh^ \ukhdhc bgneypbb 48 fgh]hqbke_ggu_ [Zjv_ju ^ey dhgdmj_gpbb m\_ebqb\Zy ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db \_^_gby [bag_kZ gh wlh m`_ l_fZ ke_^mxs_c]eZ\u 15.5 Dgh\hcl_hjbbj_nhjf DgZqZem;;,\kj_^b[hevrbgkl\Zwdhghfbklh\\h\k_ffbj_ijZdlbq_kdbg_hklZehkvjZagh]eZkbcihih\h^mlh]h dZdh\u mkeh\by ^ey mklhcqb\h]h b kZfhih^^_j`b\Zxs_]hky wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ jugdb ^he`gu [ulv k\h[h^gufb kh[kl\_gghklv – qZklghc b aZsbs_gghc lhj]h\ey f_`^m kljZgZfb – [_kij_iylkl\_gghc >ey ^hklb`_gby wlbo p_e_c ijZ\bl_evkl\Zf gZ^h k h^ghc klhjhgu ijh\h^blv iheblbdm fbgbfZevgh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Z \ wdhghfbdm \ kn_j_ p_ghh[jZah\Zgby b mijZ\e_gby ^_yl_evghklvx ij_^ijbylbc k ^jm]hc – kem`blv gZ^_`guf ]ZjZglhf \uiheg_gby dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ hl\_lkl\_gguf h[jZahf ih^oh^blv d ijh[e_f_ j_]mebjh\Zgby ijh\h^blv k[ZeZgkbjh\Zggmx [x^`_lgmxiheblbdmmkljZgylvjZaebqgh]hjh^Zlhj]h\u_[Zjv_juDh]^Zb_kebex[h_]hkm^Zjkl\h\ebp_ijZ\bl_evkl\Z \uihegbl^Zggu_mkeh\byfh`ghh`b^ZlvjhklZgZpbhgZevgh]h^hoh^Z Ihke_ djZoZ dhffmgbklbq_kdbo j_`bfh\ \ ?\jhi_ \ dhgp_ -o – gZqZe_ -o ]] gh\u_ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z g_ bkiulu\Zeb g_^hklZldZ \ ih^h[gh]h jh^Z j_dhf_g^Zpbyo G_dhlhjuf kljZgZf m^Zehkv ^hklbqv [hevrbgkl\Z ba ihklZ\e_gguo p_e_c kjZ\gbl_evgh [ukljh ^jm]bf – g_l B ijbqbgm ke_^m_l bkdZlv g_ lhevdh \ jZaebqguo klZjlh\uo mkeh\byo b kl_i_gb jZa[ZeZgkbjh\Zgghklb wdhghfbdb d fhf_glm gZqZeZ jughqguo j_nhjf gh b \ ijh\h^bfhc iheblbd_ ?keb kj_^b kljZg k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhc dhg_qgu_p_ebj_nhjfbjh\ZgbyjZaebqZebkvg_kms_kl\_gghlhiheblbq_kdb_ h]jZgbq_gbydhgnb]mjZpbybgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ugZebqb_\ebyl_evguo]jmiibgl_j_kh\bli\Zjvbjh\Zebkv\_kvfZ agZqbl_evgh Mki_o j_nhjf \ h]jhfghc kl_i_gb ij_^hij_^_eyeky kihkh[ghklvx \hafh`ghklvx h[_ki_qblv [Zam ^ey ^Zevg_crboij_h[jZah\Zgbc Jhkkby\ijhp_kk_j_nhjfbjh\ZgbywdhghfbdbklhedgmeZkvkijh[e_fhcij_h^he_gbybg_jpbbZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h jugdZ<ms_j[^he]hkjhqgufp_eyfijboh^behkvj_rZlvlZdlbq_kdb_aZ^Zqbnhjfbjh\Zgb_kbekihkh[guoih^^_j`Zlv ijh^he`_gb_j_nhjfbijhlb\h^_ckl\b_eh[[bjh\ZgbxkhklhjhguaZbgl_j_kh\ZgguoebpVWDNHKROGHUVij_iylkl\mxsbo ijh\_^_gbxj_nhjf51. H^gZdh j_nhjfZlhjZf ij_^klhyeh hkms_kl\blv g_ lhevdh ljZgknhjfZpbx ijhba\h^kl\_gguo hlghr_gbc \ jughqghf gZijZ\e_gbb gh b ijh\_klb dZj^bgZevgmx kljmdlmjgmx i_j_kljhcdm kmlv dhlhjhc khklhyeZ \ i_j_oh^_ hl bg^mkljbZevghc d ihklbg^mkljbZevghc wdhghfbd_ : nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gh\uo k_dlhjh\ wdhghfbdb dh]^Z m`_ ^_ckl\m_l `_kldZybg^mkljbZevgZykbkl_fZkhk\hbfbijbhjbl_lZfbbfhsgufb]jmiiZfbbgl_j_kh\-aZ^ZqZgbdZdg_[he__e_]dZy q_fkha^Zgb_kh\j_f_gguok_dlhjh\g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh52. GZdhg_p _s_ h^gbf \uah\hf k dhlhjuf ijbrehkv klhedgmlvky Jhkkbb -o ]] klZeZ \k_h[sZy ]eh[ZebaZpby wdhghfbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklb\mkeh\byodhlhjhc\hajhkrZyfh[bevghklvfbjh\h]hdZiblZeZfgh]hdjZlghm\_ebqb\rb_ky h[t_f b kdhjhklv bgnhjfZpbhgguo ihlhdh\ knhjfbjh\Zeb ijbgpbibZevgh gh\u_ mkeh\by ^ey \oh`^_gby \ fbjh\h_ khh[s_kl\hkdhlhjufbg_h[oh^bfhkqblZlvkyijbhij_^_e_gbb^he]hkjhqghckljZl_]bbwdhghfbq_kdboj_nhjfJ_qva^_kv b^_l h g_h[oh^bfhklb nhjfbjh\Zgby dZq_kl\_ggh gh\hc kbkl_fu bgklblmlh\ iha\heb\r_c [u jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ iheghp_gghbkihevah\Zlvk\hbkjZ\gbl_evgu_dhgdmj_glgu_ij_bfms_kl\ZbklZlviheghijZ\ghcmqZklgbp_c]eh[Zevgh]h jugdZ JZkkfhljbf `_ ijbqbgu g_m^Zq j_nhjf \ Jhkkbb b ihiulZ_fky \u^\bgmlv bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ b iheblbdhwdhghfbq_kdb_h[hkgh\Zgbygh\h]hih^oh^Zdl_hj_lbq_kdhfmZgZebamijhp_kkZj_nhjfbjh\Zgbywdhghfbdb 15.5.1 IhiuldZj_ZebaZpbb<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ53 Wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_nhjfu gZqZeZ -o ]] \ Jhkkbb \ p_ehf [Zabjh\Zebkv gZ ijbgpbiZo ihemqb\rbo \ ebl_jZlmj_ gZa\Zgb_jZgg_]h<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ54: 1. MklZgh\e_gb_nbkdZevghc^bkpbiebguH[sbc[x^`_lguc^_nbpbl^he`_g[ulv^hklZlhqgh fZeufqlh[u[ulvijhnbgZgkbjh\Zgguf[_abkihevah\Zgbybgneypbhggh]hgZeh]ZHi_jZpbhgguc ^_nbpblg_^he`_gij_\urZlv<<I 2. =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_jZkoh^u^he`gu[ulvi_j_gZijZ\e_gukiheblbq_kdbagZqbfuoklZl_c Z^fbgbkljbjh\Zgb_h[hjhgZkm[kb^bbgZnbgZgkbjh\Zgb_h[jZah\Zgbya^hjh\vy bgnjZkljmdlmju 3. GZeh]h\Zyj_nhjfZaZdexqZ_lky\jZkrbj_gbbgZeh]hh[eZ]Z_fhc[Zaubmemqr_gbbgZeh]h\h]h Z^fbgbkljbjh\Zgby 4. NbgZgkh\Zyeb[_jZebaZpby -^hklb`_gb_mf_j_gguoiheh`bl_evguoijhp_glguoklZ\hd LZd gZijbf_j ijhlb\gbdZfb ijb\ZlbaZpbb [ueb hljZke_\u_ fbgbkl_jkl\Z ^bj_dlhjZ ij_^ijbylbc kZfb jZ[hqb_ f_klgu_ Z^fbgbkljZpbbbf_xsb_eb[hfhsgu_eh[[b\iZjeZf_gl_eb[hg_ihkj_^kl\_ggucdhgljhevgZ^ij_^ijbylb_fFZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZy klZ[bebaZpbybf_eZhiihg_glh\\ebp_[Zgdh\kdh]hk_dlhjZ\h]eZ\_kP_gljh[ZgdhfZlZd`_[x^`_lguohj]ZgbaZpbcdheohah\b^jm]bo km[kb^bjm_fuo ij_^ijbylbc Mihjy^hqb\Zgb_ [x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \klj_qZeh ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ kh klhjhgu j_]bhgZevguo b f_klguo \eZkl_c ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc gZeh]h\hc kem`[u b djmiguo ij_^ijbylbc Kf.: Shleifer A., Treisman D. Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2000. J 52 KfFZm<Jhkkbckdb_wdhghfbq_kdb_j_nhjfu\ij_^klZ\e_gbbboaZiZ^guodjblbdh\www.iet.ru:glb-Klb]ebp 53 Kh]eZr_gb_ ihemqbeh gZa\Zgb_ <Zrbg]lhgkdh]h ih f_klm jZkiheh`_gby ^\mo ;j_llhg-<m^kdbo bgklblmlh\ aZgbfZ\rboky ijh[e_fZfbjZa\blbykljZgEZlbgkdhc:f_jbdb\-o]] 54 Williamson J. (ed.) The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, DC: Institute for International(FRQRPLFVj-KflZd`_ Burki, Shahid J., Perry Guillermo E. Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990, 7; Williamson, J. What Washington Means by Policy Reform. Latin America Adjustment: How Much Has Happened. Williamson, John (editor). Washington, D.C.: The Institute for International Economics, 1990. 51 5. H[f_ggucdmjk^he`_g[ulvmgbnbpbjh\ZggufbgZoh^blvkygZmjh\g_^hklZlhqghf^ey dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklbwdhghfbdb\kn_j_g_ljZ^bpbhggh]hwdkihjlZ 6. Lhj]h\Zyeb[_jZebaZpby-d\hlu^he`gu[ulvaZf_g_gugZlZjbnudhlhju_gZ^hihkl_i_ggh kgb`Zlv^hmjh\gy 7. Ijyfu_bghkljZggu_bg\_klbpbb–klbfmebjmxlkyiml_fhlf_gu[Zjv_jh\^ey\oh^Z bghkljZgguonbjfgZjughd 8. Ijb\ZlbaZpbyij_^ijbylbcgZoh^ysboky\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb 9. >_j_]mebjh\Zgb_wdhghfbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklbJ_]mebjh\Zgb_khklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\Z^he`gh dZkZlvkyebrv\hijhkh\[_ahiZkghklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^ubgZ^ahjZaZnbgZgkh\ufb bgklblmlZfb 10. IjZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb^he`gu[ulv]ZjZglbjh\Zggufbb^hklmigufb^eyg_nhjfZevgh]h k_dlhjZ < dZq_kl\_ g_kdhevdh fh^bnbpbjh\Zgghc \_jkbb <Zrbg]lhgkdh]h dhgk_gkmkZ fh`_l kem`blv >_deZjZpby h khljm^gbq_kl\_ k p_evx ih^^_j`Zgby mklhcqb\h]h jhklZ fbjh\hc wdhghfbdb ] Kj_^b imgdlh\ ^_deZjZpbb ^ey kljZgki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhcdZdkijZ\_^eb\haZf_qZ_lFZjbyEZ\bgvgZb[he__agZqbfufby\eyxlky imgdl^_g_`gZy[x^`_lgZybkljmdlmjgZyiheblbdbdhie_f_glZjgubih^^_j`b\Zxl^jm]^jm]Z imgdlhg_h[oh^bfhklbkha^Zgby[eZ]hijbylgh]hdebfZlZ^eyqZklguobg\_klbpbc imgdlp_evx[x^`_lghciheblbdb^he`_gklZlvk[ZeZgkbjh\Zgguc\kj_^g_kjhqghfieZg_[x^`_lbkhdjZs_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h^_nbpblZ imgdlkljmdlmjgu_j_nhjfu^he`gu[ulvihke_^h\Zl_evgufbkZdp_glhfgZjughdljm^Z imgdlubij_^hkl_j_`_gb_ijhlb\dhjjmipbb\h[s_kl\_gghfk_dlhj_55. Ihke_ ^_kylb e_l jughqguo j_nhjf [hevrbgkl\m aZiZ^guo wdhghfbklh\56 klZeh hq_\b^ghqlhj_nhjfu\Jhkkbb hdZaZebkv ]hjZa^h [he__ keh`ghc b g_h^ghagZqghc aZ^Zq_c Ihy\beky p_euc jy^ im[ebdZpbc \ dhlhjuo j_nhjfZlhju Z \f_kl_ k gbfb b f_`^mgZjh^gu_ nbgZgkh\u_ hj]ZgbaZpbb ij_^eZ]Z\rb_ \ jZagh_ \j_fy kh\_lu ih j_nhjfbjh\Zgbx jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdbh[\bgyebkv\g_^hhp_gd_bgklblmpbhgZevguonZdlhjh\ZlZd`_djblbdh\ZekykZfih^oh^rhdh\hc l_jZibb \ kn_j_ bgklblmpbhgZevguo j_nhjf57 Fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb qlh \ukljZb\Zgb_ gh\h]h bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h [ZabkZ lj_[m_l \j_f_gb :[khexlgh kijZ\_^eb\hc y\ey_lky djblbdZ ^_ckl\bc ijZ\bl_evkl\Z \ kn_j_ kha^Zgby g_ lhevdh gh\uo ijZ\be \_^_gby [bag_kZ gh b f_oZgbafh\ ijbgm`^_gby d kh[ex^_gbx wlbo ijZ\be H^gZdh ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv b iheblbq_kdmx j_Zebam_fhklv l_o beb bguo rZ]h\ \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb Z wlhl \hijhk dZd jZa f_g__ \k_]h aZljZ]b\Z_lky \ l_hj_lbq_kdbofh^_eyob\_kvfZg_aZkem`_ggh Ijb ZgZeba_ lhc beb bghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbdb g_h[oh^bfh q_ldh jZaebqZlv p_eb ^Zgghc iheblbdb b kj_^kl\Z bo ^hklb`_gby A^hjh\Zy nbgZgkh\Zy kbkl_fZ gbadZy bgneypby b [x^`_lguc ^_nbpbl klZ[bevguc h[f_gguc dmjk b li y\eyxlky ebrv kj_^kl\Zfb ^ey ^hklb`_gby mklhcqb\h]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ b memqr_gby [eZ]hkhklhygby ]jZ`^Zg Ke_^m_l ijbagZlv qlh gb h^gZ ba wlbo p_e_c g_ [ueZ j_Zebah\ZgZ \ iheghc f_j_ LZdb_ \Z`gu_ baf_g_gby dZd ijb\ZlbaZpby b eb[_jZebaZpby wdhghfbdb g_ ^he`gu kZfb ih k_[_ klZgh\blvky y^jhf iheblbdb j_nhjf b ih^f_gylv kh[hc dhg_qgu_ p_eb j_nhjfbjh\Zgby < ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ wlh fh`_l ijb\_klb d bkdZ`_gbx ijh\h^bfhc iheblbdb \ ihevam djZldhkjhqguo f_j dh]^Z kljZl_]bq_kdb_ p_eb hloh^yl gZ \lhjhc ieZg LZdh]h jh^Z ijhlb\hj_qb_ f_`^m p_eyfb b kj_^kl\Zfb ^he]hkjhqgufb hjb_glbjZfb b djZldhkjhqgufb \u]h^Zfb g_ fh`_l gZclb h[tykg_gb_ \ gZb\ghklb wdhghfbklh\ beb e_gb\hklb iheblbdh\ JZaju\ f_`^m l_hjb_c b ijZdlbdhc h[mkeh\e_g g_ ijbf_g_gb_fijZ\bevguobebg_ijZ\bevguol_hjbcZy\ey_lkyke_^kl\b_fiheblbq_kdh]hZglZ]hgbafZgZebqb_fhq_gv h]jZgbq_ggh]h gZ[hjZ j_Zebam_fuo Zevl_jgZlb\ ^Zevg_cr_]h jZa\blby g_ \k_]^Z `_eZl_evguo kms_kl\mxsbfb bgklblmpbhgZevgufbjZfdZfbijbgylbyj_r_gbc Wdhghfbq_kdb_j_nhjfuihke_^g_]h^_kylbe_lby\kljZgZoki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhchdZaZebkvlZdbebbgZq_ih^ agZqbl_evguf \ebygb_f <Zrbg]lhgkdh]h dhgk_gkmkZ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu kZf ijhp_kk ljZgknhjfZpbb ieZgh\hc ohayckl\_gghckbkl_fubkh[ulby_]hkhijh\h`^Zxsb_ih\ebyegZi_j_kfhljwlhciheblbdblhlnZdlqlhij_^eZ]Z_fu_ bj_Zebam_fu_f_juwdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdbg_ijb\_ebd`_eZ_fhfmj_amevlZlm\ua\Zebgl_j_kdihbkdmZevl_jgZlb\guo ih^oh^h\ Ihke_ nbgZgkh\h]h djbabkZ \ <hklhqghc :abb j_dhf_g^Zpbb <Zrbg]lhgkdh]h dhgk_gkmkZ klZeb \k_ qZs_ ih^\_j]Zlvky djblbd_ ijbq_f b kh klhjhgu ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ;j_llhg-<m^kdbo bgklblmlh\ – b^_heh]h\ ij_`g_]h ih^oh^Z LZd[u\rbc\_^msbcwdhghfbkl<k_fbjgh]h;ZgdZ>`ha_nKlb]ebpijbau\Z_ldnhjfbjh\Zgbxh[s_kl\_ggh]hfg_gby\ ih^^_j`dmihkl-<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ 15.5.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dl_hjbbj_nhjf Ij_^u^ms__ h[km`^_gb_ ihdZaZeh qlh ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb g_h[oh^bfh jZkrbjblv kms_kl\mxsb_ jZfdb l_hj_lbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ ^Zgghc ijh[e_fZlbdb iml_f \dexq_gby \ jZkkfhlj_gb_ bgklblmlh\ Bklhjbq_kdb_ dmevlmjgu_ iheblbq_kdb_ b khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdb_ nZdlhju b]jZxl hij_^_eyxsmx jhev \ i_jbh^u Lavigne M. The Economics of Transition. From Socialist Economy to Market Economy. New York, St. Martin's Press, Inc. J. 160-161. «Ih^ebggufb agZlhdZfb Jhkkbb kqblZxlky l_ dlh bf__l fgh]he_lgbc hiul bkke_^h\Zgby kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb - kh\_lheh]b ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Z\rb_k\hxihegmxg_kihkh[ghklvhp_gblvj_Zevgu_ijhlb\hj_qbykh\_lkdhckbkl_fubkijh]ghabjh\Zlvi_jki_dlb\u __jZa\blby\mkeh\byo]hj[Zq_\kdhci_j_kljhcdbh[b`_ggu_aZwlhgZjhkkbckdb_j_nhjfub\[hevrbgkl\_k\h_fg_ihgbfZxsb_bg_ `_eZxsb_ ihgbfZlv j_Zevgu_ ijh[e_fu b eh]bdm ihkldhffmgbklbq_kdhc wdhghfbdb FZm <: Jhkkbckdb_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_nhjfu \ ij_^klZ\e_gbbboaZiZ^guodjblbdh\www.iet.ru:glb-Klb]ebp 57 Stigltz J. Whither Reform? Ten Years of Transition. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 1999. 55 56 dh]^Z wdhghfbq_kdb_ Z]_glu \ugm`^_gu ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ mkeh\byo g_hij_^_e_gghklb dZd \ kemqZ_ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb >Ze__fuihiulZ_fkykl_hj_lbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gbyh[tykgblv^bgZfbdmi_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdbZlZd`_ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv \hafh`gu_ke_^kl\byklhqdbaj_gbywdhghfbq_kdboj_nhjf G_hij_^_e_gghklv ijbkmsZy \k_f wdhghfbq_kdbf kbkl_fZf \ i_j_oh^guo wdhghfbdZo ^hklb]Z_l h]jhfguo fZkrlZ[h\ b ghkbl ijbgpbibZevgh kljmdlmjguc oZjZdl_j Bgklblmlu ijhreh]h [he__ g_ y\eyxlky hi_jZpbhgZevgufb Z gh\u_ nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu g_ kha^Zgu gZijbf_j g_ h[_ki_qb\Zxlky f_oZgbafu ijbgm`^_gby d kh[ex^_gbx gh\uo ijZ\be IheblbdbklZedb\ZxlkyklZdh]hjh^Zkljmdlmjghcg_hij_^_e_gghklvxb\ugm`^_gukg_ckqblZlvkyH^gZdhhgb lZd`_ y\eyxlky b ]eZ\gufb ^_ckl\mxsbfb ebpZfb kihkh[gufb kgbablv g_hij_^_e_gghklv iml_f kha^Zgby gh\uo nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\ >bgZfbdZ i_j_oh^gh]h ijhp_kkZ \h fgh]hf hij_^_ey_lky l_f nZdlhf qlh j_amevlZlu wdhghfbq_kdbo j_nhjf \ebyxlgZ^_ckl\byiheblbdh\bgZh[hjhlDijbf_jmiehob_j_nhjfufh]mlih\ebylvgZwdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_lZd qlh mdhj_gylky klZju_ ijb\uqdb b kl_j_hlbiu Z ihy\eyxsb_ky gh\u_ g_ \hagbdgml ba-aZ ij_klmighklb b dhjjmipbb \uau\ZyaZfudZylZdgZau\Z_fucihjhqgucdjm] <aZbfhk\yavf_`^mj_nhjfZfbbwdhghfbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklvxkl_i_gvh[mkeh\e_gghklbh^gh]h^jm]bfaZ\bkylhl lh]h dZdb_ j_amevlZlu ^_fhgkljbjm_l wdhghfbdZ Wlh \ k\hx hq_j_^v \eby_l gZ wdhghfbq_kdb_ ijb\uqdb Z]_glh\ ih^^_j`dm^Zevg_crboj_nhjfbogZijZ\e_gb_bkdhjhklv >eyZgZebaZ^bgZfbdbjZa\blbynhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguobgklblmlh\ZlZd`_\aZbfhhlghr_gbyf_`^mgbfb fh`gh \u^_eblv ^\Z ZgZeblbq_kdbo bgkljmf_glZ ij_^klZ\blvi_j_oh^gucijhp_kkdZdljbklZ^bbbgklblmpbhgZevgh]h jZa\blbyb\hkihevah\Zlvkydhgp_ipb_cljZ_dlhjbbjZa\blby I_j\Zy klZ^by i_j_oh^gh]h ijhp_kkZ hl ieZgh\hc wdhghfbdb d jughqghc [_j_l gZqZeh dh]^Z kljZgZ bf__l klj_fe_gb_bihemqZ_l\hafh`ghklvb^lbihimlbj_nhjfkZfhklhyl_evghbeb\ugm`^_gZwlh^_eZlvih^\ebygb_f\g_rgbo nZdlhjh\WlZklZ^by–mkeh\ghgZau\Z_fZygZfbklZ]gZpb_c" -fh`_l[ulveb[hdhjhldhcdZd\i_j\hfkemqZ_eb[hhq_gv ^ebgghcdh]^Zkms_kl\m_l^Z\e_gb_ba\g_Z\gmljbkljZgug_ldhgk_gkmkZihih\h^mkljZl_]bbj_nhjf <lhjZy klZ^by ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc wlZi j_nhjf nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ ijbgylb_ aZdhgh\ h ijZ\_ gZ qZklgmx kh[kl\_gghklv h dhgdmj_gpbb [Zgdjhlkl\_ b l^ G_l kfukeZ ebrgbc jZa ]h\hjblv qlh djZcg_ `_eZl_evgh \ wlhf kemqZ_ bf_lv ^_p_gljZebah\Zggmx wdhghfbdm \ dhlhjhc agZqbl_evgZy ^hey ij_^ijbylbc ijb\Zlbabjh\ZgZ j_r_gby Z]_glZfb ijbgbfZxlky kZfhklhyl_evgh b jughqgu_ klbfmeu y\eyxlky hij_^_eyxsbfb H^gZdh gZ ijZdlbd_ wlh mkeh\b_ j_^dh \uihegy_lkyG_nhjfZevgu_bgklblmlu^he`gulZd`_imklvbf_^e_gghf_gylvkyH^gZdhljm^ghh`b^Zlvdhg]jmwglghklb nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ gZ wlhc klZ^bb ohly [u ihlhfm qlh hgb oZjZdl_jbamxlky jZaghc kdhjhklvx baf_g_gbybbf_xlijbgpbibZevghjZaebqgmxijbjh^m GZ ijhly`_gbb \lhjhc klZ^bb i_j_oh^gh]h ijhp_kkZ g_hij_^_e_gghklv ^hklb]Z_l fZdkbfmfZ lZd dZd lj_[m_lky \j_fy^eyijbf_g_gbybijbgylbygh\uoijZ\bebf_oZgbafh\j_]mebjh\ZgbyLhevdhijb\hagbdgh\_gbbgh\uobgklblmlh\ g_hij_^_e_gghklvfh`_lgZqZlvkgb`Zlvky<b^_Ze_g_hij_^_e_gghklv^he`gZihkl_i_gghkgb`ZlvkygZ\lhjhcblj_lv_c klZ^bb h^gZdh ihkdhevdm ]jZgbpu klZ^bc g_ hij_^_e_gu \k_]^Z \hafh`_g hldZl gZaZ^ b lZdh]h kgb`_gby fh`_l g_ ijhbahclbL_fg_f_g__ijhp_kki_j_oh^Zfh`_laZ\_jrblvkyebrvijbagZqbl_evghfkhdjZs_gbbg_hij_^_e_gghklb DgZqZemlj_lv_cklZ^bbhkgh\gu_nhjfZevgu_bgklblmlum`_knhjfbjh\Zguij_^_evgu_baf_g_gby\hafh`gugh ghkyl ebrv oZjZdl_j lhgdbo gZkljh_d g_h[oh^bfuo ijb \g_^j_gbb gh\uo ijZ\be GZ wlhf wlZi_ Zdp_gl kf_sZ_lky \ klhjhgm baf_g_gby ih\_^_gq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ <Z`guf a^_kv y\ey_lky lh h[klhyl_evkl\h qlh ex^b ijbgbfZxl keh`b\rmxky kbkl_fm nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ ih kmlb AZ\_jr_gb_f wlhc klZ^bb fh`gh kqblZlv gZklmie_gb_ ]Zjfhgbb f_`^m nhjfZevgufb b g_nhjfZevgufb bgklblmlZfb bgZq_ gh\u_ bgklblmlu [m^ml g_wnn_dlb\gufbbi_j_oh^gucijhp_kkkdZlblky\ij_^u^msmxklZ^bx Dhgp_ipby ljZ_dlhjbc jZa\blby ]h\hjbl h g_h[oh^bfhklb mq_lZ ki_pbnbdb ^Zgghc kljZgu gZqbgZy hl ]_h]jZnbq_kdh]hiheh`_gbyj_]bhgZbaZdZgqb\Zydmevlmjgufbhkh[_gghklyfbgZpbbWnn_dlij_^r_kl\mxs_]hjZa\blby (path dependence effect\[hevr_ckl_i_gbkdZau\Z_lkygZi_j\hcklZ^bbg_ihkj_^kl\_gghke_^mxs_caZkhpbZebklbq_kdbf i_jbh^hf >Ze__ ih f_j_ j_nhjfbjh\Zgby wdhghfbdb \k_ gh\u_ kh[ulby klZgh\ylky \Z`gufb Ohly l_hjby ljZ_dlhjbb ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h jZa\blby y\ey_lky ihe_aguf bgkljmf_glhf ^ey h[tykg_gby hkh[_gghkl_c i_j_oh^guo ijhp_kkh\ \ hl^_evghc kljZg_ hdZau\Z_lky \_kvfZ ljm^guf lhqgh ij_^kdZaZlv [m^ml eb b \ dZdhc kljZg_ l_ beb bgu_ j_nhjfu mki_rgufbbebg_lH[wlhf]h\hjbllZd`_lZdgZau\Z_fZyl_hj_fZWekl_jZhg_\hafh`ghklbdhlhjmxgZ^hbf_lv\\b^m ijbZgZeba_klZpbhgZjgh]hkhklhygbyihkl-khpbZebklbq_kdhcwdhghfbdb58<khhl\_lkl\bbkg_cg_\hafh`ghij_^kdZaZgb_ ^he]hkjhqguo ]eh[Zevguo baf_g_gbc b qbkluo wnn_dlh\ ijbf_g_gby jZaebqguo f_oZgbafh\ l_g^_gpbc b dhgljf_oZgbafh\ dhglj-l_g^_gpbc lh _klv k mq_lhf ba^_j`_d gZ \g_^j_gby b ihke_^kl\bc djmighfZkrlZ[guo baf_g_gbc \ wdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_f_Wlhml\_j`^_gb_hq_gv[ebadhih^momdfg_gbxOZc_dZhg_ba[_`ghklbkms_kl\h\ZgbyjZaju\Z f_`^m h[tykg_gb_f b ij_^kdZaZgb_f Z lZd`_ h lhf qlh \k_ ij_^kdZaZgby hlghkbl_evgh ihklkhpbZebklbq_kdh]h jZa\blby ^he`gu ghkblv ]eh[Zevguc oZjZdl_j59 H^gZdh kZf Wekl_j mdZau\Ze gZ \hafh`ghklv mlhqg_gby lZdh]h jh^Z ijh]ghaZ ih^q_jdb\Zy g_h[oh^bfhklv bkihevah\Zgby bgklblmpbhgZevghc eh]bdb ijb ZgZeba_ kf_r_gguo kbkl_f Z lZd`_ bkihevah\Zgbyf_`^bkpbiebgZjgh]hih^oh^Zbklhjbbkhpbheh]bbbdhfiZjZlb\bklbdb60. I_j_^ l_f dZd i_j_clb d ZgZebam \hafh`guo kihkh[h\ ijbf_g_gby ^Zggh]h ih^oh^Z d ijh[e_f_ \u[hjZ hilbfZevgh]h \_dlhjZ j_nhjf ke_^m_l mdZaZlv gZ g_dhlhju_ h]jZgbq_gby ^Zggh]h f_lh^Z <h-i_j\uo lZdhc ih^oh^ mdZau\Z_l gZ g_h[oh^bfhklv ZgZebabjh\Zlv dZ`^mx kljZgm \ hl^_evghklb Gh wlh hagZqZ_l qlh g_\hafh`gh ^Zlv gbdZdbo h[sbo j_dhf_g^Zpbc gZ wlhl kq_l <h-\lhjuo bgklblmpbhgZevguc ZgZeba nhdmkbjm_l \gbfZgb_ gZ g_kdhevdbo gZijZ\e_gbyo h^gh\j_f_ggh agZqbl ^he`gu [ulv mql_gu ^hklZlhqgh keh`gu_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m Z]_glZfb b bo nhjfZebaZpbyij_^klZ\ey_lkydjZcg_ijh[e_fZlbqghc Changing Economic Order. Ed. by Julien van den Broeck, Daniel van den Bulcke, Wolters-Noordhoff Publishers, Antwerp, Holland, 1992. J. 76. Elster J. Economic Order and Social Norms // Journals of Institutional and TheoUHWLFDO(FRQRPLFVJp. 357-366. 60 Dahl R.A. After the Revolution? New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Kh. 3. 58 59 Iheblbq_kdZyklZ[bevghklvb]jZfhlgZyfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZyiheblbdZ^hkboihjihdjZcg_cf_j_^hihy\e_gby djblbq_kdbo aZf_qZgbc kh klhjhgu gZmqgh]h khh[s_kl\Z \ hlghr_gbb <Zrbg]lhgkdh]h dhgk_gkmkZ kqblZebkv _^bgkl\_ggufb ij_^ihkuedZfb ^ey mklhcqb\h]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby H^gZdh dZd ihdZaZeZ ijZdlbdZ j_nhjf \ kljZgZo k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhc hgb g_ y\eyxlky ^hklZlhqgufb Ijh\_^_ggu_ \_^msbfb aZiZ^gufb wdhghfbklZfb bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZeb qlh [_a kms_kl\_gguo bgklblmpbhgZevguo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl h[mkeh\e_gguc lhevdhfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbfbj_nhjfZfby\ey_lkyg_mklhcqb\uf61BgklblmpbhgZevgu_ij_h[jZah\ZgbygZijZ\e_ggu_gZ ih\ur_gb_ ijhba\h^bl_evghklb ljm^Z kihkh[gu h[e_]qblv nbkdZevgu_ aZ^Zqb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b ebd\b^bjh\Zlv fgh]b_ ^bkijhihjpbb\wdhghfbd_ih\urZyl_fkZfufwnn_dlb\ghklvj_nhjfgZfZdjhmjh\g_ < dhgl_dkl_ \u[hjZ kljZl_]bb b lZdlbdb j_nhjf [he__ ijbklZevgh_ \gbfZgb_ bgklblmpbhgZevguf nZdlhjZf ke_^m_l m^_eylv _s_ b ihlhfm qlh g_dhlhju_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ j_nhjfu fh]ml ijbg_klb hsmlbfu_ j_amevlZlu m`_ \ djZldhkjhqghf i_jbh^_ Wlh h[klhyl_evkl\h ij_^klZ\ey_lky \_kvfZ \Z`guf ijb khklZ\e_gbb iZd_lZ j_nhjf b hij_^_e_gbb ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb j_nhjfbjh\Zgby lZd dZd ]hkm^Zjkl\h gm`^Z_lky \ ih^^_j`d_ k\hbo ^_ckl\bc \ h[eZklb wdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdb^Z`__kebhghihemqbehdZaZehkv[ug_h]jZgbq_ggucdj_^bl^h\_jbykhklhjhgugZk_e_gbyGh bf_gghwlhh[klhyl_evkl\hy\ey_lkykm]m[hki_pbnbq_kdhcoZjZdl_jbklbdhchl^_evgh\aylhckljZguZg_h[sbff_klhf ^eykljZgki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhc < wlhf kfuke_ d ijbf_jm ZglbfhghihevgZy iheblbdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z kihkh[gZ jZkrbjblv [Zam j_nhjf lh _klv m\_ebqblvihl_gpbZevgh_dhebq_kl\h\ub]ju\Zxsbohldhgdj_lguoij_h[jZah\Zgbc?kebgZk_e_gb_\b^blqlh[hjv[Zk ehdZevgufb _kl_kl\_ggufb fhghihebyfb b dZjl_evgufb h[jZah\Zgbyfb ihfh]Z_l kgbablv p_gm dhlhjmx hgh ieZlbl aZ we_dljbq_kl\h hlhie_gb_ ijh^mdlu b l^ _keb gZk_e_gb_ \b^bl qlh \eZklb haZ[hq_gu jZa\blb_f bggh\Zpbhggh]h ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Zbk\h[h^ghclhj]h\eblhhgh]hjZa^h[he__kdehgghfbjblvkykebqgufbg_m^h[kl\Zfbbihl_jyfb\ [eZ]hkhklhygbb \ jZkq_l_ gZ lh qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\m m^Zklky ihkljhblv [he__ wnn_dlb\gmx wdhghfbdm Wlh kgb`Z_l kl_i_gv g_^h\hevkl\Z ijh\h^bfhc iheblbdhc b mf_gvrZ_l \_jhylghklv nhjfbjh\Zgby Zglbj_nhjfbklkdbo ]jmii ^Z\e_gby qlh m\_ebqb\Z_l iheblbq_kdmx `_eZl_evghklv b h[s_kl\_ggmx ih^^_j`dm j_Zevguo wdhghfbq_kdbo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc H^gZdh kijZ\_^eb\hklb jZ^b ke_^m_l mdZaZlv gZ lh qlh ba kj_^u ijhb]jZ\rbo \ j_amevlZl_ lZdbo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc fh]ml \hagbdgmlvijhlb\hiheh`gu_ihk\h_fm\ebygbx]jmiiubgl_j_kh\ijbq_fbobgl_j_kuhdZau\Zxlky\ujZ`_ggufb[he__ q_ldh Z juqZ]h\ ^ey bo eh[[bjh\Zgby hdZau\Z_lky [hevr_ Ihwlhfm hij_^_eyxsbf y\ey_lky jZkdeZ^ iheblbq_kdbo b bguokbe\dZ`^hckljZg_ Klhqdbaj_gbyij_^eh`_ggh]hZgZebaZij_^klZ\ey_lky\Z`gufmdZaZlvgZlhlnZdlqlh\h-i_j\uog_dhlhju_lZd gZau\Z_fu_ `_eZl_evgu_ j_nhjfu knhjfmebjh\Zggu_ dZd <Zrbg]lhgkdbc dhgk_gkmk g_aZ\bkbfh hl lh]h gZkdhevdh rbjhdh hgb hij_^_e_gu fh]ml [ulv \hh[s_ g_ijbf_gbfu \ dhgdj_lgh \aylhc kljZg_ <h-\lhjuo \ l_o kljZgZo ]^_ ih^h[gh]h jh^Z j_dhf_g^Zpbb ihl_gpbZevgh ijbf_gbfu ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv \ lhf kfuke_ \ dZdhf hgZ ljZdlm_lky fbjh\ufbnbgZgkh\ufbbwdhghfbq_kdbfbbgklblmlZfbhkms_kl\e_gbyijZdlbq_kdbo^_ckl\bcg_bf__lagZq_gby I_j\h_ml\_j`^_gb_bkoh^blbalh]hqlhlZdhciZd_lj_nhjfih^oh^bllhevdhdkljZgZfdhlhjufg_ijboh^blky kebrdhf fgh]h \gbfZgby m^_eylv ijh[e_fZf nhjfbjh\Zgby kh[kl\_gghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb gh\hc dhgklblmpbb ijh[e_fZf wlgbq_kdbo f_gvrbgkl\ mklZgh\e_gbx gh\h]h yaudZ \\h^m gh\hc \Zexlu ihbkdm gh\uo lhj]h\uo iZjlg_jh\ jZa\blbx gh\uo k_dlhjh\ ijhfure_gghklb b l^ G_dhlhjuf kljZgZf Lmjdf_gbklZg Ma[_dbklZg ijboh^blky j_rZlv aZ^Zqmg_lhevdhi_j_oh^ZhlieZgh\hcwdhghfbd_djughqghcghlZd`_nZdlbq_kdb^_dhehgbaZpbb <lhjhc l_abk dZkZ_lky j_e_\Zglghklb j_dhf_g^Zpbc ih ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb j_nhjf >bkdmkkby h lhf qlh ^he`gh hkms_kl\eylvky \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v - klZ[bebaZpby eb[_jZebaZpby ijb\ZlbaZpby beb j_kljmdlmjbaZpby – gZ ijZdlbd_ hdZau\Z_lky[_kihe_aghclZddZd\_^_lky^_-nZdlhZihkl_jbhjbdlhfm`_jZaebqbyf_`^mwlZiZfb\_kvfZjZafulu;he__ lh]h\ebygb_bgl_j_kh\gh\h]h\hagbdZxs_]hqZklgh]hk_dlhjZgZj_ZebaZpbxdhgdj_lguof_jihj_nhjfbjh\Zgbx\k_]^Z g_^hhp_gb\Z_lkyqlhg_ba[_`gh\_^_lddhjj_dpbbi_j\hgZqZevguoieZgh\<k_wlhg_hagZqZ_lqlhihke_^h\Zl_evghklvg_ bf__lagZq_gbyGZijhlb\hgZ\Z`gZghhrb[hqgh[ueh[ujZkkfZljb\ZlvlhevdhklZg^Zjlgu_wdhghfbq_kdb_j_nhjfub ij_^eZ]Zlvdhgdj_lgu_f_jugZhkgh\_Z[kljZdlgh]hZgZebaZ Ij_^u^ms__ jZkkfhlj_gb_ \hijhkh\ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb j_nhjf l_kgh k\yaZgh k hij_^_e_gb_f ijbhjbl_lh\ \ hlghr_gbbhl^_evguogZijZ\e_gbcj_nhjfbjh\ZgbyH^gZdh^eygZk\wlhck\yab[he__\Z`gufij_^klZ\ey_lkyg_\hijhk \u[hjZ hilbfZevgh]h \j_f_gb ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby lh]h beb bgh]h f_jhijbylby Z \hijhk ijbf_gbfhklb _]h \ dhgdj_lghc kljZg_ GZijbf_j y\ey_lky eb ijb\ZlbaZpby g_h[oh^bfhc khklZ\eyxs_c ^ey ex[h]h iZd_lZ j_nhjf \ ex[hc kljZg_ k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhc [_a bkdexq_gby" Beb \hijhk ^he`_g klZ\blvky ih-^jm]hfm Z bf_ggh dZdbf h[jZahf gZ k\_l ^he`_g ihy\blvky qZklguc k_dlhj" Jhkkby ijh^\bgmeZkv gZ imlb ijb\ZlbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb ih`Zemc ^Zevr_ex[hc^jm]hckljZguki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhcghwnn_dlb\ghklvgh\h]hqZklgh]hk_dlhjZhklZ_lkydjZcg_gbadhc G_dhlhju_ ijhba\h^kl\Z g_ j_dhf_g^m_lky aZdju\Zlv ih khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbf khh[jZ`_gbyf b wlh hdZau\Z_lky hij_^_eyxsbf >Ze__ \hagbdZ_l \hijhk ^he`gu eb kljZgu k h^bgZdh\ufb wdhghfbq_kdbfb mkeh\byfb ijbf_gylv h^gb b l_ `_ j_nhjfu" LjZ^bpbhgguc ih^oh^ ^Z_l iheh`bl_evguc hl\_l BgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ fh`_l ^Zlv ZgZeh]bqguc hl\_l lh]^Zblhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Ziheblbq_kdb_khpbZevgu_dmevlmjgu_hkh[_gghklbZlZd`_kZfZkljmdlmjZwdhghfbdbbf_xl fgh]hh[s_]hAgZqbl_evgh_baf_g_gb_\_dlhjZj_nhjf\Q_obbbKeh\Zdbbihke_bohl^_e_gby^jm]hl^jm]ZebrgbcjZa ih^l\_j`^Z_lkijZ\_^eb\hklv^ZgguojZkkm`^_gbc AZ ]h^u j_nhjf ^bkdmkkby f_`^m klhjhggbdZfb lZd gZau\Z_fhc rhdh\hc l_jZibb b ]jZ^mZebafZ ijbgyeZ g_kdhevdh bghc hll_ghd g_`_eb ^_kylv e_l gZaZ^ <ur_ fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb h klZ^byo i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb b h \aZbfh^_ckl\bb nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ Ih^ lZdbf m]ehf aj_gby \hijhk m`_ i_j_oh^bl \ iehkdhklv bf_ggh bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ b ijh[e_fZ dhlhjmx ijboh^blky j_rZlv iheblbdZf - wlh mf_gvr_gb_ g_hij_^_e_gghklbqlhfh`_l[ulv^hklb]gmlhiml_f\ukljZb\ZgbynhjfZevguobgklblmlh\dheebg_Zjghg_nhjfZevguf dh]^Z ^ey wlh]h _klv \k_ g_h[oh^bfu_ g_ lhevdh wdhghfbq_kdb_ mkeh\by BgZq_ ijboh^blky fbjblvky k ^ebl_evguf i_jbh^hfijbkihkh[e_gby\lhjuodi_j\uf 61 Kf.: The World Competitiveness Report 1999. World Economic Forum, Geneva, 1999. H^gZdh ^_ckl\bl_evghklv ihdZaZeZ qlh gZ hkgh\_ h[s_c l_hjbb jbkdh\Zggh kljhblv dhgdj_lgu_ ijZdlbq_kdb_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb [_a mq_lZ gZpbhgZevghc ki_pbnbdb Keh`ghklv ijhp_kkZ j_nhjfbjh\Zgby ij_^hij_^_ebeZ l_ nmgdpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Zdhlhju_^hfbgbjmxl\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbBoZgZebambihk\ys_guke_^mxsb_]eZ\u =eZ\Z G:A:>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLB 62 BEB<I?J?>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLB" Q_f ^hevr_ Jhkkby g_ fh`_l \u[jZlvky ba ljZgknhjfZpbhggh]h kiZ^Z l_f [hevr_ \gbfZgb_ bkke_^h\Zl_e_c h[jZsZ_lky d ihke_^kl\byf ijb\ZlbaZpbb B q_f [hevr_ ihy\ey_lky im[ebdZpbc ih ijh[e_fZf ijb\ZlbaZpbb l_f hklj__ b^ml^bkdmkkbbgZkdhevdhhgZ[ueZZ^_d\ZlgZjhkkbckdhc^_ckl\bl_evghklb"Qlhg_h[oh^bfhqlh[u\Jhkkbbihy\beZkv wnn_dlb\gZy qZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv" DZdb_ ijZ\beZ b]ju ^he`gu [ulv kha^Zgu" LZdb_ \hijhku \k_ qZs_ b qZs_ \hagbdZxl \ aZjm[_`ghc b hl_q_kl\_gghc ebl_jZlmj_63 Fh`_l [ulv g_h[oh^bfh \_jgmlvky gZaZ^ hkms_kl\b\ ^_ijb\ZlbaZpbxhl^_evguoij_^ijbylbcih^hljZke_chljZke_cbeb^Z`_p_euok_dlhjh\wdhghfbdb"64B^_ckl\bl_evgh qlh `_ gm`gh k^_eZlv ]hkm^Zjkl\m qlh[u gZdhg_p aZjZ[hlZe f_oZgbaf qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb [_a dhlhjh]h gZklhysbc jughdkms_kl\h\Zlvg_fh`_lIh-ij_`g_fmklhylljZ^bpbhggu_jhkkbckdb_\hijhkuDlh\bgh\Zl"bQlh^_eZlv" HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvdZdwdhghfbq_kdbcbgklblml Dhebq_kl\hijb\Zlbabjh\Zgguo ij_^ijbylbc 16.1 =h^ Jbk>bgZfbdZijhp_kkZijb\ZlbaZpbb\ijhfure_gghklbJhkkbb KhklZ\e_ghihIjhfure_gghklvJhkkbbKlZlk[=hkdhfklZlJhkkbbFkk Ibd ijb\ZlbaZpbb ijboh^blky gZ – ]] kf jbk b d gZqZem ] gZ ^hex ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbhklZehkvlhevdhhkgh\guonhg^h\\wdhghfbd_ihkjZ\g_gbxk\]\qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb gZoh^behkv [he__ hl h[s_]h qbkeZ ij_^ijbylbc Ijb\ZlbaZpby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc b fmgbpbiZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb aZljhgmeZ\k_[_abkdexq_gbyhljZkebwdhghfbdb<j_amevlZl_g_lhevdh\h[s_fqbke_ij_^ijbylbcghb\h[s_fh[t_f_ ijhba\h^kl\Zbqbke_gghklbjZ[hlgbdh\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvklZeZaZgbfZlvih^qbg_ggh_f_klhjbk < j_amevlZl_ ijhp_kkZ ijb\ZlbaZpbb \hagbd k\h_h[jZaguc wdhghfbq_kdbc bgklblml – hklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv?]hfh`ghljZdlh\ZlvdZdklhqdbaj_gbyijZ\ZlZdbklhqdbaj_gbywdhghfbdb I_j\Zy ljZdlh\dZ l_jfbgZ hklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv residual state property ihemqbeZ rbjhdmx ba\_klghklv [eZ]h^Zjy jZ[hlZf < :g^j_nZ65 < hklZlhqgmx ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx kh[kl\_gghklv hg \dexqZ_l ij_^ijbylby \ dhlhjuo]hkm^Zjkl\hbf__leb[hahehlmxZdpbxeb[hg_[hevrb_iZd_luZdpbc^hLZdZyljZdlh\dZoZjZdl_jbam_l wlhlbgklblmlebrvdZdxjb^bq_kdbch[t_dlih^q_jdb\Zyqlh\jmdZo]hkm^Zjkl\Z\gZklhys__\j_fynhjfZevghhklZeZkv lhevdh g_[hevrZy qZklv wdhghfbq_kdbo j_kmjkh\ b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv ihl_jyeZ k\h_ h[s_gZjh^gh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ :\lhju\ujZ`Zxlbkdj_ggxxijbagZl_evghklvX<EZlh\maZaZf_qZgby\ukdZaZggu_\oh^_ih^]hlh\dbklZlvbdi_qZlb Kf.: Olson M. Why is economic Performance even worse after communism is abandoned / Virginia political economy lecture series. Fairfax, Virginia, 1993, March 17; DZi_exrgbdh\ JB =^_ gZqZeh lh]h dhgpZ" d \hijhkm h[ hdhgqZgbb i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z \ Jhkkbb // <hijhkuwdhghfbdbK-156. 64 Dmebdh\ << JhkkbckdZy ijb\ZlbaZpby \ r_klbe_lg_c j_ljhki_dlb\_ Jhkkbckdbc wdhghfbq_kdbc `mjgZe K-19; Om[b_\ D: Bg\_klbpbb \ j_Zevguc k_dlhj – hkgh\Z ^he]hkjhqgh]h jhklZ JughqgZy kbkl_fZ Jhkkbb w\hexpby wdhghfbq_kdhc jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\ZIh^j_^:: Ihjhoh\kdh]hFK-225; Ev\h\>KKbkl_fZgZpbhgZevgh]h^b\b^_g^Z–ieZg_lZjgZyfh^_evXXI \_dZWdhghfbq_kdZygZmdZkh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbK.5-21. 65 Andreff W. The current state of economics of privatization: lessons from transitional economies / The current state of Economic Science. Ed. by S.B. Dahiya. Spellbound Publications, 1999. J-13. 62 63 M^_evguc\_k >hey]hkm^Zjkl\_gguobfmgbpbiZevguoij_^ijbylbc Qbkehij_^ijbylbc H[t_fijhfure_gghc ijh^mdpbb Qbke_gghklvijhfure_ggh ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]hi_jkhgZeZ =h^ Jbk >bgZfbdZbaf_g_gbchkgh\guooZjZdl_jbklbd ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcbfmgbpbiZevghckh[kl\_gghklb\ijhfure_gghklb KhklZ\e_ghihJhkkbckdbcklZlbklbq_kdbc_`_]h^gbdaZ]h^F=hkdhfklZlJNKIjhfure_gghklvJhkkbbKlZlk[ =hkdhfklZlJhkkbbFK-Ijhfure_gghklvJhkkbbKlZlk[=hkdhfklZlJhkkbbFK-JhkkbckdZyN_^_jZpby\ KlZlbklbq_kdbc_`_]h^gbd=hkdhfklZlJNFJ_kim[ebdZgkdbcbgnhjfZpbhggh-ba^Zl_evkdbcp_gljKGZjh^gh_ ohayckl\hJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbKlZlbklbq_kdbc_`_]h^gbd=hkdhfklZlJhkkbbFJ_kim[ebdZgkdbcbgnhjfZpbhgghba^Zl_evkdbcp_gljK H^gZdhlZdZyljZdlh\dZg_\iheghcf_j_bkq_jiu\Z_l__bgklblmpbhgZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh_kh^_j`Zgb_>_eh\lhf qlhwlhy\e_gb_g_h]jZgbqb\Z_lkylhevdhijyfufbhklZldZfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbho\Zlu\Zxs_cgug_hdheh ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbc \uimkdZxsbo hdheh ijhfure_gghc ijh^mdpbb b ^Zxsbo jZ[hlm jZ[hlgbdh\ kf jbk Dkh`Ze_gbxy\e_gb_hklZlhqghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\JhkkbbagZqbl_evghrbj_b]em[`_ Hgh \dexqZ_l \ k_[y g_ lhevdh ijyfu_ hklZldb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb gh b lbi ohayckl\h\Zgby oZjZdl_jguc^ey[hevrbgkl\ZlZdgZau\Z_fuoqZklguoij_^ijbylbcgZoh^ysboky\jmdZo[u\rbodjZkguo^bj_dlhjh\ bebljm^h\uodhee_dlb\h\dhlhju_mijZ\eyxlkyih-ij_`g_fmiZl_jgZebklkdb66ohlyhdjm`ZxsZybobgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z j_adh baf_gbeZkv HklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv dZd b ex[hc wdhghfbq_kdbc bgklblml ^he`gZ [ulv hoZjZdl_jbah\ZgZ q_j_a nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ ih\_^_gby wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ \ klZg^Zjlguo wdhghfbq_kdbo kblmZpbyo kZgdpbb dhlhju_ ke_^mxl aZ bo g_bkiheg_gb_ ijZ\beZ ih\_^_gby ]ZjZglh\67 Z lZd`_ oZjZdl_jbklbdbb]jhdh\bkihevamxsbomdZaZggucbgklblml\ijhp_kk_ohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklb68. Ij_`^_q_fjZkdjulvwlhbgklblmpbhgZevgh_kh^_j`Zgb_ihiulZ_fky\uy\blvhkgh\gu_hkh[_gghklbhklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb Bklhjbq_kdb kbeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb \ mkeh\byo dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb aZdexqZeZkv \ lhf qlh hgZ ho\Zlu\ZeZ \k_ gZjh^gh_ ohayckl\h mijZ\eyeZkv ba _^bgh]h P_gljZ k\_jom b ^he`gZ [ueZ kem`blv bgl_j_kZf h[s_kl\Z \ p_ehflZdgZau\Z_fZyh[s_gZjh^gZykh[kl\_gghklvWlh]eZ\gh_ij_bfms_kl\h_kebhghbl_hj_lbq_kdbkms_kl\h\Zeh [uehhdhgqZl_evghml_jygh\oh^_ijb\ZlbaZpbbH[s_gZjh^gZykh[kl\_gghklvij_\jZlbeZkv\hkljh\db]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb dhlhju_ \uklmiZxl dZd qZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv ih hlghr_gbx d ^jm]bf nbjfZf \dexqZy b ^jm]b_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ij_^ijbylby Wlh hagZqZ_l \h-i_j\uo qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv ijbh[j_eZ qZklgmx nhjfm b \uklmiZ_l dZd qZklgh_ ij_^ijbylb_ihkdhevdmho\Zlu\Z_lg_\k_h[s_kl\h\p_ehfZlhevdh_]hqZklv. <h-\lhjuoqZklghchgZy\ey_lky_s_bihlhfmqlhmijZ\ey_lkyg_ih_^bghfmgZjh^ghohayckl\_gghfmieZgmZih \he_f_klgh]hgZqZevgbdZHklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvkem`blg_gZ[eZ]hh[s_kl\Z\p_ehfZgZ[eZ]hl_f dlhmki_e__ijbo\Zlbabjh\ZlvWlhhagZqZ_lqlhhgZfh`_ljZa\b\Zlvkybg_gZihevam]hkm^Zjkl\Z\p_ehfZ\h\j_^_fm Lj_lvy __ hkh[_gghklv aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh hgZ g_ y\ey_lky b gZklhys_c qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklvx ihkdhevdm ZeehdZpby j_kmjkh\ [ueZ hkms_kl\e_gZ ih hklZlhqghfm ijbgpbim Wlhl hklZlhd g_ aZbgl_j_kh\Ze j_Zevguo qZklguo kh[kl\_ggbdh\ Z ^hklZeky \uoh^pZf ba [u\r_c kh\_lkdhc ghf_gdeZlmju < g_c khojZgyxlky i_j_`bldb lZd gZau\Z_fhc h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb dZd \ oZjZdl_j_ ijbf_gy_fuo j_kmjkh\ \dexqZy ljm^h\u_ lZd b \ hj]ZgbaZpbhgghmijZ\e_gq_kdhc kljmdlmj_ Ihwlhfm ih^ hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx \ wdhghfbq_kdhf kfuke_ fu ihgbfZ_f g_ lhevdh xjb^bq_kdb_ ij_^ijbylby beb iZd_lu ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\m gh b \k_ l_ dhlhju_ khojZgbeb jm^bf_glu ljZ^bpbhgghc dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb Wlb __ hkh[_gghklb b ij_^hij_^_ebeb nhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZb]juZlZd`_oZjZdl_jkZgdpbcdhlhju_keh`bebkv\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb LhlnZdlqlh\ijhp_kk_ijb\ZlbaZpbb[hevrZyqZklv]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbi_j_reZg_dZmlkZc^_jZfZd bgkZc^_jZf \ dhg_qghf blh]_ – d ij_`gbf ^bj_dlhjZf ij_^ijbylbc ijb\_eh d lhfm qlh \ Jhkkbb g_ \hagbdeh wnn_dlb\gh]hqZklgh]hkh[kl\_ggbdZqlh\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbh[mkeh\behbg_jpbhgghklvljZ^bpbhgghcwdhghfbq_kdhc Ijb]h`bg:BP_ebhj]ZgbaZpbckl_j_hlbiubijh[e_fuH[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklvK LZf[h\p_\<EBgklblmpbhgZevgucjughddZdf_oZgbafbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbcH[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklv K 68 Ihke_^g__ hkh[_ggh \Z`gh k lhqdb aj_gby w\hexpbb bgklblmlZ b \hafh`gh]h _]h aZf_s_gby ^jm]bfb bgklblmlZfb \hafh`gh [he__ wnn_dlb\gufb\ijhp_kk_dhgdmj_gpbbZevl_jgZlb\guobgklblmlh\f_lZdhgdmj_gpbb 66 67 kbkl_fu f_^e_ggu_ l_fiu __ j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb b fmqbl_evguc i_j_oh^ d gh\uf nhjfZf dhjihjZlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby WlbfhlqZklbij_^hij_^_eyxlkyb\gmlj_ggb_ijbqbgu]em[hdh]hljZgknhjfZpbhggh]hkiZ^Zijbi_j_oh^_hldhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdbdjughqghfmohayckl\m ;hevrbgkl\hbalZdbobgkZc^_jh\g_bf_xlgbklbfmeh\gb^hklZlhqguoagZgbc^eyjZajZ[hldb^he]hkjhqguo ieZgh\jZa\blbyijhba\h^kl\Zb^Z`_dhgdj_lguo[bag_k-ieZgh\ihijb\e_q_gbxbg\_klbpbc\dhlhjuohkljhgm`^Zxlky KhojZg_gb_i_jkhgbnbpbjh\Zggh]hh[f_gZbhlkmlkl\b_kljZl_]bbihbkdZwnn_dlb\guoiZjlg_jh\ijb\h^bldlhfmqlh^ey fgh]bo ij_^ijbylbc lbibqgZ Z^ZilZpby Z g_ ljZgknhjfZpby ljZ^bpbhgguo nhjf ijbkihkh[e_gb_ – Z g_ jZa\blb_ ijhba\h^kl\Z aZsblZ – Z g_ gZklmie_gb_ >h kbo ihj g_j_^dZ g_wnn_dlb\gZy fZjd_lbg]h\Zy iheblbdZ [hevrbgkl\Z ij_^ijbylbc klj_fysboky ^Z`_ \ mkeh\byo [eZ]hijbylghc dhgtxgdlmju d ijh^\b`_gbx ljZ^bpbhgghc ijh^mdpbb gZ ljZ^bpbhgghfjugd_H^gZdhwlZijh^mdpbyg_\k_]^ZgZoh^blk[ulbihwlhfm\hagbdZ_l[Zjl_jdZdnhjfZkms_kl\h\Zgby g_wnn_dlb\ghc wdhghfbdb < p_ehf \ ^_yl_evghklb ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c djZldhkjhqguc Zki_dl ij_h[eZ^Z_l gZ^ ^he]hkjhqgufZfhlb\ebqgh]hh[h]Zs_gby^hfbgbjm_lgZ^p_eyfbjZa\blbyijhba\h^kl\Z H^ghcbaijZ\h\uonhjfkhojZg_gbywdhghfbq_kdh]hbgklblmlZhklZlhqghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklby\eyxlkyk_]h^gy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_mgblZjgu_ij_^ijbylby=MIuhkgh\Zggu_gZ ijZ\_ohayckl\_ggh]h\_^_gby69NhjfZevgufkh[kl\_ggbdhfih-ij_`g_fmhklZ_lky]hkm^Zjkl\hhgh lZd`_ijh^he`Z_lgZagZqZlvjmdh\h^bl_e_c=MIh\H^gZdh_^bguchj]ZgbaZpbhggucbijZ\h\hc f_oZgbaf^eyieZgbjh\Zgbybdhgljheyohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguomgblZjguo ij_^ijbylbcijZdlbq_kdbhlkmlkl\m_l70?keb\dhfZg^ghcwdhghfbd_lZdb_f_oZgbafukms_kl\h\Zeb ihhljZkeyf\jZfdZofbgbkl_jkl\bg_dhlhju_hkh[_gghagZqbfu_nmgdpbbijbgZ^e_`Zebbeb ^m[ebjh\ZebkvgZkhhl\_lkl\mxsbomjh\gyoiZjlbcghcb_jZjobbkfilh\ihklkh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_aZf_guij_`g_fmf_oZgbafmg_l HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklv\hkijhba\h^blkyb\^jm]bolbibqguo^eykh\_lkdhckbkl_funhjfZolZdbodZdg_p_e_\h_bkihevah\Zgb_[x^`_lguokj_^kl\kdjulZyhieZlZljm^Zg_hieZqb\Z_fu_Z^fbgbkljZlb\gu_hlimkdZ b ^j D gbf ^h[Z\bebkv b ^jm]b_ nhjfu k\b^_l_evkl\mxsb_ h ^hfbgbjh\Zgbb g_nhjfZevguo ijZ\be gZ^ nhjfZevgufb aZ^_j`dbaZjZ[hlghcieZlug_ieZl_`blhj]h\eygZeh]h\ufbhk\h[h`^_gbyfbkha^Zgb_qbgh\gbdZfbk\hbo[bag_kh\ih^ \u^_e_ggu_ [x^`_lgu_ kj_^kl\Z b ^j G_kfhljy gZ bo kms_kl\h\Zgb_ nhjfZevgu_ hlghr_gby f_`^m wdhghfbq_kdbfb km[t_dlZfb g_ jZaju\Zxlky g_l fZkkh\h]h m\hevg_gby k ij_^ijbylbc aZ^_j`b\Zxsbo aZjZ[hlgmx ieZlm khojZgyxlky hlghr_gby f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfb b \ kemqZ_ g_ieZl_`_c Wlh - k\h_h[jZaguc hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl \ dhlhjhf g_nhjfZevgu_hlghr_gbyij_\ZebjmxlgZ^nhjfZevgufb71. 16.2 HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvijh[e_fuwnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby :dlmZevghklvijh[e_fu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbh[mkeh\e_gZ^\mfyijbqbgZfb K h^ghc klhjhgu agZqbl_evgZy qZklv h[t_dlh\ [u\r_c h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb \ gZklhys__ \j_fy nhjfZevghhklZeZkvaZdj_ie_gghcaZ]hkm^Zjkl\hfgh\hlkmlkl\bbwnn_dlb\ghckbkl_fumijZ\e_gbyj_Zevghg_ihemqbeZ hij_^_e_ggh]h klZlmkZ b gm`^Z_lky \ mijZ\eyxsbo \ha^_ckl\byo gZijZ\e_gguo gZ ki_pbnbdZpbx ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b ^hklb`_gb_h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguop_e_c K ^jm]hc klhjhgu g_m^Zqb wdhghfbq_kdbo j_nhjf \ Jhkkbb h[uqgh k\yau\Zxlky k gbadhc mijZ\ey_fhklvx gZjh^gh]hohayckl\ZKlj_fe_gb_mkbeblvjhev]hkm^Zjkl\Z\wdhghfbd_qZklhihgbfZ_lkydZdmkbe_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby jZkrbj_gb_ fZkrlZ[h\ ijyfh]h mqZklby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b Zddmfmebjm_fuo bf j_kmjkh\ \ ijhp_kkZo ijhba\h^kl\Z jZkij_^_e_gby h[f_gZ b ihlj_[e_gby Ijb wlhf hkh[Zy jhev hl\h^blky bgklblmlm ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb h[t_dlu dhlhjhc kqblZxlky gZb[he__ mijZ\ey_fufb \ kbem bkihevah\Zgby f_lh^h\ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h\ha^_ckl\by >_ckl\bl_evgh ijZ\h kh[kl\_gghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb bkihevam_lky ^ey _]h ijyfh]h b dhk\_ggh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ wdhghfbdm kljZgu \ p_ehf Bf_ggh ihwlhfm dZ`_lky _kl_kl\_gguf klj_fe_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z khojZgblv k\h_ mqZklb_ \ \Z`g_crbo b djmig_crbo dhfiZgbyo Jhkkbb ijyfh \ebyxsbo gZ mkeh\by ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklbijZdlbq_kdb\k_owdhghfbq_kdbokm[t_dlh\ Ihfbfh ih\ur_gby kl_i_gb mijZ\ey_fhklb wdhghfbdhc q_j_a h[t_dlu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb, kms_kl\h\Zgb_]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbh[mkeh\e_gh\uiheg_gb_f]hkm^Zjkl\hfkhpbZevghagZqbfuonmgdpbcijb g_\hafh`ghklbbobkiheg_gbygZ[Za_qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb\kh\j_f_gguomkeh\byo Ih hp_gdZf wdki_jlh\ nbjfu N;D ^h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo mgblZjguo ij_^ijbylbc \ ijhfure_gghklb hkgh\Zgu gZ ijZ\_ ohayckl\_ggh]h\_^_gby<k_]h`_n_^_jZevguo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguomgblZjguoij_^ijbylbchkgh\ZgguogZijZ\_ohayckl\_ggh]h\_^_gby k_]h^gy gZkqblu\Z_lky \ Jhkkbb k\ur_ luk Z \f_kl_ k fmgbpbiZevgufb ij_^ijbylbyfb b ij_^ijbylbyfb gZoh^ysbfbky \ kh[kl\_gghklbkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbb–^hluk 70 G_mj_]mebjh\Zgghklv ijZ\h\h]h klZlmkZ =MIh\ b ijhlb\hj_qb\hklv hl^_evguo iheh`_gbc aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z hldju\Zxl fZkkm \hafh`ghkl_c^eyqZklgh]hbkihevah\Zgby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbLZdkh]eZkghklZlvyfb=DJNihfbfhbfms_kl\ZgZ ijZ\_ohayckl\_ggh]h\_^_gbydhlhjh_ij_^ijbylb_g_\ijZ\_k^Z\Zlv\Zj_g^mhl^Z\Zlv\aZeh]\ghkblv\dZq_kl\_\deZ^Z\mklZ\guc dZiblZe beb bguf kihkh[hf jZkihjy`Zlvky [_a kh]eZkby kh[kl\_ggbdZ ij_^ijbylbx h^gh\j_f_ggh fh`_l ijbgZ^e_`Zlv bfms_kl\h dhlhjuf hgh \ijZ\_ jZkihjy`Zlvky kZfhklhyl_evgh ;eZ]h^Zjy lZdbf nhjfZevguf ijhlb\hj_qbyf \ l_dkl_ klZgh\blky \hafh`guf qlh nhjfZevgh ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ ij_^ijbylb_ bf__l nZdlbq_kdb \ qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb hij_^_e_ggmx qZklv bfms_kl\Z Ke_^kl\b_f ih\_^_gby nZdlbq_kdbo qZklgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kh[kl\_ggbdh\ y\ey_lky ke_^mxsZy l_g^_gpby ^hey bfms_kl\Z i_j_^Zggh]h gZ ijZ\_ ohayckl\_ggh]h \_^_gby klj_fblky d mf_gvr_gbx Z lZd gZau\Z_fh_ hklZevgh_ bfms_kl\h jZkl_l nhjfbjmy \k_ [he__ m\_ebqb\Zxsmxky[Zam^eym^h\e_l\hj_gbyqZklguowdhghfbq_kdbobgl_j_kh\GbdheZ_\ B:Rmev]Z B?=hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_mgblZjgu_ ij_^ijbylbygZklZeh\j_fyijhsZlvkyH[s_kl\hbwdhghfbdZ-K-324). 71 DZi_exrgbdh\ JBMdZakhqK 69 BgklblmpbhgZevgucZgZeba]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb\hafh`_ggZhkgh\_ZgZebaZ__ nmgdpbc \ h[s_kl\_ b jheb \ ihl_gpbZe_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Ij_`^_ \k_]h ke_^m_l \uy\blv wdhghfbq_kdmx ijbjh^m b jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\ihl_gpbZe_]hkm^Zjkl\Z>Ze__g_h[oh^bfZkljmdlmjbaZpbyh[t_dlh\]hkkh[kl\_gghklbk p_evx \u^_e_gby h^ghlbiguo ]jmii ^ey dhlhjuo p_e_khh[jZagh bkihevah\Zlv h^bgZdh\u_ mijZ\eyxsb_ \ha^_ckl\by Hp_gdZj_amevlZlh\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbij_^ijbylbyfb\kh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbiha\hey_lhij_^_eblv\Z`g_crb_ f_juihkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbxf_oZgbafZmijZ\e_gbyhklZlhqghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvx 16.2.1 Wdhghfbq_kdZyijbjh^Zbnmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb K ihabpbc bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb kms_kl\h\Zgb_ jZaebqguo nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb \ lhf qbke_ b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \ ^he]hkjhqghf ieZg_ h[tykgy_lky fbgbfbaZpb_c ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d k\yaZgguo k g_dhlhjufb \b^Zfb ^_yl_evghklb IjZ\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb fh]ml b ^he`gu kms_kl\h\Zlv lZf ]^_ k h^ghc klhjhgu \hafh`gh h[_ki_qblv j_`bf bkdexqbl_evgh]h ^hklmiZ Z k ^jm]hc - kjZ\gbl_evgu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z qZklghc beb h[s_c kh[kl\_gghklb \ujZ`_gu keZ[h Kbkl_fZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb ij_^iheZ]Z_l kms_kl\h\Zgb_ j_`bfZ bkdexqbl_evghklb ^hklmiZ d j_kmjkZf g_ lhevdh ZmlkZc^_jh\ gh b bgkZc^_jh\ kh\eZ^_evp_\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb Bkdexqbl_evghklv ^hklmiZ ih^^_j`b\Z_lky nhjfZevgufb ijZ\beZfb kh]eZkgh dhlhjuf ^hklmi d j_^dbf j_kmjkZfj_]mebjm_lkykkuedZfbgZdhee_dlb\gu_bgl_j_kuh[s_kl\Z\p_ehfWlhij_^iheZ]Z_l\h-i_j\uomklZgh\e_gb_ h[s_]h ijbgpbiZ ^hklb`_gby h[s_kl\_ggh]h bgl_j_kZ [eZ]Z h[s_kl\Z Z \h-\lhjuo jZajZ[hldm f_oZgbafZ j_ZebaZpbb h[s_]h ijbgpbiZ \ dhgdj_lguo nhjfZo b f_lh^Zo ijbgylby j_r_gbc ih bkihevah\Zgbx dZ`^h]h hl^_evgh]h j_kmjkZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb l_]hehkh\Zgb_^_e_]bjh\Zgb_iheghfhqbcijhn_kkbhgZevgufwdki_jlZf_^bghebqgh_ jZkihjy`_gb_bl^ < wlbo mkeh\byo gbdlh ba bgkZc^_jh\ g_ gZoh^blky \ ijb\be_]bjh\Zgghf iheh`_gbb DZd bg^b\b^mmfu \k_ bkdexq_gu ba ^hklmiZ d j_kmjkZf ihkdhevdm gbqvy kkuedZ gZ ebqguc bgl_j_k g_ ijbagZ_lky ^hklZlhqghc ^ey bo bkihevah\ZgbyKh\eZ^_evpu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbg_h[eZ^Zxl_^bghebqgufbbkdexqbl_evgufbijh^Z\Z_fufb gZjugd_ijZ\Zfbihbkihevah\Zgbxj_kmjkh\ Hkgh\guf b ]eZ\guf ^hdmf_glhf nbdkbjmxsbf nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ \ kljZg_ y\ey_lky Dhgklblmpby Dhgklblmpby - wlh ^h]h\hj dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l khklZ\gh]h kh[kl\_ggbdZ-]hkm^Zjkl\h l_ kh\eZ^_evp_\ bo ^heb ijb ]hehkh\Zgbbbo^heb\]hkkh[kl\_gghklbh[smxkljmdlmjm]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hZiiZjZlZ72>Z`_kZfu_ \ukrb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ebpZ g_ \ijZ\_ baf_gylv gb kZfm dhgklblmpbx gb __ ex[hc imgdl Dhgklblmpby y\eyykv nmg^Zf_glhf \k_]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z fh`_l baf_gylvky lhevdh kZfbf kh\hdmiguf kh[kl\_ggbdhf \ ^_fhdjZlbq_kdhf]hkm^Zjkl\_-\k_fb]jZ`^ZgZfbkljZgugZh[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfj_n_j_g^mf_ K lhqdb aj_gby kljmdlmju khhl\_lkl\mxsbo imqdh\ ijZ\hfhqbc fh`gh \u^_eblv jy^ \Z`g_crbo hlebqbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb hl ^jm]bo nhjf73 G_dhlhju_ ba gbo g_ y\eyxlky ki_pbnbq_kdbfb ^ey ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbb\jZ\ghcf_j_oZjZdl_jgu^eyex[uonhjfh[t_^bg_gbyijZ\g_kdhevdbokh[kl\_ggbdh\\_^bgucimqhd ijZ\hfhqbciZjlg_jkl\ZdhjihjZlb\gZykh[kl\_gghklvEx[Zy]jmiih\Zykh[kl\_gghklvihhsjy_lih\_^_gb_\u]h^uhl dhlhjh]h^hklZxlkydZdhfm-lhh^ghfmmqZklgbdm]jmiiuZba^_j`dbjZkij_^_eyxlkykj_^b\k_o__qe_gh\BgZh[hjhlhgZ hkeZ[ey_l klbfmeu d ijbgylbx j_r_gbc ba^_j`db dhlhjuo eh`Zlky gZ dh]h-lh h^gh]h Z \u]h^u ^_eylky f_`^m \k_fb qe_gZfb ]jmiiu Hkh[_gghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb \ lhf qlh a^_kv wlb ljm^ghklb ijhy\eyxlky \ gZb\ukr_c kl_i_gb I_j\h_ \Z`g_cr__ hlebqb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb hl ^jm]bo nhjf - ijbgm^bl_evgh_ mqZklb_ \k_o ]jZ`^Zg kljZgu \ kh\eZ^_gbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx Gbdlh g_ fh`_l k\h[h^gh jZkihjy`Zlvky k\h_c ^he_c kh[kl\_gghklb ijh^Zlv beb i_j_^Zlv __ <eZ^_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx g_ ^h[jh\hevgh hgh h[yaZl_evgh ^h l_o ihj ihdZ g_dlh hklZ_lky qe_ghf h[s_kl\Z74 Mdehgblvky hl kh\eZ^_gby g_dhlhjuf h[t_dlhf kh[kl\_gghklb ^Zggh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Zfh`ghebrvi_j__oZ\\^jm]mxkljZgmlh]^ZdZd^_j`Zl_evZdpbbfh`_lijh^Zlv__g_ihdb^Zy]hjh^Z Fgh]hqbke_gghklvkh\eZ^_evp_\j_kmjkh\iha\hey_llZdbfh[jZahfjZkij_^_eblvf_`^mgbfbjbkdbba^_j`dbqlh dZ`^uc ba kh\eZ^_evp_\ g_k_l gbqlh`gh fZemx ^hex Ihwlhfm h[uqgh \ j_`bf_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb hkms_kl\eyxlky g_ijb[uevgu_ beb gbadhj_glZ[_evgu_ ^hjh]hklhysb_ ijh_dlu bf_xsb_ k\h_c p_evx j_ZebaZpbx h[s_kl\_ggh]h bgl_j_kZ kljhbl_evkl\h b kh^_j`Zgb_ ^hjh] l_Zljh\ [b[ebhl_d fma__\ gZmqguo b h[jZah\Zl_evguo mqj_`^_gbch[hjhgguoij_^ijbylbcbl^ <lhjh_ hlebqb_ k\yaZgh k gZb\ukr_c kl_i_gvx hihkj_^h\Zgghklb \eZ^_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx q_j_a mklZgh\e_ggmx \ h[s_kl\_ kbkl_fm ijZ\be b ijhp_^mj Hlkmlkl\b_ ijyfhc k\yab f_`^m p_eyfb bgl_j_kZfb ;hyjdbgGL_hjbykh[kl\_gghklbGh\hkb[bjkdWdhj Ihegh_ hij_^_e_gb_ ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb : Hghj_ \dexqZ_l we_f_glh\ ijZ\h \eZ^_gby l_ bkdexqbl_evgh]h nbabq_kdh]h dhgljheygZ^\_svxijZ\hihevah\Zgbyl_ebqgh]hbkihevah\Zgby\_sbijZ\hmijZ\e_gbyl_j_r_gbydZdbd_f\_svfh`_l [ulvbkihevah\ZgZijZ\hgZ^hoh^l_gZ[eZ]Zijhbkl_dZxsb_hlij_^r_kl\mxs_]hebqgh]hihevah\Zgby\_svxbebhljZaj_r_gby ^jm]bfebpZfihevah\Zlvky_xbgufbkeh\Zfb-ijZ\hijbk\h_gbyijZ\hgZdZiblZevgmxklhbfhklv\_sbij_^iheZ]Zxs__ijZ\h gZhlqm`^_gb_ihlj_[e_gb_ijhfhlZgb_baf_g_gb_bebmgbqlh`_gb_\_sbijZ\hgZ[_ahiZkghklvl_bffmgbl_lhlwdkijhijbZpbb ijZ\h gZ i_j_oh^ \_sb ih gZke_^kl\m beb ih aZ\_sZgbx [_kkjhqghklv aZij_s_gb_ \j_^gh]h bkihevah\Zgby l _ h[yaZgghklv \ha^_j`b\Zlvkyhlbkihevah\Zgby\_sb\j_^guf^ey^jm]bokihkh[hfhl\_lkl\_gghklv\\b^_\aukdZgbyl_\hafh`ghklvhlh[jZgby \_sb\mieZlm^he]ZhklZlhqgucoZjZdl_jl_h`b^Zgb__kl_kl\_ggh]h\ha\jZlZi_j_^Zgguodhfm-eb[hijZ\hfhqbcihbkl_q_gbb kjhdZ i_j_^Zqb beb \ kemqZ_ mljZlu _x kbeu ih ex[hc bghc ijbqbg_ I_j_q_gv ijZ\hfhqbc \dexqZ_fuo aZiZ^gufb wdhghfbklZfb \ hij_^_e_gb_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbh[uqghdhjhq_ihegh]hhij_^_e_gbyIjZ\hkh[kl\_gghklbgZbfms_kl\h-hlf_qZ_lKI_ch\bq-khklhblbake_^mxsboijZ\hfhqbcijZ\Zihevah\Zgbybfms_kl\hfXVXVijZ\Zih`bgZlvijbghkbfu_bfieh^uXVXVIUXFWXV ijZ\Z baf_gylv _]h nhjfm b km[klZgpbyx DEXVXV b ijZ\Z i_j_^Z\Zlv _]h ^jm]bf ebpZf ih \aZbfgh kh]eZkh\Zgghc p_g_ Kf DZi_exrgbdh\JWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbF., 1990. K. 13-14, 19.) 74 Alchian A.A. Corporate management and property rights // The economics of property rights. Ed. by Furuboth E. G., Pejovich S. Cambridge, 1974. C. 823. PblihDZi_exrgbdh\JWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbK 72 73 ih\_^_gb_fhl^_evguokh\eZ^_evp_\bj_amevlZlZfbbkihevah\Zgbyj_kmjkh\ihjh`^Z_lkeh`ghklbdhgljheybmijZ\e_gby h[t_dlZfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\ke_^kl\b_ijh[e_flbiZihjmqbl_ev–bkihegbl_ev Qe_guh[s_kl\ZkeZ[__aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu\dhgljhe_aZj_amevlZlZfbbkihevah\Zgby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb Mkbeby hl^_evgh]h kh\eZ^_evpZ ih gZeZ`b\Zgbx wnn_dlb\gh]h dhgljhey aZ ^_yl_evghklvx ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo ihlj_[mxl hl g_]h agZqbl_evguo aZljZl \j_f_gb b kj_^kl\ lh]^Z dZd mqZklb_ \ ^_e_`_ \u]h^ hl mklZgh\e_gby lZdh]h dhgljhey g_ba[_`gh ijbfml \k_ qe_gu h[s_kl\Z <ke_^kl\b_ f_g__ wnn_dlb\gh]h q_f \ qZklguo nbjfZo dhgljhey aZ ih\_^_gb_fmijZ\eyxsboml_oihy\ey_lky[hevr_\hafh`ghkl_caehmihlj_[eylvk\hbfiheh`_gb_f\ebqguobgl_j_kZo Djhf_ lh]h hlkmlkl\m_l kh\_jr_gguc f_oZgbaf wnn_dlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx Wdhghfbq_kdZy wnn_dlb\ghklv lZdh]h f_oZgbafZ ihgbfZ_lky dZd kjZ\gbl_evgZy Z g_ Z[khexlgZy < dhg_qghf kq_l_ g_h[oh^bfh ijbagZlv wdhghfbq_kdmx g_wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZdlbq_kdb ex[h]h f_oZgbafZ mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx Lj_lv_ hlebqb_ k\yaZgh k gZb\ukr_c kl_i_gvx jZkkh]eZkh\Zgghklb bgl_j_kh\ hl^_evguo kh\eZ^_evp_\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbbh[s_kl\Z\p_ehfhl^_evguo]jmiikh\eZ^_evp_\\gmljbh[s_kl\ZbgZdhg_pbgl_j_kh\ hl^_evguo kh\eZ^_evp_\ H[s_kl\_gguc bgl_j_k keh`g__ hij_^_eblv b baf_jblv q_f qZklguc «[xjhdjZl bf__l [hevr_ klbfmeh\ ijhba\h^blv lh \ q_f dZd hg ^mfZ_l gm`^Z_lky h[s_kl\h b f_gvr_ klbfmeh\ ijhba\h^blv lh gZ qlh h[s_kl\h ij_^ty\ey_l kijhk Fg_gb_ [xjhdjZlZ h lhf qlh h[s_kl\h ^he`gh bf_lv h[uqgh gZau\Zxl bgl_j_kZfb h[s_kl\Z75 QZklh jZkkh]eZkh\Zgghklv bgl_j_kh\ hl^_evguo kh\eZ^_evp_\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb aZ\bkbl hl khhlghr_gbyiheblbq_kdbokbe Djhf_ lh]h g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv b bgl_j_ku hl^_evguo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo dhlhjuf \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo [he__ \u]h^gh hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ <_^v \u]h^u hl bkihevah\Zgby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb \ ebqguop_eyo^hklZxlkykZfhfmqbgh\gbdmlh]^ZdZd\hagbdZxsb_\k\yabkwlbfwdhghfbq_kdb_ihl_jbg_kml\k_qe_gu h[s_kl\ZbgZ_]h^hexkh\eZ^_evpZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbijboh^blkygbqlh`ghfZeZyboqZklv Q_l\_jlh_hlebqb_k\yaZghknhjfZevghcbg_nhjfZevghcj_ZebaZpb_cijZ\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb< aZ\bkbfhklb hl kl_i_gb jZkijhkljZg_gby kbkl_fu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb Z lZd`_ hl jy^Z ^jm]bo nZdlhjh\ \ qZklghklb hj]ZgbaZpbb kbkl_fu dhgljhey \hagbdZxl kms_kl\_ggh_ jZaebqb_ f_`^m ijZ\hf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb^_-xj_bwlbf`_ijZ\hf^_-nZdlh?kebnhjfZevghj_kmjkugZoh^ylky\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklblh nZdlbq_kdb \iheg_ fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvky j_`bf k\h[h^gh]h ^hklmiZ ]jmiih\hc beb bg^b\b^mZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb >ZggZy kblmZpby [m^_l ebrv hij_^_eylv Z gZ[hj ijZ\hfhqbc dhlhju_ fh]ml j_Zebah\u\Zlv wdhghfbq_kdb_ Z]_glu [ hkh[_gghklb l_ogheh]bb i_j_^Zqb ijZ\hfhqbc hl h^gh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h Z]_glZ ^jm]hfm76 NhjfZevgu_ b g_nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbkhhl\_lkl\mxlkjZ\gbl_evgufij_bfms_kl\Zfboj_ZebaZpbb < j_amevlZl_ \hagbdZ_l l_g^_gpby klbobcghc ijb\ZlbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb Ihkdhevdm j_Zevgh_ hkms_kl\e_gb_ ijZ\hfhqbc \haeZ]Z_lky gZ qbgh\gbdh\ dhlhju_ \ lh `_ \j_fy y\eyxlky wdhghfbq_kdbfb Z]_glZfb h[eZ^Zxsbfbk\hbfbbgl_j_kZfbdZdijZ\behg_kh\iZ^Zxsbfbkbgl_j_kZfbl_odh]hhgbij_^klZ\eyxlZ\hafh`ghklb dhgljhey aZ bo ^_yl_evghklvx h]jZgbq_gu ihklhevdm ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb gZ kZfhf ^_e_ ij_\jZsZxlky \ qZklgu_ ?keb ^Zggh]h ij_\jZs_gby g_ ijhbkoh^bl lh l_g^_gpby khojZgy_lky qlh \ujZ`Z_lky ij_`^_ \k_]h \ jZkijhkljZg_gbb \aylhqgbq_kl\Zdhjjmipbb\ufh]Zl_evkl\Zbli Ih^ kihglZgghc ijb\ZlbaZpb_c ih^jZamf_\Z_lky bkihevah\Zgb_ ^hklmiZ d j_kmjkZf \ ebqguo p_eyo g_ h[mkeh\e_ggh_ kbkl_fhc nhjfZevguo ijZ\be77 <hafh`ghklv lZdh]h ^hklmiZ h[mkeh\e_gZ k h^ghc klhjhgu \ukhdbfb ba^_j`dZfb aZsblu ijZ\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb Z k ^jm]hc - knhjfbjh\Z\rbfbky \ qZklghklb \ Jhkkbb bgklblmlZfb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h jugdZ iha\hey\r_]h h[_ki_qblv lhj]h\ex ijZ\hf gZjmrZlv nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ78. <hagbdrZy kbkl_fZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h jugdZ kha^Z_l ^hihegbl_evgu_ ij_iylkl\by ^ey nhjfbjh\Zgby wnn_dlb\guo ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ kbem wnn_dlZ aZ\bkbfhklb kms_kl\mxs_]h gZ[hjZ Zevl_jgZlb\ hl ij_^r_kl\mxsbo baf_g_gbc SDWK dependence). BlZdkh\eZ^_evpu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbfgh]h]hg_fh]mlijhba\h^blvdhgp_gljZpbbk\h_]h[h]Zlkl\Z\ ba[jZgguo bfb h[eZklyo g_ fh]ml gZijbf_j m\_ebqblv k\hx ^hex kh[kl\_gghklb \ a^jZ\hhojZg_gbb mf_gvrb\ k\hx ^hex kh[kl\_gghklb \ h[hjhg_ jZks_ieylv imqdb ijZ\hfhqbc b ki_pbZebabjh\Zlvky \ j_ZebaZpbb qZklbqgh]h ijZ\hfhqbylhevdhh^gh]hlbiZhkms_kl\eylv^_ckl\_ggucdhgljhevaZk\hbfbZ]_glZfb H^gZdh j_amevlZlu ZgZebaZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb _s_ g_ hagZqZxl qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv \k_]^Z b \h \k_o kemqZyo g_wnn_dlb\g__ qZklghc ?klv ijbqbgu h[tykgyxsb_ __ ^ebl_evgh_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ \ mkeh\byo jughqghcwdhghfbdb < jy^_ kemqZ_\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv fh`_l [ulv gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf kj_^kl\hf j_r_gby ijh[e_fu ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d < hkgh\ghf hgZ hdZau\Z_lky g_h[oh^bfZ ijb ijhba\h^kl\_ fgh]bo h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] lZdbo dZd h[hjhgZ b ijZ\hihjy^hd H^gZdh ba ijZdlbdb ba\_klgh b ih^l\_j`^_gh l_hjb_c qlh h[s_kl\_ggu_ [eZ]Z \iheg_ fh]ml ijhba\h^blvky qZklguf h[jZahf < lh `_ \j_fy qZklgu_ [eZ]Z ijhba\h^ylky b gZ ij_^ijbylbyo gZoh^ysboky \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb<u[hjf_`^m]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbqZklgufkihkh[Zfbijhba\h^kl\Zex[h]hh[s_kl\_ggh]h [eZ]Z j_]mebjm_lky khihklZ\e_gb_f ba^_j`_d ijbkmsbo wlbf kihkh[Zf \u`b\Z_l lhl ba gbo dhlhjuc j_Zebam_lky k fbgbfZevgufb aZljZlZfb Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh hp_gb\Zlv ihegu_ aZljZlu Z g_ l_ dhlhju_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k\yaZgu k ijhba\h^kl\hfGZijbf_jdh]^Z]h\hjylqlhijhba\h^kl\hlh]hbebbgh]hh[s_kl\_ggh]h[eZ]Z]hkm^Zjkl\hfkhhl\_lkl\m_l h[s_kl\_gghc ljZ^bpbb lh _klv j_]mebjm_lky gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ g_wdhghfbq_kdb - nZdlbq_kdb j_qv b^_l h lhf qlh kh\hdmigu_ ba^_j`db qZklgh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z \dexqZxsb_ dZd ijyfu_ lZd b khijy`_ggu_ k\yaZggu_ k j_ZebaZpb_c khpbZevghc bggh\Zpbb aZdexqZxs_cky \ baf_g_gbb h[s_kl\_ggh]h fg_gby b ehfd_ kms_kl\mxs_c ljZ^bpbb Pejovich S. Fundamentals of economics: a property rights approach. 'DOODVKPblihDZi_exrgbdh\JWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjby ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbK 76 RZklbldh :? G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ba^ i_j_jZ[ b ^hi F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l L?BK K 270-273. 77 LZf`_ 78 GZcrmev<Eb[_jZebafbwdhghfbq_kdb_j_nhjfuFbjh\ZywdhghfbdZbf_`^mgZjh^gu_hlghr_gby 75 hp_gb\Zxlky dZd [he__ \ukhdb_ q_f ba^_j`db ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ^Zggh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h [eZ]Z79 Hkh[h_ agZq_gb_bf__lmq_lba^_j`_dbgklblmpbhgZevghcljZgknhjfZpbbnZdlhjZfbdhlhjuo<Ihel_jh\bqgZau\Z_lke_^mxsb_ hl\e_q_gb_ j_kmjkh\ ba ljZ^bpbhgguo kn_j bg\_klbjh\Zgby gZ kha^Zgb_ gh\uo bgklblmlh\ ba^_j`db ^_ahj]ZgbaZpbb ba^_j`dbi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyi_j_oh^ghcj_glu80. Fgh]b_ h[s_kl\_ggu_ [eZ]Z ^_ckl\bl_evgh wnn_dlb\g__ ijhba\h^blv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf g_`_eb qZklguf kihkh[hf gh \ wlhf ih kijZ\_^eb\hfm aZf_qZgbx < LZf[h\p_\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h fh`_l m[_^blvky ebrv gZ kh[kl\_gghf hiul_ ijboh^y \ k\h_c w\hexpbb d ]hjZa^h [he__ keh`ghc kljmdlmj_ jZkoh^h\ q_f k[hj ^hoh^h\ b jZkoh^h\Zgb_ hklZ\r_ckyqZklbgZebqgu_gm`^ujZ[hlgbdh\hj]ZgbaZpbbbf_gm_fhc]hkm^Zjkl\hf81. <Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l khhlghr_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb b ihl_gpbZeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Ihl_gpbZe ]hkm^Zjkl\Zfh`ghhij_^_eblvdZdkihkh[ghklvwnn_dlb\ghijh\h^blvbijhiZ]Zg^bjh\Zlvdhee_dlb\gu_f_jhijbylby82b l_oghdjZlbq_kdb dZd kh\hdmighklv Zddmfmebjm_fuo ]hkm^Zjkl\hf jZaebqguo \b^h\ j_kmjkh\ Wnn_dlb\gh mijZ\ey_fZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvkihkh[kl\m_lijbmfgh`_gbx]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoj_kmjkh\ZagZqblbih\ur_gbxihl_gpbZeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z < lh `_ \j_fy g_wnn_dlb\gh bkihevam_fu_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ j_kmjku gZh[hjhl g_]Zlb\gh \ebyxl gZ kihkh[ghklv]hkm^Zjkl\Zhj]Zgbah\u\Zlvdhee_dlb\gu_^_ckl\byjZajmrZxlihl_gpbZe]hkm^Zjkl\Z < hlq_l_ <k_fbjgh]h [ZgdZ h fbjh\hf jZa\blbb \ kljZgZo k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhc j_dhf_g^m_lky ijh\_klb kbkl_fmf_jhijbylbcihih\ur_gbxwnn_dlb\ghklb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby Ih fg_gbx Z\lhjh\ hlq_lZ gZ i_j\hf wlZi_ \hkklZgh\e_gby dhgkljmdlb\ghc jheb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ wdhghfbd_ hgh ^he`gh hldZaZlvky hl \uiheg_gby l_o nmgdpbc dhlhju_ g_ \ khklhygbb \uihegylv ohjhrh ihkdhevdm bkihevah\Zgb_ h]jZgbq_gguo [x^`_lguo j_kmjkh\ gZ g_dZq_kl\_ggh_ \uiheg_gb_ l_o beb bguo aZ^Zq hagZqZ_l g_wnn_dlb\gh_ jZkoh^h\Zgb_ wlbo j_kmjkh\ Nmgdpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ^he`gu [ulv h]jZgbq_gu ebrv l_fb dhlhju_ j_Zevgh fh]ml [ulv hkms_kl\e_gu ijb bf_xs_fky ihl_gpbZe_ \hafh`ghkl_c < hlghr_gbb d ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb wlh hagZqZ_l agZqbl_evgh_ khdjZs_gb_ __ ^heb \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v aZ kq_l h[t_dlh\ ]^_ hj]ZgbaZpby wnn_dlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby lj_[m_l [hevrboaZljZl GZ\lhjhfwlZi_iheZ]ZxlZ\lhjubkke_^h\Zgbyk`Z\r__ky]hkm^Zjkl\h^he`ghaZgylvkygZjZsb\Zgb_fk\h_]h ihl_gpbZeZbihf_j__]hjhklZfh`_lgZqZlvjZkrbjylvdjm]\uihegy_fuonmgdpbcH^ghcbahkgh\guoaZ^ZqklZgh\blky h[hkgh\Zgb_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb \hkklZgh\e_gby nmgdpbc b hij_^_e_gb_ bo hilbfZevgh]h gZ[hjZ b mjh\gy hkms_kl\e_gby83. H^gZdh ijb lZdhf ih^oh^_ ih fg_gbx < LZf[h\p_\Z \hagbdZ_l p_euc jy^ ijh[e_f HldZa ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kljmdlmjhllh]hbebbgh]h\b^Z^_yl_evghklbdhlhjucjZg__[ueijb\uq_g^eygZk_e_gby-imklv^Z`_wlZ^_yl_evghklv \uihegyeZkv iehoh b g_wnn_dlb\gh - hagZqZ_l g_ qlh bgh_ dZd kgb`_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z _keb ihgbfZlv ihl_gpbZeg_dZdh[t_fZddmfmebjh\Zgguokj_^kl\ZdZdkihkh[ghklvhj]Zgbah\u\Zlvdhee_dlb\gh_^_ckl\b_<_^v_keb ]hkm^Zjkl\hi_j_klZ_lij_^hklZ\eylvlhbebbgh_h[s_kl\_ggh_[eZ]hex^b\ugm`^_guijbh[j_lZlv_]hgZk\hbkj_^kl\Zb k`Zlb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z klZgh\blky \uq_lhf ba [x^`_lZ ]jZ`^Zg _keb jZamf__lky g_ ijhbkoh^bl Z^_d\Zlgh]h kgb`_gby gZeh]h\h]h[j_f_gb\iheg_dhfi_gkbjmxs_]hih\ur_gb_jZkoh^h\k_f_c Djhf_ lh]h iehoh \uihegy_fZy gh \k_-lZdb \uihegy_fZy ]hkm^Zjkl\hf nmgdpby fh`_l [ulv bkdexq_gZ ba _]h ^_yl_evghklb lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb kihglZggh_ jZa\blb_ \ oh^_ j_nhjfbjh\Zgby m`_ kha^Zeh lhl beb bghc bgklblmpbhgZevguc km[klblml g_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h oZjZdl_jZ hkms_kl\eyxsbc ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ lh]h `_ kZfh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h [eZ]Z ?keb `_ lZdh]h aZf_klbl_ey g_l lh moh^ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ba khhl\_lkl\mxs_c kn_ju ijb\h^y \ khhl\_lkl\b_ _]h nmgdpbb bf_xs_fmky ihl_gpbZem kihkh[_g ijb\_klb eb[h d \hagbdgh\_gbx hkljh]h khpbZevgh]h dhgnebdlZeb[hdmljZl_hij_^_e_gghcqZklbihl_gpbZeZwdhghfbq_kdh]hjZa\blbykljZgu >ey Jhkkbb kh\j_f_ggh]h i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z yjdbfb ijbf_jZfb y\eyxlky ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv gZ mqj_`^_gbygZmdbb\ukr_]hh[jZah\Zgby_keb[u]hkm^Zjkl\hiheghklvxij_djZlbehbonbgZgkbjh\Zgb_\hafh`ghklyf [m^ms_]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ kljZgu [ue [u gZg_k_g g_\hkihegbfuc ms_j[ >jm]hc ijbf_j - g_]Zlb\gu_ khpbZevghiheblbq_kdb_ ihke_^kl\by hldZaZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hl nbgZgkh\hc ih^^_j`db `bebsgh-dhffmgZevgh]h ohayckl\Z \ mkeh\byo dh]^Z^hoh^ugZk_e_gbyg_iha\heyxliheghklvxhieZqb\Zlvkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_mkem]b Bgl_j_kgh qlh gZa\ZggZy ijh[e_fZ kgb`_gby ihl_gpbZeZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ j_amevlZl_ k`Zlby _]h nmgdpbc g_ \hagbdZ_l _keb kZf ihl_gpbZe ljZdlh\Zlv dZd kmffm ljZ^bpbhgguo - nbgZgkh\uo - j_kmjkh\ Z g_ dZd kihkh[ghklv d hj]ZgbaZpbb dhee_dlb\gh]h ^_ckl\by < wlhf kemqZ_ h[hagZq_gguc wdki_jlZfb <k_fbjgh]h [ZgdZ i_j\uc wlZi ^_ckl\bl_evgh iha\hey_l ijZ\bl_evkl\m kdhgp_gljbjh\Zlvky lhevdh gZ ohjhrh j_rZ_fuo aZ^ZqZo b iZjZee_evgh gZdZieb\Zlv\hafh`ghklb^eyjhklZk\h_]hihl_gpbZeZ<hagbdZxsb_ijbwlhfkhpbZevgu_ijh[e_fudZd[u\u\h^ylkyaZ jZfdbjZkkfhlj_gbybiheZ]Zxlkyg_\ebyxsbfbgZwlhlijhp_kkgZdhie_gbybebjZkrbj_gby\hafh`ghkl_c]hkm^Zjkl\Z >eykh\j_f_ggh]hjhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\iheg_ZdlmZevghbf_gghl_oghdjZlbq_kdh_\b^_gb_k\h_]hihl_gpbZeZ ohly \ gZb[he__ hq_\b^guo kemqZyo hgh mqblu\Z_l b \hafh`ghklv \dexq_gby \ g__ khpbZevgh-hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc khklZ\eyxs_c H^gZdh hj]ZgbaZpbhggh b ijhiZ]Zg^bklkdb g_ih^]hlh\e_ggh_ k`Zlb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \uau\Z_l Z^_d\Zlgh_ k`Zlb__]h^hoh^h\ba-aZklj_fe_gbyb]jZ`^Zgbnbjfmclbba-ih^]hkm^Zjkl\Z\hl\_lgZ_]hmoh^baijb\uqguokn_j ij_^hklZ\e_gby h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] KblmZpby ]jhabl koehiu\Zgb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\Z kh \k_fb dZlZkljhnbq_kdbfb ihke_^kl\byfb84. < wlhc kblmZpbb ke_^h\Zl_evgh ]hkm^Zjkl\m g_h[oh^bfh ih^^_j`b\Zlv jZpbhgZevgh_ qbkeh h[t_dlh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbihklhygghkh\_jr_gkl\myf_oZgbafdhgljheybmijZ\e_gbywlbfbh[t_dlZfb LZf[h\p_\<E=hkm^Zjkl\hbi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZIj_^_eumijZ\ey_fhklbFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKK37. 80 ;he__ih^jh[ghkfIhel_jh\bq<GZimlbdgh\hcl_hjbbj_nhjfZZZFHPLUVVLUX 81 LZf[h\p_\<E=hkm^Zjkl\hbi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZIj_^_eumijZ\ey_fhklbFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKK 82 =hkm^Zjkl\h\f_gyxs_fkyfbj_Hlq_lhfbjh\hfjZa\blbb-<k_fbjguc[ZgdK 83 =hkm^Zjkl\h\f_gyxs_fkyfbj_Hlq_lhfbjh\hfjZa\blbb-<k_fbjguc[Zgd 84 LZf[h\p_\<E=hkm^Zjkl\hbi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZIj_^_eumijZ\ey_fhklbFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKK117. 79 IjbagZgb_ khkms_kl\h\Zgby Zevl_jgZlb\guo nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb \ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_ iha\hey_l ij_h^he_lv h]jZgbq_gghklvg_hdeZkkbq_kdh]hih^oh^Zij_^iheZ]Zxs_]hqlh\f_rZl_evkl\h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\kemqZ_kijh\ZeZfbjugdZ [m^_l k\yaZgh k IZj_lh-memqr_gb_f <h \k_o `_ hklZevguo kemqZyo ijZ\h qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb y\ey_lky gZb[he__ ijb_fe_fufblhevdhijb\ZlbaZpbyfh`_lj_rblv\k_ijh[e_fug_wnn_dlb\ghklbnmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbywdhghfbdbH^gZdh hp_gdZ ba^_j`_d ih h[_ki_q_gbx ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \iheg_ fh`_l ijb\_klb d \u\h^m h ij_^ihqlbl_evghklbkhojZg_gbybf_xs_ckykblmZpbb IjZdlbq_kdb \ ex[hc wdhghfbd_ \klj_qZxlky we_f_glu \k_o nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb <f_kl_ k l_f bo khhlghr_gb_ ihklhyggh f_gy_lky \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl oZjZdl_jZ wdhghfbq_kdh]h b khpbZevgh]h jZa\blby Kh]eZkgh l_hjbb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ aZfdgmlhf h^ghjh^ghf l_ogheh]bq_kdb klZlbqghf h[s_kl\_ ba^_j`db hj]ZgbaZpbb wdhghfbdb gZ ijbgpbiZo oZjZdl_jguo ^ey kbkl_fu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb fh]ml [ulv ^hklZlhqgh g_\_ebdb gh hgb klj_fbl_evgh gZjZklZxl ih f_j_ jZkrbj_gby fZkrlZ[h\ wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb mkdhj_gby l_ogbq_kdbo baf_g_gbc mkeh`g_gbybgnhjfZpbhgghckj_^u<j_amevlZl_l_hjbyijboh^bld\u\h^mqlhq_fkeh`g__h[s_kl\hl_f\Z`g__^ey_]h ijhp\_lZgbybijhklh\u`b\ZgbyklZgh\blkybgklblmlqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb85. 16.2.2 KljmdlmjbaZpbyh[t_dlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb < rbjhdhf kfuke_ hkgh\guf h[t_dlhf kh[kl\_gghklb kh\j_f_ggh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z y\ey_lky _]h fZl_jbZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h \f_kl_ k aZdexq_ggufb \ g_f ijbjh^gufb j_kmjkZfb lh _klv a_f_evgu_ iehsZ^b g_^jZ a_feb \h^gZy ih\_joghklvb\ha^mrgh_ijhkljZgkl\hgZ^l_jjblhjb_cdhgdj_lghckljZguH^gZdh\hlghr_gbbfgh]bobawlboh[t_dlh\ g_\hafh`ghh[_ki_qblvbkdexqbl_evghklvbnZdlbq_kdbhgbnmgdpbhgbjmxl\j_`bf_k\h[h^gh]h^hklmiZijbg_dhlhjhf dhgljhe_bj_]mebjh\Zgbbkhklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdijZ\behg_wnn_dlb\ghf =hkm^Zjkl\hy\ey_lkydjmig_crbfkh[kl\_ggbdhfb^jm]h]hg_^\b`bfh]hb^\b`bfh]hbfms_kl\ZGZebqb_mg_]h jy^Zh[t_dlh\g_^\b`bfh]hbfms_kl\Ziha\hey_lkqblZlv]hkm^Zjkl\hkh[kl\_ggbdhf-ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_f < Jhkkbb kh]eZkgh =D JN kl d ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb hlghkblky kh[kl\_gghklv Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbbn_^_jZevgZykh[kl\_gghklvbkh[kl\_gghklvkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbJZ\ghcnhjfhcijbagZ_lkyfmgbpbiZevgZy kh[kl\_gghklvkl dhlhjZyihk\h_ckmlblZd`_y\ey_lky]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc Jhkkbckdhfm ]hkm^Zjkl\m ijbgZ^e_`Zl hdheh mgblZjguo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc b hdheh fmgbpbiZevguoHghy\ey_lkymqZklgbdhfZdpbhg_jhf\:Hij_^klZ\eyxsbo[Zah\u_hljZkebgZjh^gh]hohayckl\Z ]^__]h^heyij_\urZ_lmklZ\gh]hdZiblZeZ\lhfqbke_:H–Zdpbc:H–[he__Zdpbc:H–hl ^hZdpbcDjhf_lh]h\hlghr_gbb:Hbkihevam_lkyahehlZyZdpby86. < n_^_jZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb aZdj_ie_gu iZd_lu Zdpbc _s_ :H dhlhju_ ijhba\h^yl ijh^mdpbx lh\Zju mkem]bbf_xsmxkljZl_]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_^eyh[_ki_q_gbygZpbhgZevghc[_ahiZkghklb]hkm^Zjkl\ZIi_j_q_gvlZdbo:H ml\_j`^_g IhklZgh\e_gb_f IjZ\bl_evkl\Z Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hl bxey ] H i_j_qg_ Zdpbhg_jguo h[s_kl\ ijhba\h^ysbo ijh^mdpbx lh\Zju mkem]b bf_xsmx kljZl_]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey h[_ki_q_gby gZpbhgZevghc [_ahiZkghklb]hkm^Zjkl\ZaZdj_ie_ggu_\n_^_jZevghckh[kl\_gghklbZdpbbdhlhjuog_ih^e_`Zl^hkjhqghcijh^Z`_K mq_lhf^jm]boZdlh\\kh[kl\_gghklbJNaZdj_ie_guZdpbb:H87. LZdbfh[jZahf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklv\dexqZ_lij_^ijbylbyke_^mxsbohj]ZgbaZpbhggh-ijZ\h\uonhjf dZa_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ beb fmgbpbiZevgu_ mgblZjgu_ ij_^ijbylby88 b Zdpbhg_jgu_ h[s_kl\Z k ^he_c kh[kl\_gghklbJNbeb__km[t_dlh\Bf_ggh^ZggZyqZklv]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklby\ey_lkyh[t_dlhf^Zevg_cr_]h ZgZebaZ LZ[ebpZ Dhebq_kl\hij_^ijbylbck]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufmqZklb_f b]hkm^Zjkl\_gguomqj_`^_gbc\Jhkkbb89 N=MI =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_mqj_`^_gby :dpbhg_jgu_h[s_kl\ZiZd_lu ZdpbcdhlhjuogZoh^ylky\ kh[kl\_gghklbJN 2000 2001 2002 13786 23099 9855 34 868 9808 35500 2003 ijh]gha 9846 37000 4770 4308 4407 4407 Jy^ h[t_dlh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb hdZau\Z_lky \_kvfZ h[j_f_gbl_evguf ^ey [x^`_lZ Ijb\ZlbaZpby \ Jhkkbbijh^he`Z_lkyijbq_f\khhl\_lkl\bbkieZgZfbijZ\bl_evkl\ZjZkijh^Z`_\i_j\mxhq_j_^vih^e_`bl\k_ebrg__b g_wnn_dlb\gh_ Ijb wlhf _keb dhebq_kl\h N=MI mf_gvrZ_lky aZ bkdexq_gb_f - ]] lh dhebq_kl\h ]hkmqj_`^_gbcjZkl_leZ\bghh[jZaghkf lZ[e 16.1). Ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv qlh wnn_dlb\ghklv wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb N=MI djZcg_ gbadZy [he__ ba gbo m[ulhqgu Z \ j_glZ[_evghklv [ebadZ d gmex Gh =MIu \k_ `_ \_^ml ohayckl\_ggmx ^_yl_evghklv \ lh \j_fy dZd ]hkmqj_`^_gbyiheghklvxnbgZgkbjmxlkyba[x^`_lZ Hij_^_e_gb_f_lh^h\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvxlj_[m_l__kljmdlmjbaZpbbkp_evx\u^_e_gby h^ghlbiguo]jmiih[t_dlh\^eydhlhjuop_e_khh[jZaghbkihevah\Zlvh^bgZdh\u_mijZ\eyxsb_\ha^_ckl\by<;Zg^mjbg b<Dmag_ph\90\u^_eyxlljb]jmiiuh[t_dlh\ihkl_i_gbagZqbfhklbbnmgdpbhgZevghfmgZagZq_gbx DZi_exrgbdh\JL_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbFK.8. (http://www. libertarium.ru). JhkkbckdZywdhghfbdZ\]h^ml_g^_gpbbbi_jki_dlb\u\uimkdFBWIIK. 87 LZf`_ 88 <khhl\_lkl\bbkhkl=DJNmgblZjgh_ij_^ijbylb_g_gZ^_ey_lkyijZ\hfkh[kl\_gghklbgZaZdj_ie_ggh_aZgbf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ bebfmgbpbiZevgh_bfms_kl\hhghijbgZ^e_`bl_fmgZijZ\_ohayckl\_ggh]h\_^_gbybebhi_jZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby 89 Ih^ZggufFbgbkl_jkl\Zbfms_kl\_gguohlghr_gbc 85 86 I_j\Zy ]jmiiZ – h[t_dlu ij_^gZagZq_ggu_ ^ey \uiheg_gby h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo aZ^Zq D bo qbkem ke_^m_l hlg_klbh[t_dluijyfhk\yaZggu_kh[_ki_q_gb_fh[hjhgub[_ahiZkghklbnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_fhj]Zgh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb aZdhgh^Zl_evghc bkihegbl_evghc km^_[ghc dhgljhe_f aZ ijbjh^hihevah\Zgb_f b hojZghc hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u hojZghciZfylgbdh\bklhjbbbdmevlmjubl^<wlm`_]jmiim^he`gZ[ulv\dexq_gZ[hevrZyqZklvijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\ – g_^jZe_kghcnhg^\h^gu_j_kmjku\ha^mrgh_ijhkljZgkl\hGZ^Zggmx]jmiim^he`ghjZkijhkljZgylvkybkdexqbl_evgh_ ijZ\h n_^_jZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb iha\heyxs__ ijyfh b hi_jZlb\gh ijbf_gylv \k_ \hafh`gu_ f_lh^u mijZ\e_gby nhjfmebjm_fu_bkoh^ybaf_gyxs_ckyiheblbq_kdhckblmZpbbbhilbfbabjm_fu_ihdjbl_jbyfwnn_dlb\ghklb <lhjZy ]jmiiZ - h[t_dlu h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ ih^^_j`Zgb_ b jZa\blb_ wdhghfbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ kljZgu: ij_^ijbylbywe_dljhwg_j]_lbdbih^h[uq_bi_j_jZ[hld_g_nlbb]ZaZih^h[uq_bi_j_jZ[hld_^jZ]hp_gguof_lZeeh\b dZfg_cjZ^bhZdlb\guobj_^dha_f_evguowe_f_glh\Z\bZdhkfbq_kdhcl_ogbdbZlhfgh]hfZrbghkljh_gbyihjZajZ[hld_b ijhba\h^kl\mkbkl_f\hhjm`_gbyb[h_ijbiZkh\ljm[hijh\h^gh]hljZgkihjlZb^jm]b_I_j_q_gvh[t_dlh\wlhc]jmiiuk l_q_gb_f\j_f_gbfh`_lf_gylvkyIhf_j_jZa\blbyjughqgh]hohayckl\Zbmemqr_gbyh[s_cwdhghfbq_kdhckblmZpbb\ kljZg_ qbkeh lZdbo h[t_dlh\ \ khklZ\_ n_^_jZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb fh`_l khdjZsZlvky aZ kq_l bo i_j_oh^Z \ g_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ nhjfu ijbq_f i_j_^ZqZ ^he`gZ hkms_kl\eylvky lhevdh gZ hkgh\Zgbb djbl_jb_\ wnn_dlb\ghklb >ey h[t_dlh\ \lhjhc ]jmiiu gZjy^m k n_^_jZevghc ^himklbfh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ kh\f_klghc kh[kl\_gghklb H^gZdh \ mkeh\byo i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\h ^he`gh h[eZ^Zlv [óevrbf h[t_fhf nmgdpbc ih mijZ\e_gbx ih^h[gufb h[t_dlZfb gZijbf_j q_j_a aZdj_ie_gb_ aZ kh[hc dhgljhevguo iZd_lh\ Zdpbc beb ki_pbZevgh]h ijZ\Z ij_^hklZ\ey_fh]h ahehlhc Zdpb_c Lj_lvy ]jmiiZ - h[t_dlu q_j_a dhlhju_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h [_j_l gZ k_[y nmgdpbb ijh\_^_gby p_gljZebah\Zgghc khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdb bkhpbZevghcaZsblugZk_e_gbymqj_`^_gbybhj]ZgbaZpbba^jZ\hhojZg_gby\ukrb_b kj_^gb_ ki_pbZevgu_ mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby h[s_h[jZah\Zl_evgu_ rdheu mqj_`^_gby dmevlmju b bkdmkkl\Z n_^_jZevgu_ hj]Zgu khpbZevgh]h kljZoh\Zgby b khpbZevgh]h h[_ki_q_gby mqj_`^_gby khpbZevghc aZsblu ^hfZ ij_klZj_euo j_Z[beblZpbhggu_ p_glju ^ey bg\Zeb^h\ b ^j GZ [hevrbgkl\h h[t_dlh\ wlhc ]jmiiu ^he`gh jZkijhkljZgylvky ihegh_ ijZ\h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb <f_kl_ k l_f p_eb b f_lh^u mijZ\e_gby bfms_kl\hf lZdbo h[t_dlh\ ^he`gu mqblu\Zlvg_dhff_jq_kdbcoZjZdl_jbo^_yl_evghklbbhjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZjZpbhgZebaZpbxjZkoh^h\Zgby]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kj_^kl\gZijZ\ey_fuogZkhhl\_lkl\mxsb_p_eb H[t_dlu\lhjhc]jmiiup_e_khh[jZagh^hihegbl_evghdeZkkbnbpbjh\Zlvih\_ebqbg_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmqZklbyih kl_i_gb aZdj_ie_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ^heb b ih mjh\gx ebd\b^ghklb LZd ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy ^hey \ ij_^ijbylbb fh`_l khklZ\eylv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ :H beb mgblZjgu_ ij_^ijbylby iexk h^gZ Zdpby d\Zebnbpbjh\Zggh_ [hevrbgkl\h Zdpbc iexk h^gZ Zdpby dhgljhevguc iZd_l Zdpbc iexk h^gZ Zdpby [ehdbjmxsbc iZd_l ahehlZyZdpby Ihkl_i_gbaZdj_ie_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmqZklbyfh`gh\u^_eblv dZa_ggu_ij_^ijbylby ij_^ijbylbykaZdj_ie_ggufm]hkm^Zjkl\ZiZd_lhfZdpbcg_ih^e_`Zlijh^Z`_ij_^ijbylbyk qZklbqghaZdj_ie_gguf]hkiZd_lhfZdpbcijh^Z`ZihihklZgh\e_gbxIjZ\bl_evkl\ZJN ij_^ijbylbykg_aZdj_ie_gguf]hkiZd_lhfZdpbcijh^Z`Z\h[uqghfihjy^d_ Ihmjh\gxebd\b^ghklb h[t_dlu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbfh]ml[ulv: –g_ebd\b^gu_bgbadhebd\b^gu_h[t_dlu=K –ebd\b^gu_kj_^g_jbkdh\u_h[t_dlu=K –\ukhdhebd\b^gu_h[t_dlu=K –]hem[u_nbrdb –ZdpbbdhfiZgbcebd\b^ghklvdhlhjuogZjugd_y\ey_lkygZb\ukr_c Ijb\_^_ggZydeZkkbnbdZpbyiha\hey_li_j_clbdbaeh`_gbxijh[e_fmijZ\ey_fhklbh[t_dlh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb 16.2.3 MijZ\ey_fhklvh[t_dlh\]hkkh[kl\_gghklb Hlebqbl_evgZyq_jlZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbc–wlhhlkmlkl\b_ijZ\ZgZk\h[h^gmx ijh^Z`m\k_ohklZevguoijZ\hfhqbc L_fkZfuf\h-i_j\uobkdexqZ_lky\hafh`ghklvki_pbZebaZpbbjZaguoqe_gh\dhfZg^u\ jZa^_evghf\uiheg_gbbnmgdpbcijbgylbyjbkdZbnmgdpbcmijZ\e_gbydZdwlhijhbkoh^bl\qZklguo dhjihjZpbyoIhwlhfm]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_Z]_glug_[m^mljZkij_^_eylvky\khhl\_lkl\bbk hlghkbl_evgufbij_bfms_kl\Zfbdhlhjufbhgbh[eZ^Zxl\\uiheg_gbblhcbebbghcbawlboaZ^Zq <h-\lhjuoklZgh\blkyg_\hafh`gh\ujZablvdZiblZebabjh\Zggmxklhbfhklv[m^msbo ihke_^kl\bcl_dmsbo^_ckl\bcf_g_^`f_glZl_ihemqblv[bj`_\mxhp_gdm_]hmijZ\e_gq_kdhc khklhyl_evghklb <-lj_lvboijhbkoh^blhkeZ[e_gb_dhgljheykhklhjhgukh[kl\_ggbdh\gZeh]hieZl_evsbdh\ aZih\_^_gb_ff_g_^`f_glZihkdhevdmhgbebr_guijZ\Zijh^Zlvk\hx^hex\dZiblZe_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hij_^ijbylby ;Zg^mjbg<<Dmag_ph\<XMijZ\e_gb_n_^_jZevghckh[kl\_gghklvx\mkeh\byoi_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdb FGZmdZbwdhghfbdZ 1999. K-75. 90 <-q_l\_jluoba-aZhlkmlkl\by\hafh`ghkl_c^eyih]ehs_gbcqZklgucjughdhdZau\Z_lky g_aZbgl_j_kh\Zg\km^v[Zo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbcHg[m^_lmdehgylvkyhlmqZklby\bo j_hj]ZgbaZpbb91Ihwlhfm\hafh`ghklbf_g_^`_jh\ihemqZlvjZagh]hjh^Zg_^_g_`gu_ m^h\e_l\hj_gbyaZkq_lj_kmjkh\ij_^ijbylbyhdZau\ZxlkygZfgh]h\ur_q_f\qZklguo ij_^ijbylbyo. Fgh]b_bkke_^h\ZgbyaZjm[_`guowdhghfbklh\ihZgZebamkjZ\gbl_evghcwdhghfbq_kdhc wnn_dlb\ghklbij_^ijbylbcgZoh^ysboky\kh[kl\_gghklb]hkm^Zjkl\ZbqZklguoebpihdZau\Zxl ke_^mxs__]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ij_^ijbylbyijbijhqbojZ\guomkeh\byomklZgZ\eb\Zxl[he__gbadb_ p_gugZk\hxijh^mdpbxbf_xl[hevrb_fhsghklbq_fwlhg_h[oh^bfh[hevr_kj_^kl\ljZlylgZ kljhbl_evkl\ha^Zgbcbihf_s_gbcbkihevamxl[he__dZiblZeh_fdb_l_ogheh]bbbf_xl[he__ \ukhdb_hi_jZpbhggu_ba^_j`dbj_`_i_j_kfZljb\Zxlp_gukeZ[__j_Z]bjmxlgZbaf_g_gby\kijhk_ ijhba\h^ylf_g__jZaghh[jZagmxijh^mdpbxf_^e_gg__hk\Zb\Zxlgh\mxl_ogbdmbf_xl[he__ ijh^he`bl_evgu_kjhdbkem`[u\ukrbomijZ\eyxsbo92. Bkke_^h\Zgb_JDZi_exrgbdh\ufij_^ijbylbcjhkkbckdhcijhfure_gghklb\-]] ihdZaZehqlhij_^ijbylbykdjmig_crbfkh[kl\_ggbdhf\ebp_]hkm^Zjkl\ZgZoh^ylky\aZf_lgh[he__ ly`_ehfiheh`_gbb\kjZ\g_gbbkij_^ijbylbyfb^jm]bonhjfkh[kl\_gghklb93Hgbbf_eb[he__ gbadb_ihdZaZl_ebaZ]jmadbijhba\h^kl\_gguofhsghkl_cbjZ[hq_ckbeu^\_lj_lb ij_^ijbylbcbawlbo]jmiihp_gb\Zebk\h_l_dms__nbgZgkh\h_iheh`_gb_dZdiehoh_dZ`^h_\lhjh_ [uehm[ulhqgufWlbij_^ijbylbyqZs_^jm]boijb[_]Zebd[Zjl_jmb[uebeb^_jZfbihijhba\h^kl\m m[ulhqghcijh^mdpbbgZ__^hexijboh^beZkvihqlbq_l\_jlv\k_]h\uimkdZIjbwlhfhgb ih^^_j`b\Zebh[t_fijhba\h^kl\_gguofhsghkl_cijZdlbq_kdbgZg_baf_gghfmjh\g_bm\_ebqb\Zeb qbke_gghklvaZgyluoqlhfh`ghjZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdk\b^_l_evkl\hmklhcqb\h]hg_`_eZgby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbcjZkklZ\Zlvkykba[ulhqgufbZdlb\Zfb[m^vlhnbabq_kdbcbeb q_eh\_q_kdbcdZiblZe Ij_^ijbylbyk^hfbgbjh\Zgb_f]hkm^Zjkl\ZlZd`_ijhb]ju\Zeb\k_fhklZevguf]jmiiZf ij_^ijbylbcdZdklhqdbaj_gbybkihevah\Zgbyijhba\h^kl\_gguoZdlb\h\lZdbklhqdbaj_gby l_dms_]hnbgZgkh\h]hiheh`_gby>hey[Zjl_jguok^_ehd^hklb]ZeZgZgbogbdZdh]h^_g_`gh]h \hagZ]jZ`^_gby\l_q_gb_f_kypZij_^r_kl\h\Z\r_]hhijhkmg_ihemqbeZlj_lvboi_jkhgZeZGh g_kfhljygZwlh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ij_^ijbylbyijh^he`Zebih^^_j`b\ZlvijZdlbq_kdbg_baf_gguf aZiZkijhba\h^kl\_gguofhsghkl_cbgZjZsb\Zebqbke_gghklvjZ[hq_ckbeuOZjZdl_jghlZd`_qlh ^hey\ugm`^_gguom\hevg_gbc\h[s_fqbke_\u[ulbc[ueZmgbofbgbfZevghc-ijhlb\-\ ]jmiiZoij_^ijbylbc^jm]bonhjfkh[kl\_gghklb Mjh\_gv aZ^he`_gghklb i_j_^ [ZgdZfb m ij_bfms_kl\_ggh ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc ij_\hkoh^be [he__ q_f \^\h_ lhl mjh\_gv dhlhjuc hgb kqblZeb ^ey k_[y ghjfZevguf Ihwlhfm g_m^b\bl_evgh qlh kj_^b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc dZ`^h_ \lhjh_ ij_^ijbylb_ g_ ij_^iheZ]Zeh h[jZsZlvky \ ke_^mxs_f d\ZjlZe_ aZ ihemq_gb_f dj_^blZ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby bf_eb ihqlb \^\h_ gb`_ klZ\dm ijhp_glZ ih dhlhjhc ieZgbjh\Zeb ihemqZlv dj_^blu \ gZqZe_ ] \ kjZ\g_gbb k - ^ey ij_^ijbylbc ^jm]bo nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb Wlh iha\hey_l ij_^iheZ]Zlv gZebqb_ m gbo ^hklmiZ d ev]hlguf dj_^blZf ih klZ\dZf gb`_ jughqguo =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby bf_eb kZfmx \ukhdmx^hexkj_^kl\ihklmiZ\rboba\g_rgbobklhqgbdh\-Kdhj__\k_]hijbqbghcwlh]h[uehij_^hklZ\e_gb_bf km[kb^bckhklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\ZGhbobg\_klbpbhggu_ijh_dluhlebqZebkvkZfhcgbadhcj_glZ[_evghklvxkhklZ\b\r_c ebrv <hafh`gh wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h \ugm`^_gghf oZjZdl_j_ agZqbl_evghc qZklb hkms_kl\ey\rboky bfb dZiblZeh\eh`_gbc LZdbfh[jZahf\mkeh\byoi_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdbJhkkbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ij_^ijbylby\p_ehf khojZgyxl\ur_gZa\Zggu_g_]Zlb\gu_hkh[_gghklbmijZ\e_gbyDjhf_lh]hbf_gghhgb\gZb[hevr_c kl_i_gbkhojZgyxlkl_j_hlbiug_jughqgh]hih\_^_gbybbf_xlgZb[hevrb_ij_iylkl\bygZimlb j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb J_amevlZluijh\_^_gguobkke_^h\Zgbcih^l\_j`^Zxlqlh\jZfdZoj_`bfZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbhkh[_gghhkljhklhblijh[e_fZmijZ\e_gbyih\_^_gb_fbkihegbl_ey Hkgh\gu_ij_l_gabb]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdkh[kl\_ggbdZd^_yl_evghklbf_g_^`_jh\Zdpbhg_jguo dhfiZgbck]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufmqZklb_fk\h^ylkydke_^mxs_fmg_ijhajZqghklv^_yl_evghklbdZd^ey jy^h\uoZdpbhg_jh\lZdb^ey]hkm^Zjkl\Zmf_gvr_gb_^hebklhjhggboZdpbhg_jh\iml_f hkms_kl\e_gby^hihegbl_evghcwfbkkbb[_abokh]eZkby\ihevamk\hbobg\_klhjh\i_j_dZqb\Zgb_ 91 Davis D.G., Brucato P.F. Property rights and transaction costs: theory and evidence of privately-owned and governmently-owned enterprises // Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. 1987. Vol Pbl ih DZi_exrgbdh\ J Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklbK 92 De Alessi L. The economics of property rights: a review of evidence // Research in Law and Economics. 1980.Vol. 2. P. 27-40. 93 DZi_exrgbdh\JBDjmig_crb_b^hfbgbjmxsb_kh[kl\_ggbdb\jhkkbckdhcijhfure_gghklbk\b^_l_evkl\Zfhgblhjbg]ZJW; 1999. <hijhkuwdhghfbdb fZl_jbZevguobnbgZgkh\uoZdlb\h\bafZl_jbgkdhcdhfiZgbb\^hq_jgb_dZdijZ\beh dhgljhebjm_fu_f_g_^`_jZfbbebk\yaZggufbkgbfbnbjfZfb <]hkm^Zjkl\_gguomgblZjguoij_^ijbylbyo =MIkms_kl\mxlk\hbki_pbnbq_kdb_ijh[e_fu mijZ\e_gby>hkboihjhlkmlkl\m_lihegucj__kljmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbckh^_j`ZsbcbgnhjfZpbx h[boZdlb\Zobhkgh\guoj_amevlZlZonbgZgkh\h-ohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbKe_^h\Zl_evgh b^_glbnbdZpbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbgZbfms_kl\h]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbchdZau\Z_lkygZ[he__ gbadhfmjh\g_q_f\mkeh\byoqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb:gZeba^_yl_evghklbmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbc iha\hey_lij_^iheh`blvqlhbodhebq_kl\hy\ghg_khhl\_lkl\m_l\hafh`ghklyf]hkm^Zjkl\Zih mijZ\e_gbxbfbbdhgljhexbo^_yl_evghklb<hfgh]hfwlhk\yaZghkl_fqlhhlkmlkl\mxlq_ldb_ djbl_jbbg_h[oh^bfhklbkha^Zgbybnmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbymgblZjguoij_^ijbylbcFgh]b_bawlbo ij_^ijbylbcihemqbebk\hcklZlmk\hkgh\ghf\kbemgbadhcebd\b^ghklbbfms_kl\Zihwlhfmbo hkgh\gZy^_yl_evghklvg_\k_]^Zhl\_qZ_lbgl_j_kZf]hkm^Zjkl\Z >jm]Zy]jmiiZijh[e_fmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbck\yaZgZkg_kh\_jr_gkl\hfnhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\LZdnmgdpbbihmijZ\e_gbxmgblZjgufbij_^ijbylbyfbjZ\ghdZdijbhkms_kl\e_gbb iheghfhqbckh[kl\_ggbdZq_ldhg_jZa^_e_guf_`^mn_^_jZevgufbhj]ZgZfbbkihegbl_evghc\eZklb Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh-ijZ\h\ZynhjfZjy^ZmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbckha^Zgguo^h\klmie_gby\kbem =jZ`^Zgkdh]hdh^_dkZJNg_ij_^mkfhlj_gZ^_ckl\mxsbfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfK[hevrbgkl\hf jmdh\h^bl_e_cmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbcdhgljZdlug_aZdexq_guZbf_xsb_kyg_ij_^mkfZljb\Zxl hl\_lkl\_gghklbjmdh\h^bl_e_cIjbwlhfljm^h\h_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hwnn_dlb\ghaZsbsZyijZ\Z jmdh\h^bl_e_ckha^Z_lagZqbl_evgu_ljm^ghklb^eyijbf_g_gbydgbff_jhl\_lkl\_gghklbaZ j_amevlZlu^_yl_evghklbij_^ijbylby <khhl\_lkl\bbkaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfjmdh\h^bl_evmgblZjgh]hij_^ijbylbybf__lrbjhdbcdjm] iheghfhqbc\hlghr_gbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hbfms_kl\Z\dexqZykZfhklhyl_evgh_mijZ\e_gb_ nbgZgkh\ufbihlhdZfbbbkihevah\Zgb_ijb[uebIjbwlhfdjm]iheghfhqbckh[kl\_ggbdZhij_^_e_g bkq_jiu\Zxsbfh[jZahfG_ij_^mkfhlj_ghh[yaZl_evgh_ijh\_^_gb_i_jbh^bq_kdboZm^blhjkdbo ijh\_jhdqlhaZljm^gy_ldhgljhevaZnbgZgkh\h-ohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklvx=MI. GZijZdlbd_rbjhdb_iheghfhqbyjmdh\h^bl_e_cmgblZjguoij_^ijbylbc\hlkmlkl\b_ ^_ckl\_gguobgkljmf_glh\bihjy^dZmijZ\e_gbydhgljheybfhlb\Zpbbjmdh\h^bl_e_cijb\h^yld i_j_\h^mqZklbnbgZgkh\uoihlhdh\mgblZjguoij_^ijbylbc\nbjfu-kimlgbdbaZdexq_gbxk^_ehd\ bgl_j_kZojmdh\h^bl_e_cdg_^hihemq_gbx^hoh^h\\n_^_jZevguc[x^`_l 16.2.4 Ihbkdwnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvx Hkgh\guf we_f_glhf f_oZgbafZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mijZ\e_gby Zdpbhg_jgufb h[s_kl\Zfb k ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf mqZklb_f y\ey_lky bgklblml ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c Wlbfb ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb fh]ml [ulv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ kem`Zsb_bebbgu_]jZ`^Zg_JNih^h]h\hjmgZij_^klZ\e_gb_bgl_j_kh\]hkm^Zjkl\Z\:H<gZklhys__\j_fydhebq_kl\h ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c khklZ\ey_l hdheh q_eh\_d ba dhlhjuo - jZ[hlgbdb n_^_jZevguo hj]Zgh\ bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb - jZ[hlgbdb jZaebqguo \_^hfkl\ Ijb\e_q_gb_ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo f_g_^`_jh\ d mijZ\e_gbx ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb iZd_lZfb Zdpbc ghkbl _^bgbqguc oZjZdl_j hkgh\gu_ ijbqbgu – g_mj_]mebjh\Zgghklv hieZlu bo ^_yl_evghklbkeh`gucf_oZgbafi_j_^ZqbiZd_lh\Zdpbc\^h\_jbl_evgh_mijZ\e_gb_ Ih bf_xsbfky hp_gdZf bgklblml ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c g_ fh`_l [ulv ijbagZg wnn_dlb\guf Ij_^klZ\bl_evkl\h\g_kdhevdbo:Hhlkmlkl\b_d\ZebnbdZpbbhlkmlkl\b_fZl_jbZevguoe_]Zevguoklbfmeh\hlkmlkl\b_ \gylguohnhjfe_gguo\^h]h\hjZop_e_cij_^klZ\bl_evkl\Zhlkmlkl\b_f_oZgbafh\bfms_kl\_gghchl\_lkl\_gghklb^ey kgb`_gby jbkdh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hlkmlkl\b_ hlq_lghklb h khklhygbb ^_e \ :H b ijbgyluo j_r_gbyo b ^j j_adh kgb`Zxl wnn_dlb\ghklv ^_yl_evghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey Ijb wlhf h^bgZdh\u_ lj_[h\Zgby ij_^ty\eyxlky d :H k jZagufb ^heyfb mqZklby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ohly \hafh`ghklb \ebygby hlgx^v g_ jZ\ghagZqgu Ihwlhfm mijZ\e_gb_ ij_^ijbylbyfb kh klhjhgu ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ghkbl nhjfZevguc b iZkkb\guc oZjZdl_j94 Ih keh\Zf [u\r_]h ij_^k_^Zl_ey=DB:DhoZ\]ijbghfbgZevghcklhbfhklb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hiZd_lZZdpbc\ljegjm[Zwdki_jlgZy hp_gdZiZd_lZ-ljegjm[[uehihemq_ghfej^jm[\dZq_kl\_^b\b^_g^h\l_]h^h\uoqlh[ueh\jZa gb`_mjh\gybgneypbb95. Bgh]^Z ^_yl_evghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c gZghkbl ijyfhc ms_j[ ]hkm^Zjkl\m LZd gZ jy^_ kljZl_]bq_kdb \Z`guo ^ey h[_ki_q_gby gZpbhgZevghc [_ahiZkghklb ij_^ijbylbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf ij_^klZ\bl_e_f [ueh Ihj_amevlZlZfijh\_jdbij_^klZ\bl_e_c=DB\uy\e_guke_^mxsb_g_^hklZldbbgklblmlZij_^klZ\bl_e_c]hkm^Zjkl\ZihmijZ\e_gbx n_^_jZevgufbiZd_lZfbZdpbcg_j_]meyjgZyjZ[hlZij_^klZ\bl_e_c]hkm^Zjkl\Z\kh\_lZo^bj_dlhjh\:HkZfhmkljZg_gb_fbgbkl_jkl\b \_^hfkl\hljZ[hluihgZagZq_gbxij_^klZ\bl_e_cg_j_]meyjgZyhlq_lghklvij_^klZ\bl_e_ckZfhmkljZg_gb_ij_^klZ\bl_e_c]hkm^Zjkl\Z hl Zdlb\ghc jZ[hlu \ :H gZjmr_gby ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ihjy^dZ kh]eZkh\Zgby k\hbo ^_ckl\bc \ hj]ZgZo mijZ\e_gby :H gZjmr_gb_ ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ihemq_gguo bgkljmdpbc b ]hehkh\Zgb_ \hij_db bf fgh]b_ ij_^klZ\bl_eb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ^_fhgkljbjmxl djZcg_ keZ[mx ijhn_kkbhgZevgmx ih^]hlh\e_gghklv g_ mklZgh\e_g h[sbc ihjy^hd hij_^_e_gby _^bghc ihabpbb ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z kZfh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ bgklblmlZ ]hkkem`Zsbo - ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ :H ijhlb\hj_qbl aZdhgm H[ hkgh\Zo]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckem`[u\JN 95 =hkm^Zjkl\hfh`_lmijZ\eylvlhevdhlukyq_cij_^ijbylbcBgl_j\vxk:Dhohf>_eh\u_ex^bK 94 ^hims_gh jZafu\Zgb_ n_^_jZevguo iZd_lh\ Zdpbc96 ?^bgbqgu_ ijbf_ju Zdlb\gh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Z ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ^_yl_evghklv dmjbjm_fuo ij_^ijbylbc \ hkgh\ghf k\yaZgu k ebqgufb dZq_kl\Zfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo LZdbf h[jZahf hlkmlkl\b_ wnn_dlb\guo bgklblmlh\ mijZ\e_gby h[t_dlZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb kha^Z_lkblmZpbxdh]^Zj_amevlZlumijZ\e_gbyhdZau\ZxlkyaZ\bkbfufbhldhgdj_lguoebqghkl_c <_kvfZ gbadbc mjh\_gv mijZ\e_gby n_^_jZevgufb iZd_lZfb Zdpbc -1996 ]] h[mkeh\be ijh^he`_gb_ ihbkdZ gh\uo f_lh^h\ mijZ\e_gby kf_rZgghc kh[kl\_gghklvx Z^_d\Zlguo j_Zebyf ihklijb\ZlbaZpbhggh]h i_jbh^Z :evl_jgZlb\hc bgklblmlm ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c \ gZklhys__ \j_fy fh]ml klZlv ij_^klZ\e_gb_ bgl_j_kh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z\:HgZ^h]h\hjghchkgh\_^eynbabq_kdboebp-bgklblmlih\_j_gguo\^_eZo]hkm^Zjkl\Z bi_j_^ZqZiZd_lh\ Zdpbc\^h\_jbl_evgh_ljZklh\h_mijZ\e_gb_ Ihiuldb bkihevah\Zgby ^jm]bo \ZjbZglh\ jZkihjy`_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf bfms_kl\hf \ hkgh\ghf \ujZabebkv \ aZeh]_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoiZd_lh\Zdpbc^eyihemq_gbydj_^blh\dhff_jq_kdbo[Zgdh\Hkh[_gghklbhj]ZgbaZpbbaZeh]h\uo Zmdpbhgh\gZijbf_jaZy\dbmqZklgbdh\ijbgbfZe[ZgddhlhjuclZd`_mqZkl\h\Ze\Zmdpbhg_bboj_amevlZluiha\heyxl ij_^iheh`blvqlh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_hj]Zguy\bebkv\^ZgguokemqZyo\ujZabl_eyfbbgl_j_kh\g_h[s_kl\Z\p_ehfZ_]h hl^_evguoqe_gh\NZdlbq_kdbaZeh]ZdpbcaZ\_jrbekyboijh^Z`_cgbihh^ghfmbah[yaZl_evkl\h[_ki_q_gguoaZeh]hf Zdpbc dj_^bl g_ [ue \ha\jZs_g ]hkm^Zjkl\hf Ij_^iheZ]Z_fh_ ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb ^_yl_evghklb ij_^ijbylbc Zdpbbdhlhjuoihkem`bebij_^f_lhfaZeh]Z\j_amevlZl_ihy\e_gbyqZklgh]hbg\_klhjZg_khklhyehkv97. < gZklhys__ \j_fy k^_eZgu ebrv i_j\u_ rZ]b ih hj]ZgbaZpbb ij_^klZ\e_gby bgl_j_kh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ :H gZ ^h]h\hjghc hkgh\_ ijbgylu [Zah\u_ ^hdmf_glu ^ey \g_^j_gby bgklblmlZ ih\_j_gguo gZ [Za_ lj_o \mah\ :GO ijb IjZ\bl_evkl\_JNJW:bf_gb =< Ie_oZgh\Zb<ukr_crdheuijb\ZlbaZpbbbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\ZgZqZlZih^]hlh\dZ lZdboki_pbZebklh\baqbkeZ]hkkem`Zsbobij_^ijbgbfZl_e_cg_dhlhju_m`_ijhrebZll_klZpbx<p_ehfwlhlf_oZgbaf ihdZg_jZ[hlZ_l]eZ\gufh[jZahfba-aZhlkmlkl\bydhgdj_lguoj_r_gbc\\hijhk_h[bklhqgbdZohieZlukhhl\_lkl\mxs_c ^_yl_evghklb < dZq_kl\_ ^jm]h]h \ZjbZglZ ih\ur_gby wnn_dlb\ghklb mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb iZd_lZfb Zdpbc jZkkfZljb\Z_lkyi_j_^ZqZiZd_lh\Zdpbc\^h\_jbl_evgh_ljZklh\h_mijZ\e_gb_. IhklZgh\e_gb_f IjZ\bl_evkl\Z JN hl Z\]mklZ ] j_^Zdpby hl Zij_ey ] [ueb ml\_j`^_gu h[sb_ [_ahlghkbl_evgh d hljZke_\hc ki_pbnbd_ IjZ\beZ i_j_^Zqb \ ^h\_jbl_evgh_ mijZ\e_gb_ aZdj_ie_gguo \ n_^_jZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb iZd_lh\ Zdpbc kha^Zgguo \ ijhp_kk_ ijb\ZlbaZpbb b aZdexq_gbb ^h]h\hjh\ ^h\_jbl_evgh]h mijZ\e_gbywlbfbZdpbyfbHij_^_eyehkvqlh^hklmidwlbfhi_jZpbyffh]mlbf_lvnbabq_kdb_ebpZbf_xsb_ebp_gabx gZ jZ[hlm k p_ggufb [mfZ]Zfb b xjb^bq_kdb_ ebpZ qvb kh[kl\_ggu_ kj_^kl\Z khklZ\eyxl \_ebqbgm g_ f_g__ klhbfhklbi_j_^Z\Z_fh]h\mijZ\e_gb_iZd_lZZdpbc I_j\hhq_j_^gufbh[t_dlZfb^h\_jbl_evgh]hmijZ\e_gby\^_dZ[j_ ]klZeb:H<hklkb[m]hevOZdZkm]hev H^gZdh^Zevg_cr__ijh^\b`_gb_\wlhfgZijZ\e_gbbaZlhjfhabehkv\\b^mijhlb\hj_qbc\hagbdrbof_`^mn_^_jZevgufb hj]ZgZfbmijZ\e_gbybj_]bhgZevgufb\eZklyfb H]jZgbq_gghbebk_e_dlb\ghbkihevah\Zebkvb^jm]b_bgkljmf_glumijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb^heyfbHkh[h \Z`guf h[t_dlhf ]^_ ijhbkoh^beh iZjZee_evgh_ \g_^j_gb_ g_kdhevdbo gh\uo kihkh[h\ mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb iZd_lZfbZdpbcklZehH:H=ZaijhfA^_kvh^gh\j_f_ggh[ueaZdexq_gljZklh\uc^h]h\hjkjmdh\h^bl_e_fIjZ\e_gby H:H gZ mijZ\e_gb_ -guf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf iZd_lhf Zdpbc b mqj_`^_g gh\uc hj]Zg ij_^klZ\bl_evkl\Z bgl_j_kh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ dhfiZgbb - dhee_]by dhlhjZy ^he`gZ [ueZ ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ jZ[hqbo hj]ZgZo H:H b jmdh\h^kl\h\Zlvky Hkgh\gufbiheh`_gbyfbkljmdlmjghcj_nhjfu\kn_jZo_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebch^h[j_ggufbMdZahfIj_ab^_glZJNhl 28 Zij_ey ] Dhee_]bbij_^klZ\bl_e_c]hkm^Zjkl\ZlZd`_^_ckl\mxl\:HJhk]ZabnbdZpbybJ:H?WKJhkkbbiha^g__wlZ ijZdlbdZ [ueZ jZkijhkljZg_gZ b gZ ohe^bg] K\yavbg\_kl < J:H ?WK Jhkkbb dhee_]by ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z [ueZ h[jZah\ZgZ _s_ \ ] gh ^_ckl\h\ZeZ \h fgh]hf nhjfZevgh g_ ijhoh^y i_jkhgZevgh]h h[gh\e_gby Km`_gb_ \hafh`ghkl_c \gmljbdhjihjZlb\gh]h dhgljhey kh klhjhgu ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ J:H ?WK Jhkkbb \h fgh]hf [ueh ij_^hij_^_e_gh \oh`^_gb_f ij_ab^_glZ J:H \ qbkeh ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Z lZd`_ b l_f qlh bgl_j_ku km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbbij_^klZ\eyebdZdijZ\beh]_g^bj_dlhjZj_]bhgZevguowg_j]_lbq_kdbodhfiZgbcWlbh[klhyl_evkl\Z\hfgh]hf h[mkeh\beb\ukhdmxkl_i_gvdhgnebdlghklbijbj_nhjfbjh\Zgbbwlhc_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb\-1998 ]] Djhf_lh]hmdj_ie_gb_lh]hbebbgh]hij_^ijbylbyohe^bg]Zk]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufmqZklb_fbgh]^Zijhbkoh^bl aZkq_l\deZ^Z\_]hmklZ\ghcdZiblZe]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoiZd_lh\Zdpbc^jm]boij_^ijbylbc\dexq_gb_\mklZ\ghcdZiblZe K\yavbg\_klZ i_j_^ ijh^Z`_c _]h [ehdbjmxs_]h iZd_lZ Zdpbc dhgljhevguo iZd_lh\ Zdpbc :H Jhkl_e_dhf P_gljZevgucl_e_]jZnjy^Z^jm]boij_^ijbylbcZgZeh]bqgh-ihjy^mm]hevguobg_nlyguodhfiZgbcHkms_kl\eyeZkv i_j_^ZqZ iZd_lh\ Zdpbc \ ^h\_jbl_evgh_ mijZ\e_gb_ mijZ\eyxsbf p_gljZevguf dhfiZgbyf NI= beb \ mijZ\e_gb_ ohe^bg]h\ufdhfiZgbyfNI=JmkobfJ:H;bhij_iZjZlGhklZ-=Za-Ljm[u:HJhkfykfhelhj]ki_pkljhbl_evkl\h b ^j < dZq_kl\_ bgkljmf_glZ mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx ijbf_gyxlky i_jkhgZevgu_ gZagZq_gby \ Kh\_lu ^bj_dlhjh\ ihklZgh\e_gbyfb IjZ\bl_evkl\Z JN beb jZkihjy`_gbyfb Ij_ab^_glZ JN J:H =Zaijhf J:H Ghjbevkdbcgbd_evg_nlygu_dhfiZgbbb^jmklZgZ\eb\Z_lkyihjy^hd]hehkh\Zgby]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufiZd_lhfZdpbcgZ kh[jZgbyoZdpbhg_jh\<g_dhlhjuokemqZyobf_eZf_klhj_kljmdlmjbaZpbyk_dvxlbjbaZpby^he]h\[x^`_lmi_j_^ZqZ\ aZq_l ^he]h\ n_^_jZevgh]h [x^`_lZ iZd_lh\ Zdpbc \ g_dhlhju_ j_]bhgu Fhkd\Z DZefudby Dbjh\kdZy K\_j^eh\kdZy Gh\hkb[bjkdZy h[eZklb DjZkghyjkdbc djZc Z lZd`_ i_j_Zll_klZpby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c \uy\e_gb_ nZdlh\ ]hehkh\ZgbyaZjZafu\Zgb_n_^_jZevgh]hiZd_lZ <k_ \ur_kdZaZggh_ kh \k_c hq_\b^ghklvx k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h `_eZl_evghklb ^hklb`_gby ihablb\guo k^\b]h\ \ kbkl_f_mijZ\e_gbyijbgZ^e_`Zs_c]hkm^Zjkl\mkh[kl\_gghklvx\jZfdZofZkrlZ[ghcdhfie_dkghcj_nhjfu\k_ckbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf bfms_kl\hf < k\yab k ^Zgghc ijh[e_fhc Bgklblmlhf wdhghfbdb ijh[e_f i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z[uejZajZ[hlZggZ[hjf_jhijbylbcdjZldhkjhqgh]hkj_^g_kjhqgh]hb^he]hkjhqgh]hoZjZdl_jZ :HGBB>_evlZF^hBjdmlkdh_Z\bZpbhggh_IHF^h\]:HI_jfkdb_fhlhjuF^h \] 97 =hkm^Zjkl\hfh`_lmijZ\eylvlhevdhlukyq_cij_^ijbylbcBgl_j\vxk:Dhohf>_eh\u_ex^bK 96 Ih fg_gbx wdki_jlh\ BgklblmlZ \ djZldhkjhqghf ieZg_ kjhd j_ZebaZpbb - ^h ]h^Z \hafh`gh ijh\_^_gb_ i_j_Zll_klZpbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^klZ\bl_e_ckp_evx\uy\e_gbyl_o:H\dhlhjuohgb]hehkh\ZebaZjZafu\Zgb_ n_^_jZevgh]hiZd_lZbijh\_jdZlZdboij_^ijbylbcgZij_^f_lkh[ex^_gbyaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zh[:H <kj_^g_kjhqghfieZg_khkjhdhfj_ZebaZpbb-3 ]h^Zhkgh\guf\hijhkhfy\ey_lkyki_pbnbdZpbyijZ\hfhqbc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd kh[kl\_ggbdZ \ jZaebqguo :H \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl jy^Z djbl_jb_\, \Z`g_crbf ba dhlhjuo ^h hdhgqZl_evgh]hml\_j`^_gbyboi_j_qgyke_^m_lkqblZlvjZaf_j^heb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\mklZ\ghfdZiblZe_:H>eydjmiguob fZ`hjblZjguo iZd_lh\ Zdpbc hl mklZ\gh]h dZiblZeZ j_qv ^he`gZ b^lb h kh\hdmighklb ghjf b ijhp_^mj iha\heyxsbo ]hkm^Zjkl\m dZd kljZl_]bq_kdhfm kh[kl\_ggbdm hkms_kl\eylv nmgdpbb mijZ\e_gby ^ey fbghjblZjguo iZd_lh\ Zdpbc f_g__ - h kh\hdmighklb ghjf b ijhp_^mj iha\heyxsbo ]hkm^Zjkl\m dZd h^ghfm ba fgh]bo kh[kl\_ggbdh\hkms_kl\eylvnmgdpbbdhgljheyaZ^_yl_evghklvxij_^ijbylby Ki_pbnbdZpby ijZ\hfhqbc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd kh[kl\_ggbdZ \ jZaebqguo :H \ k_]h^gyrgbo mkeh\byo lj_[m_l j_r_gbylj_oqZklguoaZ^Zq • ijb^Zgb_ [hevr_c q_ldhklb b j_]eZf_glbjh\Zgghklb ^_yl_evghklb ebp ij_^klZ\eyxsbo bgl_j_ku ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ :H ihkj_^kl\hf \g_k_gby dhjj_dlb\ \ m`_ ^_ckl\mxsb_ ghjfZlb\gu_ Zdlu ih wlbf \hijhkZf \ hkgh\ghf \g_ jZfhdaZdhghl\hjq_kl\ZN_^_jZevgh]hKh[jZgbyJN • \\_^_gb_we_f_glZjguodhgljhevguof_oZgbafh\aZnbgZgkh\ufbihlhdZfbbijhp_kkhf\hkijhba\h^kl\ZdZiblZeZ \ kf_rZgguo dhfiZgbyo k mqZklb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Fh \kljZb\Zgb_f wlbo f_oZgbafh\ \ ko_fu ^_yl_evghklb ebp ij_^klZ\eyxsbobgl_j_ku]hkm^Zjkl\Z\:H • bg\_glZjbaZpbybjZg`bjh\Zgb_bf_xsboky\kh[kl\_gghklb]hkm^Zjkl\ZiZd_lh\Zdpbc\j_]bhgZevgh-hljZke_\hf jZaj_a_ k lhqdb aj_gby bkiheg_gby ^hoh^ghc qZklb [x^`_lh\ \k_o mjh\g_c ijh\_^_gby gZaj_\rbo bgklblmpbhgZevguoj_nhjfZ\^Zevg_cr_f-ijh\_^_gbyZdlb\ghckljmdlmjgh-ijhfure_gghciheblbdb Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh ihgbfZlv qlh h^gbf ebrv mkbe_gb_f j_]eZf_glZpbb ^_yl_evghklb ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ :H g_evay ^h[blvky jZ^bdZevgh]h ih\ur_gby bo hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ k\hb ^_ckl\by Hq_\b^gh qlh g_h[oh^bfu b ihablb\gu_ klbfmeu < wlhc k\yab aZdhgh^Zl_evgh]h jZaj_r_gby lj_[m_l h^gZ ba dexq_\uo ijh[e_f \ ^_yl_evghklb ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ :H k\yaZggZy k g_hij_^_e_gghklvx \ \hijhkZo h[ bklhqgbdZo hieZlu khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ^_yl_evghklb WlZ ijh[e_fZ _s_ [he__ mkeh`gbeZkv\k\yabkijbgylb_fgh\h]haZdhgZhijb\ZlbaZpbb kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ beb fmgbpbiZevgu_ kem`Zsb_ ij_^klZ\eyxsb_ bgl_j_ku ]hkm^Zjkl\Z g_ fh]ml ihemqZlv \ hldjuluo Zdpbhg_jguo h[s_kl\Zo \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_ \ ^_g_`ghc beb bghc nhjf_ Z lZd`_ ihdju\Zlv aZ kq_l ihke_^gboblj_lvboebpjZkoh^ugZhkms_kl\e_gb_k\hbonmgdpbc <p_eyoklbfmebjh\ZgbyjZ[hluij_^klZ\bl_e_c]hkm^Zjkl\Zbih\_j_gguog_h[oh^bfhij_^mkfhlj_lvhlqbke_gb_ bf g_dhlhjhc ^heb ^b\b^_g^guo \uieZl dhlhju_ ihklmiZxl hl ]hkiZd_lh\ < dZq_kl\_ f_oZgbafh\ dhgljhey b ij_^hl\jZs_gbyaehmihlj_[e_gbc\hafh`ghhij_^_e_gb_fZdkbfZevguobfbgbfZevguo]jZgbphlqbke_gbc < ^he]hkjhqghf ieZg_ kjhd j_ZebaZpbb - ^h e_l j_qv fh`_l b^lb h ihkl_i_gghf \ukljZb\Zgbb eh]bqghc kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby ijbgZ^e_`Zsbfb ]hkm^Zjkl\m Zdpbyfb ^heyfb iZyfb \ Zdpbhg_jguo h[s_kl\Zo b bguo ij_^ijbylbyo kf_rZgghc nhjfu kh[kl\_gghklb gZ hkgh\_ bg^b\b^mZevgh]h ih^oh^Z d dZ`^hfm h[t_dlm mijZ\e_gby k bkihevah\Zgb_fijh]jZffgh-p_e_\uof_lh^h\qlhij_^iheZ]Z_lh[yaZl_evgh_hij_^_e_gb_p_e_cmqZklby]hkm^Zjkl\Z\ dZiblZe_ lh]h beb bgh]h ij_^ijbylby q_ldmx nhjfmebjh\dm klhysbo \ k\yab k wlbf aZ^Zq ^hdmf_glZevgmx nbdkZpbx iml_c\ha^_ckl\bygZh[t_dlmijZ\e_gbybgZebqb_wnn_dlb\guobgkljmf_glh\dhgljheyG_dhlhju_bawlbof_jhijbylbc gZreb hljZ`_gb_ \ Dhgp_ipbb mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf bfms_kl\hf b ijb\ZlbaZpbb \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ml\_j`^_gghcihklZgh\e_gb_fijZ\bl_evkl\ZJNhlk_gly[jy] < jZa\blb_ Dhgp_ipbb mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx ] \ - ]] [ueh ijbgylh agZqbl_evgh_dhebq_kl\hghjfZlb\guoZdlh\ij_^mkfZljb\ZxsboijbgpbibZevgu_gh\ZpbbGZdhg_p[uebijbgyluAZdhg H]hkm^Zjkl\_gguobfmgbpbiZevguomgblZjguoij_^ijbylbyoNAhlghy[jy]Ijbf_jgucMklZ\N=MI bDhgljZdlk_]hjmdh\h^bl_e_f. L_f g_ f_g__ ZdlmZevgZ ^Zevg_crZy jZ[hlZ \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb <h-i_j\uo g_h[oh^bfh q_ldh_ hij_^_e_gb_ ijbgpbih\ hlqbke_gby ijb[ueb =MI \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l <h-\lhjuo gm`_g i_j_\h^ bgklblmlZ ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gZ ijhn_kkbhgZevgmx hkgh\m >ey wlh]h lj_[m_lky bkq_jiu\Zxs__ hibkZgb_ lj_[h\Zgbc ij_^ty\ey_fuo d ij_l_g^_glZf gZ ij_^klZ\bl_evkl\h bgl_j_kh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ kh\_lZo ^bj_dlhjh\ :H memqr_gb_ jZ[hlu Zll_klZpbhgguo dhfbkkbc, hij_^_e_gb_ bklhqgbdh\ nbgZgkbjh\Zgby ^_yl_evghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c b jZajZ[hldZ kbkl_fu f_jbohl\_lkl\_gghklbijbg_^h[jhkh\_klghcaZsbl_bgl_j_kh\]hkm^Zjkl\Z BlZd fh`gh k^_eZlv ijhf_`mlhqguc \u\h^ h lhf qlh ijh[e_fZ hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb y\ey_lky h^ghc ba kZfuo keh`guo b ZdlmZevguo \ mkeh\byo i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb ?_ hkh[Zy hkljhlZ h[mkeh\e_gZ ijh[e_fZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h [x^`_lZ b ^_nbpblhf nbgZgkh\uo j_kmjkh\ < wlhc k\yab ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb mijZ\e_gby h[t_dlZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb fh`_l klZlv h^gbf ba kihkh[h\ kgb`_gby ^_nbpblZ [x^`_lZbih\ur_gbyieZl_`_kihkh[ghklbkljZgu J_amevlZlu ijhp_kkZ mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx hij_^_eyxl mjh\_gv `bagb khpbZevgmx aZsbs_gghklv khklhygb_ a^hjh\vy bgl_ee_dlmZevgh_ jZa\blb_ [_ahiZkghklv b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ h[s_ijbagZggu_ q_eh\_q_kdb_ p_gghklb fgh]bo jhkkbckdbo ]jZ`^Zg=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvho\Zlu\Z_lh]jhfgh_qbkehh[t_dlh\ jZkiheh`_gguogZ\k_cl_jjblhjbbkljZgubaZ__ij_^_eZfbdhlhju_hlebqZxlky[hevrbfhj]ZgbaZpbhggufbijZ\h\uf fgh]hh[jZab_f ho\Zlu\Zxl rbjhdbc ki_dlj hljZke_c gZpbhgZevgh]h ohayckl\Z b ij_^gZagZq_gu ^ey bkihevah\Zgby \ kZfuojZaghh[jZaguogZijZ\e_gbyo <mkeh\byo]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbdjZcgbfh[jZahfh[hkljyxlkyijh[e_fudhee_dlb\ghckh[kl\_gghklb j_amevlZlhfq_]hy\ey_lkykeh`ghklvwnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby H^gZdh kms_kl\mxl f_oZgbafu dhlhju_ iha\heyxl hlqZklb dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv \j_^gh_ \ebygb_ ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb bgl_j_kh\ beb mkljZgblv hkgh\Zgby hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby Z]_glh\ Ij_`^_ \k_]h wlh j_ZevgZy \hafh`ghklv kf_gy_fhklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo QZklh ^ZggZy nhjfZ dhgljhey hdZau\Z_lky g_wnn_dlb\ghc \\b^m agZqbl_evguo ba^_j`_d baf_j_gby j_amevlZlb\ghklb ^_yl_evghklb bkihegbl_e_c g_kh\_jr_gkl\Z iheblbq_kdh]h jugdZ b dZd ke_^kl\b_ jZpbhgZevghcg_hk\_^hfe_gghklbba[bjZl_e_c Klbfmehf ih\ur_gby wnn_dlb\ghklb mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx fh`_l [ulv dhgdmj_gpby kh klhjhgu ^jm]bo ]hkm^Zjkl\ m]jhaZ nhjfbjh\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdhc Z q_j_a g__ b iheblbq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb mljZlZ j_imlZpbbm\_ebq_gb_wfb]jZpbhgguoihlhdh\ Ohly \ mijZ\e_gbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx ]eZ\gZy jhev ijbgZ^e_`bl kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx nhjfZevguo ijZ\be h^gZdh bf_ggh a^_kv fh]ml bf_lv [hevrh_ agZq_gb_ g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu hdZau\Zxsb_ ijyfh_ b dhk\_ggh_ j_]mebjmxs__ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ h[t_dlu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb < i_j\mx hq_j_^v j_qv b^_l h \hajh`^_gbb qZklbqgh mljZq_gghc ljZ^bpbb [_j_`gh]h hlghr_gby ]jZ`^Zg d khpbZevgh agZqbfuf h[t_dlZf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb-gZpbhgZevgufiZjdZfiZfylgbdZfijbjh^ubklhjbbbdmevlmjukihjlb\gufb^jm]bfkhhjm`_gbyf]^_ g_\hafh`ghbebg_p_e_khh[jZaghihklhygghih^^_j`b\Zlvj_`bfbkdexqbl_evgh]h^hklmiZIjbf_j`_ih^h[gh]h^he`gh ih^Z\Zlv kZfh ]hkm^Zjkl\h, b lh]^Z \ h[s_kl\_gghf khagZgbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv [m^_l jZ\ghagZqgZ gZpbhgZevghc beb gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb <Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l lZd`_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ b^_heh]bb ij_iylkl\mxs_chiihjlmgbklbq_kdhfmih\_^_gbxbkha^Zgb_bgklblmlh\h[s_kl\_ggh]hdhgljhey 16.3 GZaZ^dqZklgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcghf_gdeZlmjghc kh[kl\_gghklb" <hagbdZ_l \hijhk aZdhgqbebkv eb ghf_gdeZlmjgu_ b]ju" Bgufb keh\Zfb aZdhgqbeZkv eb ijbo\ZlbaZpby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb k h^ghc klhjhgu b g_ \hagbdZxl eb gh\u_ ijh_dlu \ha\jZs_gby gZaZ^ d lhfm i_jbh^m dh]^Z ghf_gdeZlmjZ b]jZeZ jhev \_joh\gh]h jZkihjy^bl_ey ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb dZd wlh [ueh gZ \ukr_c b ihke_^g_c klZ^bb khpbZebafZ k ^jm]hc I_j\mx l_g^_gpbx hljZ`Zxl ijh]jZffu ijb\ZlbaZpbb \lhjmx – ijh]jZffu gZpbhgZebaZpbb98 HklZgh\bfky kgZqZeZ gZ ijh]jZffZo gZpbhgZebaZpbb Z aZl_f \ ke_^mxs_f jZa^_e_ ijhZgZebabjm_f ijh]jZffuijb\ZlbaZpbbb]] G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZyl_hjbydjblbq_kdbhlghkblkyd]hkm^Zj-kl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbihklhygghjZkkfZljb\Zy__ dZdkh[kl\_gghklv\lhjh]hkhjlZihkjZ\g_gbxk__^bkdj_lghcbgklblmpbhgZevghcZevl_jgZlb\hc-qZklghcL_fg_f_g__ hgZ g_ fh`_l ijhclb fbfh lh]h nZdlZ qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kh[kl\_gghklv \ XX \ bf_eZ ^he]h\j_f_ggmx l_g^_gpbx d jhklmhlqZklbh[tykgyywlhZii_lblZfb[xjhdjZlbb Ihkdhevdm\gZr_ckljZg_ijh_dlugZpbhgZebaZpbbZdlb\ghh[km`^ZxlkygZqbgZykdhgpZ] g_[_augl_j_kghhl\_lblvgZ\hijhkdZdb_]jmiiuij_^ty\eyxlkijhkgZwlbijh_dludZdb_kbeuklhyl aZ\u^\b]Z_fufbijh_dlZfbdZdh\Zjhev\wlhfklZjhcbgh\hc[xjhdjZlbb" Kba\_klghc^he_cmkeh\ghklb\u^\b]Z_fu_ijh]jZffugZpbhgZebaZpbbfh`ghjZa^_eblvgZ^\_hkgh\gu_]jmiiu aZbijhlb\I_j\u_^h\hevghg_h^ghjh^guHgb\dexqZxlrbjhdbcki_dljb^_c-hlijhdhffmgbklbq_kdboihiulhd ah\msbo gZaZ^ d h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb ^h ijh]jZff iZljbhlh\ jZlmxsbo aZ mdj_ie_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbgZn_^_jZevghfbebj_]bhgZevghfmjh\g_ Ijh_dlu ij_^eh`_ggu_ iZjlbyfb DIJN b E>IJ fh`gh mkeh\gh gZa\Zlv j_d\babpbhggh-dhgnbkdZpbhggufb Hgbhnhjfbebkv\aZdhghijh_dlum`_\-]]BokhpbZevguciZnhkkhklhbl\lhfqlh[uwdkijhijbbjh\Zlvgh\uo wdkijhijbZlhjh\bgZdZaZlv\hjh\oZigm\rbogZjh^gh_^h[jh\i_jbh^©ijbo\ZlbaZpbbª < aZdhghijh_dl_ DIJN ihke_^h\Zl_evgh j_Zebamxlky ijbgpbiu j_\hexpbhgghc fZkkh\hc gZpbhgZebaZpbb ih h[jZapm Kh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb - ]] Hg ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l ijbgylb_ _`_]h^guo ijh]jZff gZpbhgZebaZpbb NhjfZfb gZpbhgZebaZpbb \ aZdhghijh_dl_ gZau\Zxlky j_d\babpby b dhgnbkdZpby H[t_dlZfb bkdexqbl_evghc kh[kl\_gghklb gZjh^Z Jhkkbb h[ty\eyxlky ij_^ijbylby lhieb\gh-wg_j]_lbq_kdh]h g_nlygh]h ]Zah\h]h dhfie_dkh\ ljZgkihjlZ k\yab h[hjhgghc ijhfure_gghklb khpbZevgh hiZkgu_ \b^u ijhba\h^kl\ bklhjbdh-dmevlmjgu_ p_gghklb mqj_`^_gby gZmdb b dmevlmju mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby ^_lkdb_ mqj_`^_gby f_^bpbgkdb_ b e_q_[gh-ijhnbeZdlbq_kdb_ mqj_`^_gby h[t_dlu bgnjZkljmdlmju`bebsgh-dhffmgZevgh]hohayckl\Z Hkgh\Zgbyfb ^ey gZpbhgZebaZpbb gZau\Zxlky ij_^hl\jZs_gb_ fZkkh\uo [_kihjy^dh\ h[ty\e_gb_ bfms_kl\Z h[s_gZpbhgZevguf ^hklhygb_f fhghihevgh_ iheh`_gb_ ^Zggh]h ij_^ijbylby gZ jhkkbckdhf jugd_ nZdl ijb\ZlbaZpbb ij_^ijbylby k gZjmr_gbyfb ^_ckl\mxs_]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z beb ih aZ\_^hfh aZgb`_gguf p_gZf kbkl_fZlbq_kdh_ gZjmr_gb_gZeh]h\h]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\ZZlZd`_ijZ\jZ[hlgbdh\ihlj_[bl_e_cbl^ Hkh[Zy jhev hl\h^blky ljm^h\hfm dhee_dlb\m LZd ih j_r_gbx h[s_]h kh[jZgby ljm^h\h]h dhee_dlb\Z gZpbhgZebabjh\Zggh_ ij_^ijbylb_ fh`_l [ulv i_j_^Zgh \ ihegh_ ohayckl\_ggh_ \_^_gb_ ljm^h\hfm dhee_dlb\m k h[jZah\Zgb_fkZfhmijZ\ey_fh]hgZjh^gh]hij_^ijbylby <haf_s_gb_ kh[kl\_ggbdZf gZpbhgZebabjm_fh]h bfms_kl\Z ijhbkoh^bl ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb h[eb]Zpbyfb k hdhgqZl_evgufkjhdhfih]Zr_gby^he_l Ihijh_dlmE>IJj_r_gb_hgZpbhgZebaZpbbijbgbfZ_lky\km^_[ghfihjy^d_<_joh\gufkm^hfJNbebkm^Zfb km[t_dlh\ JN ih bkdZf ijhdmjZlmju Z lZd`_ ^_imlZlZfb =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc >mfu b AZdhgh^Zl_evguo kh[jZgbc km[t_dlh\ JNgZhkgh\ZgbbaZy\e_gbc]jZ`^Zgbeb]jmii]jZ`^Zg<hijhkhgZpbhgZebaZpbbqZklgh]hbfms_kl\ZklZ\blky\kemqZyo dh]^Z \eZ^_gb_ jZkihjy`_gb_ b ihevah\Zgb_ bf gZghkyl ms_j[ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc h[s_kl\_gghc beb ebqghc [_ahiZkghklb ]jZ`^Zg b beb gZjmrZxl bo iheblbq_kdb_ ijZ\Z Hkgh\Zgb_f ^ey gZpbhgZebaZpbb y\ey_lky nZdl gZg_k_gby \j_^Z ]jZ`^Zgbgm beb ]jmii_ ]jZ`^Zg \ua\Zggh]h mfure_ggufb beb g_ij_^mfure_ggufb \bgh\gufb ^_ygbyfb ih hkms_kl\e_gbx ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b bkihevah\Zgby __ \ ebqguo beb h[s_kl\_gguo p_eyo GZpbhgZebaZpby \hafh`gZ \ ^\monhjfZo-\haf_a^ghcb[_a\haf_a^ghcj_d\babpbybdhgnbkdZpby <aZdhghijh_dlZop_gljbklh\bijZ\uo-]]ijbagZ_lky\haf_a^gucoZjZdl_jgZpbhgZebaZpbbA^_kv ^Z`_ ijbagZ_lky g_jZ\gh_ iheh`_gb_ jhkkbckdh]h kh[kl\_ggbdZ ih hlghr_gbx d aZjm[_`ghfm gZpbhgZebabjh\Zlv 98 <wlhfjZa^_e_fuhibjZ_fkygZfZl_jbZeuiZjeZf_glkdbokemrZgbcbaZk_^Zgbcihh[km`^_gbxaZdhghijh_dlh\hgZpbhgZebaZpbb\ =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc >mf_ - ]] < ihbkd_ b ih^[hj_ fZl_jbZeh\ g_hp_gbfmx ihfhsv hdZaZeb ^_imlZlu b khljm^gbdb ZiiZjZlZ ijhnbevgh]h dhfbl_lZ =hk^mfu ih kh[kl\_gghklb b dhfbl_lZ ih wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbd_ b ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\m :\lhju \ujZ`Zxl \k_fbfbkdj_ggxxijbagZl_evghklvaZ\ukdZaZggu_aZf_qZgbybdhff_glZjbb bfms_kl\h bghkljZgp_\ ij_^eZ]Z_lky \ hkh[hf j_`bf_ – \ khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf JN h[ bghkljZgguo bg\_klbpbyobf_`^mgZjh^gufb^h]h\hjZfbJhkkbb Ijb wlhf \ [hevrbgkl\_ ba kms_kl\mxsbo ijh_dlh\ y\gh ijhy\ey_lky l_g^_gpby k ihfhsvx khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h ^baZcgZ ijhp_^mj gZpbhgZebaZpbb mkbeblv g_aZ\bkbfhklv j_]bhgh\ b mdj_iblv j_]bhgZevguc k_iZjZlbaf aZdj_iblv klZlmk-d\h \ jZkij_^_e_gbb kh[kl\_gghklb f_`^m n_^_jZevguf p_gljhf b j_]bhgZfb dhlhjuc h[jZah\Zeky \ i_jbh^ fZkkh\hcijb\ZlbaZpbbbj_]bhgZevghciheblbdbn_^_jZevguo\eZkl_c\ujZ`_gghc_evpbgkdbfehamg]hf^Zlvj_]bhgZf klhevdh kZfhklhyl_evghklb kdhevdh hgb kfh]ml mg_klb LZd \ ijh_dl_ ^_imlZlZ :=. ImaZgh\kdh]h hl^_evgZy jhev \ bgbpbbjh\Zgbbijhp_^mjugZpbhgZebaZpbbhl\h^blkyj_]bhgZevguf\eZklyfbfmgbpbiZebl_lZf < kZfhc ijZ\hc qZklb ki_dljZ – ijh_dl KIK ^_imlZlZ =: Lhf-qbgZ \ ijhrehc >mf_ - ^_imlZlZ njZdpbb <u[hj Jhkkbb ;ebahd d g_fm aZdhghijh_dl \g_k_gguc I= ;mgbq_f njZdpby G>J ij_^k_^Zl_e_f dhfbl_lZ ih kh[kl\_gghklb \ >mf_ - ]] >Zgguc aZdhghijh_dl [ue \ayl aZ hkgh\m ^_imlZlhf B> =jZq_\uf b \g_k_g \ ihke_^gxx>mfm <mdZaZgguoijh_dlZogZpbhgZebaZpbyjZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdbkdexqbl_evgZynhjfZhlqm`^_gbybfms_kl\Z\ihevam ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd qj_a\uqZcgh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ gZ qZklgmx kh[kl\_gghklv dhlhjh_ fh`_l [ulv hkms_kl\e_gh lhevdh ihke_ ihegh]h bkq_jiZgby \k_o \hafh`guo kemqZ_\ hlqm`^_gby bfms_kl\Z A^_kv [hevr_ j_]eZf_glbjmxlky ij_^_eu gZpbhgZebaZpbb b aZij_lu gZ gZpbhgZebaZpbx hij_^_eyxlky ]ZjZglbb ijZ\ b bgl_j_kh\ ij_`gbo qZklguo kh[kl\_ggbdh\ bfms_kl\ZIjbwlhflZd`_mqblu\Z_lkyqlhgZpbhgZebaZpbyy\ey_lkyg_h[uqguf\udmihfb^Ze_dhg_\kydh_bfms_kl\h fh`_l[ulvgZpbhgZebabjh\ZghIhkmlb-wlhijh]jZffuZglbgZpbhgZebaZpbbIjbgpbiZfbijh\_^_gbygZpbhgZebaZpbb ijh\ha]eZrZxlky \haf_a^ghklv gZpbhgZebaZpby fh`_l [ulv hkms_kl\e_gZ lhevdh ijb mkeh\bb ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h b jZ\ghp_ggh]h\haf_s_gbyba]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[x^`_lZklhbfhklbgZpbhgZebabjm_fh]hbfms_kl\Zb^jm]bom[uldh\ ]eZkghklvijhp_^mjugZpbhgZebaZpbbkm^_[gZyaZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_ggbdh\. LZdbf h[jZahf \_jhylghklv ijh\_^_gby gZpbhgZebaZpbb \ iheghf h[t_f_ ijb kms_kl\mxs_c kljmdlmj_ aZdhgh^Zl_evghc b bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb k mq_lhf kh[ex^_gby \k_o ijbgpbih\ b fgh]hrZ]h\uo Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo ijhp_^mj aZeh`_gguo \ aZdhghijh_dl \ h[hajbfuc kjhd klj_fblky d gmex LjZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db \hagbdZxsb_ \ oh^_knhjfmebjh\Zgguoijhp_^mjaZij_lbl_evgh\ukhdb<ex[hfkemqZ_aZ\j_fyih^]hlh\bl_evguoijhp_^mjij_`gbc kh[kl\_ggbdfh`_l\u\_klbkij_^ijbylbyex[u_p_ggu_Zdlb\u :gZeba ihdZau\Z_l qlh aZ bkdexq_gb_f ij_^eh`_gbc e_\uo dhlhju_ kdhj__ kha^Zgu ih dhgtxgdlmjguf iheblbq_kdbf ijbqbgZf qlh[u gZ[jZlv iheblbq_kdb_ hqdb m ijhl_klgh]h we_dlhjZlZ \h \k_o hklZevguo ijh_dlZo ijbagZ_lkyg_^himklbfhklvlZdh]hhkgh\ZgbygZpbhgZebaZpbbdZdgZjmr_gbyaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z\oh^_ijb\ZlbaZpbb99Wlh dhk\_gguf h[jZahf \ p_ehf k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ m^h\e_l\hj_gghklb hkgh\guo ]jmii bgl_j_kh\ h[sbfb j_amevlZlZfb fZkkh\hcijb\ZlbaZpbb Hp_gb\Zy\g_k_ggu_ijh_dlufh`ghaZdexqblvqlhgbh^bgbagbog_j_rZ_ldhgkljmdlb\guoaZ^Zqih\ur_gby wnn_dlb\ghklb bkihevah\Zgby Zdlb\h\ ij_^ijbylbc iml_f baf_g_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb Hgb eb[h dhgk_j\bjmxl keh`b\rb_ky g_jZpbhgZevgu_ hlghr_gby \ kn_j_ kh[kl\_gghklb ^_eZy g_ihdhe_[bfhc ihabpbb hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbeb[h\ihimebklkdbop_eyoijbau\Zxldijh\_^_gbxfZkrlZ[ghcgZpbhgZebaZpbbblh]hf dhlhjhcfh`_lklZlvebrvohayckl\_ggucoZhkb]jZ`^ZgkdZy\hcgZ BlZd ohly aZdhghijh_dlu h gZpbhgZebaZpbb gugq_ g_ ihimeyjgu100 b fgh]b_ ba gbo \ kms_kl\mxs_f \ZjbZgl_ g_^Z\gh \ yg\Zj_ ] hldehg_gu =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc >mfhc b^_b p_gljZebaZpbb b mkbe_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Z \ wdhghfbdm gZ[bjZxl kbem IjZ\^Z ijhy\eyxlky hgb [hevr_ g_ \ ijbau\Zo d gZpbhgZebaZpbb Z \ i_j_kfhlj_g_dhlhjuoblh]h\ijb\ZlbaZpbb Kj_^bhkgh\guogZijZ\e_gbci_j_oh^ZqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb\jmdb]hkm^Zjkl\Zfh`gh\u^_eblvke_^mxsb_ 1) ^_ijb\ZlbaZpby - qZklbqgh_ \hkklZgh\e_gb_ beb mkbe_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h dhgljhey gZ^ m`_ ijb\Zlbabjh\Zggufbij_^ijbylbyfb 2) j_ijb\ZlbaZpby - ih\lhjgZy ijb\ZlbaZpby ij_^ijbylbc \ dhlhjuo ij_^u^msb_ kh[kl\_ggbdb g_ \uihegbeb bg\_klbpbhggu_mkeh\bybijh]jZffuihkms_kl\mwlhkf_gZqZklgh]hkh[kl\_ggbdZ DZd ihdZau\Z_l ijZdlbdZ gZb[he__ bgl_gkb\gh jZkkfZljb\Z_fu_ f_oZgbafu bkihevamxlky \ jZfdZo ijhp_kkh\ j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb ij_^ijbylbc k ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf mqZklb_f D hkgh\guf bgkljmf_glZf gZ hkgh\Zgbb dhlhjuo lZdb_ ^_ckl\by fh]ml [ulv ijhba\_^_gu hlghkylky ijyfZy dhg\_jlZpby aZ^he`_gghklb i_j_^ [x^`_lhf \ Zdpbb ij_^ijbylby j_kljmdlmjbaZpby [x^`_lghc aZ^he`_gghklb k bkihevah\Zgb_f aZeh]h\uo ko_f ijbh[j_l_gb_ Zdpbc ij_^ijbylbc gZ nhg^h\hfjugd_i_j_hp_gdZbmq_l]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbfZl_jbZevguoij_`^_\k_]ha_feybg_fZl_jbZevguo h[t_dlu bgl_ee_dlmZevghc kh[kl\_gghklb Zdlb\h\ \g_k_gghc \ mklZ\ghc dZiblZe ij_^ijbylbc ijbagZgb_ g_^_ckl\bl_evgufb k^_ehd ijb\ZlbaZpbb gZ hkgh\Zgbb g_\uiheg_gby bg\_klbpbhgguo mkeh\bc ijyfhc h[f_g Zdpbc gZ bg\_klbpbb101. Hkh[mx jhev k ] b ih gZklhys__ \j_fy b]jZ_l bgklblml [Zgdjhlkl\Z102 ?]h ghjfZlb\gufb nmgdpbyfb y\eyxlky aZsblZ ijZ\ dj_^blhjh\ b \u\h^ k jugdZ g_wnn_dlb\guo ij_^ijbylbc Ih ^Zgguf =hkdhfklZlZ JN \ kj_^g_f ijhkjhq_gghcaZ^he`_gghklbijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcijboh^blkygZgZeh]h\u_ieZl_`bbh[yaZl_evgu_ieZl_`b \h \g_[x^`_lgu_ nhg^u >Zggh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h ^_eZ_l qbgh\gbdh\ hkh[_ggh \ j_]bhgZo nZdlbq_kdbfb h[eZ^Zl_eyfb \Z`guo ijZ\hfhqbc kh[kl\_gghklb Qlh dZqZ_lky \lhjhc nmgdpbb lh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy gZebph ^bknmgdpby bgklblmlZ HgZjmr_gbyoaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zijbj_ZebaZpbbijh]jZffuijb\ZlbaZpbbkfDmebdh\ <<MdZakhq DZd ihdZaZe khpbheh]bq_kdbc hijhk nhg^Z H[s_kl\_ggh_ fg_gb_ ijh\_^_gguc - hdly[jy ] l_ ijZdlbq_kdb kjZam ihke_ nbgZgkh\h]hdjbabkZb^_yfZkkh\hcgZpbhgZebaZpbbg_ihevam_lkyijhqghcih^^_j`dhc[hevrbgkl\Zjhkkbckdbo]jZ`^ZgkfHijhk NHFGZpbhgZebaZpby–gZih\_kld_^gy"http://classic.fom.ru/obzor/o411.htm). 101 Kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx \ mkeh\byo jughqghc wdhghfbdb AZdexqbl_evguc hlq_l Jmd :D IhghfZj_\FF_`\_^hfkl\_ggucZgZeblbq_kdbcP_glj 102 KbfZq_\ X< Jhev [Zgdjhlkl\Z \ jhkkbckdhc i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_ hp_gdZ khklhyl_evghklb bgklblmlZ g_khklhyl_evghklb < Fh^_jgbaZpbywdhghfbdbJhkkbbBlh]bbi_jki_dlb\u<dgHl\j_^?=YkbgDgF=M<RWK-235. 99 100 g_khklhyl_evghklb;Zgdjhlkl\h\Jhkkbbbkihevam_lkydZdh^bgbahkgh\guobgkljmf_glh\i_j_^_eZkh[kl\_gghklbb\wlhc k\yabqZs_ijbf_gy_lky\hlghr_gbbihl_gpbZevghijb[uevgh]h[bag_kZ BlZd\hafh`ghklvagZqbl_evgh]hmkbe_gby]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdkh[kl\_ggbdZ\blZ_l\\ha^mo_<h\kydhf kemqZ_\dZq_kl\_\hafh`gh]hkp_gZjbyjZa\blby_]hg_bkdexqZxlwdhghfbkluijb^_j`b\Zxsb_ky jZaguo\a]ey^h\103H^gZdh\dZdhfgZijZ\e_gbbhgZihc^_lbddZdbfihke_^kl\byfhgZijb\_^_l" Bkoh^ybaij_^r_kl\mxs_]hbaeh`_gbyij_^klZ\ey_lkyqlhdjbl_jbbbj_amevlZlulh]hbebbgh]h \ZjbZglZfh]mlb^he`gu[ulvkdhjj_dlbjh\Zgu<k_aZ\bkblhllh]hdZdb_hlghr_gbybanZdlbq_kdb kms_kl\mxsbowdhghfbq_kdbohlghr_gbc[m^_lj_r_ghaZdj_iblv\ijZ\_ Wfibjbq_kdh_bkke_^h\Zgb_aZdhghl\hjq_kdh]hijhp_kkZ\Jhkkbbkk_j_^bgu-oihdZaZehqlh\ ijhp_kk_jZajZ[hldbbijbgylbyaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Zhkh[kl\_gghklb[hevr_iheblbq_kdh]hlhj]ZaZ i_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evgu_ij_bfms_kl\Z^eyklhjhgmqZkl\mxsbo\ijhp_kk_g_`_ebklj_fe_gby ih\ukblvwdhghfbq_kdmxwnn_dlb\ghklv LZdkms_kl\mxsb_ijh_dluhgZpbhgZebaZpbbg_hljZ`Zxlihlj_[ghklbwdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\\ mj_]mebjh\ZgbbnZdlbq_kdbohlghr_gbci_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyijZ\hfhqbchlqZklguokh[kl\_ggbdh\d ]hkm^Zjkl\mkeh`b\rboky\ijhfure_gghklb<ij_^eZ]Z_fuoaZdhghijh_dlZofh`ghmkfhlj_lv klj_fe_gb_eb[hj_]bhgZevguoqbgh\gbdh\eb[hgh\hcp_gljZevghc[xjhdjZlbbqbgh\gbdh\ihemqblv ^hklmidj_kmjkZfwnn_dlb\gh^_ckl\mxsboij_^ijbylbcDjhf_lh]h\u^mfu\Zyobljhmfgu_ ijhp_^mjugZpbhgZebaZpbbhgbkha^Zxlk_[_jZ[hqb_f_klZb\hafh`ghklvihemq_gby ^hihegbl_evgh]hj_glgh]h^hoh^Z. Kijhk gh\hc [xjhdjZlbb gZ gZpbhgZebaZpbx fh`gh ijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv k ihfhsvx fh^_eb Nbg^eb-MbekhgZ104, dhlhjZy[Zabjm_lkygZl_hjbb]hkm^Zjkl\ZjZajZ[hlZgghc>Ghjlhf105. < khhl\_lkl\bb k g_c ]eZ\gZy wdhghfbq_kdZy nmgdpby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ex[hc _]h nhjf_ b ^_kihlbq_kdh]h106 b hkgh\Zggh]h gZ h[s_kl\_gghf ^h]h\hj_107) – wlh hdZaZgb_ mkem] ih ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsbl_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb P(G < kblmZpbb dh]^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\h ih l_f beb bguf ijbqbgZf \uoh^bl ba-ih^ dhgljhey h[s_kl\Z [xjhdjZlby klZgh\blky kZfhklhyl_evghc b \ebyl_evghc kbehc gZ iheblbq_kdhf jugd_ b klj_fblky ihemqblv \u]h^u Wlh \hafh`gh iml_f eb[h m\_ebq_gby jZkoh^h\ h[s_kl\Z gZ _z kh^_j`Zgb_ eb[h fZdkbfbaZpbb nmgdpbb __ ^hoh^Z dhlhjZy khklhbl ba ^\mo keZ]Z_fuo<h-i_j\uowlhkh[bjZ_fu_gZeh]bihklZ\d_t0 bebboqZklvdZd^hey\Zeh\h]h\gmlj_gg_]hijh^mdlZY(G<h\lhjuowlhhlqbke_gbyhlijb[ueb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbcI(SOE). < lZdhf kemqZ_ qbgh\gbdb fh]ml klj_fblvky ih\ukblv k\hx \eZklv b ij_klb` \ djZldhkjhqghf i_jbh^_ iml_f m\_ebq_gbyh[t_fZij_^hklZ\ey_fuomkem]gZijbf_j]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_Z]_glkl\ZihgZpbhgZebaZpbb\ijh_dl_DIJNbeb mqZklb_ ^_imlZlh\ \ ijhp_^mj_ hp_gdb bfms_kl\Z \ ijh_dl_ : ImaZgh\kdh]h b ^j >h[b\Zykv j_ZebaZpbb ijh]jZff rbjhdhfZkrlZ[ghc gZpbhgZebaZpbb [xjhdjZlby klj_fblky d i_j_ijhba\h^kl\m h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjy^dZ 3* h[hkgh\u\Zy g_h[oh^bfhklv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby ex[ufb ijbqbgZfb Ih^ j_ZebaZpbx ijh]jZff gZpbhgZebaZpbb kha^Zxlky gh\u_ jZ[hqb_ f_klZ Z aZgylhklv \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf k_dlhj_ m\_ebqb\Z_lky \ur_ hilbfZevgh]hmjh\gykGhil^hG[kf jbk JhklkljmdlmjaZgbfZxsbokygZpbhgZebaZpb_cijh^he`Z_lky^hl_oihj ihdZ\k_gZeh]h\u_ihklmie_gbyg_mc^mlgZaZjieZlm]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokem`Zsbowlhkhklhygb_^hklb]Z_lky\lhqd_G[). >hoh^u bjZkoh^u NmgdpbyjZkoh^h\[xjhdjZlbb: (1-t 0 )*VM PL* G Nmgdpby^h oh ^h\[xjhdjZlbb: t0 *y(G) + I (SOE) Ghil G[ AZgylhklv\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfk_dlhj_G) JbkGZpbhgZebaZpbydZdklj_fe_gb_[xjhdjZlbb g_ih^dhgljhevghm\_ebqblvaZgylhklv\]hkk_dlhj_ < ^he]hkjhqghf i_jbh^_ ]eZ\guf nZdlhjhf gZpbhgZebaZpbb ^ey gh\hc [xjhdjZlbb klZgh\blky klj_fe_gb_ h[_ki_qblv k_[_ klZ[bevguc bklhqgbd ^hoh^Z LZd kh]eZkgh keh`b\r_cky iheblbq_kdhc kbkl_f_ [xjhdjZlby g_ 103 Dmebdh\ << MdZa khq K-19; JZ^u]bg : Kb^hjh\ B JhkkbckdZy dhjihjZlb\gZy wdhghfbdZ klh e_l h^bghq_kl\Z" <hijhku wdhghfbdbK. 59-60. 104 Findley R., Wilson J. The political economy of the Leviathan // Stockholm: Institute for International Studies Seminar Paper. 1984. W]]_jlkkhgLWdhghfbq_kdb_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluF. 2001. K. 341-349. 105 North D. Structure and Change in Economic History. N.Y.: Norton, 1981. 106 Hekhg F. <ha\ur_gb_ b miZ^hd gZjh^h\. Gh\hkb[bjkd WDHJ 107 :maZg ::jmdBgklblmlgZpbhgZevgh]hijh_dlZH[s_kl\_gguc^h]h\hjF., 2000. dhgljhebjm_lklZ\dmgZeh]hh[eh`_gby<kemqZ_JhkkbbwlhijZ\hijbgZ^e_`bliZjeZf_glmbgZoh^blkyih^ijbklZevguf \gbfZgb_feh[[bjmxs_ck\hbijZ\Z[bag_k-webluDjhf_lh]haZljm^g_gk[hj^Z`_mklZgh\e_gguogZeh]h\WlhhagZqZ_l qlh _^bgkl\_gguf bklhqgbdhf ^hoh^h\ dhlhjufb [xjhdjZlby fh`_l [_kij_iylkl\_ggh jZkihjy`Zlvky y\ey_lky ^hoh^ hl dZa_gguo ij_^ijbylbc I(SOE ijhba\h^ysbo h[uqgu_ qZklgu_ [eZ]Z LZdbf h[jZahf \uklmiZy aZ gZpbhgZebaZpbx \ ^he]hkjhqghf i_jbh^_ [xjhdjZlby ijbh[j_lZ_l dhgljhev gZ^ klZ[bevguf ihlhdhf ^hoh^h\ hl ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc \ wlhf kemqZ_ bkq_aZ_l nZdlhj jbkdZ k\yaZggh]h k ijh\Zehf nbgZgkbjh\Zgby ^_yl_evghklb qbgh\gbdh\ \ k\yab k g_mieZlhc gZeh]h\ < blh]_ hilbfZevguc mjh\_gv ijhba\h^kl\Z gb`_ q_f ijb kms_kl\h\Zgbb qZklguo ij_^ijbylbc LZdbfh[jZahf\iheg_h[hkgh\Zggufij_^klZ\ey_lkyl_abkhlhfqlhh^gbfbanZdlhjh\gZf_lb\rboky\h[s_kl\_ l_g^_gpbc d gZpbhgZebaZpbb \ lhf \b^_ \ dhlhjhf hgb kijh_dlbjh\Zgu \ [hevrbgkl\_ kms_kl\mxsbo aZdhghijh_dlh\ y\eyxlkybgl_j_kugh\hc[xjhdjZlbbdhlhjZyh[t_dlb\ghij_iylkl\m_ljZa\blbxgZklhys_cqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb 16.4 <i_j_^dqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb" >ey lh]h qlh[u hkms_kl\blv i_j_oh^ d gZklhys_c qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb gZ^h gZihegblv \hagbdrmx qZklgmx nhjfm qZklguf kh^_j`Zgb_f : ^ey wlh]h hlgx^v g_ ebrg_c y\ey_lky ihiuldZ hl\_lblv gZ \hijhk \ dZdbo bgklblmpbhgZevguomkeh\byowlh\hafh`gh":gZebawlbobgklblmpbhgZevguomkeh\bc\ihke_^g__\j_fy\k_qZs_bqZs_ klZgh\blkyij_^f_lhfki_pbZevguobkke_^h\Zgbc108. QZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv h[eZ^Z_l p_euf gZ[hjhf iheh`bl_evguo wnn_dlh\ \ qbke_ dhlhjuo - nbdkZpby wdhghfbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ Zdlb\h\ bgl_]jZpby jZajhag_gghc bgnhjfZpbb jZa\blb_ hl\_lkl\_gghklb kh[kl\_ggbdh\ ih\ur_gb_ ebd\b^ghklb Zdlb\h\ jZa\blb_ h[s_kl\_gguo k\ya_c b iZkihjlbaZpby k^_ehd109 D lhfm `_ wdhghfbq_kdZy k\h[h^Z — nmg^Zf_gl b khklZ\gZy qZklv k\h[h^ ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z HgZ \uklmiZ_l ij_`^_ \k_]h dZd g_h[oh^bfh_ kj_^kl\h^hklb`_gbyiheblbq_kdhck\h[h^u\k\hxhq_j_^viheblbq_kdZyk\h[h^Z_klv]ZjZglwdhghfbq_kdhck\h[h^u Ih^ kbkl_fhc kh[kl\_gghklb [m^_f ihgbfZlv \k_ fgh`_kl\h nhjfZevguo ijZ\be b g_nhjfZevguo h]jZgbq_gbc j_]mebjmxsbo ^hklmi d j_^dbf j_kmjkZf wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ dhlhju_ y\eyxlky km[t_dlZfb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb110. Djhf_lh]h\kbkl_fmp_e_khh[jZagh\dexqblvwdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\dhlhju_mklZgZ\eb\ZxlwlbijZ\ZZlZd`_]ZjZglh\ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo\uiheg_gb_mdZaZgguoghjfjbk111. Bkoh^ybaijbgylh]h\l_hjbbijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbihgbfZgbykh[kl\_gghklbg_h[oh^bfZdhjj_eypbyf_`^mahghc ijZ\ b ahghc hl\_lkl\_gghklb ^ey dZ`^h]h km[t_dlZ kh[kl\_gghklb Ijbgpbi ijb wlhf lZdhc hilbfZevgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb ij_^iheZ]Z_l kblmZpbx dh]^Z ijbgylb_ gZ k_[y jbkdZ ijhbkoh^bl \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgZ^e_`Zsbfb ijZ\ZfbdeZkl_jZfbhl^_evguoijZ\hfhqbcbkl_i_gvxg_kdehgghklbdjbkdm AgZqbl eb wlh qlh \ky \hagbdrZy qZklgZy kh[kl\_gghklv y\ey_lky hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklvx" Dhg_qghg_lGZjy^mkik_\^hqZklghcm`_\hagbdZ_lgZklhysZyqZklgZykh[kl\_gghklvL_g^_gpbydkhdjZs_gbx[Zjl_jZ gZijbf_jk\b^_l_evkl\m_lh[mf_gvr_gbb^hebb\ebygbyhklZlhqghc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb D bguf ihke_^kl\byf ijb\h^bl \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ijh^he`Zxsbcky ijhp_kk ijb\ZlbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklbdhlhjucijbh[j_lZ_l\k_[he__wdkdexab\gucoZjZdl_j:ii_lblugh\hy\e_gghc[mj`mZabbih-ij_`g_fm ihdZiheghklvxg_m^h\e_l\hj_guH^gZdh\dmk__klZgh\blky\k_[he__lhgdbfbbaukdZggufHgZklj_fblkyijbh[j_klb gug_g_ex[u_dmkdb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbZgZb[he__ijb[uevgu_ 108 Nellis J. Time to rethink privatization in transition economies? // InternationaO)LQDQFH&RUSRUDWLRQ'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHUVOlson M. Power and prosperity: outgrowing communist and capitalist dictatorships. N.Y., 2000; Williamson O. The Institutions and Governance of Economic Development and Reform / Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, 1994. 109 ^_KhlhWAZ]Z^dZdZiblZeZIhq_fmdZiblZebaflhj`_kl\m_lgZAZiZ^_bl_jiblihjZ`_gb_\h\k_fhklZevghffbj_FK67. 110 Alchian A. Some Economics of Property Rights // Politico. J-829; Dmavfbgh\ YBX^d_\bq FFBgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZQZklvFK-71. 111 <Z`g_crbf we_f_glhf kbkl_fu kh[kl\_gghklb y\ey_lky __ ]ZjZgl – lhl h[s_kl\_gguc n_ghf_g dhlhjuc h[_ki_qb\Z_l nbdkZpbx b ijbagZgb_aZsblmbaf_g_gbc\jZkij_^_e_gbbijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbkeh`b\r_ckyihke_h[f_gZijZ\Zfbkh[kl\_gghklb=ZjZglZfbfh]ml \uklmiZlvh^bgbakm[t_dlh\h[f_gZh[Zkm[t_dlZlj_lbckm[t_dlghjfZh[uqZcfhjZevgZymklZgh\dZj_eb]bhagZyaZih\_^v b li ]hkm^Zjkl\h aZdhg b kbeh\u_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ \uiheg_gb_ aZdhgZ kf LZf[h\p_\ <E D lbiheh]bb wdhghfbq_kdbo kbkl_f WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u L K- GZrZ khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdZy ljZdlh\dZ ihgylby kbkl_fu kh[kl\_gghklb \ g_dhlhjhf kfuke_ [ebadZ d ihgylbx ohayckl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_fuij_^eh`_gghfm<E LZf[h\p_\uf IjZ\hfhqby (ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb Km[t_dlu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb (kh[kl\_ggbdb GhjfubijZ\beZ ih\_^_gby kh[kl\_ggbdh\ KBKL?F: KH;KL< ?GGHKLB =ZjZglu (f_oZgbafu aZsblu ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb GhjfubijZ\beZ ih\_^_gby]ZjZglh\ IjZ\hgZbkihevah\Zgb_ IjZ\hgZ^h oh ^ IjZ\hgZhlqm`^_gb_ =hkm^Zjkl\h Dhee_dlb\uh[sbgu Bg^b\b^mZevgu_ kh[kl\_ggbdb Km[t_dlu]ZjZglu (ijZ\hhojZgbl_evgu_ hj]Zgukm^ub^j Bgkljmf_glu]ZjZglu (h[uqZbaZdhgu dhgljZdlu JbkKh[kl\_gghklvdZdbgklblmpbhgZevgZykbkl_fZ bwnn_dlb\gu_<h\kydhfkemqZ_m`_[he__ih^]hlh\e_ggu_^ey\_^_gbyijb[uevgh]h[bag_kZB\wlhfkfuke_bgl_j_ku ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc [xjhdjZlbb b \eZ^_evp_\ qZklgh]h dZiblZeZ kh\iZ^Zxl hgb h[t_dlb\gh kha^Zxl ij_^ihkuedb ^ey ^\b`_gby\i_j_^dghjfZevghcqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb KjZ\g_gb_ jZkij_^_e_gby ijhba\h^kl\_gguo ij_^ijbylbc aZij_s_gguo d ijb\ZlbaZpbb ba i_j\h]h ] b \lhjh]h ] i_j_qg_c ih hljZkeyf ijhfure_gghklb jbk ihdZau\Z_l qlh baf_g_gb_ hljZ`Z_l klj_fe_gb_ qbgh\gbdh\ ihemqblv \ qZklgu_ jmdb gZb[he__ eZdhfu_ h[t_dlu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb g_nlygZy lhieb\gZy obfbq_kdZy b g_nl_obfbq_kdZy Z\bZpbhggZy ZlhfgZy b l^ ijbq_f lhevdh gZ lZdhc klZ^bb dh]^Z ^ey wlh]h kha^Zgu g_h[oh^bfu_mkeh\by < gZklhys__ \j_fy \k_ [hevr__ b [hevr__ agZq_gb_ \ ^\b`_gbb \i_j_^ d qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb ijbh[j_lZxl bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_ [bag_k-]jmiiu112 < mkeh\byo \ukhdhc g_hij_^_e_gghklb b hlkmlkl\by ^h\_jby f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfb kdeZ^u\Zxlky k\h_h[jZagu_ nbgZgkh\h-wdhghfbq_kdb_ dhfie_dku \dexqZxsb_ \ k_[y ijhfure_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby dhff_jq_kdb_ [Zgdb kljZoh\u_ dhfiZgbb b ^jm]b_ ^hq_jgb_ kljmdlmju agZqbl_evgh kgb`Zxsb_ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db \_^_gby [bag_kZ < ] \ djmig_crbo ba gbo [ueh aZgylh h[s_c qbke_gghklb aZgyluo \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ ijb wlhf hgb ijhba\h^beb ihqlb ¼ <<I Z bo ijh^mdpby khklZ\eyeZ ¼ jhkkbckdh]h wdkihjlZ113 ;hevrbgkl\h B;= \ujhkeh ba wg_j]_lbq_kdbo b kujv_\uo dhfiZgbc b [eZ]h^Zjy ijbjh^ghc j_gl_ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy h[eZ^Zxl agZqbl_evgufb nbgZgkh\ufb kj_^kl\Zfb iha\heyxsbfb bf gZjZsb\Zlv wdhghfbq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe K ih ] bo dZiblZeh\eh`_gby\kh[kl\_ggu_bg\_klbpbhggu_ijh_dlum^\Zb\Zxlkyihqlb_`_]h^ghjbkhgbklZgh\ylkyh^gbfb ba]eZ\guobg\_klhjh\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdb HljZkebijhfure_gghklb :lhfgZyijhfure_gghklv :\bZpbhggZyijhfure_gghklv JZ^bhijhfure_gghklv Km^hkljhbl_evgZyijhfure_gghklv We_dljhggZyijhfure_gghklv Obfbq_kdZybg_nl_obfbq_kdZyijhfure_gghklv I_j_q_gv E_khijhfure_ggu_hj]ZgbaZpbb I_j_q_gv F_lZeemj]bq_kdZyijhfure_gghklv :\bZdhfiZgbbbZwjhihjlu LjZgkihjlgh_kljhbl_evkl\h G_nlygZyijhfure_gghklv =Zah\Zyijhfure_gghklv Wg_j]_lbq_kdZyijhfure_gghklv Kljhcbg^mkljbybkljhbl_evkl\h M]hevgZyijhfure_gghklv Lhieb\gZyijhfure_gghklv Dhebq_kl\hij_^ijbylbc JbkBaf_g_gb_qbkeZij_^ijbylbcgZoh^ysboky\n_^_jZevghckh[kl\_gghklbb aZij_s_gguodiheghcijb\ZlbaZpbb 112 113 IZiiwYRHeb]ZjobWdhghfbq_kdZyojhgbdZ-F >ugdbg :Khdheh\ :Bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_[bag_k-]jmiiu\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK BklhqgbdIhklZgh\e_gbyIjZ\bl_evkl\ZJNhlbhl fej^jm[ ]h^ JbkNbgZgkbjh\Zgb_bg\_klbpbhgguoijh]jZffB;=aZkq_lkh[kl\_gguokj_^kl\ Bklhqgbd >ugdbg : Khdheh\ : Bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_ [bag_k-]jmiiu \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ <hijhku wdhghfbdb. 2002. <Z`ghih^q_jdgmlvqlh^_yl_evghklvB;=hkms_kl\ey_lky\agZqbl_evghfqbke_jhkkbckdboj_]bhgh\lZ[e LZd_keb\]EMDhcehi_jbjh\Ze\j_]bhgZolh\]–m`_\khhl\_lkl\_gghBgl_jjhk–\b:evnZ]jmii \ b j_]bhgZo Djmig_crb_ B;= \ gZklhys__ \j_fy m`_ y\eyxlky iheblbq_kdbfb b wdhghfbq_kdbfb dhgdmj_glZfb j_]bhgZevghc weblu Hgb h[t_dlb\gh aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu \ mgbnbdZpbb aZdhgh^Zl_evghc kj_^u b kha^Zgbb _^bgh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z gZ l_jjblhjbb JN M`_ k_cqZk g_dhlhju_ ba gbo hkms_kl\eyxl j_kljmdlmjbaZpbx hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb KdmiZy ij_^ijbylby hgb hilbfbabjmxl bo hj]ZgbaZpbhggmx kljmdlmjm b nbgZgkukp_evxih\ur_gbyjughqghcklhbfhklbZdlb\h\bj_Zebamxlg_ijhnbevgu_kbolhqdbaj_gbyih^jZa^_e_gby gZijbf_j ihdmidZ j_kljmdlmjbaZpby b ijh^Z`Z :evnZ-]jmii dhg^bl_jkdhc nZ[jbdb ;hevr_\bqdZ ;hjkdh]h kl_dhevgh]haZ\h^Zb^j < jZa\b\Zxs_cky wdhghfbd_ j_adh \hajZklZxl Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ ba^_j`db \_^_gby [bag_kZ hibjZxs_]hky gZ g_nhjfZevgu_ hlghr_gby < mkeh\byo wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ g_hij_^_e_gghklv \g_rg_c kj_^u g_h[yaZl_evghklv iZjlg_jh\hlkmlkl\b_^h\_jbygZjmr_gb_dhgljZdlh\h[oh^ylky\k_^hjh`_ H^gZdh kihglZgguc k^\b] kgbam \ ihevam [hevr_c nhjfZebaZpbb b ijhajZqghklb kihkh[h\ wdhghfbq_kdh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by-hlf_qZ_lJB DZi_exrgbdh\-fh`_lh[_ki_qblv^he]hkjhqgucwnn_dllhevdh_kebhg[m^_lih^^_j`Zg k\_jom–aZdhgh^Zl_evghhj]ZgbaZpbhgghbiheblbq_kdb114. <hafh`ghklvlZdhcih^^_j`dbk\_jomihy\beZkvkijboh^hfd\eZklbgh\hcZ^fbgbkljZpbbImlbgkdbcijh_dl dZd ba\_klgh \dexqZ_l p_emx kbkl_fm f_j Iheblbq_kdh_ b wdhghfbq_kdh_ hkeZ[e_gb_ weblguo ]jmii aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo \ khojZg_gbb ij_`g_]h ihjy^dZ mgbnbdZpby aZdhgh^Zl_evgh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z mkljZg_gb_ ijhlb\hj_qbyf_`^mghjfZfbbijhp_^mjZfb^_ckl\mxsbfb«gZjZaguomjh\gyoijZ\h\hcZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghckbkl_fu khdjZs_gb_qbkeZbmijhs_gb_kh^_j`ZgbynhjfZevguoh]jZgbq_gbcZlZd`_ba^_j`_dk\yaZgguokbokh[ex^_gb_f m`_klhq_gb_kZgdpbcaZgZjmr_gb_aZdhgh\bdhgljZdlguomklZgh\e_gbc115Keh`ghklvh^gZdhaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh ij_l\hjylv \ `bagv wlm ijh]jZffm ijb^_lky ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm ZiiZjZlm \ dhlhjhf _s_ `b\u f_lh^u b l_ogheh]bb kh\_lkdhc ghf_gdeZlmju Ihwlhfm _klv hiZkghklv qlh jZ^bdZevgu_ baf_g_gby fh]ml ij_\jZlblvky \ i_jkhgZevgu_ ih^\b`dbb\mkeh`g_gb_[xjhdjZlbq_kdhcijhp_^mjudhgljheydhlhjZyiha\heblba\e_dZlviheblbq_kdmxj_glm Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh \ ^he]hkjhqghf ieZg_ g_h[oh^bf i_j_oh^ hl fh^_eb iheblbq_kdhc fh^_jgbaZpbb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u ij_^iheZ]Zxs_c Zdlb\gh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ bgklblmlh\ kh klhjhgu ijZ\bl_evkl\Z d fh^_eb jughqghcfh^_jgbaZpbbhjb_glbjmxs_ckygZkijhkgZbgklblmlukhklhjhgukZfbomqZklgbdh\jugdZ116. Ijb wlhf dhgdj_lgu_ f_ju ih jZa\blbx qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb b j_Zebam_fZy \ k\yab k wlbf wdhghfbq_kdZy iheblbdZ \ kn_j_ ijb\ZlbaZpbb b \hafh`ghc ^_ijb\ZlbaZpbb ih gZr_fm fg_gbx ^he`gu hkgh\u\Zlvky gZ ^\mo h[sbo ijbgpbiZo \h-i_j\uo gZ dhfie_dkghf ih^oh^_ d ijh[e_fZf j_nhjfu aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z h kh[kl\_gghklb \h-\lhjuo gZ kha^Zgbbkbkl_fuwdhghfbq_kdboklbfmeh\^ey\k_onZdlbq_kdboh[eZ^Zl_e_chl^_evguoijZ\hfhqbckh[kl\_gghklb >ey j_ZebaZpbb dhfie_dkgh]h ih^oh^Z d j_nhjf_ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z lj_[m_lky [he__ l_kgZy dhhj^bgZpby \ \ujZ[hld_kh]eZkh\Zgghciheblbdbf_`^m\k_fbaZbgl_j_kh\Zggufbwdhghfbq_kdbfb\_^hfkl\Zfb-\dexqZyN_^_jZevgmx dhfbkkbx ih p_gguf [mfZ]Zf FbgwdhghfjZa\blby Fbgbkl_jkl\h ih Zglbfhghihevghc iheblbd_ Fbgbkl_jkl\h bfms_kl\_gguohlghr_gbcN_^_jZevgmxkem`[mJhkkbbihnbgZgkh\hfmha^hjh\e_gbxb[Zgdjhlkl\mWlZdhhj^bgZpby ij_^iheZ]Z_l kh]eZkh\Zggh_ \g_k_gb_ baf_g_gbc \ aZdhgu aZljZ]b\Zxsb_ \hijhku dhjihjZlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby [Zgdjhlkl\Z j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb b mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb ij_^ijbylbyfb mijZ\e_gby iZd_lZfb Zdpbc ijbgZ^e_`Zsbo]hkm^Zjkl\m\kf_rZgguoij_^ijbylbyobl^117. LZ[ebpZ DZi_exrgbdh\ JBMdZakhqK DZi_exrgbdh\ JBMdZakhqK.155. 116 Cadwell C., Polishchuk L. Evolving Demand for Institutions in Russian Economy: Implications for Economic Reform. Wlhl ^hdeZ^ [ue ij_^klZ\e_ggZdhgn_j_gpbb=M-<RWFh^_jgbaZpbywdhghfbdbJhkkbbZij_ey] 117 KbfZq_\ X<MdZakhq 114 115 Km[t_dluJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb kZdlb\gufmqZklb_fdjmig_crboB;=gZgZqZeh] Bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_[bag_k-]jmiiu EMDHce XDHK Bgl_jjhk Kmj]mlg_nl_]Za :evnZ]jmii–J_gh\Z Kb[bjkdbcZexfbgbc–Kb[g_nlv K_\_jklZev :NDKbkl_fZ Dhebq_kl\hkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbb kZdlb\gufmqZklb_f ij_^ijbylbcB;= 22 28 24 10 38 16 8 42 Bklhqgbd >ugdbg : Khdheh\ : Bgl_]jbjh\Zggu_ [bag_k-]jmiiu \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ <hijhku wdhghfbdb. 2002. Kha^Zgb_ kbkl_fu wdhghfbq_kdbo klbfmeh\ bkoh^bl ba lh]h qlh h^gbo kihkh[h\ ijbgm`^_gby g_^hklZlhqgh J_nhjfZ kbkl_fZ kh[kl\_gghklb [m^_l \_klb d \uoh^m ijhfure_gghklb ba khklhygby ^_ij_kkbb b klbfmebjh\Zlv wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl _keb hgZ [m^_l iha\heylv dZ`^hfm Z]_glm j_Zebah\u\Zlv k\hc wdhghfbq_kdbc bgl_j_k _keb m g_]h [m^_liheh`bl_evgucZg_lhevdhhljbpZl_evgucklbfmed^_yl_evghklb >he`gu ijbf_gylvky f_ju gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ klbfmebjh\Zgb_ jZa\blby nhg^h\h]h jugdZ b kgb`_gb_ jbkdh\ hi_jZpbckp_ggufb[mfZ]Zfb-khkh[ufZdp_glhfgZbgkljmf_gluh[_ki_qb\Zxsb_\hafh`ghklvihkl_i_ggh]hi_j_oh^Z hlaZdjuluonhjfhj]ZgbaZpbb[bag_kZdhldjulufim[ebqgufH^gbfbalZdbobgkljmf_glh\y\eyxlkydhjihjZlb\gu_ h[eb]Zpbb jughd dhlhjuo ^hklZlhqgh ^bgZfbqgh jZa\b\Z_lky \ ihke_^gb_ ^\Z ]h^Z - ijZ\^Z kdhj__ \hij_db g_`_eb [eZ]h^Zjyiheblbd_ijZ\bl_evkl\Z118. Djhf_ lh]h ^ey jZajmr_gby bgklblmlZ hklZlhqghc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb k_]h^gy \ Jhkkbb g_h[oh^bf ke_^mxsbcdhfie_dkgZijZ\e_gbcj_nhjfZlhjkdhc^_yl_evghklb 1. JZ^bdZevghj_nhjfbjh\Zlv]hkm^Zjkl\hI_j_clbhl]hkm^Zjkl\Zijhba\h^ys_]hd]hkm^Zjkl\maZsbsZxs_fm 2. J_hj]Zgbah\Zlv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ mgblZjgu_ ij_^ijbylby hkgh\Zggu_ gZ ijZ\_ ohayckl\_ggh]h \_^_gby dZd gZ n_^_jZevghflZdbgZj_]bhgZevghfbfmgbpbiZevghfmjh\gyoeb[h\dZa_ggu_ij_^ijbylbybebmqj_`^_gbyeb[h\ Zdpbhg_jgu_ h[s_kl\Z k \hafh`ghklvx ^Zevg_cr_c ijb\ZlbaZpbb J_adh m`_klhqblv dhgljhev aZ nbgZgkh\hohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklvx]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoij_^ijbylbc 3. GZijZ\blv agZqbl_evgu_ kj_^kl\Z gZ jZa\blb_ km^_[ghc kbkl_fu b m\_ebqblv __ g_aZ\bkbfhklv hl bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb Wlh ih^jZamf_\Z_l : m\_ebq_gb_ qbkeZ km^_c b km^h\ lh]^Z m ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c hliZ^_l g_h[oh^bfhklv h[jZsZlvkyaZjZaj_r_gb_fohayckl\_gguobZ^fbgbkljZlb\guokihjh\dl_f`_qbgh\gbdZfl_fkZfufmf_gvrblky \eZklvqbgh\gbdh\dhlhju_k_]h^gyqZklh\uklmiZxldZdnZdlbq_kdb_lj_lvbklhjhguijbjZaj_r_gbbohayckl\_gguo ijh[e_f ; jhkl ebl_jZlmju k lhedh\Zgbyfb aZdhgh\ b hibkZgb_f ijZ\hijbf_gbl_evghc ijZdlbdb lZd qlh[u d wlhc bgnhjfZpbb bf_e ^hklmi ex[hc `_eZxsbc < m`_klhq_gb_ kZgdpbc aZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gu_ ijZ\hgZjmr_gby qbgh\gbdh\ 4. Klbfmebjh\Zlv jZa\blb_ fZeh]h b kj_^g_]h [bag_kZ dZd ghkbl_ey b^_heh]bb k\h[h^ghc bg^b\b^mZebabjh\Zgghc qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb 5. Mkbebyfbkj_^kl\fZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbbnhjfbjh\ZlvmgZk_e_gbyiheh`bl_evguch[jZa[bag_kf_gZ 6. >ey \ujZ[hldb wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdb Zdlb\gh bkihevah\Zlv f_lh^heh]bx bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ijh_dlbjh\Zgby k mq_lhf ij_^ihql_gbc ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c f_g_^`_jh\ b kh[kl\_ggbdh\ b \k_o aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo klhjhg Ijb wlhf h[jZsZlvhkh[h_\gbfZgb_gZgZebqb_[xjhdjZlbbdZdkbevghc]jmiiubgl_j_kh\gZiheblbq_kdhfjugd_ LhevdhlZdZyZdlb\gZyijh]jZffZiha\heblk^_eZlvgh\ucrZ]\i_j_^gZkeh`ghfimlbnhjfbjh\ZgbygZklhys_c qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb Ydh\e_\ ::DhjihjZlb\gh_mijZ\e_gb_j_kljmdlmjbaZpbyij_^ijbylbcbfhlb\Zpbykh[kl\_ggbdh\<Fh^_jgbaZpbywdhghfbdb« F., 2003. K. 187-196. 118 =eZ\Z =HKM>:JKL<H<K?H;S?=HI?J?J:KIJ?>?E?GBY :gZebawdhghfbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklb]hkm^Zjkl\ZfugZqg_fknmgdpbc^hfbgbjmxsbo\kh\j_f_gguomkeh\byob \dhlhjuoih-ij_`g_fmij_h[eZ^Zxlwe_f_gluhklZ\rb_kyhlKh\_lkdh]hKhxaZDhg_qghwlh-m`_g_nmgdpbbdhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb h^gZdh b g_ nmgdpbb lbibqgu_ ^ey jZa\blhc jughqghc wdhghfbdb D kh`Ze_gbx \ p_glj_ ^_yl_evghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\ZhdZaZehkvg_ijhba\h^kl\hZi_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_g_khab^Zl_evgu_nmgdpbbZj_^bkljb[mlb\gu_HlqZklbwlh k\yaZgh k jZkij_^_e_gb_f b i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kh[kl\_gghklb f_`^m p_gljZevgufb b f_klgufb \eZklyfb hlqZklb - k i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_f nmgdpbc mijZ\e_gby hlqZklb - k i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_f ^hoh^h\ I_qZevgh ebrv h^gh qlh wlh i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ ijhbkoh^bl \ mkeh\byo iZ^_gby ijhba\h^kl\Z khijh\h`^Zxs_]hky mf_gvr_gb_f bklhqgbdh\^hoh^Zb[h]Zlkl\Zdhlhju_kt_`b\ZxlkydZdrZ]j_g_\Zydh`Z 17.1 =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_hljZke_\h_j_]mebjh\Zgb_\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb 17.1.1 Ijbqbguj_]mebjh\Zgby KqblZ_lky qlh hkh[_gghklb nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby g_dhlhjuo hljZke_c ihjh`^Zxl g_h[oh^bfhklv ijyfh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby bo ^_yl_evghklb Ohly jZfdb j_]mebjh\Zgby ^h\hevgh ]b[db_ gh hkgh\gu_ ijbqbgu ijyfh]h]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hj_]mebjh\Zgbyfh`ghh[t_^bgblv\q_luj_]jmiiu119. 1) ?kl_kl\_ggZy fhghiheby120. DeZkkbq_kdbfb ijbf_jZfb _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc gZ n_^_jZevghf mjh\g_ y\eyxlky i_j_^ZqZ we_dljhwg_j]bb g_nlb b ]ZaZ `_e_agh^hjh`gu_ i_j_\hadb Z lZd`_ hl^_evgu_ ih^hljZkeb k\yab Z gZ j_]bhgZevghf mjh\g_ - dhffmgZevgu_ mkem]b \dexqZy l_iehkgZ[`_gb_ dZgZebaZpbx \h^hkgZ[`_gb_ b l^ < mkeh\byo fhghihebb ijb hlkmlkl\bb j_]mebjh\Zgby nbjfZ mklZgZ\eb\Z_l lZdhc fZdkbfbabjmxsbc ijb[uev h[t_f \uimkdZ qlh j_kmjku hdZau\Zxlky jZkij_^_e_gu g_hilbfZevgh ihlhfm qlh fhghihevgZy p_gZ \ur_ ij_^_evguo ba^_j`_d Z \uimkd hdZau\Z_lky f_gvr_ q_f h[s_kl\_ggh g_h[oh^bfuc Ihlj_[bl_eb ebrZxlky ij_fbb Z nbjfZ ihemqZ_l k\_joijb[uev dhlhjZykihkh[kl\m_lg_jZ\_gkl\m^hoh^h\\h[s_kl\_Ke_^h\Zl_evgh_kl_kl\_ggZyfhghihebygm`^Z_lky\j_]mebjh\Zgbb j_amevlZlhfdhlhjh]h^he`gh[ulvmklZgh\e_gb_p_gu[ebadhcdp_g_dhgdmj_glgh]hjugdZ 2) HljZkeb k\h[h^guc \oh^ \ dhlhju_ ijb\h^bl d ]jm[hfm gZjmr_gbx h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjy^dZ GZijbf_j j_]mebjh\Zgb_l_e_-bjZ^bh\_sZgbyg_k\yaZghkh[_ki_q_gb_fwdhghfbq_kdhcwnn_dlb\ghklbh^gZdh\_sZgb_h]jZgbq_gh hij_^_e_ggufb \hegZfb b dZgZeZfb ihlhfm qlh k\h[h^guc \oh^ \ ^Zggu_ hljZkeb fh`_l ijb\_klb d jZkijhkljZg_gbx ihf_o\wnbj_<hagbdZ_lg_h[oh^bfhklvebp_gabjh\Zgbywlbo\b^h\^_yl_evghklbdZdkihkh[h]jZgbq_gby\oh^Z\hljZkeb Zp_gh\h_j_]mebjh\Zgb_a^_kvdZdijZ\behhlkmlkl\m_l 3) <hafh`ghklv^_kljmdlb\ghcdhgdmj_gpbbHljZkebklZdbfboZjZdl_jbklbdZfbdZd\ukhdZydZiblZeh_fdhklvb gZebqb_ ba[ulhqguo fhsghkl_c gm`^Zxlky \ aZsbl_ hl ^_kljmdlb\ghc dhgdmj_gpbb Ba[ulhqgu_ fhsghklb \ mkeh\byo dhgdmj_gpbb ih[m`^Zxl d g_hijZ\^Zgghfm kgb`_gbx p_g <ukhdZy dZiblZeh_fdhklv hljZ`Z_lky \ \ukhdhc ^he_ ihklhygguoba^_j`_dDhgdmj_glgh_iZ^_gb_p_gfh`_lijb\_klbdbokgb`_gbx^hmjh\gykj_^gboi_j_f_gguoba^_j`_d Ke_^h\Zl_evgh\lZdbohljZkeyop_gh\u_\hcgujZajmrbl_evgub^eyijhba\h^bl_eyb^eyihlj_[bl_eyAZf_lbfqlhwlb iheh`_gby g_ hlghkylky d _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb lZd dZd h^gZ`^u mklZgh\b\rZyky _kl_kl\_ggZy fhghiheby g_ klZedb\Z_lky k dhgdmj_gpb_c Djhf_ lh]h \ ^Zgguo hljZkeyo dZd ijZ\beh j_]mebjm_lky mjh\_gv g_ fZdkbfZevguo dZd \ kemqZ_ _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb Z fbgbfZevguo p_g Ijbf_jhf hljZke_c ]^_ \hafh`gh ihy\e_gb_ ^_kljmdlb\ghc dhgdmj_gpbby\eyxlkyg_dhlhju_\b^uljZgkihjlZ121. 4) Hkljh_h[s_kl\_ggh_g_ijbylb_g_kijZ\_^eb\hklb\hagbdZxs_cbgh]^Z\hljZkeyoh[s_kl\_ggh]hagZq_gby H^gbf ba yjdbo ijbf_jh\ y\ey_lky wdhghfbdZ `_e_aguo ^hjh] HkljZy dhgdmj_gpby gZ `_e_aguo ^hjh]Zo ^_ckl\bl_evgh fh`_lkha^Zlvj_Zevgu_ijh[e_fu;he__klZe_lgZaZ^khkms_kl\h\Zgb_\hljZkebdhgdmj_glghcgZfZjrjmlZok[hevrbf h[t_fhf ^\b`_gby b fhghihevghc gZ fZjrjmlZo k gbadbf kijhkhf fh^_e_c klZeh ijbqbghc agZqbl_evghc jZagbpu lZjbnh\\jZaebqguo]hjh^ZoKR:<]hjh^Zo]^_hlkmlkl\h\ZeZdhgdmj_gpbylZjbnu[ueb\ur_q_f\l_ff_klZo]^_ khkms_kl\h\Zeb^\_beb[he__`_e_agh^hjh`guodhfiZgbbDjhf_lh]hgZfgh]bog_dhgdmj_glguofZjrjmlZolZjbnugZ dhjhldb_ jZkklhygby ij_\urZeb lZjbnu gZ dhgdmj_glgu_ ^ebggu_ fZjrjmlu \ ijhlb\hj_qb_ h[s_fm ij_^klZ\e_gbx h lhf qlh lZjbnu ^he`gu m\_ebqb\Zlvky ih f_j_ jhklZ ba^_j`_d \f_kl_ k jZkklhygb_f Djmigu_ i_j_\haqbdb qZklh ij_^eZ]Zeb [he__ ijb\e_dZl_evgu_ lZjbnu q_f g_[hevrb_ dhfiZgbb JZagbpZ lZjbnh\ ijb\_eZ d [hevrhfm\hafms_gbx g_m^h\e_l\hj_gguoiZkkZ`bjh\bofgh]hqbke_ggu_h[jZs_gby\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_hj]Zguihkem`bebijbqbghcijbgylby f_jihj_]mebjh\ZgbxlZjbnh\\hljZkeb122. Ko_fZlbq_kdbijbqbguj_]mebjh\Zgbybah[jZ`_gugZjbkmgd_ Kf.: Greer D.F. Industrial Organization and Public Policy. 3rd ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. J. 629-630. ?kl_kl\_ggZy fhghiheby - wlh lZdZy jughqgZy kblmZpby ijb dhlhjhc fbgbfbaZpby ba^_j`_d ijhba\h^kl\Z _^bgbpu ijh^mdpbb ^hklb]Z_lkyijbgZebqbbh^ghcnbjfuijhba\h^ys_c^Zggucijh^mdlbebmkem]m 121 H^gZdh fgh]b_ wdhghfbklu g_ kh]eZkgu k wlbfb Zj]mf_glZfb GZijbf_j E Mwck b : Kljbde_g^ kqblZxl qlh gZ jugd_ ]jmah\uo Z\lhfh[bevguo i_j_\hahd p_gu g_ fh]ml kgbablvky ^h mjh\gy kj_^gbo i_j_f_gguo ba^_j`_d Bg\_klbpbb \ kjZ\g_gbb k i_j_f_ggufb ba^_j`dZfb hlghkbl_evgh g_\_ebdb lZd qlh \jy^ eb dlh-lh aZohq_l jZ[hlZlv ih p_gZf fgh]h gb`_ ba^_j`_d D lhfm `_ ljm^h\u_ b dZiblZevgu_ j_kmjku wlbo hljZke_c e_]dh fh]ml gZclb Zevl_jgZlb\gh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ <_^v \ ^jm]bo hljZkeyo k gbadbfb ihklhyggufb ba^_j`dZfblZdbodZdjhagbqgZylhj]h\eyp_guj_^dhiZ^Zxlgb`_ba^_j`_dbijbkihkh[e_gb_ij_^ijbylbcdf_gyxsbfkyjughqguf mkeh\byfijhl_dZ_l[ukljhbkgZbf_gvrbfbihl_jyfbWeiss L. W., Strickland A.D. Regulation: a Case Approach. New York: McGraw Hill, 1976. J LZdbf h[jZahf Zj]mf_glu h g_h[oh^bfhklb j_]mebjh\Zgby \ hljZkeyo k ^_kljmdlb\ghc dhgdmj_gpb_c bf_xl h]jZgbq_ggh_ ijbf_g_gb_ 122 Ijbgylb_ aZdhgh\ ih j_]mebjh\Zgbx fZdkbfZevguo lZjbnh\ (Interstate Commerce Act, 1887; Herburn Act, 1906), mqj_`^_gb_ j_]mebjmxs_c dhfbkkbb (Interstate Commerce Commission) (MakAvoy Paul W. The Economic Effect of Regulation: The Trunkline Railroad Cartels and Interstate Commerce Commision Before 1900. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965). 119 120 ÐÅÃÓËÈ ÐÓÅÌ Û Å Î ÒÐÀÑËÈ Åñò åñò âåí í û å fhghihebb HljZkeb k\h[h^guc\oh^\ dhlhju_ijb\h^bl d]jm[hfm gZjmr_gbx h[s_kl\_ggh]h ihjy^dZ <hafh`ghklv ^_kljmdlb\ghc dhgdmj_gpbb Hkljh_ h[s_kl\_ggh_ \hkijbylb_ g_kijZ\_^eb \hklb" Jbk Ijbqbguj_]mebjh\ZgbyhljZke_c < kbkl_f_ f_j ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby hljZke_c gZb[hevr__ agZq_gb_ bf__l p_gh\h_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ lZd dZdbf_gghhghhij_^_ey_l^hoh^ghklvij_^ijbylbybieZl_`_kihkh[guckijhkihlj_[bl_e_c Hq_\b^gh qlh ]eZ\guf Zj]mf_glhf j_]mebjh\Zgby y\ey_lky h[s_kl\_ggZy agZqbfhklv hljZkeb beb ijh^mdpbb GZebqb_ _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb fh`_l [ulv ebrv h^ghc ba g_kdhevdbo ijbqbg g_h[oh^bfhklb __ j_]mebjh\Zgby G_ dZ`^Zy_kl_kl\_ggZyfhghihebyj_]mebjm_lkyg_\kydZyj_]mebjm_fZyhljZkevhlghkblkyd_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebbH^gZdh [hevrbgkl\hj_]mebjm_fuohljZke_cbf_xl\k\h_fkhklZ\__kl_kl\_gghfhghihevgu_k_]f_glu < ihjy^d_ m[u\Zgby ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Z fh`gh \u^_eblv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx dhfiZgbx k ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufmijZ\eyxsbf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmxdhfiZgbxkqZklgufmijZ\eyxsbfbqZklgmxj_]mebjm_fmxdhfiZgbx Wlbf lj_f nhjfZf khhl\_lkl\mxl ljb nhjfu dhgljZdlh\ hi_jZpbhggu_ performance mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ managerial b j_]meypbhggu_ regulation)123 H[t_dlhf gZklhys_]h ZgZebaZ y\eyxlky j_]meypbhggu_ dhgljZdlu Z lZd`_ Z^Zilb\gh_ ih\_^_gb_qZklguoj_]mebjm_fuodhfiZgbcijbwlhf]hkm^Zjkl\hfh`_l[ulvh^gbfbaZdpbhg_jh\lZdhcdhfiZgbb Ke_^m_lhlf_lblvqlh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_dhfiZgbb^_fhgkljbjmxl\hfgh]hfkoh^gu_kqZklgufbj_]mebjm_fufb nbjfZfb fh^_eb ih\_^_gby >Zggh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h k\yaZgh k ih\ur_gghc keh`ghklvx dhgljhey wnn_dlb\ghklb mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb\jZfdZodhlhjhcaZqZklmxkha^Zxlkymkeh\by^eyklbobcghcbebkihglZgghc ijb\ZlbaZpbb 17.1.2 J_]mebjh\Zgb_gZjmr_gb_ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb bebki_pbnbq_kdbcdhgljZdl" Bgkljmf_glZjbcgh\hcbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbbiha\hey_ljZkkfZljb\Zlv]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_j_]mebjh\Zgb_nbjfk ^\mo ihabpbc - dZd jZafu\Zgb_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb124 b dZd ^he]h\j_f_gguc ki_pbnbq_kdbc dhgljZdl f_`^m ]hkm^Zjkl\hfbnbjfhcaZgbfZxs_ckyhkh[uf\b^hf^_yl_evghklb Q_j_adhgljhevp_ghh[jZah\Zgby^ey[hevrbgkl\Zj_]mebjm_fuoij_^ijbylbc\h^ghklhjhgg_fbijbgm^bl_evghf ihjy^d_ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf \\h^ylky h]jZgbq_gby gZ ^himklbfuc jZaf_j ijb[ueb nbjfu lh _klv h]jZgbqb\Z_lky __ ijZ\h gZ ijbk\h_gb_ hklZlhqgh]h ^hoh^Z LZdbf h[jZahf ijhbkoh^bl jZafu\Zgb_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb dhlhjh_ i_j_kljZb\Z_l h`b^Zgby wdhghfbq_kdh]h Z]_glZ kgb`Z_l ^ey g_]h p_gghklv j_kmjkZ f_gy_l mkeh\by h[f_gZ J_]mebjm_fu_ nbjfu \ugm`^_gu \ujZ[Zlu\Zlv Z^Zilb\gu_ fh^_eb ih\_^_gby fbgbfbabjmxsb_ ba^_j`db beb mims_ggmx ijb[uev \hagbdZxsb_ \ke_^kl\b_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby Ke_^h\Zl_evgh ^_ckl\by ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ih j_]mebjh\Zgbx p_ghh[jZah\Zgby qZklguo nbjf g_ fh]ml khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv djbl_jbx wnn_dlb\ghklb b kgb`Zxl mjh\_gv [eZ]hkhklhygby h[s_kl\Z H^gZdh djbl_jbx wnn_dlb\ghklb g_ ijhlb\hj_qbl jZks_ie_gb_ (^bnn_j_gpbZpby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb dhlhjh_ ghkbl ^h[jh\hevguc b ^\mklhjhggbc oZjZdl_j =eZ\guc \ub]jur hl jZkkj_^hlhq_gby ijZ\hfhqbc l_hj_lbdZfb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb mkfZljb\Z_lky \ lhf qlh wdhghfbq_kdb_ Z]_glu ihemqZxl \hafh`ghklv ki_pbZebabjh\Zlvky \ j_ZebaZpbb lh]hbebbgh]hqZklbqgh]hijZ\hfhqbygZijbf_j\ijZ\_mijZ\e_gbybeb\ijZ\_jZkihjy`_gbydZiblZevghcklhbfhklvx j_kmjkZI_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ijZ\\khhl\_lkl\bbkhlghkbl_evgufbij_bfms_kl\Zfbdhlhju_bf__ldZ`^ucbamqZklgbdh\ ohayckl\_ggh]hijhp_kkZ\dZdhf-lh\b^_^_yl_evghklbih\urZ_lh[smxwnn_dlb\ghklvnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbywdhghfbdb125. <f_kl_ k l_f wdhghfbklu ijbagZxl qlh \ j_Zevghklb hl^_eblv ijhp_kku jZks_ie_gby hl ijhp_kkh\ jZafu\Zgby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb hq_gv ljm^gh GbdZdZy q_ldZy ]jZgbpZ - ibr_l gZijbf_j K Q_g - g_ hl^_ey_l h]jZgbq_gby ijZ\ y\eyxsb_ky j_amevlZlhf qZklguo ^h]h\hjh\ hl h]jZgbq_gbc ihiZ^Zxsbo ih^ xjbk^bdpbx km^h\ beb ijbgm^bl_evgmx \eZklvijZ\bl_evkl\Z126. Ihwlhfm j_]mebjh\Zgb_ h^gh\j_f_ggh fh`gh ljZdlh\Zlv dZd dhgljZdl f_`^m ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b nbjfhc dhlhjuc y\ey_lky ^h[jh\hevguf b khhl\_lkl\m_l bgl_j_kZf h[_bo klhjhg Ihkj_^kl\hf lZdh]h dhgljZdlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\h j_Zebam_l h[s_kl\_gguc bgl_j_k ba[ulhqgZy ijb[uev dhlhjZy fh`_l [ulv ihemq_gZ \ g_dhlhjuo hljZkeyo \ kbem _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\bc bo hj]ZgbaZpbb ^he`gZ ihklmiZlv ihlj_[bl_eyf \ nhjf_ ^hoh^Z hl kgb`_gby p_g : nbjfZ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k dhgljZdlhfihemqZ_l^hklmidki_pbnbq_kdbfj_kmjkZfbebhkh[hfm\b^m^_yl_evghklbZ]eZ\gh_-ihegmxbebqZklbqgmx aZsblmhldhgdmj_glh\ < wlhf kemqZ_ \hagbdZxl ijh[e_fu wnn_dlb\ghklb dhgljZdlZ b dhgljhey _]h kh[ex^_gby Wnn_dlb\gufb kqblZxlky lZdb_ dhgljZdlgu_ hlghr_gby dhlhju_ fbgbfbabjmxl ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db iml_f kha^Zgby kbkl_fu RZklbldh:?:evl_jgZlb\gu_nhjfuwdhghfbq_kdhchj]ZgbaZpbb\mkeh\byo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebbFL?BKK JZafu\Zgb_ attenuation ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb - g_iheghlZ ki_pbnbdZpbb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb lh _klv g_^hklZlhqgh lhqgh_ bo hij_^_e_gb_ \ ieZg_ h[_ki_q_gby bkdexqbl_evghklb ^hklmiZ Ki_pbnbdZpby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb kihkh[kl\m_l kha^Zgbx mklhcqb\hc wdhghfbq_kdhckj_^umf_gvrZyg_hij_^_e_gghklvbnhjfbjmymbg^b\b^mmfh\klZ[bevgu_h`b^Zgbyhlghkbl_evghlh]hqlhhgbfh]ml ihemqblv\j_amevlZl_k\hbo^_ckl\bcbgZqlhhgbfh]mljZkkqblu\Zlv\hlghr_gbyok^jm]bfbwdhghfbq_kdbfbZ]_glZfb 125 KfDZi_exrgbdh\JWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbFK-24. 126 PblihDZi_exrgbdh\JWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbFK 123 124 klbfmeh\^eymqZklgbdh\h[f_gZbf_oZgbafZjZaj_r_gbydhgnebdlh\qlhkihkh[kl\m_lih\ur_gbx[eZ]hkhklhygbyh[_bo klhjhg LZdbf h[jZahf ZgZeba dhgljZdlguo ijh[e_f fh`_l [ulv ^Zg gZ hkgh\_ lZdbo dexq_\uo iZjZf_ljh\ dZd bgnhjfZpby g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey hp_gdb j_amevlZlb\ghklb ^_yl_evghklb j_]mebjm_fh]h ij_^ijbylby kbkl_fZ klbfmeh\ ih\ur_gbywnn_dlb\ghklbij_^ijbylby\hagZ]jZ`^_gbybkZgdpbb^hklh\_jghklvh[_sZgbcklhjhgJZkkfZljb\Z_fu_ gb`_fh^_ebZ^ZilZpbhggh]hih\_^_gbyj_]mebjm_fuonbjfk\yaZgukmdehg_gb_fhlkh[ex^_gbydhgljZdlZbfh]ml[ulv hijZ\^Zgu lhevdh \ kemqZ_ aZdexq_gby dhgljZdlh\ g_ hljZ`Zxsbo bgl_j_ku j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf beb \ kemqZyo hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby]hkm^Zjkl\Zijb\uiheg_gbyk\hbodhgljZdlguoh[yaZl_evkl\ >ey bkke_^h\Zgby jhkkbckdhc kblmZpbb gZfb ijbgbfZ_lky dhgljZdlgZy l_hjby j_]meypbhgguo hlghr_gbc <k_ j_]mebjm_fu_nbjfu^hi_j_oh^ZkljZgudjughqgufhlghr_gbyfgZoh^bebkv\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbI_j_^Zqm qZklb kh[kl\_gghklb hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ qZklgh_ \eZ^_gb_ fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd h^gh ba mkeh\bc dhgljZdlZ \ h[f_g gZ qZklbqgh_h]jZgbq_gb_ijZ\Zijbk\h_gbygh\ufkh[kl\_ggbdhfhklZlhqgh]h^hoh^Z DhgljZdlgucih^oh^dj_]mebjh\Zgbxh^gZdhg_bkdexqZ_lg_h[oh^bfhklbkh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbykZfbodhgljZdlh\ ZlZd`_gZebqbyhiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hbj_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]hih\_^_gbykhklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\Z 17.1.3 Kihkh[uZ^ZilZpbbj_]mebjm_fuonbjf Hkh[_gghklb j_]meypbhgguo dhgljZdlh\ ijb\h^yl d nhjfbjh\Zgbx j_]mebjm_fufb nbjfZfb hkh[uo nhjf ih\_^_gby dhlhju_ g_ k\hckl\_ggu nbjfZf ^_ckl\mxsbf \ mkeh\byo dhgdmj_gpbb J_]mebjm_fu_ nbjfu \ mkeh\byo jhkkbckdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ^he`gu ijbkihkZ[eb\Zlvky g_ lhevdh d ba^_j`dZf dhlhju_ hgb g_kml \ k\yab k j_]mebjh\Zgb_fghbdmklhcqb\hfmg_bkiheg_gbxmkeh\bcdhgljZdlh\khklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\ZG_kfhljygZgZebqb_ hkh[_gghkl_c jhkkbckdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb ih\_^_gb_ j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf \ p_ehf mdeZ^u\Z_lky \ ljZ^bpbhggu_ \b^u g_hijZ\^Zggh_aZ\ur_gb_ba^_j`_dihbkdj_glubjZaebqgu_nhjfuhiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby AZ\ur_gb_ ba^_j`_d. < mkeh\byo j_]mebjm_fh]h p_ghh[jZah\Zgby Zdpbhg_ju [he__ l_jibfh hlghkylky d hiihjlmgbklbq_kdhfmih\_^_gbxf_g_^`_jh\IjbgZebqbb\_jog_]hij_^_eZgZijb[uevf_g_^`_jufh]mlm^h\e_l\hjylv k\hb ebqgu_ ihlj_[ghklb g_ ms_feyy bo bgl_j_kh\ Klj_fe_gb_ Zdpbhg_jh\ nbjfu-fhghihebklZ d ihemq_gbx ijb[ueb hkeZ[_\Z_l Z jZkoh^h\Zgb_ kj_^kl\ Z^fbgbkljZpb_c klZgh\blky [he__ [_kdhgljhevguf Ih\_^_gb_ f_g_^`_jh\ j_]mebjm_fhc nbjfu oZjZdl_jbam_lky klj_fe_gb_f ij_\jZlblv \kx ba[ulhqgmx ijb[uev \ jZagh]h jh^Z g_^_g_`gu_ nhjfu <Dhdhj_\ihdZau\Z_lqlhk^_j`b\Zgb_p_ggZijh^mdpbx_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebbgZmjh\g_kj_^gboba^_j`_d ijb\h^bl d jhklm ljZgknhjfZpbhgguo b ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d127 Jhkl ljZgknhjfZpbhgguo ba^_j`_d h[mkeh\e_g g_^hklZlhqgufbklbfmeZfbdwdhghfghfmjZkoh^h\Zgbxj_kmjkh\\mkeh\byomklZgh\e_gghc]hkm^Zjkl\hfZg_jughqghc dhgdmj_gpb_c p_gu Jhkl bfiebpblguo ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d k\yaZg k l_f qlh nbjfZ-fhghiheby f_g__ aZbgl_j_kh\ZgZ \ ijh\_^_gbb f_jhijbylbc ih \g_^j_gbx gh\uo l_ogheh]bc beb jZpbhgZebaZpbb kljmdlmju mijZ\e_gby j_amevlZlhfdhlhjuofh`_lklZlvhilbfbaZpbyfZl_jbZevguobnbgZgkh\uoihlhdh\128. Jhkl wdkiebpblguo ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d gZoh^bl k\h_ hljZ`_gb_ \ [he__ [ukljhf jhkl_ gZdeZ^guo jZkoh^h\129<Dhdhj_\kqblZ_lqlhf_g_^`_ju_kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevguodhfiZgbcbf_xlkbevgu_klbfmeudm\_ebq_gbx g_lhevdhebqgh]h[h]Zlkl\Zghb[eZ]hkhklhygby\k_]h[xjhdjZlbq_kdh]hdeZgZ©Iexr_\u_ªhnbku^eyjmdh\h^bl_e_c [Zkk_cgu ^ey khljm^gbdh\ dZn_l_jbb k ^hlbjm_fufb p_gZfb b li - \k_ wlh eh`blky hsmlbfuf [j_f_g_f gZ ie_qb ihdmiZl_e_c ijh^mdpbb _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb130 LjZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db \hajZklZxl \f_kl_ k m\_ebq_gb_f [xjhdjZlbq_kdh]hZiiZjZlZb\hafh`ghkl_c^eydhjjmipbb LZdbfh[jZahf\kyba[ulhqgZyijb[uevihlj_[ey_lky\gmljbnbjfuZj_]mebjmxsbf]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufhj]ZgZf hgZ ^_fhgkljbjm_lky ih^ \b^hf [he__ \ukhdbo ba^_j`_d Ihwlhfm hkgh\gmx qZklv ^hihegbl_evgh]h ^hoh^Z ijZ\Z gZ dhlhjucebr_guZdpbhg_juijbk\Zb\Zxlg_klhevdhihlj_[bl_ebkdhevdhf_g_^`_juj_]mebjm_fuonbjf JhkkbckdZyijZdlbdZ^Z_lfgh]hqbke_ggu_ijbf_juaZ\ur_gbyba^_j`_dkm[t_dlZfb_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb<h \k_o hljZkeyo kh^_j`Zsbo _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevgu_ k_]f_glu aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ ljZ^bpbhggh ij_\urZ_l kj_^gxx aZjZ[hlgmx ieZlm ih ijhfure_gghklb Djhf_ lh]h bo jZ[hlgbdb ihevamxlky [hevrbfb khpbZevgufb ev]hlZfb ih kjZ\g_gbxkjZ[hlgbdZfb^jm]bohljZke_c Ijh\_^_ggu_=hkkljh_fdhfie_dkgu_Zm^blhjkdb_ijh\_jdbij_^ijbylbc@DO\hfgh]bo]hjh^ZoihdZaZebqlh\ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ bf_eh f_klh aZ\ur_gb_ j_Zevguo jZkoh^h\ gZ - IjbqbgZfb aZ\ur_gby lZjbnh\ h[uqgh y\eyebkv aZ\ur_gb_ aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu khljm^gbdh\ b j_glZ[_evghklb g_aZdhggh_ kibkZgb_ fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdbo j_kmjkh\ jZkoh^h\Zgb_ \u^_e_gguo kj_^kl\ g_ ih gZagZq_gbx Ih g_dhlhjuf hp_gdZf lhevdh \ j_amevlZl_ nbgZgkh\uo aehmihlj_[e_gbcijhba\h^kl\_ggu_mkem]b^hjh`ZxlgZ-15%131. <j_amevlZl_Zm^blhjkdboijh\_jhdehdZevguo_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebc^_ckl\mxsbo\`bebsgh-dhffmgZevghf ohayckl\_ Jhklh\kdhc h[eZklb132 lZd`_ [ueb \uy\e_gu lZdb_ lbibqgu_ gZjmr_gby dZd aZ\ur_gby aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu b Dhdhj_\<JBgklblmpbhgZevgZyj_nhjfZ\kn_j_bgnjZkljmdlmju\mkeh\byo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K-133. 128 Bfiebpblgu_ljZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbwdhghfbq_kdbcZ]_gly\ghg_hieZqb\Z_lbihwlhfmklZlbklbq_kdbmq_klvbokeh`ghZ_keb b\hafh`ghlhlhevdhdhk\_ggufh[jZahfDhdhj_\<LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbAD VALORENNZdlhjljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\ l_hjbb b ijZdlbd_ jhkkbckdbo j_nhjf ih fZl_jbZeZf h^ghbf_ggh]h Djm]eh]h klheZ Ih^ j_^ LZf[h\p_\Z <E F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_lL?BKK 129 Wdkiebpblgufby\gufbgZah\_fl_ljZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbdhlhju_ijbgbfZxlbebfh]mlijbgylvnhjfm^_g_`guoieZl_`_c ihklZ\sbdZfj_kmjkh\LZf`_K 130 Dhdhj_\<JBgklblmpbhgZevgZyj_nhjfZ\kn_j_bgnjZkljmdlmju\mkeh\byo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K 131 Q_jgurh\E<fmlghc\h^_@DO\h^ylky[hevrb_lZjbnuWdhghfbdZb`bagvBxgvK 132 < Jhklh\kdhc h[eZklb \ ] >_iZjlZf_glhf @DO Fbgbkl_jkl\Z kljhbl_evkl\Z Zjobl_dlmju b @DO kh\f_klgh k Zm^blhjkdbfb nbjfZfb[uehijh\_^_ghijh\_jhdh[hkgh\Zgghklb\dexq_gbyaZljZl\k_[_klhbfhklv^eydhgljheyaZjZaf_jhflZjbnZgZ`bebsghdhffmgZevgu_mkem]b\-]] 127 lZjbnghc klZ\db jZ[hqbo i_j\h]h jZajy^Z hkgh\ghc ijhn_kkbb khhl\_lkl\_ggh b h[s_]h nhg^Z aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu aZ\ur_gb_wdkiemZlZpbhgguojZkoh^h\hlg_k_gb_g_ijhba\h^kl\_gguoaZljZlgZk_[_klhbfhklvj_Zebah\Zgghcijh^mdpbb <g_dhlhjuolZjbnZomqblu\Zebkv^Z`_jZkoh^ugZaZ]jZgbqgu_dhfZg^bjh\db AgZqbl_evgu_ j_a_j\u khdjZs_gby k_[_klhbfhklb [ueb \kdjulu ijb ijh\_jd_ p_ihqdb ^hq_jgbo g_aZ\bkbfuo nbjfkm[t_dlh\_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebc-ih^jy^qbdh\bkm[ih^jy^qbdh\j_glZ[_evghklvdhlhjuoij_\urZeZihjhc aZ kq_l m\_ebq_gby lZjbnh\ gZ j_fhglgu_ jZ[hlu \ kj_^g_f gZ Q_j_a k_lv ih^jy^qbdh\ lZd`_ \ljb^hjh]Z aZdmiZebkvkujv_fZl_jbZeuh[hjm^h\Zgb_ FhghihebkluZdlb\ghfZgbimebjmxlZfhjlbaZpb_cbj_fhglgufnhg^hf-aZ\urZxlklhbfhklvhkgh\guonhg^h\ m\_ebqb\Zxl ZfhjlbaZpbhggu_ hlqbke_gby AZgb`_gb_ gZeh]hh[eZ]Z_fhc ijb[ueb iha\hey_l bf kha^Z\Zlv g_dhgljhebjm_fu_ nbgZgkh\u_ j_a_j\u AZ^ZqZ `_ h[gh\e_gby ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h iZjdZ dZd g_ j_rZeZkv lZd b g_ j_rZ_lky Ihbkdb j_glu b d\Zabj_glu J_]mebjh\Zgb_ ^_yl_evghklb hl^_evguo hljZke_c \ lhc beb bghc nhjf_ fh`_l ijb\h^blvdkha^Zgbxj_glubebd\Zabj_glu^eynbjf>eyj_]mebjm_fhcnbjfuj_glZ\hagbdZ_l_kebmklZgh\e_ggZygZ jugd_p_gZp[hevr_q_ffbgbfZevgZyp_gZp’133,^hklZlhqgZy^eylh]hqlh[uijb\e_qvnbjfmgZ^ZggucjughdbjZ\gZ(p - p’)Âq, ]^_ q - h[t_f j_Zebah\Zgguo lh\Zjh\. D\Zabj_glZ ihy\ey_lky \ kemqZ_ _keb j_]mebjm_fZy p_gZ p \ur_ kj_^gbo i_j_f_gguoba^_j`_d p bgZh[t_f\uimkdZq d\Zabj_glZ jZ\gZ(p - p )Âq. Kms_kl\h\Zgb_ j_glu b d\Zabj_glu kha^Z_l klbfmeu m j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf ^ey jZkoh^h\Zgby j_kmjkh\ \ ihiuldZo \ha^_ckl\by gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ hj]Zgu \ p_eyo __ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby Nbjfu ^h[b\Zxlky jZkij_^_e_gby j_glubd\Zabj_glu\k\hxihevamijb[_]ZydnhjfZevgufbg_nhjfZevgufkihkh[Zf\iehlv^hih^dmiZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo qbgh\gbdh\ J_amevlZlhf lZdh]h ih\_^_gby y\ey_lky k h^ghc klhjhgu ijbgylb_ j_]mebjmxsbfb hj]ZgZfb ij_^\ayluo j_r_gbc Z k ^jm]hc klhjhgu jZkoh^h\Zgb_ j_kmjkh\ \g_ k\yab k ihe_aghc ^_yl_evghklvx QZklh wlb ba^_j`db dhfi_gkbjmxlky\hq_gvg_[hevrhckl_i_gbbeb\hh[s_g_dhfi_gkbjmxlkyihemqZ_fufb\u]h^Zfb<b^u^_yl_evghklb dhlhju_ g_ bf_xl gbdZdbo khpbZevguo nmgdpbc ihfbfh i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby j_glu beb d\Zabj_glu gZau\Zxl ihbkdhf j_gluZba^_j`dbk\yaZggu_kaZljZlZfbj_kmjkh\bbkdZ`_gb_fj_r_gbc\j_amevlZl_lZdhc^_yl_evghklb- ba^_j`dZfb \ebygby134. LZdbfh[jZahfih\_^_gb_j_]mebjm_fuonbjfoZjZdl_jbam_lkyihbkdhfj_glubd\Zabj_glubkihkh[kl\m_ljhklm ba^_j`_d\ebygby[j_fydhlhjuo\dhg_qghfkq_l_i_j_deZ^u\Z_lkygZihdmiZl_e_cijh^mdpbbj_]mebjm_fuonbjf J_amevlZlhf ih^h[gh]h ih\_^_gby j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf fh`_l [ulv aZo\Zl hj]Zgh\ j_]mebjh\Zgby Kh]eZkgh l_hjbb aZo\ZlZ Capture Theory jZajZ[hlZgghc ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb qbdZ]kdhc rdheu qZklh nbjfu aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu \ j_]mebjh\Zgbb hljZkeb ihlhfm qlh \ wlhf kemqZ_ hgb fh]ml aZo\Zlu\Zlv m[_`^_gb_f \ayldZfb beb m]jhaZfb hj]Zgu j_]mebjh\Zgby b bkihevah\Zlv bo k p_evx aZsblu hl dhgdmj_gpbb KgZqZeZ dhfiZgbb eh[[bjmxl aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ hj]Zgu ^h[b\Zykv klZlmkZ j_]mebjm_fhc hljZkeb aZl_f ij_^ijbgbfZxl ihiuldb aZo\ZlZ jZ[hlgbdh\ j_]mebjmxs_]hhj]ZgZ Klhjhggbdb wlhc l_hjbb h[uqgh iheZ]Zxl qlh khhl\_lkl\mxsZy p_ev j_]mebjh\Zgby khklhbl \ bkijZ\e_gbb jughqghc g_wnn_dlb\ghklb H^gZdh ^Z\e_gb_ hljZkeb gZ hj]Zgu j_]mebjh\Zgby g_ iha\hebl ijbgylv g_h[oh^bfu_ ghjfZlb\gu_^hdmf_glubebd\b^bjh\Zlvjughqgu_ijh\Zeu < ^hdZaZl_evkl\h wlhc l_hjbb ijb\h^blky lhl nZdl qlh jZaebqgu_ aZbgl_j_kh\Zggu_ ]jmiiu ih-jZaghfm \ha^_ckl\mxlgZj_]mebjh\Zgb_AZbgl_j_kh\Zggu_]jmiiudhgdmjbjmxl^jm]k^jm]hf\k\h_f\ebygbbgZaZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ hj]Zguemqr_hj]Zgbah\Zggu_bgZb[he__\ebyl_evgu_ljZlyl[hevr_kj_^kl\iulZykvijh^\bgmlvkh[kl\_ggu_bgl_j_ku q_j_a aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ hj]Zgu b \ua\Zlv kbfiZlbb j_]meylhjh\ Kh]eZkgh [he__ h[s_c l_hjbb aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo ]jmii (Interest-Group Theory)135 ]jmiiu nbjf ihlj_[bl_e_c beb ^jm]b_ ]jmiiu fh]ml aZo\Zlu\Zlv j_]mebjmxsbc hj]Zg ijyfh bebdhk\_gghIjbwlhf^hfbgbjmxsb_]jmiiuihemqZxl\u]h^uaZkq_l^jm]bo]jmii GZau\Zxlljbijbqbguihq_fmj_]mebjmxsb_hj]Zgukdhj__\k_]hhdZ`mlkyaZo\Zq_ggufb136. <h-i_j\uo j_]mebjmxsb_ hj]Zgu h[uqgh mdhfie_dlh\u\Zxlky wdki_jlZfb ih j_]mebjm_fhc hljZkeb dhlhju_ jZ[hlZeb\^ZgghchljZkebbeb\[ebadboijZ\bl_evkl\_gguohj]ZgZobke_^h\Zl_evghbf^hjh]bbgl_j_kuhljZkeb <h-\lhjuo khljm^gbdb hj]Zgh\ j_]mebjh\Zgby qZklh h`b^Zxl ihemqblv ijb\e_dZl_evgu_ jZ[hqb_ f_klZ \ j_]mebjm_fuodhfiZgbyoihke_m\hevg_gbybahj]Zgh\j_]mebjh\ZgbyMkem]bwdki_jlh\ihj_]mebjh\Zgbx^_ckl\bl_evgh p_ggu^eydhfiZgbcbi_jki_dlb\uihemq_gbyjZ[hlufh]mlm\_ebqb\ZlvbokbfiZlbbdj_]mebjm_fhcnbjf_ <-lj_lvbo lZd dZd j_]mebjmxsb_ dhfbkkbb qZklh h]jZgbq_gu \ j_kmjkZo hgb fh]ml iheZ]Zlvky gZ ohjhr__ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ fgh]bo ba k\hbo jZkoh^h\ j_]mebjm_fufb ij_^ijbylbyfb Wlb jZkoh^u fh]ml [ulv \haf_s_gu j_]mebjm_fufdhfiZgbyf\nhjf_ih\ur_gbyjZaj_r_gghcijb[ueb < bklhjbb jZa\blby j_]mebjh\Zgby \ KR: b ^jm]bo jZa\bluo kljZg fh`gh gZclb nZdlu ^_ckl\bl_evgh ih^l\_j`^Zxsb_wlbl_hjbb137.LZdJWkd_jlihdZau\Z_lqlh\gh\vgZagZqZ_fu_jZ[hlgbdbhj]Zgh\j_]mebjh\Zgby\k\h_f [hevrbgkl\_ jZg__ [ueb aZgylu gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc kem`[_ \ lh \j_fy dZd ihke_ m\hevg_gby ba hj]Zgh\ j_]mebjh\Zgby [hevrZyboqZklvmoh^bljZ[hlZlv\j_]mebjm_fu_hljZkeb138. FbgbfZevgZy p_gZ ijb\e_q_gby nbjfu \ hljZkev jZ\gZ h[sbf hi_jZpbhgguf ba^_j`dZf \ kj_^g_f ih hljZkeb \dexqZxsbf Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ba^_j`dbZlZd`_\k_hklZevgu_\b^uihklhygguobi_j_f_gguoba^_j`_d 134 Fbe]jhf I Jh[_jlk >` WdhghfbdZ hj]ZgbaZpby b f_g_^`f_gl < -o l I_j k Zg]e Ih^ j_^Zdpb_c BB ?ebk__\hc <E LZf[h\p_\ZKI[Wdhghfbq_kdZyrdheZLK 135 JZajZ[Zlu\ZeZkv=Klb]e_jhfJIhag_jhfKI_epfZghf=;_dd_jhf 136 Asch P., Seneca J. Is Collusion Profitable? // Review of Economics and Statistics. 1985. February. P. 316-317. 137 Yjdbc ijbf_j aZo\ZlZ j_]mebjmxs_]h hj]ZgZ `_e_agufb ^hjh]Zfb bf_e f_klh \ gZqZe_ -o ]] dh]^Z ]jmah\hc ljZgkihjl gZqZe dhgdmjbjh\Zlv k `_e_agufb ^hjh]Zfb aZ ^Zevgb_ i_j_\hadb < L_oZk_ b EmbabZg_ [ueh \\_^_gh h]jZgbq_gb_ \_kZ ^h nmglh\ ^ey ]jmah\bdh\i_j_\haysbo]jmaugZjZkklhygb_^\mobeb[he__`_e_agh^hjh`guoklZgpbcbke_^h\Zl_evghdhgdmjbjmxsbok`_e_agufb ^hjh]Zfb ijb -nmglh\hf h]jZgbq_gbb ]jmah\bdZf h[kem`b\Zxsbf lhevdh gZ jZkklhygb_ h^ghc klZgpbb b ke_^h\Zl_evgh g_ dhgdmjbjmxsbog_ihkj_^kl\_gghk`_e_agufb^hjh]Zfb(Stigler R. The Theory of Economic Regulation // The Bell Journal of Economics. 2. P.3-21.) 138 Ba q_eh\_d gZagZq_gguo b ml\_j`^_gguo Zf_jbdZgkdbfb hj]ZgZfb j_]mebjh\Zgby d dhgpm ] jZ[hlZeb jZg__ \ 133 Ijh[e_fZdZ^jh\h]hh[_ki_q_gbyy\ey_lkyZdlmZevghcb^eyjhkkbckdbohj]Zgh\j_]mebjh\ZgbyAZjZ[hlgZyieZlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokem`ZsboagZqbl_evghgb`_aZjZ[hlghcieZlujZ[hlgbdh\ZgZeh]bqgh]hmjh\gy\hfgh]boj_]mebjm_fuo dhfiZgbyo ihwlhfm hdZau\Z_lky ^h\hevgh keh`guf ijb\e_qv d j_]mebjh\Zgbx d\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguo khljm^gbdh\ M`_ ba\_klgu ijbf_ju dh]^Z emqrb_ ba hljZke_\uo ki_pbZebklh\ [u\rb_ khljm^gbdb j_]mebjmxsbo hj]Zgh\ moh^yl gZ \ukhdhhieZqb\Z_fu_^he`ghklb\j_]mebjm_fu_dhfiZgbb J_amevlZlu kh\f_klgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby ?\jhi_ckdh]h [ZgdZ j_dhgkljmdpbb b jZa\blby b <k_fbjgh]h [ZgdZ luk dhfiZgbc\kljZgZoki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhcihdZau\Zxlqlhkl_i_gvaZo\ZlZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguohj]Zgh\hl^_evgufb dhfiZgbyfbgZb[he__\ukhdZ\Fhe^h\_JhkkbbMdjZbg_b:a_j[Zc^`Zg_139. Ijbwlhf[he__\ukhdZykl_i_gvaZo\ZlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Zkhq_lZ_lkykf_gvr_cwnn_dlb\ghklvx]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby140. L_hjby aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo ]jmii h[tykgy_l lZd`_ ihy\e_gb_ i_j_dj_klgh]h km[kb^bjh\Zgby \h fgh]bo j_]mebjm_fuo hljZkeyo < j_amevlZl_ i_j_dj_klgh]h km[kb^bjh\Zgby qZklh hdZau\Z_lky qlh ^hfbgbjmxsZy ]jmiiZ ihlj_[bl_e_c ihemqZ_l ij_bfms_kl\Z gZ^ ^jm]bfb ]jmiiZfb q_j_a j_r_gby j_]mebjmxsbo hj]Zgh\ h g_h[oh^bfhklb km[kb^bjh\Zgby =bihl_aZ h lhf qlh j_]mebjmxsb_ hj]Zgu ihjh`^Zxl i_j_dj_klgh_ km[kb^bjh\Zgb_ [ueZ ijh\_j_gZ gZ hkgh\_ klZlbklbq_kdbo ^Zgguo aZ i_jbh^u \ bklhjbb j_]mebjh\Zgby we_dljhwg_j]_lbdb \ :f_jbd_ dh]^Z _s_ hklZ\Zebkv g_kdhevdh g_j_]mebjm_fuo rlZlh\ Ijhfure_ggu_ ihlj_[bl_eb ihdmiZxl [hevrb_ dhebq_kl\Z we_dljhwg_j]bb q_f ^hfhohayckl\Z bo qbkeh hlghkbl_evgh g_\_ebdh lZd qlh hgb fh]ml [he__ wnn_dlb\gh eh[[bjh\Zlv j_]meylhjh\ LZdbf h[jZahf kh]eZkgh wlhc ]bihl_a_ hlghr_gb_ lZjbnh\ ^ey gZk_e_gby d lZjbnZf ^ey ijhfure_gguo ihlj_[bl_e_c ^he`gh [ulv\ur_\j_]mebjm_fuorlZlZoijblhfqlhjZaebqby\ba^_j`dZoh[_ki_q_gbymkem]h[_bf]jmiiZfg_kms_kl\_ggu KlZlbklbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ih^l\_j^beb wlm ]bihl_am j_]mebjh\Zgb_ \ugm`^Zeh gZk_e_gb_ km[kb^bjh\Zlv ijhfure_gguoihlj_[bl_e_c141. H^gZdh \hafh`ghklv aZo\ZlZ j_]mebjm_fh]h hj]ZgZ fh`_l [ulv hkeZ[e_gZ _keb hljZkev j_]mebjm_lky g_kdhevdbfb dhfbkkbyfb < wlhf kemqZ_ ^Z\e_gb_ kh klhjhgu ^hfbgbjmxs_c ]jmiiu gZ g_kdhevdbo j_]mebjmxsbo km[t_dlh\ aZljm^g_gh Lhl `_ wnn_dl gZ[ex^Z_lky dh]^Z j_]mebjh\Zgb_ hljZkeb hkms_kl\ey_lky gZ jZaguo mjh\gyo b n_^_jZevgufb b j_]bhgZevgufb hj]ZgZfb h^gh\j_f_ggh GZijbf_j ml\_j`^_gb_ lZjbnh\ gZ fgh]b_ `bebsghdhffmgZevgu_ mkem]b \ Jhkkbb hkms_kl\ey_lky \gZqZe_ f_klghc lZjbnghc dhfbkkb_c Z aZl_f j_]bhgZevghc b \\h^blky j_r_gb_f ]eZ\u j_]bhgZevguo \eZkl_c H^gZdh \ wlhf kemqZ_ ba^_j`db \ebygby ih\urZxlky \f_kl_ k jhklhf fZkrlZ[h\ j_]mebjh\Zgby G_wnn_dlb\ghklv j_]mebjh\Zgby ijhy\ey_lky \ j_adh jZaebqZxsboky j_amevlZlZo \ha^_ckl\by gZ p_gu < jy^_ bkke_^h\ZgbcZf_jbdZgkdbomq_guowfibjbq_kdb[ueh^hdZaZghqlh\lZdbohljZkeyodZdwe_dljhwg_j]_lbdZbl_e_nhggZy k\yavj_]mebjh\Zgb_kihkh[kl\h\ZehmklZgh\e_gbxp_ggZ-gb`_\kjZ\g_gbbkg_j_]mebjm_fhcfhghiheb_cGhwlb jugdb ij_^klZ\eyxl kemqZc mklhcqb\hc _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb GZijhlb\ \ hljZkeyo ljZgkihjlZ ]^_ _kl_kl\_ggZy fhghiheby g_ y\ey_lky mklhcqb\hc b ]^_ \ ijhrehf dhgdmj_gpby [ueZ hnbpbZevgh ih^Z\e_gZ q_j_a h]jZgbq_gb_ \oh^Z b dhgljhev fbgbfZevguo p_g wfibjbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZau\Zxl ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ j_amevlZlu J_]mebjh\Zgb_ \ wlbo hljZkeyoZf_jbdZgkdhcwdhghfbdbkihkh[kl\h\Zehih\ur_gbxp_g>hhlf_gu]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hdhgljhey\k_j_^bg_oj_]mebjh\Zgb_`_e_aguo^hjh]]jmah\h]hb\h^gh]hljZgkihjlZ\hafh`ghklhbehZf_jbdZgpZfp_euo-fbeebZj^h\\ ]h^aZkq_l[he__\ukhdbolZjbnh\142Ih^h[gu_aZdexq_gby[uebk^_eZgubhlghkbl_evghj_]mebjh\ZgbyZ\bZi_j_\hahdAZ i_jbh^-]]j_]mebjh\Zgb_ihhp_gdZfLDbe_jZkihkh[kl\h\Zehih\ur_gbxklhbfhklbZ\bZ[be_lh\\kj_^g_f gZ-?`_]h^ghwlhkhklZ\eyehhl^hfbeebZj^h\^heeZjh\h[s_kl\_gguoihl_jv143=eZ\gu_ijbqbguwlbo g_ihf_jguo lZjbnh\ - jZaebqgu_ nhjfu ;-g_wnn_dlb\-ghklb ihy\b\r_cky \ j_amevlZl_ g_hijZ\^Zggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby wlbohljZke_c Yjdbf ijbf_jhf g_wnn_dlb\ghklb j_]mebjh\Zgby kem`bl kjZ\g_gb_ g_j_]mebjm_fuo \gmljbrlZlguo b j_]mebjm_fuon_^_jZevguolZjbnh\gZZ\bZj_ckuihDZebnhjgbbbL_oZkm<]gZfZjrjmlZoh^bgZdh\hc^ebgub kh_^bgyxsbo h^gb b l_ `_ ]hjh^Z \gmlj_ggb_ lZjbnu [ueb kms_kl\_ggh gb`_ >_j_]mebjh\Zgb_ Z\bZebgbc b ]jmah\uo i_j_\hahd\dhgpm-obgZqZe_-oijb\_ehdkgb`_gbxp_g]eZ\gufh[jZahfba-aZihy\e_gbygh\uodhgdmj_glh\ GZijbf_jklhbfhklbZ\bZ[be_lh\gZjugdZoh[kem`b\Z_fuoPeople Express,mf_gvrbebkvgZ-AZi_jbh^kih ]]p_gugZ]jmah\u_i_j_\hadbgZdhjhldbobkj_^gbojZkklhygbyomiZebgZ-14 %144. H^gZdhfgh]b_bawlbo^hklb`_gbc\ihke_^kl\bb[uebml_jyguIjbqbghcihfg_gbx[hevrbgkl\Zwdhghfbklh\b iheblbdh\ ihkem`beZ kgbkoh^bl_evgZy ZglbfhghihevgZy iheblbdZ \ l_q_gb_ ijZ\e_gby Z^fbgbkljZpbb J_c]ZgZ h[s_kl\_gghfk_dlhj_blhevdh[uebaZgylu\qZklghfk_dlhj_Baqe_gh\hj]Zgh\j_]mebjh\Zgbyqvbihke_^mxsb_jZ[hqb_ f_klZba\_klguaZgbfZeb^he`ghklb\qZklghfk_dlhj_j_]mebjm_fhchljZkebbebrvwdk-qe_gh\dhfbkkbcmoh^bebjZ[hlZlv\ h[s_kl\_gguck_dlhjWlbjZ[hqb_f_klZZlZd`_kf_jlgu_kemqZb\h\j_fybkiheg_gbbkem`_[guoh[yaZgghkl_cbhlklZ\dbkhklZ\eyxl hl \k_o jZ[hlgbdh\ j_]mebjh\Zgby LZdbf h[jZahf ijb[u\rbo ba h[s_kl\_ggh]h k_dlhjZ qe_gh\ dhfbkkbc [ueb \^\h_ [hevr_ ih kjZ\g_gbxkijb[u\rbfbbaqZklgh]hk_dlhjZH^gZdhihqlb\iylvjZa[hevr_bomreh\qZklguck_dlhj(Eckert R.D. The Life Cycle of Regulatory Commissioners // Journal of Law and Economics. 1981. P.113-120.) Kf J_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby ?;JJ b <k_fbjgh]h [ZgdZ k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h iZgb[jZlkdbo hlghr_gbyo f_`^m ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b ij_^ijbylbyfbLjZgknhjfZpby>_dZ[jvK-9. 140 Ihfg_gbxki_pbZebklh\wlbohj]ZgbaZpbcmjh\_gvaZo\ZlZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguohj]Zgh\hij_^_ey_lkykihkh[ghklvxhl^_evguoex^_c bebdhfiZgbcieZlblvaZghjfZlb\gu_^hdmf_glukhhl\_lkl\mxsb_boebqgufbgl_j_kZfLZf`_k 141 DZd b ij_^kdZau\Zehkv \ ] kj_^g__ hlghr_gb_ lZjbnh\ ^ey gZk_e_gby d lZjbnZf ^ey ijhfure_gghklb hdZaZehkv \ j_]mebjm_fuo rlZlZo b \ g_j_]mebjm_fuo LZdbf h[jZahf lZjbnu ^ey gZk_e_gby [ueb gZ \ur_ \ j_]mebjm_fuo rlZlZo Khhl\_lkl\mxsb_hlghr_gby\]m`_[ueb\j_]mebjm_fuorlZlZob\g_j_]mebjm_fuolh_klvhlghkbl_evgZyklhbfhklv mkem]^ey^hfhohayckl\[ueZgZ\ur_ 142 Moore T.G. Deregulating Surface Freight Transportation in Promoting Competition in Regulated Market. Washington, D.C.: Brooking Institution J. 55-98. 143 Keeler T.E. Deregulation and Scale Economies in the U.S. Trucking Industry: An Econometric Extension of the Survivor Principle // Journal of /DZDQG(FRQRPLFV3- 424. 144 Bnieckner J.K., Spiller P.T. Competition and Mergers in Airline Networks // International Journal of Industrial Organization. 199P. 374 382. 139 iha\heyxsZykebygbydhfiZgbcbg_^h[jhkh\_klgmxdhgdmj_gpbxLZdbfh[jZahf^_j_]mebjh\Zgb_ijb\_lkl\m_lkyebrv\ lhcf_j_\dhlhjhcaZf_gy_lj_]mebjh\Zgb_dhgdmj_gpb_c Hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ OZjZdl_jghc hkh[_gghklvx j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf y\ey_lky gZebqb_ hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby\nhjfZokhdjulbybgnhjfZpbbhlj_]mebjmxs_]hhj]ZgZaehmihlj_[e_gbyfhghihevguf iheh`_gb_fkgb`_gbydZq_kl\Zijh^mdpbbbmkem] AZ\ur_gb_ ba^_j`_d l_kgh k\yaZgh kh klj_fe_gb_f j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf d bgnhjfZpbhgghc aZdjulhklb < jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_j_Zevgh_iheh`_gb_^_efhghihebklh\y\ey_lkydZdijZ\behlsZl_evghkdju\Z_fhcbgnhjfZpb_c j_]mebjmxsbc hj]Zg g_ \k_]^Z bf__l ^_eh k ^hklh\_jgufb b gZ^_`gufb ^Zggufb LZdbf h[jZahf ljm^ghklb kha^Zgby wnn_dlb\ghc kbkl_fu j_]mebjh\Zgby khpbZevgh agZqbfuo hljZke_c \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ mkm]m[eyxlky lZd`_ g_ijhajZqghklvxnbgZgkh\uoihlhdh\\j_]mebjm_fuohljZkeyo LZddZd\hfgh]bokemqZyoj_]mebjm_fu_nbjfuhdZau\ZxlkyfhghihebklZfbgZjugd_ijZdlbdZ\uy\ey_lg_fZeh nZdlh\aehmihlj_[e_gbyfhghihevgufiheh`_gb_fIjZdlbq_kdbjZa\f_kypFbgbkl_jkl\hihZglbfhghihevghciheblbd_ Jhkkbb \ha[m`^Z_l ^_eZ h gZjmr_gbb Zglbfhghihevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z \ hlghr_gbb FIK Jhkkbb ?`_]h^gh Zglbfhghihevgufb hj]ZgZfb jZkkfZljb\Z_lky ihjy^dZ aZy\e_gbc ih nZdlZf gZjmr_gbc Zglbfhghihevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z `_e_agufb ^hjh]Zfb WlZ klZlbklbdZ ^hklZlhqgh klZ[bevgZ \ l_q_gb_ jy^Z ihke_^gbo e_l145 Kj_^b lbibqguo ijbf_jh\ - jZkrbj_gb_ ml\_j`^_ggh]h FIK b Fbgwdhghfbdb i_j_qgy jZ[hl b mkem] hieZqb\Z_fuo ih ^h]h\hjguf lZjbnZf <f_klh j_]mebjm_fuo lZjbnh\ ihlj_[bl_eyf g_j_^dh gZ\yau\Zxlky g_h[hkgh\Zggh \ukhdb_ ^h]h\hjgu_ lZjbnu beb ^hihegbl_evgu_ mkem]b g_ ij_^mkfhlj_ggu_ ij_ckdmjZglhf qZklh aZ\urZxlky h[t_fu nZdlbq_kdb ijh\_^_gguo jZ[hl b hdZaZgguo mkem] DZd ijZ\beh lZdb_ kblmZpbb bf_xl f_klh \ jZchgZo ]^_ `_e_agu_ ^hjh]b y\eyxlky ijZdlbq_kdb _^bgkl\_gguf \b^hf ljZgkihjlZ LZd`_ gZ[ex^Z_lky ^bkdjbfbgZpby ]jmah\eZ^_evp_\ bf_xsbo kh[kl\_gguc ih^\b`ghc khklZ\ AZ i_j_\hadm kh[kl\_gguf iZjdhf ^Z`_ ih hnbpbZevguf jZkp_gdZf bf ijboh^blkyieZlblv[hevr_q_faZi_j_\hadmiZjdhf`_e_aghc^hjh]b >jm]hc nhjfhc hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf y\ey_lky kgb`_gb_ dZq_kl\Z ijhba\h^bfhc ijh^mdpbbbebmkem]<hfgh]boj_]mebjm_fuohljZkeyokms_kl\mxl\ukhdb_ba^_j`dbbaf_j_gbydZq_kl\Zijhba\h^bfhc ijh^mdpbb beb mkem] ihwlhfm j_]mebjm_fZy nbjfZ bf__l \hafh`ghklb kgb`Zlv dZq_kl\h \ mkeh\byo mklZgh\e_gguo ]hkm^Zjkl\hfp_g 17.1.4 Hkh[_gghklbj_]mebjh\Zgby\Jhkkbb DhgljZdlu f_`^m ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b j_]mebjm_fufb nbjfZfb [hevr_c qZklvx y\eyxlky nhjfZevgufb H^gh\j_f_ggh \ wlhc kn_j_ ^hklZlhqgh rbjhdh bkihevamxlky b bfiebpblgu_ dhgljZdlu < kms_kl\mxsbo mkeh\byo g_hij_^_e_gghklbj_]meypbhggu_dhgljZdlug_fh]ml[ulvihegufb JhkkbckdZy kblmZpby oZjZdl_jbam_lky gbadhc nhjfZebaZpb_c dhgljZdlguo hlghr_gbc Wlh kem`bl bklhqgbdhf ijhlb\hj_qb\hklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby LZd fgh]bf j_]mebjm_fuf hljZkeyf \ i_jbh^ i_j_oh^Z d jugdm ]hkm^Zjkl\hf[uebhij_^_e_gu\aZbfhbkdexqZsb_jheb-h[_ki_qb\Zlvwdhghfbq_kdbcih^t_fbjZa\blb_wdhghfbdbb h^gh\j_f_gghkem`blvhkgh\gufbklhqgbdhf^hoh^h\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[x^`_lZ\k_omjh\g_cZlZd`_h[_ki_qblv \uiheg_gb_khpbZevguonmgdpbcIjbwlhfijbhjbl_lgufbhdZaZebkvnbkdZevgZybkhpbZevgZynmgdpby G_wnn_dlb\ghklvkms_kl\mxsbodhgljZdlh\f_`^m]hkm^Zjkl\hfbj_]mebjmxsbfbhj]ZgZfb\JhkkbbhljZ`Z_lky \gZebqbbijZdlbdbi_j_dj_klgh]hkm[kb^bjh\Zgby IhdmiZl_ebj_]mebjm_fuoij_^ijbylbc^_eylkygZljb]jmiiugZk_e_gb_[x^`_lgu_hj]ZgbaZpbbbdhff_jq_kdb_ ihlj_[bl_eb DZd ijZ\beh hj]Zgu j_]mebjh\Zgby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZbf_gvrb_ lZjbnu ^ey gZk_e_gby qZklh gZ mjh\g_ beb ^Z`_gb`_k_[_klhbfhklbLZjbnu^ey[x^`_lguohj]ZgbaZpbc\ur_ghwlm]jmiimihlj_[bl_e_chlebqZ_ldjZcg_gbadZy ^bkpbiebgZ ieZl_`_c KZfufb \ukhdbfb hdZau\Zxlky lZjbnu ^ey dhff_jq_kdbo ihlj_[bl_e_c LZdbf h[jZahf \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ j_rZ_lky ijh[e_fZ ^hoh^h\ \uiZ^Zxsbo aZ kq_l i_j\uo ^\mo ]jmii ihlj_[bl_e_c Gh kijhk dhff_jq_kdboihlj_[bl_e_cy\ey_lkygZb[he__weZklbqgufhgbijhy\eyxl[hevrmxZdlb\ghklv\ihbkd_Zevl_jgZlb\guo ihklZ\sbdh\ mkem] lZf ]^_ wlh \hafh`gh Fgh]b_ ij_^ijbylby kljhyl kh[kl\_ggu_ ]_g_jZlhju we_dljbq_kdhc wg_j]bb b \h^haZ[hju k \ukhdhc k_[_klhbfhklvx ijhba\h^kl\Z ij_^ihqblZxl bkihevah\Zlv khlh\mx k\yav ^ey f_`^m]hjh^guo b f_`^mgZjh^guo i_j_]h\hjh\ \f_klh we_dljhk\yab b l ^ Ijb wlhf ba^_j`db ij_^ijbylbc hdZau\Zxlky kjZ\gbfufb k j_]mebjm_fufb lZjbnZfb Z dZq_kl\h mkem] b gZ^_`ghklv ihklZ\hd gZfgh]h \ur_ LZdbf h[jZahf j_]mebjm_fu_ nbjfu l_jyxlgZb[he__\u]h^guodeb_glh\ZagZqblbagZqbl_evgmxqZklv^hoh^Z?kebwlbl_g^_gpbbhdZ`mlkymklhcqb\ufblh \g_^Ze_dhf[m^ms_fhkgh\gufbihlj_[bl_eyfbijh^mdpbbbmkem]j_]mebjm_fuodhfiZgbchklZgmlky[_^gh_gZk_e_gb_b g_ieZl_`_kihkh[gu_[x^`_lgu_hj]ZgbaZpbb Hkh[hgm`ghkdZaZlvhaZ^he`_gghklb[x^`_lguohj]ZgbaZpbcdhlhjZykhklZ\ey_lagZqbl_evgmx^hex\h[s_c kmff_^_[blhjkdhcaZ^he`_gghklbj_]mebjm_fuonbjf <_^vbf_gghkZfh]hkm^Zjkl\hdZdkh[kl\_ggbdwlboij_^ijbylbc\ dhg_qghf kq_l_ hdZau\Z_lky ^he`gbdhf j_]mebjm_fuo dhfiZgbc LZdbf h[jZahf g_ieZl_`b kh klhjhgu [x^`_lguo hj]ZgbaZpbc y\eyxlky ijhy\e_gb_f gZjmr_gby dhgljZdlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b j_]mebjm_fuo nbjf >hklh\_jghklv h[_sZgbc b ^bkpbiebgZ\uiheg_gbyh[yaZl_evkl\khklhjhgu]hkm^Zjkl\ZdZdbgklblmlZhij_^_eyxs_]hijZ\beZb]ju\p_ehfbf__l \Z`g_cr__agZq_gb_^eyih\ur_gbywnn_dlb\ghklbdhgljZdlguohlghr_gbc Hkh[_gghklvx hlghr_gbc ^Zgguo klhjhg y\ey_lky kblmZpby dh]^Z h^gZ ba klhjhg dhgljZdlZ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \uklmiZ_l\lh`_\j_fy\dZq_kl\_Zj[bljZ\jZaj_r_gbbkihjguo\hijhkh\Ihwlhfmkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_j_]meypbhgguo dhgljZdlh\^he`gh[ulvgZijZ\e_ghgZih\ur_gb_bonhjfZebaZpbbiheghlubwnn_dlb\ghklb 17.1.5 DZdhlj_]mebjh\Zlvkbkl_fmj_]mebjh\Zgby Kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_hljZke_\h]hj_]mebjh\Zgby\Jhkkbbk\yaZghkhke_^mxsbfb\Z`g_crbfbgZijZ\e_gbyfb Ij_`^_\k_]hg_h[oh^bfhq_ldh_hij_^_e_gb_djbl_jb_\p_e_khh[jZaghklbj_]mebjh\Zgby^eyjZaebqguohljZke_c: ijb dZdbo mkeh\byo hljZkev beb ijhba\h^kl\h hl^_evguo \b^h\ ijh^mdpbb ^he`gh ih^\_j]Zlvky j_]mebjh\Zgbx b qlh 145 Ij_kk-j_ebaF:IJhkkbbhlk_gly[jy]www.maprus.ru hkh[_ggh \Z`gh dh]^Z b ijb dZdbo mkeh\byo \hafh`gh ^_j_]mebjh\Zgb_ b dZdh\ _]h f_oZgbaf <_^v j_]mebjh\Zgb_ \ emqr_f kemqZ_ y\ey_lky [e_^ghc aZf_ghc dhgdmj_gpbb Hgh g_ fh`_l ij_^ibku\Zlv dZq_kl\h ih\urZlv wnn_dlb\ghklv beblj_[h\Zlvbggh\ZpbcihlhfmqlhlZdh_^_ckl\b_\lhj]ehkv[u\kn_jmmijZ\e_gbyGhdh]^ZhghhklZ\ey_lwlb\hijhku gZ mkfhlj_gb_ hljZkeb wlh hljbpZ_l aZsblm ihlj_[bl_e_c dhlhjmx ^himkdZ_l dhgdmj_gpby J_]mebjh\Zgb_ g_ fh`_l mklZgZ\eb\Zlvp_gugb`_ba^_j`_ddhfiZgbbh^gZdhhgbfh]ml[ulvaZ\ur_guDhgdmj_gpbykihkh[gZgZwlhbdhfiZgby k \ukhdbfb ba^_j`dZfb \ugm`^_gZ bkdZlv kj_^kl\Z ^ey bo khdjZs_gby J_]mebjh\Zgb_ g_ m\_ebqb\Z_l ihlj_[e_gb_ mklZgZ\eb\Zy p_gu gZ kZfhf gbadhf mjh\g_ \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh kijZ\_^eb\hc ^hoh^ghklvx Dhgdmj_gpby ^Z_l b lZdhc j_amevlZl J_]mebjh\Zgb_ g_ \ khklhygbb ihhsjylv ^_yl_evghklv \ h[s_kl\_gguo bgl_j_kZo \hagZ]jZ`^Zy b rljZnmy Dhgdmj_gpbykihkh[gZbgZwlh146. < l_o `_ kemqZyo dh]^Z j_]mebjh\Zgb_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh g_h[oh^bfh hgh [m^_l gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\gh ijb kha^Zgbb f_oZgbafh\ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo wnn_dlb\gu_ dhgljZdlgu_ hlghr_gby f_`^m \k_fb klhjhgZfb Z lZd`_ \ mkeh\byo khhl\_lkl\mxs_cbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u Djmig_crb_ jhkkbckdb_ fgh]hijh^mdlh\u_ dhfiZgbb H:H =Zaijhf J:H ?WK Jhkkbb `_e_agu_ ^hjh]b ih^ mijZ\e_gb_f FIK bf_xl \ k\h_f khklZ\_ _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevgh_ y^jh b ke_^h\Zl_evgh y\eyxlky km[t_dlZfb _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb gZ n_^_jZevghf mjh\g_ bo ^_yl_evghklv ih^e_`bl ijyfhfm ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfm j_]mebjh\Zgbx <Z`ghklv]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hj_]mebjh\Zgbywlboh[t_dlh\h[hkljy_lkyfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbfwnn_dlhfbo^_yl_evghklb < i_jbh^ i_j_oh^Z hl dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb d jughqguf f_lh^Zf ohayckl\h\Zgby ^_yl_evghklv km[t_dlh\ _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb gZ n_^_jZevghf b ehdZevghf mjh\gyo y\ey_lky \Z`g_crbf nZdlhjhf dZd fZdjh- lZd f_ah- b fbdjhwdhghfbq_kdhc klZ[bevghklb Hlkmlkl\b_ Z^_d\Zlgh]h f_oZgbafZ hljZke_\h]h j_]mebjh\Zgby ijb\_eh d kblmZpbb \ j_amevlZl_dhlhjhclZjbngZyblh\Zjgh-dj_^blgZyiheblbdZ\Z`g_crbobgnjZkljmdlmjguohljZke_cklZeZh^ghcbaijbqbg bgneypbb ba^_j`_d ly`_eh]h nbgZgkh\h]h iheh`_gby [hevrbgkl\Z ij_^ijbylbc G_evay i_j_hp_gblv jhev _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevguo eh\mr_d gZ hkgh\_ \k_h[s_]h djbabkZ g_ieZl_`_c ih[hqgufb ke_^kl\byfb dhlhjh]h hdZaZebkv ih^\b`ghklv kh[kl\_gghklb [hevrbgkl\Z jhkkbckdbo ij_^ijbylbc ij_iylkl\by ^_fhghihebaZpbbwdhghfbdbbjZa\blbxdhgdmj_gpbb GZebph bfiebpblguc dhgljZdl f_`^m keZ[uf ]hkm^Zjkl\hf b kbevgufb aZbgl_j_kh\Zggufb ]jmiiZfb =hkm^Zjkl\h h[_ki_qb\Z_l km[t_dlZf bgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZke_c \hafh`ghklv ihemqZlv fhghihevgmx j_glm \ h[f_g gZ h[_ki_q_gb_ fbgbfZevgh]h mjh\gy khpbZevghc klZ[bevghklb \ kljZg_ b nbgZgkh\hc khklhyl_evghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[x^`_lZb[x^`_lguohj]ZgbaZpbc Ihwlhfm bkdmkkl\_ggh_ k^_j`b\Zgb_ lZjbnh\ gZ ijh^mdpbx b mkem]b _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc g_ fh`_l j_rblv ijh[e_f kljZgu b kZfbo j_]mebjm_fuo dhfiZgbc Wnn_dlb\ghklv j_nhjfbjh\Zgby wdhghfbdb _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevguo kljmdlmj kha^Zgb_ f_oZgbafZ ^_ckl\_ggh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby p_ghh[jZah\Zgby _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc hj]ZgbaZpbydhgdmj_gpbbb^_j_]mebjh\Zgb_ihl_gpbZevghdhgdmj_glguok_]f_glh\^ZgguohljZke_cfh]mlklZlvhkgh\hc j_Zevgh]hkgb`_gbylZjbnh\kha^Zlvij_^ihkuedbjhklZ\^jm]bohljZkeyojhkkbckdhcijhfure_gghklb Mki_rghklv \ur_gZa\Zgguo ^_ckl\bc aZ\bkbl hl ebd\b^Zpbb \hafh`ghklb ihemq_gby km[t_dlZfb _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebcijbjh^ghcbfhghihevghcj_glub\g_^j_gbybgklblmlh\hkeZ[eyxsbo\ebygb_hljZke_\uoaZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo ]jmii GZb[he__ j_Zevguc imlv - nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ^hklZlhqgh kbevghc dhZebpbb Zglbfhghihevguo kbe \ ebp_ g_ k\yaZgghc k LWDhf djmighc ijhfure_gghklb b h[s_kl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc ij_^klZ\eyxsbo bgl_j_ku f_edh]h [bag_kZb^hfhohayckl\ 17.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgu_eh\mrdbgZimlbklZgh\e_gby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ 17.2.1 L_hj_lbq_kdb_hkgh\u[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ L_hjby [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ - h^gZ ba l_o g_fgh]hqbke_gguo l_hjbc dhlhju_ ihy\bebkv b ijbh[j_eb kZfhklhyl_evgh_a\mqZgb_bf_ggh\g_hbgklblmpbhgZebaf_ <g_hdeZkkbd__cg_[uehbg_lf_klZihkdhevdmf_cgkljbfjZkkfZljb\Z_lwdhghfbq_kdmxkbkl_fmdZdaZfdgmlmx jZa\b\Zxsmxky ih k\hbf kh[kl\_gguf aZdhgZf Ijh[e_fZ `_ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ y\gh gZoh^blky gZ ]jZgbp_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by dZd fbgbfmf ^\mo kbkl_f iheblbdb b wdhghfbdb qlh nhjfbjm_l hkh[u_ f_oZgbafu \gmlj_gg_c dhhj^bgZpbbLZdbfh[jZahfl_hjby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZjZa\b\Z_fZy\ljm^Zo>`;vxd_g_gZ<HmlkZJFZk]j_c\Z W:ldbgkhgZ >;Zojb J;ZoeZ J;hm^\_y ?=j_febqZ >;j_^nhj^Z DEZcdZfZ MGbkdZg_gZ <HkljhfZ OJhma_gZ >Jm[bgn_ev^Z @KZibjZ :KdhllZ >`Klb]ebpZ =LZeehdZ QLb[m EBIhebsmdZ EBYdh[khgZ b ^jm]bo klZeZ g_hlt_fe_fhcqZklvxl_hjbbh[s_kl\_ggh]h\u[hjZbebgh\hciheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbb <lhjZyijbqbgZh[tykgyxsZyihq_fm^ZggZyijh[e_fZg_gZreZhljZ`_gby\g_hdeZkkbd_aZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh ihke_^gyy bamqZ_l ih\_^_gb_ g_^_ebfuo wdhghfbq_kdbo km[t_dlh\ LZdbf km[t_dlhf \_svx \ k_[_ q_jguf ysbdhf \ g_hdeZkkbd_ ij_^klZ_l b ]hkm^Zjkl\h < g_c g_l f_klZ bamq_gbx \gmlj_gg_c hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc kljmdlmju ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b khhl\_lkl\_ggh \uy\e_gbx k\yab wlhc kljmdlmju dhhj^bgbjm_fhc kh[kl\_gghc kbkl_fhc dhgljZdlh\ k ijh[e_fhc wnn_dlb\gh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h \u[hjZ < lh `_ \j_fy dZd ibr_l h^bg ba hkgh\hiheh`gbdh\ kh\j_f_ggh]h bgklblmpbhgZebafZZ\lhjdgb]bWdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluLW]]_jlkkhgwnn_dlb\gh_jZa^_e_gb_\eZkl_cb nhjfbjh\Zgb_ hilbfZevghc iheblbq_kdhc kljmdlmju h[s_kl\Z kha^Zxl klbfmeu ^ey k[eb`_gby kljmdlmjghc ]jZgbpu ijhba\h^kl\_gguo\hafh`ghkl_cdl_ogbq_kdhc147. < rbjhdhf kfuke_ ijh[e_fZ wnn_dlb\gh]h bkihevah\Zgby h[s_kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\ k\yaZgZ k hilbfZevguf \_jlbdZevguf jZkij_^_e_gb_f ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb lh _klv iheghfhqbc b hl\_lkl\_gghklb \ h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_ wdhghfbdb Ohjhrh ba\_klgh qlh wnn_dlb\gh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ ljZ^bpbhgghf jughqghf h[f_g_ 146 147 Wilcox C. Public Policy Toward Business. Homehood, III.: Irwin R. D., 1966. P. 476. W]]_jlkkhgLWdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluF>_ehK h[_ki_qb\Z_lkylh]^Zdh]^ZwlbijZ\Zq_ldhki_pbnbpbjh\Zgubf_xlwnn_dlb\gu_f_oZgbafuaZsbluZljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db\aZbfh^_ckl\by[ebadbdgmexIjh[e_fZhilbfZevgh]hjZkij_^_e_gbyj_kmjkh\\h[s_kl\_gghfk_dlhj_y\ey_lky ]hjZa^h[he__keh`ghcKh\j_f_ggh_]hkm^Zjkl\hihk\h_cijbjh^_^Ze_dhhldhgljZdlgh]hiheblbq_kdbch[f_ghlebqZ_lky hljughqgh]h\kbemjy^Zh[klhyl_evkl\gZijbf_jg_jZ\ghijZ\byklhjhghlkmlkl\by^h[jh\hevghklbk^_ehdh[t_dlb\ghc h]jZgbq_gghklb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ qZklghklb bo g_evay i_j_^Zlvk^Zlv\Zj_g^m[he__wnn_dlb\ghfmkh[kl\_ggbdmb l^ Ijbgylb_ j_r_gbc hlghkbl_evgh jZkij_^_e_gby ijZ\ b hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ h[s_kl\_ggu_ j_kmjku y\ey_lky Zj_ghc ^_fhgkljZpbb iheblbq_kdhc kbeu ihbkdZ j_glu k\yaZgh kh kf_ghc h[s_kl\_gguo ijbhjbl_lh\ <k_ wlh h[mkeh\eb\Z_l g_h[oh^bfhklvb\Z`ghklvbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdj_r_gbx^Zgghcijh[e_fu Ijh[e_fZ wnn_dlb\gh]h \_jlbdZevgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_ gZijyfmx k\yaZgZkhkl_i_gvxki_pbnbdZpbbVSHFLILFDWLRQwlboijZ\:bklhjbyjhkkbckdh]h[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ-wlhbklhjby ^\b`_gby kbkl_fu hl jZafulhklb g_q_ldhklb DWWHQXDWLRQ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \ kbkl_f_ g_jZa^_e_gguo h[s_kl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ d [he__ q_ldhfm hij_^_e_gbx b aZdj_ie_gbx wlbo ijZ\ \f_kl_ k nhjfbjh\Zgb_f khhl\_lkl\mxs_c \gmlj_gg_c hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc kljmdlmju kihkh[kl\mxs_c IZj_lh-hilbfZevghfm jZkij_^_e_gbx j_kmjkh\ Djhf_ lh]h ihkl_i_ggh ihy\eyxlkyjZaebqgu_f_oZgbafujZks_ie_gby^bnn_j_gpbZpbbijZ\h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_i_j_^ZqmwlboijZ\\ihevaml_o dlhbownn_dlb\g__bkihevam_lgZijbf_jkbkl_fZh[mkeh\e_gguon_^_jZevguo]jZglh\bebgZeh]h\uokh]eZr_gbcf_`^m mjh\gyfb\eZklb Ijh[e_fZ jZa\blby [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ l_kgh k\yaZgZ k _s_ h^ghc bgklblmpbhgZevghc hkgh\hc - hgZ hlq_leb\h ^_fhgkljbjm_l aZ\bkbfhklv hl ij_^u^ms_c ljZ_dlhjbb jZa\blby SDWK GHSHQGHQFH Bf_ggh a^_kv \hagbdZ_l k\h_h[jZaguc\u[hjf_`^mh[t_dlb\ghcij__fkl\_gghklvxbgklblmlh\b\hafh`ghklyfbbobfihjlZbljZgkieZglZpbbba ^jm]bo n_^_jZlb\guo kbkl_f KZfZ \hafh`ghklv \u[hjZaZ\bkblhl`_kldhklbb]b[dhklbbgklblmlh\@_kldhklvkgb`Z_l g_hij_^_e_gghklvmf_gvrZ_lba^_j`dbk[hjZbh[jZ[hldbbgnhjfZpbbghkm`Z_l\u[hj=b[dhklvaZ\bkblhlkihkh[ghklb bg^b\b^h\ d jZpbhgZevghc h[jZ[hld_ bgnhjfZpbb m\_ebqb\Z_l ^bZiZahg \u[hjZ gh ^_eZ_l _]h [he__ ^hjh]bf b f_g__ ij_^kdZam_fuf>ZggZyijh[e_fZ\nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbbbgklblmlh\ihemqbeZgZa\Zgb_iZjZ^hdkZR_deZ6KDFNOH Paradox). ?]h m^Zqgh knhjfmebjh\Ze @KZibj < ^_p_gljZebah\Zgghf ohayckl\_ g_\hafh`gh ^hklbqv iheghc klZ[bevghklb b ij_^kdZam_fhklb gh [_a klZ[bevghklb b ij_^kdZam_fhklb ^_p_gljZebah\Zggu_ Z]_glu g_ kihkh[gu ijbgylv j_r_gb_ Bfihjl bgklblmlh\ k\yaZg k ijh[e_fhc kh[eZagbl_ey - bghc kljZghc beb j_]bhghf h[eZ^Zxsbf koh`_c ^bgZfbdhc b \gmlj_gg_c]_l_jh]_gghklvx<mkeh\byog_hij_^_e_gghklbljZ_dlhjbbjZa\blbybkbevghcaZ\bkbfhklbP_gljZhlj_]bhgh\ kh[eZagbl_evij_\jZsZ_lky\g_dmxiheblbq_kdmxZevl_jgZlb\mdhlhjZyfh`_l[ulvgZ\yaZgZkbevgufbj_]bhgZevgufb \eZklyfb n_^_jZevghfm p_gljm < lZdhf kemqZ_ Z wlh y\e_gb_ oZjZdl_jgh ^ey i_j\h]h wlZiZ klZgh\e_gby gh\h]h n_^_jZlb\gh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Zh[uqgh\hagbdZxlp_gljh[_`gu_l_g^_gpbbi_j_ehfblvdhlhju_qj_a\uqZcghkeh`gh ?s_ h^bg \hijhk gZ dhlhjuc ijba\ZgZ hl\_lblv kh\j_f_ggZy l_hjby [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ - hij_^_e_gb_ djbl_jb_\ \u[hjZ f_`^m kijZ\_^eb\hklvx b wnn_dlb\ghklvx \ jZkij_^_e_gbb b bkihevah\Zgbb h[s_kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\ DZd ba\_klgh kms_kl\mxl q_luj_ ih^oh^Z d ihgbfZgbx kijZ\_^eb\hklb \ wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb w]ZeblZjbklkdbc \k_ qe_gu h[s_kl\Z ^he`gu ihemqZlv jZ\gu_ [eZ]Z jhmekbZgkdbc fZdkbfbabjm_lky ihe_aghklv gZbf_g__ h[_ki_q_ggh]h ebpZmlbeblZjbklkdbcfZdkbfbabjm_lkykmffZjgZyihe_aghklv\k_oqe_gh\h[s_kl\Zbeb[_jlZjbZgkdbckijZ\_^eb\hklv mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky jugdhf Ijb hq_\b^ghf ijhlb\hj_qbb mdZaZgguo ih^oh^h\ ^jm] ^jm]m kn_jZ h[s_kl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ bf_ggh lh f_klh ]^_ lj_[m_lky bo hilbfZevgh_ khq_lZgb_ Ykgh qlh jughqgZy kijZ\_^eb\hklv ij_^iheZ]Z_l ijyfmx \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m j_amevlZlZfb b mkbebyfb qlh nhjfbjm_l kbkl_fm fhlb\Zpbb d wnn_dlb\ghfm ljm^m < lh `_ \j_fy j_]mebjmxsZy jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ jZkij_^_e_gbb j_kmjkh\ gZijZ\e_gZ gZ ^hklb`_gb_ g_ lhevdh dhebq_kl\_ggh]h gh b dZq_kl\_ggh]hjhklZdhlhjhfmkhimlkl\mxlijh]j_kkb\gu_k^\b]b\wdhghfbd_wlh^hklb]Z_lkygZijbf_jq_j_aih^^_j`dm bggh\Zpbhgghc ^_yl_evghklb A^_kv m`_ ijbf_gbf mlbeblZjbklkdbc ih^oh^ Z _]h j_amevlZlu hlghkylky d ^he]hkjhqghfm i_jbh^m < lh `_ \j_fy \ mkeh\byo h[t_dlb\gh]h g_jZ\_gkl\Z j_]bhgh\ fmgbpbiZevguo h[jZah\Zgbc Jhkkbb h[mkeh\e_ggh]h bklhjbq_kdbfb jZaebqbyfb \ jZa\blbb ijhfure_ggh]h ihl_gpbZeZ b nbgZgkh\hc kbkl_fu g_jZ\ghf_jghklvx \ h[_ki_q_gbb ijbjh^gufb j_kmjkZfb jZaebqb_f ijbjh^gh-debfZlbq_kdbo mkeh\bc qlh gZijbf_j \eby_lgZwg_j]haZljZlujZaghchkljhlhckhpbZevguoijh[e_fbijlj_[m_lkykhq_lZgb_^\moih^oh^h\\jZkij_^_e_gbb h[s_kl\_gguoj_kmjkh\-jZkij_^_e_gbyihihlj_[ghklblh_klvw]ZeblZjbklkdh]hih^oh^ZbjZkij_^_e_gbyihj_amevlZlZf ljm^Z lh _klv eb[_jlZjbZgkdh]h ih^oh^Z B gZdhg_p agZqbl_evgZy kl_i_gv ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb j_]bhgh\ m`_ k_]h^gy ihjh^beZ ki_pbnbq_kdmx nhjfm \u^_e_gby ljZgkn_jlh\ ba Nhg^Z NbgZgkh\hc Ih^^_j`db j_]bhgh\ - ih ijbgpbiZf jhmekbZgkdhc kijZ\_^eb\hklb >_ckl\bl_evgh ljZgkn_jlu ba wlh]h nhg^Z jZkkqblu\Zxlky ih nhjfme_ ij_^iheZ]Zxs_c ih^ly]b\Zgb_ ]jmiiu j_]bhgh\ k f_gvr_c [x^`_lghc h[_ki_q_gghklvx ^h mjh\gy ke_^mxs_c ih kl_i_gb h[_ki_q_gghklb ]jmiiu LZdbf h[jZahf l_hjby [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ hkms_kl\ey_l ihbkd ahehlhc k_j_^bgu \ \u[hj_ f_`^m kijZ\_^eb\hklvx b wnn_dlb\ghklvx Hq_\b^gh qlh gZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv h[s_kl\h ebr_gh bgkljmf_glh\ fh^_e_c wlh]h ihbkdZihwlhfmbohl[hjnZdlbq_kdbhkms_kl\ey_lkykihglZgghf_lh^hfijh[bhrb[hd G_ihke_^gxxjhev\l_hjbb[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZb]jZ_lbijh[e_fZZkbff_ljbbWlZZkbff_ljbykms_kl\m_l \g_kdhevdbo\b^Zo Ij_`^_ \k_]h hkh[_gghklb ijbgylby j_r_gbc \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf k_dlhj_ wdhghfbdb k\yaZgu k mgbdZevguf khq_lZgb_flj_olbih\bgl_j_kh\dhlhjufbjmdh\h^kl\mxlkyiheblbdb, - h[s_gZpbhgZevguo]jmiih\uobebqguoLZd >`;vxd_g_g \ k\h_c jZ[hl_ =jZgbpu k\h[h^u F_`^m ZgZjob_c b E_\bZnZghf" ibr_l Iheblbd \u[_j_l lhl \ZjbZgl j_r_gbybagZ[hjZijb_fe_fuo^eyk_[yZevl_jgZlb\bkiheg_gb_dhlhjh]hfZdkbfbabjm_l_]hkh[kl\_ggmxihe_aghklvZ g_ihe_aghklv_]hba[bjZl_e_cLZdZy\hafh`ghklv\u[hjZy\ey_lkyh^gbfbahkgh\guoih[m^bl_evguofhlb\h\iheblbdh\ <rbjhdhfkfuke_keh\Zwlhbo©iheblbq_kdbc^hoh^ªbhg^he`_gjZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZdqZklvh[s_]h\hagZ]jZ`^_gbyaZ bkiheg_gb_^he`ghklguoh[yaZgghkl_c148. < fh^_eb >`;vxd_g_gZ ij_^ihql_gby iheblbdh\ ^_eylky gZ ljb \b^Z dhlhjuf khhl\_lkl\mxl ljb dZl_]hjbb iheblbdh\\hafh`ghklv\ebylvgZdhee_dlb\gu_j_r_gby`_eZgb_ijbg_klbihevam-b^_heh]babjh\Zggu_iheblbdb \eZklv \hafh`ghklv \ebylv gZ `bagv ^jm]bo ex^_c - ^_b^_heh]babjh\Zggu_ iheblbdb nbgZgkh\u_ \u]h^u hl ;vxd_g_g>`_cfkFKhqbg_gbyI_jkZg]eK_jbyGh[_e_\kdb_eZmj_Zluihwdhghfbd_LNhg^wdhghfbq_kdhcbgbpbZlb\u =ej_^dheGmj__\JFb^jFLZmjmk:evnZK 148 aZgbfZ_fhc^he`ghklbklj_fe_gb_dfZdkbfbaZpbbk\h_ciheblbq_kdhcj_glu-dhjjmfibjh\Zggu_iheblbdb<j_Zevghc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb qbklu_ lbiu \klj_qZxlky j_^dh iheblbdb dZd ijZ\beh jmdh\h^kl\mxlky g_kdhevdbfb p_eyfb h^gh\j_f_ggh\u[bjZyhilbfZevguc\ZjbZglkhq_lZgbyfZdkbfbabjmxsbckmffZjgmx\u]h^mhlaZgbfZ_fhc^he`ghklb < dhg_qghf kq_l_ [eZ]h^Zjy wlhc Zkbff_ljbb bgl_j_kh\ kha^Zxlky bgklblmlu dhlhju_ gZp_e_gu gZ hilbfbaZpbx keh`guo nmgdpbc Ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_ keh\Z hkgh\Zl_ey l_hjbb bgklblmpbhgZevguo baf_g_gbc >m]eZkZ Ghjl gZijyfmx hlghkylky b d kn_j_ f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc Bgklblmlu g_ h[yaZl_evgh kha^Zxlky ^ey lh]h qlh[u [ulv khpbZevgh wnn_dlb\gufb bgklblmlu beb ih djZcg_c f_j_ nhjfZevgu_ ijZ\beZ kha^Zxlky kdhj__ ^ey lh]h qlh[u kem`blv bgl_j_kZf l_o dlh aZgbfZ_l ihabpbb iha\heyxsb_ \ebylv gZ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gh\uo ijZ\be149 < fh^_eb MGbkdZg_gZ nmgdpbb [eZ]hkhklhygby ba[bjZl_e_c b ij_^klZ\bl_e_c hj]Zgh\ \eZklb g_ ijhklh g_ kh\iZ^Zxl gh qZklh gZoh^ylky \ h[jZlghc aZ\bkbfhklb ihke_^gbo bgl_j_km_l aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ \u]h^Z hl aZgylby hij_^_e_gghc ^he`ghklb j_imlZpby h[t_f\eZklguoiheghfhqbc\k_wlhgZijyfmxk\yaZghkjZaf_jhf[x^`_lZbofbgbkl_jkl\ZWlhhdZau\Z_l\ebygb_gZbo ij_^ihql_gbyhlghkbl_evgh\u[bjZ_fuo\b^h\]jZglh\ Iheblbdh-wdhghfbq_kdZy Zkbff_ljby l_kgh k\yaZgZ b k Zkbff_ljb_c \lhjh]h lbiZ - \h \aZbfh^_ckl\bb P_gljj_]bhguWlZZkbff_ljbyk\yaZgZkjZagufklZlmkhfj_]bhgh\b\hafh`ghklyfbbo\ebygbygZih\_^_gb_P_gljZIjbwlhf nbgZgkh\u_ ihlhdb jZkij_^_eyxlky g_ klhevdh kh]eZkgh g_dh_c b^_Zevghc fh^_eb ihkljh_gghc gZ hkgh\_ h[t_dlb\guo djbl_jb_\ jZaebqbc \ gZeh]h\hf ihl_gpbZe_ j_]bhgh\ b \ nbgZgkh\uo ihlj_[ghklyo j_]bhgh\ ^ey ij_^hklZ\e_gby kj_^g_jhkkbckdh]hmjh\gyh[s_kl\_gguo[eZ]kdhevdh\aZ\bkbfhklbhlhlghr_gbcf_`^mP_gljhfbj_]bhgZfbIj_`^_ \k_]h j_qv b^_l h[ hlghkbl_evghc kbe_ P_gljZ b j_]bhgh\ \ dhlhjhc fh`gh e_]dh h[gZjm`blv i_j_iZ^u k\yaZggu_ k ^_eh\ufiheblbq_kdbfpbdehf>_ckl\bl_evghfh`ghkh]eZkblvkykfg_gb_f@KZibjZqlh_kebP_glj[_kijbkljZkl_gg_ bf__lkh[kl\_gguoj_]bhgZevguoijbhjbl_lh\hlkmlkl\m_lZkbff_ljbyP_glj-j_]bhgulhhgfh`_l\uklmiZlv\dZq_kl\_ lj_l_ckdh]h km^Z Zj[bljZ jhev dhlhjh]h k\h^blky d ihbkdm f_oZgbafh\ kh\f_s_gby j_]bhgZevguo ijbhjbl_lh\ < wlhf kemqZ_ j_]bhgu [hjxlky f_`^m kh[hc aZ jZkiheh`_gb_ P_gljZ \ i_j_]h\hjghf ijhp_kk_ : bkoh^ [hjv[u aZ\bkbl hl j_kmjkh\ dhlhjufb jZkiheZ]Zxl j_]bhgu ^ey eh[[bjh\Zgby k\hbo bgl_j_kh\ ?keb `_ P_glj keZ[ qlh gZ[ex^Z_lky \ ij_^^\_jbbiheblbq_kdbo\u[hjh\^hfbgbjm_lZkbff_ljbyf_`^mP_gljhfbj_]bhgZfbP_gljZkkhpbbjm_lk\hbbgl_j_ku kbgl_j_kZfbkm[t_dlh\\ih^^_j`d_dhlhjuohgaZbgl_j_kh\Zg<wlhfkemqZ_hgmljZqb\Z_lk\hbnmgdpbbwnn_dlb\gh]h Zj[bljZ < bklhjbb jhkkbckdh]h [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ fh`gh h[gZjm`blv i_jbh^u dh]^Z mkbeby P_gljZ [ueb gZijZ\e_gu gZ ih^^_j`Zgb_ hiihabpbhgguo j_]bhgh\ i_j\Zy iheh\bgZ -o ]] ijbq_f \ wlm ]jmiim \oh^beb h^gh\j_f_ggh^hklZlhqghfhsgu_\ieZg_wdhghfbq_kdh]hihl_gpbZeZkm[t_dluN_^_jZpbbaZbgl_j_kh\Zggu_\\u^_e_gbb ba khklZ\Z JN lZd b ijhdhffmgbklbq_kdb gZkljh_ggu_ keZ[u_ j_]bhgu ?keb m i_j\uo \udmiZehkv bo ijZ\h gZ kZfhhij_^_e_gb_lhih^^_j`dZ\lhjuo[ueZk\yaZgZkhklj_fe_gb_fkfy]qblvh[s__g_^h\hevkl\h\aylufdmjkhfj_nhjf Ykgh qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ ijb\h^beb d lhjfh`_gbx j_nhjf lZd dZd \ h[hbo kemqZyo kha^Z\Zebkv eh`gu_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ klbfmeu Ih keh\Zf <Ihih\Z lZd \ :\kljh-<_g]_jkdhc bfi_jbb <_gZ iulZeZkv ih]Zkblv g_^h\hevkl\h gZpbhgZevguo hdjZbgq_j_aij_^hklZ\e_gb_bfgZeh]h\uoev]hlkha^Zgb_lZf^hihegbl_evguojZ[hqbof_klkljhbl_evkl\hgh\uo\_lhd `_e_aguo^hjh]bl^150;ueb\bklhjbbihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbbi_jbh^udh]^ZP_glj[ueaZbgl_j_kh\Zg\ih^^_j`d_kh klhjhgu[he__ehyevguoj_]bhgh\\u[hju] Lj_lbc lbi - j_]bhgZevgZy Zkbff_ljby k\yaZggZy k g_jZ\ghf_jghklvx wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby < kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb wlZ Zkbff_ljby h]jhfgZ qlh h[mkeh\eb\Z_l [hevrb_ fZkrlZ[u i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby j_kmjkh\ LZd jZaju\ f_`^m gZb[he__ h[_ki_q_ggufb b gZbf_g__ h[_ki_q_ggufb j_]bhgZfb hij_^_ey_fuc ih ihdZaZl_ex gZeh]h\uo ^hoh^h\ km[gZpbhgZevguo[x^`_lh\\jZkq_l_gZq_eh\_dZ\JhkkbbkhklZ\ey_ljZa\lh\j_fydZd\NJ=-jZaZ\KR:jZa\DZgZ^_-jZa151<lh`_\j_fyh[t_fnbgZgkh\hcihfhsbn_^_jZevguo[x^`_lh\km[gZpbhgZevgufkhklZ\ey_l \Jhkkbb-\NJ=-\KR:-\DZgZ^_- 3,2%152J_]bhgZevgZyZkbff_ljbyy\ey_lkyijbqbghckms_kl\_gguo jZaebqbc \ bgl_j_kZo b ijbhjbl_lZo m hl^_evguo km[t_dlh\ f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc LZd @Zd KZibj ^Z`_ \u^_ey_l ghjfZevgmxbhiZkgmx]_l_jh]_gghklvkbkl_fu B gZdhg_p hkh[uc gZb[he__ bgl_j_kguc lbi Zkbff_ljbb - bgnhjfZpbhggZy Zkbff_ljby k\yaZggZy k gZebqb_f qZklghc bgnhjfZpbb dhlhjZy \ mkeh\byo g_kh\iZ^_gby bgl_j_kh\ fh`_l klZlv ijbqbghc ij_^dhgljZdlgh]h b ihkldhgljZdlgh]h hiihjlmgbafZ \ kn_j_ f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc BgnhjfZpbhggZy Zkbff_ljby k\yaZgZ k \ukhdbfb ba^_j`dZfb fhgblhjbg]Z b dhgljhey hgZ bf__l f_klh g_ lhevdh \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo jZaguo mjh\g_c \eZklb gh b \ hlghr_gbyof_`^mnbkdZevgufb\eZklyfbbgZk_e_gb_ff_^bZggufba[bjZl_e_fLZd\fh^_ebHmlkZijbmklZgh\e_gbb ij_^ihql_gbc f_^bZggh]h ba[bjZl_ey aZ^_ckl\h\ZgZ lZd gZau\Z_fZy nbkdZevgZy beexaby k\yaZggZy k ij_^hklZ\e_gb_f ba[bjZl_ex bkdZ`_gghc b g_iheghc bgnhjfZpbb h khklhygbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ Z lZd`_ __ hij_^_e_gghc bgl_jij_lZpb_c k p_evx \ebygby gZ _]h ij_^ihql_gby LZdhc lbi ih\_^_gby \eZkl_c ke_^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd jZagh\b^ghklvij_^dhgljZdlgh]hhiihjlmgbafZ\kn_j_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguonbgZgkh\ L_hjby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZjZkkfZljb\Z_lkyb\dexq_g_dhlhjuo^jm]bobgklblmpbhgZevguoijh[e_fLZd bf_ggh \ wlhc kn_j_ h[gZjm`b\Zxlky hkh[u_ nhjfu j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]h ih\_^_gby qbgh\gbdh\ Bf_ggh a^_kv ki_pbnbdZ \aZbfh^_ckl\by nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ i_j_jZklZ_l \ ijh[e_fm n_^_jZebaf GH-jure" contra n_^_jZebafZ GH-IDFWR <u[bjZ_fZy fh^_ev n_^_jZebafZ l_kgh k\yaZgZ k j_ZebaZpb_c b^_heh]bq_kdhc ih kmlb dhgp_ipbb gZpbhgZevghc kheb^Zjghklb khojZg_gby _^bgh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z p_evx dhlhjhc y\ey_lky ij_h^he_gb_ p_gljh[_`guol_g^_gpbcbkha^Zgb_p_gljhklj_fbl_evguol_g^_gpbc Ghjl>BgklblmlubgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gbybnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_wdhghfbdbFGZqZeZK Ihih\ < J_nhjfZ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ \ Jhkkbb ]jmklgZy ih\_klv h nbgZgkh\hc p_gljZebaZpbb k i_qZevguf dhgphf ;x^`_lguc n_^_jZebaf \ Jhkkbb Jhev iheblbq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb nbgZgkh\uo ihlhdh\ f_`^m p_gljhf b j_]bhgZfb JhkkbckdZy wdhghfbq_kdZy rdheZ :dZ^_fby gZjh^gh]h ohayckl\Z ijb IjZ\bl_evkl\_ JN KWWSZZZQHVUXSXEOLFpresentations/Papers/Popov-rus.htm) 151 JZkkqblZghgZhkgh\_^ZgguoOjbkl_gdh<JZa\blb_[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ\Jhkkbbblh]b-o]h^h\baZ^ZqbgZi_jki_dlb\m <hijhkuwdhghfbdbK 152 LZf`_ 149 150 H^ghc ba dexq_\uo ijh[e_f \ l_hjbb b ijZdlbd_ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ y\ey_lky hij_^_e_gb_ kl_i_gb ^_p_gljZebaZpbbijb\uiheg_gbbjZaebqgufbmjh\gyfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbk\hboaZ^Zq<i_j\hfijb[eb`_gbb\k_ nmgdpbbij_^ibkZggu_]hkm^Zjkl\mZeehdZpbhggZyjZkij_^_ebl_evgZyklZ[bebaZpbhggZy^he`gujZkij_^_eylvkyf_`^m jZaebqgufb mjh\gyfb ijZ\bl_evkl\Z k mq_lhf \hafh`ghklb ^hklb`_gby IZj_lh-wnn_dlb\ghklb qlh \ k\hx hq_j_^v aZ\bkbl hl ke_^mxsbo nZdlhjh\ Z gZebqby l_ogbq_kdbo kj_^kl\ b bgnhjfZpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ ^ey j_r_gby lhc beb bghc ijh[e_fu [ \hafh`ghklb ^hklb`_gby wdhghfbb gZ fZkrlZ[_ \ \_jhylghklb bgl_jgZebaZpbb iheh`bl_evguo \g_rgbo wnn_dlh\ ] kihkh[ghklb d Z^_d\Zlghc nhjfmebjh\d_ aZ^Zqb ?keb ijb l_hj_lbq_kdhf jZkij_^_e_gbb nmgdpbc \hijhk j_rZ_lky ^hklZlhqgh e_]dh lh ]hjZa^h [he__ keh`ghc y\ey_lky ijh[e_fZ gZoh`^_gby hilbfZevgh]h jZa^_e_gby j_kmjkh\ aZljZqb\Z_fuogZmdZaZggu_p_eb JZaebqZxl ^_p_gljZebaZpbx fZjd_lbaZpbx b ^_dhgp_gljZpbx ^_\hexpbx b Z\lhghfbx \ kn_j_ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ<ihevam^_\hexpbbb^_dhgp_gljZpbbdZdijZ\behijb\h^blkyp_eucjy^Zj]mf_glh\ <h-i_j\uoi_j_^ZqZijZ\ijbgylbyj_r_gbcgZ[he__gbadbcmjh\_gvk\yaZgZkl_fqlhf_klgu_hj]Zgukihkh[gu [he__wnn_dlb\ghkh[bjZlvbgnhjfZpbxg_h[oh^bfmx^eyijbgylbymijZ\e_gq_kdboj_r_gbc <h-\lhjuo mdhjZqb\Z_lky imlv __ ^\b`_gby qlh kgb`Z_l \hafh`ghklb __ bkdZ`_gby Djhf_ lh]h mkljZgyxlky \klj_qgu_ihlhdb^_g_`guokj_^kl\dhlhju_g_fbgm_fhijb\h^yldihl_jyfh[s_kl\_gguoj_kmjkh\ <-lj_lvbo ^_\hexpby iha\hey_l ih\ukblv ^_fhdjZlbq_kdbc dhgljhev aZ ijbgylb_f Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo j_r_gbc ihkdhevdm ih\urZ_lky ijhajZqghklv ijhp_kkZ ijbgylby j_r_gbc b kgb`Z_lky jbkd g_wnn_dlb\gh]h bkihevah\Zgby j_kmjkh\ Q_f f_gvr__ dhebq_kl\h hj]ZgbaZpbc bgklblmlh\ aZ^_ckl\h\Zgh \ ^\b`_gbb l_o beb bguo h[s_kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\l_fijhajZqg__bohdhgqZl_evgh_jZkij_^_e_gb_ijbwlhfmkbeb\Z_lkybe_]bkeblbfghklvj_r_gbc <-q_l\_jluo ijb [hevrhc ]_l_jh]_gghklb kbkl_fu ^_dhgp_gljZpby iha\hey_l emqr_ Z^Zilbjh\Zlv ijhp_kk ijbgylby j_r_gbc d kbkl_f_ f_klguo ijbhjbl_lh\ Ij_n_j_gpbb j_]bhgh\ bo \gmlj_ggb_ ijbhjbl_lu fh]ml \ agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbg_kh\iZ^Zlv^jm]k^jm]hfhkh[_gghwlhmkbeb\Z_lky\mkeh\byoj_]bhgZevghcZkbff_ljbbgZebqby kms_kl\_gguo jZaebqbc ih ijbjh^gh-debfZlbq_kdbf mkeh\byf mjh\gx `bagb h[_ki_q_gghklb khpbZevgufb [eZ]Zfb jZaf_jm ^hoh^h\ fgh]hgZpbhgZevghklb dhgn_kkbhgZevghklb b ij >Z b ijb j_r_gbb h^ghc b lhc `_ ijh[e_fu jZagu_ j_]bhgug_j_^dhgm`^Zxlky\jZaebqguoh[s_kl\_gguo[eZ]Zo153eb[hboijhba\h^kl\hb^hklZ\dZlj_[m_ljZaguoaZljZl H^gZdh \ kemqZ_ jZfhqgh]h wnn_dlZ L\_jkdb lh _klv dh]^Z ij_n_j_gpby aZ\bkbl hl dhgl_dklZ wnn_dlb\ghklv ^_p_gljZebaZpbbkgb`Z_lkyagZqbl_evghDjhf_lh]hhklZ_lkyih^\hijhkhfkZfZkihkh[ghklvwdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\q_ldh hp_gblvjZg`bjh\Zlvijbhjbl_luZboj_ZebaZpbyaZ\bkbl_s_hliheblbq_kdboZ^fbgbkljZlb\guonZdlhjh\bijhp_^mj ijbgylbyj_r_gbc\iheblbq_kdhckn_j_ <-iyluo \ mkeh\byo ^_\hexpbb m j_]bhgh\ ihy\ey_lky \hafh`ghklv ijh\_^_gby wdki_jbf_glZ H^gZdh ke_^m_l hlf_lblvg_h[oh^bfu_mkeh\byex[h]hwdki_jbf_glZZ\hafh`ghklv^hklZlhqghlhqghhp_gblvbaf_jblv_]hj_amevlZlu [kihkh[ghklvhij_^_eblv\dZdhckl_i_gbj_amevlZluwdki_jbf_glZhij_^_eyxlkyki_pbnbdhcf_klguomkeh\bcZ\dZdhc kl_i_gbfh]ml[ulvh[h[s_gu\ex[hcwdki_jbf_glh]jZgbq_g\h\j_f_gbbij_^iheZ]Z_lg_h[jZlbfhklvj_amevlZlh\] j_ZevgZywnn_dlb\ghklvwdki_jbf_glZklZgh\blkybaf_jbfhcbhq_\b^ghc_keb_]hihke_^kl\bym^Z_lkykdhgp_gljbjh\Zlv \gmljbaZfdgmlhckbkl_fulh_klvijbhlkmlkl\bb]eh[Zevguo\g_rgbownn_dlh\ <-r_kluo ^_dhgp_gljZpby iha\hey_l ih^h[jZlv gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\gu_ f_klgu_ f_oZgbafu j_r_gby ijh[e_fu Z^Zilbjh\Zlvijhp_kkijbgylbyj_r_gbydf_klgufmkeh\byf Fh`gh mdZaZlv gZ ^\Z [_amkeh\guo ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z wnn_dlb\ghklb ^_p_gljZebaZpbb I_j\h_ hgZ p_e_khh[jZagZ \ hlghr_gbb [eZ] \u]h^u hl ijhba\h^kl\Z dhlhjuo ehdZebamxlky \ ij_^_eZo ^Zgghc l_jjblhjbb <lhjh_ hgZ wnn_dlb\g__ p_gljZebaZpbb ihlhfm qlh gZk_e_gb_ j_]bhgZ dZd ijZ\beh [he__ h^ghjh^gh k lhqdb aj_gby ihlj_[ghkl_c b gZebqby j_kmjkh\^eybom^h\e_l\hj_gbyq_fgZk_e_gb_kljZgu\p_ehf<ub]jurhl^_p_gljZebaZpbbl_f\ur_q_f\ur_kl_i_gv f_`j_]bhgZevguo jZaebqbc gb`_ weZklbqghklv kijhkZ gZ h[s_kl\_ggu_ [eZ]Z ih p_g_ >Jm[bgn_ev^ f_gvr_ \hafh`ghklbwdhghfbbgZfZkrlZ[_ Ijb h[hkgh\Zgbb wnn_dlb\ghklb ^_p_gljZebaZpbb qZklh kkueZxlky gZ l_hj_fm h ^_p_gljZebaZpbb b ]bihl_am QLb[m Ijb mkeh\bb kms_kl\h\Zgby [hevrh]h qbkeZ j_]bhgZevguo _^bgbp b k\h[h^ghc fb]jZpbb jZ[hq_c kbeu [x^`_lgZy ^_p_gljZebaZpby \_^_l d IZj_lh-memqr_gbyf ihkdhevdm hgZ iha\hey_l hp_gblv ij_^ihql_gby hlghkbl_evgh ijhba\h^kl\Z h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ]154. H^gZdh \ kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb h^gh ba \Z`g_crbo mkeh\bc ]bihl_au Lb[m g_ \uihegy_lkyGZk_e_gb_h[eZ^Z_lqj_a\uqZcghkeZ[hcfh[bevghklvxqlhk\yaZghkgbadbfmjh\g_fgZdhie_ggh]h[h]Zlkl\Z b ^hoh^Z g_jZa\blhklvx jugdZ ijh^Z`b b Zj_g^u `bevy gZebqb_f bgklblmlZ ijhibkdb \ukhdbfb ba^_j`dZfb i_j__a^Z ljm^ghklyfb gZclb jZ[hlm \ ^jm]hf j_]bhg_ hkh[_ggh ijb hlkmlkl\bb ihe_aguo ^_eh\uo k\ya_c g_hij_^_e_gghklvx b g_klZ[bevghklvx J;hm^\_c h[jZlbe \gbfZgb_ gZ lh qlh ^_p_gljZebaZpby iheghfhqbc ijb\h^bl g_ lhevdh d \u]h^Zf gh b d ba^_j`dZf155 >bnn_j_gpbZpby qbkluo nbkdZevguo \u]h^ QHW ILVFDO EHQHILWV kha^Z_l klbfmeu d i_j_f_s_gbx nbjf \ ^jm]b_ j_]bhgu lh _klv ijb\h^bl d gZjmr_gbx ijbgpbiZ ]hjbahglZevghc kijZ\_^eb\hklb Bgufb keh\Zfb k ihfhsvx bgkljmf_glh\f_`j_]bhgZevghcgZeh]h\hcdhgdmj_gpbbhkms_kl\ey_lkydZdijb\e_q_gb_[bag_kZb^hoh^h\\dhgdj_lguc j_]bhglZdbwdkihjlgZeh]h\h]h[j_f_gbkf_s_gb_gZeh]h\h]h[j_f_gb\l_jjblhjbZevghfZki_dl_IjbwlhfgZeh]h\Zy dhgdmj_gpbyijbh[j_lZyoZjZdl_jf_`^hmkh[ghc\hcgukgb`Z_lkl_i_gvijhghabjm_fhklb^hoh^h\[x^`_lZbm\_ebqb\Z_l g_hij_^_e_gghklv hlghkbl_evgh [m^ms_]h khklhygby [x^`_lh\ j_]bhgZevgh]h mjh\gy b \hafh`ghkl_c nbgZgkbjh\Zgby 153 AZf_qZl_evguc ijbf_j ijb\h^bl B:Klj_e_p «ebgbb we_dljhi_j_^Zq \ ahgZo \_qghc f_jaehlu ijhdeZ^u\Zxlky bkdexqbl_evgh gZa_fguf kihkh[hf \ lh \j_fy dZd \ j_]bhgZo k [he__ l_ieuf debfZlhf ijbgylh \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb bkihevah\Zlv ih^a_fguc kihkh[ (Klj_e_p B: L_hj_lbq_kdb_ Zki_dlu b ijZdlbq_kdb_ ijh[e_fu [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ =hkm^Zjkl\h wdhghfbdZh[s_kl\hZki_dlu\aZbfh^_ckl\byFFHGNHHHBa^Zl_evkdbcp_gljmq_[guobgZmqguoijh]jZffK 154 <i_j\u_]bihl_aZknhjfmebjh\ZgZ\jZ[hl_QZjevaZLb[mQbklZyl_hjbyjZkoh^h\f_klguohj]Zgh\\eZklb 155 DZ^hqgbdh\IKbg_evgbdh\-Fmjue_\KLjmgbgBIjh[e_fufh^_ebjh\Zgby\ha^_ckl\byf_`[x^`_lguoljZgkn_jlh\gZnbkdZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_km[gZpbhgZevguo\eZkl_c<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK f_klguo jZkoh^h\ Ihwlhfm ih fg_gbx J;hm^\_y ^_p_gljZebaZpby jZkoh^guo iheghfhqbc [he__ wnn_dlb\gZ q_f ^_p_gljZebaZpbygZeh]h\uoiheghfhqbc Ij_^_evgufkemqZ_f^_p_gljZebaZpbby\ey_lkylZdgZau\Z_fuckm[kb^bZjgucih^oh^dhlhjucij_^iheZ]Z_lqlh iheghfhqbyi_j_f_sZxlkyg_k\_jom\gbaZgZh[hjhlj_]bhgZevgu_\eZklbi_j_^Zxln_^_jZevguf\eZklyfl_nmgdpbb dhlhju_ P_glj kihkh[_g \uihegylv k f_gvrbfb ba^_j`dZfb Bgufb keh\Zfb ijhbkoh^bl ^hkljZb\Zgb_ fh^_eb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ kgbam ^h\_jom < wlhf kemqZ_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ mkljhckl\h ijbh[j_lZ_l dhgn_^_jZlb\guc oZjZdl_jZkZfh]hkm^Zjkl\hihkmlbklZgh\blkydhgljZdlguf156. <ihevamp_gljZebaZpbbj_kmjkh\h[uqghijb\h^ylkyke_^mxsb_Zj]mf_glu 1. P_gljZebaZpby wnn_dlb\gZ \ kemqZ_ ijhba\h^kl\Z qbkluo h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] \u]h^u hl dhlhjuo ihemqZ_l \k_ gZk_e_gb_ kljZgu gZijbf_j ijb nbgZgkbjh\Zgbb gZpbhgZevghc h[hjhgu < kemqZ_ bo i_j_^Zqb km[t_dlZf N_^_jZpbb \_kvfZ \_jhylgh \hagbdgh\_gb_ ijh[e_fu [_a[be_lgbdZ ijb wlhf [j_fy nbgZgkbjh\Zgby jZkij_^_eblky g_jZ\ghf_jgh [hevrZy _]h qZklv iZ^_l gZ ijb]jZgbqgu_ j_]bhgu djhf_ lh]h hlkmlkl\b_ f_oZgbafZkh]eZkh\Zgby^_ckl\bcfh`_lklZlvijbqbghck_jv_agh]hih^ju\ZgZpbhgZevguobgl_j_kh\ 2. Ijhn_kkhj@KZibjmdZau\Z_llZd`_gZkms_kl\h\Zgb_[he__wnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\jZkijhkljZg_gbyagZgby\ jZfdZop_gljZebah\ZgghmijZ\ey_fuokbkl_f>eyijbgylbyj_r_gbybgnhjfZpbxke_^m_lg_lhevdhkh[jZlvghb h[jZ[hlZlv Ke_^h\Zl_evgh agZgb_ ih djZcg_c f_j_ lZd`_ mf_klgh dZd b bgnhjfZpby H^gZdh agZgb_ aZqZklmx y\ey_lky g_y\gh \ujZ`_gguf dmfmeylb\guf dhee_dlb\guf ?keb fu ij_^iheh`bf \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ]ZjZglbjh\Zggh jZpbhgZevguf ih^oh^hf qlh h[jZ[hldZ bgnhjfZpbb y\ey_lky ijh[e_fhc \ qZklghklb hl^_e_gby rmfh\hlgZ^e_`Zsbokb]gZeh\lhf_gvrb_hj]Zgu\eZklb\_jhylghf_g__wnn_dlb\guq_fdjmigu_?kebk[hj bgnhjfZpbb fh`gh [ueh [u oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv kgb`Zxs_cky hl^Zq_c lh ih\urZxsZyky hl^ZqZ \_jhylgh ijbf_gbfZ d h[jZ[hld_ bgnhjfZpbb >_\hexpby \eZklb ehdZevguf hj]ZgZf ijb\_^_l \ emqr_f kemqZ_ d ^m[ebjh\Zgbxkj_^kl\h[jZ[hldbb\om^r_fkemqZ_-df_g__wnn_dlb\gufh[sbf\hafh`ghklyf157.Djhf_lh]h @KZibjmdZau\Z_lgZlhqlhkihkh[ghklvijbgbfZlvj_r_gbyhq_gv[ebadZijZ\Zfkh[kl\_gghklbbih^jZamf_\Z_l k\yav f_`^m dhgljhe_f b hl\_lkl\_gghklvx Ke_^h\Zl_evgh gm`gh mqblu\Zlv \k_ \hafh`gu_ ihke_^kl\by ih[hqgu_ wnn_dlu j_r_gbc ijbgbfZ_fuo gZ f_klghf mjh\g_ J_qv [_amkeh\gh b^_l h \hagbdgh\_gbb lZd gZau\Z_fuowdkl_jgZevguownn_dlh\dZd\gmljbkn_ju[x^`_lguohlghr_gbclZdbaZ__ij_^_eZfbdZd\gmljb ^Zgghcl_jjblhjbblZdbba\g_ 3. >_dhgp_gljZpby j_r_gbc fh`_l ijb\_klb d dhgdmj_gpbb f_`^m ebpZfb ijbgbfZxsbfb j_r_gby MklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_dhlhjh_ ih^h[b_ jugdZ Kh]eZkgh f_cgkljbfm wlh ^he`gh ijb\_klb d [he__ wnn_dlb\ghfm jZaf_s_gbxj_kmjkh\@KZibjmdZau\Z_lH^gZdhlZdZyZj]mf_glZpbyij_^iheZ]Z_lqlhj_amevlZluj_r_gbc ijbgyluo f_klgufb \eZklyfb fh]ml [ulv hp_g_gu \ iheghc f_j_ b \ h^bgZdh\uo ^ey \k_o f_klguo j_r_gbc mkeh\byobj_amevlZlug_aZ\bkylhlaZljZlba\g_<kemqZ_g_kh[ex^_gbyh^gh]hbawlbo^\momkeh\bcex[Zy jughqghhjb_glbjh\ZggZyhp_gdZl_jy_lwnn_dlb\ghklvGh\j_Zevghffbj_j_^dhbf_xlf_klhj_r_gbydhlhju_ fh`gh hp_gblv \ iheghc f_j_ b h^gh\j_f_ggh Z lZd`_ bkdexqblv \ebygb_ ij_^u^msbo j_r_gbc Djhf_ lh]h g_j_^dh kms_kl\mxl agZqbl_evgu_ \j_f_ggu_ eZ]b f_`^m ijbgylb_f j_r_gbc b bo ihke_^kl\byfb gZijbf_j \ h[jZah\ZgbbhgbkhklZ\eyxl-e_l 4. Kha^Zgb_ ZgZeh]Z dhgdmj_gpbb \ mkeh\byo bgnhjfZpbhgghc Zkbff_ljbb b gZebqby qZklghc bgnhjfZpbb fh`_l ihjh^blvijh[e_fmmom^rZxs_]hg_[eZ]hijbylgh]hhl[hjZ 5. < mkeh\byo ^_p_gljZebaZpbb \hagbdZ_l ijh[e_fZ g_ lhevdh ih[hqguo wnn_dlh\ gh b g_h[oh^bfhklb kha^Zgby ki_pbZevgh]h dhhj^bgbjmxs_]h f_oZgbafZ h[_ki_qb\Zxs_]h kh\f_klbfhklv b ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv ijbgylby j_r_gbc Kha^Zgb_ lZdh]h f_oZgbafZ ihlj_[h\Zeh [u h]jhfguo mkbebc ^ebl_evgh]h i_j_]h\hjgh]h ijhp_kkZ k mqZklb_f[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\Zklhjhghkeh`gyehkv[uhlkmlkl\b_fijhp_^mjijbgylby_^bgh]eZkgh]hj_r_gby< dhg_qghfkq_l_\k_wlhijb\_eh[udjhklmljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dgZgbah\hfmjh\g_ 6. G_l q_ldh]h ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z lh]h qlh ^_\hexpby mkbeb\Z_l ^_fhdjZlbq_kdbc dhgljhev mf_gvrZ_l klbfmeu d j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zgghfm ih\_^_gbx b kgb`Z_l fZkrlZ[u ijbk\h_gby h[s_kl\_gguo j_kmjkh\ < qZklghklb @KZibjmdZau\Z_lgZhiulNjZgpbb]^_mfgh`_gb_qbkeZebpijbgbfZxsboj_r_gbym\_ebqb\Z_l\hafh`ghklb ^eydhjjmipbbbih\urZ_lklhbfhklvdhgljhey 7. GZdhg_pkms_kl\m_lijh[e_fZdhfi_l_gpbbf_klguo\eZkl_c GZ mjh\g_ n_^_jZevguo \eZkl_c [he__ wnn_dlb\gh \uiheg_gb_ nmgdpbc \ h[eZklb fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdh]h j_]mebjh\Zgbyih^^_j`dbfZehh[_ki_q_gguokeh_\gZk_e_gby < l_hjbb h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ b [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ hkh[h_ f_klh hl\h^blky l_hjbb dem[h\ dhlhjZy iha\hey_l gZoh^blv kh\f_klgh_ hilbfZevgh_ j_r_gb_ ^ey h^gh\j_f_ggh]h j_r_gby ^\mo \hijhkh\ hlghkbl_evgh kha^Zgby kf_rZgguo h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] - hilbfZevgh]h fZkrlZ[Z wlh]h [eZ]Z dem[Z [Zkk_cgZ iZjdZ b hilbfZevgh]h dhebq_kl\Z ihevah\Zl_e_c wlh]h [eZ]Z Ihkdhevdm kf_rZggu_ [eZ]Z h[eZ^Zxl k\hckl\hf g_khi_jgbq_kl\Z \ ihlj_[e_gbb gh g_ h[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\hfg_bkdexqZ_fhklb\ihlj_[e_gbbjZ\gh\_kb_\hagbdZ_ldh]^Zij_^_evgu_ba^_j`dbjZ\guij_^_evguf \u]h^Zf ihevah\Zgby [eZ]hf L_hjbx dem[h\ fh`gh k mki_ohf ijbf_gylv g_ lhevdh \ ljZ^bpbhgghf dhgl_dkl_ gh b ^ey hij_^_e_gbyhilbfZevgh]hdhebq_kl\ZkZfhj_]mebjm_fuo_^bgbpbfZkrlZ[Zboiheghfhqbc < deZkkbq_kdbo fh^_eyo [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ \aZbfhhlghr_gby P_gljZ b j_]bhgh\ kljhylky \ kljh]h hij_^_e_gghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb jZa]jZgbq_gb_ jZkoh^guo iheghfhqbc gZ wlhc hkgh\_ jZa]jZgbq_gb_ bklhqgbdh\ ^hoh^h\ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ ^hoh^h\ - ebd\b^Zpby \hagbdrbo ^bkijhihjpbc ih \_jlbdZeb f_`^m [x^`_lZfb jZaebqguo 156 Ih keh\Zf Dbj^bghc km[kb^bZjghklv \ ijZdlbd_ n_^_jZlb\guo hlghr_gbc hagZqZ_l ijbhjbl_l ijZ\ [he__ f_edhc gbadhc l_jjblhjbZevghc kZfhmijZ\eyxs_cky h[sghklb ih kjZ\g_gbx k h[sghklvx [he__ djmighc [he__ \ukhdh]h mjh\gy \ j_r_gbb [hevrbgkl\Z ohayckl\_gguo ijh[e_f gZk_e_gby gZ l_jjblhjbb Iheghfhqby ih j_ZebaZpbb dZdbo-eb[h nmgdpbc i_j_^Zxlky kZfhmijZ\eyxsbfbkyl_jjblhjbZevgufbkljmdlmjZfbgZ[he__\ukhdbcmjh\_gv\lhfkemqZ_dh]^ZhgbkZfbg_bf_xl\hafh`ghklb^ey boj_ZebaZpbbKhhl\_lkl\_gghkgbamgZ\_joi_j_^Zxlkybg_h[oh^bfu_^eyj_ZebaZpbbwlbonmgdpbcj_kmjkuKWWSNLUGLQDUXSXEOLF modernfed/index.shtml). 157 KZibj@G_dhlhju_\hijhku[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ\Jhkkbbhttp://ieie.nsc.ru/~tasis/sapir.htm). b_jZjobq_kdbo mjh\g_c b ]hjbahglZeb f_`^m [x^`_lZfb h^gh]h b_jZjobq_kdh]h mjh\gy < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ijhp_kk ijbgylby j_r_gbc \ nbgZgkh\h-[x^`_lghc kn_j_ ijbh[j_lZ_l fgh]hrZ]h\uc oZjZdl_j gZ dZ`^hc ihke_^mxs_c klZ^bb ijhbkoh^bl hilbfbaZpby kh[kl\_gghc nmgdpbb k mq_lhf h]jZgbq_gbc – j_amevlZlh\ ihemq_gguo ijb hilbfbaZpbb gZ ij_^u^ms_cklZ^bb =jZglu \dexqZxsb_ \k_ \b^u ihfhsb ljZgkn_jlu km[kb^bb ^hlZpbb km[\_gpbb deZkkbnbpbjmxlky ih g_kdhevdbfijbagZdZf ih p_e_\hfm gZagZq_gbx b kl_i_gb k\h[h^u \ jZkihjy`_gbb kj_^kl\Zfb \u^_eyxl dZl_]hjbZevgu_ ]jZglu bf_xsb_ kljh]h p_e_\h_ gZagZq_gb_ b [ehqgu_ j_pbib_gl hklZ_lky g_aZ\bkbfuf \ bkihevah\Zgbb lZdbo kj_^kl\ hgb h[uqghghkylnbkdZevguc\ujZ\gb\ZxsbcoZjZdl_j 2 ih kheb^Zjghklb jZkoh^h\ ]jZglu ^_eyl gZ ^he_\u_ ij_^iheZ]Zxsb_ kh\f_klgh_ mqZklb_ p_gljZ b j_]bhgh\ \ nbgZgkbjh\ZgbbdZdbo-eb[hijh]jZffbg_^he_\u_ ih p_eyf dhlhjufb jmdh\h^kl\m_lky n_^_jZevgh_ ijZ\bl_evkl\h ]jZglu ^_eylky gZ klZ[bebaZpbhggu_ nbkdZevgu_\ujZ\gb\Zxsb_j_]mebjmxsb_klbfmebjmxsb_bdhjj_dlbjmxsb_k\yaZggu_kg_cljZebaZpb_c\g_rgbo wnn_dlh\ ih djbl_jbx h]jZgbq_gghklb \u^_eyxlky ]jZglu ebfblbjh\Zggu_ b g_ebfblbjh\Zggu_ ]jZglu Ib]m gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ khdjZs_gb_ klhbfhklb ijhba\h^kl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo mkem] ^ey bo ihemqZl_e_c 3LJRYLDQ SULFH-reduction grant). <aZiZ^ghcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmd_ihemqbeba\_klghklvlZdgZau\Z_fucwnn_dlebimqdb?=j_febqZbebwnn_dl ebidhc[mfZ]bkmlvdhlhjh]h\lhfqlh\u^_ey_fu_kj_^kl\Z\dhg_qghfkq_l_\f_gvr_ckl_i_gb\_^mldjhklmebqgh]h ihlj_[e_gbyZ[hevrZyboqZklvkgh\Z\ha\jZsZ_lky\[x^`_lihKR:ijhlb\-^eyh[uqguojZkoh^h\lh_klv hgb ba[ulhqgh ijbebiZxl d h[s_kl\_gghfm k_dlhjm Wlh h[tykgy_lky bgl_j_kZfb jZkihjy^bl_e_c wlbo kj_^kl\ b bo hkh[ufih\_^_gb_fLZdbfh[jZahff_gy_lkykhhlghr_gb_f_`^mh[s_kl\_ggufbqZklgufk_dlhjhf\ihevami_j\h]h =jZglu fh]ml \uihegylv g_ lhevdh iheh`bl_evgu_ nmgdpbb DZd b ex[Zy [_a\haf_a^gZy ihfhsv hgb kihkh[gu nhjfbjh\Zlv hljbpZl_evgu_ klbfmeu ^eykm[gZpbhgZevguo\eZkl_cqlhijb\h^blg_djhklmij_^eh`_gbyh[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] Z d khdjZs_gbx ^hoh^h\ [x^`_lhihemqZl_e_c Ke_^h\Zl_evgh lj_[m_lky kha^Zgb_ ki_pbZevgh]h f_oZgbafZ h[_ki_qb\Zxs_]hdhgljhevaZwnn_dlb\ghklvxjZkoh^h\ZgbylZdbokj_^kl\gZ\k_oklZ^byobijb\yadZjZkq_lh\[m^msbo ]jZglh\dZgZebamnZdlbq_kdhcwnn_dlb\ghklbjZg__ihemq_gghcihfhsb 17.2.2 Fh^bnbdZpbylbih\kh]eZr_gbc\kn_j_[x^`_lgh]h i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby LZdbf h[jZahf [x^`_lgh_ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ - gZb[he__ bgl_j_kgZy kn_jZ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ gZ]ey^gh ^_fhgkljbjmxsZy \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u k ijbgylb_f wnn_dlb\guo j_r_gbc \ kn_j_ h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZWlZb^_ym^Zqgh\ukdZaZgZ\h\klmie_gbbdh^ghfmbabkke_^h\Zgbc\h[eZklb[x^`_lguohlghr_gbcGh\_crZy ^bgZfbqgZy l_hjby n_^_jZebafZ Zdlb\gh bs_l hl\_l gZ ke_^mxsbc \hijhk dZdZy bgklblmpbhgZevgZy nhjfZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ij_^hklZ\ey_l gZb[he__ rbjhdmx kl_i_gv k\h[h^u \ ijhp_kk_ nhjfbjh\Zgby hilbfZevguo bgklblmlh\ ijba\Zgguo q_j_a ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx^_yl_evghklvaZgbfZlvkyk[hjhf^hoh^h\b\uiheg_gb_faZ^Zq"158 Bklhjby f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \ Jhkkbb - bklhjby ^\b`_gby d gh\hfm dhgljZdlghfm ]hkm^Zjkl\m hkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbfijbgpbihf\aZbfhhlghr_gbc\dhlhjhfy\ey_lkyn_^_jZebaf Dhgp_ipby jhkkbckdh]h n_^_jZebafZ \_^_l k\hx bklhjbx gZqbgZy k ] Zij_ey ] <_joh\guc Kh\_l KKKJ ijbgye aZdhg H jZa]jZgbq_gbb iheghfhqbc f_`^m Khxahf KKKJ b km[t_dlZfb N_^_jZpbb dhlhjuc iheh`be gZqZeh j_nhjfbjh\Zgbx n_^_jZevguo hlghr_gbc <h-i_j\uo hg \ujZ\gb\Ze ijZ\h\hc klZlmk Z\lhghfguo b khxaguo j_kim[ebd <h-\lhjuo \i_j\u_ mqj_`^Ze ijZdlbdm ^h]h\hjguo hlghr_gbc b kh]eZr_gbc f_`^m Z\lhghfgufb j_kim[ebdZfbbh[jZah\Zgbyfbhdjm]Zfbbh[eZklyfbbkhxagufbj_kim[ebdZfb KlZ\rbc m`_ gZjbpZl_evguf ijbau\ ij_ab^_glZ ;?evpbgZ <havfbl_ lm ^hex \eZklb dhlhjmx kZfb kfh`_l_ ijh]ehlblv kha^Ze k\h_]h jh^Z g_hij_^_e_gghklv \ klZlmkZo j_kim[ebd bo ijZ\hfhqbyo b \ua\Ze ijhp_kk ihemqb\rbc gZa\Zgb_iZjZ^km\_j_gbl_lh\IjZ\h\hc\Zdmmfihjh^bej_]bhgZevgmxbgbpbZlb\mhlklj_fe_gbybaf_gblvklZlmkiml_f kZfhklhyl_evgh]h ih^ibkZgby mqj_^bl_evgh]h Khxagh]h >h]h\hjZ - ^h kha^Zgby kh[kl\_gguo aZdhgh\ b ijyfhc dhgnjhglZpbb k P_gljhf < kn_j_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ lZd`_ \hpZjbeZkv g_hij_^_e_gghklv < - ]] jy^ j_kim[ebd LZlZjklZg ;ZrdhjlhklZg Ydmlby\h^ghkljhgg_fihjy^d_aZy\bebh\\_^_gbbh^ghdZgZevghcfh^_ebk[hjZ gZeh]h\ b hldZa_ hl i_j_qbke_gby jZg__ mklZgh\e_gguo \aghkh\ < hl\_l gZ wlh n_^_jZevgu_ \eZklb klZeb kimkdZlv jZkoh^gu_ iheghfhqby gZ [he__ gbadb_ mjh\gb Bgl_j_kgh qlh b^_y h^ghdZgZevghc \hkoh^ys_c kbkl_fu gZeh]hh[eh`_gby \hajh`^Z_lky \kydbc jZa dh]^Z gZb[he__ \ebyl_evgu_ j_]bhgu qm\kl\mxl aZ\bkbfhklv P_gljZ hl bo ih^^_j`db h[uqgh wlh ijhbkoh^bl i_j_^ hq_j_^gufb \u[hjZfb LZd \ lZ[ebp_ khklZ\e_gghc :EZ\jh\uf b <Ojbkl_gdh kh[jZgu Zj]mf_glu klhjhggbdh\ h^ghdZgZevghc kbkl_fu b ij_^klZ\e_gZ k_jv_agZy dhgljZj]mf_glZpby ijhlb\ ^Zgghc kbkl_fu < lh `_ \j_fy g_ijhajZqghklv ijZ\ b h[yaZgghkl_c hj]Zgh\ \eZklb ijb\_eZ d jhklm g_ieZl_`_c Zkbff_ljbbbih^\b`ghklb\gmlj_gg_ckljmdlmju]hkm^Zjkl\_gguonbgZgkh\ WlZi ,, d\ZjlZe ]] \ gZklhys__ \j_fy m`_ ijbgylh - oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv dZd i_j_]h\hjguc n_^_jZebaf I_j_]h\hju dZkZebkv ij_`^_ \k_]h klZlmkZ j_kim[ebd >\_ ba j_kim[ebdb LZlZjklZg b - ;ZrdhjlhklZg-gZklZb\ZebgZih^ibkZgbbKhxagh]h^h]h\hjZnZdlbq_kdb LZ[ebpZ :j]mf_gluaZbijhlb\h^ghdZgZevghcfh^_ebk[hjZgZeh]h\ :j]mf_gl DhgljZj]mf_glu 1. JhkkbygZdhg_pklZg_l N_^_jZpbcklZdbf[x^`_lgufmkljhckl\hfg_[ueh 158 Politekonom. <klmie_gb_http://www.transecon.ru/Politek/archive/ text2_97.html). :j]mf_gl ih^ebgghc n_^_jZpb_c DhgljZj]mf_glu g_lb[ulvg_fh`_lHkgh\hiheZ]ZxsbcijbagZd _^bgh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z–gZeh]bmieZqb\Z_fu_ gZk_e_gb_fbij_^ijbylbyfbg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\ p_gljZevgucn_^_jZevguc[x^`_lG_llZdbogZeh]h\ –g_l_^bgh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z_klvg_dh_h[t_^bg_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\lbiZ?KKm[t_dluN_^_jZpbbg_y\eyxlky ihkj_^gbdZfbf_`^mgZk_e_gb_fbn_^_jZevgufb \eZklyfbHgbg_fh]mlbg_^he`guj_rZlvkdhevdh ^_g_]b]^_gm`ghljZlblvgZh[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ gm`^u–wlh^_eh]jZ`^Zg^eylh]hbba[bjZxsbo n_^_jZevgu_\eZklb 2. Bkq_ag_lk_iZjZlbaf <-]]LZlZjklZg;ZrdhjlhklZgYdmlby Q_qgyy\hqgufihjy^dhfi_j_rebgZh^ghdZgZevgmx f_`^mp_gljhfb j_]bhgZfb\hpZjblky fh^_ev>hkboihjjZa[bjZ_fkykihke_^kl\byfb?keb \iheghcf_j_j_Zebah\Zlvh^ghdZgZevgmxfh^_evlh ihegh_kh]eZkb_ j_]bhgu\y\ghf\b^_jZa^_eylkygZ^hghjh\b b`^b\_gp_\ihke_^gbfh^ghdZgZevgZyfh^_evy\gh g_\u]h^gZGZqg_lky[_kdhg_qguclhj]ZaZl_fb dhgnebdlu\hdjm]jZaf_jh\h[jhdZ\n_^_jZevguc [x^`_lN_^_jZevgh_ijZ\bl_evkl\hklZg_lg_gm`guf <k_^_eZ[m^mlj_rZlv-kZfuodjmiguom^_evguo dgya_cih^fbgZxsboih^k_[yhklZevguoHq_gv kdhjhhgbih^_eylf_`^mkh[hcZjfbxby^_jgu_ [h_]heh\dbgZqgmli_qZlZlv^_gv]bbihlj_[mxl \klmie_gby\HHG M`_k_]h^gyJhkkbybf__lkZfmx^_p_gljZebah\Zggmx 3. Ijhbahc^_l [x^`_lgmxkbkl_fm\fbj_k\_kvfZg_agZqbl_evguf g_h[oh^bfZy^ey [x^`_lghckbkl_fu _kebmq_klvf_`j_]bhgZevgu_jZaebqbymjh\g_f ijyfh]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbykj_^kl\f_`^m Jhkkbb j_]bhgZevgufb[x^`_lZfbLZd^heykm[t_dlh\ ^_p_gljZebaZpby N_^_jZpbb\h[sbogZeh]h\uo^hoh^ZokljZgu\] khdjZlblkyydh[u khklZ\beZ^eykjZ\g_gby\DZgZ^_\k_j_^bg_ qj_af_jgh\ukhdZy ^hey^hoh^h\ 1990-o]]–=_jfZgbb–KR:–Bg^bb moh^ysbo\Fhkd\m –:\kljZebb–;jZabebb–NbgZgkh\Zy ihfhsvban_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZj_]bhgZf\Jhkkbb ^eyihke_^mxs_]h khklZ\ey_l\k_]h<<Ilh]^ZdZd\KR:–\ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby DZgZ^_–\Bg^bb–\:\kljZebb– 6,5%. f_`^mj_]bhgZfb Hkgh\gZyijh[e_fZ–g_\ijhihjpbyof_`^mmjh\gyfb [x^`_lghckbkl_fuJhkkbbZ\f_oZgbafZo f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbckhhlghr_gbb kZfhklhyl_evghklbbhl\_lkl\_gghklbj_]bhgZevguob f_klguo\eZkl_c 4. Memqrblky kh[bjZ_fhklvgZeh]h\ lZddZdj_]bhgu[m^ml aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu ihkdhj__\uihegblv h[jhdkl_fqlh[u ihemqZlv ^hihegbl_evgu_ ^hoh^u\k\hb [x^`_lu GZc^mlkylukyqbijbqbgg_i_j_qbkeylvh[jhd\ n_^_jZevguc[x^`_lg_kh]eZkb_k_]hjZaf_jhf g_^h\hevkl\hijZ\bl_evkl\hfaZ[hlZhf_klghf gZk_e_gbb?^bgkl\_ggh\hafh`gh_ijhlb\hy^b_– kgbfZlvZ_s_emqr_–kZ`Zlv]m[_jgZlhjh\g_ i_j_qbkeb\rboiheh`_ggh]hh[jhdZijbf_jghlZd ^_ckl\mxl\DblZ_QlhdZkZ_lkyjhklZ^hoh^h\ j_]bhgh\lhg_lgbdZdbo]ZjZglbcqlhhg[m^_l bkihevah\Zg\bgl_j_kZogZk_e_gbyZg_gZijbf_j^ey km[kb^bjh\ZgbywdhghfbdbDlhfm`_`b\uo^_g_] \jy^ebm^Zklkykh[jZlv[hevr_\h\kydhfkemqZ_ gbdlhg_f_rZ_l^_eZlvwlh`_k_cqZk 5. J_]bhgui_j_klZgml h[jZsZlvky\ n_^_jZevgh_ ijZ\bl_evkl\haZ ihfhsvxZ[m^ml\k_ k\hbijh[e_fuj_rZlv kZfb Ijbf_jgh^eykm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbg_o\Zlbl\k_c kmffukh[bjZ_fuogZbol_jjblhjbbgZeh]h\^ey nbgZgkbjh\ZgbykZfuofbgbfZevguo[x^`_lguo ihlj_[ghkl_cKmq_lhfg_ba[_`gh]h i_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyjZkoh^h\qbkehlZdboj_]bhgh\ fh`_l\hajZklb^h-Bf\k_jZ\ghijb^_lky ihfh]Zlvban_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZ<k_gug_rgb_ ijh[e_fuhklZgmlkyZ\hlj_kmjkh\^eyboj_r_gbym`_ g_[m^_l 6. WdhghfbdZihc^_l\ ]hjmj_dhcihl_dml bg\_klbpbblZddZdgZ f_klZo\b^g__qlh gm`gh^eywlh]h ^_eZlvdhfmihfh]Zlv Zkdh]h[jZlv Ij_^ijbylbyhdZ`mlky\iheghcaZ\bkbfhklbhl j_]bhgZevguo\eZkl_cijhba\hedhjjmipby g_wnn_dlb\gu_km[kb^bbbev]hlukjZsb\Zgb_ ]hkZiiZjZlZb[bag_kZihy\blkygZeh]h\uo j_`bfh\[Zjv_ju^eyi_j_f_s_gbylh\Zjh\b dZiblZeh\?^bguc\gmlj_ggbcjughdbkq_ag_l >h]h\Zjb\ZlvkyhihklZ\dZogZqgmlg_ij_^ijbylbyZ :j]mf_gl DhgljZj]mf_glu ]m[_jgZlhju?kebg_^h]h\hjylkygZqgmlkylhj]h\u_ \hcguH[wdhghfbq_kdhfjhkl_fh`gh[m^_laZ[ulv ;ZeZgknbgZgkh\uoihlhdh\f_`^mn_^_jZevguf 7. AZihke_^gb_]h^u [x^`_lhfbhl^_evgh\aylufbj_]bhgZfbhq_gv hij_^_ebeky[ZeZgk nbgZgkh\uoihlhdh\ g_mklhcqb\\iehlv^hbaf_g_gbyagZdZKdhevdhf_`^mn_^_jZevguf gb[m^vgZ^_`ghjZkkqblZlvgZ_]hhkgh\_jZaf_j [x^`_lhfbdZ`^uf \aghkZbebnbgZgkh\hcihfhsbg_lhevdhgZ [eb`Zcrb_]h^ZghbgZl_dmsbc]h^g_\hafh`gh j_]bhghfihwlhfm ?keb\aghku\n_^_jZevguc[x^`_l[m^ml gm`ghebrv_]h mklZgh\e_gu\nbdkbjh\Zgghckmff_bokt_kl aZnbdkbjh\Zlvb bgneypby>_gv]b\Fhkd\mf_rdZfbg_\hayl i_j_klZlv]hgylv hkgh\gZyqZklvkh[jZgguogZeh]h\blZdbkihevam_lky ^_gv]bbaFhkd\ub gZf_klZoq_j_akbkl_fmdZagZq_ckl\ZWlmijZdlbdm h[jZlgh gm`ghkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlvghh^ghdZgZevgZyfh^_ev wlhfmlhevdhih\j_^bllZddZdhdhgqZl_evghaZimlZ_l dhfmaZqlhbkdhevdhieZlblv Wlhg_lZd;x^`_lufmgbpbiZebl_lh\nZdlbq_kdb 8. <gmljbkm[t_dlh\ ml\_j`^Zxlkykm[t_dlhfN_^_jZpbbFmgbpbiZebl_lu N_^_jZpbb g_^_eZxlgbdZdbo\aghkh\\j_]bhgZevguc[x^`_l< h^ghdZgZevgZy kbkl_fZm`_mki_rgh dZ`^hfj_]bhg__klv 1-^hghjZdjmiguo]hjh^Z^ey dhlhjuoihj_r_gbxj_]bhgZevguo\eZkl_c ^_ckl\m_l mklZgh\e_gukZfu_gbadb_ghjfZlb\uhlqbke_gbchl n_^_jZevguobj_]bhgZevguogZeh]h\dZdke_^kl\b_– lbibqgucdhgnebdlf_`^m]m[_jgZlhjhfbfwjhf h[eZklgh]hp_gljZ<udZq_ggu_bagbokj_^kl\Z i_j_jZkij_^_eyxlky\ihevamk_evkdbojZchgh\\ hkgh\ghf–km[t_dlb\gh BklhqgbdEZ\jh\:Ojbkl_gdh<WdhghfbdZbiheblbdZjhkkbckdh]h[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZKWWSPLQILQSDUNUXRIIBLQIKWP f_`]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h kh]eZr_gby k JN mjZ\gb\Zxs_]h bo klZlmk k Jhkkb_c k_fv j_kim[ebd - gZ ih^ibkZgbb N_^_jZlb\gh]h^h]h\hjZblhevdhj_kim[ebdbkh]eZkbebkvih^ibkZlvij_^eh`_ggh_jZ[hq_c]jmiihc<_joh\gh]hKh\_lZ JN Kh]eZr_gb_ h jZa]jZgbq_gbb ij_^f_lh\ \_^_gby b iheghfhqbc f_`^m hj]ZgZfb ]hk\eZklb Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b hj]ZgZfb]hk\eZklbj_kim[ebdGZqZ\rb_kygZpbhgZevgu_^\b`_gby\ugm^bebijZ\bl_evkl\hJNihclbgZmkdhj_ggh_[_a g_h[oh^bfuo ijhjZ[hlhd aZdexq_gb_ \ ] N_^_jZlb\gh]h ^h]h\hjZ F_`^m l_f m]jhaZ jZkiZ^Z p_ehklgh]h jhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\-]]mkbebeZkv^\_j_kim[ebdbQ_qgybLZlZjklZg\hh[s_hldZaZebkvhlih^ibkZgby N_^_jZlb\gh]h ^h]h\hjZ ^jm]b_ ijbgyeb _]h mkeh\by dZd \j_f_ggu_ ijh^he`Zy [hjv[m aZ gZpbhgZevgh_ kZfhhij_^_e_gb_ Ijhp_kk ih^ibkZgby N_^_jZlb\gh]h ^h]h\hjZ hq_gv kbevgh gZihfbgZe iheblbq_kdbc lhj] \ dhlhjhf ebrv ^_deZjbjh\ZehkvnhjfZevgh_jZ\_gkl\hj_kim[ebdghgZkZfhf^_e_p_gZmqZklbydZ`^hcbaj_kim[ebd\wlhf^h]h\hj_\ agZqbl_evghc f_j_ hij_^_eyeZkv __ nZdlbq_kdbf iheblbq_kdbf \ebygb_f b wdhghfbq_kdhc jZa\blhklvx GZijbf_j ^ey j_kim[ebdb ;ZrdhjlhklZg \ N_^_jZlb\ghf ^h]h\hj_ ij_^mkfZljb\Zehkv h[t_fgh_ ijbeh`_gb_ \ dhlhjhf \ qZklghklb hij_^_eyehkvijZ\hj_kim[ebdbgZkZfhklhyl_evgh_hij_^_e_gb_h[sboijbgpbih\gZeh]hh[eh`_gbybk[hjh\\[x^`_lk mq_lhfijbgylh]h\j_kim[ebd_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\ZZlZd`_ijZ\hkZfhklhyl_evgh]hkha^Zgby\j_kim[ebd_aZdhgh^Zl_evghcb km^_[ghckbkl_fuijhdmjZlmjuZ^\hdZlmjubghlZjbZlZ I_j_]h\hju dZkZebkv b jZkij_^_e_gby gZeh]h\ b ]jZglh\ k dZ`^uf j_]bhghf klZeb aZdexqZlvky bg^b\b^mZevgu_ kh]eZr_gbyhghjfZlb\ZojZks_ie_gbygZeh]h\uoihklmie_gbcbh[]h\Zjb\ZebkvfZkrlZ[unbgZgkh\hcihfhsbbap_gljZ dhlhjZyghkbeZ\ujZ\gb\Zxsbcg_h[mkeh\e_ggucoZjZdl_jAZdhgu]H[hkgh\ZogZeh]h\hckbkl_fubH[hkgh\Zo [x^`_lgh]h mkljhckl\Z b [x^`_lgh]h ijhp_kkZ \ JKNKJ ml\_j^beb klZgh\e_gb_ fgh]hmjh\gb_\hc [x^`_lghc kbkl_fu h^gZdhieZlhcaZwlhklZehj_adh_jZkrbj_gb_gZeh]h\h-[x^`_lghcZ\lhghfbbj_]bhgZevguobf_klguo\eZkl_c AZdj_ie_gb_ ijbgpbih\ n_^_jZebafZ ijhbahreh \ ijbgylhc \ ] Dhgklblmpbb JN KlZlv_c Dhgklblmpbb Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb qZklv ,,, ij_^mkfZljb\ZeZkv gh\Zy nhjfZ kh]eZr_gbc f_`^m hj]ZgZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b hj]ZgZfb \eZklb km[t_dlh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb - >h]h\hjh\ h jZa]jZgbq_gbb ij_^f_lh\ \_^_gby b iheghfhqbc nZdlbq_kdb gZqZeZkv e_]ZebaZpby jZg__ g_nhjfZevguo ^\moklhjhggbo ^h]h\hj_gghkl_c I_j\uc lZdhc ^h]h\hj [ue ih^ibkZg k j_kim[ebdhc LZlZjklZg n_\jZey ] Hg ^hihegyeky jy^hf f_`ijZ\bl_evkl\_gguo kh]eZr_gbch[wdhghfbq_kdhfkhljm^gbq_kl\_h\aZbfh^_ckl\bb\h[eZklbhojZguhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u\h[eZklb\ukr_]h h[jZah\Zgby h j_ZebaZpbb b ljZgkihjlbjh\d_ g_nlb b ijh^mdlh\ g_nl_obfbq_kdhc i_j_jZ[hldb ih \hijhkZf kh[kl\_gghklb h \aZbfghf ^_e_]bjh\Zgbb ij_^f_lh\ \_^_gby b iheghfhqbc \ h[hjhgguo hljZkeyo ijhfure_gghklb h[ mj_]mebjh\Zgbb hlghr_gbc \ \hijhkZo lZfh`_ggh]h ^_eZ h jZa]jZgbq_gbb iheghfhqbc \g_rg_wdhghfbq_kdbo k\ya_c h [x^`_lguo \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo h dhhj^bgZpbb [hjv[u k ij_klmighklvx b ^jm]bfb ijZ\hgZjmr_gbyfb \ h[eZklb [Zgdh\kdh]h ^_eZ ^_g_`gh-dj_^blghc b \Zexlghc iheblbdb <ujZ[hlZgguc iZd_l kh]eZr_gbc klZe k\h_]h jh^Z wlZehghf fh^_evx gZ hkgh\_ dhlhjhc gZqZeb nhjfbjh\Zlvky \aZbfhhlghr_gby j_kim[ebd k P_gljhf =eZ\guf ijbgpbihf aZdexq_gby ^h]h\hjh\ [ue mq_l gZpbhgZevguo fZl_jbZevgh-l_ogbq_kdbo ijbjh^gh-]_h]jZnbq_kdbo ^_fh]jZnbq_kdbo iheblbq_kdbomkeh\bc\dZ`^hcdhgdj_lghcj_kim[ebd_ LZdbf h[jZahf ^h]h\hjguc ijbgpbi \aZbfhhlghr_gbc j_kim[ebd k P_gljhf klZe ^hihegylv dhgklblmpbhggucijbgpbiwlh]h\aZbfhhlghr_gbyqlhiha\heyehih^^_j`b\Zlvg_dhlhjh_iheblbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_< lh `_ \j_fy ih fg_gbx hl^_evguo mq_guo ^h]h\hjguc ijbgpbi y\ey_lky ebrv i_j_oh^guf hg aZdj_iey_l g_jZ\_gkl\h j_]bhgh\bijhlb\hj_qblijbgpbim[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ159. 159 :gZeba ihabpbc ih ^Zgghfm \hijhkm fh`gh gZclb \ dgb]_ Dmag_ph\Z H ;x^`_lguc n_^_jZebaf J_]bhgu Jhkkbb \ ]h^m < ]ihbgbpbZlb\_P_gljZgZqZekylZd`_ijhp_kkmgbnbdZpbb\aZbfhhlghr_gbcP_gljZbj_]bhgh\\kn_j_ h[s_kl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ <h-i_j\uo hij_^_e_gu _^bgu_ ijhihjpbb jZkij_^_e_gby gZeh]h\uo ihklmie_gbc f_`^m n_^_jZevguf[x^`_lhfbj_]bhgZevgufb<h-\lhjuomqj_`^_gNhg^nbgZgkh\hcih^^_j`dbj_]bhgh\NNIJdhlhjuc klZe bkihevah\Zlv nhjfZebah\Zggu_ djbl_jbb \u^_e_gby ihfhsb NhjfmeZ _s_ g_ [ueZ kh\_jr_gghc lZd dZd hkgh\u\ZeZkv gZ nZdlbq_kdbo [x^`_lguo ihklmie_gbyo b nZdlbq_kdbo jZkoh^Zo aZ ijhreu_ ]h^u Z g_ gZ jZkq_l_ gZeh]h\h]h ihl_gpbZeZ b [x^`_lguo ihlj_[ghkl_c Ykgh qlh lZdZy kbkl_fZ \uau\ZeZ b`^b\_gq_kdb_ gZkljh_gby klbfmebjh\ZeZj_]bhgZevgu_\eZklbaZ\urZlvjZkoh^ubaZgb`Zlvm\h^blv\jZagu_nhg^u^hoh^uqlhgZijyfmx\_ehd ojhgbq_kdbf^_nbpblZfj_]bhgZevguo[x^`_lh\Djhf_lh]hml\_j`^Zebkvg_Z[khexlgu_kmffu^hlZpbcbawlh]hnhg^Z Z ijhp_glgu_ ^heb km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb qlh klZ\beh ieZgbjh\Zgb_ \ jZfdZo km[gZpbhgZevguo [x^`_lh\ \ kblmZpbx g_hij_^_e_gghklb Ihkl_i_gghihy\eyxlkykh[kl\_ggu_Dhgklblmpbb^_\ylgZ^pZlbj_kim[ebdbMklZ\ukm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbfgh]b_ ba dhlhjuo ijyfh ijhlb\hj_qZl ijbgylhfm n_^_jZevghfm aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\m Ihwlhfm h^ghc ba nhjf kha^Zgby _^bgh]h dhgklblmpbhggh-ijZ\h\h]h ijhkljZgkl\Z klZeh ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ gZ wdki_jlbam \ Fbgbkl_jkl\h xklbpbb Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbbZdlh\ijbgyluo\km[t_dlZoN_^_jZpbbLZdkk_j_^bguihbxgv]gZlZdmxwdki_jlbamihklmibeh [he__ lukyq ghjfZlb\guo ijZ\h\uo Zdlh\ H^gZdh ba km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb - :elZc :^u]_y ;ZrdhjlhklZg >Z]_klZg Bg]mr_lby DZjZqZ_\h-Q_jd_kby KZoZ Ydmlby M^fmjlby Dhfb-I_jfypdbc Mklv-Hj^ugkdbc LZcfujkdbc Z\lhghfgu_hdjm]ZB\Zgh\kdZyLZf[h\kdZyFhkdh\kdZyh[eZklb-ijhb]ghjbjh\Zebwlhj_r_gb_bg_khqebg_h[oh^bfuf ijbkueZlv k\hb ghjfZlb\gu_ Zdlu gZ wdki_jlbam \ Fbgxkl Z ba wlbo km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb hnbpbZevgh m\_^hfbeb Fbgxkl h lhf qlh g_ kqblZxl p_e_khh[jZaguf wlh ^_eZlv160 < - ]] gZ wdki_jlbam \ Fbgbkl_jkl\h xklbpbb JN ihklmibeh m`_ lukyqb ghjfZlb\guo Zdlh\ ijbgyluo \ km[t_dlZo JN iheh\bgZ ba gbo hdZaZebkv g_khhl\_kl\mxsbfb DhgklblmpbbJNbn_^_jZevgufaZdhgZf161. Dhgnebdlu \hagbdZxsb_ \ aZdhgh^Zl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb [ue ijba\Zg j_rZlv Dhgklblmpbhgguc Km^ JN :j[bljZ`guckm^JNb=_g_jZevgZyIjhdmjZlmjZJNH^gZdh\hl\_lgZwlhj_kim[ebdbkha^Zxlkh[kl\_ggu_kljmdlmjukh koh`bfbiheghfhqbyfb < jZa\blbb f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \k_ [he__ q_ldh ijhke_`b\Zehkv klhedgh\_gb_ bgl_j_kh\ P_gljZ ihgbfZxs_]h qlh [_a khojZg_gby \Z`guo Zljb[mlh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb dZdh\ufb y\eyxlky P_gljZevguc ;Zgd k fhghihevgufijZ\hfwfbkkbbn_^_jZevguc[x^`_l^\modZgZevgZykbkl_fZk[hjh\gZeh]h\ZjfbybijZ\hhojZgbl_evgZy kbkl_fZ h _^bghf wdhghfbq_kdhf b iheblbq_kdhf ijhkljZgkl\_ m`_ g_ fh`_l [ulv b j_qb b j_]bhgh\ iulZxsboky ijb\Zlbabjh\ZlvdZdfh`gh[hevr_bgklblmlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklbjZkiheh`_gguogZiZjZee_eb\eZklv-kh[kl\_gghklv DZd j_amevlZl gZjZklZxsbo [x^`_lguo ijh[e_f \ ] ijZ\bl_evkl\h \i_j\u_ [ueh \ugm`^_gh hnbpbZevgh ijbagZlvg_j_Zevghklvlhevdhqlhml\_j`^_ggh]h[x^`_lZij_^klZ\b\\=hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx>mfmijh_dlaZdhgZHk_d\_klj_ jZkoh^h\n_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZgZ]h^Wlh[uei_j\ucagZqbl_evgucijh\ZeLj_[h\ZekydZj^bgZevghgh\ucih^oh^ df_`[x^`_lgufhlghr_gbyfWlhlih^oh^[uegZc^_gP_gljkgh\Zi_j_r_e\dhgljgZklmie_gb_\ay\dmjkgZmkbe_gb_ [x^`_lghc p_gljZebaZpbb ;ue \hkklZgh\e_g aZdjuluc i_j_q_gv j_]bhgZevguo b f_klguo gZeh]h\ h]jZgbq_gu ijZ\Z j_]bhgh\ ih wfbkkbb p_gguo [mfZ] j_adh \hajhk h[t_f g_nbgZgkbjm_fuo fZg^Zlh\ - h[yaZl_evkl\ km[gZpbhgZevguo ijZ\bl_evkl\aZjZ[hlgZyieZlZkhpbZevgu_ihkh[bybev]hlugZlmjZevgu_bnbgZgkh\u_ghjfZlb\ug_ih^dj_ie_gguo khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb ^hoh^Zfb Ihke_^gb_ d lhfm `_ iha\heyxl km[gZpbhgZevguf \eZklyf i_j_deZ^u\Zlv [j_fy hl\_lkl\_gghklb gZ n_^_jZevguc P_glj Hl\_lghc j_Zdpb_c klZeh jZa\blb_ g_nhjfZevghc gZeh]h\hc b [x^`_lghc ^_yl_evghklb km[gZpbhgZevguo \eZkl_c < wlh \j_fy ihemqbeb rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ g_^_g_`gh_ bkiheg_gb_ [x^`_lh\ijZdlbdZgZeh]h\uohk\h[h`^_gbcbko_f\aZbfhaZq_lh\kbkihevah\Zgb_fkm[gZpbhgZevguo[x^`_lh\<kywlZ ^_yl_evghklv[ueZgZijZ\e_gZgZ\u\_^_gb_wdhghfbdbbakn_jun_^_jZevgh]hh[eh`_gby Ih^ju\ZeZ hkgh\u [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ b kbkl_fZ \aZbfhaZq_lh\ b jZkq_lh\ kmjjh]ZlZfb ijZdlbdm_fZy \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyoP_gljZkj_]bhgZfb>Z`_\kZfuowdhghfbq_kdbjZa\bluoj_]bhgZogZihegy_fhklv[x^`_lZ`b\ufb ^_gv]Zfb khklZ\eyeZ ebrv - \ lh \j_fy dZd \ jy^_ j_]bhgh\ hgZ \hh[s_ g_ ij_\urZeZ - HklZevgh_ gZiheg_gb_hkms_kl\eyehkvaZkq_lkmjjh]Zlh\-\_dk_e_ch[eb]Zpbc\aZbfhaZq_lh\b[Zjl_jguoko_fjZkq_lh\Ijbwlhf g_ba[_`gh\hagbdZeb\ukhdb_ljZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbk\yaZggu_k\_^_gb_fi_j_]h\hjh\bjZajZ[hldhcbg^b\b^mZevguo ko_f jZkq_lh\ k dZ`^uf djmiguf gZeh]hieZl_evsbdhf I_jbh^bq_kdb ijh\h^bebkv ijh]jZffu \k_jhkkbckdbo aZq_lh\ \aZbfguo lj_[h\Zgbc hj]Zgh\ \eZklb b djmig_crbo gZeh]hieZl_evsbdh\ b ij_^ijbylbc-[x^`_lhihemqZl_e_c < wlhf aZq_l_mqZkl\h\Zeb[x^`_lujZaebqguomjh\g_cH^gZdhlZdZyijZdlbdZlZbeZ\k_[_hiZkghklvqlhij_^ijbylbydhlhju_\ khklhygbb \h\j_fy jZkieZlblvky k gZeh]h\hc kbkl_fhc gZqgml khagZl_evgh aZ^_j`b\Zlv wlb ieZl_`b gZdZieb\Zy bo d aZq_lmbhijZ\^u\ZylZdh_ih\_^_gb_gZdhie_gghc^_[blhjkdhcaZ^he`_gghklvx >h djbabkZ ] f_klgu_ \eZklb \k_]h km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb djmigu_ ]hjh^Z Zdlb\gh jZaf_sZeb k\hb aZcfu dhlhju_ ij_\jZlbebkv \ kmjjh]Zlgu_ ^_gv]b M`_ \ ] lj_lv \k_o ^hoh^h\ b jZkoh^h\ l_jjblhjbc klZeZ h[_ki_qb\Zlvky ^_g_`gufb kmjjh]ZlZfb < dhgkheb^bjh\Zgghf [x^`_l_ ] hgb aZf_gbeb ljbeebhgh\ jm[e_c : j_Zevgu_^_gv]bmoh^beb\l_gv\gZebqguch[hjhlgZqbgZeb`blvk\h_cg_aZ\bkbfhc`bagvx <lh`_\j_fynbgZgkh\ucdjbabk]klZefhsgufklbfmehfjZa\blbyp_gljh[_`guol_g^_gpbc\jhkkbckdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklbbihlj_[h\Zehkh[h]h\gbfZgbydjZa\blbxgh\uonhjff_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbc Gh\ufwlZihfgZimlbklZgh\e_gbyjhkkbckdh]hn_^_jZebafZ[uehijbgylb_bxgy]N_^_jZevgh]haZdhgZ H ijbgpbiZo b ihjy^d_ jZa]jZgbq_gby ij_^f_lh\ \_^_gby b iheghfhqbc f_`^m hj]ZgZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb b hj]ZgZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb km[t_dlh\ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb hij_^_eyxs_]h _^bgu_ mkeh\bybihjy^hdih^]hlh\dbijh_dlh\^h]h\hjh\bkh]eZr_gbcbDhgp_ipbbj_nhjfbjh\Zgbyf_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbc \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb \ -2001 ]] Djhf_ lh]h ijhbahreZ fh^bnbdZpby ijbgpbih\ Nhg^Z nbgZgkh\hc ih^^_j`db j_]bhgh\ <i_j\u_ f_`]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ hlghr_gby ijbh[j_eb kljh]h nhjfZebah\Zggmx hkgh\m LjZgkn_jlu ba NNIJ (http://pubs.carnegie.ru/books/ 1999/08np/05.asp). 160 :jbgbg:GJhkkbckdZy]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklvbijh[e_fun_^_jZebafZBkke_^h\ZgbyihijbdeZ^ghcbg_hleh`ghcwlgheh]bb 105. (http://www.iea.ras.ru/ Russian/publications/applied/105.html). 161 Ijh[e_fubi_jki_dlb\ujZa\blbyn_^_jZebafZ\JhkkbbF(http://www. svop.ru/doklad7.htm). klZeb jZkkqblu\Zlvky gZ hkgh\_ [x^`_lghc h[_ki_q_gghklb \ kjZ\g_gbb kh kj_^g_jhkkbckdbf mjh\g_f \ hkgh\m dhlhjhc [ueb iheh`_gu bg^_dku gZeh]h\h]h ihl_gpbZeZ BGI b bg^_dku [x^`_lguo jZkoh^h\ B;J Ijbq_f nhjfmeZ kh\_jr_gkl\h\ZeZkvihkl_i_ggh<]ihdZ_s_bkihevah\ZebkvnZdlbq_kdb_j_amevlZlu[Zabkgh]h-]<]\ hkgh\m nhjfmeu [ueb iheh`_gu jZkq_lu <Zeh\h]h J_]bhgZevgh]h Ijh^mdlZ Z \f_klh kj_^g_^mr_\uo ^hoh^h\ \ujZ\gb\Zgbxl_i_jvm`_ih^e_`ZebgZeh]h\u_ihl_gpbZeuj_]bhgh\162. H^gZdh y\gu_ mki_ob \ h[eZklb mj_]mebjh\Zgby n_^_jZevghc ihfhsb g_h^ghagZqgh hp_gb\Zxlky jhkkbckdbfb mq_gufbBgl_j_k_gih^oh^<Ihih\Zdbgl_jij_lZpbbnhjfmeujZkq_lZljZgkn_jlh\LZdgZhkgh\_klZlbklbq_kdbojy^h\ b \uqbke_gguo dhwnnbpb_glh\ dhjj_eypbb hg ^hdZau\Z_l qlh nhjfmeZ jZkq_lZ khklZ\ey_lky i_j_^ hq_j_^gufb ij_ab^_glkdbfb \u[hjZfb lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u h[_ki_qblv ih^^_j`dm iZjlbb \eZklb kh klhjhgu gZb[he__ ehyevguo j_]bhgh\Bgufbkeh\Zfbj_qvb^_lhaZ\mZebjh\Zgghfg_y\ghflhj]_dhlhjuc\ibku\Z_lky\^_eh\hciheblbq_kdbcpbde b^_fhgkljbjm_l^_ckl\b_f_oZgbafh\eh[[bjh\Zgby\kn_j_f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbc163. IjhbahreZ bg\_glZjbaZpby n_^_jZevguo fZg^Zlh\ kha^Zgu Nhg^ j_nhjfbjh\Zgby j_]bhgZevguo nbgZgkh\ b Nhg^j_]bhgZevgh]hjZa\blbyK]ij_djZs_ghih^ibkZgb_kh]eZr_gbckkm[t_dlZfbN_^_jZpbbZ\]ijb\_^_gu \ khhl\_lkl\b_ k [x^`_lguf b gZeh]h\uf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf hlghr_gby k j_kim[ebdZfb LZlZjklZg b ;ZrdhjlhklZg G_dhlhju_ km[t_dlu N_^_jZpbb <heh]h^kdZy Mevygh\kdZy h[eZklb OZ[Zjh\kdbc djZc \uklmibeb k bgbpbZlb\hc h ^hkjhqghf ij_djZs_gbb ^_ckl\by ^\mklhjhggbo kh]eZr_gbc >ey j_]mebjh\Zgby f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc kha^Zgu lj_oklhjhggyyJZ[hqZy]jmiiZIjZ\bl_evkl\Z=hkm^Zjkl\_gghc>mfubKh\_lZN_^_jZpbbJZ[hqZy]jmiiZijbFbgnbg_ h[t_^bgb\rZyhdhehkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbb<]mqj_`^_gNhg^j_nhjfbjh\Zgbyj_]bhgZevguonbgZgkh\kj_^kl\Z ba dhlhjh]h gZqZeb jZkij_^_eylvky gZ dhgdmjkghc hkgh\_ j_]bhgZf dhlhju_ kijZ\bebkv k aZy\e_ggufb ijh]jZffZfb [x^`_lguoj_nhjf Djhf_ ijyfhc aZdhgh^Zl_evghc bgbpbZlb\u \hagbdZeb b ^jm]b_ nhjfu bgklblmlh\ \ebygby j_]bhgh\ gZ P_glj GZb[hevrbcbgl_j_kij_^klZ\eyxlZkkhpbZpbbwdhghfbq_kdh]h\aZbfh^_ckl\bykm[t_dlh\JN<]gZkqblu\Zehkv lZdboZkkhpbZpbcK_\_jh-AZiZ^P_gljZevgZyJhkkbyQ_jgha_fv_;hevrZy<he]ZK_\_jh-DZ\dZakdZy;hevrhc MjZe Kb[bjkdh_ kh]eZr_gb_ >Zevgbc <hklhd b AZ[ZcdZev_ P_evx ZkkhpbZpbc klZeZ dhhj^bgZpby mkbebc \ aZdhghl\hjq_kdhf ijhp_kk_ ijh\_^_gb_ kh\f_klguo bgl_j_kh\ \ n_^_jZevghf P_glj_ Bo fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ^_fhgkljZpbx ]jmiih\h]h dhee_dlb\gh]h ih\_^_gby ih FHekhgm < lh `_ \j_fy lZdb_ nhjfu h[t_^bg_gby y\eyxlky agZqbl_evgufrZ]hf\kha^Zgbb_^bgh]hfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdh]hijhkljZgkl\Z BgZdhg_pgZb[he__jZa\blhcnhjfhch[t_^bg_gbykgbam^eyaZsbluh[sbobgl_j_kh\y\behkvkha^Zgb_iZjlbc \eZklbj_]bhgZevguoweblk\h_]hjh^Zfhghihevgh-iheblbq_kdbokhxah\p_evdhlhjuo-hdZaZgb_kh\f_klgh]h^Z\e_gby gZP_gljH^gZdhlZdh]hjh^Zh[t_^bg_gbyg_y\eyxlkymklhcqb\ufblZddZdbgl_j_kukm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbgZkZfhf^_e_ \gmlj_gg_ijhlb\hj_qb\ubdZ`^uckha^Z_lk\hxb^_Zevgmxkbkl_fm\aZbfhhlghr_gbckP_gljhfbkoh^ybaj_Zevguo mkeh\bckms_kl\h\Zgbyj_]bhgZdhlhju_agZqbl_evghjZaebqZxlky < ] [ue aZims_g gh\uc wlZi \ jZa\blbb [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ Wlh k\yaZgh k ijbgylb_f Ijh]jZffu jZa\blby [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ ^h ] < wlhc ijh]jZff_ ijbgpbibZevgh f_gy_lky b^_heh]by \aZbfhhlghr_gbc P_gljZ b km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb <f_klh ij_`g_]h jZkij_^_e_gby [x^`_lguo j_kmjkh\ \ayl dmjk gZ jZa]jZgbq_gb_ [x^`_lguoiheghfhqbcbhl\_lkl\_gghklb<h-i_j\uoj_qvb^_lh[he__q_ldhfjZa]jZgbq_gbbjZkoh^guoiheghfhqbc< k\yab k wlbf ^ey khdjZs_gby h[t_fZ g_nbgZgkbjm_fuo fZg^Zlh\ b mf_gvr_gby gZdhie_ggh]h ^he]Z ih lZdh]h jh^Z h[yaZl_evkl\Zf kha^Zg Nhg^ Dhfi_gkZpbc <h-\lhjuo jZa]jZgbq_gb_ gZ ^he]hkjhqghc hkgh\_ gZeh]h\uo iheghfhqbc b ^hoh^guobklhqgbdh\ij_^iheZ]Z_l\[m^ms_fj_ZebaZpbxijbgpbiZh^bggZeh]-h^bg[x^`_lZlZd`_ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ km[gZpbhgZevguf \eZklyf ijZ\Z \\h^blv kh[kl\_ggu_ gZeh]b Djhf_ lh]h ij_^iheZ]Z_lky ihkl_i_ggh_ ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ j_]mebjmxsbo ^hoh^h\ k _`_]h^gh mqj_`^Z_fufb \ aZdhg_ ghjfZlb\Zfb bo jZks_ie_gby \ aZdj_ie_ggu_ gZ ^he]hkjhqghchkgh\_\GZeh]h\hfb;x^`_lghfDh^_dkZo < gZklhys__ \j_fy kms_kl\m_l nhg^h\ nbgZgkh\hc ih^^_j`db j_]bhgh\ NNIJ Nhg^ khnbgZgkbjh\Zgby khpbZevguojZkoh^h\ij_^hklZ\eyxsbc]jZglugZ^he_\hchkgh\_ihijbhjbl_lgufgZijZ\e_gbyfNhg^dhfi_gkZpbc BGIjZkkqblu\Z_lkyihke_^mxs_cko_f_\Zeh\ucj_]bhgZevgucijh^mdl\jZkq_l_gZ^mrmgZk_e_gbydhjj_dlbjm_lkygZhljZke_\mx kljmdlmjmijhba\h^kl\Zwlh\Z`ghihlhfmqlhjZagu_hljZkebh[eZ^ZxljZagufhlghr_gb_f\k_o\uieZq_gguogZeh]h\d^h[Z\e_gghc klhbfhklb BGI ihdZau\Z_l kdhevdh j_]bhg ^he`_g ihemqblv gZeh]h\ ijb kms_kl\mxs_c hljZke_\hc kljmdlmj_ _keb kh[bjZ_fhklv gZeh]h\ khhl\_lkl\m_l kj_^g_jhkkbckdhfm mjh\gx B;J ] jZkkqblu\Zeky bkoh^y ba klhbfhklb ij_^hklZ\e_gby jZaghh[jZaguo ]hkmkem]\j_]bhg_kmq_lhfklhbfhklbdhjabguijh`blhqgh]hfbgbfmfZ^hebgZk_e_gby`b\ms_]haZq_jlhc[_^ghklbmjh\gyp_gb ba^_j`_d gZijbf_j jZkoh^h\ gZ lhieb\h b l i b dhjj_dlbjh\Zeky gZ fgh`_kl\h ^jm]bo nZdlhjh\ d dhlhjuf hlghkbebkv debfZlbq_kdb_bijbjh^gu_mkeh\by\hajZklgZykljmdlmjZgZk_e_gby^hey]hjh^kdh]hgZk_e_gbykl_i_gvjZa\blbybgnjZkljmdlmjubl ^ 163 DZ`^uc^hihegbl_evgucijhp_glgucimgdl]hehkh\hl^Zgguo\^Zgghfj_]bhg_aZ?evpbgZ\h\lhjhflmj_ij_ab^_glkdbo\u[hjh\ ]h[hjZqb\Zekymf_gvr_gb_fqbkluoljZgkn_jlh\\p_glj\jZaf_j_-jm[eygZ`bl_ey\]h^Lhevdh\]wlZaZ\bkbfhklv gZjmrbeZkv–hiihabpbhggufj_]bhgZfjZaj_rbebieZlblv\p_gljf_gvr_lh]^ZdZdjZgvr_bo\ugm`^ZebieZlblv[hevr_Zijhp_gl \ZjbZpbc nZdlbq_kdbo nbgZgkh\uo ihlhdh\ h[tykgy_fuc mjZ\g_gb_f kgbabeky \^\h_ Gh \ ] \k_ \_jgmehkv gZ djm]b k\hy f_`[x^`_lgu_nbgZgkh\u_i_j_qbke_gby]hq_gvihoh`bgZdZjlbgdm-]]bkh\k_fg_ihoh`bgZdZjlbgdm]LZd gZijbf_j \h \k_o j_]bhgZo \ dhlhjuo hnbpbZevguc B;J hdZaZeky \ b [he__ jZa \ur_ q_f kj_^g_jhkkbckdbc mjh\_gv G_g_pdbc LZcfujkdbcW\_gdbckdbc:Hj_kim[ebdZKZoZQmdhlkdbcbDhjydkdbc:HFZ]Z^ZgkdZyh[eZklv^hey]hehkh\ih^ZgguoaZ?evpbgZ \h \lhjhf lmj_ ij_ab^_glkdbo \u[hjh\ ] [ueZ \ur_ kj_^g_jhkkbckdh]h ihdZaZl_ey – 62- ijhlb\ <_jgh qlh \k_ wlh m^Ze_ggu_hlp_gljZk_\_jgu_kb[bjkdb_b^Zevg_\hklhqgu_j_]bhguk\ukhdhcklhbfhklvx`bagbH^gZdh^jm]b_^hjh]b_j_]bhgu\ lhfqbke_bg_ihkj_^kl\_ggu_khk_^bk_fbgZa\Zgguoghkf_g__\i_qZleyxs_cih^^_j`dhc?evpbgZgZ\u[hjZo]g_ihemqbeb lZdbo\ukhdbohnbpbZevguoB;J>jm]bfbkeh\ZfbjZkq_lhnbpbZevguoljZgkn_jlh\gZ][eZ]hijbylkl\h\ZeFhkd\_Z\lhghfbyf b j_]bhgZf ]hehkh\Z\rbf aZ ^_fhdjZlh\ – wlb j_]bhgu ^he`gu [ueb ieZlblv hlghkbl_evgh f_gvr_ \ n_^_jZevgmx dZagm Ijbf_qZl_evgh lZd`_ qlh jZkq_l hnbpbZevguo ljZgkn_jlh\ ba NNIJ gZ ] [ue ijhba\_^_g lZdbf h[jZahf qlh aZdj_ibe kms_kl\h\Z\r__ ij_`^_ g_jZ\ghf_jgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ hnbpbZevguc bg^_dk [x^`_lguo jZkoh^h\ ijba\Zgguc mq_klv jZaebqby \ klhbfhklb ij_^hklZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo mkem] ih]ehlbe b [hevrmx qZklv \ZjbZpbc \ ljZgkn_jlZo k\yaZgguo k qbklh iheblbq_kdbfb nZdlhjZfb Ihih\ < J_nhjfZ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ \ Jhkkbb ]jmklgZy ih\_klv k i_qZevguf dhgphf http://www.nes.ru/ public-presentations/Papers/Popov-rus.htm). 162 ^ey nbgZgkbjh\Zgby ijyfuo n_^_jZevguo fZg^Zlh\ Nhg^ j_]bhgZevgh]h jZa\blby ih^^_j`dZ bg\_klbpbhgguo ijh]jZffbijh_dlh\Nhg^j_nhjfbjh\Zgbyj_]bhgZevguonbgZgkh\ Hkh[h_ agZq_gb_ ijb^Z_lky j_nhjf_ f_klgh]h kZfhmijZ\e_gby nhjfbjh\Zgbx ijbgpbih\ \aZbfhhlghr_gby km[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbkfmgbpbiZevgufbh[jZah\ZgbyfbA^_kvg_h[oh^bfhgZclbahehlmxk_j_^bgmf_`^maZdhgh^Zl_evgh mklZgh\e_ggufbN_^_jZevgufp_gljhf_^bgufbklZg^ZjlZfb^ey\k_oj_]bhgh\bk\h[h^hc^_ckl\byihke_^gbokmq_lhf f_klghc ki_pbnbdb Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky \\_^_gb_ klZlmkh\ \ukhdh^hlZpbhggh]h j_]bhgZ b j_]bhgZ gZoh^ys_]hky \ khklhygbb nbgZgkh\h]h djbabkZ Z lZd`_ jZajZ[hldZ ijhp_^mj [Zgdjhlkl\Z b \\_^_gby \g_rg_]h mijZ\e_gby ^ey fmgbpbiZevguoh[jZah\Zgbc Hkh[ucbgl_j_kklhqdbaj_gbyfh^bnbdZpbb\aZbfhhlghr_gbcmjh\g_c\eZklbij_^klZ\ey_lh[jZah\Zgb_\] n_^_jZevguo hdjm]h\ b ihy\e_gb_ gh\h]h bgklblmlZ - iheghfhqguo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c Ij_ab^_glZ Hlghr_gb_ d wlhfm ihkj_^gbq_kdhfm [xjhdjZlbq_kdhfm bgklblmlm g_h^ghagZqgh_ l_f [he__ nmgdpbb wlbo hdjm]h\ _s_ q_ldh g_ ijhibkZgu hgb hij_^_eyxlky kihglZggh b \hafh`gh ijba\Zgu aZf_gblv ^jm]b_ bgklblmlu iml_f hlly]b\Zgby iheghfhqbc b h]jZgbq_gby ijZ\ K h^ghc klhjhgu wlhl bgklblml kha^Zg ^ey emqr_c dhhj^bgZpbb ^_yl_evghklb n_^_jZevgh]h P_gljZ b km[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbK^jm]hcklhjhguhgfh`_l\ujh^blvkydZd\hj]ZgdhgljheygZ^ahjZb^Z\e_gbykhklhjhguP_gljZ lZdb\hj]Zgeh[[bjh\Zgbyj_]bhgZevguobgl_j_kh\\P_glj_ HibkZggZy gZfb fh^bnbdZpby f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc ijhreZ ^ebl_evguc hl[hj wnn_dlb\guo bgklblmlh\ Z kZfZ bgbpbZlb\Z dZd ijZ\beh y\eyeZkv j_Zdpb_c gZ \ukhdb_ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db k\yaZggu_ k gh\ufb nhjfZfb hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gbydZgZebamdhlhjuofui_j_oh^bf 17.2.3 Ijhy\e_gbyhiihjlmgbafZ\kn_j_f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbcdZdklbfmebgklblmpbhgZevgh]hjZa\blby Ke_^m_l \u^_eblv ^_kylv gZb[he__ lbibqguo ^ey Jhkkbb nhjf wdhghfbq_kdh]h hiihjlmgbafZ \ kn_j_ f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbc. 1. HldZahli_j_qbke_gbygZeh]h\\n_^_jZevguc[x^`_laZy\e_gb_h\\_^_gbbh^ghdZgZevghckbkl_fuk[hjZ gZeh]h\ LZdb_ ^_ckl\by Zdlb\gh ijZdlbdh\Zeb j_kim[ebdb ;Zrdbjby LZlZjby Q_qgy Ydmlby \ - ]] Hgb bf_xl l_g^_gpbx ih\lhjylvky dZ`^uc jZa dh]^Z Jhkkby klZedb\Z_lky k hq_j_^guf nbgZgkh\uf djbabkhf LZd \ jZa]Zj djbabkZ ] ij_ab^_glhf DZefudbb D Bexf`bgh\uf [ueh k^_eZgh aZy\e_gb_ h km\_j_gbl_l_ j_kim[ebdb b hldZa_ hl h[yaZl_evkl\ i_j_^ n_^_jZevguf [x^`_lhf KZfh_ kljZrgh_ qlh iheblbdZ [x^`_lgh]h k_iZjZlbafZ qj_a\uqZcgh aZjZabl_evgZ hgZ y\ey_lky k\h_]h jh^Z bgklblmpbhgZevghc eh\mrdhc q_f [hevr_ j_]bhgh\ ke_^m_l _c l_f f_gvr_ m ^jm]bo j_]bhgh\ hkgh\Zgbc `_eZgbc b \hafh`ghkl_c bkihegylv \aylu_ gZ k_[y h[yaZl_evkl\Z B ^_ckl\bl_evghiheblbdZ[x^`_lgh]hk_iZjZlbafZiha\heyeZkhxagufj_kim[ebdZfjZkihjy`Zlvky[hevrbfbj_kmjkZfb aZ kq_l dhlhjuo nbgZgkbjh\Zebkv j_]bhgZevgu_ ijh]jZffu qlh ih\urZeh aZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklv gZk_e_gby \ hl^_e_gbb j_kim[ebdb\kZfhklhyl_evgh_]hkm^Zjkl\h<lh`_\j_fy[j_fynbgZgkbjh\Zgbyh[s_n_^_jZevguokhpbZevguoijh]jZff nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmdb \hhjm`_gguo kbe ih^^_j`db ^_ij_kkb\guo j_]bhgh\ \haeZ]Zehkv gZ l_ j_]bhgu dhlhju_ ^h[jhkh\_klgh bkihegyeb k\hb h[yaZl_evkl\Z LZdbf h[jZahf \hagbdZeb g_jZ\gu_ mkeh\by ^ey j_]bhgh\ b _^bgkl\_gguf kihkh[hfba[_`Zlvi_qZevghcmqZklb^hcghcdhjh\u[uehke_^h\Zgb_ijZdlbd_[x^`_lgh]hk_iZjZlbafZ 2. <u[b\Zgb_f_`[x^`_lguoev]hlbijb\be_]bcGZijbf_jih^Zgguf:G :jbgbgZ\]\j_amevlZl_ hkh[h]h f_`[x^`_lgh]h j_`bfZ ;ZrdhjlhklZg i_j_qbkebe \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l ebrv \k_o kh[jZgguo gZeh]h\ LZlZjklZg - DZj_eby - Bg]mr_lby - Z KZoZ Ydmlby \hh[s_ gbq_]h < lh `_ \j_fy Fhkd\Z i_j_\_eZ \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l \k_o kh[jZgguo gZeh]h\ Fhkdh\kdZy b Gb`_]hjh^kdZy h[eZklb - ih KZgdl-I_l_j[mj] - 43, KZfZjkdZyh[eZklv-bl^164. Nhjfbjm_lkyhkh[uclbigZpbhgZevgh]hj_]bhgZevgh]hkhagZgbydh]^Z\u[b\Zgb_ [x^`_lguo ev]hl b ijb\be_]bc jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd kbeZ iheblbq_kdh]h eb^_jZ _]h Z\lhjbl_l \ P_glj_ qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l _fm mki_o gZ hq_j_^guo \u[hjZo LZd ih[_^Z ]m[_jgZlhjZ FZ]Z^Zgkdhc h[eZklb \ ] f_klgufb iheblheh]Zfb k\yau\ZeZkv bf_ggh k kha^Zgb_f ijb _]h ijZ\e_gbb gZ l_jjblhjbb j_kim[ebdb k\h[h^ghc wdhghfbq_kdhc ahgu LZdh]h jh^Z ih\_^_gb_ lZd`_ fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd k\h_]h jh^Z bgklblmpbhgZevgmx eh\mrdm ih\_^_gb_ g_wnn_dlb\gh jZajmrbl_evgh k lhqdb aj_gby h[s_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bgl_j_kh\ gh hgh \_kvfZ ijh^mdlb\gh lZd dZd h[_ki_qb\Z_l_^bgkl\hbgl_j_kh\j_]bhgZevgh]heb^_jZbgZk_e_gbyijh`b\Zxs_]hgZ\\_j_gghc_fml_jjblhjbb 3. Ihiuldb kdjulv j_Zevgu_ [x^`_lgu_ \hafh`ghklb j_]bhgZ ijbdbgmlvky [_^ghc h\_qdhc khkeZlvky gZ ijhremx bklhjbq_kdmx g_kijZ\_^eb\hklv lbiZ j_]bhg \k_]^Z ihemqZe hl p_gljZ f_gvr_ q_f ^jm]b_ wlbf h[tykgy_lky _]h [he__ gbadbc mjh\_gv [x^`_lgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ B kgh\Z eh\mrdZ Ihlhfm qlh g_l gbdZdh]h kfukeZ baukdb\Zlv \gmlj_ggb_ bklhqgbdb ihdjulby jZkoh^h\ ijh\h^blv f_jhijbylby ih memqr_gbx k[hjZ gZeh]h\ wdhghfbb mf_gvr_gbx g_jZpbhgZevguo jZkoh^h\ dh]^Z ^hoh^u fh`gh ihemqblv [he__ e_]dbf iml_f - iml_f i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby n_^_jZevgh]h [x^`_lZ 4. Ij_^hklZ\e_gb_kZfhfmk_[_ev]hlguo, ijb\be_]bjh\Zgguomkeh\bcH^ghcbagZb[he__yjdbonhjfgZ^_e_gby k_[y kZfh]h iheghfhqbyfb [ueh kha^Zgb_ \ DZefudbb [_a m\_^hfe_gby N_^_jZevgh]h p_gljZ hnnrhjghc ahgu iha\heb\r_c ijb\e_qv h]jhfgu_ jhkkbckdb_ dZiblZeu dhlhju_ h[_ki_qb\Zeb \ lhf qbke_ b ^hihegbl_evgu_ ^hoh^u j_kim[ebdZgkdh]h [x^`_lZ Djhf_ lh]h \ h[oh^ n_^_jZevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z Ij_ab^_gl DZefudbb klZe ij_ab^_glhf dhjihjZpbb DZefudby \eZ^_xs_c iZd_lZfb Zdpbc djmig_crbo ij_^ijbylbc lukyq ij_^ijbylbc hnnrhjghcahguaZ ij_^klZ\e_ggu_bfgZeh]h\u_ev]hlu_`_]h^ghi_j_qbkeyxlfeg ^heeg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\Nhg^ijh]jZffij_ab^_glZ J_kim[ebdbDZefudby165. 5. >jm]hcnhjfhcwdhghfbq_kdh]hhiihjlmgbafZklZehi_j_\_^_gb_hj]ZgZfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbZ\lhghfbc b jy^Z djZ_\ b h[eZkl_c JKNKJ ih^ k\hx xjbk^bdpbx fZl_jbZevguo b ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ dhlhju_ gZoh^bebkv gZ bo l_jjblhjbyo G_jZ\ghf_jghklv jZkij_^_e_gby ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ Z lZd`_ jZaguc mjh\_gv jZa\blby fZl_jbZevghl_ogbq_kdhc [Zau g_j_^dh \hkijbgbfZxlky j_]bhghf dZd ijZ\h gZ ba\e_q_gb_ j_glu aZ kq_l ^jm]bo j_]bhgh\ GZijbf_j 164 165 :jbgbg:GMdZakhq Dmag_ph\ZHMdZakhq mjh\_gvijhba\h^kl\Z\jZkq_l_gZ^mrmgZk_e_gbygZpbhgZevgh]h^hoh^Zb<<I\YfZeh-G_g_pdhfbOZglu-FZgkbckdhf Z\lhghfguo hdjm]Zo aZf_lgh \ur_ q_f \ ^jm]bo j_]bhgZo < gbo khkj_^hlhq_gh aZiZkh\ jhkkbckdh]h ]ZaZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh-\YfZeh-G_g_pdhfb-\OZglu-FZgkbckdhfbg_nlbbQlh[uba[Z\blvkyhl nmgdpbb^hghjh\mdZaZggu_hdjm]ZgZqZebmkbe_gghijh\h^blviheblbdmk_iZjZlbafZihhlghr_gbxdLxf_gkdhch[eZklb \ dhlhjmx hgb \oh^yl Iheblbdm ijbk\h_gby j_glguo ^hoh^h\ ijh\h^bl b J_kim[ebdZ KZoZ gZ l_jjblhjbb dhlhjhc ^h[u\Z_lky \k_o jhkkbckdbo ZefZah\ GZijbf_j \ ] n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l \hh[s_ g_ ihemqZe gZeh]h\uo ^hoh^h\ hl jZajZ[hldb wlbo f_klhjh`^_gbc b ijh^Z`b ZefZah\ gZijhlb\ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \u^_ebeh ^ey wlbo p_e_c [_kijhp_glgucdj_^blban_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZ\jZaf_j_fej^^hee 6. IhiuldbmklZgh\blvdhgljhevaZkblmZpb_cgZj_]bhgZevghfjugd_ihkj_^kl\hfh]jZgbq_gby^hklmiZ^jm]bo ihdmiZl_e_c\iehlv^hmqj_`^_gbyih]jZgbqgh]hj_`bfZGZijbf_jihke_Z\]mklh\kdh]hdjbabkZ]jy^j_]bhgh\\ qZklghklb]hjh^Fhkd\Z\\_ebhkh[u_ih]jZgbqgu_ihklugZeh`bebijyfu_aZij_lugZ\u\haijh^h\hevkl\bybaj_]bhgZ 7. Ijyfu_ Zglbjughqgu_ ^_ckl\by gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ lhjfh`_gb_ j_nhjf - \ \b^_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgbyp_gijyfh]h\f_rZl_evkl\Z\^_yl_evghklvohayckl\_gguoZ]_glh\h]jZgbq_gbyk\h[h^ulhj]h\ebZlZd`_ wfbkkbb^_g_`guokmjjh]Zlh\Ijbf_jhffh`_lkem`blvMevygh\kdZyh[eZklv]^_^ebl_evgh_\j_fykhojZgyeZkvdZjlhqgZy kbkl_fZjZkij_^_e_gbyijh^mdlh\ 8. Ih^lZedb\Zgb_ f_klgh]h gZk_e_gby d gZpbhgZebklbq_kdbf ^_fhgkljZpbyf fblbg]Zf b]ghjbjh\Zgbx \u[hjh\j_n_j_g^mfh\jZa\_jlu\Zgbx\KFBgZpbhgZebklbq_kdhcijhiZ]Zg^uIjbf_jhflZdh]hih\_^_gbyy\eyxlkyb ijhoh^b\rb_\j_kim[ebdZo\-]]kt_a^ugZpbhgZevguo^\b`_gbcbkhklhy\rZykyghy[jy]^_fhgkljZpby \J_kim[ebd_FZjbc-Weijhlb\ijbgylbyn_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZgZ]\lj_lv_f\ZjbZgl_ 9. I_j_deZ^u\Zgb_ hl\_lkl\_gghklb Bgufb keh\Zfb h[tykg_gb_ g_\uiheg_gby h[yaZl_evkl\ ih aZjZ[hlghc ieZl_i_gkbyfihkh[byfg_i_j_qbke_gb_fljZgkn_jlh\ban_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZ 10. AZdj_ie_gb_ \ klZlvyo j_]bhgZevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z iheghfhqbc ijyfh ijhlb\hj_qZsbo Dhgklblmpbb JNgZijbf_j ⇒ ijZ\ZijbhklZgh\db^_ckl\byaZdhgh\bghjfZlb\guoZdlh\JN_kebhgbijhlb\hj_qZl DhgklblmpbbMklZ\mbebaZdhgZfkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbYdmlby;ZrdhjlhklZgLu\ZDhfb ⇒ ijZ\ZijbhklZgh\e_gby^_ckl\bcZdlh\n_^_jZevguoaZdhgh\bkihegbl_evghc\eZklb_kebhgb ijhlb\hj_qZlaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\mbebbgl_j_kZfgZk_e_gbykm[t_dlZN_^_jZpbb\ukdZaZggufgZ j_n_j_g^mf_KZjZlh\kdZyh[eZklv ⇒ ijZ\Zh[ty\e_gby\h_ggh]hiheh`_gbyaZdexq_gbyfbjZbebh[ty\e_gby\hcguLu\Z ⇒ ijZ\Zijbgylbykh[kl\_gguoaZdhgh\h\hbgkdhckem`[_YdmlbyLu\Z ⇒ ijZ\Z\\_^_gbyqj_a\uqZcgh]hiheh`_gby[_akh]eZkh\ZgbykIj_ab^_glhfJhkkbbbKh\_lhf N_^_jZpbb;mjylbyDhfbLu\Z;ZrdhjlhklZgDZefudbyDZj_ebyK_\_jgZyHk_lby Bg]mr_lby ⇒ kh]eZkb_km[t_dlZgZ^bkehdZpbx\h_gguonhjfbjh\ZgbcK_\_jgZyHk_lby-:eZgby ⇒ hij_^_e_gb_ijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\kh[kl\_gghklvxkm[t_dlZN_^_jZpbbBg]mr_lbyYdmlby Lu\Z ⇒ kZfhklhyl_evgh_mqZklb_\f_`^mgZjh^guohlghr_gbyo>Z]_klZgLZlZjklZg;ZrdhjlhklZg Lu\ZBg]mr_lbyDhfbDjZkgh^ZjkdbcdjZcK\_j^eh\kdZybGh\]hjh^kdZyh[eZklbLZdd ]km[t_dlZfbN_^_jZpbb[uehaZdexq_ghm`_[he__f_`^mgZjh^guokh]eZr_gbc166. LZdbfh[jZahfijZdlbdZ\aZbfhhlghr_gbcP_gljZbj_kim[ebd^_fhgkljbjm_lbkemqZb \ufh]Zl_evkl\Z(2, 3, 5, 6, 8)bkemqZbhleugb\Zgbylh_klv^\ZdeZkkbq_kdbo\ZjbZglZwdhghfbq_kdh]hhiihjlmgbafZbamqZ_fu_ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjb_c HibkZggu_ \ur_ \aZbfhhlghr_gby ihjh`^Zeb b gh\u_ ba\jZs_ggu_ nhjfu kh]eZr_gbc dhlhju_ g_ \k_]^Z ghkbeb ]eZkguc oZjZdl_j ihkdhevdm ijhlb\hj_qbeb ijbgpbiZf ^_fhdjZlbb K gZr_c lhqdb aj_gby fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb lbiZkp_gZjbyihdhlhjhfmh[uqghjZa\b\Zebkvkh[ulby Kh]eZkbl_evguc kp_gZjbc H[f_g ^hihegbl_evguo j_]bhgZevguo iheghfhqbc \eZklb b kh[kl\_gghklb gZ iheblbq_kdmx ih^^_j`dm khxagh]h jmdh\h^kl\Z Hkh[_ggh \ lZdh]h jh^Z \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo kp_gljhfij_mki_eb j_kim[ebdbLZlZjklZg;ZrdhjlhklZgDZ[Zj^bgh-;ZedZjbyK_\_jgZyHk_lby-:eZgbyKZoZ-Ydmlby\-]] DhgnjhglZpbhgguckp_gZjbc<g_dhlhjuokemqZyoiheblbdZhiihjlmgbafZfh`_l\uau\Zlvhl\_lgmxj_Zdpbxlhc klhjhguqvbbgl_j_kuhgZgZjmrZ_lhkh[_ggh_kebkms_kl\m_lm]jhaZ__jZkijhkljZg_gbydZdko_fuih\_^_gby< lZdhfkemqZ_bf__lf_klhh[f_gZglb[eZ]Zfbijbdhlhjhfh[_klhjhgu\jZkq_l_gZihemq_gb_\j_f_gguo\u]h^ beb iheblbq_kdbo ij_bfms_kl\ ]hlh\u g_klb ba^_j`db lh]^Z \hafh`gh gh\h_ jZ\gh\_kb_ ijb qZklbqghc j_klZ\jZpbb f_g__ wnn_dlb\guo bgklblmlh\ gh lZdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ ^ebl_evghf i_jbh^_ \jy^ eb y\ey_lky mklhcqb\uf LZd ihke_ kdZg^Zevgh]h aZy\e_gby GZjh^gh]h OmjZeZ J_kim[ebdb DZefudbb h[ hldZa_ hl i_j_qbke_gby gZeh]h\ \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l ijha\mqZ\r_]h ihke_ Z\]mklh\kdh]h djbabkZ ]] n_^_jZevguc p_glj ij_^ijbgye j_rbl_evgu_ f_ju P_gljZevguc [Zgd ijbhklZgh\be ^_yl_evghklv GZpbhgZevgh]h [ZgdZ J_kim[ebdb DZefudbb Z Fbgbkl_jkl\h nbgZgkh\ - ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ nbgZgkh\hc ihfhsb j_kim[ebdb b nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ n_^_jZevguo ijh]jZff gZ l_jjblhjbb j_kim[ebdb < j_amevlZl_ GZjh^guc OmjZe hlf_gbe k\h_ j_r_gb_OhlyaZ^he`_ggu_n_^_jZevghfm[x^`_lmfegjm[e_clZdbhklZebkv\[x^`_l_j_kim[ebdbP_glj ihkl_i_ggh aZq_e bo dZd \uieZq_ggu_ j_kim[ebd_ ljZgkn_jlu < dZq_kl\_ ^jm]h]h ijbf_jZ ke_^m_l \kihfgblv Bkihevah\ZgufZl_jbZeu^hdeZ^ZKljZl_]by^eyJhkkbbih\_kldZ^gy^eyIj_ab^_glZ=eZ\ZI_jki_dlb\ujZa\blbyn_^_jZebafZ\ JhkkbbF0. (http://www.svop.ru/book2000_chapter7.htm). 166 [_amki_rgmx ihiuldm ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Dbjb_gdh ihklZ\blv ih^ dhgljhev wdkihjl g_nlb dhfiZgb_c LZlg_nlv ihiuldm\ua\Z\rmxkhijhlb\e_gb_khklhjhguij_ab^_glZLZlZjklZgZFRZcfb_\Z LjZgknhjfZpbhgguc kp_gZjbc LZdhc kp_gZjbc fh`_l ihy\blvky \ jZa\blbb eb[h kh]eZkbl_evgh]h eb[h dhgnjhglZpbhggh]h kp_gZjby Ijb wlhf h[_ klhjhgu ijboh^yl d lj_lv_fm ij_^\Zjbl_evgh g_ ieZgbjm_fhfm kh]eZr_gbx GZijbf_j \ h[oh^ j_r_gby Dhgklblmpbhggh]h Km^Z JN \ J_kim[ebd_ LZlZjklZg [ue ijh\_^_g j_n_j_g^mf \ oh^_ dhlhjh]h [hevrbgkl\h gZk_e_gby j_kim[ebdb \ukdZaZehkv aZ hlf_gm bgklblmlZ ijhibkdb Fhkdh\kdb_\eZklbgZrebkihkh[\j_f_ggh]hj_r_gbydhgnebdlghckblmZpbbfh^bnbpbjh\Z\wlhlbgklblml^ey j_kim[ebdbLZlZjklZg < mkeh\byo ijhbahr_^r_c \ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u nhjfZebaZpbb b mgbnbdZpbb f_`^[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \hagbdeb gh\u_ nhjfu hiihjlmgbafZ ihemqbeb jZkijhkljZg_gb_ fgh]hqbke_ggu_ \b^u hdheh[x^`_lghc ^_yl_evghklb Hgb m^Zqgh i_j_qbke_gu <Ojbkl_gdh bkiheg_gb_ [x^`_lh\ \ j_`bf_ \u[hjhqgh]h k_d\_kljZ ijbf_g_gb_ ^_g_`guo kmjjh]Zlh\ b aZq_lh\ m\h^ j_kmjkh\ \h \g_[x^`_lgu_ nhg^u b kq_lZ ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ bg^b\b^mZevguo gZeh]h\uo ev]hl kdjulh_ km[kb^bjh\Zgb_ [_ahl\_lkl\_ggu_ aZbfkl\h\Zgby \ lhf qbke_ m ih^dhgljhevguo nbgZgkh\uo kljmdlmj khagZl_evgh_ gZdhie_gb_ dj_^blhjkdhc aZ^he`_gghklb «\ulhj]h\u\Zgb_ m \ur_klhysbo \eZkl_c ^hihegbl_evguo j_kmjkh\ ev]hl b ijb\be_]bc ihbkd iml_c ^ey h[oh^Z n_^_jZevguo h]jZgbq_gbc b lj_[h\Zgbc m^_j`Zgb_ Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h dhgljhey gZ^ nbgZgkh\ufb ihlhdZfb b [x^`_lhh[jZamxsbfb ij_^ijbylbyfb167 <ky wlZ ^_yl_evghklv gZihfbgZ_l m`_ g_ klhevdh aZ\mZebjh\Zgguc g_y\guc lhj] \ ij_^_eZo kms_kl\mxsbo ihemnhjfZevguo ijZ\be kdhevdh l_g_\mx [x^`_lgmx ^_yl_evghklv dhlhjZy hkgh\ZgZ gZ g_nhjfZevguo g_ibkZguo ijZ\beZo gZoh^ysboky\g_kn_juaZdhgh^Zl_evgh]hj_]mebjh\ZgbyBjZkijhkljZg_gb_hgZihemqZ_lihba\_klghcijbqbg_g_dh]^Z h[gZjm`_gghcWjgZg^h^_Khlhp_gZih^qbg_gbyaZdhgmhdZau\Z_lky\ur_p_gu\g_e_]Zevghc^_yl_evghklb ;he__ lh]h bklhjby ih\lhjy_lky b l_i_jv lhl `_ ijhp_kk ^\b`_gby hl i_j_]h\hjh\ hlghkbl_evgh ijZ\be d i_j_]h\hjZf \ ij_^_eZo ijZ\be b kha^Zgbx g_nhjfZevghc Zevl_jgZlb\u bf kimkdZ_lky gZ \lhjhc mjh\_gv - mjh\_gv \aZbfhhlghr_gbckm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbbfmgbpbiZevguoh[jZah\Zgbc HibkZggu_ \ur_ nhjfu ijhy\e_gby hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby b kp_gZjbb \aZbfhhlghr_gbc j_]bhgh\ k P_gljhf gb \ dh_f kemqZ_ g_evay jZkkfZljb\Zlv bkdexqbl_evgh \ g_]Zlb\ghf ieZg_ dZd j_amevlZl g_^hklZlhqghc ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b g_jZa\blhklb dhgljZdlguo hlghr_gbc LZdhc ki_pbnbdZpbb \ mkeh\byo ihemjZkiZ^Zij_`gbobgklblmlh\Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghckbkl_fubmgblZjgh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Zijhklhb[ulvg_fh]eh hgZ kZfZ jh`^ZeZkv bf_ggh \ oh^_ dhgdmj_gpbb bgklblmlh\ bo _kl_kl\_ggh]h hl[hjZ < g_ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb hiihjlmgbklbq_kdb_ nhjfu ih\_^_gby y\eyebkv ijh^mdlhf g_wnn_dlb\ghklb mklZj_\rbo bgklblmlh\ g_ kihkh[guo nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv \ gh\hc kj_^_ DZd wlh gb kljZggh a\mqbl bf_ggh [eZ]h^Zjy Z g_ \hij_db lZdbf \b^Zf ih\_^_gby ijhbkoh^be hl[hj gh\uo bgklblmlh\ dhlhju_ iha\heyeb khojZgblv p_ehklghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gZclb dhfijhfbkkgh_ jZ\gh\_kgh_j_r_gb_ 17.2.4 ;x^`_lgucn_^_jZebafijh[e_fubijhlb\hj_qby ;x^`_lguc n_^_jZebaf - lhl ijbgpbi \ ihevam dhlhjh]h nZdlbq_kdb ijhbahr_e bgklblmpbhgZevguc hl[hj kh_^bgbe \ k_[_ we_f_glu mgblZjbafZ b n_^_jZebafZ ;eZ]h^Zjy _fm klZgh\blky \hafh`guf hkms_kl\eylv ki_pbnbdZpbx ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbaZsblmdhgljZdlh\ N_^_jZebafm dZd hij_^_e_gghc iheblbq_kdhc kbkl_f_ ijbkmsb kh[kl\_ggu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb hlebqZxsb_ _]h hl mgblZjguo kbkl_f LZd B Dbj^bgZ \u^_ey_l ke_^mxsb_ q_jlu n_^_jZlb\gh-km[kb^bZjghc iheblbq_kdhc kbkl_fu n_^_jZlb\guc ijbgpbi ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z kZfhmijZ\e_gb_ b km[kb^bZjghklv gZebqb_ bgklblmlh\ \u[hjh\ jmdh\h^bl_e_c \h\k_omijZ\e_gq_kdbokljmdlmjZo\eZklb^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]h[hevrbgkl\Zbfgh]hiZjlbcghklbbgklblmlZ km^_[guo bkdh\ Wlhfm ijhlb\hihklZ\eyxlky iylv oZjZdl_jbklbd mgblZjgh-p_gljZebah\Zgguo kbkl_f Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghl_jjblhjbZevgh_ ^_e_gb_ b_jZjobq_kdZy \_jlbdZev \eZklb \h ]eZ\_ k P_gljhf i_j_^ZqZ iheghfhqbc k\_jom \gba gZagZq_gb_ gbah\uo jmdh\h^bl_e_c \ur_klhysbfb _^bgh]eZkb_ b kh[hjghklv bgklblml Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo `Zeh[ b bgklZgpbc168 >hfbgbjh\Zgb_ bgklblmlh\ hij_^_ey_l lbi kbkl_fu ohly kZfZ kbkl_fZ \iheg_ fh`_l \dexqZlv \ dZq_kl\_ dhfie_f_glZjb_\we_f_glu^jm]bolbih\ Bkoh^y ba \ur_kdZaZggh]h hq_\b^gh qlh k_]h^gy ]h\hjblv h kms_kl\h\Zgbb \ Jhkkbb n_^_jZebafZ dZd iheblbq_kdhc kbkl_fu _s_ jZgh Ohly hq_\b^gh qlh bf_ggh \ kn_j_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ ijbgpbiu n_^_jZebafZ ijh^\bgmebkv \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb q_f \ ^jm]bo kn_jZo ihwlhfm b n_^_jZebaf m gZk bkihevam_lky k hij_^_e_gb_f [x^`_lguc < hkgh\_ [x^`_lgh]h nbkdZevgh]h n_^_jZebafZ e_`Zl ke_^mxsb_ deZkkbq_kdb_ ijbgpbiu ihkljh_gby f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbc kZfhklhyl_evghklv [x^`_lh\ jZaebqguo mjh\g_c kZfhklhyl_evgh_ hkms_kl\e_gb_ [x^`_lgh]h ijhp_kkZ hj]ZgZfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbbf_klgh]hkZfhmijZ\e_gbygZebqb_baZdhgh^Zl_evgh_aZdj_ie_gb_kh[kl\_gguo bklhqgbdh\ ^hoh^h\ ijZ\h kZfhklhyl_evgh hij_^_eylv gZijZ\e_gby jZkoh^h\Zgby b bklhqgbdb nbgZgkbjh\Zgby g_^himklbfhklv batylby ^hihegbl_evgh ihemq_gguo aZdhgguf kihkh[hf ^hoh^h\ beb wdhghfbb \ [x^`_l [he__ \ukhdh]hmjh\gyg_^himklbfhklvdhfi_gkZpbb^_nbpblh\bihl_jv[x^`_lh\h^gbomjh\g_caZkq_l^jm]bo q_ldh_aZdhgh^Zl_evgh_jZa]jZgbq_gb_jZkoh^h\b^hoh^h\f_`^m[x^`_lZfbjZaebqguomjh\g_c jZ\_gkl\h[x^`_lguoijZ\km[t_dlh\JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbZlZd`_jZ\_gkl\h[x^`_lguoijZ\fmgbpbiZevguo h[jZah\Zgbc \ujZ\gb\Zgb_mjh\g_cfbgbfZevghc[x^`_lghch[_ki_q_gghklbkm[t_dlh\JNfmgbpbiZevguoh[jZah\Zgbc jZ\_gkl\h \k_o [x^`_lh\ km[t_dlh\ JN \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbb k n_^_jZevguf [x^`_lhf jZ\_gkl\h f_klguo [x^`_lh\\h\aZbfhhlghr_gbyok[x^`_lZfbkm[t_dlh\JN; Ojbkl_gdh<JZa\blb_[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ\Jhkkbbblh]b-o]h^h\baZ^ZqbgZi_jki_dlb\m<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K-13. 168 Dbj^bgZB;x^`_lgucn_^_jZebaf\j_nhjfbjm_fhciheblbq_kdhckbkl_f_Jhkkbbhttp://kirdina.ru/public/modernfed/ index.shtml. 167 ghjfZlb\gh-jZkq_lgu_ nhjfZebah\Zggu_ f_lh^u hj]ZgbaZpbb f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc \ lhf qbke_ ij_^hklZ\e_gbynbgZgkh\hcihfhsb Wlh - n_^_jZebaf GH MXUH Kh\k_f ^jm]h_ ^_eh n_^_jZebaf GH IDFWR EKfbj]Zgyg \u^_ebe k_fv bklhjbq_kdbo iZjZ^hdkh\ jhkkbckdh]h n_^_jZebafZ ]_g_lbq_kdbc ]_h]jZnbq_kdbc dmevlmjguc hj]ZgbaZpbhgguc wlgbq_kdbc fZkrlZ[gucnhjfZevgucbiylvZdlmZevguoiZjZ^hdkuZkbff_ljbbfZlj_rdbkdhjhklb\eZklgucbb_jZjobq_kdbc169. G_kh[ex^_gb_ nhjfZevguo ijbgpbih\ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ fh`_l [ulv h[tykg_gh g_ lhevdh b g_ klhevdh km[t_dlb\gufb ijbqbgZfb gh b h[t_dlb\gufb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb h^gbf ba dhlhjuo y\ey_lky nZdlbq_kdh_ g_jZ\_gkl\h j_kim[ebd \ qZklghklb k lhqdb aj_gby bo wdhghfbq_kdh]h b ijbjh^gh]h ihl_gpbZeZ Ihwlhfm \Z`guf ij_^f_lhf iheblbq_kdh]h lhj]Z ^h kbo ihj hklZ_lky fh^_ev jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ ;he__ lh]h e_]blbfgh hnhjfe_ggh_ lh _klv nhjfZevgh_ g_jZ\_gkl\h j_kim[ebd \h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo k P_gljhf - lhgZke_^kl\hdhlhjh_^hklZehkvhl^_kylbe_lg_c bklhjbb j_nhjfbjh\Zgby [x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc b k gbf ijb^_lky _s_ ^he]h_ \j_fy kqblZlvky B gZdhg_p g_kfhljy gZ dhgklblmpbhggh_ aZdj_ie_gb_ jZ\_gkl\Z nZdlbq_kdb km[t_dlu N_^_jZpbb bf_xl kh\_jr_ggh jZaebqguc klZlmk jZagh_ iheblbq_kdh_\ebygb_gZP_glj ;x^`_lguc n_^_jZebaf iulZ_lky kh\f_klblv j_r_gb_ ^\mo ijhlb\hj_qb\uo aZ^Zq kh[ex^_gb_ kijZ\_^eb\hklb \ hlghr_gbyo j_kim[ebd k P_gljhf b \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ mjh\gy [x^`_lghc h[_ki_q_gghklb qlh ij_^mkfZljb\Z_l i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ kj_^kl\ f_`^m km[t_dlZfb N_^_jZpbb K h^ghc klhjhgu [x^`_lgh_ \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ - j_amevlZl h[t_dlb\gh]h g_jZ\_gkl\Z j_kim[ebd b ihlhfm hgh kijZ\_^eb\h K ^jm]hc klhjhgu lZdh_ \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ kihkh[gh ih^hj\Zlv klbfmebjmxsmx nmgdpbx gZijZ\e_ggmx gZ baukdZgb_ kh[kl\_gguo nbgZgkh\uo j_kmjkh\ ihjh`^Zlv b`^b\_gq_kdb_gZkljh_gby G_\hafh`ghklv jZa b gZ\k_]^Z aZdj_iblv f_oZgbafu i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ lZd`_ k\yaZgZ k ihklhyggh \hkijhba\h^ys_cky^bkijhihjpbhgZevghklvx \bklhqgbdZoihklmie_gbykj_^kl\bbojZkoh^h\Zgbb -dZdf_`^m[x^`_lZfb jZaebqguo mjh\g_c lZd b f_`^m [x^`_lZfb h^gh]h mjh\gy Ijbqbghc wlh]h y\eyxlky b h[sZy fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZy g_klZ[bevghklvbihklhyggu_kf_guiheblbq_kdh]hdmjkZ<k\yabkwlbf\aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_^he`gu[ulvij_^mkfhlj_gu lZdb_ ijhp_^mju \ujZ\gb\Zgby ^bkijhihjpbc dhlhju_ iha\heyeb [u hi_jZlb\gh j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ wlb ^bkijhihjpbb hklZ\Zebkv ijhajZqgufb ^ey aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo klhjhg g_ gZjmrZeb bo \b^_gby kijZ\_^eb\hklb ih^^_j`b\Zeb p_gljhklj_fbl_evgu_Zg_p_gljh[_`gu_mklj_fe_gbyj_]bhgh\Ykghqlhwlhh^gZbakZfuo\Z`guoijh[e_f[x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZgZkh\j_f_gghfwlZi_ < kh\j_f_gguo jhkkbckdbo mkeh\byo wlZ ijh[e_fZ mkm]m[ey_lky _s_ ke_^mxsbfb h[klhyl_evkl\Zfb dh]^Z g_ ^hklb]gmlZ fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZy klZ[bevghklv lh kms_kl\m_l [hevrZy ^hey g_hij_^_e_gghklb hlghkbl_evgh [m^ms_]h kljmdlmjZ gZeh]h\uo ^hoh^h\ [x^`_lghc kbkl_fu hklZ_lky \_kvfZ ih^\b`ghc Z agZqbl g_\hafh`gh hdhgqZl_evgh_ aZdj_ie_gb_ gZeh]h\ beb bo q_ldh_ hdhgqZl_evgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ f_`^m [x^`_lZfb jZaebqguo mjh\g_c G_ kemqZcgh ihy\e_gb_ \ lZdbo mkeh\byo lZd gZau\Z_fuo j_]mebjmxsbo ^hoh^h\ mklZgZ\eb\Z_fuo _`_]h^gh \ aZdhg_ h [x^`_l_ \ hlebqb_hllZdgZau\Z_fuokh[kl\_gguo^hoh^h\nhjfbjh\Zgb_dhlhjuoijhbkoh^blgZihklhygghchkgh\_baZdj_iey_lky \;x^`_lghfdh^_dk_JN < lh `_ \j_fy _^bguc mjh\_gv gZeh]hh[eh`_gby Z[khexlgh g_ hagZqZ_l kh[ex^_gby nhjfZevgh]h jZ\_gkl\Z GZijbf_jmjh\_gvgZeh]ZgZg_^jhihevah\Zgb_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky[_amq_lZ]hjgh-]_heh]bq_kdbomkeh\bcbgZ]jmadZgZlZdb_ j_]bhgudZdLZlZjklZgb;ZrdhjlhklZghdZau\Z_lky\ur_q_f\AZiZ^ghcKb[bjb]^_mkeh\by^h[uqb]hjZa^hemqr_ G_kfhljy gZ mdZaZggu_ ljm^ghklb \ klZgh\e_gbb [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ g_dhlhju_ ih^\b`db \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb\k_-lZdbbf_xlky <h-i_j\uo\gZklhys__\j_fyjhkkbckdZyfh^_evij_^mkfZljb\Z_l kljh]h_aZdj_ie_gb_aZdZ`^ufba[x^`_lh\ kh[kl\_gguogZeh]h\uobklhqgbdh\b_^bgu_ijhp_gluhlqbke_gbchlhkgh\guogZeh]h\\n_^_jZevguc[x^`_l gZijbf_j gZeh]gZijb[uevkh]eZkghmklZgh\e_gguf\aZdhg_ghjfZlb\ZfjZkij_^_ey_lkyf_`^mlj_fy[x^`_lZfb J_ZebaZpby wlhc fh^_eb gZlZedb\Z_lky gZ ijZ\mx b e_\mx hiihabpbb IjZ\Zy jZ^bdZevgZy hiihabpby gZklZb\Z_l gZ \ha\jZl_ d h^ghdZgZevghc kbkl_f_ k[hjZ gZeh]h\ - \ j_kim[ebdZgkdbc [x^`_l b hlqbke_gb_ ba g_]h \ n_^_jZevguc [x^`_l kh]eZkgh _^bghfm ghjfZlb\m beb nbdkbjh\Zgghc kmffu E_\Zy i_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evgZy jZ^bdZevgZyfh^_evij_^eZ]Z_l\\_^_gb_^bnn_j_gpbjh\ZgguoijhihjpbcjZkij_^_e_gbyhkgh\guogZeh]h\\qZklghklb gZeh]Z gZ ijb[uev b hkh[_ggh gZeh]Z gZ ijbjh^gu_ j_kmjku k p_evx \ujZ\gb\Zgby [x^`_lghc h[_ki_q_gghklb j_]bhgh\ [_a^hihegbl_evguoko_fi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyq_j_an_^_jZevguc[x^`_l <h-\lhjuo mklZgh\e_gu nhjfu f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjuf kh[kl\_ggh b hkms_kl\ey_lky [x^`_lgh_ \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ < kh\j_f_gghf ihgbfZgbb hgb \dexqZxl \b^u nbgZgkh\hc ihfhsb hdZau\Z_fu_ [x^`_lZfb jZaebqguo mjh\g_c ^jm] ^jm]m kbkl_fm \aZbfguo jZkq_lh\ f_`^m gbfb b [x^`_lgu_ dhfi_gkZpbb - kmffu ml\_j`^Z_fu_ b i_j_^Z\Z_fu_ ba [x^`_lZ h^gh]h mjh\gy \ ^jm]hc ^ey \haf_s_gby \uiZ^Zxsbo ^hoh^h\bebihdjulby^hihegbl_evguojZkoh^h\\ua\Zgguoj_r_gbyfbhj]Zgh\\eZklb^jm]h]hmjh\gy ?keb \ kbkl_f_ ljZgkn_jlh\ [ueZ \\_^_gZ g_dhlhjZy mihjy^hq_gghklv lh kbkl_fZ ihemq_gby kkm^ ^hlZpbc b km[\_gpbc^hkboihjg_bf__lijhqghcaZdhgh^Zl_evghc[Zaubhkgh\u\Z_lkygZmklhy\r_ckyijZdlbd_\aZbfhhlghr_gbc j_]bhgZevguo eb^_jh\ k P_gljhf g_j_^dh khijh\h`^Zxs_cky \u[b\Zgb_f n_^_jZevguo kj_^kl\ <u[b\Zgb_ - wlh kh\k_fg_lhqlh\ulhj]h\u\Zgb_<u[b\Zgb_k\yaZghkij_h^he_gb_fkeh`guoZ^fbgbkljZlb\guoijhp_^mjihemq_gby [x^`_lguo kj_^kl\ lj_[mxsbo hnhjfe_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ^hdmf_glh\ b ijhoh`^_gby bfb fgh]hqbke_gguo kh]eZkh\ZgbcIhwlhfm\klZlv_FbgnbgZHklZldbgZkq_lZon_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZ\k_]^Z^_[_lh\h_kZev^h >bgZfbdZn_^_jZevghcnbgZgkh\hcihfhsbhljZ`_gZ\lZ[ebp_ N_^_jZevgZynbgZgkh\Zyihfhsv[x^`_lZfkm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbb \-]\d<<I 169 LZ[ebpZ Kfbj]ZgygEJhkkbckdbcn_^_jZebafiZjZ^hdkuijhlb\hj_qbyij_^jZkkm^dbFGZmqgu_^hdeZ^uFHGN 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002* >hlZpbbb 0,00 0,02 0,09 0,06 0,09 0,13 0,10 0,06 0,15 0,54 0,34 km[\_gpbb Km[\_gpbb 0,79 0,69 0,42 0,12 0,12 0,09 0,02 0,20 LjZgkn_jlu 0,00 0,00 0,36 1,17 1,04 1,22 1,12 0,99 0,96 1,14 1,62 baNNIJ Km[kb^bbb 0,37 0,45 km[\_gpbbba Nhg^Z dhfi_gkZpbc =hkm^Zjkl\_g 0,18 0,11 0,27 0,33 gZy ih^^_j`dZ ^hjh`gh]h ohayckl\Z Kj_^kl\Z 0,61 1,95 2,54 0,42 0,81 0,43 0,36 0,14 0,28 0,05 0,00 i_j_^Zggu_ ih\aZbfguf jZkq_lZf Ijhqb_\b^u 0,09 0,03 0,02 0,06 0,28 0,64 0,00 -0,02 0,03 0,19 0,29 nbgZgkh\hc ihfhsb <k_]h 1,49 2,70 3,40 1,80 2,30 2,50 1,60 1,36 1,54 2,56 3,03 kj_^kl\Z i_j_^Zggu_ [x^`_lZf ^jm]bo mjh\g_c \eZklb IeZg >h]km[\_gpbb\u^_eyebkvhl^_evghckljhdhc\hlq_lghklbh[bkiheg_gbbn_^_jZevgh]h[x^`_lZ <dexqZ_lkZev^hihn_^_jZevguf[x^`_lgufkkm^Zf Bklhqgbd DZ^hqgbdh\ I Kbg_evgbdh\-Fmjue_\ K Ljmgbg B Ijh[e_fu fh^_ebjh\Zgby \ha^_ckl\by f_`[x^`_lguo hlghr_gbc gZ nbkdZevgh_ih\_^_gb_km[gZpbhgZevguo\eZkl_c<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK K_]h^gy mjh\_gv p_gljZebaZpbb ^hoh^h\ \ Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb khhl\_lkl\m_l kj_^g_fm ihdZaZl_ex ^ey n_^_jZlb\guo]hkm^Zjkl\ghagZqbl_evgh\ur_q_f\kljZgZokjZa\b\ZxsbfbkywdhghfbdZfbLZd^heykm[gZpbhgZevguo [x^`_lh\ \ ^hoh^Zo dhgkheb^bjh\Zgguo [x^`_lh\ n_^_jZlb\guo ]hkm^Zjkl\ khklZ\ey_l - \ R\_cpZjbb - \ DZgZ^_-\KR:-\=_jfZgbb-\:j]_glbg_-\Jhkkbb]ih-\:\kljbbbBg^bbih;jZabebbb:\kljZebb-\F_dkbd_-;_ev]bb170. <-_]]mjh\_gv^_p_gljZebaZpbbgZeh]h\uo^hoh^h\dhe_[Zeky\ij_^_eZo-bf_yl_g^_gpbxdjhklm\ i_jbh^u djbabkh\ kf lZ[e < wlhf aZdexqZ_lky g_dhlhjuc iZjZ^hdk \ mkeh\byo fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhc g_klZ[bevghklb kbevghc aZ\bkbfhklb hl fbjh\hc dhgtxgdlmju h[hklj_gby ijh[e_fu \uieZlu ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ^he]Z g_jZa\blhklb]jZ`^Zgkdh]hh[s_kl\Zmjh\_gvp_gljZebaZpbbh[t_dlb\gh^he`_g[ulv[he__\ukhdbf<lh`_\j_fywlhl iZjZ^hdk e_]dh h[tykgbf h[hklj_gb_ mdZaZgguo ijh[e_f hkeZ[eyeh ihabpbb P_gljZ q_f g_fbgm_fh ihevah\Zebkv j_]bhgZevgu_\eZklbbboih\_^_gb__s_[he__mom^rZehb[_alh]hdjbabkgh_khklhygb_wdhghfbdb KhihklZ\e_gb_fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdboihdZaZl_e_c LZ[ebpZ 17.3 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ijh]gha >hey 41 44 58 54 48 50 53 54 49 46 41 40 dhgkheb^bjh\Zgguo [x^`_lh\ km[t_dlh\JN\ ^hoh^Zo dhgkheb^bjh\Zggh] h[x^`_lZJN[_a mq_lZnbgZgkh\hc ihfhsb Bg^_dk 26,1 9,4 320 230 122 111 184 137 120 119 112 jZaZ jZaZ ihlj_[bl_evkdbo p_g, % >bgZfbdZ -0,01 -18 -14 -21 -3 -4 2 -5 8 9 6 4 ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z BklhqgbdFbgnbgJN=hkdhfklZlJhkkbbOjbkl_gdh<JZa\blb_[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ\Jhkkbbblh]b-o]h^h\baZ^ZqbgZ i_jki_dlb\m<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK Ojbkl_gdh<JZa\blb_[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ\Jhkkbbblh]b-o]h^h\baZ^ZqbgZi_jki_dlb\m<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K 170 Ihke_ ijbgylby GZeh]h\h]h dh^_dkZ \uk\_lbeZkv _s_ h^gZ ijh[e_fZ [x^`_lgh]h n_^_jZebafZ \ Jhkkbb LZd ihemqbehkv qlh kgb`_gb_ mjh\gy gZeh]h\hc gZ]jmadb gZ wdhghfbdm ijhbahreh nZdlbq_kdb aZ kq_l mf_gvr_gby ^hoh^h\ j_]bhgh\ H^gZdh fh`gh kh]eZkblvky k F>_ey]bguf qlh h[t_f jZa\hjh\Zgguo j_kmjkh\ – ihdZaZl_ev g_weZklbqguc ih dhebq_kl\m wlbo j_kmjkh\171 < lZdbo mkeh\byo hdheh[x^`_lgZy ^_yl_evghklv ihkl_i_ggh ijbf_l \_jhylgh _s_ [he__ bahsj_ggu_nhjfu G_ljm^gh h[gZjm`blv b kms_kl\_ggu_ ijhlb\hj_qby f_`^m bgl_gkb\ghklvx aZdhghl\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb b kdhjhklvx dhjj_dlbjh\db kljmdlmju [x^`_lguo iheghfhqbc Ij_keh\mlu_ g_nbgZgkbjm_fu_ fZg^Zlu - wlh g_ klhevdh j_amevlZl oZeZlghklb b jZa]bev^yckl\Z kdhevdh dhgdj_lgZy nhjfZ ijhy\e_gby mdZaZggh]h ijhlb\hj_qby GZijbf_j ;x^`_lguf dh^_dkhf \\_^_g bgklblml fbgbfZevguo khpbZevguo klZg^Zjlh\ dZkZxsboky ijh`blhqgh]h fbgbfmfZ Gh khhl\_lkl\mxsb_klZlvbdh^_dkZ_`_]h^ghijbhklZgZ\eb\Zxlkyihlhfmqlh[hevrbgkl\hj_]bhgh\ijhklhg_jZkiheZ]Zxl g_h[oh^bfufb j_kmjkZfb b gbdZdh_ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ g_ h[_ki_qbl \uiheg_gb_ wlbo klZg^Zjlh\ Djhf_ lh]h wlb klZg^ZjlumklZgZ\eb\Zxlky\^_g_`ghfZg_\gZlmjZevghf\ujZ`_gbbgZijbf_jdhebq_kl\hjm[e_cgZdhcdh-f_klhb nZdlbq_kdbmkbeb\Zxl^bnn_j_gpbZpbxih^^_j`b\Zyj_]bhgukjZa\blhckhpbZevghcbgnjZkljmdlmjhc <Z`ghc ijh[e_fhc aZljZ]b\Zxs_c j_]bhgZevgu_ bgl_j_ku hklZ_lky b \aZbfhhlghr_gb_ km[t_dlh\ N_^_jZpbb k _kl_kl\_ggufb fhghihebyfb k kh[kl\_gghklvx gZ dhlhju_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h ^h kbo ihj g_ hij_^_ebehkv GZijbf_jd\l-qZk we_dljhwg_j]bb \ ] hieZqb\Zeky ih ^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgguf j_]bhgZevguf lZjbnZf Dmj]ZgkdZy h[eZklv – 37 dhi Hj_g[mj]kdZyh[eZklv-dhiBjdmlkdZyh[eZklv-dhiF_`^ml_f]ZabnbdZpbyDmj]Zgkdhch[eZklbgZoh^ys_cky\k_]h \dfhlf_klhjh`^_gbykhklZ\ey_lebrv\lh\j_fydZdHjeh\kdhc- 90%172WlbnZdlulZd`_k\b^_l_evkl\mxlh nZdlbq_kdhfg_jZ\_gkl\_\hlghr_gbyokm[t_dlh\N_^_jZpbbkP_gljhfij_iylkl\myklZgh\e_gbxn_^_jZebafZ Imlbmkbe_gbygZqZe[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZlZdh\u Ijbgylb_ aZdhgh\ h[ h[sbo ijbgpbiZo hj]ZgbaZpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc \eZklb jZa]jZgbq_gbb ij_^f_lh\ \_^_gby b iheghfhqbchjZa]jZgbq_gbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklbhijbjh^h-ba_fe_ihevah\Zgbbb^j; JZajZ[hldZ f_oZgbafh\ hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ gZjmr_gb_ n_^_jZevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z b ihklZgh\e_gbc hj]Zgh\ n_^_jZevghcbkihegbl_evghc\eZklb Kha^Zgb_mgbnbpbjh\Zgghckbkl_fuljZgkn_jlh\hkgh\ZgghcgZnhjfZebah\Zgghfih^oh^_dbo\u^_e_gbx KhdjZs_gb_[x^`_lguokkm^dZdbklhqgbdZihdjulby^_nbpblZ[x^`_lZ JZa\blb_ fmgbpbiZevgh]h jugdZ h[eb]Zpbc bkihevam_fh]h ^ey ijb\e_q_gby nbgZgkh\uo kj_^kl\ ^ey j_]bhgZevguo ijh]jZff Kha^Zgb_nhg^h\djbabkgh]hj_Z]bjh\Zgbybfh[bebaZpbbj_kmjkh\ 17.3 Hl]hkm^Zjkl\Z\k_h[s_]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbydkhpbZevghfm]hkm^Zjkl\m 17.3.1 Nmgdpbbbf_oZgbafukhpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z >_yl_evghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ khpbZevghc kn_j_ kem`bl f_oZgbafhf ij_^mij_`^_gby beb kgylby khpbZevghc gZijy`_gghklb g_ba[_`gh \hagbdZxs_c \ jughqghc wdhghfbd_ Ih hlghr_gbx d khpbZevghc kbkl_f_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \uihegy_l jhev ihklhyggh ^_ckl\mxs_]h klZ[bebaZlhjZ h[_ki_qb\Zxs_]h kha^Zgb_ b ^_ckl\b_ aZsblguo f_oZgbafh\ k ihfhsvxih^qbg_gghc_fmb_jZjobbmijZ\e_gby<wlhfbaZdexqZ_lky_]hhlebqb_hlqZklgh]hk_dlhjZhkgh\ghcp_evx dhlhjh]hy\ey_lkyihemq_gb_ijb[ueb KhpbZevgZy iheblbdZ dZd iheblbdZ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ klZ\bl i_j_^ kh[hc aZ^Zqm hldhjj_dlbjh\Zlv k\yaZggh_ k ijhba\h^kl\hf i_j\bqgh_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ ^hoh^h\ ijb ihfhsb kbkl_fu ljZgkn_jlguo khpbZevguo mkem] l_ kbkl_fu i_j_qbke_gby i_j_^Zqb kj_^kl\ b km[kb^bc \ khq_lZgbb k g_h[oh^bfuf ^ey bo nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZeh]hh[eh`_gb_fL_fkZfufdeZkkukgbadbfb^hoh^Zfbbg_bf_xsb_^hoh^h\ihemqZxl\hafh`ghklvih\ukblvk\hx ^hex \ ihlj_[e_gbb [eZ] k^_eZlv __ [he__ kijZ\_^eb\hc b ^hklhcghc q_eh\_dZ I_j_^ZqZ qZklb ^hoh^h\ hl h^gbo ebp ^jm]bf\mkeh\byojughqgh]hohayckl\Z_kl_kl\_ggh^he`gZijhoh^blvlZdbfh[jZahfqlh[uklbfmed^hklb`_gbx[he__ \ukhdbo ^hoh^h\ g_ bkq_aZe Z ihfhsv hdZau\ZeZkv lhevdh l_f dlh \ g_c ^_ckl\bl_evgh gm`^Z_lky IhemqZl_eb `_ ljZgkn_jlguo ^hoh^h\ ^he`gu bf_lv k\h[h^m \u[hjZ \ ihlj_[e_gbb ihwlhfm ihfhsv hdZau\Z_lky ij_bfms_kl\_ggh \ ^_g_`ghcnhjf_ KhpbZevgZy dhjj_dpby jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ ijb ihfhsb i_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evghc iheblbdb hkms_kl\ey_lky ihkj_^kl\hf ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h [x^`_lZ b mqZklby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ hj]ZgbaZpbb i_gkbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby b kljZoh\Zgby Ijh]j_kkb\gh_ gZeh]hh[eh`_gb_ gb\_ebjm_l ^hoh^u b q_j_a nbgZgkbjm_fu_ ba gZeh]h\uo kj_^kl\ \uieZlu l_f dlh g_ bf__l ^hoh^h\ beb ihemqZ_l gbadbc ^hoh^ h[_ki_qb\Z_lky \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ i_j\bqgh]h jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ D qbkem ijyfuo ljZgkn_jlh\ hlghkylky gZijbf_j ihkh[by ih [_ajZ[hlbp_ b g_iheghc aZgylhklb ihfhsv [_ajZ[hlguf i_j_qbke_gby \ nhg^u i_gkbhggh]h b f_^bpbgkdh]h kljZoh\Zgby \ ^hiheg_gb_ d kh[kl\_gguf kj_^kl\Zf ihemqZl_ey khpbZevguomkem]khpbZevgZyihfhsvihkh[bygZ^_l_cihfhsvgZihemq_gb_h[jZah\Zgbykm[kb^bbgZhieZlm`bevy Khh[jZ`_gby h[s_kl\_ggh]h [eZ]Z ^bdlmxl kh\_jr_ggh bghc ih^oh^ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z d ijbgylbx j_r_gby h j_ZebaZpbb dZdhc-eb[h ijh]jZffu beb ijh_dlZ q_f lhl dhlhjuc ijbkms qZklghfm k_dlhjm Dh]^Z ijZ\bl_evkl\h j_rZ_l \hijhk h kljhbl_evkl\_ rdhe [hevgbp ^hjh] b ijhqbo h[t_dlh\ khpbZevghc bgnjZkljmdlmju hgh g_ fh`_l jmdh\h^kl\h\Zlvky dhff_jq_kdbfb fhlb\Zfb b ^he`gh bf_lv [he__ rbjhdbc \a]ey^ kjZ\gb\Zy \ ijhp_kk_ ijbgylby j_r_gby h[s_kl\_ggmx ihevam hl hkms_kl\e_gby ijh_dlZ k h[s_kl\_ggufb ba^_j`dZfb P_eb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z agZqbl_evgh rbj_ b fZkrlZ[g_c bgl_j_kh\ qZklguo ebp b hj]ZgbaZpbc <f_kl_ k j_r_gb_f wdhghfbq_kdbo \hijhkh\ hgh ^he`gh aZ[hlblvky h j_r_gbb khpbZevguo ijh[e_f aZgylhklb h[jZah\Zgby a^hjh\vy wdheh]bb b li LZdbf h[jZahf gZjy^m k jZkkfhlj_gb_f wdhghfbq_kdbo ihdZaZl_e_c ijb ijh\_^_gbb khpbZevghc iheblbdb g_h[oh^bf mq_l iZjZf_ljh\ khpbZevghc 171 172 BklhqgbdKWWSZZZPILWUXSDUODPHQWLQVWLWXWHLQGH[KWPO Ijh[e_fubi_jki_dlb\ujZa\blbyn_^_jZebafZ\JhkkbbFKWWSZZZVYop.ru/doklad7.htm). wnn_dlb\ghklb K ihabpbc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hgb fh]ml bf_lv agZqbl_evgh [hevr__agZq_gb_q_fgZijbf_jkjhdhdmiZ_fhklb bg\_klbpbcbebmjh\_gvj_glZ[_evghklbdZdh]h-eb[hijh_dlZ <Z`gmx jhev \ ih^^_j`Zgbb ^bgZfbqgh]h jZ\gh\_kby \ khpbZevghc kbkl_f_ b]jZ_l khpbZevgZy bgnjZkljmdlmjZ hljZkebkhpbZevgh]hh[kem`b\ZgbygZk_e_gbyK_]h^gyhgZkljhblkygZ^he_\hfmqZklbbkj_^kl\]hkm^Zjkl\ZbgZk_e_gby \ \haf_s_gbb jZkoh^h\ k\yaZgguo k hdZaZgb_f khpbZevguo mkem] IjhihjpbhgZevghklv \ dhlhjhc gZoh^ylky kj_^kl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b gZk_e_gby aZ\bkbl hl f_ju bkihevah\Zgby ijbgpbiZ [_kieZlghklb ij_^hklZ\e_gby wlbo mkem] H^gb ba khpbZevguo mkem] lZdb_ dZd h[jZah\Zgb_ ih^]hlh\dZ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo dZ^jh\ ihdZ \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ [_kieZlgu >jm]b_ lZdb_ dZd a^jZ\hhojZg_gb_ nbabq_kdZy dmevlmjZ ^himkdZxl mqZklb_ \ hieZl_ kj_^kl\ gZk_e_gby Jy^ mkem] ij_^hklZ\ey_lky gZ ev]hlguo mkeh\byo lh _klv kh agZqbl_evguf mqZklb_f kj_^kl\ ]jZ`^Zg Wlh mkem]b `bebsghdhffmgZevgh]hohayckl\Z\gmljb]hjh^kdh]hljZgkihjlZhljZke_cdmevlmjubkdmkkl\Zbl^ Hkms_kl\e_gb_ khpbZevghc iheblbdb hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ bkihevah\Zgbb dhfie_dkZ f_oZgbafh\ hkgh\gufb ba dhlhjuoy\eyxlky173: AZdhgh^Zl_evgh-ghjfZlb\guc Hg nhjfbjm_lky aZdhgh^Zl_evgufb hj]ZgZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hij_^_ey_l h[sb_ gZijZ\e_gby khpbZevghc iheblbdb b mklZgZ\eb\Z_l ijZ\beZ \ khhl\_lkl\bb k dhlhjufb \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl jZaebqgu_ khpbZevgu_ bgklblmlu D \Z`g_crbf aZdhgh^Zl_evguf ZdlZf g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k\yaZgguf k khpbZevghc iheblbdhc ke_^m_l hlg_klb k\h^u aZdhgh\ dh^_dku \ lhf qbke_ ]jZ`^Zgkdbc gZeh]h\uc [x^`_lguc ljm^h\hc JZajZ[hldm ghjfZlb\guo fZl_jbZeh\ l_dms_]h oZjZdl_jZ \ jZfdZo khhl\_lkl\mxsbo aZdhgh^Zl_evguo ^hdmf_glh\ hkms_kl\eyxl dZd aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ lZd b bkihegbl_evgu_ kljmdlmju Km[t_dlZfb ghjfZlb\gh-aZdhghl\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb y\eyxlky b f_klgu_ hj]Zgu mijZ\e_gby ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ \ ijZdlbq_kdhc jZ[hl_ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ khpbZevghc kn_j_ bf_xl jZajZ[Zlu\Z_fu_n_^_jZevgufbbj_]bhgZevgufb\_^hfkl\ZfbghjfZlb\ukhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh]hjZa\blbyghjfZlb\u nbgZgkbjh\Zgbyh[t_dlh\khpbZevghcbgnjZkljmdlmjubli NbgZgkh\h-[x^`_lguc f_oZgbaf mklZgZ\eb\Zxsbc ihjy^hd h[jZah\Zgby b bkihevah\Zgby nbgZgkh\uo j_kmjkh\ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey h[_ki_q_gby f_jhijbylbc khpbZevgh]h dhfie_dkZ Z lZd`_ ^_yl_evghklv kljmdlmj hkms_kl\eyxsbo wlb nmgdpbb Hg khklhbl ba ^\mo kZfhklhyl_evguo [ehdh\ h^bg ba dhlhjuo j_]mebjm_l nbgZgkh\h_ h[_ki_q_gb_qZklbkh[kl\_gghkhpbZevghciheblbdbghjfZlb\uh[yaZl_evguokljZoh\uoieZl_`_ckhpbZevgh]hoZjZdl_jZ jZkoh^gu_klZlvbml\_j`^Z_fuoaZdhgh^Zl_eyfb[x^`_lh\jZaebqguomjh\g_cbli<ij_^_eZo\lhjh]h[ehdZkha^Zxlky nbgZgkh\u_ j_kmjku ij_^gZagZq_ggu_ ^ey ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ih^^_j`db \ kemqZ_ \hagbdgh\_gby lZdhc g_h[oh^bfhklb ijhba\h^bl_e_clh\Zjh\bmkem]dhlhju_m^h\e_l\hjyxlieZl_`_kihkh[guckijhkgZk_e_gby GZeh]h\u_ juqZ]b b klbfmeu bkihevam_fu_ bkihegbl_evgufb kljmdlmjZfb jZaebqguo mjh\g_c \ ij_^_eZo k\h_cdhfi_l_gpbb\p_eyohjb_glZpbbjZ[hlh^Zl_e_cgZijh\_^_gb_khpbZevghciheblbdbdZd\madhflZdb\rbjhdhf__ ihgbfZgbb Z lZd`_ qe_gh\ h[s_kl\Z \ bgl_j_kZo jZa\blby ^_yl_evghklb iha\heyxs_c ih\ukblv mjh\_gv khpbZevghc aZsbs_gghklbaZkq_lkh[kl\_gguomkbebc Ijbf_jZfbi_j\h]hy\eyxlkyev]hlgh_h[eh`_gb_xjb^bq_kdboebpbkihevamxsboljm^i_gkbhg_jh\bbg\Zeb^h\ Z lZd`_ l_o xjb^bq_kdbo ebp dhlhju_ \uimkdhf k\h_c ijh^mdpbb mkem] kihkh[kl\mxl m^h\e_l\hj_gbx ieZl_`_kihkh[gh]hkijhkZgZk_e_gbybeb`_j_Zebamxlg_h[oh^bfu_^eywlh]hbg\_klbpbhggu_ijh_dlu < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ \lhjh]h gZijZ\e_gby ev]hlgh]h gZeh]hh[eh`_gby fh`_l kem`blv _]h jZkijhkljZg_gb_ gZ g_dhlhju_ \b^u ^_yl_evghklb qe_gh\ h[s_kl\Z g_ k\yaZggu_ k ba\e_q_gb_f ijb[ueb ^hoh^Z k\_jo g_dhlhjh]h mklZgh\e_ggh]h fbgbfmfZ GZeh]h\u_ ev]hlu fh]ml ij_^hklZ\eylvky b l_f xjb^bq_kdbf ebpZf dhlhju_ j_Zebamxl f_jhijbylby gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ memqr_gb_ dZq_kl\Z `bagb gZk_e_gby gZijbf_j k\yaZggu_ k \uiheg_gb_f ijbjh^hhojZgguoijh_dlh\ :^fbgbkljZlb\gu_j_r_gbybkihevam_fu_hj]ZgZfb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gbyjZaebqguomjh\g_cDgbf hlghkylkyj_r_gbybaf_gyxsb_ihjy^hdkhpbZevghcih^^_j`dbhl^_evguodZl_]hjbcgZk_e_gbygZijbf_jd\hlbjh\Zgb_ jZ[hqbo f_kl ^ey fheh^_`b b bg\Zeb^h\ aZij_s_gb_ \eZklgufb kljmdlmjZfb kljhbl_evkl\Z beb aZdjulby ^_ckl\mxsbo ij_^ijbylbckms_kl\_gghaZ]jyagyxsbohdjm`Zxsmxkj_^mbmom^rZxsbomkeh\by`bagbf_klgh]hgZk_e_gby 17.3.2 Kf_gZiZjZ^b]fukhpbZevghciheblbdb–hliZl_jgZebafZdeb[_jZebafm Kh\j_f_ggu_khpbZevgu_ijhp_kku\JhkkbboZjZdl_jbamxlkybaf_g_gb_f\aZbfhhlghr_gbcf_`^m]hkm^Zjkl\hfb hl^_evgufb qe_gZfb h[s_kl\Z Ij_`^_ \k_]h ke_^m_l hlf_lblv hldZa hl ijbgpbiZ iZl_jgZebafZ k\hckl\_ggh]h khpbZebklbq_kdhfmkljhxLZdbfh[jZahf]hkm^Zjkl\h\agZqbl_evghckl_i_gbkgyehkk_[yhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZh[_ki_q_gb_ dhfie_dkZmkeh\bch[s_kl\_ggh]hjZa\blbyGZkf_gm\k_h[s_caZ\bkbfhklbq_eh\_dZhl]hkm^Zjkl\_gguokljmdlmjijbr_e ijbgpbijZa]jZgbq_gbyijZ\bhl\_lkl\_gghklbf_`^mebqghklvxbh[s_kl\hf K h^ghc klhjhgu wlhl ijhp_kk fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd [eZ]h ^ey hl^_evguo ex^_c lZd dZd hg kihkh[kl\m_l kZfhj_ZebaZpbb ebqghklb \ jZaebqguo h[eZklyo ^_yl_evghklb ?keb jZgvr_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h ijyfh b \_kvfZ Zdlb\gh \f_rb\Zehkv \ jZaebqgu_ kn_ju h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb mklZgZ\eb\Zy ijb wlhf `_kldb_ h]jZgbq_gby b aZklZ\eyy ex^_c ^_ckl\h\Zlv\hij_^_e_gguobfjZfdZolhk_cqZkijbhjbl_lgufy\ey_lkyijbgpbik\h[h^uebqghklb K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ^Zgguc ijhp_kk ijb\_e d \hagbdgh\_gbx p_eh]h dhfie_dkZ khpbZevguo ijh[e_f Ijhbkoh^bl hldZa hl ijh\ha]eZr_gguo jZg__ ijbgpbih\ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb < qZklghklb m`_ g_l ijZ\Z gZ ]ZjZglbjh\Zgguc ljm^ \hagbdZxl ijh[e_fu k ihemq_gb_f [_kieZlgh]h f_^bpbgkdh]h h[kem`b\Zgby \k_ ljm^g_c ihemqblv [_kieZlgh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ <mkeh\byokf_gunmg^Zf_glZevguohjb_glbjh\h[s_kl\_ggh]hjZa\blbymki_obbg_m^Zqb\k_\[hevr_ckl_i_gb gZqbgZxlaZ\bk_lvhl^_ckl\bckZfh]hq_eh\_dZ >eygh\hckhpbZevghckj_^uoZjZdl_jguke_^mxsb_ijbagZdb ih\ur_ggZy g_klZ[bevghklv ljm^ghijh]ghabjm_fhklv g_hij_^_e_gghklv qlh \ k\hx hq_j_^v \_^_l d jhklm g_^h\hevkl\Zbg_j\haghklb\h[s_kl\_ h[_kp_gb\Zgb_ij_`gbo\gmlj_ggboj_]meylhjh\ih\_^_gbykihkh[kl\mxs__gZjmr_gbxfhjZebbaZdhgZ 173 Kfbjgh\KGJ_]bhgZevgu_Zki_dlukhpbZevghciheblbdbF=_ebhk:J<K-30. j_adh_jZkrbj_gb_kl_i_gbk\h[h^uebqghklb-ijbh^gh\j_f_gghfhkeZ[e_gbbkhpbZevgh]hdhgljhey ih\ur_ggu_lj_[h\Zgbyd]b[dhklbfure_gbybih\_^_gby\p_ehf ^hfbgbjh\Zgb_[hjv[ugZ^kh]eZkb_f\jhkkbckdhfh[s_kl\_ <lh\j_fydZdkhpbZevgZykj_^Zbaf_gbeZkv[md\ZevghaZg_kdhevdhe_lagZqbl_evgZyqZklvex^_chdZaZeZkvg_\ khklhygbb[ukljhbaf_gblvk\hbkljZl_]bbbijbgpbiuih\_^_gbyijb\uqdbkihkh[u^_ckl\bcBfljm^ghZ^Zilbjh\Zlvky d gh\uf khpbZevguf y\e_gbyf < mkeh\byo ieZgh\hc wdhghfbdb \ujhkeh g_kdhevdh ihdhe_gbc ijb\udrbo d `_kldhc kbkl_f_h[s_kl\_gguobwdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\<mkeh\byojZa\blh]hkhpbZebafZdZ`^hfmq_eh\_dmiheZ]Zekyg_dbc khpbZevgh ]ZjZglbjh\Zgguc fbgbfmf Dh]^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ]ZjZglbb hlkmlkl\mxl eb[h g_ \uihegyxlky \ jhkkbckdhf h[s_kl\_ gZjZklZ_l khpbZevgZy gZijy`_gghklv mkm]m[b\rZyky gZqZ\rbfky \ Z\]mkl_ ] nbgZgkh\h-wdhghfbq_kdbf djbabkhf GZjy^m k h[sbf wdhghfbq_kdbf djbabkhf \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb gZ[ex^Z_lky bgklblmpbhgZevguc djbabk \ujZ`Zxsbcky\j_adhfiZ^_gbb^h\_jbyd]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufkljmdlmjZf Eb[_jZevgZy khpbZevgZy iheblbdZ hkms_kl\ey_fZy jhkkbckdbfb \eZklyfb k gZqZeZ -o ]] gZlZedb\Z_lky gZ khijhlb\e_gb_ jZaebqguo keh_\ gZk_e_gby IhdZaZl_evgZ j_Zdpby g_ijbylby gZk_e_gb_f ij_^eh`_gghc ijZ\bl_evkl\hf DZkvygh\Z khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdmx ijh]jZffu Ijhlb\ gZf_j_gby ih\ukblv i_gkbhgguc \hajZkl \ukdZau\Zehkv [he__ hijhr_gguokhdjZs_gb_^heb[_kieZlguomkem]a^jZ\hhojZg_gby\uau\Zehijhl_klmhieZqb\ZlvdhffmgZevgu_ jZkoh^u\iheghfh[t_f_g_kh]eZkgu174 K_jv_aghc khpbZevghc ijh[e_fhc klZeh jZkkeh_gb_ h[s_kl\Z Mkbeb\Zxlky ijhlb\hj_qby f_`^m jZaebqgufb ]jmiiZfb gZk_e_gby gZijbf_j - f_`^m [h]Zlufb b [_^gufb f_`^m aZgylufb b [_ajZ[hlgufb <f_kl_ k l_f h[s_]jmiih\u_ bgl_j_ku \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb y\eyxlky g_mklhcqb\ufb b \j_f_ggufb < [hevrbgkl\_ k\h_f ex^b `b\mlkh[kl\_ggufbbgl_j_kZfbbmklj_fe_gbyfb <wlbomkeh\byo\Z`gh_agZq_gb_ijbh[j_lZ_lijh[e_fZhij_^_e_gbyh[sbobgl_j_kh\<gZklhys__\j_fyJhkkby i_j_`b\Z_lklZgh\e_gb_gh\hckhpbZevghckm[t_dlghklbHkh[_gghklvwlh]h^jZfZlbq_kdh]hijhp_kkZhkhagZgbyebqghklvx k\h_]h kh[kl\_ggh]h bgl_j_kZ khklhbl \ g_hij_^_e_gghklb ij_^klZ\e_gbc h[ h[sghklb bgl_j_kh\ GZ kf_gm ijbgpbiZf dhee_dlb\bafZijbr_ebg^b\b^mZebaf<kbemlh]hqlh]jZ`^Zgkdh_h[s_kl\h_s_g_knhjfbjh\ZghZf_oZgbafaZsblu ijZ\ jZaebqguo ]jmii gZk_e_gby [ue ij_jh]Zlb\hc bkdexqbl_evgh [xjhdjZlbq_kdbo kljmdlmj \kydbc ^_ckl\bl_evgh h[sbcbgl_j_k\hkijbgbfZ_lkygug_k\_ebqZcrbfih^haj_gb_f Hlkmlkl\b_h[sbobgl_j_kh\fh`_l\ujZ`Zlvky\\b^_khpbZevguodhgnebdlh\GZijbf_j\oh^_k\hboaZ[Zklh\hd rZol_ju ij_ke_^h\Zeb k\hb madhhljZke_\u_ bgl_j_ku Z bo ^_ckl\by ijhlb\hj_qbeb bgl_j_kZf ^jm]bo keh_\ gZk_e_gby mqbl_e_c \jZq_c b ^jm]bo h[s_kl\_gguo ]jmii lZd`_ g_ ihemqb\rbo k\h_\j_f_ggh aZjZ[hlgmx ieZlm I_j_dju\Zy `_e_agmx^hjh]mrZol_ju\klmibeb\dhgnebdlk`_e_agh^hjh`gbdZfbbf_lZeemj]Zfb I_j_oh^dgh\hckhpbZevghckj_^_ijb\_edihy\e_gbxfgh`_kl\Zg_nhjfZevguok\ya_cdhlhju_gZgZr\a]ey^ mkeh`gyxlijhp_kkkhpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gby<klZ[bevghfh[s_kl\_h[t_dlhfbamq_gby\h[s_kl\_gguogZmdZoy\eyxlky\ hkgh\ghf nhjfZevgu_ k\yab lZd dZd bf_ggh hgb qZklh \uklmiZxl gZb[he__ y\kl\_ggh < mkeh\byo jZajmr_gby ^_ckl\h\Z\r_cjZg__h[s_kl\_gghckbkl_fubkhpbZevguobgklblmlh\\k_[hevr__agZq_gb_ihemqZxlg_nhjfZevgu_k\yab dZdgZmjh\g_\aZbfhk\ya_cf_`^mhl^_evgufbex^vfblZdb\bo\aZbfhhlghr_gbyokkhpbZevgufbhj]ZgbaZpbyfb Kh\j_f_gguc wlZi khpbZevgh]h jZa\blby ijb\_e d mkeh`g_gbx ijhp_kkZ bkke_^h\Zgby hl^_evguo ex^_c lZd dZd q_eh\_d k ihabpbc gh\hc iZjZ^b]fu h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc keh`guc b qZklh ijhlb\hj_qb\uc h[t_dl mijZ\e_gby LZd gZijbf_j hl^_evguc dhgdj_lguc q_eh\_d fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky k g_kdhevdbo ihabpbc - \ hlghr_gbb aZgylhklbbf_xsbcjZ[hlmbeb[_ajZ[hlgucl_gm`gheb_fm\uieZqb\Zlvihkh[b_ih[_ajZ[hlbp_bebg_l\hlghr_gbb k_f_cgh]hiheh`_gbyfgh]h^_lgucbebg_ll_\u^Z\Zlveb_fmihkh[b_gZ^_l_cbl^ <k_ i_j_qbke_ggu_ \ur_ hkh[_gghklb gh\hc kbkl_fu h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb \uau\Zxl g_h[oh^bfhklv i_j_kfhljZ fgh]boijbgpbih\bf_lh^h\khpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gbyb\ujZ[hldbgh\h]hf_oZgbafZmijZ\e_gbykhpbZevgufbijhp_kkZfb 17.3.3 LjZgknhjfZpbykm[t_dlh\khpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gby HldZa hl dhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghc kbkl_fu b ijbkmsbo _c ijbgpbih\ mijZ\e_gby b i_j_oh^ d jughqghc kbkl_f_ ijb\_e d g_h[oh^bfhklb kha^Zgby \ukhdhwnn_dlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gq_kdh]h dhfie_dkZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h baf_gb\rbfky mkeh\byf b mqblu\Zxs_fm h[s_q_eh\_q_kdb_ b khpbZevgu_ p_gghklb gh\h]h h[s_kl\Z <Z`ghc h[s_kl\_gghc aZ^Zq_c \ gZklhys__ \j_fy y\ey_lky hij_^_e_gb_ Z^_d\Zlguo wdhghfbq_kdbo nhjf \ha^_ckl\by gZ h[t_dl mijZ\e_gbyhj]ZgbaZpbhggh\dexqZxs_]hjZaebqgu_bgklblmpbhgZevgu_mjh\gbn_^_jZevgucj_]bhgZevgucf_klguc Ijb wlhf ke_^m_l lZd`_ mqblu\Zlv \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_`^m jZaebqgufb km[t_dlZfb mijZ\e_gby - ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb ohayckl\_ggufbh[s_kl\_ggufbb^jm]bfbhj]ZgZfbbkljmdlmjZfb Baf_g_gby dZkZxlky lZd`_ nhjf b f_lh^h\ mijZ\e_gq_kdh]h \ha^_ckl\by GZ kf_gm f_lh^Zf `_kldh]h p_gljZebah\Zggh]h mijZ\e_gby \ jZaebqguo kn_jZo khpbZevghc b ohayckl\_gghc `bagb h[s_kl\Z ijboh^yl f_lh^u ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ky \ hkgh\ghf dhk\_ggufb kihkh[Zfb \ha^_ckl\by gZ mijZ\ey_fu_ h[t_dluLZdbfh[jZahf\_kvfZZdlmZevghcijh[e_fhcklZgh\blkyljZgknhjfZpbykm[t_dlh\h[s_kl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gbyZ lZd`_hij_^_e_gb_bojhebbnmgdpbc LjZgknhjfZpby mijZ\e_gq_kdh]h dhfie_dkZ ij_^iheZ]Z_l aZf_gm `_kldhc ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zgghc kbkl_fu j_]mebjh\ZgbykhpbZevguobwdhghfbq_kdboijhp_kkh\[he__]b[dhcb\[hevr_ckl_i_gbkhhl\_lkl\mxs_ckh\j_f_gguf mkeh\byf Ijb wlhf ^he`gZ ijhbkoh^blv aZf_gZ mklZj_\rbo hj]ZgbaZpbhgguo nhjf f_lh^h\ bgkljmf_glh\ b kljmdlmj mijZ\e_gby >hklb`_gb_ ihklZ\e_gguo ]hkm^Zjkl\hf p_e_c \ khpbZevghc iheblbd_ h[mkeh\e_gh \uiheg_gb_f jy^Z mkeh\bc JZkkfhljbfhkgh\gu_bagbo 1. HilbfZevghklv >ey lh]h qlh[u bf_lv \hafh`ghklv kjZ\gb\Zlv jZaebqgu_ Zevl_jgZlb\u f_jhijbylbc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ khpbZevghc kn_j_ g_h[oh^bfh bf_lv q_ldb_ h^ghagZqgu_ djbl_jbb hilbfZevghklb jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo Ijb\_^_gu ^Zggu_ bkke_^h\Zgby Jhkkbckdh]h g_aZ\bkbfh]h bgklblmlZ khpbZevguo b gZpbhgZevguo j_nhjf H[sZy ]Za_lZ 30). 174 \ZjbZglh\ A^_kv g_h[oh^bfh jZa]jZgbqblv bgl_j_ku ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hl^_evguo ]jZ`^Zg b xjb^bq_kdbo ebp bgklblmpbhgZevguo_^bgbp<hlebqb_hlqZklgh]hk_dlhjZhkgh\ghcp_evxdhlhjh]hy\ey_lkyihemq_gb_fZdkbfZevghc ijb[ueb p_eb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gZfgh]h h[rbjg__ b \dexqZxl \ k_[y g_ lhevdh wdhghfbq_kdmx gh b khpbZevgmx khklZ\eyxsmx < mkeh\byo g_^hklZldZ nbgZgkh\uo kj_^kl\ klZ\r_]h \ khpbZevghc kn_j_ ojhgbq_kdbf y\e_gb_f g_h[oh^bfh jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv lZdb_ f_jhijbylby khpbZevghc iheblbdb dhlhju_ g_ k\yaZgu k ^hihegbl_evgufb aZljZlZfb j_kmjkh\ Ihwlhfm ZdlmZevghc y\ey_lky ijh[e_fZ hij_^_e_gby djbl_jb_\ hl[hjZ mijZ\e_gq_kdbo j_r_gbc ijbghkysbo fZdkbfZevguc khpbZevguc wnn_dl k mq_lhf h]jZgbq_gghklb j_kmjkh\ <Z`guf we_f_glhf khpbZevghc iheblbdb fh`_l klZlv mq_l iZjZf_ljh\ khpbZevghc wnn_dlb\ghklb gZijbf_j jhkl aZgylhklb memqr_gb_ wdheh]bq_kdhc h[klZgh\db ijb j_ZebaZpbbwdhghfbq_kdboijh_dlh\Djhf_lh]hp_e_khh[jZaghmqblu\Zlvg_lhevdhi_j\bqgu_wnn_dluijbijh\_^_gbb l_o beb bguo f_jhijbylbc \ khpbZevghc kn_j_ b \ wdhghfbd_ gh b dhk\_ggu_ GZijbf_j j_ZebaZpby bg\_klbpbhggh]h ijh_dlZ dZd ijZ\beh ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx qbkeZ jZ[hqbo f_kl g_ lhevdh gZ \gh\v kha^Z\Z_fhf ijhba\h^kl\_ gh b gZ ij_^ijbylbyo-kf_`gbdZoijhba\h^ysbokhhl\_lkl\mxs__kujv_bihemnZ[jbdZlu 2. Kbkl_fghklv mijZ\e_gby >_fhglZ` dhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZ-lb\ghc kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby ijb\_e d mkeh`g_gbx ijhp_kkZ khpbZevgh]h mijZ\e_gby h[jZah\Zgbx fgh`_kl\Z kZfhklhyl_evguo ohayckl\_gguo khpbZevguo b ^jm]bo km[t_dlh\ fgh]b_ ba dhlhjuo \ jZaghc kl_i_gb hkms_kl\eyxl nmgdpbx khpbZevgh]h mijZ\e_gby Ijhbahreh i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_iheghfhqbcbj_kmjkh\f_`^mjZaebqgufbmjh\gyfbh[s_kl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby Fgh]b_ hj]Zgu hj]ZgbaZpbb b kljmdlmju klj_fykv d ^hklb`_gbx hij_^_e_gghc p_eb ihemqbeb \hafh`ghklv hdZau\Zlv \ebygb_ gZ oh^ l_o beb bguo khpbZevguo ijhp_kkh\ GZijbf_j \hijhkZfb aZgylhklb gZk_e_gby ihfbfh N_^_jZevghc kem`[u aZgylhklb \ dZq_kl\_ hl^_evguo \_^hfkl\_gguo ijh[e_f aZgbfZxlky Fbgbkl_jkl\h ljm^Z b khpbZevghc aZsblu Fbgbkl_jkl\h h[jZah\Zgby b jy^ ^jm]bo \_^hfkl\ >_yl_evghklv bo \h fgh]hf i_j_k_dZ_lky ^m[ebjm_lky qlh ijb\h^bl d g_hijZ\^Zgguf ba^_j`dZf b kgb`_gbx wnn_dlb\ghklb ijbgbfZ_fuo j_r_gbc K ^jm]hc klhjhgu \ gZklhys__ \j_fy g_j_^dh gZ[ex^Z_lky madh\_^hfkl\_gguc ih^oh^ mqblu\Zxsbc lhevdh ijyfh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ ieZgbjm_fuo f_jhijbylbc gZ l_ beb bgu_ ih^kbkl_fu beb iZjZf_lju khpbZevghc kn_ju < kbem wlh]h ijb \u[hj_ hilbfZevghckljZl_]bbkhpbZevgh]hjZa\blbyg_h[oh^bfhbkihevah\Zlvkbkl_fgucih^oh^Hkh[_gghklv^Zggh]hih^oh^Z\ hlebqb_gZijbf_jhl\_^hfkl\_ggh]hhljZke_\h]haZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh\khhl\_lkl\bbkgbfkhpbZevgZykn_jZ^he`gZ jZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZd_^bgZykeh`gZykbkl_fZkhklhysZybafgh`_kl\Zih^kbkl_fqZklhbf_xsboijhlb\hiheh`gu_p_eb 3. BgnhjfZpbhggh_h[_ki_q_gb_<gZklhys__\j_fyh^ghcba\Z`g_crboaZ^ZqkhpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z y\ey_lkykha^Zgb__^bghcbgnhjfZpbhgghc[Zaukihkh[ghch[t_^bgblvbgnhjfZpbhggu_fZkkb\ujZaebqguo\_^hfkl\\ lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb k\yaZgguo k khpbZevgufb ijh[e_fZfb gZk_e_gby Wlh iha\hebl \h-i_j\uo h[t_^bgblv mkbeby jZaebqguo \_^hfkl\ ijb j_ZebaZpbb f_jhijbylbc khpbZevghc iheblbdb b lZdbf h[jZahf kgbablv khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ aZljZlu\h-\lhjuodhhj^bgbjh\Zlv^_yl_evghklvkm[t_dlh\khpbZevghcaZsblubgZhkgh\_wlh]h[he__lhqghhij_^_eylv gZb[he__ gm`^Zxsb_ky k_fvb k p_evx hdZaZgby Z^j_kghc ihfhsb \-lj_lvbo ijh\h^blv ^_lZevguc b hi_jZlb\guc fhgblhjbg]khpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z 17.3.4 ;m^ms__JhkkbbkhpbZevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\hbeb" JZajZ[hldZ ^ey kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb ^_ckl\_gghc fh^_eb khpbZevghc iheblbdb dhlhjZy kihkh[kl\h\ZeZ [u Z^ZilZpbbknhjfbjh\Z\rboky\mkeh\byodhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghckbkl_fujhkkbygdgh\ufmkeh\byf`bagbohly[u qZklbqghfm kgylbx khpbZevguo dhgnebdlh\ bgl_]jZpbbjZah[s_gguobqZklbqgh\jZ`^_[ghgZkljh_gguoihhlghr_gbx ^jm]d^jm]mkeh_\h[s_kl\Zy\ey_lkydexq_\hcaZ^Zq_ck_]h^gyrg_]h^gy GZb[hevrbc bgl_j_k m jhkkbckdbo iheblbdh\ b bkke_^h\Zl_e_c \uau\Z_l dhgp_ipby khpbZevgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z, knhjfbjh\Z\rZyky b aZdj_ie_ggZy \ dhgklblmpbyo g_dhlhjuo aZiZ^guo kljZg \ lhf qbke_ NJ= NjZgpbb R\_cpZjbbR\_pbbBkiZgbb KhpbZevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\h\ujZ`Z_lgh\h_dZq_kl\hkZfhciheblbq_kdhc\eZklbbadhlhjh]h\ul_dZxl\k_^jm]b__]h k\hckl\Z < g_f kgbfZ_lky iheblbq_kdh_ hlqm`^_gb_ ebqghklb hl \eZklb ]jZ`^Zgkdh_ h[s_kl\h h[ma^u\Z_l ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ bgklblmlu dhlhju_ gZqbgZxl kem`blv bgl_j_kZf ex^_c b h[s_kl\Z \ p_ehf Ihwlhfm khpbZevgh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \hagbdZ_l g_ klbobcgh gh gZ hkgh\_ p_e_gZijZ\e_gghc iheblbq_kdhc kljZl_]bb [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjhc hgh nhjfbjm_lky ^bgZfbqg__ \ kljZgZo k ]em[hdbfb khpbZe-^_fhdjZlbq_kdbfb ljZ^bpbyfb Ijb wlhf bklhjbq_kdbc hiul ihdZaZeqlhh[t_dlb\gufbij_^ihkuedZfb_]hklZgh\e_gbybjZa\blby\uklmiZxlkhpbZevghhjb_glbjh\ZggZywdhghfbdZ khpbZevgh_ jughqgh_ ohayckl\h b ijZ\h\h_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h ij_^mkfZljb\Zxs__ wnn_dlb\gh_ ]jZ`^Zgkdh_ ljm^h\h_ khpbZevgh_b^jm]h_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h IjbgpbiZfbmkljhckl\Zb^_yl_evghklbkhpbZevgh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\uklmiZxlhldjulhklviheblbq_kdhc\eZklb__ ^_fhdjZlbaf ]jZ`^Zgkdbc fbj khpbZevgh_ kh]eZkb_ b kheb^Zjbaf khpbZevgZy kijZ\_^eb\hklv b hkms_kl\e_gb_ kbevghckhpbZevghcaZrblugZk_e_gbyh[rbjguokhpbZevguoijh]jZff\jZfdZoZdlb\ghcbZ^j_kghckhpbZevghc iheblbdb Ke_^h\Zgb_ wlbf ijbgpbiZf \ Zdlb\ghc iheblbd_ iha\hebl ]hkm^Zjkl\m ^h[b\Zlvky b kgylby hlqm`^_gby ebqghklb hl \eZklb b ]ZjZglbjh\Zgghc khpbZevghc aZsblu b kha^Zgby kijZ\_^eb\uo mkeh\bc b \hafh`ghkl_c ^ey ^hklhcgh]h mjh\gy `bagb b fbgbfbaZpbb khpbZevguo jbkdh\ Ijb wlhf ]hkm^Zjkl\h hl hlghr_gbc ]hkih^kl\Z b ih^qbg_gby i_j_oh^bl d kheb^Zjguf iZjlg_jkdbf hlghr_gbyf k ]jZ`^ZgZfb gZ hkgh\_ jZ\ghijZ\gh]h khpbZevgh]h dhgljZdlZdZdijZ\behihemqZxs_]h\ujZ`_gb_\dhgklblmpbbbebkhpbZevghfdh^_dk_kljZgu;eZ]h^Zjywlhfm\h\k_o h[s_kl\_gguo kn_jZo ijhbkoh^yl ihablb\gu_ ljZgknhjfZpbb dhlhju_ gZ \ukhdhc klmi_gb jZa\blby kljZgu ijb\h^yl d nhjfbjh\Zgbxh[s_kl\Z\k_h[s_]h[eZ]h^_gkl\by < k\_l_ kdZaZggh]h hq_\b^gh qlh khpbZevgh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h - wlh g_ lhevdh ki_pbnbq_kdh_ khklhygb_ iheblbq_kdbobgklblmlh\bkZfhc\eZklbghlZd`_bhkh[h_khklhygb_\k_]hh[s_kl\Zij_h[jZah\Zggh]hgZhkgh\_ khpbZevguo p_gghkl_c b kh^_ckl\mxs_]h kZfhj_ZebaZpbb l\hjq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZeZ ebqghklb LZdbf h[jZahf wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh]hkm^Zjkl\h\k_h[s_]h[eZ]h^_gkl\by GZdhg_p khpbZevgh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc lZd`_ hkh[h_ khklhygb_ kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby khpbZevghc kn_ju KdeZ^u\Z_lky kZfhklhyl_evgZy mijZ\eyxsZy kbkl_fZ khpbZevgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z nmgdpbyfb dhlhjhc \uklmiZxl ieZgbjh\Zgb_ b j_ZebaZpby Zdlb\ghckbevghcZ^j_kghckhpbZevghciheblbdbho\Zlu\Zxs_c\k_khpbZevgu_ ]jmiiu kehb b deZkku h[s_kl\Z ;_a lZdhc mijZ\eyxs_c kbkl_fu \k_ \ukhdb_ khpbZevgu_ ijbhjbl_lu hklZxlky lhevdh iheblbq_kdbfb ^_deZjZpbyfb g_ ih^dj_ie_ggufb dhgdj_lgufb f_oZgbafZfb bo j_ZebaZpbb < wlhc kbkl_f_ wnn_dlb\gh ^_ckl\mxl g_ lhevdh ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ bgklblmlu h[s_c dhfi_l_gpbb gh lZd`_ hj]Zgu \eZklb bf_xsb_ madmx ki_pbZebaZpbxnmgdpbhgbjmxsb_b\kbkl_f_aZdhgh^Zl_evghc\eZklbgZijbf_jiZjeZf_glkdb_dhfbl_luihkhpbZevghc iheblbd_ ljm^m a^jZ\hhojZg_gbx b l^ b \ bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb gZijbf_j Fbgbkl_jkl\h ljm^Z b khpbZevgh]h jZa\blby b \ km^_[ghc \eZklb Ijb wlhf Zdlb\gh ihhsjy_lky kha^Zgb_ b ^_yl_evghklv jZaebqguo g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bgklblmlh\ mqZkl\mxsbo \ hkms_kl\e_gbb khpbZevghc iheblbd_ h[s_kl\Z J_qv b^_l h ijhnkhxaguo hj]ZgbaZpbyo h qZklguokljZoh\uoi_gkbhgguo[eZ]hl\hjbl_evguobbguonhg^Zo\ih^^_j`dm[_ajZ[hlguogZmdbdmevlmjubl^ Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh agZqbfufb dhfihg_glZfb mijZ\eyxs_c kbkl_fu ]hkm^Zjkl\Z y\eyxlky lZd`_ lZdb_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ we_f_glu dZd ijZ\h\u_ b bgu_ xjb^bq_kdb_ ghjfu < jZa\blhf khpbZevghf ]hkm^Zjkl\_ dZd ijZ\beh kms_kl\m_l khpbZevguc dh^_dk \ dhlhjuc k\_^_gu b dh^bnbpbjh\Zgu hkgh\gu_ xjb^bq_kdb_ Zdlu b ghjfu ih khpbZevghckn_j_h[s_kl\Z < mkeh\byo kh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc fh^_jgbaZpbb gZ[ex^Z_lky ijhp_kk h^gh\j_f_ggh]h aZjh`^_gby b klZgh\e_gby dZd ij_^ihkuehd khpbZevghc hjb_glZpbb wdhghfbdb nhjfbjh\Zgby we_f_glh\ ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z ijZ\h\hc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghklb ^_fhdjZlbq_kdh]h iheblbq_kdh]h j_`bfZ lZd b ijhp_kkmZevgh-bgklblmpbhgZevguo dhfihg_glh\ khpbZevgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd mijZ\eyxs_c kbkl_fu Ihke_^gyy bf__l ij__fkl\_gghklv k khpbZevghc iheblbdhchkms_kl\ey\r_cky\kh\_lkdbci_jbh^ghbkdexqZ_l]hkm^Zjkl\_gguciZl_jgZebafbmjZ\gbl_evghklv<kbem hij_^_e_gguo bklhjbq_kdbo b bguo ijbqbg jhkkbckdh_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h \ [hevr_c f_j_ ly]hl__l d khpbZe-^_fhdjZlbq_kdhc fh^_eb =eZ\Z WE?DLHJ:EVGUCPBDE IHBKDIHEBLBQ?KDHCJ?GLU" Ihke_ jZa\ZeZ KKKJ \ Jhkkbb ijhbahr_e i_j_oh^ hl dhfZg^gh–Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghc kbkl_fu mijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\hf d ijbgpbibZevgh gh\hfm f_oZgbafm hj]ZgbaZpbb \eZklb ihkljh_gghfm gZ ijbgpbiZo ij_^klZ\bl_evghc ^_fhdjZlbb=jZ`^Zg_jhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Zihke_ijbgylby^_dZ[jy]Dhgklblmpbb^_ckl\mxs_cbihgug_ \^jm]ijhkgmebkvkh]jhfgufdhebq_kl\hfgh\uoijZ\bk\h[h^IjZ\^Z\uykgbehkvqlhfgh]b_wdhghfbq_kdb_Z]_glu hdZaZebkv ijhklh g_ \ khklhygbb jZkihjy^blvky ^hklZ\rbfbky bf ijZ\Zfb ih^jh[g__ kf ]e ^Zgghc fhgh]jZnbb H^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ \k_ ijh[e_fu Z^ZilZpbb wdhghfbq_kdbo Z]_glh\ d gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^_ ihy\bebkv j_Zevgu_f_oZgbafuiha\heyxsb_]jZ`^ZgZf\ebylvgZnhjfbjh\Zgb_\eZklb Gh\u_ jhkkbckdb_ iheblbq_kdb_ ^_yl_eb ijb^y d \eZklb h[gZjm`beb qlh kms_kl\mxsZy kbkl_fZ h[s_kl\_gguo hlghr_gbc b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z hklZ\ey_l bf g_h[tylgu_ \hafh`ghklb ih ba\e_q_gbx ebqguo \u]h^ Hlkmlkl\b_ ijhajZqghklb \ ijbgylbb j_r_gbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb qbgh\gbdZfb hlghkbl_evgh \hijhkh\ i_j_^Zqb ]hkm^Zjkl\hf ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \u^Zqb ebp_gabc b d\hl gZ wdkihjl wg_j]hj_kmjkh\ b ijhq_]h kujvy ba-aZ h]jhfgh]h jZaju\Z\gmlj_ggbobfbjh\uop_gwlh[uehkgh\ghcbklhqgbddZiblZeh\kdhehq_gguo\-o]]\Jhkkbb\u^Zqbev]hl gZbfihjllh\Zjh\gZjh^gh]hihlj_[e_gbykha^Zgb_j_`bfh\gZeh]h\h]h[eZ]hijbylkl\h\Zgby^eyhl^_evguoij_^ijbylbc bl^kha^Z\Zehj_Zevgu_\hafh`ghklbdihemq_gbxebqguo\u]h^hlih^h[ghc^_yl_evghklb IjhZgZebabjm_f f_oZgbafu j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]h ih\_^_gby qlh[u aZl_f kdhgp_gljbjh\Zlv gZr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ \aZbfh^_ckl\bb iheblbdZ b ba[bjZl_ey \ fh^_eb we_dlhjZevgh]h pbdeZ ijb mkeh\bb kms_kl\h\Zgby \hafh`ghkl_c ^ey iheblbdh\ ih ba\e_q_gbx j_glu >Ze__ ihdZaZgh qlh ih^h[gh_ \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ fh`_l ijb\h^blv d \hagbdgh\_gbx iheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\ 18.1 J_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ Hkgh\gu_ b^_b k\yaZggu_ k kms_kl\h\Zgb_f iheblbq_kdhc j_glu aZjh^bebkv \ jZfdZo ljZ^bpbhgghc fbdjhwdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb175 L_jfbg j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ ih\_^_gb_ Rent-Seeking behavior ihy\beky g_kdhevdh iha^g__\jZ[hlZo:Djx]_j176. J_glZ \ wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb hij_^_ey_lky dZd ^hoh^ \eZ^_evpZ j_kmjkZ ij_\urZxsbc Zevl_jgZlb\gmx klhbfhklv _]h bkihevah\Zgby J_r_gb_ \eZ^_evpZ j_kmjkZ h[ _]h bkihevah\Zgbb [ueh [u h^bgZdh\h dZd \ kemqZ_ iheh`bl_evghcj_glulZdb\kemqZ_j_glu[ebadhcdgmexIjbwlhfiheh`bl_evgZyj_glZy\ey_lkyklbfmehfijb\e_q_gby ^hihegbl_evguo j_kmjkh\ \ l_ \b^u ^_yl_evghklb ]^_ hgZ kms_kl\m_l Ihbkd j_glu \ dhgdmj_glghc wdhghfbd_ - wlh y\e_gb_ijb\h^ys__dwnn_dlb\ghfmjZkij_^_e_gbxj_kmjkh\ Ijh[e_fuk\yaZggu_kihl_jyfbhlj_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]hih\_^_gbyh^gbfbai_j\uo[uebih^gylu=hj^hghf LZeehdhf177 JZkkfhlj_ggZy bf [hjv[Z aZ fhghihevgmx j_glm ijb\h^beZ d _z qZklbqghc jZkljZl_ l_ ihfbfh deZkkbq_kdbo qbkluo ihl_jv h[s_kl\Z hl fhghihebb ihl_jyfb ^ey h[s_kl\Z klZgh\beZkv qZklv fhghihevghc j_glu dhlhjmxfhghihebybaufZ_lbaihlj_[bl_evkdh]hbaebrdZ G_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\byhlihbkdZj_gluihy\eyxlkylZf]^_kms_kl\mxlg_jughqgu_h]jZgbq_gbydZdgZijbf_j \ kemqZ_ k fhghiheb_c mklZgZ\eb\Z_fhc ]hkm^Zjkl\hf dh]^Z jZkoh^u k\yaZggu_ k ihemq_gb_f fhghihevghc j_glu g_ ijbghkyl gbdZdh]h ^hihegbl_evgh]h ijh^mdlZ LZdb_ jZkoh^u = LZeehd oZjZdl_jbam_l dZd ihl_jyggu_ ^ey h[s_kl\Z (wasteful). GZ]ey^ghijhbeexkljbjh\Zlvijh[e_fuk\yaZggu_kihbkdhfj_glufh`gh\l_jfbgZojZkoh^Zj_Zevguoj_kmjkh\ gZaZo\Zlqbklh]hljZgkn_jlZLZddZdaZljZluj_kmjkh\gZlhqlh[u\aylvjm[evm:bhl^Zlv_]h<gbq_]hg_kha^Zxl lhhgbjZkljZqb\Zxlkyklhqdbaj_gbywdhghfbdb\p_ehf:evl_jgZlb\gZyklhbfhklvwlboj_kmjkh\_klvihl_jbh[s_kl\Zhl ihbkdZj_glu <hafh`ghklv ihemq_gby g_dhlhjh]h iheh`bl_evgh]h ^hoh^Z ba ijhp_kkZ [hjv[u aZ j_glm [m^_l klbfmehf ^ey \h\e_q_gby\k_gh\uomqZklgbdh\\wlhlijhp_kk<j_amevlZl_fh`_lhdZaZlvkyqlhgZijhp_kkihemq_gby^hihegbl_evghc j_glu[m^_lljZlblvkydhebq_kl\hj_kmjkh\jZ\gh_\_ebqbg_kZfhcj_glu Ihbkd j_glu qZklh k\yaZg k ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf \f_rZl_evkl\hf \ wdhghfbdm \ p_eyo _z j_]mebjh\Zgby GZb[he__ wnn_dlb\gufkihkh[hfkha^Zgbyfhghihevghcj_gluy\ey_lkyh]jZgbq_gb_dhgdmj_gpbbebp_gabjh\Zgb_d\hlubl^Ih f_j_lh]hdZdbg^b\b^ubnbjfu[hjxlkyaZ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ijb\be_]bb^eyk\h_c^_yl_evghklb\hagbdZ_lihbkdj_glu Ihkdhevdm dhgdmj_gpby \ kn_j_ [hjv[u aZ ijb\be_]bb g_ fh`_l jZkrbjblv h]jZgbq_gguc aZdhghf \uimkd lh h[s_kl\h [m^_lg_klbihl_jbk\yaZggu_kaZljZlZfbgZihemq_gb_ijb\be_]bc >eyZgZebaZj_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]hih\_^_gbyiheblbq_kdbo^_yl_e_cieh^hl\hjgufhdZau\Z_lkyZgZebakihabpbb l_hjbb ]jmii178 Nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ iheblbq_kdh]h f_oZgbafZ k ^Zgghc lhqdb aj_gby jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd ijhp_kk 175 Tullock G., The Welfare Costs Of Tariffs, Monopoly and Theft // Western Economic Journal. 1967. Vol. 5. June. Kf.: Krueger A. The Political Economy of the Rent - Seeking Society // American EcoQRPLF5HYLHZ9RO3–303. 177 Kf.: Tullock G. The Welfare Costs Of Tariffs, Monopoly and Theft // Western Economic Journal, 1967. Vol. 5. June. G_h[oh^bfh aZf_lblv, qlh, hlg_k_ggZy ih \k_f ijbagZdZf d deZkkbq_kdhfm ih^oh^m, jZ[hlZ =hj^hgZ LZeehdZ [ueZ ibhg_jghc ^ey k\h_]h \j_f_gb b ihkem`beZ k_jv_aguf lheqdhfd^Zevg_cr_fmbamq_gbx^Zgghcijh[e_fZlbdb 178 Ih^jh[g__kfHekhgFEh]bdZdhee_dlb\guo^_ckl\bcH[s_kl\_ggu_[eZ]Zbl_hjby]jmiiFNhg^wdhghfbq_kdhcbgbpbZlb\u 176 klhedgh\_gby bgl_j_kh\ jZaebqguo ]jmii J_ZebaZpby dhgdj_lguo ]jmiih\uo bgl_j_kh\ b [m^_l j_amevlZlhf ^hklb`_gby kh]eZkby\jZfdZoiheblbq_kdh]hijhp_kkZLZdbfh[jZahfiheblbq_kdZyj_glZ_klv\hafh`ghklvbkihevah\Zgbyijhp_kkZ ^hklb`_gbyf_`]jmiih\h]hkh]eZkby^eyba\e_q_gby^hihegbl_evguo\u]h^ Ijb\_^_f ijbf_j kblmZpbb \ dhlhjhc \hafh`gh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ iheblbq_kdhc j_glu >ey ijbgylby j_r_gby \ iZjeZf_gl_ kljZgu O g_h[oh^bfh kh]eZkb_ [hevrbgkl\Z ^_imlZlh\ >_imlZlu jZkij_^_e_gu ih g_[hevrbf ]jmiiZf ?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv ih hl^_evghklb fgh`_kl\h j_r_gbc dZ`^h_ ba dhlhjuo [m^_l m^h\e_l\hjylv madbf bgl_j_kZf ebrv h^ghc ]jmiiu gb h^gh ba gbo g_ [m^_l ijbgylh < kemqZ_ h[t_^bg_gby fgh`_kl\Z f_edbo j_r_gbc \ h^gh [he__ djmigh_ \hafh`gZ kblmZpby dh]^Z [he__ djmigh_ j_r_gb_ m`_ [m^_l m^h\e_l\hjylv bgl_j_kZf [hevrbgkl\Z ld \ wlhf _^bghf j_r_gbb ijbkmlkl\mxl dhgdj_lgu_ \hijhku dZkZxsb_ky madbo bgl_j_kh\ [hevrbgkl\Z ]jmii Ijb wlhf \k_ qe_gu dhZebpbb hdZau\Zxlky \ \ub]jur_ ba\e_dZy ba wlh]h iheblbq_kdmx j_glm H^gZdh ih^h[gZy ijZdlbdZ ijb\h^bl d g_wnn_dlb\gufkhklhygbyfihkdhevdm\e_q_lihl_jb^eyhklZ\r_ckyqZklbiZjeZf_glZIh^h[gZyijZdlbdZghkblgZa\Zgb_ eh]jheebg]Z179. Iheblbq_kdZy j_glZ – wlh j_glZ ba\e_dZ_fZy \ jZfdZo b k ihfhsvx iheblbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ J_glZ ljZdlm_lky dZdwdhghfbq_kdZyijb[uevl_ij_\urZxsZywdhghfbq_kdb_ba^_j`dbhlebqZxsb_kyhl[mo]Zel_jkdbokms_kl\h\Zgb_f ^hihegbl_evguo Zevl_jgZlb\guo ba^_j`_d Iheblbq_kdZy j_glZ y\ey_lky \ k\hx hq_j_^v g_dhlhjuf qZklguf kemqZ_f [he__h[s_cdZl_]hjbbwdhghfbq_kdhcj_glu. Kms_kl\h\Zgb_ iheblbq_kdhc j_glu \h fgh]hf ij_^hij_^_ey_lky kms_kl\mxsbfb kbkl_fZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z DZd b \ kemqZ_ g_\hafh`ghklb b^_Zevgh]h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby jughqgh]h f_oZgbafZ lZd b \ kemqZ_ h[s_kl\_ggh]hk_dlhjZij_^klZ\ey_lkykhfgbl_evgufkha^Zgb_b^_Zevguoiheblbq_kdbokbkl_fDZdh\u]eZ\gu_ijbqbgu kms_kl\h\Zgbyy\e_gbyiheblbq_kdhcj_glu" Hkgh\guf ^hklb`_gb_f g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb klZe ijbgpbi jZkkfhlj_gby y\e_gbc \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kms_kl\mxsbo h]jZgbq_gbc < jZfdZo g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z \u^_ey_lky g_kdhevdh ijbqbg kms_kl\h\Zgby \hafh`ghkl_cdba\e_q_gbxiheblbq_kdhcj_glu G_iheghlZbgnhjfZpbb Gh\u_ \hafh`ghklb ^ey ZgZebaZ \ wlhc h[eZklb hldjueZ jZ[hlZ N GZclZ ih ijh[e_fZf g_hij_^_e_gghklb b jbkdZ180 L_hjby h`b^Z_fhc ihe_aghklb >` nhg G_cfZgZ b H Fhj]_grl_jgZ181 klZeZ mgb\_jkZevghc iZjZ^b]fhc ^ey g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb >jm]bf ih^oh^hf d jZkkfhlj_gbx ijh[e_f g_iheghlu bgnhjfZpbb klZe ih^oh^ >` Klb]e_jZ \ jZfdZo l_hjbb ihbkdZ bgnhjfZpbb182 Hkgh\gZy b^_y aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh ^hklmi d bgnhjfZpbb g_ y\ey_lky [_kieZlguf b k\h[h^guf l_ ihemq_gb_ bgnhjfZpbb lj_[m_l dZdbo-eb[h aZljZl G_iheghlZ bgnhjfZpbb gZ ijZdlbd_hagZqZ_lg_ijhajZqghklv\ijbgylbbj_r_gbc H]jZgbq_ggZyjZpbhgZevghklv Fh^_evq_eh\_dZg_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\yaZgZkijh[e_fZfb^hklmighklbbgnhjfZpbb<deZkkbq_kdhcwdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ihkuedZ h iheghc bgnhjfZpbb khq_lZ_lky k fh^_evx q_eh\_dZ h[eZ^Zxs_]h g_h]jZgbq_ggufb ZgZeblbq_kdbfb kihkh[ghklyfb JZajZ[hlZggZy = KZcfhghf l_hjby h]jZgbq_gghc jZpbhgZevghklb ij_^eZ]Z_l Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ ijhp_^mju \u[hjZ \ mkeh\byo g_iheghc bgnhjfZpbb Ijhp_kk ijbgylby j_r_gby khklhbl ba ^\mo hkgh\guo fhf_glh\ ihbkd b ijbgylb_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]h\ZjbZglZ Km[t_dl g_ fh`_l aZjZg__ agZlv bkoh^h\ dZ`^h]h \ZjbZglZ \h-i_j\uo ba-aZ g_hij_^_e_gghklb g_ k\h^bfhc d jbkdm \h-\lhjuo ba-aZ k\hbo h]jZgbq_gguo kq_lguo kihkh[ghkl_c b \-lj_lvbo ba-aZ lh]h qlh m g_]h \hij_db g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb g_l \k_h[s_c b ihke_^h\Zl_evghc nmgdpbb ihe_aghklb dhlhjZy iha\hebeZ [u kjZ\gblv jZaghjh^gu_Zevl_jgZlb\u183JZpbhgZevghklv\^ZgghfkemqZ_h]jZgbq_gZhlghkbl_evghijhp_^mjufZdkbfbaZpbb\lh`_ \j_fylZdh_ih\_^_gb_iheghklvxih^iZ^Z_lih^ihgylb_nmgdpbhgZevghcjZpbhgZevghklb184. Hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_mqZklgbdh\ Ihgylb_ hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby gZijyfmx k\yaZgh k fhlb\Zpb_c wdhghfbq_kdh]h Z]_glZ Fhlb\ kh[kl\_ggh]h bgl_j_kZ gZoh^blky \ p_glj_ fh^_ebjh\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdh]h ih\_^_gby gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h i_jbh^Z kms_kl\h\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbH^gZdh_]hbgl_jij_lZpbyij_l_ji_\ZeZg_dhlhju_baf_g_gby I_j\hgZqZevghfhlb\kh[kl\_ggh]hbgl_j_kZljZdlh\Zekybkdexqbl_evghdZdw]hbaf<k\yabkl_fqlhl_jfbg w]hbaf bf__l yjdh \ujZ`_ggmx wfhpbhgZevgmx hdjZkdm g_dhlhju_ l_hj_lbdb aZf_gbeb _]h g_cljZevguf beb [_ajZaebqguf hlghr_gb_f ohayckl\mxs_]h km[t_dlZ d g_agZdhfuf _fm hdjm`Zxsbf ex^yf Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh wdhghfbq_kdbc q_eh\_d g_ bkiulu\Z_l d k\hbf kh[jZlvyf gb iheh`bl_evguo gb hljbpZl_evguo \jZ`^_[ghklv aZ\bklv qm\kl\185. Heb\_j Mevyfkhg hiihjlmgbklbq_kdh_ ih\_^_gb_ \ h[s_f kemqZ_ ljZdlm_l dZd «ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ g_iheghc beb bkdZ`_gghcbgnhjfZpbb186IjbwlhfgZijyfmxbkihevam_lkydhgp_ipbykh[kl\_ggh]hbgl_j_kZ LZdh_ ih\_^_gb_ y\ey_lky bklhqgbdhf ih\_^_gq_kdhc g_hij_^_e_gghklb dhlhjZy fh`_l \uau\Zlv g_fZeu_ ijh[e_fu\wdhghfbq_kdbok^_edZo_kebaZjZg__g_\dexqblv\dhgljZdlaZljm^gyxsb_wlhih\_^_gb_mkeh\by187. G_hij_^_e_gghklv dhgljZdlh\ gZ iheblbq_kdhf jugd_ beb \ [he__ h[s_f kemqZ_ h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_ kha^Z_l \hafh`ghklvkms_kl\h\Zgby^hihegbl_evguokl_i_g_ck\h[h^u^eyebpk\yaZgguokgbfKms_kl\m_lg_nhjfZevghklv\ NWB 179 Ih^jh[g__kfGmj__\JFDmjkfbdjhwdhghfbdbMq_[gbd^ey\mah\FGhjfZ-BgnjZ FK. 460. 180 Knight F.H. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Boston, 1921. 181 G_cfZg>`Fhj]_grl_jgHL_hjbyb]jbwdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_F 182 Klb]e_j>`Wdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbybgnhjfZpbbL_hjbynbjfuIh^j_^<F =Zevi_jbgZKI[., 1995. 183 Simon H.A. Simon H.A. Rational Decision-making in Business Organizations // Les Prix Novel 1978. Stockholm, 1979. P. 285. 184 Ih^jh[g__kf:\lhghfh\<KFh^_evq_eh\_dZ\wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmd_KI[Wdhghfbq_kdZyrdheZK-12. 185 Boulding K. Economics of Science. N. Y., 1970. P. 132. 186 Mbevyfkhg HWdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZNbjfujugdbhlghr_gq_kdZydhgljZdlZpbyKI[ 187 Mbevyfkhg H Ih\_^_gq_kdb_ ij_^ihkuedb kh\j_f_ggh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ 7+(6,6 l_hjby b bklhjby wdhghfbq_kdbo b khpbZevguobgklblmlh\bkbkl_fF<uiK. 43. ijbgylbb j_r_gbc g_\hafh`gh h^ghagZqgh hij_^_eblv p_eb ^ey iheblbdh\ ijhdhgljhebjh\Zlv mjh\_gv mkbebc ih bo ^hklb`_gbx<kzwlhijb\h^bld\hagbdgh\_gbx\hafh`ghkl_cihihemq_gbx^hihegbl_evguo\u]h^iheblbq_kdhcj_glu DZdh\u ihke_^kl\by kms_kl\h\Zgby \hafh`ghkl_c d ihemq_gbx j_glu ^ey ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ^_yl_e_c \ mkeh\byo ij_^klZ\bl_evghc^_fhdjZlbb"DZdm`_[uehkdZaZgh^Zggh_khq_lZgb_[m^_lijb\h^blvd\hagbdgh\_gbxiheblbq_kdh]h ^_eh\h]h pbdeZ I_j_^ l_f dZd i_j_oh^blv d ZgZebam f_oZgbafh\ nhjfbjh\Zgby wlbo pbdeh\ djZldh jZkkfhljbf m`_ kms_kl\mxsb_l_hjbbiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\bohkgh\gu_lbiu 18.2 L_hjbyiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\ <hijhku k\yaZggu_ k \aZbfhk\yavx iheblbq_kdhc kljmdlmju h[s_kl\Z b iheh`_gb_f ^_e \ wdhghfbd_ kljZgu Zdlb\gh gZqZeb bamqZlvky \ -o ]] Lheqdhf d bkke_^h\Zgbx ^Zgghc ijh[e_fZlbdb klZeZ jZ[hlZ Ghj^oZmaZ188 \ dhlhjhc \i_j\u_[ueh\\_^_ghihgylb_iheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\b[ueij_^eh`_gf_oZgbafbonhjfbjh\Zgbybgl_jij_lZpby k\yaZgZkaZ\bkbfhklvxfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdbijh\h^bfhcijZ\bl_evkl\hfhlkjhdh\\u[hjh\<khhl\_lkl\bbk ih^oh^hf Ghj^oZmaZ ijZ\bl_evkl\h ijh\h^bl jZkrbjbl_evgmx nbkdZevgmx iheblbdm i_j_^ \u[hjZfb qlh ijb\h^bl d jhklm ihimeyjghklb ijZ\bl_evkl\Z b kihkh[kl\m_l bo i_j_\u[hjZf AZl_f ihke_ \u[hjh\ ijZ\bl_evkl\h \ugm`^_gh ijh\h^blvklZ[bebaZpbhggu_f_jhijbylby\khq_lZgbbkm`_klhq_gb_fnbkdZevghciheblbdb Bkke_^h\Zgb_ Ghj^oZmaZ ij_^iheZ]Zeh Z^Zilb\gu_ h`b^Zgby ba[bjZl_e_c aZ qlh ih^\_j]Zehkv djblbd_ \ -o ]] H^gZdh ^Zevg_crb_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb189 ihdZaZeb qlh pbde Ghj^oZmaZ fh`_l kms_kl\h\Zlv b ijb ij_^iheh`_gbbhjZpbhgZevguoh`b^Zgbyokbkihevah\Zgb_fij_^ihkuehdh[Zkbff_ljbqghklbbgnhjfZpbb Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh ba[bjZl_eb g_ agZxl lbi ijZ\bl_evkl\Z gZijbf_j mjh\_gv _]h dhfi_l_glghklb b kihkh[gu hp_gblv_]hlhevdhq_j_agZ[ex^Z_fu_wdhghfbq_kdb_bg^bdZlhjuLh]^Z\khhl\_lkl\bbkih^oh^hfI_jkhgZ-LZ[_eebgb, ijZ\bl_evkl\hi_j_^\u[hjZfb[m^_lijh\h^blvjZkrbjbl_evgmx^_g_`gmxiheblbdm^eyih\ur_gby\uimkdZbkgb`_gbx [_ajZ[hlbpu qlh b [m^_l kb]gZehf ^ey ba[bjZl_e_c hlghkbl_evgh dhfi_l_glghklb ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Ijh\h^bfZy ihke_ \u[hjh\h]jZgbqbl_evgZy^_g_`gZyiheblbdZaZfudZ_lpbdeI_jkhgZ-LZ[_eebgb Kms_kl\mxllZd`_fh^_ebpbdeZGhj^oZmaZ\dhlhjuopbdeuj_Zebam_lkyh^gh\j_f_gghdZdihnbkdZevghclZdb ihdj_^blgh-^_g_`ghciheblbd_190. >jm]bf gZijZ\e_gb_f h[tykgyxsbf \ebygb_ ijh\h^bfhc ]hkm^Zjkl\hf iheblbdb gZ wdhghfbq_kdmx kblmZpbx y\eyxlkypbdeuIZjlbkZgZPartisan cycles)191Pbdebqghklv\wdhghfbd_h[tykgy_lkyb^_heh]bq_kdbfbjZaebqbyfbf_`^m ijboh^ysbfb d \eZklb iZjlbyfb E_\u_ iZjlbb ljZlyl [hevr_ mkbebc gZ kgb`_gb_ mjh\gy [_ajZ[hlbpu \ lh \j_fy dZd ijZ\u_ – gZ kgb`_gb_ l_fih\ bgneypbb >Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ wlh]h ih^oh^Z h[tykgy_l wdhghfbq_kdb_ pbdeu nZdlhf kms_kl\h\Zgby ^he]hkjhqguo ljm^h\uo dhgljZdlh\ g_ iha\heyxsbo f]gh\_ggh dhjj_dlbjh\Zlv j_Zevgmx aZjZ[hlgmx ieZlm\hl\_lgZg_h`b^Zggu_^_g_`gu_rhdbiheh`bl_evgu_bebhljbpZl_evgu_\ua\Zggu_kf_ghcijZ\bl_evkl\Zihke_ \u[hjh\192. Ijh\_^_gh fgh`_kl\h wfibjbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc ^ey jZaebqguo fh^_e_c iheblbdh-^_eh\uo pbdeh\ I_j\hgZqZevgh \gbfZgb_ bkke_^h\Zl_e_c [ueh ijbdh\Zgh \ hkgh\ghf d bamq_gbx iheblbdh-^_eh\uo pbdeh\ \ ijhfure_ggh jZa\bluo kljZgZo193 < ihke_^gb_ ]h^u deZkkbq_kdb_ l_hjbb iheblbq_kdbo ^_eh\uo pbdeh\ Zdlb\gh ijbf_gyxlky^eyZgZebaZkblmZpbb\jZa\b\ZxsbokykljZgZoLZdgZijbf_j\bkke_^h\ZgbbERmdgbqZ[uebh[gZjm`_gu pbdeuGhj^oZmaZ\jZa\b\ZxsbokykljZgZo194. Ba jhkkbckdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc iheblbdh-^_eh\uo pbdeh\ fh`gh hlf_lblv bkke_^h\Zgby hiulZ ^mfkdbo \u[hjh\ 1993- ]] \ dhlhjuo \uy\ey_lky bkdZ`_gguc iheblbq_kdbc ^_eh\hc pbde `_kldZy dj_^blgh-^_g_`gZy iheblbdZ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z i_j_^ \u[hjZfb b ihimebklkdb_ f_ju ijZ\bl_evkl\Z ihke_ \u[hjh\ Dhfie_dk klZ[bebaZpbhgguo f_j ijZ\bl_evkl\Zijb\_edihjZ`_gbxiZjlbb\eZklbgZ\u[hjZo]\=hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx>mfm<]ihke_ihjZ`_gby ijZ\bl_evkl\hiulZehkvihclbihimlbg_fhg_lZjguof_j[hjv[ukbgneypb_cqlhijb\_ehdh[hklj_gbxwdhghfbq_kdh]h djbabkZ195. >ey ZgZebaZ iheblbq_kdbo ^_eh\uo pbdeh\ \ Jhkkbb agZqbl_evguc bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\eyxl \u[hju ij_ab^_glZ Jhkkbb\k_j_^bg_]dhlhju_[uebihkms_kl\mi_j\ufb\u[hjZfbdZd^eyba[bjZl_e_clZdb^eyiheblbdh\ OZjZdl_jbamy ij_^\u[hjgmx kblmZpbx \ Jhkkbb dhgpZ ] fh`gh ]h\hjblv h ]em[hdhc iheblbq_kdhc g_hij_^_e_gghklb ;ueh hq_\b^gh qlh dhgdmjbjh\Zlv klZgml ^\Z ]eZ\guo ^_ckl\mxsbo ebpZ - ; ?evpbg b = Ax]Zgh\ g_ihgylgZ [ueZ ihabpby k : E_[_^_f < gZqZe_ ]h^Z [ueh aZf_lgh ij_\hkoh^kl\h ihabpbc Ax]Zgh\Z gZ^ ?evpbguf h^gZdh\Zij_e_j_clbg]bdZg^b^Zlh\ijZdlbq_kdb\ujh\gyebkvkf lZ[e 18.1). ?keb\h\lhjhclmjij_ab^_glkdbo\u[hjh\\uc^ml?evpbgbAx]Zgh\ aZdh]h[ubagbo\u[uijh]hehkh\Zeb" \hlhijhr_gguo LZ[ebpZ Nordhaus W. The Jolitical Business Cycle // Review of Economic Studies. 1975. Vol. 42. P.169-190. Person T., Tabellini G. Macroeconomic policy, credibility and politics. Harwood Academic Publisher, 1990. 190 Rogoff K. Equilibrium political business cycles // Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 55. 1990. P. 1-16. 191 Hibbs D. Political parties and macroeconomic policy // The American Political Science Review. 1977. Vol.7. P. 85-100. 192 Alesina A. Macroeconomic policy in a two-part system as a repeated game // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1987. Vol. 102. P. 641-678; Alesina A. Macroeconomics and Politics // NBER Working Annual. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Alesina A., Roubini N. Political Cycles in OECD EconoPLHV1%(5:RUNLQJ3DSHU 193 Kf. gZijbf_j: Tafte E. Political control of the economy. Princeton University Press, 1978; Frey B., Schneider F. An empirical study of politicoeconomic interaction in the United States // The Review of Economics and Statistics. 1978. Vol. 60. P. 174-183. 194 Schuknecht L. Political business cycles and fiscal policies in developing countries // Kyklus. 1996. Vol. 49. P. 155-170. 195 Ih^jh[g__ kf FZm < Kbg_evgbdh\-Fmjue_\ K Ljhnbfh\ = FZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZy klZ[bebaZpby l_g^_gpbb b Zevl_jgZlb\u wdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdbJhkkbbFBWIIIK-53. 188 189 >ZlZ 22.01 19.02 11.03 25.03 08.04 22.04 05.05 20.05 03.06 10.06 20.06 24.06 27.06 30.06 AZ?evpbgZ 17,7% 20,9% 24,4% 28,9% 28,4% 31,1% 36,9% 39,7% 43,0% 44,6% 46,0% 45,9% 44,6% 45,0% AZAx]Zgh\Z 33,3% 33,5% 32,3% 30,0% 29,3% 28,7% 30,8% 29,2% 28,3% 30,3% 29,5% 25,5% 26,9% 29,8% Ijhlb\h[hbo 21,7% 21,5% 21,3% 16,7% 17,6% 17,0% 14,6% 12,3% 11,4% 10,7% 5,1% 5,9% 6,3% 6,3% IhdZg_hij_^_ebebkv 27,30% 24,10% 22,00% 24,40% 24,70% 23,20% 17,70% 18,80% 17,30% 14,40% 19,40% 22,70% 22,20% 18,90% BklhqgbdIj_ab^_glkdb_\u[hju]h^Zbh[s_kl\_ggh_fg_gb_F<PBHF >_ckl\byijh\h^bfu_ijZ\bl_evkl\hf\h]eZ\_k< Q_jghfuj^bguf[uebgZijZ\e_gugZkhojZg_gb_; ?evpbguf ihklZ ij_ab^_glZ l_f [he__ qlh ij_fv_j hldZaZeky hl [hjv[u aZ ihkl ij_ab^_glZ fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv \ h[f_g gZ ]ZjZglbbkhojZg_gbyk\h_]hihklZ\kemqZ_ih[_^u; ?evpbgZAZ^_j`dbk\uieZlhcaZjZ[hlghcieZlu\i_j\mxhq_j_^v jZ[hlgbdZf[x^`_lghckn_juij_^klZ\eyebkvh^ghcbahkgh\guoijh[e_f^eyijZ\bl_evkl\Zbij_ab^_glZ Ijbwlhfdjb\ZyNbebikZk\yau\ZxsZymjh\_gvbgneypbbb[_ajZ[hlbpu^eyJhkkbbijbh[j_lZeZhkh[_gguc\b^ qlh[uehk\yaZghk\ukhdbfmjh\g_fkdjulhc[_ajZ[hlbpuJZkrbjbl_evgZydj_^blgh-^_g_`gZyiheblbdZijb\h^beZg_d khdjZs_gbx mjh\gy [_ajZ[hlbpu aZ kq_l m\_ebq_gby l_fih\ bgneypbb Z kdhj__ d khdjZs_gbx aZ^he`_gghkl_c ih aZjZ[hlgufieZlZf H^gZdhijZ\bl_evkl\hhldZaZehkvhlfZkrlZ[gh]hm\_ebq_gby^_g_`ghcfZkku^eyh[_ki_q_gbyih[_^u;?evpbgZ \ hkgh\ghf ba-aZ iheblbq_kdbo khh[jZ`_gbc KhdjZs_gb_ l_fih\ bgneypbb [ueh qmlv eb g_ _^bgkl\_gguf aZf_lguf wdhghfbq_kdbf^hklb`_gb_fk]?keb[u\kemqZ_rbjhdhcjZkrbjbl_evghc^_g_`ghciheblbdbijhbahr_e[ugh\uc \blhd bgneypbb lh \h\k_ g_ nZdl qlh \uieZlu i_gkbc b aZjieZl dhfi_gkbjh\Zeb [u _]h \ ]eZaZo ba[bjZl_e_c blh]b \u[hjh\ \ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx >mfm ] gZ]ey^gh ih^l\_j^beb lhl nZdl qlh nhjfZevgZy \uieZlZ i_gkbc _sz g_ h[_ki_qb\ZeZih[_^mgZ\u[hjZo ;ueh [u b^_Zevgh ^ey ijZ\bl_evkl\Z ijh\_klb lZdmx iheblbdm ijb dhlhjhc [u \k_ ihablb\gu_ wnn_dlu ijhy\bebkv^h\u[hjh\Zg_]Zlb\gu_-]ZjZglbjh\Zgghihke_Bf_gghlZdmxiheblbdmbba[jZehijZ\bl_evkl\hhkms_kl\b\ gZdZqdmwdhghfbdbg_ihkj_^kl\_gghi_j_^\u[hjZfb\fZ_-bxg_l_fiujhklZ^_g_`ghcfZkkuFkhklZ\bebIjb wlhfj_adh_m\_ebq_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguojZkoh^h\khijh\h`^ZehkvdjmigufbaZbfkl\h\ZgbyfbgZ\gmlj_gg_fjugd_qlh iha\hebehba[_`Zlvbgneypbb\djZldhkjhqghfi_jbh^_bh^gh\j_f_gghj_rblvijh[e_fuk\uieZlZfbaZjZ[hlghcieZlu Gbadbc mjh\_gv bkiheg_gby [x^`_lZ ] dZd ih jZkoh^Zf lZd b ih ^hoh^Zf g_ fh] [ulv Zj]mf_glhf klhjhggbdh\?evpbgZIhwlhfmihimebklkdh_jZkrbj_gb_khpbZevguoklZl_cjZkoh^h\g_ihkj_^kl\_gghi_j_^\u[hjZfb\ i_j\hc iheh\bg_ ] ih]Zr_gb_ aZ^he`_gghkl_c ^h Zij_ey ] jZ[hlgbdZf [x^`_lguo hj]ZgbaZpbc \uieZlZ aZ^he`_gghkl_cihi_gkbyf^h-]hfZyb^jijbrehkvdhfi_gkbjh\Zlvk_d\_klbjh\Zgb_fhklZevguoklZl_cLZdaZi_j\h_ ihem]h^b_m^_evguc\_kaZjZ[hlghcieZlu\jZkoh^Zo[x^`_l_khklZ\beihjy^dZijbieZg_<k_wlhgZeh`behkv gZdjbabk\^hoh^ghcqZklb[x^`_lZihkdhevdmkh[bjZ_fhklvgZeh]h\\]agZqbl_evghmiZeZ LZ[ebpZ <uiheg_gb_jZkoh^ghcqZklbdhgkheb^bjh\Zggh]h[x^`_lZ\] \hl<<I <k_]h^hoh^u J:KOH>U =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ mijZ\e_gb_ F_`^mgZjh^gZy ^_yl_evghklv GZpbhgZevgZy h[hjhgZb ijZ\hhojZgbl_evgZy ^_yl_evghklv Nmg^Zf_glZevgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby Mkem]bgZjh^ghfm ohayckl\m KhpbZevgu_mkem]b H[kem`b\Zgb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ^he]Z Ijhqb_jZkoh^u Blh]hjZkoh^h\ >_nbpbl[x^`_lZ H[s__ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_\ lhfqbke_ \gmlj_gg__ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ \g_rg__ I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 16,60 18,09 19,85 20,34 21,20 21,91 22,12 22,99 22,69 22,63 22,81 24,76 0,42 0,70 0,78 0,82 0,77 0,83 0,83 0,80 0,77 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,68 0,64 0,62 0,62 0,61 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,88 0,93 0,90 1,18 7,67 3,83 4,03 4,62 4,50 4,48 4,41 4,55 4,45 4,34 4,78 4,57 0,05 0,25 0,30 0,33 0,30 0,29 0,29 0,29 0,30 0,30 0,29 0,31 4,51 5,62 5,75 6,44 6,55 6,55 6,46 6,83 6,69 6,73 6,91 7,87 5,34 6,93 7,92 8,50 8,53 8,75 8,44 8,56 8,25 8,11 8,09 8,35 1,50 1,27 1,54 1,36 2,26 2,09 2,08 2,04 1,93 1,89 1,85 1,98 1,13 1,49 2,03 2,01 2,15 2,50 2,76 2,87 2,75 2,65 2,68 2,79 16,31 20,74 22,98 24,70 25,68 26,16 25,96 26,65 26,02 25,69 25,74 27,81 -2,06 -3,58 -3,58 -4,87 -4,89 -4,63 -4,60 -4,80 -4,29 -3,96 -3,78 -4,17 2,06 3,58 3,58 4,87 4,89 4,63 4,60 4,80 4,29 3,96 3,78 4,18 1,15 2,47 2,55 2,87 2,52 2,81 2,78 3,18 2,89 2,58 2,28 2,70 0,91 1,10 1,03 2,00 2,37 1,82 1,82 1,62 1,40 1,37 1,50 1.47 nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ BklhqgbdFbgnbg Hkgh\gufb nZdlhjZfb gbadhc kh[bjZ_fhklb gZeh]h\ klZeb jhkl ijhlb\haZdhggh]h mdehg_gby hl gZeh]h\ jhkl ^_[blhjkdhcaZ^he`_gghklbdhlhjucijb\_edkhdjZs_gbxgZeh]h\hc[Zauhkgh\guogZeh]h\G>KbgZeh]h\gZijb[uev [Zjl_jbaZpbywdhghfbdbkf]eZ\m GZb[he__ hsmlbfufb g_]Zlb\gufb j_amevlZlZfb ijh\_^_gby ihimebklkdhc iheblbdb ] klZeb \ukhdb_ ijhp_glgu_ klZ\db gZ hl_q_kl\_gguo nbgZgkh\uo jugdZo \hajhkrbc ^_nbpbl [x^`_lZ \ay\r_]h gZ k_[y agZqbl_evgu_ h[yaZl_evkl\Z ih \uieZlZf ihkh[bc aZjieZl b i_gkbc agZqbl_evgh_ m\_ebq_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ^he]Z b khdjZs_gb_ \Zexlguoj_a_j\h\gZaZi_j\h_ihem]h^b_] <k_ mdZaZggu_ ijh[e_fu b ij_^hij_^_eyeb gZijZ\e_gb_ klZ[bebaZpbhgghc iheblbdb ihke_ ih[_^u gZ \u[hjZo ]196. KblmZpby\Jhkkbbk\u[hjZfbij_ab^_glZ]h^ZgZ]ey^gh^_fhgkljbjm_l^_yl_evghklvijZ\bl_evkl\Z\jZfdZo iheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZAZcf_fkyl_i_jvZgZebahfijbqbg\hagbdgh\_gbyiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\ 18.3 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ 18.3.1 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ[_amq_lZljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d Ih^Z\eyxs__ [hevrbgkl\h fh^_e_c iheblbq_kdbo ^_eh\uo pbdeh\ g_y\gh \\h^bl kbkl_fm ij_^ihql_gbc ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Ij_^ihkuedZ h lhf qlh ^_ckl\mxs__ ijZ\bl_evkl\h klj_fblky khojZgblv \eZklv hagZqZ_l qlh kblmZpby dh]^Z hgh gZoh^blky m \eZklb ij_^ihqblZ_lky ^jm]bf ^hklmiguf \ZjbZglZf LZdbf h[jZahf ijZ\ys__ ijZ\bl_evkl\h \ p_ehf hp_gb\Z_l k\hb Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ ba^_j`db l_ fZdkbfZevgu_ mims_ggu_ \u]h^u hl aZgylby dZdhc-eb[h ^jm]hc ^_yl_evghklvxgb`_q_f\u]h^uba\e_dZ_fu_hlij_[u\Zgbym\eZklbL_kms_kl\m_lwdhghfbq_kdZyijb[uevdhlhjmx fugZau\Z_fiheblbq_kdhcj_glhc JZkkfhljbf dhgljZdlgmx fh^_ev \ dhlhjhc kms_kl\m_l ^\Z Z]_glZ ba[bjZl_eb b iheblbdb < dZ`^uc fhf_gl \j_f_gbW «ba[bjZl_evihemqZxl^hoh^LW Ijb wlhf ba[bjZl_ev gZgbfZ_l iheblbdZ ^ey \uiheg_gby jZ[hlu ih mijZ\e_gbx ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf k_dlhjhf H^gZdh iheblbd kZf mklZgZ\eb\Z_l jZaf_j k\h_]h \hagZ]jZ`^_gby b bgnhjfZpby h jZaf_j_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gby ^hklmigZ ba[bjZl_ex Iheblbd \ dZq_kl\_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gby ihemqZ_l qZklv ^hoh^Z ba[bjZl_ey – x Kms_kl\m_l g_dhlhjh_ fZdkbfZevgh_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_dhlhjh_fh`_lihemqblviheblbdohlyhg]hlh\jZ[hlZlvijbex[hfo≥ 0, x ∈ [0, xmax], xmax< 1. <hafh`gu^jm]b_hlebqgu_hldhgljZdlghcbgl_jij_lZpbb^hoh^h\iheblbdZGZijbf_jiheblbdijhklhdeZ^_l\ k\hcdZjfZgqZklv^hoh^Zba[bjZl_e_cl_\hjm_l;he__aZdhghihkemrguc\ZjbZgllZdh\\j_amevlZl_[hjv[uaZ\eZklv iheblbdjZkoh^m_l\imklmxkj_^kl\Zba[bjZl_ey\jZaf_j_otijbwlhf_]hj_glZlZd`_khklZ\ey_lotbebotfh`_l jZkkfZljb\ZlvkydZdihl_jbk\yaZggu_kbkdZ`_gbyfb\ghkbfufb\wdhghfbdmiheblbdhf Ba[bjZl_ev\hij_^_e_ggu_fhf_glu\j_f_gbj_rZ_lhklZ\blveb^_ckl\mxs_]hiheblbdZbebgZagZqblv^jm]h]h Ba[bjZl_evoZjZdl_jbam_lkyagZq_gb_fx* (0 < x* < xmax) -^hebkh[kl\_ggh]h^hoh^Zdhlhjmxhg]hlh\hl^Zlv\dZq_kl\_ hieZlu ljm^Z iheblbdZ ?keb ih bkl_q_gbb kjhdZ ba[bjZl_ev h[gZjm`bl qlh iheblbd mklZgh\be k_[_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_ [hevr_ x lh [m^_l \u[jZg gh\uc iheblbd LZdbf h[jZahf [ - g_dhlhjuc mjh\_gv l_jibfhklb ba[bjZl_e_c dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l bo hlghr_gb_ d ^_ckl\mxs_fm iheblbdm Ba[bjZl_ev ]hlh\ l_ji_lv ^_ckl\mxs_]h iheblbdZ _keb lhl gZagZqZ_lk_[_hdeZ^f_gvr_q_fx*. >ey gZk gZb[he__ \Z`gh ebrv lh qlh \_ebqbgZ j_glu197, ihemqZ_fZy iheblbdhf o gZijyfmx k\yaZgZ k ihl_jyfb ^ey ba[bjZl_ey [m^v wlh ijyfu_ beb dhk\_ggu_ ihl_jb < gZr_c fh^_eb ihl_jb ba[bjZl_ey jZ\gu j_gl_ ihemqZ_fhciheblbdhfhldZahlwlhcij_^ihkuedbdZq_kl\_gghg_baf_gblihemqZ_fu_j_amevlZlu Nmgdpby ihe_aghklb iheblbdZ - kljh]h \hajZklZxsZy ih ^bkdhglbjh\Zgghfm ihlhdm j_glu ]^_ dhwnnbpb_gl f_`\j_f_ggh]h^bkdhglbjh\Zgbyj_glujZ\_g1-δIheblbdijbgbfZ_lj_r_gb_h\u[hj_kljZl_]bbk\h_]hih\_^_gbyl_ ot fZdkbfbabjmy kh[kl\_ggmx nmgdpbx ihe_aghklb beb qlh lh `_ kZfh_ iheblbd fZdkbfbabjm_l ^bkdhglbjh\Zgguc ^hoh^ Ij_^iheh`bfqlhiheblbdba[bjZ_lkydZ`^uci_jbh^Wb\j_fy`bagbiheblbdZg_h]jZgbq_gh Lh]^Z dZ`^uc fhf_gl \j_f_gb W iheblbd ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_ h \u[hj_ oW ?fm g_h[oh^bfh kjZ\gblv ^\_ kljZl_]bb <aylv\^Zgguci_jbh^\j_f_gbomax bihke_wlh]hg_[ulvi_j_ba[jZggufldoxmax). <aylv\^Zgguci_jbh^\j_f_gbob[ulvi_j_ba[jZggufgZke_^mxsbckjhdIhkdhevdm\ke_^mxsbckjhd gZ^h [m^_l j_rZlv \ lhqghklb lZdmx `_ aZ^Zqm lh _keb \ i_j\uc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb \u]h^gh i_j_ba[bjZlvky b \h \k_ ke_^mxsb_fhf_glu\j_f_gbhilbfZevgufj_r_gb_[m^_li_j_ba[bjZlvkyl_wlZZevl_jgZlb\ZhagZqZ_lihemqZlvo\k_ ihke_^mxsb_fhf_glu\j_f_gbi_j_ba[bjZlvky\kxhklZ\rmxky`bagv <h\lhjhfkemqZ_iheblbdihemqZ_l^bkdhglbjh\Zggmxj_glm ∞ ∑ t=0 (1 − δ ) t x * = x* . δ (18.1) 196 Ih^jh[g__ kf WdhghfbdZ i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z Hq_jdb wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdb ihkldhffmgbklbq_kdhc Jhkkbb - F BWIII=e 197 Fuij_^iheh`bfqlhiheblbd[m^_l]hlh\jZ[hlZlv^Z`_ijbo l_\k_^hoh^uiheblbdZjZkkfZljb\Z_fu_\fh^_ebihkmlb_klv iheblbq_kdZyj_glZ Ijb\u[hj_kljZl_]bbk\h_]hih\_^_gbyiheblbd[m^_l\u[bjZlvfZdkbfZevgh_agZq_gb_ba b x max x* . δ < kemqZ_ dh]^Z kijZ\_^eb\h khhlghr_gb_ x max > x* , gZklmibl khklhygb_ ijb dhlhjhf dZ`^uc iheblbd δ ihevam_lky kljZl_]b_c -ihemqZ_l xmax \ i_j\hf i_jbh^_ b moh^bl \ hlklZ\dm Ijb wlhf ba[bjZl_ev dZ`^uc fhf_gl \j_f_gb t [m^_l g_klb ihl_jb xmax, l_ fZdkbfZevgh \hafh`gu_ ihl_jb Hq_\b^gh – qlh wlh kZfh_ gZbom^r__ ^ey ba[bjZl_e_ckhklhygb_\hafh`gh_\^Zgghcfh^_eb x * ,iheblbdij_^ihql_ldZ`^uci_jbh^ihemqZlv[l_\hkihevah\ZlvkykljZl_]b_c>ZggZy <kemqZ_ x max < δ kblmZpby kljh]h ij_^ihqlbl_evg__ ^ey ba[bjZl_ey q_f i_j\h_ khklhygb_ o xmax ld o – wlh ihl_jb ba[bjZl_ey ?keb ba[bjZl_evkZf\khklhygbbhij_^_eylvagZq_gb_k\h_]hmjh\gyl_jibfhklbolhhq_\b^ghqlh_fmg_h[oh^bfh\u[jZlv lZdh_ fbgbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey o ijb dhlhjhf iheblbd [m^_l \u[bjZlv kljZl_]bx Hg g_ fh`_l ij_^ty\eylv aZ\ur_ggu_ lj_[h\Zgby d iheblbdZf l_ hq_gv gbadb_ agZq_gby o ld iheblbd ijhklh \hkihevam_lky kljZl_]b_c ihemqb\xmax \i_j\hfi_jbh^_ HilbfZevguf^eyba[bjZl_ey[m^_lkhklhygb_ijbdhlhjhf\uihegy_lky x max = x* δ (18.2) bgZbemqrbf\u[hjhf^eyba[bjZl_ey[m^_l\_ebqbgZ[\kemqZ__kebxmaxbδnbdkbjh\Zgu x*=δ xmax . (18.3) NhjfmeZbeexkljbjm_llhlnZdlqlhba[bjZl_ev\ugm`^_gfbjblvkykihl_jyfbgZmjh\g_[dhlhju_aZ\bkyl hlfZdkbfZevghc\_ebqbgu[maxbklZ\dbf_`\j_f_ggh]h^bkdhglbjh\Zgby δ . <u\h^dhlhjucke_^m_lbawlhcfZdkbfZevghijhklhcfh^_eblZdh\q_ff_g__bg^b\b^up_gyl[m^ms__l_q_f [hevr_δl_f k[hevrbfagZq_gb_f[hgb^he`gufbjblvkyLZdbfh[jZahfijbg_\ukhdboij_^ihql_gbyo[m^msbo i_jbh^h\miheblbdh\ba[bjZl_eb[m^mll_ji_lv[)evrb_ihl_jbhlj_glhhjb_glbjh\Zgghc^_yl_evghklbiheblbdh\ q_f\kemqZ_[he__\ukhdboij_^ihql_gbc[m^msboi_jbh^h\miheblbdh\ x * \hagbdZ_l kblmZpby >jm]hc \u\h^ ijb aZ^Zgguo agZq_gbyo [ b δ \ kemqZ_ dh]^Z agZq_gb_ x max > δ ihklhygghckf_guiheblbq_kdbo^_yl_e_cwlhqj_a\uqZcghg_[eZ]hijbylgZykblmZpby^eyba[bjZl_ey LZdbf h[jZahf kms_kl\m_l hij_^_e_ggh_ ihjh]h\h_ agZq_gb_ [PDo ij_\ur_gb_ dhlhjh]h kha^Z_l djZcg_ g_[eZ]hijbylgmxkblmZpbxk\yaZggmxkfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gufbihl_jyfbba[bjZl_ey IjhklhlZ^Zgghcfh^_eb\i_j\mxhq_j_^vfh^_evhdjm`Zxs_]hfbjZk^bkdj_lguf\j_f_g_fbi_j_ba[jZgb_f\ dZ`^uci_jbh^t_szg_iha\hey_lgZ]ey^ghijhbeexkljbjh\Zlvf_oZgbafnhjfbjh\Zgbyiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ H^gZdhg_kfhljygZdjZcgxxijhklhlmfh^_eb_zijbf_g_gb_djhkkbckdhc^_ckl\bl_evghklbkihkh[ghihfhqv\ ZgZeba_y\e_gbcjhkkbckdhciheblbq_kdhc^_ckl\bl_evghklbbihemqblvg_ljb\bZevgu_j_amevlZlu <]\\u[hjZo\=hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx>mfmijbgbfZebmqZklb_iZjlbbb[ehdZgZ\u[hjZo\ ]–ba dhlhjuolhevdhhdhehijbgbfZebmqZklb_\\u[hjZo] >ZggucnZdl_klvkb]gZehlhfqlh[hevrbgkl\hiheblbq_kdbo^_yl_e_cij_^ihqblZ_l\hkihevah\ZlvkykljZl_]b_c l_ihemq_gbyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`guo\u]h^\i_j\uckjhdqlhdZd[uehihdZaZgh\ur_djZcg_g_wnn_dlb\gh^ey ba[bjZl_e_c. Jhkkbybfgh]b_kljZgulj_lv_]hfbjZy\ey_lkykbf\hehfdhjjmipbb\]eZaZoaZiZ^gh]hh[u\Zl_eyDZdfh`gh h[tykgblvlhlnZdlqlhjhkkbckdb_ba[bjZl_ebm`_ijb\udebdg_qbklhiehlghklbiheblbdh\"Qlhy\ey_lkyijbqbghc lZdh]hg_^hihgbfZgby" L_jfbgijb\udebdg_qbklhiehlghklbiheblbdh\fh`ghbgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv\jZfdZo^Zgghcfh^_ebdZdkbghgbf bf_xl [he__ \ukhdb_ mjh\gb l_jibfhklb o < khhl\_lkl\bb k nhjfmehc hilbfZevguc mjh\_gv l_jibfhklb ba[bjZl_e_chij_^_ey_lkydZdx*=δ xmax. Fh`ghml\_j`^Zlvqlh^eykljZglj_lv_]hfbjZagZq_gb_xmax\ur_q_f\ex[hcbajZa\bluokljZg;he__lh]h fh`ghk\ukhdhc^hklh\_jghklvx]h\hjblvqlhbagZq_gb_ δ ^eyjZa\b\ZxsbokykljZg[he__\ukhdh_l_[m^ms__\gbo p_gblkyf_gvr_LZdbfh[jZahf\ukhdZyl_jibfhklvd]jyagufiheblbdZf^eyjZa\b\ZxsbokykljZg-wlhkihkh[[hjv[u k _sz [he__ ]jyagufb JZa\b\Zxsb_ky kljZgu ijhklh g_ fh]ml iha\heblv k_[_ ijb^_j`b\Zlvky aZiZ^guo klZg^Zjlh\ hj]ZgbaZpbbiheblbq_kdhc`bagbh[s_kl\Z <kz\ur_kdZaZggh_hkljZgZolj_lv_]hfbjZlZd`_hlghkblkybdJhkkbb 18.3.2 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZkmq_lhfljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d Hkgh\gZyb^_y^Zevg_cr_]hjZa\blbyfh^_ebaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlhgZcfbm\hevg_gb_iheblbdh\h[s_kl\hf k\yaZgukhij_^_e_ggufbaZljZlZfb =h\hjyhljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`dZoijh\_^_gby\u[hjh\fu[m^_fihgbfZlvijhp_kk\u[hjh\\madhfkfuke_dZd ijhp_kk \_^_gby i_j_]h\hjh\ Lh]^Z \ khhl\_lkl\bb k deZkkbnbdZpb_c J DhmaZ198 fu bf__f ^_eh k ba^_j`dZfb \_^_gby 198 DhmaJNbjfZjughdbijZ\hFCatallaxy", 1993. i_j_]h\hjh\<[he__rbjhdhfkfuke_ba^_j`dbijh\_^_gby\u[hjh\ih^jZamf_\Z_lijhp_kkh[f_gZf_`^mba[bjZl_eyfbb iheblbdZfb\dhlhjhf]hehkZf_gyxlkygZh[_sZgbyj_imlZpbxbl^ GZjugd_ex^bf_gyxly[ehdbgZZi_evkbguZ\ iheblbd_–kh]eZrZxlkyieZlblvgZeh]b\h[f_ggZ[eZ]Zg_h[oh^bfu_\k_fbdZ`^hfm199. <^hiheg_gb_dljZgkZdpbhggufba^_j`dZfhldZ`_fkyhlij_^ihkuedbh^bkdj_lghf\j_f_gbbjZkkfhljbffh^_ev kg_ij_ju\guf\j_f_g_fdhlhjh_baf_gy_lkyhl^h∞^ZggZyij_^ihkuedZghkbll_ogbq_kdbcoZjZdl_jbg_h[oh^bfZ ^ey[he__gZ]ey^ghcbgl_jij_lZpbbj_amevlZlh\ZgZebaZ Ij_^iheh`bfqlh\fhf_glu\j_f_gbWe]^_ te = t0+ n*∆]^_Q « ba^_j`dbi_j_ba[jZgbyjZ\gyxlky(&election costs). <^jm]b_fhf_glu\j_f_gbW t ≠ t0+ n*∆]^_Q « ba^_j`dbi_j_ba[jZgbyjZ\gyxlky,&impeachment costs) Ijbwlhf(&,&∆ -^ebl_evghklvh^gh]hkjhdZiheblbdZ Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh kms_kl\mxl mihjy^hq_ggu_ fhf_glu \j_f_gb \u[hju \ dhlhju_ \hafh`gZ kf_gZ kms_kl\mxsbo^_yl_e_c\kemqZ__kebhgbg_m^h\e_l\hjyxlbgl_j_kZfbg^b\b^h\k^hklZlhqghgbadbfbba^_j`dZfb< ^jm]b_`_fhf_glu\j_f_gbwlbba^_j`dbij_\urZxlba^_j`db\u[hjh\Fh^_evba[jZgbyhibkZggZyjZg___klvqZklguc kemqZc^ZgghckblmZpbb\dhlhjhf(& ,&→∞b∆ → 0.) DZdbjZgvr_\dZ`^ucfhf_gl\j_f_gbWiheblbd\khklhygbbihemqblv[max \hkgh\_wlhcij_^ihkuedbe_`Zll_ `_ kZfu_ Zj]mf_glu dZd b \ ij_^u^ms_f kemqZ_ Ihe_aghklv iheblbdZ - kljh]h \hajZklZxsZy nmgdpby hl ^bkdhglbjh\Zggh]hihlhdZj_glu Iheblbd dZd b jZgvr_ fZdkbfbabjm_l ^bkdhglbjh\Zgguc ihlhd j_glguo ieZl_`_c200 DZ`^uc fhf_gl \j_f_gb iheblbdbf__l\hafh`ghklvihemqZlvot ∈ [0, xmax@Ijbwlhfot = [m^_lhagZqZlvqlhhgg_[m^_lihemqZlvgbdZdhcj_glu l_ ^hoh^ dhlhjuc hg ihemqZe [u \ kemqZ_ jZ\gh\_kby gZ b^_Zevghf iheblbq_kdhf jugd_ ot = xmax khhl\_lkl\m_l kblmZpbbijbdhlhjhciheblbdbkihevam_l\k_\hafh`ghklbba\e_q_gby\eZklghcj_glu Iheblbd[m^_li_j_ba[jZg\kemqZ__kebkmffZjgucihlhdj_glihke_fhf_glZihke_^g_]hba[jZgbyg_ij_\ukbl g_dhlhjhc\_ebqbguo>Zggh_mkeh\b_iheghklvxkhhl\_lkl\m_lkblmZpbbhibkZgghcjZg__^eyh^gh]hi_jbh^Z\j_f_gb JZagbpZaZdexqZ_lkyebrv\lhfqlho\^ZgghfkemqZ_hljZ`Z_lgZdhie_ggu_j_glgu_ieZl_`b. Ijbwlhfiheblbd[m^_l^hkjhqghhlkljZg_g_keb_]hgZdhie_ggZyj_glZaZi_jbh^kihke_^gbo\u[hjh\ij_\ukbl o ]^_ o - ^hihegbl_evgZy f_jZ l_jibfhklb hibku\ZxsZy ih\_^_gb_ ]jZ`^Zg h[s_kl\Z Ijb ij_\ur_gbb gZdhie_gghcj_gluaZkjhdhlihke_^gbo\u[hjh\oiheblbd[m^_li_j_ba[jZg^hkjhqgho!x*). ;m^_f ij_^iheZ]Zlv qlh \_ebqbgu o o omax, δ b ∆ h^gZ`^u [m^mqb \u[jZgu hklZxlky ihklhyggufb gZ ijhly`_gbb\k_]hi_jbh^Z\j_f_gb 18.4 IhbkdhilbfZevgh]hiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ 18.4.1 F_oZgbafnhjfbjh\Zgbywe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ JZkkfhljbf\hafh`gh_ih\_^_gb_iheblbdh\IheblbdijbgbfZyj_r_gb_h\u[hj_kljZl_]bb[m^_lbkihevah\Zlv djbl_jbcfZdkbfbaZpbb^bkdhglbjh\Zggh]hihlhdZj_glguoieZl_`_c >eyiheblbdZ^hklmiguke_^mxsb_kljZl_]bb 1. KljZl_]by[ukljhcgZ`b\udh]^Ziheblbdj_rZ_lihemqZlvfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gmxj_glm\i_j\uckjhd 2. KljZl_]by ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby dh]^Z hg j_rZ_l i_j_ba[bjZlvky dZ`^uc kjhd [_kdhg_qgh_ dhebq_kl\hjZa >hdZaZl_evkl\hlh]hqlhhilbfZevguoijhf_`mlhqguokljZl_]bcdh]^Zhgj_rZ_lba[bjZlvkygZg_kdhevdhkjhdh\ ZaZl_fmclbg_kms_kl\m_lZgZeh]bqghlhfmqlh[uehijh^_eZgh\ur_^ey[he__ijhklhcfh^_eb <u[hjkljZl_]bbih\_^_gby[m^_laZ\bk_lvhlkhhlghr_gbyf_`^m[[b[max∆. xmax∆ -wlhfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gucihlhdiheblbq_kdhcj_gluaZh^bgkjhd JZkkfhljbf\hafh`gu_kemqZb 1) x*/ xmax < x**/ xmax < ∆ DZd[uehihdZaZgh\hafh`gu^\_kljZl_]bbih\_^_gby KljZl_]by ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby iheblbd dZ`^uc kjhd [m^_l ihemqZlv ihlhd j_glguo ieZl_`_c jZ\gucoFZdkbfbabjmy^bkdhglbjh\Zggucihlhdj_glguoieZl_`_ciheblbd\gZqZe_dZ`^h]hi_jbh^Z[m^_lklj_fblvky fZdkbfZevgh [ukljh ihemqblv k\h_ o gZ wlh _fm ihlj_[m_lky \j_f_gb oomax Z aZl_f \_klb djbklZevgh q_klgmx ^_yl_evghklv\iehlv^hgh\uo\u[hjh\LZdbfh[jZahfiheblbd[m^_lihemqZlvj_glgu_ieZl_`b\i_jbh^uhlk∆^hk∆ + oomax ]^_d « >bkdhglbjh\ZggucihlhdieZl_`_c^ey^Zggh]hkemqZyij_^klZ\e_ggZjbkmgd_ Z201. ;vxd_g_g>`Dhgklblmpbywdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdb<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK. 199 ∞ 200 L_j_rZ_laZ^ZqmihgZoh`^_gbxPD[ ∫xe t − δt dt (15.4). 0 201 :gZeblbq_kdb^bkdhglbjh\ZggucihlhdieZl_`_chij_^_ey_lkydZd ∞ k∆ + x* x max ∑ ∫x k =0 k∆ e dt = − δt max ∞ ∑ k=0 x* ) − δ ( k∆ + x max x max − e − δk∆ ) = (e −δ x* x max x* ∞ −δ x max ) (1 − e x max )∑ e − δk∆ = x (1 − e δ k =0 δ (1 − e ) −δ max − δ∆ ≡ V1 (∆, x*, xmax, δ) (15.5) ]^_agZdbqZklguoijhba\h^guoih[!ihδb∆AgZdqZklghcijhba\h^ghcih[max g_hq_\b^_gbaZ\bkblhlkhhlghr_gbyf_`^m o[max, δ, ∆\ujZ`_gb_g_ij_^klZ\ey_lkh^_j`Zl_evgh]hbgl_j_kZ xt ZIhlhdj_glijbj_ZebaZpbbkljZl_]bb ^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby xmax x* x* ti xt ti+x*/xmax ti+∆+x*/xmax ti+∆ ti+2∆ t ti+2∆ t [Ihlhdj_glijbj_ZebaZpbbkljZl_]bb [ukljhcgZ`b\u xmax x** x*x** ti+x**/xmax ti x** ti+2x**/xmax ti+∆ Jbk <j_f_ggZykljmdlmjZihlhdh\j_glu\^\mokemqZyo <_jogbc jbkmghd Z khhl\_lkl\m_l kemqZx \u[hjZ iheblbdhf kljZl_]bb ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby gb`gbc [ – kblmZpby \ dhlhjhc iheblbd \u[bjZ_l kljZl_]bx [ukljhc gZ`b\u H^bgZdh\hc rljboh\dhc ihdZaZgu ihlhdb j_gl ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_h^ghfmblhfm`_iheblbdm KljZl_]by[ukljhcgZ`b\uiheblbdihemqZ_lfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gmxj_glm\i_j\uckjhdkf jbk [ Ijbwlhfiheblbd[m^_lihemqZlvj_glm^hfhf_glZbfibqf_glZl_\i_jbh^\j_f_gbhl^hoofZo. >bkdhglbjh\Zggucihlhdj_gluij_^klZ\e_ggZjbkmgd_[202. Ihl_jb hl ihbkdZ j_glu ^ey ba[bjZl_ey [m^ml [)evrbfb \ kemqZ_ dh]^Z iheblbdb \u[bjZxl kljZl_]bb [ukljhc gZ`b\u ld \ kblmZpbb ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby \hagbdZxl fhf_glu \j_f_gb \ dhlhjuo iheblbd g_ ihemqZ_l gbdZdhciheblbq_kdhcj_glu 2) x*/ xmax < ∆ < x**/ xmax <^ZgghckblmZpbbkljZl_]by^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby[m^_lijbghkblvlZdhc`_ihlhdj_gludZdb\kemqZ_ kf jbk Z Gh ijb bkihevah\Zgbb kljZl_]bb [ukljhc gZ`b\u fhf_gl i_j_\u[hjh\ [m^_l gZklmiZlv jZgvr_ q_f bfibqf_gl203. Ihl_jb^eyqe_gh\h[s_kl\Zhlba\e_q_gbyiheblbq_kdhcj_glulZd`_[m^ml[)evrbfb\kemqZ_[ukljhcgZ`b\u Hlebqb_ hl kblmZpbb [m^_l \ lhf qlh i_j_ba[jZgb_ ijhbkoh^bl k ba^_j`dZfb EC lh]^Z dZd \ i_j\hc kblmZpbb i_j_ba[jZgb_hkms_kl\eyehkvkba^_j`dZfbIC. 3) ∆ < x*/ xmax < x**/ xmax WlhkblmZpby\dhlhjhckljZl_]bb^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgbyb[ukljhcgZ`b\ug_jZaebqbfuldijblZdhf iZjZf_lj_ x* iheblbd fh`_l k_[_ iha\heblv ihemqZlv xmax \ l_q_gb_ \k_]h kjhdZ b ijb wlhf hg [m^_l i_j_ba[jZg gZ ke_^mxsbckjhd204. :gZeba ihdZau\Z_l qlh ^ey i_j\uo ^\mo kemqZ_\ lj_lbc kemqZc y\ey_lky kdhj__ bkdexq_gb_f \ jZfdZo dhlhjh]h iheblbdm g_ gm`gh aZ[hlblky h k\h_f i_j_ba[jZgbb ld _]h i_j_ba[_jml ijb ex[hf bkoh^_ dh]^Z m iheblbdZ bf__lky \hafh`ghklv\u[hjZkh[kl\_gghckljZl_]bbih\_^_gby_]hkljZl_]by^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\ZgbydZdjZabijb\h^bld nhjfbjh\ZgbxljZ^bpbhggh]hiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZGhj^oZmaZ Ijb wlhf iheblbd kjZam ihke_ \u[hjh\ ijh\h^bl iheblbdm ijbghkysmx _fm \u]h^u l_ ba\e_dZ_l kh[kl\_ggmx iheblbq_kdmx j_glm ihke_ dhlhjh]h gZklmiZ_l i_jbh^ dh]^Z hg \ugm`^_g h[_ki_qb\Zlv fZdkbfZevgh_ [eZ]hkhklhygb_ ba[bjZl_e_ckf jbk Z x ** x max 202 >bkdhglbjh\Zgguc ihlhd j_glu ^ey kemqZy [ukljhc gZ`b\u jZ\_g ∫x 0 203 <wlhfkemqZ_^bkdhglbjh\Zggucihlhdj_gluhij_^_ey_lkydZd ∆ ∫x 0 max e − δ t dt = x max (1 − e −δ∆ ) ≡V2(∆, x**, xmax, δ) δ ∞ 204 L_iheblbdihemqZ_l: ∫x 0 max e − δ t dt = x max δ (15.6) (15.7) x ** −δ x max x max (1 − e ) ≡V2 (∆, x**, xmax, δ) e dt = δ − δt max KljmdlmjZ j_glguo ieZl_`_c bah[jZ`_ggZy gZ jbk Z \hagbdeZ ba-aZ fZdkbfbaZpbb iheblbdhf ^bkdhglbjh\Zggh]hihlhdZijbij_^iheh`_gbbqlh^eyba[bjZl_ey\k_i_jbh^uh^bgZdh\hp_ggul_fukfhljbfgZo dZd gZ kmffm \k_o ihl_jv \h \k_ fhf_glu t < kemqZ_ \\_^_gby ^bkdhglbjmxs_]h nZdlhjZ \ mjh\_gv l_jibfhklb o ihemq_ggucgZjbk Zj_amevlZl[ue[u_sz[he__kljh]bfihkdhevdmmiheblbdZihy\beky[u_szZj]mf_gl\ihevam lh]hqlh\k_\u]h^ugZ^hihemqZlv\gZqZe_k\h_]hkjhdZij_[u\Zgby DZd m`_ mihfbgZehkv \ [Zah\hc fh^_eb b dZd [m^_l ihdZaZgh ^Zevr_ bf_ggh kljZl_]by ^he]hkjhqgh]h ij_[u\Zgby[m^_l`_eZl_evgZ\[hevrbgkl\_kemqZ_\^eyba[bjZl_e_c Ih^h[gu_jZkkm`^_gbyhf_oZgbafZonhjfbjh\Zgbyiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZg_]h\hjylgZfdZdbfbf_ggh h[jZahf[m^_lj_Zebah\ZgZijhp_^mjZba\e_q_gbyj_gluiheblbdhfIh^^Zggmxko_fmih^oh^yl\k_jZagh\b^ghklbpbdeh\ Ghj^oZmaZZlZd`_g_dhlhju_^jm]b_f_oZgbafu KjZam ihke_ \u[hjh\ ke_^m_l i_jbh^ m`_klhq_gby iheblbdb ijh\h^bfhc ijZ\bl_evkl\hf fhg_lZjghc beb nbkdZevghc < l_jfbgZo fh^_eb wlh khhl\_lkl\m_l ihl_jyf ba[bjZl_e_c I_j_^ hq_j_^gufb \u[hjZfb gZ[ex^Z_lky iheblbdZjZkrbj_gbyhgZkhhl\_lkl\m_lmqZkldm]^_ba[bjZl_evihemqZ_lfZdkbfZevgucmjh\_gv^hoh^Z LZdgZijbf_ji_j_^\u[hjZfbij_ab^_glZ\]jZkrbjbl_evgZynbkdZevgZyiheblbdZkhhl\_lkl\h\ZeZmqZkldm k fZdkbfZevgufb \u]h^Zfb ^ey ba[bjZl_e_c H[kem`b\Zgb_ \hajhkr_]h ^he]Z b \ukhdb_ klZ\db ijhp_glZ hdZaZebkvl_fb kZfufb f_oZgbafZfb k\yau\Zxsbfb ihl_jb ba[bjZl_e_c b \u]h^u ^_ckl\mxs_]h ijZ\bl_evkl\Z hl i_j_ba[jZgby ij_ab^_glZ; ?evpbgZ Ih^h[gZyko_fZlZd`_jZkijhkljZgy_lkybgZf_oZgbafuk\yaZggu_kh[tykg_gb_fiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\ q_j_a hlkmlkl\b_ bgnhjfZpbb m ba[bjZl_e_c hlghkbl_evgh lbiZ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z gZijbf_j [eZ]hgZf_j_gghklb IjZ\bl_evkl\hi_j_^\u[hjZfbijh\h^blfZdkbfZevghqbklhiehlgmxiheblbdm^_fhgkljbjmyk\hx[eZ]hgZf_j_gghklv Kms_kl\m_lebhilbfZevgucklhqdbaj_gbyba[bjZl_eykjhdgZdhlhjucke_^m_l\u[bjZlviheblbdh\" 18.4.2 HilbfZevguciheblbq_kdbc^_eh\hcpbde DZdbf h[jZahf kjhd ijZ\e_gby \eby_l gZ \u[hj kljZl_]bb iheblbdh\" Ihkljhbf nmgdpbb ^bkdhglbjh\Zgguo ihlhdh\ j_glu ^ey ^\mo kljZl_]bc\aZ\bkbfhklbhl∆^ebl_evghklbkjhdZi_j_ba[jZgby:gZeblbq_kdb_\ujZ`_gbym`_ ihemq_gugZfb\ur_ijbjZkkfhlj_gbbkljZl_]bciheblbdh\ <hafh`gh g_kdhevdh kemqZ_\ \aZbfgh]h jZkiheh`_gby nmgdpbc ^bkdhglbjh\Zgguo ihlhdh\ GZ jbk 18.2 bah[jZ`_gZ kblmZpby ijb dhlhjhc wdkihg_gpbZevguc mqZklhd djb\hc ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby i_j_k_dZ_l ihklhygghcmqZklhddjb\hc[ukljhcgZ`b\u @bjghcebgb_cgZjbkmgd_bah[jZ`_gZ\_jogyyh]b[ZxsZy^eywlbo^\modjb\uoHgZihdZau\Z_l\u[hjiheblbdZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kms_kl\mxs_c \_ebqbgu ∆ DZd \b^gh \ kemqZ_ dh]^Z ∆ ij_\urZ_l hij_^_e_ggmx ∆*205, - iheblbd ij_^ihqblZ_l bkihevah\Zlv kljZl_]bx [ukljhc gZ`b\u Wlhl wnn_dl \hagbdZ_l ihlhfm qlh ijb m\_ebq_gbb kjhdh\ \u[hjh\∆kljZl_]by^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\ZgbygZqbgZ_lijbghkblv\kzf_gvrmxbf_gvrmx\u]h^m\lh\j_fydZd kljZl_]by[ukljhcgZ`b\uijb^hklZlhqgh\ukhdboagZq_gbyo∆m`_g_aZ\bkblhl^ebl_evghklbkjhdZihkdhevdm[m^_l ijb\h^blvdbfibqf_glm V KljZl_]by ^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby x max δ x** −δ x max (1 − e xmax ) δ KljZl_]by [ukljhcgZ`b\u x*/xmax x**/xmax ∆* ∆ Jbk Nmgdpbb^bkdhglbjh\Zgguoihlhdh\j_gl^ey^\mokljZl_]bc\aZ\bkbfhklbhl^ebl_evghklbkjhdZ \u[hjh\ KblmZpby \ dhlhjhc wdkihg_gpbZevguc mqZklhd djb\hc ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby i_j_k_dZ_l ihklhygghc mqZklhd djb\hc[ukljhcgZ`b\u >jm]hc kemqZc jZkkfhlj_g gZ jbkmgd_ < ^Zgghc kblmZpbb iheblbd [m^_l \u[bjZlv kljZl_]bx [ukljhc gZ`b\u _sz ^h kblmZpbb bfibqf_glZ ld _sz \hajZklZxsb_ \u]h^u hl ihemq_gby fZdkbfZevghc j_glu aZ i_j\uc kjhd m`_ij_\urZxl\u]h^uhl^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby Ijbwlhf∆e_`bl\bgl_j\Ze_hl[[max ^h[[maxqlh\lhqghklbkhhl\_lkl\m_lkemqZxjZkkfhlj_gghfm\i 18.4.1. >ey \u\h^Z ZgZeblbq_kdh]h \ujZ`_gby ∆ g_h[oh^bfh ijbjh\gylv nmgdpbb ^bkdhglbjh\Zgguo ihlhdh\ IhemqZ_fh_ \ujZ`_gb_ ljm^ghh[hajbfhbij_^klZ\ey_lg_fgh]hkh^_j`Zl_evgh]hbgl_j_kZ 205 KljZl_]by ^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby V x max δ x** −δ x max (1 − e xmax ) δ KljZl_]by [ukljhcgZ`b\u x*/xmax ∆* x**/xmax ∆ Jbk Nmgdpbb^bkdhglbjh\Zgguoihlhdh\j_gl^ey^\mokljZl_]bc\aZ\bkbfhklbhl^ebl_evghklbkjhdZ \u[hjh\ KblmZpby \ dhlhjhc wdkihg_gpbZevguc mqZklhd djb\hc ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby i_j_k_dZ_l wdkihg_gpbZevguc mqZklhddjb\hc[ukljhcgZ`b\u L1 = <ebygb_i_jbh^ZijZ\e_gbygZiheh`_gb_ba[bjZl_e_c Hij_^_ebfdZdh_\ebygb_hdZau\Z_lbaf_g_gb_^ebl_evghklbkjhdh\ijZ\e_gbygZiheh`_gb_ba[bjZl_e_c >eywlh]hihkljhbfnmgdpbbihl_jv^eyba[bjZl_ey Nmgdpbyihl_jb^eyba[bjZl_eydh]^Ziheblbd\u[bjZ_lkljZl_]bx^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby ijb∆ < x*/ xmax xmax + EC/∆ (18.8) ijb∆ ≥ x*/ xmax (x*+EC)/∆ l_/–wlhihl_jbmkj_^g_ggu_ih\j_f_gb Nmgdpbyihl_jvhij_^_ey_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf KblmZpbb∆ < x*/ xmax khhl\_lkl\mxlkemqZxdh]^ZiheblbdihemqZy\_kvkjhdomaxi_j_ba[bjZ_lkygZke_^mxsbc kjhd Ijb wlhf dZ`^uc fhf_gl \j_f_gb ihl_jb ^ey ba[bjZl_ey khklZ\eyxl [max b d gbf ^h[Z\eyxlky ihl_jb \u[hjh\ ijb\_^_ggu_dh^ghfmfhf_glm\j_f_gbkf jbk klj_edZ >jm]hc kemqZc ijb ∆ ≥ x*/ xmax \hagbdZ_l dh]^Z aZ kjhd \u[hjh\ iheblbd \ khklhygbb iheghklvx ihemqblv o ihwlhfmkj_^gb_ihl_jbaZi_jbh^[m^mlkdeZ^u\Zlvkybah[sboihl_jvobaZljZlgZ\u[hju?Kkf jbk klj_edZ Ihl_jb^eykemqZydh]^Ziheblbd\u[bjZ_lkljZl_]bx[ukljhcgZ`b\uaZibku\ZxlkydZd ijb∆ ≤ x**/ xmax xmax + EC/∆ L2 = (18.9) xmax + IC/(x**/xmax) = xmax (1+ IC/x**) ijb∆ > x**/ xmax L 3 xmax(1+IC/x**) L2 4 1 xmax(1+EC/x**) xmax L1 2 x*/xmax ∆1 x**/xmax ∆ Jbk Ihl_jb^eyj_ij_a_glZlb\gh]hba[bjZl_eyijbjZaebqguokjhdZo\u[hjh\(Lkhhl\_lkl\m_lihl_jyfijb \u[hj_iheblbdhfkljZl_]bb^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\ZgbyL2 –[ukljhcgZ`b\u Ihkljhbf nmgdpbx ihl_jv ba[bjZl_ey hl kljZl_]bb [ukljhc gZ`b\u iheblbdh\ L KblmZpby ∆ ≤ x**/ xmax – kemqZcdh]^ZkjhdaZdZgqb\Z_lkyjZgvr_q_fgZklmiZ_lbfibqf_glLh]^ZdZ`^ucfhf_gl\j_f_gbba[bjZl_evl_jy_lxmax b ihke_bkl_q_gbykjhdZke_^mxl\u[hjukba^_j`dZfbECkf jbk klj_edZ <kemqZ_dh]^Z∆ > x**/ xmax, iheblbd\ugm`^_gmclb\hlklZ\dmjZgvr_kjhdZ∆bijbwlhfba^_j`dbi_j_\u[hjh\ jZ\gyxlkyICkf jbk klj_edZ Hij_^_e_gb_hilbfZevgh]hkjhdZiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ Ihijh[m_f hij_^_eblv hilbfZevguc k lhqdb aj_gby ba[bjZl_e_c kjhd \u[hjh\ J_r_gb_ h[ hilbfZevghf kjhd_ [m^_fbkdZlvZgZebabjmy\u[hjkljZl_]bbiheblbdh\b\ebygbb_]hgZiheh`_gb_ba[bjZl_ey >eywlh]hgZfgm`ghfbgbfbabjh\Zlvnmgdpbxihl_jvba[bjZl_eyBkihevamyf_lh^h[jZlghcbg^mdpbbgZqbgZ_f gZr ZgZeba k dhgpZ kqblZy ∆ nbdkbjh\Zgguf hij_^_ebf hilbfZevgmx kljZl_]bx ^ey iheblbdZ kf jbk 18.2). AgZy nmgdpbxj_ZdpbbiheblbdZgZmklZgh\e_gguckjhd∆fbgbfbabjm_fihl_jbba[bjZl_ey GZbemqr_f khklhygb_f ^ey ba[bjZl_e_c [ueh [u khklhygb_ dh]^Z iheblbd \u[bjZe kljZl_]bx ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgbylh]^Zg_h[oh^bfh[ueh[umklZgh\blvfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gh_∆H^gZdhfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`guf∆[m^_l ∆kf jbk ihke_ij_\ur_gbydhlhjh]hiheblbdij_^ihql_lbkihevah\ZlvkljZl_]bx[ukljhcgZ`b\u AZf_lbf qlh \hafh`gZ kblmZpby ijb dhlhjhc kjhd i_j_ba[jZgby ∆ b iheblbd \u[bjZ_l kljZl_]bx ^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\ZgbydhlhjZyg_\k_]^Zy\ey_lkygZbemqrbfj_r_gb_f <kemqZ_dh]^Z∆* < ∆1206 (cfjbk^eyba[bjZl_ey[m^_l\u]h^ghm\_ebqb\Zlv∆^h[[maxWlhijb\_^_ld lhfm qlh iheblbdb i_j_dexqZlky gZ kljZl_]bx [ukljhc gZ`b\u H^gZdh lZdZy kblmZpby [m^_l \kz `_ \u]h^g__ q_f i_j\h_j_r_gb_k∆ = ∆bkljZl_]bb^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby Wlh h[tykgy_lky l_f qlh ihl_jb ^ey ba[bjZl_ey hl qZklguo i_j_\u[hjh\ h^gh]h b lh]h `_ iheblbdZ [m^ml ij_\urZlvihl_jbdhlhju_[ueb[u\kemqZ_[he__j_^dhckf_gujZaguoiheblbdh\^Z`_ijbmkeh\bbqlhdZ`^ucbagbo \kzk\h_\j_fyijZ\e_gbyiheghklvxihemqZe[u[max). LZdbfh[jZahf\hafh`gu^\ZdeZkkZj_r_gbc\aZ\bkbfhklbhlkhhlghr_gbciZjZf_ljh\ I_j\uc deZkk j_r_gbc \j_fy i_j_\u[hjh\ ^he`gh \u[bjZlvky \ lhqd_ \ dhlhjhc ihlhd i_jbh^bq_kdbo hl \u[hjh\d\u[hjZf^bkdhglbjh\Zgguoj_gl[m^mljZ\gylvkyfZdkbfZevghfm^bkdhglbjh\Zgghfmihlhdmj_gluihemq_gghc aZh^bgkjhd∆ = ∆biheblbd\u[bjZ_lkljZl_]bx^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby <lhjhc deZkk j_r_gbc ijb (∆1 > ∆*)207, ijb dhlhjhf \ kemqZ_ bkihevah\Zgbb j_r_gby i_j\h]h deZkkZ ∆ = ∆*) ba^_j`dbhlqZkluoi_j_\u[hjh\ij_\urZxlba^_j`dbhlihl_jvk\yaZgguokg_^Zevgh\b^ghklvxiheblbdh\ijbwlhf j_r_gb_f[m^_lmklZgh\e_gb_kjhdZi_j_\u[hjh\\lhqd_ihke_dhlhjhcihke_^h\Ze[ubfibqf_gl∆ = x**/xmax). LZdbf h[jZahf hilbfZevghc ^ey ba[bjZl_e_c y\ey_lky \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ kblmZpby ijb dhlhjhc iheblbd bkihevam_l iheblbdm ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby b ebrv \ bkdexqbl_evguo kemqZyo h]jhfguo ba^_j`_d ijh\_^_gby \u[hjh\ ^ey ba[bjZl_ey hilbfZevgufb klZgh\ylky kljZl_]bb [ukljhc gZ`b\u iheblbdh\ Ijb wlhf gb \ h^ghf ba hilbfZevguokhklhygbcg_^he`gh\hagbdZlvkblmZpbbkbfibqf_glhf<h\lhjhfkemqZ_ljZgkZdpbhggh]hihjh]Z\u[hju ^he`guijhoh^blvijyfhi_j_^kblmZpb_c\ug_k_gbybfibqf_glZ Ihke_^gxx kblmZpbx ijhZgZebabjm_f [he__ ih^jh[gh HgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l ^ey gZk hkh[uc bgl_j_k ihkdhevdm g_ihkj_^kl\_gghk\yaZgZkkh[ulbyfbijhbkoh^b\rbfb\Jhkkbb\]dh]^Z=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy>mfZ[ueZm`_gZklZ^bb \ug_k_gbybfibqf_glZij_ab^_glm; ?evpbgm 18.4.3 G_^hklh\_jghklvm]jhaubfibqf_glZ JZkkfhljbf wnn_dl \hagbdZxsbc \ kblmZpbb dh]^Z g_h[oh^bfh ijh\h^blv bfibqf_gl l_ kemqZc dh]^Z gZdhie_ggZyj_glZ^hklb]eZoh^gZdh^hhdhgqZgbykjhdZhklZ_lkyg_fgh]h\j_f_gbbihl_jbk\yaZggu_kbfibqf_glhf [m^ml ^Z`_ \ur_ q_f _keb ij_^hklZ\blv iheblbdm \hafh`ghklv ^h`blv ^h ke_^mxsbo \u[hjh\ aZ[bjZy ijb wlhf fZdkbfZevgmxj_glm KblmZpby\dhlhjhc IC – EC > xmax (∆ - x**/xmax) = xmax∆ - x**, (18.11) oZjZdl_jbam_lkyg_^hklh\_jghklvxm]jhaubfibqf_glZ <u[hjkljZl_]bbih\_^_gbyiheblbdhfijbg_^hklh\_jghklbm]jhaubfibqf_glZ <kemqZ_dh]^Z\uihegy_lkymkeh\b_l_^hihegbl_evgu_ba^_j`dbgZi_j_ba[jZgb_IC – EC\ur_q_f \hafh`gu_ ihl_jb hl j_glhhjbglbjh\Zggh]h ih\_^_gby xmax (∆ - x**/xmax iheblbd fh`_l h`b^Zlv qlh _fm g_ [m^_l h[ty\e_g bfibqf_gl ^Z`_ ijb ij_\ur_gbb bf gZdhie_gghc j_glu o ld ijh\h^blv bfibqf_gl [m^_l g_ \ bgl_j_kZo ba[bjZl_e_c<l_hjbbb]jih^h[gu_kblmZpbbgZau\Zxlkyg_^hklh\_jghcm]jhahcQRQFUHGLEOHWKUHDW DZd^Zggh_h]jZgbq_gb_ih\eby_lgZ\u[hjiheblbdhfkljZl_]bbih\_^_gby" >eyiheblbdZwlh[m^_lhagZqZlvqlhwdkihg_gpbZevgucmqZklhddjb\hc[ukljhcgZ`b\u[m^_lijh^he`Zlvky^h ∆ < (x** +IC-EC)/xmaxZg_^h∆ < x**/xmaxdZd[ueh\kemqZ_^hklh\_jghklbbfibqf_glZ Ihke_^kl\byihdZaZgugZjbkmgd_ L1(∆1) = L2 (x**/xmax), ∆gZoh^blkybamkeh\by (x*+EC)/∆ [PD[(&[l_ (15.10). ∆1 = (x*+EC) / [xmax (1+ EC/x**)] 207 >ZgguckemqZcfugZah\_fljZgkZdpbhggufihjh]hfldih^h[gZykblmZpbykms_kl\m_lebrvba-aZgZebqbyba^_j`_d\u[hjh\ 206 KljZl_]by ^he]h\j_f_ggh]hij_[u\Zgby V x max δ x** −δ x max (1 − e xmax ) δ 1 KljZl_]by [ukljhcgZ`b\u ∆* x**/xmax (x**+IC-EC)/xmax ∆ Jbk <ebygb_g_^hklh\_jghklbm]jhaubfibqf_glZgZ\u[hjkljZl_]bbiheblbdhf@bjghcimgdlbjghcebgb_c ihdZaZgmqZklhddjb\hc\hagbdZxsbcijb^Zgghfwnn_dl_ Klj_ehqdhckf jbk ihdZaZgmqZklhddjb\hc\hagbdZxsbcijbg_^hklh\_jghklbm]jhaubfibqf_glZLZdbf h[jZahf iheblbdm hdZau\Zxlky ^hklmigu khklhygby k gZdhie_gghc j_glhc ij_\urZxs_c o h^gZdh ijb m\_ebq_gbb ∆ \ur_q_fx** +IC-EC)/xmax[m^_lgZ[ex^ZlvkyjZaju\nmgdpbb^bkdhglbjh\Zggh]hihlhdZj_gluk\yaZggucki_j_oh^hf gZijhp_^mjmbfibqf_glZ Ihl_jbba[bjZl_ey\kblmZpbbg_^hklh\_jghklbm]jhaubfibqf_glZ >ey h[s_kl\Z \uiheg_gb_ mkeh\by hagZqZ_l qlh \ dZ`^uc ba[bjZl_evguc kjhd _keb \hagbdZ_l kblmZpby dh]^Z iheblbd i_j_[bjZ_l o ba[bjZl_ev g_ klZg_l ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_ h[ bfibqf_gl_ ld \hagbdZxsb_ ijb wlhf ihl_jb[m^mlij_\urZlvfZdkbfZevgu_ihl_jbdhlhju_fh`_lijbqbgblv^Zgguciheblbd^hhdhgqZgbykjhdZ Ijbwlhfbaf_gblkynhjfZdjb\hcihl_jvLlZdbfh[jZahfqlh_zihklhyggucmqZklhdgZqg_lkyebrvkhagZq_gby ∆ = (x** +IC-EC)/xmax. GZ ]jZnbd_ wlh [m^_l \u]ey^_lv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf kf jbk Klj_ehqdhc kf jbk ihdZaZg mqZklhd djb\hc \hagbdZxsbc ijb g_^hklh\_jghklb m]jhau bfibqf_glZ IehsZ^v aZrljboh\Zgguo ijyfhm]hevgbdh\ gZ jbk h^bgZdh\ZbjZ\gZIC-ECl_\ub]jurmhli_j_oh^Zijhp_^mjubfibqf_glZdijhp_^mj_klZg^Zjlgh]hi_j_ba[jZgby L L2 xmax(1+IC/x**) xmax(1+EC/x**) 1 xmax ∆1 ∆2 x**/xmax (x**+IC-EC)/xmax ∆ Jbk <ebygb_g_^hklh\_jghklbm]jhaubfibqf_glZgZihl_jbba[bjZl_e_c@bjghcimgdlbjghcebgb_cihdZaZg mqZklhddjb\hc\hagbdZxsbcijbg_^hklh\_jghcm]jha_bfibqf_glZ Ba[bjZl_ev[m^_ll_ji_lvij_\ur_gb_o^hl_oihjihdZhghg_[m^_ljZ\ghihl_jyfhlj_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh]h ih\_^_gbyaZwlhl^hihegbl_evguci_jbh^ Ijbwlhfgh\ufj_r_gb_faZ^Zqbh[hilbfZevghfkjhd_ijZ\e_gby[m^_l∆ = x** +(IC-EC)/xmax , l_mqblu\Zxs__nZdlihl_jvhlijh\_^_gbybfibqf_glZ KblmZpbx \ Jhkkby ] fh`gh bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv lZd ^ey qZklb gZk_e_gby \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v khpbZevgh g_aZsbs_gguo keh_\ gZk_e_gby ih^\_j`_gguo \ebygbx e_\uo b iZljbhlbq_kdbo iZjlbc [ue ij_\ur_g bo ihjh] l_jibfhklboh^gZdhihl_jbk\yaZggu_kba^_j`dZfbijh\_^_gbybfibqf_glZg_iha\hebeb_fmj_Zebah\Zlvky * * * Ba\k_]hkdZaZggh]hke_^m_lg_kdhevdh\u\h^h\ AZiZ^gZy kbkl_fZ ij_^klZ\bl_evghc ^_fhdjZlbb mkljhckl\Z gZeh`_ggZy gZ j_Zebb i_j_oh^gh]h h[s_kl\Z fh`_l ijb\h^blv d djZcg_ g_wnn_dlb\guf khklhygbyf dhlhju_ \hagbdZxl ba-aZ lh]h qlh iheblbq_kdbf eb^_jZf hdZau\Z_lky \u]h^gh fZdkbfZevgh ihegh \hkihevah\Zlvky ij_bfms_kl\Zfb bo k_]h^gyrg_]h iheh`_gby b g_ ^mfZlv h [m^ms_f Hkgh\gufb ijbqbgZfb wlh]h y\eyxlky gbadb_ ij_^ihql_gby [m^msbo i_jbh^h\ b agZqbl_evgu_ jZaf_ju ^hklmighc \eZklghcj_glu < jZfdZo jZkkfhlj_gghc fh^_eb jhkkbckdZy kblmZpby ih^iZ^Z_l kdhj_c ih^ kemqZc ijb dhlhjhf kms_kl\mxsbc kjhdij_\urZ_lhilbfZevguchg[m^_lagZqbl_evghdhjhq_ba-aZ\ukhdboagZq_gbcfZdkbfZevgh^hklmighc\eZklghcj_glu - xmax b gbadbo ij_^ihql_gbc [m^msbo i_jbh^h\ >hihegbl_evguf kb]gZehf \ ihevam ih^h[gh]h aZdexq_gby y\ey_lky kblmZpby \hdjm] bfibqf_glZ dhlhjZy \ hilbfZevghf kemqZ_ ^he]h\j_f_ggh]h ij_[u\Zgby iheblbdZ m \eZklb ijhklh g_ \hagbdZ_l <u[hju j_]bhgZevguo eb^_jh\ \ ^_dZ[j_ 2000 ] - _sz h^gh hq_j_^gh_ k\b^_l_evkl\h wlh]h nZdlZ ba \gh\v \u[jZgguo]m[_jgZlhjh\ebrvljh_[uebi_j_ba[jZgugZke_^mxsbckjhd ;ueh[ugZb\ghbkdZlv\uoh^ubakeh`b\r_ckykblmZpbbkhdjZs_gb_fkjhdh\\u[hjh\-ba-aZh]jhfguoba^_j`_d ih^h[gu_ j_r_gby ijZdlbq_kdb g_^hklmigu D lhfm `_ l_hj_lbq_kdb_fh^_ebih^h[ghhibkZgghc\ur_\agZqbl_evghc f_j_mijhsZxl^_ckl\bl_evghklv^ey^_fhgkljZpbbhl^_evguo_zf_oZgbafh\b\aZbfhk\ya_cIhgbfZy\kzwlh\dZq_kl\_ dhgdj_lguo f_j fh`gh ij_^eh`blv ^Zevg_cr__ ijh\_^_gb_ j_nhjfu \eZklb gZijZ\e_gghc gZ m\_ebq_gb_ _z ijhajZqghklbklZ[bebaZpbxdZd\iheblbq_kdhclZdb\wdhghfbq_kdhckn_j_kihkh[kl\mxs_cnhjfbjh\Zgbxh[s_kl\Z kfhljys_]h\[m^ms__Zg_lhevdh\ijhreh_bgZklhys__ =eZ\Z JHKLDBGH<UONMGDPBC=HKM>:JKL<: ?keb\ij_^u^msbo]eZ\ZofuZgZebabjh\Zebl_nmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\Zdhlhju_^hklZebkv\hkgh\ghfhlkh\_lkdhc wihoblh\^Zgghc]eZ\_j_qvihc^_lhjhkldZogh\uonmgdpbcIjbwlhfhkgh\gh_\gbfZgb_[m^_lm^_e_ghg_nmgdpbyf i_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyZnmgdpbyfkhab^Zgby-nmgdpbyfdhlhju_kha^Zxlij_^ihkuedb^eyjZa\blbyiheghp_gghcjughqghc wdhghfbdb 19.1 AZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbe_]dheb[ulv bg\_klhjhf" DZd-lh g_aZf_lgh ijhbahreh jZajmr_gb_ h^ghc ba [Zah\uo b^_heh]bq_kdbo iZjZ^b]f – iheh`_gby h lhf qlh ^hoh^u ^he`gu [ulv bkdexqbl_evgh ljm^h\ufb I_j_oh^gZy wdhghfbdZ kha^Z_l b jZkrbjy_l \hafh`ghklv ba\e_dZlv ^hoh^uhlkh[kl\_gghklbdhlhjZyij_^klZ\e_gZgZdhie_ggufbk[_j_`_gbyfbbebdZiblZehf Ex[u_ bg\_klbpbb k\yaZgu k jbkdhf \eh`_gb_ dZiblZeZ ijhbkoh^bl k_]h^gy Z _]h ijbjhkl b \ha\jZs_gb_ – \ [m^ms_f dhlhjh_ ihegh g_hij_^_e_gghkl_c DZd ijZ\beh ]hlh\ghklv ihclb gZ [hevrbc jbkd ij_^iheZ]Z_l h`b^Zgb_ [hevr_]h^hoh^ZJZa\blu_jugdbij_^hklZ\eyxljZaghh[jZab_\eh`_gbckjZaebqgufbkhq_lZgbyfbmjh\gyjbkdZbmjh\gy ^hoh^Z ijb wlhf jughqgZy qZklv jbkdZ \hagZ]jZ`^Z_lky [hevrbf ^hoh^hf Z g_jughqgZy qZklv – g_ \hagZ]jZ`^Z_lky h^gZdhwlZg_\hagZ]jZ`^Z_fZyqZklvjbkdZfh`_l[ulvdhfi_gkbjh\ZgZ^b\_jkbnbdZpb_c\eh`_gbc Khhl\_lkl\_ggh ijbgpbibZevgu_ gZijZ\e_gby kgb`_gby jbkdZ bg\_klbjh\Zgby k\yaZgu eb[h kh kgb`_gbyfb lj_[h\Zgbc d h`b^Z_fhfm ^hoh^m eb[h \hafh`ghklyfb ^b\_jkbnbdZpbb B \ lhf b \ ^jm]hf kemqZ_ ^Z`_ kZfuc mfm^j_gguc bg\_klhj y\ey_lky [_aaZsblguf dZd i_j_^ klbob_c jughqguo dhe_[Zgbc lZd b i_j_^ aehmihlj_[e_gbyfb kh klhjhguebph[eZ^Zxsbfbg_dhlhjhcfhghiheb_cgZbgnhjfZpbx–ijhn_kkbhgZevgufbihkj_^gbdZfbbf_g_^`_jZfb Bf_gghihwlhfm[hevrbgkl\hkbkl_faZsblubg\_klhjh\gZijZ\e_gugZj_]mebjh\Zgb_dhe_[Zgbcp_ggZkha^Zgb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc ijhajZqghklb b gZ h]jZgbq_gb_ mqZklby Znnbebjh\Zgguo ebp Gug_ kms_kl\mxsb_ kbkl_fu aZsblu bg\_klhjh\gZjZa\bluojugdZo[uebkha^Zgu\hl\_lgZfZkkh\u_aehmihlj_[e_gbygZnbgZgkh\hfbnhg^h\hfjugdZohl dhlhjuo ihkljZ^Zeh fgh]h bg\_klhjh\ Ihwlhfm hgb \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb j_Z]bjmxl gZ m`_ ijhbahr_^rb_ kh[ulby h]jZgbqb\Zy \hafh`ghklb bo ih\lhj_gby q_f kgb`Zxl \_jhylghklv ihy\e_gby gh\uo kihkh[h\ fhr_ggbq_kl\Z =eh[ZebaZpbyjugdh\ihy\e_gb_gh\uobgkljmf_glh\bl_ogheh]bckha^Zxlg_\_^hfu_jZg__ihfZkrlZ[Zf\hafh`ghklb ^ey fZgbimeypbc p_gZfb aehmihlj_[e_gbc b ^jm]bo gZjmr_gbc ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ < mkeh\byo klZgh\e_gby jughqguo hlghr_gbcnhjfbjh\Zgb_f_oZgbafh\aZsbluijZ\bg\_klhjh\y\ey_lkyh^ghcbagZb[he__keh`guoaZ^Zqklhysboi_j_^ ]hkm^Zjkl\hf Ohly aZsblZ [_ahiZkghklb b ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb kha^Zgb_ jZ\guo mkeh\bc dhgdmj_gpbb – [Zah\u_ nmgdpbb kh\j_f_ggh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z h^gZdh kms_kl\m_l fZkkZ ijbf_jh\ g_^hklZlhqghc wnn_dlb\ghklb _]h ^_yl_evghklb \ wlhf dZq_kl\_ JZaebqgu_ g_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ nhjfu hj]ZgbaZpbb aZsblu ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ dZd ijZ\beh ^hihegyxl Z g_ aZf_gyxl^_yl_evghklv]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo\eZklguobgklblmlh\ Bg\_klbpbb gZ nbgZgkh\hf b nhg^h\hf jugdZo ij_^iheZ]Zxl gZebqb_ y\gh]h beb g_y\gh]h dhgljZdlZ f_`^m bg\_klhjhf hl^Zxsbf k\hb k[_j_`_gby b h[t_dlhf bg\_klbpbc beb ijhn_kkbhgZevguf ihkj_^gbdhf < jZfdZo lZdh]h dhgljZdlZ kh]eZr_gby ijhbkoh^bl h[f_g ^_g_] beb lh\Zjh\ gZ g_dhlhjh_ ^hdmf_glZevgh hnhjfe_ggh_ h[_sZgb_ bo \_jgmlv\[m^ms_f\hij_^_e_ggucfhf_glbkba\_klgufijbjhklhfbebijbmfgh`blv[_anbdkZpbbkjhdh\b\_ebqbgu =ZffZ\ZjbZglh\khimlkl\mxsbomkeh\bcbh]h\hjhdkha^Z_ljZaghh[jZab_nbgZgkh\uobgkljmf_glh\bg\_klbjh\Zgby BgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ ij_^klZ\ey_lky ^hklZlhqgh ieh^hl\hjguf k lhqdb aj_gby hibkZgby gZ[ex^Z_fuo \ gZr_c^_ckl\bl_evghklbnZdlh\bomihjy^hqb\Zgbybbgl_jij_lZpbb 19.1.1 Fhgblhjbg]\uiheg_gbydhgljZdlh\ >eylh]hqlh[uaZsbsZlvgZjmrZ_fu_ijZ\Zg_h[oh^bfhbf_lv[he__bebf_g__hlq_leb\u_ij_^klZ\e_gbyhlhf dh]^ZbdZdb_bf_gghgZjmr_gbyijZ\ijhbkoh^ylBgnhjfZpbyhgZjmr_gbyoijZ\bg\_klhjh\ihklmiZ_leb[h\j_amevlZl_ `Zeh[bh[jZs_gbcms_fe_gguobg\_klhjh\eb[h\j_amevlZl_ijh\_jhdj_]mebjmxsbohj]Zgh\ Hlf_lbfh^gm^hklZlhqghg_h`b^Zggmx^_lZev–gbadbcmjh\_gvZdlb\ghklbbg\_klhjh\\qZklbkZfhaZsbluqlh fh`_l[ulvj_amevlZlhfeb[hkeZ[h]hhkhagZgbybg\_klhjZfbkZfh]hnZdlZgZjmr_gbyk\hboijZ\eb[hbom\_j_gghklb\ [_agZ^_`ghklbdZdbo-eb[hihiulhdaZsbluKms_kl\mxlnZdluih^l\_j`^Zxsb_h[Zh[tykg_gby 1. Ihke_ hldZaZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \uihegylv k\hb h[yaZl_evkl\Z ih ih]Zr_gbx =DH [ue ih^Zg lhevdh h^bg bkd bg\_klhjZ–nbabq_kdh]hebpZd]hkm^Zjkl\m 2. Ihke_djmr_gbyibjZfb^uFFFbgbpbZlb\Zihij_ke_^h\Zgbxfhr_ggbdh\bkoh^beZg_hl\deZ^qbdh\Zhl jZaebqguo kbeh\uo kljmdlmj KZfb ihkljZ^Z\rb_ hj]Zgbah\u\Zeb fZkkh\u_ \uklmie_gby ih^ ehamg]Zfb K\h[h^mFZ\jh^b ;hevrbgkl\h ihemqb\rbo ba\_klghklv lj_[h\Zgbc aZsblu bg\_klhjh\ bkoh^beb eb[h kh klhjhgu bghkljZgguo bg\_klhjh\eb[hhldjmig_crbobgklblmpbhgZevguobebkljZl_]bq_kdbobg\_klhjh\Klbobcgu_ijhy\e_gbyihkljZ^Z\rbo f_edbobg\_klhjh\\hkgh\ghfk\h^bebkvdiZgbd_b[mglZf GZb[he__ Z\lhjbl_lgu_ ki_pbZebklu \ h[eZklb nbgZgkh\h]h jugdZ b nbgZgkh\h]h ih\_^_gby gZk_e_gby kdehggu k\yau\Zlv lZdh_ iZjZ^hdkZevgh_ iheh`_gb_ k hkh[_gghklyfb jhkkbckdhc f_glZevghklb \kihfbgZy GbdheZy ;_j^y_\Z <k_]^Z[uehkeZ[hmjmkkdbokhagZgb_ebqguoijZ\«208. LZdbf h[jZahf hkgh\gu_ mkbeby ih fhgblhjbg]m \uiheg_gby dhgljZdlh\ g_ba[_`gh i_j_^Zxlky jZaebqguf hj]ZgZfj_]mebjh\ZgbybkZfhj_]mebjh\ZgbyjugdZ Kbkl_fZfhgblhjbg]ZihdZ^Ze_dZhlb^_ZeZG_kh\_jr_gkl\Zk\yaZgug_lhevdhkhkeh`ghklyfbk[hjZijh\_jdbb k\h^Z i_j\bqghc bgnhjfZpbb d dhlhjhc fu hlghkbf ^Zggu_ h ^_yl_evghklb wfbl_glh\ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo ihkj_^gbdZo 208 Ih^jh[g__kfFbjdbgY LjZ^bpbhggu_p_gghklbgZk_e_gbybnhg^h\ucjughdJughdp_gguo[mfZ] h[t_fu k^_ehd dhgtxgdlmjm p_g gZ bg\_klbpbhggu_ Zdlb\u j_amevlZlu ijh\_jhd b fgh]h_ ^jm]h_ gh b k ljm^ghklyfb h[f_gZbgnhjfZpb_cbkeZ[hcdhhj^bgZpb_c^_yl_evghklbjZaebqguoj_]mebjmxsbobijZ\hhojZgbl_evguohj]Zgh\?s_ h^bg bklhqgbd \hafh`guo gZjmr_gbc k\yaZg k l_f qlh fhgblhjbg] nhg^h\h]h b nbgZgkh\h]h jugdh\ kh klhjhgu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo j_]meylhjh\ hkms_kl\ey_lky jZagufb hj]ZgbaZpbyfb - N_^_jZevghc dhfbkkb_c ih p_gguf [mfZ]Zf NDP;bP_gljZevguf[ZgdhfJhkkbbP;Nhg^h\ucbnbgZgkh\ucjugdb\gZrbomkeh\byog_bf_xlq_ldbo]jZgbp hgb bf_xl fZkkm i_j_k_q_gbc dZd gZ mjh\g_ hkgh\guo hi_jZlhjh\ b lhj]h\uo iehsZ^hd lZd b gZ mjh\g_ nbgZgkh\uo bgkljmf_glh\Z\hlijhlb\hj_qbyf_`^mj_]mebjmxsbfb\_^hfkl\Zfbm`_klZebijblq_c\hyaup_okj_^bijhn_kkbhgZeh\ Ijb\_^_f h^bg ba ohjhrh ba\_klguo ijbf_jh\ ba^_j`_d j_]mebjh\Zgby ^h kha^Zgby \ ] NDP; ijh\_^_gb_ d\ZebnbdZpbhgguo wdaZf_gh\ ki_pbZebklh\ b \u^Zqm ebp_gabc ijhn_kkbhgZevguf mqZklgbdZf nhg^h\h]h jugdZ hkms_kl\eyeh Fbgbkl_jkl\h nbgZgkh\ Ihke_ k\h_]h kha^Zgby NDP; ihklZgh\beZ i_j_^Zlv wlm ^_yl_evghklv k_[_ h^gZdh hj]ZgbaZpbhgguc i_jbh^ g_kdhevdh aZlygmeky b \ l_q_gb_ ijbf_jgh r_klb f_kyp_\ jZa\blb_ jugdZ [ueh iZjZebah\Zgh ;uehfgh]hihiulhdkgylvijhlb\hklhygb_j_]meylhjh\gh\_jhylghklvj_pb^b\h\khojZgy_lky <gZklhys__\j_fykms_kl\mxlhlghkbl_evghh[hkh[e_ggu_kbkl_fufhgblhjbg]Zohlyihke_nbgZgkh\h]hdjbabkZ \Z\]mkl_]Zdlb\babjh\ZebkvihiuldbbgnhjfZpbhgghcbgl_]jZpbb GZijbf_j ijb kha^Zgbb bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu ih fhgblhjbg]m gZjmr_gbc gZ nhg^h\hf jugd_ ] Fhkd\u j_]bhgZevguf hl^_e_gb_f NDP; bkihevah\ZeZkv bgnhjfZpby ihemq_ggZy gZ hkgh\_ ki_pbZevguo kh]eZr_gbc ba ke_^mxsbobklhqgbdh\ JMHIF<>JNih]Fhkd\_J_]bhgZevgh_mijZ\e_gb_ih[hjv[_khj]Zgbah\Zgghcij_klmighklvx JMHIF<>JNihFhkdh\kdhch[e MWI=M<>]Fhkd\uMijZ\e_gb_ihwdhghfbq_kdbfij_klmie_gbyf]eZ\gh]hmijZ\e_gby\gmlj_ggbo^_e MNKGIJNih]Fhkd\_MijZ\e_gb_n_^_jZevghckem`[ugZeh]h\hcihebpbb MNK;JNih]Fhkd\_bFhkdh\kdhch[eZklb209MijZ\e_gb_n_^_jZevghckem`[u[_ahiZkghklb < jZfdZo kha^Zgghc kbkl_fu gZ mjh\g_ hl^_evgh]h ]hjh^Z ohly b dhgp_gljbjmxs_]h ih^Z\eyxsmx qZklv jhkkbckdh]h jugdZ hkgh\gu_ mkbeby ih fhgblhjbg]m hkms_kl\eyxlky kbeZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo hj]Zgh\ < qZklghklb fhkdh\kdh_j_]bhgZevgh_hl^_e_gb_NDP;\_^_l - fhgblhjbg]oh^Zlhj]h\gZhj]Zgbah\Zgghf[bj`_\hfb\g_[bj`_\hfjugd_p_gguo[mfZ] - fhgblhjbg]khh[s_gbc\kj_^kl\ZofZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbb - \uy\e_gb_kms_kl\_gguok\ya_cbhlghr_gbcf_`^mxjb^bq_kdbfbbnbabq_kdbfbebpZfb - nbgZgkh\h-wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba ^_yl_evghklb ij_^ijbylbc – wfbl_glh\ p_gguo [mfZ] ih ^Zgguf ij_^hklZ\ey_fhc[mo]Zel_jkdhchlq_lghklb =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_j_]mebjmxsb_hj]ZguihemqZxlhi_jZlb\gmxbgnhjfZpbx]eZ\gufh[jZahfh[hj]Zgbah\Zgghc qZklbjugdZlh_klvh[bj`_\uok^_edZobk^_edZo\JhkkbckdhcLhj]h\hcKbkl_f_JLKgZhkgh\_dhlhjhcijbgbfZxl j_r_gbyh\f_rZl_evkl\_\jughqgu_ijhp_kkuGZijbf_j^eyij_^hl\jZs_gbyiZ^_gbyp_ggZZdpbbNDP;Jhkkbb\ –]]g_kdhevdhjZa\u^Z\ZeZij_^ibkZgbygZ\j_f_ggmxijbhklZgh\dmlhj]h\gZ[bj`_\uoiehsZ^dZobJLKH^gZdh wlb j_]mebjmxsb_ ^_ckl\by g_ bf_eb h`b^Z_fh]h wnn_dlZ Z kgb`_gb_ p_g ijh^he`Zehkv H[tykg_gb_f wlh]h n_ghf_gZ y\ey_lkylhlnZdlqlhihke_ij_djZs_gbylhj]h\gZhj]Zgbah\ZgguoiehsZ^dZojughdf]gh\_gghi_j_oh^begZj_a_j\gu_ kihkh[ukh\_jr_gbyk^_ehddhlhju_ijZdlbq_kdbg_dhgljhebjmxlky]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufbj_]mebjmxsbfbhj]ZgZfb Kbkl_fZfhgblhjbg]Z[Zgdh\kdhckbkl_fubnbgZgkh\h]hjugdZ^jm]h]hdjmig_cr_]hj_]meylhjZ–P_gljZevgh]h [ZgdZ Jhkkbb – gZqZeZ kha^Z\Zlvky ]hjZa^h jZgvr_ HgZ y\ey_lky [he__ kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghc gh lZd`_ g_ k\h[h^gZ hl g_^hklZldh\ ]eZ\guc ba dhlhjuo - aZiZa^u\Zgb_ kb]gZeh\ b keZ[hklv ij_\_glb\gh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby < qZklghklb bgnhjfZpby ih [ZgdZf Gh\hkb[bjkdhc h[eZklb ihdZau\Z_l qlh ^hklmigu_ Zdpbhg_jZf b \deZ^qbdZf ^Zggu_ ]h^h\hc b d\ZjlZevghchlq_lghklbihke_^gb_i_j_^gZklmie_gb_f[Zgdjhlkl\Z^_fhgkljbjh\Zebohjhrb_j_amevlZlu Qlh dZkZ_lky fhgblhjbg]Z \uiheg_gby dhgljZdlh\ kh klhjhgu kZfbo bg\_klhjh\ lh hg ihdZ g_ ghkbl fZkkh\h]h oZjZdl_jZbg_bf__ldZdbo-eb[hghjfijZ\bebebl_f[he__hj]Zgbah\Zgguonhjf Fuk^_eZebihiuldmkh[jZlvbgnhjfZpbxhgZjmr_gbyoijZ\bg\_klhjh\ihGh\hkb[bjkdhch[eZklbbh[jZlbebkv \ :j[bljZ`guc km^ \ j_]bhgZevgh_ hl^_e_gb_ NDP; b \ Dhfbl_l ih aZsbl_ \deZ^qbdh\ Z lZd`_ gZ p_gljZevguc k_j\_j NDP;<klj_lb\ih^^_j`dmbihgbfZgb_\h\k_owlbohj]ZgbaZpbyoaZbkdexq_gb_fk_j\_jZmagZ\hjy^_^jZfZlbq_kdbo kemqZ_\ \ wlhc h[eZklb fu ^h\hevgh [ukljh m[_^bebkv qlh lZdZy bgnhjfZpby g_ kh[bjZ_lky g_ h[h[sZ_lky b g_ ZgZebabjm_lky 19.1.2 :kbff_ljbqghklvbgnhjfZpbbbaZljZlu gZ__ij_h^he_gb_ :kbff_ljby bgnhjfZpbb - h^gZ ba gZb[he__ gZ[he_\rbo ijh[e_f jZa\b\Zxs_]hky hl_q_kl\_ggh]h jugdZ HgZ ijhy\ey_lky\ke_^mxsbohkgh\guonhjfZo BgnhjfZpbyhihl_gpbZevghfh[t_dl_bg\_klbpbcZlZd`_hjughqguop_gZog_h[oh^bfZy^eyijbgylby bg\_klbpbhgguoj_r_gbcdhlhjZy^he`gZ[ulvhldjulhc^hklmighcb`_eZl_evgh^hklh\_jghclZdh\hc g_y\ey_lky Ohly\jhkkbckdhfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_fgh]hdjZlghih\lhjyxlkylj_[h\ZgbybklZg^ZjlujZkdjulbybgnhjfZpbb\ j_ZevghklblZdZybgnhjfZpbyeb[hhlkmlkl\m_leb[h^hklmidg_ch]jZgbq_g IjbaZdexq_gbbk^_ehdj_rZxs__agZq_gb_bf__l^hklmidbgkZc^_jkdhcbgnhjfZpbb Bkihevah\Zgb_ g_jZ\gh^hklmighc beb bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpbb ^ey kh\_jr_gby k^_ehd y\ey_lky deZkkbq_kdbf ijbf_jhfihke_^kl\bcZkbff_ljbqgh]hjZkij_^_e_gbybgnhjfZpbbBgkZc^_ju–wlhebpZ\kbemk\h_]hkem`_[gh]h210beb Kbah\ XK Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kbkl_fu ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgb_ jugdZ p_gguo [mfZ] \ Jhkkbb Fhkdh\kdbc hiul F IeZg_lZ K 210 KlaZdhgZJNHjugd_p_gguo[mfZ]DebpZfjZkiheZ]Zxsbfkem`_[ghcbgnhjfZpb_chlghkylkyqe_guhj]Zgh\mijZ\e_gby wfbl_glZbebijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hmqZklgbdZjugdZp_gguo[mfZ]k\yaZggh]hkwlbfwfbl_glhf^h]h\hjhfijhn_kkbhgZevgu_mqZklgbdb jugdZ ij_^klZ\bl_eb p_gljZevguo beb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-ohayckl\_gguo hj]ZgbaZpbc Z lZd`_ \uihegyxsb_ lZdb_ h[yaZgghklb ih 209 ^jm]h]h iheh`_gby \eZ^_xsb_ \gmlj_gg_c g_ ba\_klghc rbjhdhc im[ebd_ bgnhjfZpb_c Khhl\_lkl\_ggh bgkZc^_ju bf_xl \hafh`ghklv hkms_kl\eylv k^_edb b ihemqZlv ^hoh^u aZ kq_l hklZevguo mqZklgbdh\ jugdZ g_ \eZ^_xsbo lZdhc bgnhjfZpb_c IjZdlbq_kdb \h \k_o jZa\bluo kljZgZo \ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_ aZdj_ie_g eb[h ijyfhc aZij_l eb[h bf_xlky k_jv_agu_ h]jZgbq_gby gZ kh\_jr_gb_ k^_ehd k bkihevah\Zgb_f bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpbb Z gZjmrbl_eb ih^\_j]Zxlky `_kldbfgZdZaZgbyf\iehlv^hlxj_fgh]haZdexq_gby < Jhkkbb gZ mjh\g_ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z kms_kl\mxl \iheg_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ f_`^mgZjh^guf ghjfZf aZij_lu b h]jZgbq_gby gZ bkihevah\Zgb_ bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpbb ohly ijb wlhf f_jZ hl\_lkl\_gghklb gZjmrbl_e_c b f_lh^u \uy\e_gby lZdh]h jh^Z gZjmr_gbc hklZxlky ^h\hevgh g_hij_^_e_ggufb < j_amevlZl_ ih wdki_jlguf hp_gdZf bkihevah\Zgb_ bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpbb y\ey_lky qj_a\uqZcgh jZkijhkljZg_gghc ijZdlbdhc >Z`_ mqZklgbdb hj]Zgbah\Zggh]h jugdZ g_ ]h\hjy m`_ h g_hj]Zgbah\Zgghf kdehggu d fZgbimebjh\Zgbx p_gZfb H^bg ba ba\_klguo ijbf_jh\–ij_ab^_glbi_j\ucaZf_klbl_evij_ab^_glZklZj_cr_c[bj`_\hciehsZ^dbkljZguJhkkbckdhc[bj`bb]jZeb gZ [bj`_ qlh y\ey_lky ]jm[_crbf gZjmr_gb_f ijZ\be lhj]h\ >Zgguc nZdl klZe rbjhdh ba\_kl_g ihke_ djZoZ wlhc [bj`b211. <gZklhys__\j_fyhkgh\gu_mkbebyihkgb`_gbxba^_j`_dZkbff_ljbbbgnhjfZpbbkhkj_^hlhq_gugZih\ur_gbb ijhajZqghklb wfbl_glh\ b jugdZ Ij_^ijbgbfZxl wlb mkbeby ^\_ ]jmiiu mqZklgbdh\ jugdZ hj]Zgu j_]mebjh\Zgby b lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ mqZklgbdb – bg\_klbpbhggu_ bgklblmlu KZfb `_ wfbl_glu aZ j_^dbfb bkdexq_gbyfb ^_fhgkljbjmxlagZqbl_evghf_gvrmxaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklv\jZkdjulbbbgnhjfZpbb KblmZpby hkeh`gy_lky lZd`_ l_f qlh ihdZ g_^hklZlhqgh q_ldh hij_^_e_gh qlh bf_ggh y\ey_lky bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpb_c ]^_ ]jZgbpZ f_`^m jZ\gh^hklmighc b bgkZc^_jkdhc bgnhjfZpb_c dZd hgZ khhlghkblky k dhff_jq_kdhc lZcghc ij_^ijbylby b dZdb_ bf_ggh k\_^_gby hlghkylky d dhff_jq_kdhc lZcg_ ij_^ijbylby ;he__ lh]h lZ bgnhjfZpby dhlhjZy y\ey_lky nhjfZevgh h[s_^hklmighc j_Zevgh lZd`_ y\ey_lky \gmlj_gg_c AZdhg H ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc lZcg_ kh^_j`bl i_j_q_gv k\_^_gbc khklZ\eyxsbo ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx lZcgm \ lh `_ \j_fy dhff_jq_kdZy lZcgZ \ lhf qbke_ gZ jugd_p_gguo[mfZ]gZoh^blky\g_hij_^_e_gghfijZ\h\hfihe_ IhklZgh\e_gb_f NDP; \ ] mklZgh\e_gh qlh kem`_[gmx b dhff_jq_kdmx lZcgm gZ jugd_ p_gguo [mfZ] khklZ\eyxl ebp_\u_ kq_lZ Zdpbhg_jh\ xjb^bq_kdbo b nbabq_kdbo ebp ghfbgZevguo ^_j`Zl_e_c Zdpbc b wfbl_glh\ dhlhju_\_^mlky\j_]bkljZlhjZoZlZd`_kibkhdZdpbhg_jh\bbo^heb\Zdpbhg_jguoij_^ijbylbyo <lh`_\j_fyg_fh]mlkhklZ\eylvdhff_jq_kdmxlZcgmij_^ijbylbybij_^ijbgbfZl_eyke_^mxsb_k\_^_gby –mqj_^bl_evgu_^hdmf_glubmklZ\ –j_]bkljZpbhggu_m^hklh\_j_gbyebp_gabbiZl_glu –^hdmf_gluhieZl_`_kihkh[ghklb –k\_^_gbyhqbke_gghklbbaZjZ[hlghcieZl_jZ[hlZxsbo –^hdmf_gluh[mieZl_gZeh]h\bh[yaZl_evguoieZl_`Zo –k\_^_gbyh[mqZklbb^he`ghklguoebpij_^ijbylby\ex[uohj]ZgbaZpbyoaZgbfZxsbokyij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdhc ^_yl_evghklvx :dpbhg_jgu_ h[s_kl\Z h[yaZgu im[ebdh\Zlv hlq_lu h j_amevlZlZo k\h_c ^_yl_evghklb \ kj_^kl\Zo fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb^hklmiguoZdpbhg_jZf G_ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ lj_[m_fhc ih aZdhgm bgnhjfZpbb y\ey_lky ih`Zemc kZfuf lbibqguf h]jZgbq_gb_f ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ dhlhjh_ bf__l fZkkh\uc oZjZdl_j b \ h[s_f ^h\hevgh keZ[h dhgljhebjm_lky H^gZdh kms_kl\mxl b kemqZb gZjmr_gby ijZ\ Zdpbhg_jh\ k ihfhsvx jZa]eZr_gby dhff_jq_kdhc lZcgu < qZklghklb \ ijZdlbd_ gZkbevkl\_gguo kebygbcbih]ehs_gbcba\_klghcko_fhcg_h^ghdjZlghZijh[bjh\Zgghcy\ey_lkyihemq_gb_^hklmiZdj__kljmZdpbhg_jh\ bijbgm`^_gb_bo\[he__bebf_g__bahsj_gghcnhjf_dijh^Z`_Zdpbcijb\e_dZl_evgh]hij_^ijbylbyFuiheZ]Z_fqlh lZdh]hlbiZgZjmr_gbyqZs_hklZxlkyg_h[gZjm`_ggufbbf_gghihwlhfmkha^Z_lkyeh`gh_\i_qZle_gb_qlhbof_gvr_ Klhbl hl^_evgh ih^q_jdgmlv qlh kms_kl\mxsZy kbkl_fZ bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[_ki_q_gby bg\_klhjh\ ih kh^_j`Zgbx kljmdlmj_ ij_^hklZ\e_gby bgnhjfZpbb b ieZl_ aZ ^hklmi hjb_glbjh\ZgZ ij_`^_ \k_]h gZ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo bg\_klhjh\\lhfqbke_bghkljZgguoZqZklbqgh–gZihlj_[ghklbbgnhjfZpbhgguoZ]_glkl\bkihevamxsbobgnhjfZpbx \dZq_kl\_lh\ZjZbg_ij_^gZagZq_gZ^ey]bihl_lbq_kdh]hf_edh]hbg\_klhjZ\eZ^_evpZg_kdhevdboZdpbcihemq_gguo\ j_amevlZl_ ijb\ZlbaZpbb LZd IjZ\bl_evkl\h ] Fhkd\u ^ey h[_ki_q_gby bgnhjfZpbhgghc ijhajZqghklb jugdZ gZdZieb\Z_fu_ ^Zggu_ i_j_^Z_l aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguf mqZklgbdZf jugdZ b kj_^kl\Zf fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbbaZdexqb\rbfk IjZ\bl_evkl\hf khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ^h]h\hju OZjZdl_jghc hkh[_gghklvx y\ey_lky lh qlh bgnhjfZpbhggu_ j_kmjku g_h^ghjh^gukeZ[hbgl_]jbjh\Zgubg_\k_]^Z^hklh\_jgu Ibhg_jgu_ihiuldbk^_eZlvbgnhjfZpbxhjugd_bh[bg\_klbpbyoihgylghcb^hklmighc^eyf_edbobg\_klhjh\ j_Zebamxlky\Fhkd\_ijbq_fihfg_gbxfhkdh\kdh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Z-hj]ZgbaZlhjZwlhc^_yl_evghklb-\iheg_mki_rgh <Gh\hkb[bjkd_\l_q_gb_ihke_^gbo^\moe_lkbeZfbhl^_evguoijhn_kkbhgZevguomqZklgbdh\ijh\h^ylky_`_g_^_evgu_ l_e_\babhggu_ i_j_^Zqb k ]hj^ufb gZa\Zgbyfb Bg\_klhj b NbgZgkbkl ghkysb_ ijhk\_lbl_evkdbc oZjZdl_j \uimkdZxlky ki_pbZebabjh\Zggu_ `mjgZeu b ]Za_lu [hevrbgkl\h i_qZlguo ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguo ba^Zgbc ihke_ djbabkZ ]\ugm`^_gu[uebij_djZlblvk\hx^_yl_evghklv Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh hkgh\gu_ e_]Zevgu_ b f_g__ e_]Zevgu_ dZgZeu ihemq_gby bgnhjfZpbb knhjfbjh\Zebkv gh ihdZg_gZihegbebkv QlhdZkZ_lkyh]jZgbq_gbcbkihevah\ZgbybgkZc^_jkdhcbgnhjfZpbb^eyfZgbimebjh\Zgbyp_gZfblhlZdZyaZ^ZqZ lhevdh^_deZjbjm_lkybihdZgZfg_ba\_klgudZdb_-eb[hkemqZbjZkke_^h\ZgbylZdbokblmZpbcbl_f[he__gZdZaZgbc GZqbgZy k ] ijhbkoh^bl ijhp_kk Zdlb\baZpbb j_]mebjmxsbo hj]Zgh\ b jy^Z wfbl_glh\ ih ih\ur_gbx bgnhjfZpbhgghcijhajZqghklbwfbl_glh\bp_gguo[mfZ]Ij_`^_\k_]hwlhk\yaZghkihiuldZfbjZajZ[hldbb\g_^j_gby Dh^_dkh\ dhjihjZlb\gh]h mijZ\e_gby - ijZ\be b ijbgpbih\ mijZ\e_gby b dhgljhey dhlhju_ \ gZb[hevr_c kl_i_gb hljZ`Zxl bgl_j_ku Zdpbhg_jh\ b rbjhdh]h djm]Z aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo ebp b gZijZ\e_gu gZ aZsblm hij_^_e_ggh]h djm]Z mqZklgbdh\dhjihjZlb\guohlghr_gbchlihl_gpbZevgh]hijhba\heZbg_wnn_dlb\ghc^_yl_evghklbgZ_fguof_g_^`_jh\ ki_pbZevghfmiheghfhqbx 211 DlhmdjZe^_gv]bJhkkbckdhc[bj`b">_gv]bK– 14. 19.1.3 GZjmr_gbydhgljZdlh\ < jhkkbckdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb gZjmr_gby ijZ\ b ms_fe_gb_ bgl_j_kh\ bg\_klhjh\ kh klhjhgu ihlj_[bl_e_c j_kmjkh\ho\Zlu\Zxl\k_dZl_]hjbbbg\_klhjh\-]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_bklhqgbdbbg\_klbpbc[x^`_lgu_kj_^kl\Zdj_^blgh[Zgdh\kdb_mqj_`^_gbyZdpbhg_jh\\deZ^qbdh\ GZjmr_gb_h[yaZl_evkl\i_j_^bg\_klhjZfby\ey_lkykZfhmkbeb\Zxsbfkyijhp_kkhfdhlhjucjZkijhkljZgy_lkyih gZijZ\e_gbx nbgZgkh\uo b l_ogheh]bq_kdbo \aZbfhk\ya_c y\eyykv khklZ\ghc qZklvx h[s_c kbkl_fu g_ieZl_`_c Djhf_ jZajmr_gby^h]h\hjguowdhghfbq_kdbohlghr_gbcg_ieZl_`bklZgh\ykvghjfhcohayckl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbnhjfbjmxl hkh[uclbidhjihjZlb\ghcdmevlmjukhkeZ[hjZa\blufbnhjfZfbdhgljZdlguohlghr_gbc =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ kj_^kl\Z \hkijbgbfZxlky j_pbib_glZfb bg\_klbpbc dZd [_kieZlgu_ [_a\ha\jZlgu_ b [_aZ^j_kgu_ LZdZy kblmZpby ih gZr_fm fg_gbx h[tykgy_lky dZd bklhjbq_kdb keh`b\r_cky ijZdlbdhc ij_^hklZ\e_gby ^_r_\uobeb[_kieZlguo]hkm^Zjkl\_gguodj_^blh\gZijbf_jk_evohaijhba\h^bl_eyflZdbhlkmlkl\b_fij_p_^_glh\b ijhp_^mj dhgljhey b \ha\jZlZ \eh`_gguo kj_^kl\ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ihgb`_ggZy hl\_lkl\_gghklv ih h[yaZl_evkl\Zf k\hckl\_ggZg_lhevdhihemqZl_eyf]hkm^Zjkl\_gguobg\_klbpbcghb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufhj]ZgZf Dj_^blgu_mqj_`^_gbylh`_klZedb\Zxlkykkms_kl\_ggufms_fe_gb_fk\hboijZ\>Z`_h[_ki_q_ggu_aZeh]hf dj_^blgu_ k^_edb g_ y\eyxlky gZ^_`gufb Z hlkmlkl\b_ jugdZ aZdeZ^guo y\ey_lky nZdlhjhf ih\urZxsbf jbkd dj_^blhjZ :dpbhg_ju b \deZ^qbdb y\eyxlky gZbf_g__ aZsbs_ggufb dZl_]hjbyfb bg\_klhjh\ \ jughqghc wdhghfbd_ < fbjh\hcijZdlbd_bkihevah\Zebkv^\_hkgh\gu_nhjfuaZsbluZdpbhg_jh\ - aZij_sZxsb_ dhjihjZlb\gu_ aZdhgu dhlhju_ g_ jZaj_rZxl hij_^_e_ggu_ ^_ckl\by gZijbf_j aZij_l gZ kZfhdhlbjh\dm Zdpbc beb ij_^ibku\Zxl dZdb_-eb[h hi_jZpbb gZijbf_j nbdkbjh\Zgguc jZaf_j dhfbkkbc lZdh]hlbiZaZdhgubkihevah\Zebkv\KR:b<_ebdh[jblZgbb\gZqZe_OO\ - jZaj_rZxsb_aZdhguhkgh\Zggu_gZh[s_f]jZ`^ZgkdhfaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_b^_ckl\bbjughqguoh]jZgbq_gbc ^_ckl\mxsb_\KR:b<_ebdh[jblZgbb\gZklhys__\j_fy >_ckl\b_ ex[hc ba wlbo nhjf ij_^iheZ]Z_l gZebqb_ jZa\blh]h km^hijhba\h^kl\Z \ukhdbc mjh\_gv khpbZevghc hl\_lkl\_gghklbbdhgljhey KblmZpby \ wdhghfbdZo i_j_oh^gh]h lbiZ ijbgpbibZevgh bgZy kbkl_fu ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z b km^hijhba\h^kl\ZlZd`_gZoh^ylky\i_j_oh^ghfkhklhygbbbgZjmr_gb_aZdhgZg_k\yaZghkg_hl\jZlbfhklvxgZdZaZgby< Jhkkbbkbkl_fZaZsblubg\_klhjh\dhgp_gljbjm_lkyij_`^_\k_]hgZijhp_^mjguo\hijhkZoZg_gZkh^_j`Zl_evguoDZd ihdZau\Z_l ijZdlbdZ ^Z`_ ^_lZevgh_ hibkZgb_ ijhp_^mj g_ ]ZjZglbjm_l kh[ex^_gby iheh`_gbc aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z mqZklgbdZfbjugdZ GZjmr_gbyijZ\bg\_klhjh\\hl_q_kl\_gghcwdhghfbd_fgh]hqbke_ggubjZaghh[jZaguGZah\_fg_dhlhju_kemqZb fZkkh\uogZjmr_gbc <deZ^qbdb K[_j[ZgdZ ihl_jyeb [óevrmx qZklv k\hbo k[_j_`_gbc \ j_amevlZl_ ]bi_jbgneypbb ] ihke_gZqZeZj_nhjfIhhp_gdZfJhkkbckdh]hkhxaZaZsblu^hj_nhjf_gguo\deZ^qbdh\gZn_\jZev ] ih ihdmiZl_evghc kihkh[ghklb aZ^he`_gghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ih ]ZjZglbjh\Zgguf k[_j_`_gbyf ]jZ`^Zg khklZ\eyeZijbf_jghfej^^hee Ihl_jbjhkkbckdh]hgZk_e_gbyhl^_yl_evghklbnbgZgkh\uoibjZfb^\–]]khklZ\bebihjy^m wdki_jlguohp_ghdijbf_jghfej^^heeZjh\ Hijhknhg^ZH[s_kl\_ggh_fg_gb_dhlhjucijh\h^beky\]ihdZaZeqlhihqlbj_kihg^_glh\kqblZxl k_[y `_jl\Zfb fhr_ggbq_kl\Z h[fZgZ beb \ufh]Zl_evkl\Z gZ nhg^h\hf jugd_ ijbq_f ihkljZ^Zeb hl nbgZgkh\uo ibjZfb^ LZ[ebpZ19.1 GZjmr_gb_ijZ\bg\_klhjh\ LBIBQGU?G:JMR?GBY G:EBQB?IJ:<H<UOGHJF Khklhjhguf_g_^`_jh\ FZgbimeypbbkZdlb\Zfbkihfhsvx Lj_[h\Zgb_im[ebdZpbbk\_^_gbch kha^Zgbykbkl_fuaZ\bkbfuonbjf aZ\bkbfuoh[s_kl\Zobh^h[j_gby djmiguok^_ehd H]jZgbq_gu Fhr_ggbq_kdb_ko_fuijb j_kljmdlmjbaZpbbbmqj_`^_gbbgh\uo h[s_kl\ <uimkd\h[jZs_gb_p_gguo[mfZ] AZij_s_gh k\_joaZj_]bkljbjh\Zggh]hdhebq_kl\Z KhklhjhgudjmiguoZdpbhg_jh\ H]jZgbq_guj_r_gbyhgh\uo =jm[u_gZjmr_gbyijZ\f_edbo wfbkkbyo^he`guijbgbfZlvkyk Zdpbhg_jh\aZkq_ljZa\h^g_gby mq_lhfbgl_j_kh\f_edboZdpbhg_jh\ dZiblZeZaZkq_lp_e_\uowfbkkbc AZij_s_ghijbgZebqbbmklZ\gh]h G_gZqbke_gb_^b\b^_g^h\ih lj_[h\Zgby ijb\be_]bjh\ZggufZdpbyf\kemqZ_ gZebqbyijb[ueb Khklhjhguijhn_kkbhgZevguomqZklgbdh\ Bkihevah\Zgb_bgkZc^_jkdhc H]jZgbq_gh bgnhjfZpbbijbkh\_jr_gbbk^_ehd FZgbimebjh\Zgb_p_gZfbkihfhsvx H]jZgbq_ghlj_[h\Zgb_ aZdexq_gbyfgbfuok^_ehd bgnhjfZpbhgghchldjulhklb Ijh\_^_gb_g_aZdhgguohi_jZpbck AZij_s_gh g_wfbkkbhggufbp_ggufb[mfZ]Zfb Hlfu\Zgb_^_g_]bmdehg_gb_hl AZij_s_gh gZeh]h\ <lZ[ebp_mihfygmlZebrvg_[hevrZyqZklvfZkkh\uokemqZ_\gZjmr_gbyijZ\bg\_klhjh\Ke_\Zijb\_^_gu nZdlbq_kdb hkms_kl\ey_fu_ gZb[he__ lbibqgu_ gZjmr_gby ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ Z kijZ\Z mdZaZgh gZebqb_ beb hlkmlkl\b_ aZdhgh^Zl_evgh]haZij_lZbebh]jZgbq_gbylZdh]hjh^Z^_yl_evghklb DZd\b^ghbalZ[ebpugZebqb_aZdhgh^Zl_evguoaZij_lh\bh]jZgbq_gbc\h\k_g_y\ey_lkyij_iylkl\b_f^ey kh\_jr_gbygZjmr_gbc 19.1.4 LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db^hklb`_gbykh]eZr_gbc BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^\u^_ey_lljbhkgh\guof_oZgbafZkh]eZkh\Zgbyj_r_gbcjughdb_jZjobyb]b[jb^ Jughd y\ey_lky wnn_dlb\guf kj_^kl\hf ^hklb`_gby kh]eZr_gbc ^ey ^hklZlhqgh madh]h deZkkZ gZjmr_gbc dhgljZdlh\ f_`^m bg\_klhjZfb Z lZd`_ f_`^m bg\_klhjZfb b h[t_dlZfb bg\_klbpbc G_\uiheg_gb_ ij_^iheZ]Z_fuo y\guobebg_y\guoh[yaZl_evkl\wfbl_glh\i_j_^\eZ^_evpZfbbebdj_^blhjZfbijb\h^bld]hehkh\Zgbxgh]Zfbp_ggu_ [mfZ]b g_ hijZ\^Z\rb_ h`b^Zgbc \eZ^_evpZ ijh^Zxlky _keb wlh y\e_gb_ fZkkh\h_ jughqgZy klhbfhklv dhjihjZpbb kgb`Z_lky b \hagbdZ_l ijyfZy m]jhaZ ^ey kf_gu ^bj_dlhjh\ \ j_amevlZl_ kf_gu kh[kl\_ggbdh\ beb aZ kq_l i_j_\u[hjh\ bebaZkq_lih]ehs_gbybeb\j_amevlZl_[Zgdjhlkl\Z < kemqZ_ hlghr_gbc dj_^blhj – ^he`gbd nbgZgkh\uc jughd kha^Z_l \hafh`ghklv i_j_mklmidb lj_[h\Zgbc ih ^he]mbebjZklhj`_gby^h]h\hjguohlghr_gbcG_h[oh^bfufmkeh\b_fhlghkbl_evghgbadh]hmjh\gyba^_j`_dgZijh^Z`m khhl\_lkl\mxsboZdlb\h\mljZlb\rbok\hxijb\e_dZl_evghklv^ey\eZ^_evp_\\j_amevlZl_g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]hmjh\gy \uiheg_gby dhgljZdlZ y\ey_lky gZebqb_ jZa\blh]h b ebd\b^gh]h jugdZ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo Zdlb\h\ LZdhc jughd \ Jhkkbb kms_kl\m_l ^ey hq_gv madh]h deZkkZ Zdlb\h\ \ qZklghklb – ^ey ]hem[uo nbr_d beb gZb[he__ ebd\b^guo b gZ^_`guo dhjihjZlb\guop_gguo[mfZ] :dpbb b h[eb]Zpbb y\eyxlky hq_gv m^h[guf h[t_dlhf ZgZebaZ ij_`^_ \k_]h ihlhfm qlh hp_gblv \_ebqbgm ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d a^_kv fgh]h ijhs_ q_f ih ^jm]bf \b^Zf Zdlb\h\ K hij_^_e_gghc ^he_c mkeh\ghklb fh`gh kqblZlv qlh \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db jZ\gu kijw^m lh _klv jZagbp_ f_`^m ij_^eZ]Z_fufb p_gZfb gZ ihdmidmbgZijh^Z`mh^ghcblhc`_p_gghc[mfZ]b>eyihkj_^gbdZmjh\_gvbf_gghlZdh\^eybg\_klhjZkhklhjhgu–hg [hevr_gZ\_ebqbgmaZljZlgZbgnhjfZpbxihemq_gb_\uibkdbbaj__kljZj_]bkljZpbxk^_edbZlZd`_\_ebqbgmgZeh]ZgZ hi_jZpbxkp_ggufb[mfZ]ZfbQ_fkijw^\ur_l_fgb`_ebd\b^ghklvp_gghc[mfZ]bl_f\ur_aZljZlugZkh\_jr_gb_ k^_edbIhwdki_jlgufhp_gdZfjZamfguckijw^g_kgb`Zxsbcebd\b^ghklbp_gguo[mfZ]khklZ\ey_lijbf_jgh- 2%. >eyg_[hevrbowfbkkbc\_ebqbgZkijw^Zh[uqgh[hevr_\g_]h\dexqZ_lkylZd`_ij_fbyaZgbadmxebd\b^ghklvdhlhjmx ihemqZ_l ihkj_^gbd b hgZ fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv < kh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc ijZdlbd_ kijw^u qZklh ijbf_jgh gZ ihjy^hd [hevr_ K^_eZ_f ihiuldm ijb[ebabl_evgh hp_gblv mjh\_gv ba^_j`_d k\yaZgguo k hkms_kl\e_gb_f k^_edb ih dmie_ beb ijh^Z`_ p_gguo [mfZ] GZf ihdZ g_ m^Zehkv ihemqblv ij_^klZ\bl_evgmx dZjlbgm lh]h kdhevdh klhbl ijh^Zlv p_ggmx [mfZ]mI_j\h_h]jZgbq_gb_– ih^Z\eyxs__qbkehp_gguo[mfZ]ihy\b\rboky\ijhp_kk_ijb\ZlbaZpbbg_evayijh^Zlv gbdhfmaZbkdexq_gb_ffh`_l[ulv]jmiiuf_g_^`_jh\. JZkkfhljbf gZb[he__ ebd\b^gu_ p_ggu_ [mfZ]b Z lZd`_ gZb[he__ gZ^_`gmx nhjfm hj]ZgbaZpbb k^_ehd – [bj`_\mxlhj]h\exLhj]h\eygZ[bj`_hkms_kl\ey_lkyqe_gZfb[bj`b–ijhn_kkbhgZevgufbmqZklgbdZfbjugdZp_gguo [mfZ] AZljZlu ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h ihkj_^gbdZ gZ hkms_kl\e_gb_ k^_ehd hlghkbl_evgh [he__ ijhajZqgu Z lZd dZd \ dhg_qghfkq_l_ihlj_[bl_evbebbg\_klhj\gZr_fkemqZ_ihdju\Z_l\k_aZljZluihkj_^gbdh\lhihijh[m_fhp_gblvbok wlhcklhjhgu Fh`gh\u^_eblvljb]jmiiulZdboaZljZl\aZ\bkbfhklbhlbokh^_j`Zl_evghcbgl_jij_lZpbb I_j\Zy]jmiiZ\dexqZ_laZljZlugZj_]mebjh\Zgb_dhlhju_gZmjh\g_ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]hihkj_^gbdZmqZklgbdZ hj]Zgbah\Zggh]hjugdZkhklhylbake_^mxsbowe_f_glh\ 1. Ihemq_gb_ebp_gabbgZijZ\hijhn_kkbhgZevghc^_yl_evghklbgZjugd_p_gguo[mfZ] 2. K^ZqZwdaZf_gh\gZihemq_gb_d\ZebnbdZpbhgguoZll_klZlh\ 3. GZeh]baZj_]bkljZpbxijhki_dlZwfbkkbb <g_y\ghf\b^_ijbkmlkl\mxllZd`_aZljZluH[DQWH–_^bgh\j_f_ggu_djmigu_bg\_klbpbb\lhqlh[uklZlvlZdbf bgklblmpbhgZevguf mqZklgbdhf aZljZlu gZ ij_h^he_gb_ [Zjv_jh\ \oh^Z gZ jughd k\yaZggu_ k ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf j_]mebjh\Zgb_fwlhckn_ju^_yl_evghklb <lhjZy]jmiiZieZl_`_ck\yaZgZkihemq_gb_f^hklmiZdjugdmb\dexqZ_l 4. ?^bgh\j_f_gguc\aghkgZijZ\hklZlvmqZklgbdhf[bj`_\hclhj]h\eb 5. L_dmsb_\aghku_`_d\ZjlZevgu_beb_`_f_kyqgu_ 6. IeZl_`baZbkihevah\Zgb_l_ogbq_kdbokj_^kl\VRIWZDUH); 7. IeZl_`baZbkihevah\Zgb_dZgZeh\k\yabKDUGZDUH Lj_lvy]jmiiZaZljZlk\yaZgZm`_g_ihkj_^kl\_gghkhkms_kl\e_gb_fbj_]bkljZpb_ck^_ehd\g__\oh^yl 8. Dhfbkkbhggu_ieZl_`b[bj`_ 9. IeZlZaZj_]bkljZpbxi_j_oh^ZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbb\g_k_gb_baf_g_gbc\j__klj 10. GZeh]bgZkh\_jr_gb_hi_jZpbckp_ggufb[mfZ]Zfb < kbem \ebygby fgh]bo nZdlhjh\ kj_^b dhlhjuo b \ukhdb_ ba^_j`db kha^Zgby b hkms_kl\e_gby bg\_klbpbc hj]Zgbah\Zgguc jhkkbckdbc jughd p_gguo [mfZ] y\ey_lky hilh\uf jugdhf k madbf gZ[hjhf lhj]m_fuo bgkljmf_glh\ b ihwlhfm gZ g_f hi_jbjm_l g_kdhevdh djmiguo b hq_gv djmiguo dhfiZgbc Z h[t_fu k^_ehd \_ebdb lZd qlh f_edhfm bg\_klhjm^hklmi_glhevdhg_hj]Zgbah\Zggucmebqgucjughdk\ukhdbfmjh\g_fjZaebqguogZjmr_gbc LZddZd^eyih^Z\eyxs_]h[hevrbgkl\Zbg\_klbpbcebd\b^ghklvjugdZhq_gvfZeZmbg\_klhjh\g_l\hafh`ghkl_c bkihevah\Zlv jughqgu_ f_oZgbafu \ha^_ckl\by :evl_jgZlb\gufb \ZjbZglZfb y\eyxlky bkihevah\Zgb_ \hafh`ghkl_c b_jZjobb < gZklhys__ \j_fy \ Jhkkbb kms_kl\mxl \k_ h[uqgu_ nhjfu ]ZjZglbc aZsblu bg\_klbpbc \ dZq_kl\_ dhlhjuo ij_^iheZ]Z_lky kha^Zgb_ b bkihevah\Zgb_ ki_pbZebabjh\Zgghc kljmdlmju mijZ\e_gby ^ey jZkkfhlj_gby b jZaj_r_gby dhgnebdlh\ kbkl_fZ klbfmeh\ h[uqgh \dexqZxsbo \ k_[y mieZlm g_mklh_d eb[h rljZnh\ aZ ^hkjhqgh_ ij_djZs_gb_ dhgljZdlZjZaebqgu_f_oZgbafuh[_ki_q_gbyg_ij_ju\ghklbdhgljZdlguohlghr_gbc212. <gZklhys__\j_fy\dZq_kl\_lZdh]hjh^Zkljmdlmj\uklmiZxldZdkm^_[gu_lZdbj_]mebjmxsb_hj]Zgu<kemqZ_ h[jZs_gby \ km^_[gu_ hj]Zgu fh`gh kqblZlv qlh kh\j_f_ggh_ jhkkbckdh_ ]jZ`^Zgkdh_ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h h[_ki_qb\Z_l Z^_d\Zlgmx ghjfZlb\gmx [Zam ^ey aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb kf lZ[e G_ [ueh lZdh]h ]h^Z \ l_q_gb_ ihke_^gbo ^_kylb e_l dh]^Z [u g_ ijbgbfZebkv aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ Zdlu b ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggu_ j_r_gby gZijZ\e_ggu_ gZ aZsblm ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\LZdaZihke_^gb_]h^u[uebijbgylu • Dhfie_dkgZyijh]jZffZf_jihh[_ki_q_gbxijZ\\deZ^qbdh\bZdpbhg_jh\] • IhklZgh\e_gb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\Z H ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ijh]jZff_ aZsblu ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ gZ – ]h^u ] • N_^_jZevgucaZdhgHaZsbl_ijZ\baZdhgguobgl_j_kh\bg\_klhjh\gZjugd_p_gguo[mfZ]] H^gZdhijbf_g_gb_wlboghjfgZijZdlbd_hkh[_ggh\oh^_km^_[gh]hjZa[bjZl_evkl\ZihdZg_y\ey_lkyfZkkh\uf y\e_gb_fbk\yaZghk\ukhdbfbba^_j`dZfb Ke_^mxsbc\ZjbZgl–wlhh[jZs_gb_aZaZsblhc\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_j_]mebjmxsb_hj]Zgu K ] kms_kl\m_l =hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy dhfbkkby ih aZsbl_ ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ gZ nbgZgkh\hf b nhg^h\hf jugdZo Jhkkbb < khhl\_lkl\bb k mdZahf Ij_ab^_glZ \ khklZ\ Dhfbkkbb \oh^yl ij_^klZ\bl_eb =hkm^Zjkl\_gghc >mfu b Kh\_lZ N_^_jZpbb<_joh\gh]hkm^Z<ukr_]hZj[bljZ`gh]hkm^Z:^fbgbkljZpbbij_ab^_glZP_gljZevgh]h[ZgdZFbgbkl_jkl\Z \gmlj_ggbo^_eNK;NDP;Fbgbkl_jkl\ZxklbpbbFbgbkl_jkl\ZnbgZgkh\=DB=hkm^Zjkl\_gghcgZeh]h\hckem`[u N_^_jZevghc kem`[u gZeh]h\hc ihebpbb =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h lZfh`_ggh]h dhfbl_lZ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h Zglbfhghihevgh]h dhfbl_lZN_^_jZevghckem`[uih\ZexlghfmbwdkihjlghfmdhgljhexN_^_jZevghckem`[uih^_eZfhg_khklhyl_evghklb b [Zgdjhlkl\_ Z lZd`_ ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx Dhfbkkby fh`_l ijb]eZrZlv khljm^gbdh\ =_gijhdmjZlmju LZdbf h[jZahf ij_^klZ\bl_ebn_^_jZevguo\_^hfkl\_`_f_kyqghgZ[_a\haf_a^ghchkgh\_aZsbsZxlijZ\Zbg\_klhjh\ ?s_h^gbf\ZjbZglhfy\ey_lkyh[jZs_gb_\h[s_kl\_ggu_hj]ZgbaZpbbHj]ZgbaZpbcihaZsbl_ijZ\bg\_klhjh\ ^h\hevghfgh]hhgbkha^ZxlkydZdgZn_^_jZevghflZdbgZj_]bhgZevghfmjh\gyoKms_kl\m_lDhfbkkbyihaZsbl_ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\ \ >mf_ __ \ha]eZ\ey_l BjbgZ OZdZfZ^Z \ hdly[j_ ] kha^Zg Dhhj^bgZpbhgguc p_glj ih aZsbl_ ijZ\ b aZdhgguobgl_j_kh\bg\_klhjh\dhlhjuc\ha]eZ\be[u\rbcij_^k_^Zl_evNDP;>fbljbc<Zkbev_\<khklZ\p_gljZ\oh^yl [he__ djmig_crbo ihjln_evguo b jy^ kljZl_]bq_kdbo bg\_klhjh\ lh _klv ijZdlbq_kdb \k_ djmig_crb_ bg\_klhju ijbkmlkl\mxsb_ \ Jhkkbb GZijZ\e_gby _]h ^_yl_evghklb k\yaZgu k eh[[bjh\Zgb_f bgl_j_kh\ bg\_klhjh\ \ aZdhgh^Zl_evghf hj]Zg_ \ mqZklbb \ jZkke_^h\Zgbyo ih dZ`^hfm agZqbfhfm kemqZx gZjmr_gby ijZ\ Zdpbhg_jh\ b \ ih\ur_gbb ijhajZqghklb wfbl_glh\ DZd ihdZau\Z_l gZdhie_gguc hiul j_Zevgh lZdb_ kljmdlmju hljZ`Zxl bgl_j_ku bo mqZklgbdh\ qlh ^hdZau\Z_lky ihklhyggufb dhgnebdlZfb f_`^m hl^_evgufb ]jmiibjh\dZfb b ZkkhpbZpbyfb ijb iheghf kh\iZ^_gbbaZy\e_gguop_e_cbo^_yl_evghklb LZdbf h[jZahf gZebqb_ nhjfZevguo ghjf b ijZ\be ih^dj_ie_ggh_ ki_pbZevgh kha^Zggufb kljmdlmjZfb g_ y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqguf ^ey lh]h qlh[u ijhbahreb baf_g_gby \ h[eZklb ijbf_g_gby wlbo ghjf < qZklghklb nhjfZevgh_ gZebqb_]ZjZglbcaZsbluijZ\bg\_klhjh\g_y\ey_lky^hklZlhqguf^eyboaZsblu 19.1.5 GZijZ\e_gb_kh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbyaZsbluijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb GZgZr\a]ey^h[sb_oZjZdl_jbklbdbkms_kl\mxs_ckblmZpbb\h[eZklbaZsblubg\_klhjh\lZdh\u G_^hklZlhqgZy jZajZ[hlZgghklv aZdhgh^Zl_evghc [Zau qZklv g_h[oh^bfuo aZdhgh\ hlkmlkl\m_l bf_xsb_ky aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_Zdlukh^_j`Zly\gu_g_^hjZ[hldbb\kykh\hdmighklvwlboZdlh\g_mklhcqb\Z<j_amevlZl_\nhjfZevguo jZfdZo aZdhgh\ kms_kl\m_l ^hklZlhqgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h ^ey kha^Zgby \k_ gh\uo nbgZgkh\uo beb hj]ZgbaZpbhgguo ko_f e_]Zevgh h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ij_bfms_kl\Z hl^_evguo aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguo ]jmii beb ebp aZ kq_l eh[[bjh\Zgby k\hbo bgl_j_kh\h]jZgbq_gby^hklmiZdbgnhjfZpbbfZgbimebjh\Zgby]hehkZfbZdpbhg_jh\^jm]bogZjmr_gbcijZ\bg\_klhjh\ < jZfdZo kms_kl\mxs_c aZdhgh^Zl_evghc [Zau b kdeZ^u\Zxs_cky ijZdlbdb __ bkiheg_gby y\gu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z bf_xlf_g_^`f_glbZnnbebjh\Zggu_kgbfebpZZlZd`_jZaebqgu_hj]Zgu]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbbmijZ\e_gby H[jZs_gb_\km^ihih\h^mgZjmr_gbcijZ\bg\_klhjh\ihdZg_^Z_lkms_kl\_gguoij_bfms_kl\Hlf_lbfhq_gv kms_kl\_gguc fhf_gl – bg\_klhju h[jZlb\rb_ky aZ aZsblhc k\hbo ijZ\ \ km^ g_ lhevdh g_ ihemqbeb gbdZdbo ij_bfms_kl\ihkjZ\g_gbxkg_h[jZlb\rbfbkyghhdZaZebkv\[he__mya\bfhckblmZpbbg_bf_eb\hafh`ghklbihemqZlv l_ \haf_s_gby ih \deZ^Zf dhlhju_ \ dZdhc-lh kl_i_gb ihemqZeb ^jm]b_ \deZ^qbdb F_edb_ Zdpbhg_ju g_ k\yaZggu_ g_nhjfZevgufbhlghr_gbyfbkf_g_^`_jZfbh[Zgdjhlb\r_ckydhfiZgbby\eyxlkykh\_jr_ggh[_aaZsblgufb QlhdZkZ_lky\hafh`guoijh]ghah\\^Zgghch[eZklblh^_eZlvboljm^ghihke_^mxsbfijbqbgZf NZdlbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe djZcg_ kdm^_g b g_ ihlhfm qlh fZeh gZjmr_gbc Z ihlhfm qlh ^Zggu_ h gbo jZajhag_ggu ljm^gh^hklmigu b \uau\Zxl kijZ\_^eb\u_ khfg_gby \ ^hklh\_jghklb Fu ihiulZebkv ihclb dZghgbq_kdbf iml_f ^ey lh]h qlh[u ihemqblv g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey ih^l\_j`^_gby beb hijh\_j`_gby gZrbo bkoh^guo ]bihl_a h^gZdh hdZaZebkv \ bgnhjfZpbhgghf \Zdmmf_ Kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy lhevdh kl_q_gb_ kemqZcguo h[klhyl_evkl\ iha\hebeh gZf ihemqblvih^jh[gmxb^hklh\_jgmxbgnhjfZpbxhjZa\blbbkblmZpbb[Zgdjhlkl\Z Kljm^hfihemq_ggZybgnhjfZpby[ukljhmklZj_\Z_llZddZdklZju_f_oZgbafuihjh`^_ggu_[_eufbiylgZfb aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z hlk_dZxlky gh\ufb aZdhgh^Zl_evgufb h]jZgbq_gbyfb \ hl\_l gZ qlh klj_fbl_evgh kha^Zxlky gh\u_ dZgZeu b gh\u_ nbgZgkh\u_ ko_fu iha\heyxsb_ l_f beb bguf kihkh[hf ijbk\Zb\Zlv ^hoh^u hl bkihevah\Zgby qm`hc kh[kl\_gghklb L_f g_ f_g__ ijhp_kk klZgh\e_gby hlkmlkl\h\Z\rbo jZg__ f_oZgbafh\ aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb ihkl_i_ggh jZa\b\Z_lkybl_fiu_]h^h\hevgh\ukhdbGZkdhevdhmki_rghb[ukljh[m^_lijhbkoh^blvnhjfbjh\Zgb_kbkl_fuaZsblu 212 MbevyfkhgHWdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZKI[K ijZ\ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ih gZr_fm fg_gbx \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb aZ\bkbl hl jZa\blby g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ - ghjf b ijZ\be \aZbfh^_ckl\bc lZd dZd nhjfZevgu_ ghjfu \ lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb kha^Zgu gh bo ZdlmZebaZpby ij_^klZ\ey_lky g_^hklZlhqghc Kms_kl\mxsZy aZdhgh^Zl_evgZy [ZaZ ij_^hklZ\ey_l ^hklZlhqgh \eZklguo iheghfhqbc ^ey aZsblu bg\_klhjh\ Ijh[e_fu djhxlky \ hlkmlkl\bb f_oZgbafh\ j_ZebaZpbb wlbo iheghfhqbc FZ]bkljZevguf gZijZ\e_gb_fj_]mebjh\ZgbyjugdZ\hh[s_baZsblubg\_klhjh\\qZklghklb\u[jZgZj_]eZf_glZpbyijhp_^mjbdhgljhev aZ bo kh[ex^_gb_f qlh ijb\h^bl d ^bdlZlm [md\u Z g_ kh^_j`Zgby aZdhgZ ?s_ h^gZ hkh[_gghklv l_dms_c kblmZpbb g_^hklZlhqgZybgnhjfbjh\Zgghklvihlj_[bl_e_c-bg\_klhjh\hk\hbo\hafh`ghklyojbkdZobi_jki_dlb\Zo^_nbpblh[sbo b ki_pbZevguo agZgbc b bgnhjfZpbb < ^he]hkjhqghc i_jki_dlb\_ Zdp_glu \ kbkl_f_ aZsblu bg\_klhjh\ ^he`gu kf_klblvky k ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h gZ bg^b\b^mZevguc mjh\_gv Ebd\b^guc jughd dZd hkgh\gZy ij_^ihkuedZ kms_kl\h\Zgby Zevl_jgZlb\ghklb\eh`_gbc_]hijhajZqghklvdZd[ZabkjZpbhgZevghklbj_r_gbc–\hlqlhg_h[oh^bfh^eykhagZl_evgh]h \u[hjZbg\_klhjZfbijb_fe_fh]h\ZjbZglZkhq_lZgby^hoh^ZbjbkdZ\eh`_gbc213. 19.2 Nhjfbjh\Zgb_dhgdmj_glghckj_^u\Jhkkbb Mdj_ie_gb_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb kha^Z_l ij_^ihkuedb ^ey jZa\blby dhgdmj_gpbb [_a dhlhjhc jZa\blb_ jugdZ ijhklh g_\hafh`gh Kl_i_gv bgl_gkb\ghklv dhgdmj_gpbb \ wdhghfbd_ fh`gh ljZdlh\Zlv g_ lhevdh dZd i_j_f_ggmx aZ\bkysmxhlbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ughbdZdh^bgbawe_f_glh\wlhckj_^uihkdhevdmmkeh\bydhgdmj_glghc[hjv[u hljZ`Zxl\qZklghklbkljmdlmjmijZ\\oh^ZjZaebqguowdhghfbq_kdbokm[t_dlh\gZjZaebqgu_jugdbIhwlhfmgZjy^mk ijhqbfb we_f_glZfb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u kl_i_gv dhgdmj_gpbb \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ ih\_^_gb_ mdZaZgguo km[t_dlh\ gZ kljmdlmjm bo klbfmeh\ LZdbf h[jZahf \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl bgl_gkb\ghklb dhgdmj_gpbb klbfmeu wdhghfbq_kdbo km[t_dlh\ \Zjvbjmxl hl ih[m`^_gbc d hkms_kl\e_gbx \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqghc ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb ^h ihbkdZ j_glu l _ ^_yl_evghklbgZijZ\e_gghcgZba\e_q_gb_^hoh^Z[_akha^Zgby^h[Z\e_gghcklhbfhklb\[hjv[_aZjZkij_^_e_gb_^hoh^Zb [h]Zlkl\Z Ihwlhfm ^_ckl\by ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ih ih^^_j`d_ dhgdmj_gpbb b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev ^ey wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby WlZ jhev agZqbfZ hkh[_ggh ihlhfm qlh ijb hij_^_e_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbdZo dhgdmj_gpbb ihke_^gyy klbfmebjm_l l_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kk GhlZdh_ihgbfZgb_dhgdmj_gpbbijbkms_^Ze_dhg_\k_frdheZfwdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZIhwlhfmij_`^_q_f i_j_clbdg_ihkj_^kl\_gghfmh[hkgh\Zgbxjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\h[_ki_q_gbbih^^_j`dbdhgdmj_gpbbg_h[oh^bfh\djZlp_ jZkkfhlj_lvhkgh\gu_ih^oh^udZgZebamjhebdhgdmj_gpbb\jughqghcwdhghfbd_ 19.2.1 L_hj_lbq_kdb_ih^oh^udZgZebamdhgdmj_gpbb G_hdeZkkbq_kdbcih^oh^ <g_hdeZkkbq_kdhcl_hjbbdhgdmj_gpbyb__jZaebqgu_lbiujZkkfZljb\Zxlkyq_j_adZl_]hjbxkljmdlmjZjugdZ jughqgZykljmdlmjZ<wlhihgylb_dZdba\_klgh\dexqZxlkylZdb_iZjZf_ljudZddhebq_kl\hmqZklgbdh\^Zggh]hjugdZ oZjZdl_jbklbdb\uimkdZ_fhcbijh^Z\Z_fhcgZjugd_ijh^mdpbb[Zjv_ju\oh^ZgZjughdbl^<k_ih^h[gu_iZjZf_lju hij_^_eyxl kl_i_gv jughqghc fhghihevghc \eZklb hl^_evgh]h mqZklgbdZ jugdZ l _ _]h \hafh`ghklb dhgljhebjh\Zlv p_gm kh[kl\_gghc ijh^mdpbb Ijb hij_^_e_gguo mkeh\byo hlkmlkl\b_ [Zjv_jh\ \oh^Z b \uoh^Z [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h km[t_dlh\ jugdZ iheghlZ bgnhjfZpbb h^ghjh^ghklv ijh^mdlZ b l ^ kl_i_gv wlhc \eZklb ^ey dZ`^h]h ijh^Z\pZ b ihdmiZl_eyijb[eb`_gZdgmex<lZdhfkemqZ_p_gugZ[eZ]ZhljZ`Zxllhevdhmkeh\byboijhba\h^kl\Zbkoh^gucaZiZk j_kmjkh\ \dmi_ k ijhba\h^kl\_ggufb l_ogheh]byfb b ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ ij_^ihql_gby ih^dj_ie_ggu_ ihdmiZl_evghc kihkh[ghklvx WlZ kblmZpby Z lhqg__ ]h\hjy wlhl hkh[uc lbi jughqghc kljmdlmju gZau\Z_lky kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpb_cby\ey_lkyb^_Zehfihkdhevdmbf_gghijbg_cohayckl\mxsb_km[t_dlujZaf_sZxlj_kmjkulZdbfh[jZahf qlh[u fbgbfbabjh\Zlv ba^_j`db ijhba\h^kl\Z b fZdkbfZevgh m^h\e_l\hjblv kijhk ihdmiZl_e_c Bgufb keh\Zfb ijb kh\_jr_gghcdhgdmj_gpbbh[_ki_qb\Z_lkyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`gZyZeehdZlb\gZywnn_dlb\ghklv. <k_hklZevgu_\b^ujughqguokljmdlmj\dexqZyjZaebqgu_lbiufhghihebcjZkkfZljb\Zxlky\g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc ljZ^bpbb dZd hldehg_gby hl kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb b khhl\_lkl\_ggh dZd g_hilbfZevgu_ kljmdlmju >_eh \ lhf qlh ijb ex[uo nhjfZo g_kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb g_dhlhju_ km[t_dlu ihemqZxl \hafh`ghklv dhgljhey gZ^ p_ghc LZdbf h[jZahfbfm^Z_lkyihemqblv^hihegbl_evgmxijb[uevaZkq_lkhdjZs_gbyh[t_fZ\uimkdZ_fhcijh^mdpbbbih\ur_gby p_gu ih kjZ\g_gbx kh kemqZ_f kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb < j_amevlZl_ p_gu m`_ g_ hljZ`Zxl bklbggh]h khhlghr_gby f_`^mmkeh\byfbijhba\h^kl\Zbihlj_[bl_evkdbfbij_^ihql_gbyfbagZqbl_evgZyqZklvp_gh[jZam_lkyaZkq_ljughqghc \eZklbmklZgZ\eb\Zxsbobokm[t_dlh\ LZdbfh[jZahfdhgdmj_gpby\g_hdeZkkbq_kdhcl_hjbbjZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdhij_^_e_ggh_khklhygb_hljZ`Zxs__ iZjZf_lju jughqghc kljmdlmju GZbemqrbc lbi dhgdmj_gpbb – kh\_jr_ggZy dhgdmj_gpby – ljZdlm_lky dZd lZdh_ khklhygb_dhlhjh_h[_ki_qb\Z_lhilbfZevgmxihIZj_lhZeehdZlb\gmxwnn_dlb\ghklvEx[u_`_k_jv_agu_hldehg_gby hl kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb hp_gb\Zxlky g_]Zlb\gh b jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd h[t_dl Zglbfhghihevghc iheblbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z G_hdeZkkbq_kdbc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam dhgdmj_gpbb hlebqZ_l g_kdhevdh k_jv_aguo \aZbfhk\yaZgguo g_^hklZldh\ Ij_`^_\k_]hdhgdmj_gpbyg_jZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdijhp_kkkhi_jgbq_kl\Zf_`^mwdhghfbq_kdbfbkm[t_dlZfbIhkmlb\ jZfdZo g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb dhgdmj_glgZy [hjv[Z hlkmlkl\m_l Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh \ g_hdeZkkbq_kdbo fh^_eyo hibku\Zxlky g_ hkh[_gghklb dhgdmj_glgh]h ijhp_kkZ Z kljmdlmjZ \aZbfhhlghr_gby f_`^m l_fb dlh mp_e_e \ wlhc [hjv[_214 Gh bf_ggh \ dhgdmj_glghc [hjv[_ mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky hilbfZevgu_ p_gu b dhebq_kl\Z 213 < aZdexq_gb_ y ohqm \ujZablv [eZ]h^Zjghklv <eZ^bfbjm Bevbqm Debklhjbgm - qe_gm ebd\b^Zpbhgghc dhfbkkbb KL; b <bdlhjm FboZceh\bqm Rbevgbdh\m - ^bj_dlhjm Gh\hkb[bjkdh]h H[s_kl\_ggh]h dhfbl_lZ ih ijZ\Zf Zdpbhg_jh\ g_ lhevdh aZ bo bkdj_ggbc bgl_j_kd^ZgghcjZ[hl_ghbaZ]hlh\ghklvih^_eblvkyk\hbf[_kp_ggufmgbdZevgufhiulhf\h[eZklbaZsbluijZ\bg\_klhjh\ 214 G_evkhgJMbgl_jKW\hexpbhggZyl_hjbywdhghfbq_kdbobaf_g_gbcFA:HNbgklZlbgnhjfK [eZ] KlZlbqghklv`_g_hdeZkkbq_kdh]hZgZebaZdhgdmj_gpbbg_iha\hey_lijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv^Zggh_h[klhyl_evkl\h< wlhfieZg_^Z`_mdeZkkbdh\ljZdlh\dZdhgdmj_gpbb[ueZ[he__ijh^\bgmlhc:Kfblb_]hihke_^h\Zl_ebjZkkfZljb\Zeb dhgdmj_gpbx dZd ijhp_kk ijb\h^ysbc d \ujZ\gb\Zgbx ghjf ijb[ueb ih hljZkeyf b ijb[eb`Zxsbc jughqgu_ p_gu gZ lh\Zju d bo _kl_kl\_gguf p_gZf >_eh\lhfqlhdhgdmj_glgZy[hjv[Zihkmlbk\h_c–g_ijhklhijhp_kkghijhp_kk y\eyxsbcky g_jZ\gh\_kguf Z g_hdeZkkbdb ijb ZgZeba_ dhgdmj_gpbb g_ fh]ml hldZaZlvky hl mgb\_jkZevgh]h ^ey gbo ijbgpbiZjZ\gh\_kby MdZaZggu_ h[klhyl_evkl\Z g_ iha\heyxl g_hdeZkkbdZf ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv k\yav dhgdmj_gpbb kh fgh]bfb wdhghfbq_kdbfb y\e_gbyfb hj]Zgbqgh ijbkmsbfb jZa\blhc jughqghc wdhghfbd_ B \Z`g_cr__ ba lZdbo y\e_gbc – l_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kk<g_hdeZkkbq_kdhcl_hjbbl_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kk«eb[hjZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdg_qlhg_agZqbl_evgh_ bg_kms_kl\_ggh_eb[hij_^klZ\ey_lkyg_dbf\g_rgbfrhdhfgZjmrZxsbfwdhghfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_<j_amevlZl_wlh]h g_hdeZkkbq_kdbc ZgZeba g_ \ khklhygbb Z^_d\Zlgh h[tykgblv \hagbdgh\_gb_ b jZkijhkljZg_gb_ ^bnnmabx bggh\Zpbc b gh\uo l_ogheh]bc hkh[_ggh \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z wlb bggh\Zpbb j_\hexpbhgbabjmxl kh[hx kms_kl\mxsbc f_lh^ ijhba\h^kl\Z WdhghfbdZ \b^blky\[hevr_ckl_i_gbkbkl_fhcZ^Zilbjmxs_ckyd\g_rgbfbaf_g_gbyf\lhfqbke_b\ j_amevlZl_ l_ogbq_kdh]h ijh]j_kkZ Z g_ kbkl_fhc ihklhyggh \gmlj_gg_ ]_g_jbjmxs_c ijhp_kk l_ogbq_kdh]h jZa\blby ijb\h^ysbc d gZjmr_gbx wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby215 GZ kZfhf `_ ^_e_ lZdhc ijhp_kk l_ogbq_kdh]h jZa\blby \ jughqghfohayckl\_hkms_kl\ey_lky\kZfhfi_de_`_kldhcdhgdmj_glghc[hjv[u>Zggh_h[klhyl_evkl\hijbgbfZ_lky\h \gbfZgb_\ih^oh^ZoZevl_jgZlb\guog_hdeZkkbd_ W\hexpbhggh-bgklblmpbhgZevgucbihkld_cgkbZgkdbcih^oh^u W\hexpbhggh-bgklblmpbhgZevgZy l_hjby bkoh^bl ba lh]h qlh nbjfZf nmgdpbhgbjmxsbf \ l_o beb bguo hljZkeyfg_ba\_klgugb\k_fgh`_kl\hkms_kl\mxsbo\hafh`ghkl_c\ZjbZglh\ijhba\h^kl\Zijh^mdpbbgbihke_^kl\by \u[hjZ dZdh]h-eb[h dhgdj_lgh]h \ZjbZglZ216 JZagu_ nbjfu \u[bjZxl jZaebqgu_ \ZjbZglu ijhba\h^kl\Z bkoh^y ba l_o kb]gZeh\ dhlhju_ ^Z_l jughd Z h^gZ ba \Z`g_crbo nmgdpbc «dhgdmj_gpbb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u ijZ\bevgh ihgbfZlv – beb ihfh]Zlv ihgylv – kb]gZeu b ih[m^bl_evgu_ fhlb\u217 >jm]Zy `_ «[he__ Zdlb\gZy nmgdpby dhgdmj_gpbb aZdexqZ_lky \ \hagZ]jZ`^_gbb b \ha\_ebq_gbb \u[hjZ hdZaZ\r_]hky ohjhrbf b \ ih^Z\e_gbb ^mjgh]h \u[hjZ ?klv gZ^_`^Z qlh \ ^he]hkjhqghc i_jki_dlb\_ dhgdmj_glgZy kbkl_fZ [m^_l kh^_ckl\h\Zlv ijhp\_lZgbx nbjf dhlhju_ \ kj_^g_f ^_eZeb ohjhrbc \u[hj b mgbqlh`bl beb \ugm^bl d j_nhjfZf nbjfu j_]meyjgh kh\_jrZ\rb_ hrb[db218. : ohjhrbc \u[hj aZqZklmx k\yaZg k \g_^j_gb_f jZaebqguo \b^h\ bggh\Zpbc l _ k jZaebqgufb nhjfZfb l_ogbq_kdh]hijh]j_kkZDZdibkZeCRmfi_l_jgh\u_dhf[bgZpbbijhdeZ^u\Zxlk_[_imlvih[_`^Zy\dhgdmj_gpbbkh klZjufb219 L_ogheh]bq_kdb mki_rgu_ nbjfu ihemqZxl agZqbl_evgu_ ijb[ueb b hi_j_`Zxl k\hbo dhgdmj_glh\ LZdbf h[jZahf dhgdmj_glgZy [hjv[Z ihhsjy_l bggh\Zpbb M dhfiZgbb `_ y\eyxs_cky qbkluf fhghihebklhf g_l klbfmeh\ d l_ogbq_kdhfmjZa\blbx Gh ijb jughqghc kljmdlmj_ [ebadhc d kh\_jr_gghc kljmdlmj_ \ g_hdeZkkbq_kdhf ihgbfZgbb m hl^_evgh \ayluo nbjf g_l klbfmeh\ d hkms_kl\e_gbx gh\h\\_^_gbc LZdh_ hlkmlkl\b_ klbfmeh\ h[tykgy_lky l_f qlh gh\u_ l_ogheh]bb [m^ml f]gh\_ggh kufblbjh\Zgu fgh]hqbke_ggufb dhgdmj_glZfb Z wlh k\_^_l gZ g_l ijb[uev hl gh\h\\_^_gbc nbjfubggh\ZlhjZ Ihwlhfm w\hexpbhggu_ bgklblmpbhgZebklu bkihevamxl ijbgpbi rmfi_l_jbZgkdhc dhgdmj_gpbb kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm g_kh\_jr_ggu_ jughqgu_ kljmdlmju k \ukhdhc dhgp_gljZpb_c ijhba\h^kl\Z y\eyxlky ieZlhc aZ l_ogbq_kdbc ijh]j_kk\wdhghfbd_ihkdhevdmbf_gghlZdb_kljmdlmju[eZ]hijbylkl\mxlihy\e_gbxb^bnnmabbbggh\Zpbc A^_kv bf_xlky \ \b^m hlghkbl_evgu_ ihl_gpbZevgu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z dhlhju_ bf__l djmigZy nbjfZ \ k\yab k wdhghfb_chlfZkrlZ[Zbg\_klbpbc\gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdb_bhiulgh-dhgkljmdlhjkdb_jZajZ[hldbGBHDJZlZd`_\ k\yabk[óevrbfb\hafh`ghklyfb^b\_jkbnbdZpbbjbkdZ\mkeh\byog_hij_^_e_gghklbhlghkbl_evgh[m^msboj_amevlZlh\ bkke_^h\ZgbcH[eZ^ZykjZ\gbl_evgh[he__\ukhdbfmjh\g_fijhba\h^kl\Zdjmigu_nbjfukihkh[gukhdjZlblv\j_fygZ \g_^j_gb_bggh\Zpbb\fZkkh\h_ijhba\h^kl\hbkhhl\_lkl\_gghk^_eZlv^hklmig__l_ogheh]bq_kdh_gh\r_kl\h Khdhe_gdh L= =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ bggh\Zpbhgghc ^_yl_evghklb g_hrmfi_l_jbZgpu ijhlb\ g_hdeZkkbdh\ <_klgbd KI[=M K_jby WdhghfbdZ <ui K Ebrv \ - 1990-_ ]] \ jZfdZo g_hdeZkkbq_kdbo l_hjbc jhklZ gZqZehkv fh^_ebjh\Zgb_wg^h]_ggh]hl_ogbq_kdh]hijh]j_kkZGZb[he__ ba\_klgufb klZeb jZ[hlu gh\h]h deZkkbdZ I. Jhf_jZ: Romer P. Increasing Returns and Long Run Growth // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 94. October. P. 1002-1037; Romer P. Endogenous Technological Change // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 98. October. P. S71-S102. H^gZdh wlbf fh^_eyf ijbkmsb l_ `_ g_^hklZldb qlh b ljZ^bpbhgguf g_hdeZkkbq_kdbffh^_eyfjhklZlbiZfh^_ebJKhehm–hlkmlkl\b_mq_lZg_hij_^_e_gghklbijbgpbiljZgknhjfZpbb\k_ok[_j_`_gbc\ bg\_klbpbb Z[kljZ]bjh\Zgb_ hl nbgZgkh\hc kn_ju Z lZd`_ hl jughqguo kljmdlmj \dexqZy hkh[_gghklb dhgdmj_glghc [hjv[u f_`^m nbjfZfb 216 W\hexpbhggu_ bgklblmpbhgZebklu dZd b ihkld_cgkbZgpu bkoh^yl ba ijbgpbiZ g_hij_^_e_gghklb [m^ms_]h gh \ hlebqb_ hl ihke_^gbo hgb ijbagZxl \hafh`ghklv ZgZebaZ ^_yl_evghklb \ mkeh\byo g_hij_^_e_gghklb ijb ihfhsb f_lh^h\ l_hjbb \_jhylghklb gZijbf_jijbihfhsbl_hjbbfZjdh\kdboijhp_kkh\ 217 G_evkhg J Mbgl_j K MdZa khq K :\lhju wlhc dgb]b qZklh jZkkfZljb\Zxlky \ dZq_kl\_ g_ihkj_^kl\_gguo hkgh\Zl_e_c w\hexpbhggh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZIhdjZcg_cf_j_^ZggZyjZ[hlZ\i_j\u_him[ebdh\ZggZy\]m`_kqblZ_lkydeZkkbdhckj_^b ij_^klZ\bl_e_cw\hexpbhgghcl_hjbb 218 LZf `_ K – Kj_^b klZjuo bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ ih^h[guo \a]ey^h\ ijb^_j`b\Zeky hdZaZ\rbc \ebygb_ gZ JG_evkhgZ b K Mbgl_jZ>`FDeZjdl\hjq_kdh_gZke_^b_dhlhjh]hihdZqlhZ^_d\Zlghg_bamq_ghHgibkZeqlhdhgdmj_glgucijhp_kk«hagZqZ_l kha^Zgb_ mf_gvr_gb_ b \hkkha^Zgb_ jZaebqguo \hagZ]jZ`^_gbc \ jZaebqguo hljZkeyo Z lZd`_ ^ey jZaebqguo nbjf Clark J. M. Competition: Static Models and Dynamic Aspects // American Economic Review. 1955. Vol. 45. PLZdbfh[jZahf\oh^_hibku\Z_fhc dhgdmj_gpbb ijhbkoh^bl w\hexpby dZd ihl_gpbZevguo \hafh`ghkl_c l_ogheh]bc b ih\_^_gby lZd b kljmdlmju b oZjZdl_jZ hj]ZgbaZpbc h[eZ^Zxsbo wlbfb \hafh`ghklyfb Bgufb keh\Zfb ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f dhgdmj_gpbb w\hexpbhgbjm_l bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kljmdlmjZIjhba\h^blkyhl[hjdZdkj_^bbggh\Zpbcl_ogheh]bq_kdbobhj]ZgbaZpbhgguolZdbkj_^bnbjf 219 Rmfi_l_jCL_hjbywdhghfbq_kdh]hjZa\blbyFIjh]j_kkK–Ih^gh\ufbdhf[bgZpbyfbCRmfi_l_jihgbfZe kha^Zgb_ gh\h]h [eZ]Z \g_^j_gb_ gh\h]h kihkh[Z ijhba\h^kl\Z hk\h_gb_ gh\h]h jugdZ k[ulZ ihemq_gb_ gh\h]h bklhqgbdZ kujvy beb ihemnZ[jbdZlh\ZlZd`_h[_ki_q_gb_fhghihevgh]hiheh`_gbygZjugd_bebhkms_kl\e_gb_bghcj_hj]ZgbaZpbbLZf`_K 215 Gh k ^jm]hc klhjhgu kZfZ kljmdlmjZ jugdZ y\ey_lky ke_^kl\b_f dhgdmj_glghc [hjv[u \ oh^_ dhlhjhc nbjfubggh\Zlhju jZahjyeb k\hbo khi_jgbdh\ <hl ihq_fm «ijbqbggh-ke_^kl\_ggu_ k\yab f_`^m bggh\Zpb_c b kljmdlmjhc jugdZgZijZ\e_gu\h[_klhjhgu220. Hlkx^Z ke_^m_l qlh agZq_gb_ dhgdmj_gpbb dZd ijhp_kkZ khi_jgbq_kl\Z f_`^m nbjfZfb ljm^gh i_j_hp_gblv ihkdhevdm bf_ggh \ __ jZfdZo ijhbkoh^bl l_ogbq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ wdhghfbdb Ijb wlhf b hlkmlkl\b_ dhgdmj_gpbb b __ kh\_jr_gkl\h g_ [eZ]hijbylgu ^ey ihy\e_gby b ^bnnmabb bggh\Zpbc Ijh[e_fZ hkeh`gy_lky _s_ ke_^mxsbf h[klhyl_evkl\hfihy\e_gb_fhghihebbfh`_l[ulvke_^kl\b_fbf_\r_cf_klhij_`^_dhgdmj_glghc[hjv[ubij_l\hj_gby \ `bagv gh\uo dhf[bgZpbc Bgufb keh\Zfb nbjfZ-fhghihebkl fh`_l y\eylvky dhfiZgb_c \ g_^Ze_dhf ijhrehf \g_^jb\r_c qj_a\uqZcgh wnn_dlb\gu_ bggh\Zpbb Gh l_i_jv hgZ ih l_jfbgheh]bb J G_evkhgZ b K Mbgl_jZ – hdhiZ\rbcky fhghihebkl l_ hgZ g_ bf__l klbfmeh\ d ^Zevg_cr_fm l_ogbq_kdhfm jZa\blbx221 >Zggh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h hagZqZ_l qlh \ukhdZy dhgp_gljZpby ijhba\h^kl\Z \k_ `_ g_ \k_]^Z kihkh[kl\m_l ihy\e_gbx b ^bnnmabb bggh\Zpbc <hl ihq_fm jughqgZy wdhghfbdZ kZfZ ih k_[_ g_ ]_g_jbjm_l hilbfZevgmx k lhqdb aj_gby l_ogbq_kdh]h jZa\blby kl_i_gvdhgdmj_gpbbIhwlhfmlZdmxaZ^Zqm^he`gh\aylvgZk_[y]hkm^Zjkl\h D ihoh`bf \u\h^Zf hlghkbl_evgh k\yab f_`^m dhgdmj_gpb_c b l_ogbq_kdbf ijh]j_kkhf ijboh^bl [ebadbc d w\hexpbhgghfm bgklblmpbhgZebafm ihkld_cgkbZgkdbc ih^oh^ H^gZdh hg ^_eZ_l g_kdhevdh bgu_ Zdp_glu Dhgdmj_gpby jZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdijhp_kk\u`b\Zgbynbjf222Kihkh[ghklvhl^_evgh\aylhcnbjfu\u`blvaZ\bkblhl__kihkh[ghklbd ihemq_gbxijb[ueb\p_ehfb[hevr_cijb[uebihkjZ\g_gbxk^jm]bfbnbjfZfb\qZklghklbIhke_^g__h[klhyl_evkl\h hagZqZ_l g_h[oh^bfhklv ihklhyggh]h kgb`_gby ba^_j`_d beb ihemq_gby bguo dhgdmj_glguo ij_bfms_kl\ LZdb_ ij_bfms_kl\Zh[_ki_qb\ZxlkyaZkq_ljZaebqguol_ogheh]bq_kdbobhj]ZgbaZpbhgguobggh\ZpbcGhih^h[gu_bggh\Zpbb fh`gh\g_^jblvlhevdhaZkq_lbg\_klbpbcF_`nbjf_ggZy[hjv[ZaZihemq_gb_dhgdmj_glguoij_bfms_kl\ij_^iheZ]Z_l ihklhyggucihbkdnbjfZfbwnn_dlb\guobg\_klbpbhgguoijh_dlh\ Gh bg\_klbpbb lj_[mxl nbgZgkbjh\Zgby ?keb gZ g_dhlhju_ jugdb gh\u_ nbjfu g_ fh]ml \klmiblv [_a agZqbl_evguo\g_rgbonbgZgkh\ZnbgZgkh\u_jugdbbmqj_`^_gbydhff_jq_kdb_[Zgdbbl^g_\khklhygbbh[_ki_qblv wlbnbjfubfblhbgl_gkb\ghklvdhgdmj_glghc[hjv[uhkeZ[_\Z_lbgZklmiZ_lhiZkghklvl_ogheh]bq_kdh]haZklhy:lbi nbgZgkh\hc kbkl_fu \ hq_gv kbevghc kl_i_gb h[mkeh\e_g ljZ_dlhjb_c __ ij_^r_kl\mxs_]h jZa\blby b aZqZklmx hdZau\Z_lky g_Z^_d\Zlguf gZijbf_j lh]^Z dh]^Z nbgZgkh\u_ jugdb g_ jZa\blu Z [Zgdb bf_xl [ebadb_ hlghr_gby k nbjfZfb ^_ckl\mxsbfb dZd hdhiZ\rb_ky fhghihebklu Ih^h[gZy kblmZpby ijb\h^ysZy d l_ogheh]bq_kdhfm aZklhx hq_gvqZklhgZ[ex^Z_lky\hfgh]bojZa\b\ZxsbokykljZgZo223Ihwlhfm]hkm^Zjkl\h\ha^_ckl\mygZnbgZgkh\mxkbkl_fmb ^jm]b_mkeh\by\oh^Z\hljZkebfh`_lih\urZlvbgl_gkb\ghklvdhgdmj_gpbbbkihkh[kl\h\Zlvl_ogbq_kdhfmjZa\blbx224. GZ gZr \a]ey^ kbgl_a w\hexpbhggh-bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h b ihkld_cgkbZgkdh]h ih^oh^h\ iha\hey_l ihemqblv h[t_fgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h ijbjh^_ b nhjfZo \aZbfhk\ya_c f_`^m dhgdmj_gpb_c b l_ogbq_kdbf ijh]j_kkhf b ij_^eh`blv ]hkm^Zjkl\mZevl_jgZlb\gu_imlbjZa\blbydhgdmj_gpbb 19.2.2 IheblbdZ]hkm^Zjkl\Zihih^^_j`d_dhgdmj_gpbb dZdbgklblmpbhgZevgh_ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ Klhqdbaj_gbyw\hexpbhggh-bgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z]hkm^Zjkl\hiulZxs__kyih^^_j`Zlvdhgdmj_gpbx klZedb\Z_lky k ijh[e_fhc ^\hckl\_gghklb k h^ghc klhjhgu ^jh[e_gb_ djmiguo nbjf mf_gvrZ_l klbfmeu d gh\h\\_^_gbyf m wlbo nbjf k ^jm]hc klhjhgu fhghiheby fh`_l kZfhklhyl_evgh mljZlblv klbfmeu d bggh\Zpbhgghc Zdlb\ghklb – \hagbdZ_l m`_ mihfygmlZy ijh[e_fZ hdhiZ\r_cky fhghihebb < kblmZpbb g_hij_^_e_gghklb hlghkbl_evgh \_ebqbgu \ub]jurZ beb ijhb]jurZ \ h[s_kl\_gghf [eZ]hkhklhygbb hl j_ZebaZpbb lhc bebbghcf_jug_h[oh^bfhij_^mkfhlj_lvf_oZgbafudhjj_dlbjh\dbbijbkihkh[e_gbyIhwlhfmgZjy^mkbaf_g_gbyfb\ qZklghf k_dlhj_ w\hexpbx ij_l_ji_\Zxl b ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy iheblbdZ Z k g_c – b bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z Wlh fh`_l ijhbkoh^blvdZd\j_amevlZl_w\hexpbbj_\hexpbbl_ogheh]bc\qZklghfk_dlhj_bjughqguokljmdlmjlZdb\j_amevlZl_ k^\b]h\ \ kbkl_f_ p_gghkl_c Z lZd`_ baf_g_gbc \ jZkklZgh\d_ iheblbq_kdbo kbe b ]jmii bgl_j_kh\ \ h[s_kl\_ DZdbf h[jZahfih^^_ckl\b_f\k_owlbokbeijhbkoh^blnhjfbjh\Zgb_gh\uogZijZ\e_gbc]hkm^Zjkl\_gghciheblbdbaZ\bkblhl kms_kl\mxsbobgklblmlh\ G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh aZqZklmx bgklblmpbhgZevguc ZiiZjZl nhjfbjh\Zgby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbdb `b\_l kZfhklhyl_evghc `bagvx keZ[h j_Z]bjmy gZ djblbq_kdb_ aZf_qZgby kh klhjhgu gZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky \Z`guf hk\_lblv wlm ijh[e_fmkl_hj_lbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gby<h-i_j\uowlhfh`_lihfhqv\ihgbfZgbbijh[e_fuhq_jlblv^bZiZahgjZamfguo j_r_gbc b hp_gblv ihke_^kl\by \u[hjZ dZ`^h]h ba \ZjbZglh\ \h-\lhjuo - hdZaZlv \ebygb_ gZ ebp hl\_lkl\_gguo aZ ijh\_^_gb_ wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdb iheblbdh\ aZklZ\eyy bo bgh]^Z kqblZlvky k Zevl_jgZlb\gufb lhqdZfb aj_gby Djhf_ lh]h dh]^Z ijbhjbl_lu ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbdb w\hexpbhgbjmxlbg_yk_goZjZdl_jih^oh^ysbobgkljmf_glh\ l_hj_lbq_kdh_hkfuke_gb_ijh[e_fu^he`ghklZlvqZklvxkljZl_]bb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby Ij_^eZ]Zyg_dmxihablb\gmxl_hjbx]hkm^Zjkl\_gghciheblbdbih^^_j`dbdhgdmj_gpbbfuh[jZsZ_f\gbfZgb_ gZlhqlh__iheh`_gby\ijbgpbi_^Z\ghba\_klguiheblbdZfH^gZdhihke_^gb_\k\hbo^_ckl\byojmdh\h^kl\mxlky\ hkgh\ghf kh[kl\_gghc bglmbpb_c b hiulhf K ihabpbc w\hexpbhggh-bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h b ihkld_cgkbZgkdh]h ZgZebaZ G_evkhgJMbgl_jKMdZakhqK LZf`_K– 398. 222 Ihkld_cgkbZgkdZyl_hjbydhgdmj_gpbb–_s_[he__iha^gbcijh^mdlbgl_ee_dlmZevguomkbebcwdhghfbklh\q_fw\hexpbhggZyl_hjby dhgdmj_gpbb?_klZgh\e_gb_fh`gh^Zlbjh\ZlvgZqZehf-o]]dh]^Zihy\beZkvdgb]Zlmj_pdh]hbkke_^h\Zl_ey=QZih]emhldm^Zfu qZklbqghbaZbfkl\m_fhibku\Z_fucfZl_jbZeCapoglu G. Prices, Profits and Financial Structures. A Post-Keynesian Approach to Competition. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992. Ch. 3. 223 Ibid. P. 49. 224 LZdbf h[jZahf ihkld_cgkbZgkdZy l_hjby \ j_^Zdpbb = QZih]em b]ghjbjm_l \Z`ghklv \ukhdhc dhgp_gljZpbb ijhba\h^kl\Z ^ey l_ogbq_kdh]h jZa\blby \ hlebqb_ hl w\hexpbhgghc l_hjbb Gh \hafh`gu b ^jm]b_ bgl_jij_lZpbb ihkld_cgkbZgkdh]h ih^oh^Z kf JhafZbgkdbc B< Bg\_klbpbhggZy l_hjby kh\hdmigh]h ij_^eh`_gby b ljZgknhjfZpbhgguc kiZ^ \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ [http://ie.boom.ru/Rozmainsky/ Rozm.htm]. 220 221 ij_^klZ\ey_lkyg_h[oh^bfufmdZaZlvgZkms_kl\mxsmxg_hij_^_e_gghklvhlghkbl_evgh^bZiZahgZijbgbfZ_fuoj_r_gbc bboihke_^kl\bcIhwlhfmgZ\uoh^_ihemqZxlkyg_dhgdj_lgu_j_dhf_g^Zpbbih\ujZ[hld_hilbfZevghciheblbdbZ kdhj__ \ZjbZglu iheblbd dhlhjuo ke_^m_l ba[_]Zlv beb gZh[hjhl jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd ijbhjbl_lgu_ D wlhfm klhbl ijb[Z\blv lhl nZdl qlh \hafh`ghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \_kvfZ h]jZgbq_gu ihwlhfm klhbl aZgbfZlvky bf_ggh wlbfb h]jZgbq_gbyfb GZdhg_p ijb \u[hj_ dhgdj_lguo bgklblmpbhgZevguo j_`bfh\ hq_gv \Z`gh hklZ\blv f_klh ^ey dhjj_dlbjh\dbiheblbdbkmq_lhfihy\e_gbygh\uoagZgbch[h[t_dl_ <hh[s_ ]h\hjy fu bkoh^bf ba lh]h qlh ^he]hkjhqguc jhkl g_\hafh`_g [_a kbevgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dhlhjh_ ijba\Zgh nhjfbjh\Zlv bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u klbfmeu d ih\ur_gbx ijhba\h^bl_evghc wnn_dlb\ghklb q_j_a \g_^j_gb_ bggh\Zpbc ^hfbgbjh\Zeb gZ^ klj_fe_gb_f ihemqblv dZdb_-eb[h jZkij_^_ebl_evgu_ ij_bfms_kl\Zq_j_aihbkdj_gluH^gZdh]hkm^Zjkl\hhdZau\Z_lkyb]eZ\guflhjfhahfjZa\blby_kebhghg_\khklhygbb h[_ki_qblv g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhgguc oZjZdl_j k\hbo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc k [bag_khf b ]ZjZglbjh\Zlv aZsblm ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb Ihwlhfm hq_gv \Z`gufb hdZau\Zxlky dZd iheblbdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ih ih^^_j`d_ \ujZ\gb\Zgbx mkeh\bc dhgdmj_gpbb \ ieZg_ Zglbfhghihevghc ^_yl_evghklb lZd b bgklblmpbhgZevgh_ ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ Ihke_^g__ ^he`gh [ulv gZijZ\e_ghgZkha^Zgb_mkeh\bc^eynhjfbjh\Zgbywnn_dlb\ghohayckl\mxsbohj]ZgbaZpbcdhlhjuf[ueh[ug_\u]h^gh ihevah\Zlvky^hfbgbjmxsbfiheh`_gb_fg_h[mkeh\e_ggufbokh[kl\_ggufwdhghfbq_kdbfjZa\blb_f JZkkm`^Zy h[ wnn_dlb\ghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc iheblbdb gZijZ\e_gghc gZ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ kljmdlmju hljZkeb b mkeh\bc nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby \oh^ysbo \ g__ nbjf ke_^m_l hij_^_eblv iheblbq_kdb_ b wdhghfbq_kdb_ bgkljmf_glu __ h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ Kj_^b f_j g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ kljmdlmjm hljZkeb fh`gh \u^_eblv mklZgh\e_gb_ jZaebqgh]hjh^Zh]jZgbq_gbcgZjZaf_jnbjfijbgm^bl_evgh_jZa^_e_gb_bebaZij_lgZbokebygb_hij_^_e_gb_\oh^guo [Zjv_jh\ dhgljhev aZ jZagh]h jh^Z kh]eZr_gbyfb b dhhj^bgbjh\Zgghc iheblbdhc mqZklgbdh\ jugdZ b l^ >ZggZy jhev hl\h^blkyki_pbZevgufZglbfhghihevgufhj]ZgZfijba\Zggufdhgljhebjh\Zlvbkiheg_gb_kms_kl\mxsboghjfbijZ\be Kha^Z\Zy bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m \ hljZkeb ]hkm^Zjkl\h kihkh[gh b dhk\_gguf h[jZahf \ebylv gZ lbi bgklblmpbhgZevguo kh]eZr_gbc \ hljZkeb hij_^_eyy nhjfm dhhi_jZpbb ij_^ijbylbc b kl_i_gv dhgdmj_gpbb LZd gZijbf_j iheblbdZ \ h[eZklb iZl_glh\Zgby b ebp_gabjh\Zgby fh`_l k^_eZlv g_wnn_dlb\ghc kljZl_]bx ih^jZ`Zgby ^ey nbjfhkiZjb\Zxsbowlhljughdbkem`blvk\h_]hjh^Znbevljhf^eynbjfg_`_eZxsbo\_klbkh[kl\_ggu_jZajZ[hldb IheblbdZih^^_j`dbdhgdmj_gpbbfh`_l\ujZ`Zlvkyb\kha^ZgbbijbgpbibZevghgh\uojugdh\lh\Zjh\bmkem]Ijbwlhf \ hlkmlkl\b_ dZdbo-eb[h g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ ljZ^bpbc dh^_dkh\ ih\_^_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\h \uklmiZ_l a^_kv _^bgkl\_gguf ]ZjZglhf kh[ex^_gby ijZ\be b]ju iha\heyxsbo ihevah\Zlvky \u]h^Zfb hl h[f_gZ \k_fb _]h mqZklgbdZfb225. Wnn_dlb\gZyiheblbdZih^^_j`dbdhgdmj_gpbb^he`gZhl\_qZlvke_^mxsbflj_[h\Zgbyf ijhajZqghklvbg_ijhlb\hj_qb\hklvijZ\beb]jugZlh\ZjguobnbgZgkh\uojugdZo ^_ckl\_gghklvf_oZgbafZh[_ki_q_gbykh[ex^_gbykms_kl\mxsboijZ\be kh]eZkh\ZggZyiheblbdZj_]bhgZevguobfmgbpbiZevguo\eZkl_cg_ijhlb\hj_qZsZyn_^_jZevghfmaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\m hldjulhklvjugdh\lh\Zjh\mkem]dZiblZeZbljm^Z < aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h \ dZdhc f_j_ l_dmsZy kblmZpby hl\_qZ_l ^Zgguf lj_[h\Zgbyf nhjfbjm_lky gZijZ\e_gb_ ^Zevg_crbo bgklblmpbhgZevguo baf_g_gbc \ kbkl_f_ nhjfZevguo ijZ\be Ijbq_f baf_g_gby ^he`gu ih \hafh`ghklb mqblu\Zlv b hkh[_gghklb ih\k_^g_\ghc ijZdlbdb \_^_gby [bag_kZ dhlhjZy \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb hij_^_ey_lky kms_kl\mxsbfb g_nhjfZevgufb ijZ\beZfb Wlh fh]eh [u kgbablv ba^_j`db ijbgm`^_gby b h[e_]qblv jZ[hlm Zglbfhghihevguokem`[ 19.2.3 Mkeh\bynhjfbjh\Zgbydhgdmj_glghckj_^u\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb H[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZ <dZq_kl\_hkgh\gh]hij_iylkl\by^eywdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ\Jhkkbbfh`ghgZa\Zlvh[mkeh\e_ggmxl_ogbq_kdhc g_jZa\blhklvx djZcg_ gbadmx ijhba\h^bl_evghklv ljm^Z dhlhjZy khklZ\ey_l ih g_dhlhjuf hp_gdZf ebrv hl mjh\gy KR:226\lh\j_fydZd\]wlhlihdZaZl_evjZ\gyeky =eZ\gZy ijbqbgZ lZdh]h iheh`_gby \_s_c khklhbl \ g_jZ\guo mkeh\byo dhgdmj_gpbb \ [hevrbgkl\_ hljZke_c lh]^Z dZd \ebygb_ ^jm]bo nZdlhjh\ gZijbf_j ijh[e_f k\yaZgguo k bgnjZkljmdlmjhc b dhjihjZlb\guf mijZ\e_gb_f f_g__ agZqbfh < dZq_kl\_ h^gh]h ba h[tykg_gbc ^Zggh]h n_ghf_gZ ke_^m_l mdZaZlv ly`_eh_ gZke_^b_ kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb Z bf_ggh qj_a\uqZcgh madmx ij_^f_lgmx ki_pbZebaZpbx ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbc227 ijb hlkmlkl\bb wnn_dlb\gh]hf_oZgbafZh[jZlghck\yabhlihlj_[bl_eydba]hlh\bl_ex =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby nZdlbq_kdb [ueb ebr_gu \hafh`ghklb ijh\h^blv iheghklvx g_aZ\bkbfmx iheblbdm dhgdmjbjmy f_`^m kh[hc gZ Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghf jugd_ aZ ihemq_gb_ jZagh]h jh^Z ijb\be_]bc \ ieZg_ jZkij_^_e_gby [x^`_lguo kj_^kl\ J_r_gb_ aZ^Zqb ZeehdZpbb b jZkij_^_e_gby k ihfhsvx ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo bgklblmlh\ ieZgbjh\Zgby klZedb\Zehkv dZd k bgnhjfZpbhggh-\uqbkebl_evghc ijh[e_fhc ihemq_gb_ b h[jZ[hldZ dhehkkZevgh]h h[t_fZjZajhag_gguo^ZgguolZdbijh[e_fhcdhfZg^h\Zgbybdhgljhey JZaf_s_gb_ ijhba\h^kl\Z ijhbkoh^beh gZ hkgh\_ wdhghfbb [mo]Zel_jkdbo aZljZl ijb djZcg_ ^_nhjfbjh\Zgghc kljmdlmj_ p_g g_ mqblu\Zxs_c gb ijhihjpbb fbjh\h]h jugdZ gb ljZgkihjlgu_ aZljZlu gb ijhly`_gghklv kZfhc jhkkbckdhcl_jjblhjbbBgklblmpbhgZevgu_bkljZl_]bq_kdb_Zki_dlu^_yl_evghklbnbjf\h\gbfZgb_g_ijbgbfZebkvZ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ ijhba\h^kl\Z ihlj_[bl_evkdhc ijh^mdpbb ih hklZlhqghfm ijbgpbim ijb\h^beh d lhfm qlh gZmdh_fdb_ ij_^f_lu ihlj_[e_gby ijhba\h^bebkv kjZ\gbl_evgh g_[hevrbfb ij_^ijbylbyfb H^gZdh hlghkbl_evgh gbadZy Ijbf_jhflZdh]hjugdZfh`_lkem`blvjughdebabg]h\uomkem]g_h[oh^bfuc^eyjZa\blbyfZeh]hij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z KfWdhghfbdZJhkkbbjhkl\hafh`_gBkke_^h\Zgb_ijhba\h^bl_evghklbdexq_\uohljZke_cMcKinsey Global Institute, 1999. K. 227 GZijbf_jijh\_^_ggu_\]\PWFB:GKKKJbkke_^h\ZgbyihdZaZebqlhbagZbf_gh\Zgbcijh^mdpbbhl_q_kl\_ggh]h fZrbghkljh_gby b ba Zkkhjlbf_glguo ihabpbc \ kn_j_ ijhba\h^kl\Z obfbq_kdbo \hehdhg b gbl_c \uimkdZebkv gZ h^ghf ij_^ijbylbb Kf =hjh^_pdbc : IZ\e_gdh X Nj_gd_ev : >_fhghihebaZpby b jZa\blb_ dhgdmj_gpbb \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ <hijhkuwdhghfbdbK- 52. 225 226 dhgp_gljZpby ijhba\h^kl\Z \ hljZkeyo dhg_qgh]h ihlj_[e_gby ijb hlkmlkl\bb j_Zevgh]h kh[kl\_ggbdZ g_ mdZau\ZeZ gZ \hafh`ghklv dhgdmj_gpbb f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfb kj_^kl\Z jZkij_^_eyebkv p_gljZebah\Zggh [_a mq_lZ ihdZaZl_e_c wnn_dlb\ghklblh]hbebbgh]hohayckl\mxs_]hkm[t_dlZKeh`beZkvkblmZpby\dhlhjhc\ukhdbcmjh\_gvfhghihebaZpbb khq_lZekykgbadbfmjh\g_fdhgp_gljZpbbijhba\h^kl\Zhkh[_ggh\gZmdh_fdbohljZkeyo GZkZ`^Zlvdhgdmj_gpbxfh`ghiml_fm\_ebq_gbyqbkeZj_Zevghg_aZ\bkbfuoohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\aZkq_l ijbgm^bl_evgh]h jZa^_e_gby klZjh]h ij_^ijbylby-fhghihebklZ hj]ZgbaZpbb gh\h]h ij_^ijbylby beb ijb\e_q_gby bfihjl_jh\ H^gZdh dZd ihdZaZeZ ijZdlbdZ \ke_^kl\b_ \_kvfZ keZ[h]h mq_lZ j_Zevguo ihlj_[ghkl_c gZk_e_gby kijhk gZ ijh^mdpbx ij_^ijbylbc kha^Zgguo \ kh\_lkdh_ \j_fy j_adh khdjZlbeky ihke_ eb[_jZebaZpbb wdhghfbdb Z g_h[oh^bfZy j_kljmdlmjbaZpby ijh\_^_gZ g_[ueZKe_^kl\b_fwlh]hklZehiZ^_gb_ijhba\h^bl_evghklbljm^Z\^\h_ijbq_fijbf_jgh fhsghkl_c \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ hdZaZebkv khkj_^hlhq_ggufb gZ f_edbo b fhjZevgh mklZj_\rbo ij_^ijbylbyo dhlhju_l_fg_f_g__ijh^he`Zxlnmgdpbhgbjh\Zlvbkh^_j`ZlvbaebrgbcrlZlkhljm^gbdh\ GZij_^ijbylbyoh[jZah\Zgguoihke_]ijZdlbq_kdbg_kha^Z_lkygh\uofhsghkl_cgb\g_nl_^h[uq_gb\ ijhba\h^kl\_ihlj_[bl_evkdbolh\Zjh\ohly\wlbohljZkeyoJhkkbyfh]eZ[umemqrblvk\hbihdZaZl_eb\i_j\mxhq_j_^v ;hevrbgkl\hgh\uoij_^ijbylbckebrdhffZeubg_bkihevamxlgh\uol_ogheh]bc228;_aj_kljmdlmjbaZpbbbk_jv_aguo bg\_klbpbc kblmZpbx \jy^ eb m^Zklky bkijZ\blv Iheh`_gb_ hkeh`gy_lky l_f qlh wnn_dl hl bgl_gkb\ghc dhgdmj_gpbb gb\_ebjm_lkyba-aZg_h^bgZdh\uoijZ\beb]ju\u]h^guog_wnn_dlb\gufij_^ijbylbyfjZ[hlZxsbfkkh\_lkdbo\j_f_g H[uqgh wlh g_jZ\_gkl\h \ua\Zgh dhjjmipb_c gZ f_klghf mjh\g_ Z lZd`_ klj_fe_gb_f f_klguo \eZkl_c j_rZlv fgh]b_ khpbZevgu_ ijh[e_fu iml_f ih^^_j`Zgby ij_^ijbylbc gZ ieZ\m ij_^hklZ\eyy kdjulu_ km[kb^bb ba n_^_jZevgh]h b f_klgh]h [x^`_lh\ jZaebqgu_ gZeh]h\u_ ev]hlu lZjbngu_ kdb^db ev]hlgu_ dj_^blu Kj_^b jZaebqguo ijhy\e_gbc g_jZ\_gkl\Z mkeh\bc dhgdmj_gpbb fh`gh \u^_eblv lZd`_ g_h^bgZdh\uc j_`bf gZeh]hh[eh`_gby g_jZ\gu_ mkeh\by jZkij_^_e_gby a_feb b ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo aZdZah\ g_jZ\_gkl\h nZdlbq_kdbo p_g gZ wg_j]hj_kmjku ^ey jZaguo dhfiZgbc h^ghc hljZkeb g_jZ\_gkl\h Z^fbgbkljZlb\guo lj_[h\Zgbc b mkeh\bc ijbf_g_gby aZdhgh\ g_jZ\gu_ mkeh\by ^hklmiZ d bgnjZkljmdlmj_\lhfqbke_wdkihjlghcbddj_^blZf[Zgdh\kdbokljmdlmj G_jZ\gu_ mkeh\by dhgdmj_gpbb ihfh]Zxl fgh]bf g_wnn_dlb\guf dhfiZgbyf ba[_`Zlv hleh`blv ih]ehs_gb_ ^jm]bfb [he__ wnn_dlb\gufb dhfiZgbyfb < j_amevlZl_ \ukhdhijhba\h^bl_evguf nbjfZf g_ m^Z_lky aZ\h_\Zlv agZqbl_evghc ^heb jugdZ b \ul_kgblv k g_]h gbadhijhba\h^bl_evgu_ hlghkbl_evguc mjh\_gv aZljZl wnn_dlb\guoij_^ijbylbchdZau\Z_lky\ur_qlh^_eZ_lg_\hafh`gufbg\_klbjh\Zgb_\jZa\blb_ijhba\h^kl\ZDlhfm`_ g_jZ\gu_ mkeh\by dhgdmj_gpbb gZ f_ahmjh\g_ \_^ml d ^_klZ[bebaZpbb h[klZgh\db gZ fZdjhmjh\g_ m\_ebqb\Zy ^_nbpbl[x^`_lZbmom^rZybg\_klbpbhggucdebfZl. LZdbf h[jZahf bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z \ Jhkkbb nhjfbjm_l lZdb_ kihkh[u dhhi_jZpbb b dhgdmj_gpbb f_`^mohayckl\_ggufb_^bgbpZfbqlhg_j_^dh[he__wnn_dlb\gu_ij_^ijbylbyhdZau\Zxlkyf_g__ijb[uevgufb. Ihkldjbabkgh_jZa\blb_dhgdmj_glguohlghr_gbc < j_amevlZl_ djbabkZ Z\]mklZ ] ijhbahreh j_adh_ baf_g_gb_ hlghkbl_evguo p_g gZ \gmlj_gg_f jugd_ qlh ijb\_eh d i_j_f_gZf \ klbfmeZo ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\ Baf_g_gb_ j_Zevgh]h h[f_ggh]h dmjkZ jm[ey dhe_[Zgby fbjh\uo p_g gZ wdkihjlbjm_fu_ Jhkkb_c lh\Zju ijb khojZg_gbb \ukhdbo [Zjv_jh\ \oh^Z b \uoh^Z ijb\_eb d kiZ^m \ ijhba\h^kl\_ b kgb`_gbx bgl_gkb\ghklb dhgdmj_glguo ijhp_kkh\229 K ^jm]hc klhjhgu [he__ q_f ^\mdjZlgZy j_ZevgZy ^_\Zev\Zpbykha^ZeZ\hafh`ghklb^eyih\ur_gbydhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklbjhkkbckdboij_^ijbylbcgZfbjh\uojugdZo GZ \hafh`ghklv ^_klZ[bebaZpbb h[klZgh\db \ua\Zggmx kdZqdhf bgneypbb b Z`bhlZ`guf kijhkhf gZ ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ lh\Zju jhkkbckdZy wdhghfbdZ hlj_Z]bjh\ZeZ \iheg_ ih-kh\_lkdb ;ueb mklZgh\e_gu jZaebqgh]h jh^Z Z^fbgbkljZlb\gu_ h]jZgbq_gby h[f_gZ gZ j_]bhgZevghf mjh\g_ gZijbf_j h]jZgbq_gby \u\haZ k_evkdhohayckl\_gghc ijh^mdpbbkl_jjblhjbbkm[t_dlZJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbIheblbdZj_]bhgZevguo\eZkl_coZjZdl_jbah\ZeZkvih\ur_gb_f mjh\gy [Zjv_jh\ \oh^Z gZ jughd q_j_a h]jZgbq_gby gZ \\ha ijh^mdpbb iml_f \\_^_gby jZaebqguo k[hjh\ j_]bhgZevguo kbkl_f fZjdbjh\db ^\hcghc k_jlbnbdZpbb Zddj_^blZpbb b li K p_evx ij_^hl\jZs_gby njZ]f_glZpbb wdhghfbdb ba-aZ \\_^_gby ijhlb\hj_qZsbo Dhgklblmpbb iheh`_gbc gZ f_klghf mjh\g_ [ueZ gZeZ`_gZ dhhj^bgZpby jZaebqguo hj]Zgh\ bkihegbl_evghc \eZklb – F:I b ijhdmjZlmju J_amevlZlhf ijbf_g_gby f_j ijhdmjhjkdh]h gZ^ahjZ klZeh kgb`_gb_ g_hij_^_e_gghklb gZ mjh\g_ ijZ\hijbf_gbl_evghc ijZdlbdb Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh b ih\ur_gb_ i_j_]h\hjghc kbeu Zglbfhghihevguohj]Zgh\kj_]bhgZevgufb\eZklyfb >jm]hc f_jhc wdhghfbq_kdhc klZ[bebaZpbb klZeh \hagbdgh\_gb_ kh]eZr_gby H khljm^gbq_kl\_ ih klZ[bebaZpbb iheh`_gby\wdhghfbd_JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbbih^ibkZggh]h\fZ_]jmdh\h^bl_eyfbdjmig_crbodhfiZgbcgZ ^hexdhlhjuoijboh^blky[he__<<I230LZdhc^hdmf_glg_\dexqZe\dZq_kl\_mqZklgbdZijZ\bl_evkl\hohlyhgh _^bgkl\_ggh_ fh]eh [u dhhj^bgbjh\Zlv ^_ckl\by _]h mqZklgbdh\ Wlh ijb\_eh d lhfm qlh nZdlbq_kdb kh]eZr_gb_ g_ kh[ex^Zehkv l_fb dlh _]h ih^ibkZe Ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ g_aZdhggh_ ijhlb\hj_qZs__ AZdhgm Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb H dhgdmj_gpbbbh]jZgbq_gbbfhghihebklbq_kdhc^_yl_evghklbgZlh\ZjguojugdZoklZlvbb\j_^ZdpbbN_^_jZevgh]h aZdhgZ NA hl lZdh_ kh]eZr_gb_ hdZaZehkv g_wnn_dlb\guf ihkdhevdm ijZdlbq_kdb g_ hlebqZehkv hl jZkij_^_ebl_evghc ko_fu kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb KlZ[bevguf fh]eh [u [ulv lZdh_ aZdhggh_ kh]eZr_gb_ dhlhjh_ g_ h]jZgbqb\Zeh[udhgdmj_gpbxbmqZklgbdbdhlhjh]h[ueb[uaZbgl_j_kh\Zgu\^h[jh\hevghfjZkdjulbbbgnhjfZpbb :glbfhghihevgZyiheblbdZ Ykgh qlh mkeh\by dhgdmj_gpbb gZ lh\Zjguo b nbgZgkh\uo jugdZo Jhkkbb y\eyxlky qZklvx __ bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u kms_kl\mxs_c \ gZklhys__ \j_fy b aZ\bkyl hl fgh]bo ^jm]bo we_f_glh\ wlhc kj_^u Jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\Z aZdexqZ_lky \ dhgljhe_ aZ kh[ex^_gb_f \k_fb mqZklgbdZfb jugdZ ijZ\be h[jZamxsbo nhjfZevgmx qZklv WdhghfbdZJhkkbbjhkl\hafh`_gK Fbgbkl_jkl\h Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ih Zglbfhghihevghc iheblbd_ b ih^^_j`d_ ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z >hdeZ^ H dhgdmj_glghc iheblbd_\JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb– Iihem]h^b_]FBa^Zl_evkl\h>hfIjZ\h\h_ijhk\_s_gb_ 230 EZlugbgZX:glbbgneypbhgguckbg^jhfWdki_jlK-31. 228 229 mdZaZgghc kj_^u Ke_^h\Zl_evgh kl_i_gv jZa\blby dhgdmj_gpbb gZijyfmx aZ\bkbl hl ^_ckl\bc ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb BgklblmpbhgZevguc [Zabk jZa\blby dhgdmj_gpbb kh^_j`blky \ n_^_jZevguo aZdhgZo H dhgdmj_gpbb b h]jZgbq_gbb fhghihebklbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb gZ lh\Zjguo jugdZo hl NA H aZsbl_ dhgdmj_gpbb gZ jugdZo nbgZgkh\uo mkem] H aZsbl_ ijZ\ ihlj_[bl_e_c H _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebyo H j_deZf_ Dhgljhev hkms_kl\ey_lky Fbgbkl_jkl\hf Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ih Zglbfhghihevghc iheblbd_ b ih^^_j`d_ ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z F:IJhkkbbdhlhjh_ke_^blaZZ^_d\Zlgufijbf_g_gb_faZdhgh\qlhiha\hey_lmkljZgblvehdZevgmxg_kijZ\_^eb\hklvb ij_^mij_^blv^Zevg_crb_ijZ\hgZjmr_gbyWlhkihkh[kl\m_lmklZgh\e_gbxg_dh_]hdh^_dkZih\_^_gbymqZklgbdh\jugdZ ohly^hkboihjhdheh\k_oaZy\e_gbcihih\h^maehmihlj_[e_gby^hfbgbjmxsbfiheh`_gb_fhlghkblkydk_dlhjZf _kl_kl\_gguofhghihebcqlh]h\hjblhij_g_[j_`_gbbZglbfhghihevgufaZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hfjughqgmxbiheblbq_kdmx \eZklv bf_xsbfb LZdmx aZdhghf_jghklv fh`gh hlqZklb h[tykgblv l_f nZdlhf qlh jZaf_ju rljZnguo kZgdpbc aZ gZjmr_gb_aZdhgh\h[jZlghijhihjpbhgZevgu^hoh^ZfdhfiZgbbb__jughqghc\eZklb < ] ijhbahreh kgb`_gb_ dhebq_kl\Z ijZ\hgZjmr_gbc \ nhjf_ g_^h[jhkh\_klghc dhgdmj_gpbb d mjh\gx ]231. HdZau\Z_lky qlh nbjfu k g_agZqbl_evghc jughqghc \eZklvx [he__ aZdhghihkemrgu b j_ij_kkb\gu_ f_juZglbfhghihevguohj]Zgh\[he__^_ckl\_ggu :glbdhgdmj_glgu_^_ckl\byhj]Zgh\bkihegbl_evghc\eZklb–Z^fbgbkljZlb\gucfhghihebaf–hklZ_lkyba]h^Z \ ]h^ ijbf_jgh gZ h^ghf b lhf `_ mjh\g_ hdheh aZy\e_gbc Wlh _s_ jZa mdZau\Z_l gZ h]jhfgmx bg_jpbx \ ^_yl_evghklb Z^fbgbkljZpbb < ] mf_gvrbehkv qbkeh kemqZ_\ g_aZdhggh]h mqZklby \ ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdhc ^_yl_evghklb^he`ghklguoebphj]Zgh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmijZ\e_gby Djhf_lh]h\wlhf`_]h^mijhbkoh^behgZjZklZgb_fZkrlZ[h\kljmdlmjguoij_h[jZah\Zgbcbi_j_jZkij_^_e_gby ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbgZn_^_jZevghfbj_]bhgZevghfmjh\gyoH[wlhfk\b^_l_evkl\m_lklZlbklbdZihqbkemjZkkfhlj_gguo oh^ZlZckl\ b m\_^hfe_gbc ih klZlvyf b AZdhgZ H dhgdmj_gpbb« - hkms_kl\e_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h dhgljhey aZ kha^Zgb_f j_hj]ZgbaZpb_c ebd\b^Zpb_c dhff_jq_kdbo hj]ZgbaZpbc b bo h[t_^bg_gbc b kh[ex^_gb_ Zglbfhghihevgh]h aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z ijb ijbh[j_l_gbb Zdpbc ^he_c \ mklZ\ghf dZiblZe_ dhff_jq_kdbo hj]ZgbaZpbc b bguo kemqZyo M\_ebq_gb_khklZ\behkhhl\_lkl\_gghbdmjh\gx] LZdbfh[jZahfijZdlbdZ^_yl_evghklbZglbfhghihevguohj]Zgh\\h[eZklbih^^_j`dbdhgdmj_gpbbbhnbpbZevgZy klZlbklbdZ mdZau\Zxl gZ \ukhdmx kl_i_gv fhghihebaZpbb lh\Zjguo jugdh\ b h rbjhdhfZkrlZ[ghc ijhlb\hijZ\ghc fhghihebklbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \ Jhkkbb Wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h g_^hklZlhqghc ijZ\h\hc [Za_ j_]mebjh\Zgby b g_h[oh^bfhklb ih\ur_gby wnn_dlb\ghklb km^hijhba\h^kl\Z b bkiheg_gby km^_[guo j_r_gbc ;_a khhl\_lkl\mxs_c km^_[gh-ijZ\h\hcw\hexpbbmkeh\bydhgdmj_gpbb\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_[m^mlih-ij_`g_fmhklZ\Zlvkyg_jZ\gufbqlh [m^_l b ^Zevr_ lhjfhablv __ l_ogbq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ IhdZ ijhfure_ggu_ dhfiZgbb bf_xl klbfmeu g_ d bggh\Zpbhgguf \eh`_gbyfZd\eh`_gbyf\ihemq_gb_j_glguo^hoh^h\ijhba\h^bl_evghklvljm^Z\gZr_cwdhghfbd_g_\hajZkl_l D wlhfm fh`gh ^h[Z\blv qlh ]hkm^Zjkl\h ^he`gh lZd`_ \aylv gZ k_[y hl\_lkl\_gghklv ih klbfmebjh\Zgbx w\hexpbb nbgZgkh\hc kbkl_fu DZd m`_ [ueh ihdZaZgh l_ogbq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ g_\hafh`gh [_a \g_rg_]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby bg\_klbpbcqlhij_^iheZ]Z_lgZebqb_jZaghh[jZaguonbgZgkh\uobgkljmf_glh\LZdb_bgkljmf_glu^he`guij_^eZ]Zlvky jZa\blufb nbgZgkh\ufb jugdZfb b mqj_`^_gbyfb ijbq_f h]jhfgmx \Z`ghklv bf_xl mkeh\by jZ\gh]h ^hklmiZ d mdZaZgguf bgkljmf_glZf ijhfure_gguo ij_^ijbylbc K wlhc lhqdb aj_gby h[jZah\Zgb_ \ wdhghfbd_ Jhkkbb nbgZgkh\hijhfure_gguo ]jmii ke_^m_l hp_gb\Zlv g_]Zlb\gh ihkdhevdm hgh mdj_iey_l iheh`_gb_ ^hfbgbjmxsbo ij_^ijbylbc aZ kq_lmkbe_gbyihl_gpbZeZ\g_rg_]hnbgZgkbjh\Zgbybo^_yl_evghklb 19.2.4 JZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbbbbgnjZkljmdlmjZ Ij_^u^msbc ZgZeba ihdZaZe qlh ihl_gpbZe jZa\blby dhgdmj_glguo jugdh\ \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb \ kms_kl\_gghc f_j_ k^_j`b\Z_lky \ke_^kl\b_ g_Z^_d\Zlghklb bgklblmpbhgZevghc bgnjZkljmdlmju < lh `_ \j_fy k_jv_aguf ij_iylkl\b_f jZa\blbx dhgdmj_gpbb dZd b wdhghfbq_kdhfm jhklm \ p_ehf fh`_l kem`blv khklhygb_ nbabq_kdhcbgnjZkljmdlmjufZl_jbZevguok_l_c <Z`gh jZa^_eylv ihgylby _kl_kl\_ggZy fhghiheby b bgnjZkljmdlmjgZy fhghiheby < ljZ^bpbhgghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb kms_kl\m_l ih^oh^ d _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb dZd nbjf_ ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy nmgdpby dhlhjhc oZjZdl_jbam_lky \hajZklZxs_c hl^Zq_c hl fZkrlZ[Z \\b^m agZqbl_evghc ^heb ihklhygguo ba^_j`_d Ijb wlhf gZebqb_ _^bgkl\_ggh]h ijhba\h^bl_ey lh\ZjZ mkem]b y\ey_lky hilbfZevguf k l_ogheh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby l_ogheh]bq_kdZy fhghiheby < khhl\_lkl\bb k jhkkbckdbf aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hf N_^_jZevguc AZdhg hl Z\]mklZ ] -NA H _kl_kl\_gguofhghihebyo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghiheb_cgZau\Z_lkykhklhygb_lh\Zjgh]hjugdZijbdhlhjhfm^h\e_l\hj_gb_ kijhkZgZwlhfjugd_wnn_dlb\g__\hlkmlkl\b_dhgdmj_gpbb\kbeml_ogheh]bq_kdbohkh[_gghkl_cijhba\h^kl\Z\k\yabk kms_kl\_ggufihgb`_gb_fba^_j`_dijhba\h^kl\ZgZ_^bgbpmlh\ZjZihf_j_m\_ebq_gbyh[t_fZijhba\h^kl\ZZlh\Zju ijhba\h^bfu_km[t_dlZfb_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebbg_fh]ml[ulvaZf_g_gu\ihlj_[e_gbb^jm]bfblh\ZjZfb\k\yabkq_f kijhk gZ ^Zgghf lh\Zjghf jugd_ gZ lh\Zju ijhba\h^bfu_ km[t_dlZfb _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc \ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb aZ\bkbl hl baf_g_gby p_gu gZ wlhl lh\Zj q_f kijhk gZ ^jm]b_ \b^u lh\Zjh\ Km[t_dl _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb hij_^_ey_lky dZd ohayckl\mxsbc km[t_dl xjb^bq_kdh_ ebph aZgyluc ijhba\h^kl\hf j_ZebaZpb_c lh\Zjh\ \ mkeh\byo _kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh ^_ckl\mxs__ \ gZklhys__ \j_fy jhkkbckdh_ aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\h \ p_ehf khhl\_lkl\m_l ljZ^bpbhgghfm ih^oh^m d hij_^_e_gbx _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb \ wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb g_h[oh^bfh hlf_lblv _]h ijbgpbibZevgmx g_lhqghklv K f_lh^heh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby gZb[he__ hi_jZpbhgZevguf ij_^klZ\ey_lky ihgylb_ bgnjZkljmdlmjghc fhghihebb b bgkljmf_glZjbc b ihgylbcguc ZiiZjZl g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb < A^_kv b ^Ze__ Fbgbkl_jkl\h Jhkkbckdhc N_^_jZpbb ih Zglbfhghihevghc iheblbd_ b ih^^_j`d_ ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z >hdeZ^ H dhgdmj_glghciheblbd_\JhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb– Iihem]h^b_]FBa^Zl_evkl\h>hfIjZ\h\h_ijhk\_s_gb_ 231 qZklghklb dexq_\mx jhev \ jZa]jZgbq_gbb fhghihevguo b ihl_gpbZevgh dhgdmj_glguo \b^h\ ^_yl_evghklb b]jZ_l ihgylb_ki_pbnbqghklbZdlb\h\ Ihgylb_bgnjZkljmdlmjghchljZkeb\dexqZ_l\k_[yljbmjh\gy232. I_j\uc - wlh kh[kl\_ggh fZl_jbZevgu_ k_lb \ dhlhjuo hkms_kl\ey_lky ihklZ\dZ ijh^mdpbb b [_a dhlhjuo hgZ eb[hg_\hafh`gZeb[hwdhghfbq_kdbg_p_e_khh[jZagZ <lhjhcmjh\_gvkhklZ\eyxlhi_jZpbb -^_yl_evghklvihwdkiemZlZpbblhcbebbghcbgnjZkljmdlmjghck_lbFh`gh \u^_eblv ^\Z \b^Z hi_jZpbc ^_yl_evghklv ih ih^^_j`Zgbx bgnjZkljmdlmju \ jZ[hq_f khklhygbb – h[_ki_q_gb_ g_h[oh^bfhc ijhimkdghc kihkh[ghklb k_lb b ^bki_lq_jbaZpby lZd gZau\Z_fu_ _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevgu_ \b^u ^_yl_evghklb hij_^_ey_fu_ l_ogheh]bq_kdbfb hkh[_gghklyfb bgnjZkljmdlmju - b g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_ hdZaZgb_ mkem] dhg_qghfmihevah\Zl_exdhgdmj_glgu_\b^u^_yl_evghklbhkms_kl\ey_fu_g_aZ\bkbfufbmqZklgbdZfbjugdZ Lj_lbcmjh\_gv- bgnjZkljmdlmjgu_jugdbij_^eh`_gb_gZdhlhjuonhjfbjm_lkyijhimkdghckihkh[ghklvxk_lb bgnjZkljmdlmju Z kijhk – ihlhdhf aZy\hd gZ mkem]b bgnjZkljmdlmjgh]h oZjZdl_jZ QZklh ijhba\h^bl_ev mkem]b b \eZ^_e_pbgnjZkljmdlmjghck_lbxjb^bq_kdbkhkms_kl\mxlih^djur_ch^ghc\_jlbdZevghbgl_]jbjh\ZgghcdhfiZgbb < Jhkkbb dZd bgklblmpbhgZevgZy ih djZcg_c f_j_ \ qZklb g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ lZd b fZl_jbZevgZy bgnjZkljmdlmjZ \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb gZke_^h\Zgu hl ieZgh\hc wdhghfbdb \ dhlhjhc ijZdlbq_kdb hlkmlkl\h\Zeb jughqgu_ f_oZgbafu dhgljhey aZ kh[ex^_gb_f dhgljZdlguo h[yaZl_evkl\ aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb h[_ki_q_gby g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhgguo ijZ\be dhgdmj_glghc [hjv[u b l^ ;he__ lh]h dZd [ueh ihdZaZgh \ jZa^_e_ nbabq_kdZy bgnjZkljmdlmjZ ij_`^_ \k_]h `_e_agh^hjh`guc b ljm[hijh\h^guc ljZgkihjl l_e_dhffmgbdZpbb b we_dljbq_kdb_ k_lb [ueZ hjb_glbjh\ZgZ gZ m^h\e_l\hj_gb_ gm`^ \_jlbdZevgh bgl_]jbjh\Zgghc ijhba\h^kl\_ggh-jZkij_^_ebl_evghc kbkl_fu khpbZebklbq_kdhc wdhghfbdb < jZfdZo p_gljZebah\Zgghckbkl_fuieZgbjh\Zgby\hlkmlkl\b_agZqbfuo]hjbahglZevguo k\ya_c f_`^m ij_^ijbylbyfb Z lZd`_ bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[f_gZ f_`^m ijhba\h^bl_e_f b ihlj_[bl_e_f lj_[h\Zgby d bgnjZkljmdlmjghfmh[_ki_q_gbxnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgbywdhghfbdb[uebkhhl\_lkl\mxsbfb>_r_\u_we_dljbq_kdZywg_j]by ]Za b mkem]b ]jmah\h]h `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ h[_ki_qb\Zeb hlghkbl_evgmx dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklv hlqZklb dhfi_gkbjmygbadmxijhba\h^bl_evghklvljm^ZbdZiblZeZ J_amevlZlhflZdh]hklbfmebjh\ZgbywdhghfbdbklZeZ\ukhdZywg_j]h_fdhklvhl_q_kl\_gghcijh^mdpbb\-jZaZ \ur_ q_f \ jZa\bluo kljZgZo dhlhju_ \ [hevrbgkl\_ k\h_f ijh\_eb g_h[oh^bfmx kljmdlmjgmx i_j_kljhcdm k\hbo wdhghfbd \ hl\_l gZ rhdb ij_^eh`_gby \ua\Zggu_ g_nlygufb djbabkZfb k_fb^_kyluo ]h^h\ ijhreh]h \_dZ Z lZd`_ g_]Zlb\gu_ wdheh]bq_kdb_ ihke_^kl\by fZkrlZ[u dhlhjuo _s_ ij_^klhbl hp_gblv233 KeZ[uc mjh\_gv jZa\blby l_e_dhffmgbdZpbc \ kljZg_ kljmdlmjgh [ue h[mkeh\e_g i_j_dhkhf \ klhjhgm ijhba\h^kl\ kj_^kl\ ijhba\h^kl\Z b hklZlhqgufijbgpbihfnbgZgkbjh\Zgbyk_dlhjZmkem]g_kfhljygZlhqlh^Zggh_gZijZ\e_gb_y\eyehkvi_jki_dlb\gufk lhqdbaj_gbyih\ur_gbyijhba\h^bl_evghklbljm^Z < jughqghc wdhghfbd_ ijhba\h^kl\h mkem] bgnjZkljmdlmju ^he`gh mqblu\Zlv ba^_j`db ijhba\h^kl\Z h]jZgbq_gby ih kijhkm \g_rgb_ wnn_dlu [x^`_lgu_ h]jZgbq_gby ijZ\bl_evkl\Z dZq_kl\h mkem] Z lZd`_ kl_i_gv bo khpbZevghc agZqbfhklb K jZa\blb_f f_oZgbafh\ jughqghc dhgdmj_gpbb b hkh[_ggh \ i_jbh^ ihkldjbabkgh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h ih^t_fZ \ Jhkkbb qZklguc k_dlhj \k_ qZs_ klZe ij_^ty\eylv kijhk gZ mkem]b bgnjZkljmdlmjgh]h oZjZdl_jZ234=hkm^Zjkl\h`_hdZaZehkvg_\khklhygbbm^h\e_l\hjblvwlhlkijhkgbihp_g_mjh\gxlZjbnh\gbihh[t_fm g_h[oh^bfZdhj_ggZyfh^_jgbaZpbyk_l_cbkljhbl_evkl\hgh\uo\_lhdgbihdZq_kl\mmkem]235KblmZpbykeh`b\rZyky\ hljZkeyo bgnjZkljmdlmju k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h gZebqbb jy^Z hklj_crbo djbabkguo y\e_gbc ij_h^he_gb_ dhlhjuo [_a k_jv_aguo ij_h[jZah\Zgbc g_\hafh`gh < gZklhysbc fhf_gl kms_kl\m_l j_ZevgZy m]jhaZ g_ h[_ki_qblv ij_^ty\ey_fuc kijhkgZmkem]bbgnjZkljmdlmju]eZ\gufh[jZahfba-aZg_o\ZldbbdjZcg_cbaghr_gghklbfZl_jbZevguok_l_cqlh\k\hx hq_j_^v h[mkeh\e_gh g_^hklZlhqghklvx j_kmjkh\ ^ey hkms_kl\e_gby ^he`guo bg\_klbpbc M`_ \ [eb`Zcr_f [m^ms_f khklhygb_hljZke_cbgnjZkljmdlmjufh`_lklZlvl_ogheh]bq_kdbfh]jZgbq_gb_f^eyjhklZwdhghfbdb Ij_^ijbgbfZ_fu_ \ ihke_^g__ \j_fy IjZ\bl_evkl\hf JN f_ju ih kljmdlmjghfm j_nhjfbjh\Zgbx ^Zgguo hljZke_c k h^ghc klhjhgu ^he`gu m`_ k_]h^gy h[_ki_qblv ijblhd bg\_klbpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey ghjfZevgh]hnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby\hkgh\ghfaZkq_lhi_j_`Zxs_]hbgneypbxjhklZlZjbnh\gZmkem]bbgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZke_c k ^jm]hc klhjhgu – h[_ki_qblv mklhcqb\hklv fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhc kblmZpbb khojZgb\ ihdZaZl_ev bgneypbb \ ij_^_eZop_e_\uo-bkha^Zlvmkeh\by^eyih\ur_gbywnn_dlb\ghklbbojZ[hlubjZa\blbydhgdmj_gpbb\[m^ms_f <hagbdZ_ldhgnebdlf_`^mdjZldhkjhqgufblZdlbq_kdbfb^he]hkjhqgufbkljZl_]bq_kdbfbp_eyfbAZ^ZqZ]hkm^Zjkl\Z –kh[exklb[ZeZgkf_`^mijbhjbl_lZfbg_^himklblvqlh[uj_ZebaZpbyh^gbo\Z`guop_e_caZdju\ZeZimlvd^hklb`_gbx ^jm]bo Ihwlhfm hkh[mx \Z`ghklv ijbh[j_lZ_l \hijhk h \u[hj_ ijbhjbl_lh\ gZ gZqZevghc nZa_ ij_h[jZah\Zgbc dh]^Z nhjfbjm_lky[ZaZj_nhjfDZd[uehihdZaZgh\ur_kfjZa^_elZdhc[Zahcfh`_lklZlviheblbdZklbfmebjh\Zgby dhgdmj_gpbb Kj_^b wdhghfbklh\ b iheblbdh\ knhjfbjh\Zehkv mklhcqb\h_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf qlh kha^Zgb_ dhgdmj_glguo jugdh\ g_ h[yaZl_evgh \ bgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZkeyo gZ [Za_ jZa\blhc bgnjZkljmdlmju y\ey_lky g_hlt_fe_fhc khklZ\eyxs_ciZd_lZkljmdlmjguoj_nhjfbg_h[oh^bfufmkeh\b_fmki_rgh]haZ\_jr_gbyijhp_kkZi_j_oh^Zdjughqghc wdhghfbd_Fh`gh\u^_eblvljbih^oh^ZdZgZebamwnn_dlZdhlhjuchdZau\Z_lbgnjZkljmdlmjZgZjZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbb Dhdhj_\<BgklblmpbhgZevgZyj_nhjfZ\kn_j_bgnjZkljmdlmju\mkeh\byo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb K-133. 233 J_qv a^_kv b^_l ij_`^_ \k_]h h[ ms_j[_ gZghkbfhf wdhkbkl_fZf jhkkbckdbo j_d ijb kljhbl_evkl\_ ]b^jhwe_dljhklZgpbc Kms_kl\h\Z\rZy \ Kh\_lkdhf Khxa_ kljmdlmjZ kh[kl\_gghklb lhqg__ __ hlkmlkl\b_ g_ iha\heyeZ bgl_jgZebabjh\Zlv hljbpZl_evgu_ \g_rgb_ wnn_dlu jZaebqguo kljh_d \_dZ qlh gZjy^m k bkihevah\Zgb_f ^_r_\h]h ]ZaZ \h \j_fy lZd gZau\Z_fhc ]Zah\hc iZmau b hij_^_ey_lhlghkbl_evgmx^_r_\bagmwe_dljhwg_j]bb\Jhkkbb 234 >hdZaZl_evkl\hf lhfm fh`_l kem`blv gZf_j_gb_ djmig_crbo jhkkbckdbo g_nlyguo dhfiZgbc mqZkl\h\Zlv \ kljhbl_evkl\_ g_nl_ijh\h^h\AZiZ^gZyKb[bjv–FmjfZgkdZlZd`_:g]Zjkd–>Zpbgb:g]Zjkd–GZoh^dZ 235 < h^gbo k_dlhjZo lZdbo dZd ]jmah\u_ i_j_\hadb kms_kl\m_l i_j_ijhba\h^kl\h dZq_kl\Z mkem] dh]^Z ]jma khijh\h`^Z_lky \hhjm`_ggufb ^h am[h\ hljy^Zfb fbebpbb lh]^Z dZd g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh_ khklhygb_ iml_\h]h ohayckl\Z gZ hl^_evguo gZijZ\e_gbyo kgb`Z_lkdhjhklv^\b`_gbykhklZ\Zm\_ebqb\Zy\j_fy\imlb 232 I_j\uc ih^oh^ fh`_l [ulv mkeh\gh gZa\Zg bgnjZkljmdlmjZ ^ey dhgdmj_gpbb Hg khklhbl \ hij_^_e_gbb \deZ^Z bgklblmpbhgZevghc b nbabq_kdhc bgnjZkljmdlmju \ khdjZs_gb_ ljZgknhjfZpbhgguo b ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d \_^_gby [bag_kZ GZ l_hj_lbq_kdhf mjh\g_ \hijhku aZ\bkbfhklb jZa\blby dhgdmj_gpbb hl khklhygby bgnjZkljmdlmju bkke_^h\Zeb Fzjnb Reycn_j b <brgb236 Hgb \ qZklghklb jZkkfZljb\Zeb bgnjZkljmdlmjm dZd h[s_kl\_ggh_ [eZ]h b mdZau\Zeb gZ \hafh`gu_ ijh\Zeu dhhj^bgZpbb ijb ihiuld_ kljhbl_evkl\Z bgnjZkljmdlmju \i_j_^ kijhkZ :\lhju ihdZaZeb qlh jZa\blb_ \ rbjhdhf kfuke_ keh\Z bgnjZkljmdlmju kihkh[gh h[_ki_qblv kgb`_gb_ ljZgknhjfZpbhgguo ba^_j`_d gh g_ \eby_l gZ kbem dhgdmj_glgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m nbjfZfb H^gZdh g_h[oh^bfh ijbagZlv qlh ke_^kl\b_f khdjZs_gby ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d \ wdhghfbd_ y\ey_lky bgl_gkbnbdZpby jughqghc \ hlebqb_ hl Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcbebiheblbq_kdhcdhgdmj_gpbbih\ur_gb_dZq_kl\Zhl[hjZgZb[he__wnn_dlb\guo\l_ogheh]bq_kdhf b hj]ZgbaZpbhgghf ieZg_ nbjf Z g_ mki_rguo eh[[bklh\ ih\ur_gb_ klbfmeh\ d j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb b \uoh^m gZ gh\u_ jugdb K_jv_agZy ihiuldZ ZgZebaZ wnn_dlh\ \ebygby bgklblmpbhgZevguo j_nhjf b bg\_klbpbc \ bgnjZkljmdlmjm gZ dhgdmj_glgucijhp_kk[ueZij_^ijbgylZNbebiihf:]bchghfba=Zj\Zj^ZbFZjdhfRZgd_jfZghfbaEhg^hgkdhcrdheu wdhghfbdb237 < k\h_f bkke_^h\Zgbb mq_gu_ jZkkfhlj_eb h[s_kl\_ggu_ \u]h^u hl bg\_klbpbc \ bgnjZkljmdlmjm \ke_^kl\b_kgb`_gbybf_gghljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dZagZqblklbfmebjh\Zgbydhgdmj_gpbbgZjugdZolh\Zjh\bmkem] b khdjZs_gbb Zkbff_ljbb bgnhjfZpbb f_`^m ijhba\h^bl_e_f b ihlj_[bl_e_f DZd ihdZaZeb Z\lhju bg\_klbpbb \ bgnjZkljmdlmjm \_^msb_ d khdjZs_gbx ljZgkihjlguo dhffmgbdZpbhgguo b bgnhjfZpbhgguo ba^_j`_d ihjh`^Zxl lZd gZau\Z_fuc wnn_dl hl[hjZ selection effect \ke_^kl\b_ dhlhjh]h k h^ghc klhjhgu m ^_ckl\mxsbo mqZklgbdh\ jugdZ ihy\eyxlkyklbfmeudih\ur_gbxwnn_dlb\ghklbk^jm]hc–\oh^ysb_gZjughdgh\u_nbjfuihemqZxl]ZjZglbblh]h qlh\[m^ms_fhgbkfh]mldhgdmjbjh\Zlvijb[he__gbadboba^_j`dZo\_^_gby[bag_kZ>jm]bfbkeh\Zfbih^h[gh]hjh^Z bg\_klbpbhggu_ ijh_dlu hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ kdhjhklv b dZq_kl\h nhjfbjh\Zgby jughqguo bgklblmlh\ \ lhf qbke_ f_oZgbafh\jughqghcdhgdmj_gpbb <lhjhc ih^oh^ dhgdmj_gpby aZ bgnjZkljmdlmjm [Zabjm_lky gZ ij_^ihkued_ h lhf qlh wnn_dlb\gh_ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ hljZkeb fh`_l [ulv h[_ki_q_gh g_ kljmdlmjhc hljZkeb Z mkeh\byfb \oh^Z K wlhc p_evx hj]Zgbah\u\Zxlky lZd gZau\Z_fu_ lhj]b Zmdpbhg aZ njZgrbam gZ _kl_kl\_ggmx fhghihebx qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l dhgdmj_gpbxaZkn_jm^_yl_evghklbKhi_jgbq_kl\hf_`^mmqZklgbdZfbdhgdmjkZaZjughdfh`_lijb\_klbdmkljZg_gbx fhghihevguop_gbijZdlbdihkdhevdmih[_^bl_evZmdpbhgZij_^eh`b\rbcgZbf_gvrmxm^_evgmxp_gmihklZ\dbmkem] [m^_l ebr_g klbfmeh\ d m\_ebq_gbx beb aZ\ur_gbx k\hbo wdkiebpblguo ba^_j`_d dZd ljZgknhjfZpbhgguo lZd b ljZgkZdpbhgguo Djhf_ lh]h hg [m^_l aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \ hilbfZevghf jZaf_s_gbb j_kmjkh\ \ mkeh\byo _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebbqlhihfbfhijhq_]hijb\_^_ldkhdjZs_gbxbbfiebpblguoljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d LZddZdkj_^gb_ba^_j`dbijhba\h^kl\Zfhghihevghcijh^mdpbb\^he]hkjhqghci_jki_dlb\_bf_xll_g^_gpbxd mf_gvr_gbx lh ^ey kh]eZkh\Zgby ^bgZfbdb baf_g_gby p_g gZ ijh^mdpbx _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb b mjh\gy ba^_j`_d g_h[oh^bfh ijh\h^blv lhj]b i_jbh^bq_kdb I_jki_dlb\Z i_j_aZdexq_gby dhgljZdlZ ih[m`^Z_l dZd ohayckl\mxs_]h km[t_dlZ \eZ^_evpZ \j_f_gghc njZgrbau lZd b ihl_gpbZevguo dhgdmj_glh\ d ihbkdm [he__ wdhghfbqguo kihkh[h\ hj]ZgbaZpbb ijhba\h^kl\Z ^ey lh]h qlh[u gZ ke_^mxs_f Zmdpbhg_ ij_^eh`blv gZbf_gvrmx p_gm ihklZ\db mkem]b Ih[_^bl_evZmdpbhgZihemqZ_l\hafh`ghklvhkms_kl\eylvohayckl\_ggmx^_yl_evghklvgZijZ\ZoZj_g^ubebdhgp_kkbb< kemqZ_ Zj_g^u Zdlb\u bgnjZkljmdlmjgZy k_lv ijbgZ^e_`Zl ]hkm^Zjkl\m beb kha^Zxlky aZ _]h kq_l Z kh^_j`Zlky b mijZ\eyxlky qZklghc nbjfhc Dhgp_kkbb lbibqgu ^ey hj]ZgbaZpbb \h^hkgZ[`_gby b `_e_agh^hjh`guo i_j_\hahd Ijb dhgp_kkbbohe^bg]h\ZydhfiZgbyhkms_kl\ey_lbg\_klbpbb\ih^^_j`Zgb_bjZa\blb_k_lbbakh[kl\_gguobebaZ_fguoqlh \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ g_ \Z`gh kj_^kl\ DhgljZdlu aZdexqZxlky gZ jZaebqgu_ kjhdb h[uqgh ^hklZlhqgu_ ^ey iheghc hdmiZ_fhklb\eh`_gbcihke_q_]hfh`_l[ulv\udmie_gZ]hkm^Zjkl\hf<ijbgpbi_dhgdmj_gpbyaZdhgp_kkbxkeZ[__q_f aZZj_g^mlZddZda^_kv^eymqZklby\dhgdmjk_g_h[oh^bfagZqbl_evguckh[kl\_ggucdZiblZebeb^hklmiddj_^blm >hklhbgkl\Zfb lhj]h\ aZ njZgrbam dZd nhjfu ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc b jZa\blby dhgdmj_gpbb fh]ml [ulv \h-i_j\uo ih^qbg_gb_ bo ^_yl_evghklb aZijhkZf ihlj_[bl_e_c Z g_ j_]mebjmxs_]h hj]ZgZ \h-\lhjuo kgb`_gb_ jheb ihke_^g_]h ^h fbgbfmfZ \-lj_lvbo ijhklhlZ b wnn_dlb\ghklv jZkdjulby qZklghc bgnhjfZpbbdhfiZgbc-ijhba\h^bl_e_cH^gZdhwlb^hklhbgkl\Zkdhj__`_eZ_fu_q_f^_ckl\bl_evgu_F_lh^heh]bq_kdbb kh^_j`Zl_evgh jZajZ[hldZ mkeh\bc b kZfhc ijhp_^mju ijh\_^_gby dhgdmjkZ b hlke_`b\Zgb_ aZdexq_ggh]h gZ _]h hkgh\_ dhgljZdlZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^h\hevgh keh`gmx aZ^Zqm \uihegy_fmx j_]mebjmxsbf hj]Zghf jhev dhlhjh]h b kl_i_gv \ha^_ckl\bygZp_ebdhfiZgbbgbqmlvg_f_gvr_ZagZqblgbqmlvg_emqr_q_fijb^jm]bonhjfZoj_]mebjh\Zgby Djhf_ lh]h g_ gZ \kydhf fhghihevghf jugd_ fh`gh hj]Zgbah\Zlv wnn_dlb\gmx dhgdmj_gpbx ba-aZ \ukhdh]h jZaf_jZbg_\ha\jZlgh]hoZjZdl_jZaZljZlgZmqZklb_\dhgdmjk_dhlhju_iheghklvxbebqZklbqghke_^m_ldhfi_gkbjh\Zlv ]hkm^Zjkl\m<fh^_eblZd`_g_ij_^mkfhlj_gf_oZgbafZ^ZilZpbb[bag_kZih[_^bl_eydg_ij_^\b^_ggufbebg_mql_gguf \dhgljZdl_h[klhyl_evkl\Zf\_jhylghklv\hagbdgh\_gbydhlhjuo\_kvfZ\_ebdZlZddZd\ub]jZ\r_fmZmdpbhgijboh^blky ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ mkeh\byo g_hij_^_e_gghklb Z \k_ \hafh`gu_ \ZjbZglu jZa\blby kh[ulbc g_ fh]ml [ulv mql_gu \ jZfdZo dhgljZdlZ238 J_r_gb_f ijh[e_fu Z^ZilZpbb d baf_gb\rbfky h[klhyl_evkl\Zf fh`_l klZlv khdjZs_gb_ kjhdZ ^_ckl\by dhgljZdlZ b \hafh`ghklv _]h i_j_kfhljZ H^gZdh wlh k h^ghc klhjhgu hkeZ[bl klj_fe_gb_ ih[_^bl_ey bg\_klbjh\Zlv \ \ukhdhki_pbZebabjh\Zggmx bgnjZkljmdlmjm ij_^klZ\eyxsmx kh[hc ^he]hkjhqgu_ Zdlb\u K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hg ihiulZ_lky m[_^blv j_]mebjmxsbc hj]Zg \ lhf qlh g_h[oh^bf i_j_kfhlj m^_evghc p_gu ihklZ\db mkem]b \ klhjhgm m\_ebq_gby LZdbf h[jZahf jhev ]hkm^Zjkl\Z dZd j_]mebjmxs_]h hj]ZgZ g_ h]jZgbqb\Z_lky ih^]hlh\dhc b ijh\_^_gb_f ZmdpbhgZ b f_jZfb ih dhgljhex aZ kh[ex^_gb_f dhgljZ]_glhf mkeh\bc ^h]h\hjZ gh b ih^jZamf_\Z_l ^bkdj_pbhggh_ \f_rZl_evkl\h\kemqZ_g_ij_^\b^_gguoh[klhyl_evkl\ Murphy K., Shleifer A., Vishny R. Industrialization and the Big Push // Journal of Political Economy. Vol 97(5). J. 1003-1026. Aghion P., Schankerman M. Competition, entry and the social returns to infrastructure in transition economies // Economics of Transition. Vol. 7(1). 1999. J. 79-101. 238 MbevyfkhgHBWdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZNbjfujugdbhlghr_gq_kdZydhgljZdlZpbyGZmqgh_j_^Zdlbjh\Zgb_b \klmibl_evgZy klZlvy <K DZlvdZeh i_j k Zg]e X? ;eZ]h\Z <K DZlvdZeh >K KeZ\gh\Z X< N_^hlh\Z GG Pulh\bq KI[ E_gba^Zl&(93UHVV 236 237 Bkihevah\Zgb_ \ dZq_kl\_ _^bgkl\_ggh]h djbl_jby hij_^_e_gby ih[_^bl_ey m^_evghc p_gu ihklZ\db fh`_l ijb\_klb d mom^r_gbx __ dZq_kl\Z gZoh^ys_]hky \ ijyfhc aZ\bkbfhklb hl p_gu < wlhc k\yab \klZ_l ijh[e_fZ khihklZ\e_gby p_gu b dZq_kl\Z g_ j_rZ_fZy gZ hkgh\_ nhjfZebah\Zgghc f_lh^bdb Wlh jZkrbjy_l iheghfhqby Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hhj]ZgZijbkm`^Zxs_]hnjZgrbamqlhg_`_eZl_evghlZddZdm\_ebqb\Z_lhiZkghklvaehmihlj_[e_gby kem`_[guf iheh`_gb_f qbgh\gbdZfb < dZq_kl\_ j_r_gby wlhc ijh[e_fu fh`_l [ulv nbdkbjh\Zgb_ ijZ\beZfb lhj]h\ ijb_fe_fh]h dZq_kl\Z mkem]b dhlhjh_ \ijhq_f fh`_l [ulv ^hklb]gmlh jZaebqgufb khq_lZgbyfb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z [he__ kh\j_f_ggh_ ^hjh]hklhys__ h[hjm^h\Zgb_ beb \ukhdhd\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguc i_jkhgZe aZ^ZqZ hp_gdb dhlhjuo \uoh^blaZjZfdbijhklhcfh^_eb Kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d khijy`_gguo k ijhp_^mjhc kijZ\_^eb\h]h Zggmebjh\Zgby njZgrbau \u^Z\rbf__hj]Zghf[m^_lk^_j`b\Zlvklj_fe_gb_ihke_^g_]h\km^_[ghfihjy^d_hlha\ZlvnjZgrbam\kemqZ_gZjmr_gby ^h]h\hjZ dZd b ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_ kh klhjhgu [xjhdjZlh\ g_ `_eZxsbo g_klb hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ \u^Zqm njZgrbau g_khklhyl_evghc nbjf_ Djhf_ lh]h ihklhyggu_ dhglZdlu nbjfu-ih[_^bl_ey lhj]h\ k qbgh\gbdZfb j_]mebjmxs_]h hj]ZgZ kihkh[kl\mxl gZeZ`b\Zgbx k gbfb g_nhjfZevguo g_ h[yaZl_evgh g_aZdhgguo hlghr_gbc \ dhlhjuo bgh]^Z iheblbq_kdb_khh[jZ`_gbyb]jZxl^Ze_dhg_ihke_^gxxjhevqlhij_iylkl\m_lkijZ\_^eb\hfmijh\_^_gbxke_^mxsbo lhj]h\ aZ njZgrbam Ihwlhfm gZ ijZdlbd_ ih\lhjgu_ dhgdmjku h[uqgh g_ \_^ml d kf_g_ Zj_g^Zlhjh\ lZd dZd hgb bf_xl kms_kl\_ggu_aZqZklmxg_hijZ\^Zggu_ij_bfms_kl\Zi_j_^dhgdmj_glZfb :dlb\u kha^Zggu_ \ j_amevlZl_ ki_pbZebabjh\Zggh]h bg\_klbjh\Zgby djmiguo kj_^kl\ g_ fh]ml [ulv i_j_^Zgu ih[_^bl_ex ke_^mxsbo lhj]h\ [_a \ukhdbo ba^_j`_d ^hklZlhqguo qlh[u aZ[ehdbjh\Zlv lZdmx i_j_^Zqm b khojZgblv ij_`g_fm\eZ^_evpmklZlmkfhghihebklZ Iheghklvx mkljZgblv \ebygb_ ex[h]h ba mdZaZgguo nZdlhjh\ g_\hafh`gh H^gZdh fh^_ev lhj]h\ aZ njZgrbam ij_^iheZ]Z_l kms_kl\_ggh f_gvrbc fZkrlZ[ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h \ebygby q_f fh^_ev qZklghc j_]mebjm_fhc fhghihebb Z agZqbl b f_gvrb_ g_]Zlb\gu_ ihke_^kl\by < dZq_kl\_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb fh`_l [ulv ij_^eh`_gh kha^Zgb_ ^\mo jZaebqguo j_]mebjmxsbohj]Zgh\-mkljZb\Zxs_]hZmdpbhgbgZ^abjZxs_]haZijZ\bevghklvx\uiheg_gbymkeh\bcnjZgrbau Lj_lbcih^oh^dhgdmj_gpby\hljZkeyobgnjZkljmdlmjuaZdexqZ_lky\ZgZeba_\hafh`ghkl_c^ey\g_^j_gby dhgdmj_gpbb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ bgnjZkljmdlmjguo jugdZo fh^_ev wnn_dlb\gh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby Nmg^Zf_glZevgZy aZ^ZqZ]hkm^Zjkl\Z\wlhfkemqZ_aZdexqZ_lky\hij_^_e_gbb]jZgbpf_`^mkn_jZfbj_]mebjh\Zgbybkn_jhcdhgdmj_gpbb < jZa^_e_ fu ih^jh[gh hklZgZ\eb\Zebkv gZ \hijhkZo g_h[oh^bfhklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc H^gZdh \ hljZkeyo bgnjZkljmdlmju kms_kl\mxl \b^u ^_yl_evghklb g_ h[eZ^Zxsb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb _kl_kl\_gghc fhghihebb b y\eyxsb_ky ihl_gpbZevgh dhgdmj_glgufb <u^_e_gb_ lZdbo \b^h\ ^_yl_evghklb ba khklZ\Z \_jlbdZevgh-bgl_]jbjh\Zgguo kljmdlmj ih [hevr_c qZklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo dhfiZgbc y\ey_lky hkgh\ghc aZ^Zq_c j_nhjfbjh\Zgby hljZke_c bgnjZkljmdlmju g_ lhevdh \ Jhkkbb gh b \h \k_f fbj_ ihkdhevdm wlh iha\hey_l khdjZlblv ba^_j`db j_]mebjh\Zgby aZljZlu gZ ^hjh]hklhysmx wdki_jlbam Z lZd`_ ba^_j`db g_hij_^_e_gghklb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Zbih\ukblvwnn_dlb\ghklvgZhl^_evguoklZ^byoijhba\h^kl\ZbgnjZkljmdlmjghcmkem]b Dhgdmj_gpby \ hljZkeyo bgnjZkljmdlmju fh`_l ih\ukblv lj_[h\Zgby d nbgZgkh\hfm khklhygbx ihklZ\sbdh\ mkem] ihkdhevdm gZqbgZxl jZ[hlZlv f_oZgbafu jughqgh]h p_ghh[jZah\Zgby m]jhaZ [Zgdjhlkl\Z klZgh\blky ^_ckl\_gguf fhlb\hf kgb`_gby ba^_j`_d \hafh`ghklv \oh^Z gh\uo mqZklgbdh\ gZ jughd kihkh[kl\m_l kgb`_gbx p_gu mkem] b ih\ur_gbx bo dZq_kl\Z Djhf_ lh]h dhgdmj_gpby h[_ki_qb\Z_l [óevrmx bgnhjfZpbhggmx ijhajZqghklv mqZklgbdh\ jugdZ ihkdhevdm klZgh\blky ihgylghc kljmdlmjZ ba^_j`_d \ hljZkeb qlh ih\urZ_l wnn_dlb\ghklv j_]mebjh\Zgby _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklb F_`^mgZjh^guchiulj_nhjfbjh\ZgbybgnjZkljmdlmjguohljZke_cy\ey_lkyg_h^ghagZqgufihkdhevdm\dZ`^hc hl^_evgh\aylhckljZg_gZ[hjZevl_jgZlb\guoiml_cj_r_gbyijh[e_fbgnjZkljmdlmjguofhghihebc\_kvfZki_pbnbq_g Kj_^b nZdlhjh\ \ebyxsbo gZ ijhp_kk \u[hjZ imlb j_nhjfbjh\Zgby hljZke_c bgnjZkljmdlmju fh`gh \u^_eblv ke_^mxsb_wnn_dlb\ghklvaZdhgh^Zl_evghckbkl_fubijZ\hijbf_gbl_evghcijZdlbdb\hh[s_b\hlghr_gbbijhp_^mj wdhghfbq_kdh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby \ hkh[_gghklb gZebqb_ \ukhdhijhn_kkbhgZevguo dZ^jh\ \ hj]ZgZo j_]mebjh\Zgby kl_i_gv bgnhjfZpbhgghc h[_ki_q_gghklb ijhp_kkZ j_]mebjh\Zgby < i_j\hf ijb[eb`_gbb \ dZq_kl\_ baf_jy_fuo bg^bdZlhjh\ i_j\uo ^\mo nZdlhjh\ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZ\bl_evkl\Z kbkl_fZ j_]mebjh\Zgby b ]eZ\_gkl\h aZdhgZ239 I_j\uc bg^bdZlhj – wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZ\bl_evkl\Z – hljZ`Z_l dZq_kl\h mkem] hdZau\Z_fuo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf k_dlhjhf dZq_kl\h [xjhdjZlbq_kdbo ijhp_^mj dhfi_l_glghklv b g_aZ\bkbfhklv ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo kem`Zsbo ^hklh\_jghklv ijbgyluo h[yaZl_evkl\ <lhjhc bg^bdZlhj – kbkl_fZ j_]mebjh\Zgby – oZjZdl_jbam_l aZj_]mebjh\Zgghklv wdhghfbdb b nhdmkbjm_lky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh gZ kl_i_gb jZkijhkljZg_gghklb Zglbjughqguo ijhp_^mj j_]mebjh\ZgbyLj_lbcbg^bdZlhj–]eZ\_gkl\haZdhgZ–hljZ`Z_lmjh\_gvij_klmighklbij_^kdZam_fhklvaZdhgh^Zl_evghc kbkl_fu^jm]bfbkeh\Zfb–bgklblmpbhgZevgmxbgnjZkljmdlmjm\qZklbnhjfZevguoghjfbijZ\be Gb`_ \ lZ[ebp_ ijb\_^_gu f_`kljZgh\u_ khihklZ\e_gby ^Zgguo bg^_dkh\ ^ey q_luj_o kljZg k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhcZlZd`_gZbemqrbcbgZbom^rbcZ[khexlgucihdZaZl_ev < ^hiheg_gb_ d \ur_gZa\Zgguf nZdlhjZf bf_xsbf ^hklZlhqgh h[sbc oZjZdl_j g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv hkh[_gghklboZjZdl_jgu_^eyk_dlhjh\bgnjZkljmdlmju\wlbokljZgZodhlhju_fh]mlhdZau\Zlvj_rZxs__\ebygb_ijb \u[hj_ dhgdj_lgh]h gZijZ\e_gby j_nhjfbjh\Zgby hljZkeb G_ ij_l_g^my gZ dhfie_dkgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ \k_o k_dlhjh\ bgnjZkljmdlmju\JhkkbbfuhklZgh\bfkygZg_dhlhjuobagbogZb[he__lbibqguokf lZ[e 19.3). Dhfihablgu_bg^bdZlhjuwnn_dlb\ghklbmijZ\e_gby ijhp_kkhfj_nhjfbjh\Zgby Bg^bdZlhj 239 LZ[ebpZ GZbom^rbc GZbemqrbc Jhkkby Jmfugby IhevrZ Ebl\Z ihdZaZl_ev ihdZaZl_ev Kaufmann D., Kraay A., Zoido-Lobatón P. Aggregating Governance Indicators // World Bank. Policy Research Working Paper 2195. 1999; Kaufmann D., Kraay A. Zoido-Lobatón P. Governance Matters // World Bank. Policy Research Working Paper 2196. 1999. Wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Kbkl_fZ j_]mebjh\Zgby =eZ\_gkl\h aZdhgZ -1,883 BjZd -3,142 BjZd -2,153 >_fJ_ki Dhg]h -0,595 -0,570 0,674 0,127 -0,303 0,1999 0,565 0,089 -0,722 -0,088 0,538 0,180 2,082 Kbg]Zimj 1,245 Kbg]Zimj 1,996 (R\_pby) Bklhqgbd: Pittman R. Vertical Restructuring of the Infrastructure Sectors of Transition Economies. FimeoK G_dhlhju_bgnjZkljmdlmjgu_nZdlhjuj_nhjfuj_]mebjh\Zgby Bg^bdZlhj Ebl\Z IhevrZ Jmfugby Jhkkby IehlghklvZ\lh^hjh] 1,09 1,22 0,66 0,30 dfdf2) Iehlghklv`_e_aguo^hjh] g^ dfj_evkgZluk 78 62 114 gZk_e_gby* >heyijhba\h^kl\Z we_dljhwg_j]bbgZZlhfguob 82,2 3,2 46,2 32,6 ]b^jhwe_dljhklZgpbyo Dhebq_kl\hhkgh\guo l_e_nhgguoebgbcgZ 32,11 28,24 17,46 21,67 `bl_e_c LZ[ebpZ KR: NjZgpby 0,65 1,62 70 50 - 60 ?K 27,4 88,5 67,3 58,02 BklhqgbdLZf`_K. 29. * Bklhqgbd: Carbajo J., Fries S. Restructuring infrastructure in transition economies // EBRD Working paper 1997. P. 13 ^Zggu_aZ] H]jhfgu_ jZaf_ju kljZgu gbadZy wnn_dlb\ghklv ijZ\bl_evkl\Z hlkmlkl\b_ ljZ^bpbc jughqgh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby bgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZke_c gbadZy dmevlmjZ bkiheg_gby aZdhgh\ mly`_e_ggZy b djZcg_ fhghihebabjh\ZggZy kljmdlmjZ wdhghfbdb hlklZeuc k_dlhj l_e_dhffmgbdZpbc iehoh_ khklhygb_ b gbadZy iehlghklv Z\lh^hjh] hij_^_eyxl \_kvfZ ki_pbnbq_kdbc\u[hjiml_cj_nhjfbjh\ZgbybgnjZkljmdlmjguohljZke_c\Jhkkbb GZ `_e_agh^hjh`ghf ljZgkihjl_ \u[jZgZ fh^_ev \_jlbdZevgh-bgl_]jbjh\Zgghc dhfiZgbb y\eyxs_cky fhghihevguf \eZ^_evp_f bgnjZkljmdlmju k khojZg_gb_f ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby b dhgljhey gZ^ bgnjZkljmdlmjhc b bgl_]jZpb_c bgnjZkljmdlmju k qZklvx ]jmah\uo i_j_\hahd ih djZcg_c f_j_ \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo e_l j_nhjfbjh\ZgbykihwlZigufm\_ebq_gb_f^hebhj]ZgbaZpbhggh-h[hkh[e_ggh]hih^\b`gh]hkhklZ\Z Mki_o j_ZebaZpbb ijh]jZffu kljmdlmjghc j_nhjfu gZ `_e_agh^hjh`ghf ljZgkihjl_ \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb aZ\bkblhlkl_i_gbaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklb`_e_agh^hjh`ghchljZkeb\hkms_kl\e_gbbij_h[jZah\Zgbc<wlhck\yab\Z`guf ij_^klZ\ey_lky \ukljZb\Zgb_ kbkl_fu klbfmeh\ \gmljb hljZkeb gZijZ\e_gghc gZ ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ G_h[oh^bfu_ kljmdlmjgu_ b bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby kh^_j`Zlky \ Ijh]jZff_ kljmdlmjghc j_nhjfu `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ h^gZdh ^Z`_ mki_rgZy j_ZebaZpby ij_^eZ]Z_fuof_jijbkhojZg_gbbij_`gboih^oh^h\dp_gh\hfmlZjbnghfmj_]mebjh\Zgbxg_]ZjZglbjm_l\uiheg_gby ihklZ\e_gguo aZ^Zq LZdbfb aZ^ZqZfb y\eyxlky ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ dhgdmj_gpbb \ kn_j_ i_j_\hahd ]jmah\ j_fhglZ ih^\b`gh]h khklZ\Z i_j_\hahd b h[kem`b\Zgby iZkkZ`bjh\ g_^hims_gb_ kebygby ij_^ijbylbc ^_ckl\mxsbo \ ihl_gpbZevgh dhgdmj_glghc kj_^_ k ij_^ijbylbyfb _kl_kl\_ggh-fhghihevgh]h k_dlhjZ h[_ki_q_gb_ ]ZjZglbjh\Zggh]h g_^bkdjbfbgZpbhggh]h ^hklmiZ d bgnjZkljmdlmj_ n_^_jZevgh]h `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ g_aZ\bkbfuo ]jmah\uo b iZkkZ`bjkdbodhfiZgbc-hi_jZlhjh\bihevah\Zl_e_cih^\b`gh]hkhklZ\Z KblmZpby keh`b\rZyky gZ `_e_agh^hjh`ghf ljZgkihjl_ Jhkkbb \ gZklhys__ \j_fy oZjZdl_jbam_lky djZcg_ g_wnn_dlb\ghckbkl_fhcj_]mebjh\Zgbyihkdhevdmj_nhjfbjm_fh_FIKnZdlbq_kdbh[eZ^Z_lfhghiheb_cgZbgnhjfZpbx h k\h_c ^_yl_evghklb qlh iha\hey_l _fm ba\e_dZlv lZd gZau\Z_fmx bgnhjfZpbhggmx j_glm ^bkdjbfbgbjmy g_aZ\bkbfuo i_j_\haqbdh\<hlkmlkl\b_lZdhcfhghihebbdh]^Zj_]mebjmxsbchj]Zgbf__l^hklmidh\k_fmh[t_fmg_h[oh^bfhc_fm bgnhjfZpbbg_lgZ^h[ghklbjZkkfZljb\Zlv\hijhkuklbfmebjh\Zgbyg_^bkdjbfbgbjmxs_c^_yl_evghklbj_]mebjm_fhc dhfiZgbb < wlhf kemqZ_ ieZlZ aZ ^hklmi d bgnjZkljmdlmj_ \abfZ_fZy _^bghc dhfiZgb_c k dhgdmj_glh\ gZ jugd_ `_e_agh^hjh`guoi_j_\hahd^he`gZhljZ`ZlvlhlnZdlqlhmkem]Zij_^hklZ\e_gby^hklmiZdbgnjZkljmdlmj_bmkem]Zih i_j_\had_ ]jmah\ ij_^hklZ\ey_fu_ \_jlbdZevgh-bgl_]jbjh\Zgghc dhfiZgb_c y\eyxlky dhk\_ggufb km[klblmlZfb Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh jhkl klhbfhklb `_e_agh^hjh`guo i_j_\hahd hkms_kl\ey_fuo \_jlbdZevgh-bgl_]jbjh\Zgghc dhfiZgb_c \uau\Z_lih\ur_gguckijhkgZbgnjZkljmdlmjgu_mkem]bkhklhjhgudhgdmj_glgh]hhdjm`_gbylZddZd]jmahhlijZ\bl_eb gZqbgZxlhldZau\Zlvkyhlmkem]fhghihebklZbmoh^yld_]hdhgdmj_glZf ?keb dhgdmj_glgh_ hdjm`_gb_ ^_ckl\m_l k ihklhygghc hl^Zq_c hl fZkrlZ[Z l_ dZ`^Zy ^hihegbl_evgZy _^bgbpZ ijh^mdpbb mkem]b ijhba\h^blky k ihklhyggufb ba^_j`dZfb lh ieZlZ aZ ^hklmi d bgnjZkljmdlmj_ ij_\urZ_l b p_gm dhlhjZyfh]eZ[u[ulvgZagZq_gZgZhkgh\_h[udgh\_ggh]hijZ\beZJZfk_y]^_nb]mjbjm_lh[uqgZyweZklbqghklvkijhkZgZ bgnjZkljmdlmjgmx mkem]m ih p_g_ NZdlbq_kdb ^Zggh_ iheh`_gb_ y\ey_lky l_hj_lbq_kdbf h[hkgh\Zgb_f g_h[oh^bfhklb \dexq_gbybg\_klbpbhgghckhklZ\eyxs_c\lZjbnaZihevah\Zgb_bgnjZkljmdlmjhcIhwlhfmhilbfZevgZywdhghfbq_kdb h[hkgh\ZggZyieZlZaZ^hklmidbgnjZkljmdlmj_ij_\urZ_lij_^_evgu_ba^_j`db240. Ihkdhevdm _^bgZy \_jlbdZevgh-bgl_]jbjh\ZggZy dhfiZgby fh`_l ihemqZlv kjZ\gbl_evgh [he__ \ukhdmx j_glm \ hlkmlkl\b_dhgdmj_gpbbhgZ\l_hjbb[m^_l\ub]ju\ZlvhlkljZl_]bcgZijZ\e_gguogZkhdjZs_gb_^hoh^h\dhgdmj_glh\ LZdZydhfiZgbyjZkiheZ]Z_lihf_gvr_cf_j_^\mfybgkljmf_glZfb^Z\e_gbygZdhgdmj_glh\gZagZq_gb_[he__gbadhc p_gugZjugd_`_e_agh^hjh`guoi_j_\hahdihkdhevdmmgbo[m^_lf_gvr_\_ebqbgZij_^_evguoba^_j`_dihklZ\dbmkem]b 240 Laffont J.-J., Tirole J. A theory of incentives in procurement and regulation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993. P. 247-270. ih ljZgkihjlbjh\d_ b \ul_kg_gb_ dhgdmj_glh\ k wlh]h jugdZ beb aZijZrb\Zgb_ \ukhdhc ieZlu aZ ^hklmi d bgnjZkljmdlmj_ qlh ij_iylkl\m_l \oh`^_gbx gZ jughd gh\uo hi_jZlhjh\ Wlb ^\Z bgkljmf_glZ hlebqZxlky ih ijb\e_dZl_evghklb ?keb `_e_agh^hjh`gZy hljZkev j_]mebjm_lky gZ hkgh\_ djZldhkjhqguo dhgljZdlh\ b j_]mebjm_fZy dhfiZgby fh`_l ]ZjZglbjh\Zlv g_baf_gghklv p_gu k mq_lhf bgneypbb gZ dhjhldbc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb lh \abfZgb_ ih\ur_gghc ieZlu aZ ^hklmi d bgnjZkljmdlmj_ hdZau\Z_lky [he__ ijb\e_dZl_evguf bgkljmf_glhf Zglbdhgdmj_glghc [hjv[u L_hj_lbq_kdb fh`gh ihdZaZlv241, qlh \hafh`gh mklZgh\e_gb_ kijZ\_^eb\hc ieZlu ^Z`_ _keb dhfiZgby y\ey_lky aZdjulhc \ bgnhjfZpbhgghf ieZg_ < wlhf kemqZ_ ij_\ur_gb_ p_gu gZ^ ij_^_evgufb ba^_j`dZfb g_ fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd kihkh[ [hjv[u k dhgdmj_glZfb lZd dZd klbfmebjmxsZy ko_fZ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y f_oZgbaf h[jZlghc k\yab dh]^Z j_]mebjm_fZy dhfiZgby klZgh\blky aZbgl_j_kh\Zgghc \ m\_ebq_gbb kh\hdmigh]h \uimkdZ gZ jugd_ `_e_agh^hjh`guo i_j_\hahd lZd gZau\Z_fuc k_l_\hc wnn_dl qlh [eZ]hijbylguf h[jZahf \eby_l gZ khklhygb_ dhgdmj_gpbbgZwlhfjugd_ LZdbfh[jZahfijhklh_hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_\u^_e_gb_dhgdmj_glguo\b^h\^_yl_evghklb\kZfhklhyl_evgu_[bag_k_^bgbpug_y\ey_lky^hklZlhqgufmkeh\b_fih\ur_gbywnn_dlb\ghklb`_e_agh^hjh`gh]hljZgkihjlZ\p_ehfHlkmlkl\b_ q_ldh ijhibkZgghc dhgp_ipbb p_gh\h]h j_]mebjh\Zgby fh`_l m`_ gZ gZqZevghf wlZi_ j_nhjfu klZlv k_jv_aguf ij_iylkl\b_fjZa\blbxdhgdmj_gpbb\hljZkebJZa\blbxdhgdmj_gpbbfh`_lb^he`gZkihkh[kl\h\ZlvZ^_d\ZlgZyj_nhjfZ j_]mebjh\Zgby dhlhjZy d kh`Ze_gbx ^h kbo ihj g_ klhbl gZ ih\_kld_ ^gy \ kj_^g_kjhqghc wdhghfbq_kdhc ijh]jZff_ ijZ\bl_evkl\Z Ijbj_nhjfbjh\Zgbbwe_dljhwg_j]_lbdb\u[jZgZfh^_evhj]ZgbaZpbbdhgdmj_gpbbgZjugd_]_g_jZpbbfhsghklb b gZ jugd_ jhagbqghc ijh^Z`b we_dljhwg_j]bb dhg_qghfm ihlj_[bl_ex Ijb wlhf khojZgy_lky b ^Z`_ mkbeb\Z_lky ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy fhghiheby gZ i_j_^Zqm we_dljhwg_j]bb \ukhdhc fhsghklb ih fZ]bkljZevguf k_lyf DZd \b^gh ba lZ[ebpu lZdZyfh^_evij_^klZ\ey_lky^hklZlhqghjZamfghc\ieZg_jZa\blbydhgdmj_gpbbihkdhevdm[he__iheh\bgu we_dljbq_kdhc fhsghklb \ Jhkkbb ijhba\h^blky gZ klZgpbyo jZ[hlZxsbo gZ ]Za_ b lZdb_ ijhba\h^bl_eb fh]ml ^_ckl\bl_evgh klZlv g_aZ\bkbfufb b dhgdmjbjh\Zlv f_`^m kh[hc H^gZdh kms_kl\m_l hiZkghklv ^bkdjbfbgZpbb g_aZ\bkbfuoijhba\h^bl_e_ckhklhjhguaZ\bkbfuohlJ:H?WKJhkkbb]_g_jbjmxsbodhfiZgbc242. <f_kl_ k l_f ke_^m_l ijbagZlv qlh ba \k_o bgnjZkljmdlmjguo hljZke_c \ Jhkkbb gZb[he__ ih^]hlh\e_gghc d hj]ZgbaZpbb j_Zevghc dhgdmj_gpbb y\ey_lky bf_ggh we_dljhwg_j]_lbdZ <hafh`ghklb \u^_e_gby dhgdmj_glhkihkh[guo ^h[u\Zxsbo ]Zah\uo dhfiZgbc ba khklZ\Z =ZaijhfZ g_\_ebdb ihkdhevdm f_klZ ^h[uqb ]ZaZ ]_h]jZnbq_kdb kdhgp_gljbjh\Zgu gZ k_\_j_ AZiZ^ghc Kb[bjb Z gh\u_ f_klhjh`^_gby \ khklhygbb hk\hblv lhevdh lZdhc ]b]Zgl dZd =Zaijhf < hlghr_gbb k_dlhjZ l_e_dhffmgbdZpbc ^_ckl\m_l kh]eZr_gb_ kh klZgZfb-qe_gZfb <k_fbjghc lhj]h\hc hj]ZgbaZpbbihdhlhjhfmJhkl_e_dhfy\ey_lkyihdjZcg_cf_j_\l_q_gb_[eb`Zcrboe_l_^bgkl\_ggufihklZ\sbdhf mkem] ijh\h^ghc k\yab Hq_\b^gh ^ZggZy fhghiheby g_ y\ey_lky mklhcqb\hc \ l_ogheh]bq_kdhf ieZg_ ihkdhevdm ihy\b\rb_ky dhgdmj_glu =Zal_e_dhf b LjZgkl_e_dhf h[eZ^Zxl kh\j_f_ggufb hilh\hehdhggufb ebgbyfb k\yab b \ i_jki_dlb\_ g_ba[_`gh jZajmrZl fhghihebx Jhkl_e_dhfZ Lh]^Z fu [m^_f m`_ bf_lv ^_eh k dhgdmjbjmxsbfb bgnjZkljmdlmjZfb" (bwlh[m^_lq_l\_jlucih^oh^dZgZebam\ebygbybgnjZkljmdlmjugZjZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbb>Zgguc \hijhkij_^klZ\ey_lkyqj_a\uqZcghbgl_j_kgufb\Z`gufhkh[_ggh\dhgl_dkl_]eh[ZebaZpbbwdhghfbq_kdbohlghr_gbcb aZkem`b\Z_lhl^_evgh]hjZkkfhlj_gby < aZdexq_gb_ ohl_ehkv [u hlf_lblv qlh ijh[e_fZ \ebygby bgnjZkljmdlmjgh]h nZdlhjZ \ jZa\blbb dhgdmj_gpbb hklZ_lky _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh bamq_gghc h^gZdh ihke_^gb_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ wlhc h[eZklb243 ihdZaZeb \Z`ghklv ijh[e_fu qZklguo bg\_klbpbc \ bgnjZkljmdlmjm < Jhkkbb `_ kljhbl_evkl\h Zevl_jgZlb\guo bgnjZkljmdlmj m`_ nZdlbq_kdb gZqZehkv b ibhg_jZfb \ wlhf ^_e_ \uklmibeb g_nlygu_ dhfiZgbb =Zaijhf b FIK @bagv ihdZ`_l gZkdhevdh hijZ\^ZggufbhdZ`mlky^Zggu_ijh_dlu\nbgZgkh\hfieZg_h^gZdhklhqdbaj_gbyjZa\blbydhgdmj_gpbbhgby\eyxlky \_kvfZijb\e_dZl_evgufb 19.3 Ihiuldbklbfmebjh\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ Ijh[e_fujZa\blbyy\eyxlkyljZ^bpbhggufihe_f^bkdmkkbcf_`^mij_^klZ\bl_eyfbjZaebqguokhpbZevguogZmd b rdhe GZ h^ghf djZx wlh]h ihey gZoh^ylky ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ bgl_gkb\ghf b wdkl_gkb\ghf jhkl_ Z gZ ^jm]hf e_`Zl ijhklhju h[km`^_gbc ^hdljbgu mklhcqb\h]h jZa\blby Bf_ggh ijh[e_fu jZa\blby e_`Zl \ p_glj_ bgl_j_kh\ fgh]bo gZijZ\e_gbc kh\j_f_gghc gZmqghc fukeb \ lhf qbke_ l_hjbb ihklbg^mkljbZevgh]h h[s_kl\Z q_eh\_q_kdh]h dZiblZeZ bgnhjfZpbhggh]hh[s_kl\Zbl^ Fh`ghkdZaZlvqlhm`_\k_j_^bg_-o]][ueknhjfbjh\Zg[Zah\uci_j_q_gvnZdlhjh\wdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ– \kihfgbfgZibkZggmx: EvxbkhfL_hjbxwdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ<qbke_lZdbonZdlhjh\–\_ebqbgZgZk_e_gbyb ijhba\h^kl\Z k[_j_`_gby b bg\_klbpbb lhj]h\ey b ki_pbZebaZpby klbfmeu ijb[ueb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc k_dlhj b \eZklv jhklagZgbcgh\u_b^_bwdhghfbq_kdZyk\h[h^ZbgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gby–\h[s_fkemqZ_i_j_q_gvg_h]jZgbq_g Jhev b \_k hl^_evguo nZdlhjh\ b bo dhf[bgZpbb hp_gdZ \ebygby hij_^_eyebkv dZd dhgdj_lgufb hkh[_gghklyfb bkke_^m_fhcwdhghfbdblZdbihabpb_cbkke_^h\Zl_eyOhlyihimeyjghklvjZaebqguol_hjbcjZa\blbyf_gyeZkvkl_q_gb_f \j_f_gbg_evaykdZaZlvqlhkms_kl\mxlq_ldb_djbl_jbb^hfbgbjh\Zgbylhcbebbghcl_hjbb < jZfdZo g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb jZa\blby J Khehm J ;Zjjh J EmdZk Zdp_gl ^_eZ_lky gZ lZdbo nZdlhjZo jZa\blby dZd gZdhie_gb_ dZiblZeZ baf_g_gb_ ghjfu k[_j_`_gbc jhkl gZk_e_gby gZdhie_gb_ q_eh\_q_kdh]h dZiblZeZ b l_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kk G_hd_cgkbZgkdb_ JOZjjh^ WOZgk_g l_hjbb jZa\blby hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZsZxl gZ lZdb_ nZdlhju dZd ij_^_evgZykdehgghklvdk[_j_`_gbxjZaf_ju]hkm^Zjkl\_gguojZkoh^h\\_ebqbgZij_^_evghcwnn_dlb\ghklbdZiblZeZ\ __khhlghr_gbbkhklZ\dhcijhp_glZ >_f_glv_\ :.<. JZajZ[hldZ ijbgpbih\ b f_oZgbafh\ n_^_jZevgh]h `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h ljZgkihjlZ. Hlq_l ih ijh_dlm ;xjh wdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ 242 IjZdlbdZh]jZgbqbl_evghciheblbdb\hlghr_gbb:WKg_\oh^ysbo\kljmdlmjmJ:H?WKJhkkbbebrgbcjZaih^l\_j`^Z_lwlb hiZk_gby 243 Joskow P., Tirole J. Merchant Transmission Investment // NBER Working Paper 9534, February, 2003. 241 EbqgZy aZkem]Z CRmfi_l_jZ – ihy\e_gb_ \ ^h\hevgh f_oZgbklbq_kdhf fbj_ deZkkbdh\ b d_cgkbZgp_\ h^mr_\e_gghc nb]mju ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey - bggh\ZlhjZ dZd kha^Zl_ey gh\uo dhf[bgZpbc nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z gh\uo ijh^mdlh\ jugdh\ b l_ogheh]bc Wlb nZdlhju \u\h^yl wdhghfbq_kdmx kbkl_fm ba jZ\gh\_kby b klbfmebjmxl wdhghfbq_kdbcjhkldZdijbkihkh[e_gb_drhdm Wdhghfbq_kdb_kbkl_fui_j_oh^gh]hlbiZddhlhjuffh`ghhlg_klbkljZguP_gljZevghcb<hklhqghc?\jhiub kljZgu \hagbdrb_ ihke_ jZkiZ^Z Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ ^_fhgkljbjmxl kms_kl\h\Zgb_ wdhghfbq_kdbo y\e_gbc b aZdhghf_jghkl_cgZfZdjh-bgZfbdjhmjh\g_dhlhju_eb[hg_kms_kl\mxl\wdhghfbdZoklj_fysbokydjZ\gh\_kbxeb[h g_ijb\e_dZeb\gbfZgbymq_guo-wdhghfbklh\ Ihiuldb ijbf_g_gby g_hdeZkkbq_kdbo b g_hd_cgkbZgkdbo \a]ey^h\ d hl_q_kl\_gghc wdhghfbd_ ij_^ijbgbfZebkv g_h^ghdjZlghghihemq_ggu_j_amevlZlueb[hg_\iheg_m[_^bl_evgueb[hhijh\_j]Zxlbkoh^gu_ij_^iheh`_gby Ijb\_^_fijbf_jwfibjbq_kdhcijh\_jdb]bihl_a,6-/0hibku\Zxs_ckhklhygb_kh\f_klgh]hjZ\gh\_kbyjugdh\ lh\Zjh\bmkem] Ij_^iheh`_gby ^Zgghc fh^_eb \ y\ghc beb g_y\ghc nhjf_ hdZau\Zeb kms_kl\_ggh_ \ebygb_ gZ hkms_kl\e_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdb\i_j_oh^guci_jbh^Kh]eZkghwlhcfh^_ebijbijhqbojZ\guomkeh\byo mf_gvr_gb_ ghjfu ijhp_glZ \uau\Z_l m\_ebq_gb_ bg\_klbpbhgguo aZljZl dhlhju_ ohayckl\_ggu_ Z]_glu kqblZxl \u]h^gufijhba\_klb DjZkghj_qb\uf ijbf_jhf hkh[uo mkeh\bc i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb fh`_l ihkem`blv lhl nZdl qlh aZeh`_ggZy \ fh^_eb ,6-/0 aZ\bkbfhklv bg\_klbpbc hl klZ\db ijhp_glZ baZ\bkbfhklvf_`^mij_^eh`_gb_fj_Zevguo^_g_]bklZ\dhc ijhp_glZ ijhy\ey_lky \ Jhkkbb ^hklZlhqgh keZ[h qlh ih^l\_j`^Z_lky gZijbf_j j_amevlZlZfb j_]j_kkbhggh]h ZgZebaZ ijh\_^_ggh]h ih d\ZjlZevguf ^Zgguf -1995 ]] ih Jhkkbb DjZldhkjhqgu_ dhe_[Zgby bg\_klbpbc b klZ\db ijhp_glZ y\eyxlky fZehdhjj_ebjh\Zggufb ohly ebg_cgu_ lj_g^u \ ^he]hkjhqghf i_jbh^_ ihdZau\Zxl l_g^_gpbx khdjZs_gby bg\_klbpbcijbjhkl_klZ\dbj_Zevgh]hijhp_glZ244. >jm]hcijbf_jk\yaZgkiheblbdhc\h[eZklbbg\_klbpbc 19.3.1 Bg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZbwdhghfbq_kdbcjhkl H^ghc ba h[h[sZxsbo oZjZdl_jbklbd djbabkZ y\ey_lky khdjZs_gb_ \Zeh\h]h \gmlj_gg_]h ijh^mdlZ Kgb`_gb_ mjh\gy \gmlj_ggbo bg\_klbpbc \ khklZ\_ <<I kqblZ_lky nZdlhjhf g_ lhevdh mkm]m[eyxsbf fZkrlZ[u djbabkZ gh b hkeh`gyxsbfi_jki_dlb\u_]hij_h^he_gby>ZggZykblmZpbybeexkljbjm_lky\lZ[ebp_ Mjh\_gv\Zeh\uobg\_klbpbcbl_fiujhklZ<<I\Jhkkbb \-_]] IhdZaZl_eb 1991 1992 1993 >hey\Zeh\uo bg\_klbpbc\ 36.3 34.3 31.3 <<I L_fiu ijbjhklZ<<I -5.0 -14.5 -8.7 (%) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 27.9 28 25 23.7* 19 -12.6 -4.0 -4.9 0.4** -4.9 LZ[ebpZ 1999 +3.2 * -Ih^Zgguffbjh\h]h[ZgdZ ** -Ih^Zgguffbjh\h]h[ZgdZ–6.6. Bklhqgbd World Development Report 1996, OxfoUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV Wdhghfbq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ Jhkkbb \ ] <hijhku wdhghfbdbKj_^g_]h^h\hcijbjhkl<GIaZ–ih^Zgguf<k_fbjgh]h[ZgdZ>hdeZ^hfbjh\hfjZa\blbb 1999/2000. G_kfhljygZfgh]b_jZaebqby\ijh]jZffZowdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZbjZa\blbydhlhju_ij_^eZ]ZebkvgZijhly`_gbb ihke_^g_]h^_kylbe_lby\Jhkkbb\k_hgbij_^iheZ]Zebjhklbg\_klbpbcdZdbffZg_glgucjZa\blbxnZdlhj D gZklhys_fm \j_f_gb him[ebdh\Zgh fgh`_kl\h ^hdmf_glh\ ijh]jZffgh]h oZjZdl_jZ jZajZ[hlZgguo ij_^klZ\bl_eyfbhj]Zgh\\eZklbbmijZ\e_gbymq_gufbbghkljZggufbwdki_jlZfb <k_ijh]jZffuk\yau\Zxli_jki_dlb\ujZa\blbyJhkkbbkfZkrlZ[gufbbg\_klbpbyfbohlym^_eyxl\gbfZgb_b ^jm]bf nZdlhjZf jZa\blby KljZl_]by gZijZ\e_ggZy gZ ij_h^he_gb_ jZaju\Z mjh\gy wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby Jhkkbb b \_^msbokljZgij_^iheZ]Z_ldZq_kl\_ggh_ih\ur_gb_wnn_dlb\ghklbjhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdbke_^kl\b_fq_]hy\behkv[u ij_\jZs_gb_JhkkbbbakljZgu\u\hays_cdZiblZeb\\hays_clh\Zjuk\ukhdbfmjh\g_f^h[Z\e_gghcklhbfhklb\kljZgm \\haysmx dZiblZe b \u\haysmx lh\Zju b mkem]b k \ukhdhc ^h[Z\e_gghc klhbfhklvx >hklbqv wlh]h m^Zklky lhevdh ijb hkms_kl\e_gbb fZkrlZ[guo bg\_klbpbc \ hkgh\ghc dZiblZe ijb h^gh\j_f_gghf ih\ur_gbb wnn_dlb\ghklb dZiblZeh\eh`_gbcIjh]jZffZ=j_nZ245. LZdbf h[jZahf \h \k_o ijh]jZffZo ij_^iheZ]Z_lky kms_kl\_gguc jhkl bg\_klbpbc b mkbe_gb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h \f_rZl_evkl\Z\wdhghfbdmgh\jZaebqguonhjfmebjh\dZo<qZklghklbDhgp_ipbyjZa\blbyjugdZp_gguo[mfZ] ]ij_^iheZ]ZeZ[hevrmx^_lZebaZpbxbm`_klhq_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hdhgljhey^_yl_evghklbjugdZp_gguo[mfZ] Ijh]jZffZ j_kljmdlmjbaZpbb [Zgdh\kdhc kbkl_fu \hkklZgh\e_gb_ ^h\_jby bg\_klhjh\ k\yau\Z_l \ qbke_ ijhqbo nZdlhjh\kjZkrbj_gb_fmqZklby]hkm^Zjkl\Z\dZiblZe_[Zgdh\bkha^Zgb_fgh\uokljmdlmjgZoh^ysbokyih^dhgljhe_f ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Z]_glkl\Z ]ZjZglbc bg\_klbpbc hl g_dhff_jq_kdbo jbkdh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc dhfbkkbb ih aZsbl_ ijZ\ bg\_klhjh\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h[ZgdZjZa\blby ;ZjZgh\ :H L_ji__\ F: <ebygb_ baf_g_gby ^_g_`ghc fZkku b klZ\db ijhp_glZ gZ fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdmx ^bgZfbdm \ Jhkkbb WdhghfbdZbhj]ZgbaZpbyijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\Z 245 KljZl_]byjZa\blbyjhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb^h]h^ZIjh_dlFNhg^P_gljkljZl_]bq_kdbojZajZ[hlhd 244 Ijh]jZffuijhn_kkbhgZevguokhh[s_kl\ij_^eZ]Zxlklbfmebjh\Zlvbg\_klbpbhggmxZdlb\ghklvq_j_adj_^blgmx b ^_g_`gmx wfbkkbx ev]hlgh_ gZeh]hh[eh`_gb_ ^hoh^h\ hl bg\_klbpbc klbfmebjh\Zgb_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h kijhkZ \ lhc bebbghcnhjf_ D kh`Ze_gbx [hevrbgkl\h \u^\bgmluo ijh]jZff g_ [ueb j_Zebah\Zgu < qZklghklb mjh\_gv \uiheg_gby N_^_jZevghc bg\_klbpbhgghc ijh]jZffu gZ ] khklZ\be GZ h[t_dlh\ \hr_^rbo \ N_^_jZevgmx bg\_klbpbhggmx ijh]jZffm gZ ] kljhbl_evkl\h \hh[s_ g_ \_ehkv Ijbf_jgh lZdh_ `_ iheh`_gb_ b k ^jm]bfb ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggufbijh]jZffZfbbdhgp_ipbyfb LZdbfh[jZahffgh]hqbke_ggu_ihiuldbZdlb\baZpbbbg\_klbpbhggh]hihl_gpbZeZhl_q_kl\_gghcwdhghfbdbihdZ g_ ijb\_eb d `_eZ_fuf j_amevlZlZf lh _klv d jhklm h[t_fh\ bg\_klbpbc b ih\ur_gbx bo wnn_dlb\ghklb ;_amkeh\gh ijbqbgu ijh^he`Zxs_]hky iZ^_gby bg\_klbpbc keh`gu b jZaghh[jZagu Hgb \dexqZxl ^_ckl\b_ fgh`_kl\Z nZdlhjh\ gZqbgZykg_[eZ]hijbylghcdhgtxgdlmjuf_`^mgZjh^guolh\Zjguojugdh\bg_klZ[bevghklbnbgZgkh\uojugdh\\iehlv ^hg_m^Zqguoiheblbq_kdboj_r_gbcbjhklZkhpbZevghcgZijy`_gghklb <ZjbZglu \uoh^Z ba djbabkZ i_j_oh^Z hl kiZ^Z d wdhghfbq_kdhfm jhklm ij_^eZ]Z_fu_ jZaebqgufb Z\lhjZfb hlebqZxlky ih gZijZ\e_gghklb bg\_klbpbc \ dZq_kl\_ lhq_d jhklZ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqgu_ hljZkeb gZijbf_jdhkfbq_kdZybebqZklvhljZke_ch[hjhgghcijhfure_gghklbbeb`bebsgh_kljhbl_evkl\h ihbklhqgbdZfijhbkoh`^_gbybg\_klbpbcbghkljZggu_-jhkkbckdb_ ih nhjfZf ijb\e_q_gby nhg^h\uc jughd [Zgdh\kdb_ dj_^blu ebabg] nbgZgkh\h-ijhfure_ggu_ ]jmiiu ^j ihjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\ijhp_kk_bg\_klbjh\ZgbyblZd^Ze__ ;hevrbgkl\h bkke_^h\Zl_e_c b iheblbdh\ ij_^iheZ]Zxl qlh imlb ij_h^he_gby djbabkZ k\yaZgu k kms_kl\_gguf m\_ebq_gb_fbg\_klbpbcHi_j_`ZxsbckiZ^bg\_klbpbcihkjZ\g_gbxk<<I\hkijbgbfZ_lkydZdbg^bdZlhjhlkmlkl\by fZl_jbZevguo mkeh\bc \uoh^Z ba djbabkZ ^h l_o ihj ihdZ hlf_q_ggZy ^bgZfbdZ khhlghr_gby <<I b bg\_klbpbc [m^_l khojZgylvky H^gZdh dZd ihdZau\Z_l ijh\_^_gguc ZgZeba ih jy^m kljZg k i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdhc jhkl bg\_klbpbc g_ lh`^_kl\_g_gwdhghfbq_kdhfmjhklm Fu ij_^iheh`beb qlh i_j_oh^guc i_jbh^ oZjZdl_jbam_lky kljmdlmjgufb b bgklblmpbhgZevgufb baf_g_gbyfb dhlhju_iha\heyxlih\ukblvwnn_dlb\ghklvbg\_klbpbclh_klvijbkgb`_gbb\Zeh\h]hgZdhie_gb_\hafh`_gjhkl<<I >eyijh\_jdbwlh]hij_^iheh`_gby[ueZkh[jZgZbgnhjfZpbyihjy^mkljZgki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhcbkljZgkjZa\blhc jughqghc wdhghfbdhc ^Zggu_ Fbjh\h]h [ZgdZ HgZ [ueZ h[jZ[hlZgZ k ihfhsvx ijhkl_crbo klZlbklbq_kdbo f_lh^h\ qlh[u\u^_eblvbf_xsb_kyaZ\bkbfhklbf_`^mmjh\g_f\Zeh\uobg\_klbpbcbl_fiZfbjhklZ<<I D kljZgZf k \ukhdbf mjh\g_f gZdhie_gby kjZ\gbfuf k mjh\g_f gZdhie_gby \ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbd_ hlghkylky lhevdhKbg]Zimj=hg]Dhg]bYihgby <aZ\bkbfhklbhlkhhlghr_gbyf_`^ml_fiZfbjhklZ<<IbghjfhcgZdhie_gbyfh]ml[ulv\u^_e_guljb]jmiiu kljZg L_fiuijbjhklZ<<I≥^heygZdhie_gby\<<I≥ 20%. < i_j\mx ]jmiim \hreb Kbg]Zimj BajZbev =hg]-Dhg] BjeZg^by :\kljZeby Ghj\_]by Gh\Zy A_eZg^by Bkdexq_gb_fa^_kvy\ey_lkyBjeZg^bykghjfhcgZdhie_gby. L_fiuijbjhklZ<<I!ghijbwlhfmjh\_gvgZdhie_gby≥gh < ^Zggmx ]jmiim ihiZ^Z_l hkgh\gh_ dhebq_kl\h \ukhdhjZa\bluo kljZg <ur_ ghjfZ gZdhie_gby lhevdh \ Ihjlm]Zebbb:\kljbb L_fiu ijbjhklZ <<I ijb wlhf mjh\_gv gZdhie_gby < 15%. <wlm]jmiimihiZ^ZxlR\_pbybNbgeyg^by Kj_^gyy ghjfZ gZdhie_gby ih \k_f kljZgZf khklZ\ey_l ijb wlhf ghjfZ gZdhie_gby ^_fhgkljbjm_l agZqbl_evgh[hevrmxmklhcqb\hklvq_fl_fiuwdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ Ijh\_jdZ klZlbklbq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb f_`^m l_fiZfb ijbjhklZ <<I b mjh\g_f \Zeh\uo \gmlj_ggbo bg\_klbpbc ihdZaZeZgZebqb_iheh`bl_evghcdhjj_eypbhgghcaZ\bkbfhklbdhwnnbpb_gldhjj_eypbbkhklZ\be L_fiijbjhklZ<<Ibmjh\_gv\Zeh\uo\gmlj_ggbobg\_klbpbc\<<I \kljZgZokjZa\b\Zxs_ckyjughqghcwdhghfbdhc\-]] KljZgZ :e[Zgby IhevrZ Keh\Zdby :jf_gby Q_oby Ebl\Z Wklhgby <_g]jby Jmfugby Ohj\Zlby ;he]Zjby EZl\by FZd_^hgby 1990 1994 1995 1996 Ijbjhkl Mjh\_gv Ijbjhkl Ijbjhk Ijbjhkl Mjh\_gv <<I– bg\_klbpbc\ <<I- bg\_klbpbc <<I– l<<I \<<I <<I -10 28.9 7.4 13.5 11 5.5 -11 25.6 5.5 15.9 7.0 6.0 -2.5 33.5 4.8 17.1 7.3 6.7 -7.2 47.1 3.0 10.2 5.2 5 -1.2 28.6 2.6 20.4 4.8 4.2 -3.3 34.3 18 2.7 3.4 -7.1 30.2 32 2.9 3.2 -2.5 25.4 2.5 21.5 1.5 0.5 -5.6 30.2 2.4 26.9 6.9 4.6 1.8 13.8 -1.5 7 -9.1 25.6 0 20.8 2.5 -10 -1.2 40.1 -1.6 1.8 -10 32 -3.7 18 -3.0 1.6 LZ[ebpZ Ma[_dbklZg Jhkkby Dbj]baby ;_ehjmkkby MdjZbgZ LZ^`bdbklZg Lmjdf_gbklZg :a_j[Zc^`Zg Fhe^h\Z DZaZoklZg Fhg]heby <v_lgZf DblZc 2 -3.6 6.9 -2.8 -3.8 -2.4 0.8 -11 32.2 30.1 23.8 27.4 27.5 23.4 40 27 -4.6 -2 4.5 3.9 42.6 42.3 13 34.8 -4.5 -12.6 23.3 27.9 35 -21.9 -22 -25 3.3 8.6 11.8 22.5 7.7 24 20.9 24.2 42.1 -1.2 -4 -6.2 -10 -11.8 -12.3 -14.7 -17.5 -1.0 -7.9 1.6 -6 5.4 2.6 -10 -6 0.1 1.2 -8 0.5 Ih\k_c]jmii_jZa\bluokljZgh[s_cl_g^_gpb_cy\ey_lkykgb`_gb_mjh\gygZdhie_gby\khklZ\_<<I\l_q_gb_ ihke_^g_]h^_kylbe_lby Jhkl \Zeh\h]h \gmlj_gg_]h ijh^mdlZ ijb kgb`_gbb mjh\gy bg\_klbpbc \ kljmdlmj_ <<I fh`_l [ulv k\yaZg k ^_ckl\b_f[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\ZjZaghh[jZaguog_lhevdhwdhghfbq_kdbonZdlhjh\kj_^bdhlhjuobf__lkfuke\u^_eblv • jZklmsmx wnn_dlb\ghklv bg\_klbpbc gZijbf_j \ mkeh\byo jhklZ l_ogbq_kdbo b l_ogheh]bq_kdbo gh\h\\_^_gbc dZiblZeh_fdhklvijh^mdpbbfh`_lkgb`Zlvky • baf_g_gby kljmdlmju wdhghfbdb jZa\bluo kljZg gZijbf_j kgb`_gb_ ^heb ijhfure_gghklb ijb jhkl_ ^heb kn_ju mkem] ijb wlhf hi_j_`Zxsbc jhkl kn_ju mkem] k\yaZg g_ lhevdh k f_gvrbfb h[t_fZfb bg\_klbpbc gh b k [he__ \ukhdhckdhjhklvxboh[hjhlZ • baf_g_gby hljZke_\hc kljmdlmju ijhfure_gghklb kgb`_gb_ ^heb dZiblZeh_fdbo ij_`^_ \k_]h ^h[u\Zxsbo b kujv_\uohljZke_c\ijhfure_gghfijhba\h^kl\_ HljZke_\ZykljmdlmjZbmjh\_gvwnn_dlb\ghklbwdhghfbdb\ukhdhjZa\bluokljZg^hklZlhqghkbevghhlebqZxlkyhl kljZg [u\r_]h khpbZebklbq_kdh]h eZ]_jy Ihwlhfm ZgZeh]bqgu_ ^Zggu_ ih kljZgZf <hklhqghc b P_gljZevghc ?\jhiu b ZabZlkdbf kljZgZf ^_fhgkljbjmxl gZjmr_gb_ bkoh^ghc ]bihl_au h[ h^ghagZqghc iheh`bl_evghc k\yab f_`^m l_fiZfb wdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZbmjh\g_fgZdhie_gbykf lZ[e 19.5). Ihij_^klZ\e_gguf\lZ[ebp_^ZggufkljZguki_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdhcfh`ghjZa^_eblvgZljb]jmiiu >hklb]rb_\ukhdbol_fih\ijbjhklZ<<Id]bijh^he`Zxsb__]h\-]] <wlm]jmiimihiZ^Zxl:e[Zgby:jf_gby<_g]jbyEbl\ZIhevrZJmfugbyKeh\ZdbyQ_obyWklhgby < ^Zgghc ]jmii_ kljZg aZ i_jbh^ - ]] ijhbahreh kms_kl\_ggh_ khdjZs_gb_ ghjfu gZdhie_gby Bkdexq_gb_fy\ey_lkylhevdhWklhgby KljZgu ij_h^he_\rb_ kiZ^ iha^g__ ij_^u^ms_c ]jmiiu - g_ ^hklb]rb_ \ukhdbo l_fih\ \ ] gh m\_ebqb\rb_l_fiu_]hjhklZ\-]] Wlh hkgh\gZy ]jmiiZ kljZg D kh`Ze_gbx ih ^Zgghc ]jmii_ bgnhjfZpby h[ mjh\g_ gZdhie_gby \ <<I ghkbl njZ]f_glZjgucoZjZdl_jh^gZdhbf_xsb_ky^Zggu_k\b^_l_evkl\mxlhkgb`_gbbmjh\gygZdhie_gbyihf_j_aZf_^e_gby kiZ^Z<wlhc]jmii_bkdexq_gb_fy\ey_lky;_ehjmkkby]^_mjh\_gv\Zeh\uo\gmlj_ggbobg\_klbpbcm\_ebqbeky KljZgu]^_kiZ^<<Ig_ij_h^he_gd] <wlhc]jmii_gZoh^ylkyJhkkbyMdjZbgZLZ^`bdbklZgFhe^h\ZZlZd`_;he]ZjbybkiulZ\rZyj_adbckiZ^<<I ihke_gZf_lb\r_]hkyih^t_fZ GZ hkgh\_ bf_xsboky ^Zgguo ih kljZgZf <hklhqghc b P_gljZevghc ?\jhiu b ZabZlkdbf kljZgZf g_ m^Zehkv \uy\blvklZlbklbq_kdbagZqbfhck\yabf_`^mihdZaZl_eyfbl_fih\ijbjhklZ<<Ibmjh\g_f\Zeh\h]hgZdhie_gby\<<I Ijb\_^_ggZy\lZ[ebp_ ]jmiiZkljZg^_fhgkljbjm_liZjZ^hdkZevgmxgZi_j\uc\a]ey^aZ\bkbfhklvq_f\ur_ [ueZghjfZgZdhie_gbyl_f]em[`_\_ebqbgZkiZ^Zbl_ff_^e_gg__l_fiu\uoh^Zbag_]hGZjmrZxl^ZggmxaZ\bkbfhklv lhevdh<v_lgZfbDblZc]^_m\_ebq_gb_ghjfugZdhie_gbykhijh\h`^Z_lkym\_ebq_gb_fl_fih\jhklZ<<I ;_amkeh\gh ke_^m_l ijbgylv \h \gbfZgb_\hafh`gu_hrb[dbbaf_j_gbybkms_kl\h\Zgb_eZ]Z\h\j_f_gbf_`^m hkms_kl\e_gb_f bg\_klbpbc b bo \ha^_ckl\b_f gZ wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl L_f g_ f_g__ ^he`gu [ulv h[sb_ nZdlhju \ha^_ckl\mxsb_gZnhjfbjh\Zgb_lZdh]hjh^ZaZ\bkbfhklb Ijb deZkkbq_kdhf khpbZebaf_ – ibr_l YDhjgZb – _klv l_g^_gpby d jZkrbj_gbx HgZ \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ ebp ijbgbfZxsboj_r_gbygZ\k_omjh\gyo[xjhdjZlbq_kdhcb_jZjobbbihjh`^Z_lg_gZkulgmxihlj_[ghklv\bg\_klbpbyo <k_]^Z_klvfbgbkljujmdh\h^bl_ebhljZke_cbmijZ\eyxsb_kdehggu_dbg\_klbjh\ZgbxOjhgbq_kdbc^_nbpbljh`^Z_l jugdbijh^Z\pZZfy]db_[x^`_lgu_h]jZgbq_gbyiha\heyxlg_kebrdhfaZ^mfu\Zlvkyhk[ul_ijh^mdpbbijhba\h^bfhc \ j_amevlZl_ k^_eZgguo \eh`_gbc G_ ij_djZsZ_lky kijhk gZ bg\_klbpbb b \ i_j_oh^guc hl khpbZebafZ i_jbh^246. Hkh[_gghklb i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z ijhy\eyxlky \ lhf qbke_ b \ khdjZs_gbb ]hjbahglZ ijbgbfZ_fuo j_r_gbc dZd gZ fZdjh- lZd b gZ fbdjhmjh\g_ < bg\_klbpbhgghc kn_j_ ijbf_jhf wlhfm fh`_l ihkem`blv ijh_^Zgb_ bg\_klbpbc, bkihevah\Zgbybo^eym^h\e_l\hj_gbygZb[he__]hjysbol_dmsboihlj_[ghkl_c < dZq_kl\_ h^ghc ba \hafh`guo bgl_jij_lZpbc kms_kl\h\Zgby gZ[ex^Z_fh]h y\e_gby fu kqblZ_f g_h[oh^bfuf \u^_eblvij_^iheh`_gb_h^_nhjfbjh\ZgghchljZke_\hckljmdlmj_wdhghfbdbkljZg[u\r_]hkhpbZebklbq_kdh]heZ]_jyk ij_h[eZ^Zgb_f ^h[u\Zxsbo hljZke_c hljZke_c ijhba\h^ysbo kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Z kj_^kl\ ijhba\h^kl\Z ^ey dhlhjhc oZjZdl_jgZ \ukhdZy ^hey h[hjhgguo hljZke_c b g_^hklZlhqgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ij_bfms_kl\ fbjh\h]hjZa^_e_gbyljm^ZaZfdgmlucoZjZdl_jwdhghfbdb HljZkeb ijhba\h^ysb_ ihlj_[bl_evkdb_ lh\Zju y\eyxlky \ h[s_f kemqZ_ f_g__ dZiblZeh_fdbfb d lhfm `_ ^ey gbooZjZdl_j_g[he__dhjhldbcijhba\h^kl\_ggucpbdebke_^h\Zl_evgh[he__\ukhdZyh[hjZqb\Z_fhklvdZiblZeZ 246 DhjgZbYDZdba[Z\blvkyhlwdhghfbdb^_nbpblZWdhghfbdZbhj]ZgbaZpbyijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\ZK125. Hkh[h_f_klhaZgbfZ_lkn_jZmkem]lj_[mxsZyhlghkbl_evghg_[hevrbobg\_klbpbcdhlhju_[ukljhhdmiZxlky Baf_g_gb_kljmdlmju<<I\-]] ^h[Z\e_ggZyklhbfhklv\<<I LZ[ebpZ Ijhfure_gghklv <lq Mkem]b KljZgZ <p_ehf h[jZ[Zlu\ZxsZ y 1980 1995 1998 1980 1995 1998 1980 1995 1998 1980 1995 1998 :e[Zgby 34 56 63 45 21 18 21 23 19 IhevrZ 6 4 39 26 26 17 54 70 Keh\Zdby 7 6 5 63 33 33 30 61 62 :jf_gby 18 44 41 58 35 36 25 25 25 20 23 Q_oby 7 6 63 39 30 55 Ebl\Z 19 11 14 53 36 40 30 26 29 53 46 Wklhgby 14 8 49 28 17 37 64 <_g]jby 19 8 6 47 33 34 24 35 34 59 60 Jmfugby 21 15 40 36 25 39 48 Ohj\Zlby 12 25 20 62 ;he]Zjby 14 13 23 54 34 26 18 32 53 50 EZl\by 14 9 50 31 45 18 36 60 Ma[_dbklZg 28 33 28 37 34 30 27 13 35 34 42 Jhkkby 8 7 9 54 38 42 31 38 55 49 Dbj]baby 44 46 34 24 18 32 30 ;_ehjmkkby 18 13 14 53 35 44 22 37 29 52 42 MdjZbgZ 18 12 42 40 37 6 41 48 :a_j[Zc^`Z 22 27 47 32 31 41 g Fhe^h\Z 50 31 28 35 28 22 34 DZaZoklZg 12 30 57 K_evkdh_ ohayckl\h >ZggZy]bihl_aZ\dZdhc-lhkl_i_gbih^l\_j`^Z_lkyihdZaZl_eyfbijb\_^_ggufb\lZ[ebp_ jZkkqblZgghcih ^Zgguf Fbjh\h]h [ZgdZ dhlhjZy beexkljbjm_l baf_g_gb_ ijhihjpbc <<I ih kljZgZf <hklhqghc ?\jhiu b KG= Ijb\_^_ggu_ \ lZ[ebp_ ^Zggu_ ihdZau\Zxl gZebqb_ hij_^_e_gguo kljmdlmjguo k^\b]h\ - ij_`^_ \k_]h m\_ebq_gb_ ^hebkn_jumkem]\<<IbkhdjZs_gb_^hebijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\Z<JhkkbbaZ]h^uj_nhjfj_adh\ujhkeZ^hey mkem]\khklZ\_<<IdhlhjZy^hklZlhqgh[ebadZdmjh\gxjZa\bluokljZgH^gZdhihwdki_jlgufhp_gdZfkdhlhjufbfu kdehggu kh]eZkblvky j_adh_ m\_ebq_gb_ ^heb mkem] ijhbahreh ij_`^_ \k_]h aZ kq_l p_gh\uo ^bkijhihjpbc, [eZ]h^Zjy dhlhjuf\hajhkeZ\_ebqbgZmkem]nbgZgkh\h]hk_dlhjZ. Hl_q_kl\_ggu_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb hlf_qZxl ijbgpbibZevgmx lh`^_kl\_gghklv fh^_e_c jhklZ ijbkmsbo wdhghfbd_ KKKJ gZ ijhly`_gbb - ]] b wdhghfbdb \_^msbo dZiblZebklbq_kdbo kljZg \ - ]] \h \k_o wlbo kljZgZo kms_kl\h\ZeZhlq_leb\h\ujZ`_ggZyk\yavf_`^ml_fiZfbwdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZkh^ghcklhjhgubl_fiZfb\h\e_q_gby\ ohayckl\_gguch[hjhlkujv_\uoblhieb\guoj_kmjkh\k^jm]hc"247. < lh `_ \j_fy \ mkeh\byo dhgp_ipbb ihklbg^mkljbZevgh]h jZa\blby [eZ]hijbylgu_ i_jki_dlb\u jZa\blby hl_q_kl\_gghcwdhghfbdbg_jZaju\ghk\yaZgukih^^_j`Zgb_f\k_]hre_cnZhljZke_ckms_kl\h\Z\rbo^hgZqZeZ-o]] Fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv qlh ih f_j_ ij_h^he_gby kljmdlmjguo ^bkijhihjpbc oZjZdl_jguo ^ey p_gljZebah\Zgghc b aZfdgmlhc wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_fu b baf_g_gby hljZke_\hc kljmdlmju wdhghfbdb ihlj_[ghklv \ bg\_klbpbyo kgb`Z_lkydZdaZkq_lkhdjZs_gbyh[t_fZlZdbaZkq_lmkdhj_gbyh[hjZqb\Z_fhklb. LZdh]h jh^Z ijhp_kku k^_j`b\Zxlky aZ kq_l khojZg_gby aZljZlgh]h oZjZdl_jZ wdhghfbdb - \ukhdhc dZiblZeh_fdhklb fZl_jbZeh_fdhklb b wg_j]h_fdhklb ijhba\h^kl\Z Dhk\_gguf ih^l\_j`^_gb_f wlhfm y\e_gbx fh`_l kem`blv lhl nZdl qlh ijb h[s_f iZ^_gbb h[t_fh\ ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z \ JN h[t_fu ijhba\h^kl\Z we_dljhwg_j]bbkgbabebkv\gZbf_gvr_ckl_i_gb < p_ehf kljmdlmjgu_ baf_g_gby \ khklZ\_ ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z ghkyl kdhj__ g_]Zlb\guc q_f ihablb\guc oZjZdl_j < qZklghklb gZ nhg_ h[s_]h iZ^_gby gZbf_gvrmx ]em[bgm kiZ^Z ^_fhgkljbjmxl gZb[he__ dZiblZeh_fdb_hljZkebLWDp\_lgZybq_jgZyf_lZeemj]by. LZdbf h[jZahf fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv qlh ijh^he`_gb_ kiZ^Z ijb hlghkbl_evgh \ukhdhc ghjf_ gZdhie_gby k\yaZgh ij_`^_ \k_]h k gbadhc wnn_dlb\ghklvx bg\_klbpbc b \ukhdhc bg_jpbhgghklvx wdhghfbdb Bg_jpbhgghklv jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_fu ijhy\ey_lky \ qZklghklb \ kms_kl\h\Zgbb \ukhdhc ^heb m[ulhqguo ij_^ijbylbc \ g_agZqbl_evghfdhebq_kl\_[Zgdjhlkl\ij_^ijbylbc < dZq_kl\_ h^gh]h ba \hafh`guo kp_gZjb_\ ^bgZfbdb ghjfu gZdhie_gby fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv khdjZs_gb_ ^heb bg\_klbpbc \ <<I \iehlv ^h ^hklb`_gby gbar_c lhqdb iZ^_gby dh]^Z ij_djZsZxlky bg\_klbpbb \ g_wnn_dlb\gu_ ijhba\h^kl\Z <hafh`guc ^Zevg_crbc jhkl bg\_klbpbc k\yaZg ij_`^_ \k_]h k jZkrbj_gb_f wnn_dlb\guo k_dlhjh\ wdhghfbdb\qbkehdhlhjuoihiZ^_lqZklvih^\_j]rbokyj_kljmdlmjbaZpbbljZ^bpbhgguohljZke_cbijhba\h^kl\ZlZd`_ gh\u_kn_juijbeh`_gbydZiblZeZ Km\hjh\ G< FmoZj_\Z ?< >bgZfbdZ fZl_jbZevguo j_kmjkh\ dZd nZdlhj jhklZ \ kh\j_f_gghc wdhghfbd_ Ijh[e_fu ijh]ghabjh\Zgby 247 Ke_^h\Zl_evghbf__lkfukehkgh\gu_mkbebykhklhjhguj_]mebjmxsbobmijZ\eyxsbohj]Zgh\khkj_^hlhqblvg_ \h[eZklbihbkdZgh\uobklhqgbdh\bg\_klbpbcbg_\m\_ebq_gbbbodhebq_kl\ZZ\kha^Zgbbf_oZgbafh\ih\ur_gbybo wnn_dlb\ghklbdqbkemdhlhjuohlghkblkyklbfmebjh\Zgb_kha^Zgbyjughqguobgklblmlh\ I_j_oh^hlklZ]gZpbbdwdhghfbq_kdhfmjhklmg_\hafh`_ggZhkgh\_\hkklZgh\e_gbyij_`g_]hijhba\h^kl\ZLZd dZd \hafh`ghklb jhklZ \ jZfdZo keh`b\r_]hky \ Jhkkbb kihkh[Z ijhba\h^kl\Z [ueb bkq_jiZgu d dhgpm -o ]] lh jhkl fh`_l[ulvhkgh\ZggZijbgpbibZevghgh\hflbi_ijhba\h^kl\Zhjb_glbjh\ZgghfgZdhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklvgZkijhkb [he__\ukhdbcmjh\_gvwnn_dlb\ghklb < lh `_ \j_fy kms_kl\m_l \_jhylghklv qlh nhjfbjh\Zgb_ [eZ]hijbylguo mkeh\bc gZ fZdjhmjh\g_ [m^_l kihkh[kl\h\Zlv jZkrbj_gbx dZiblZeh\eh`_gbc gZ ij_^ijbylbyo dhlhju_ khojZgbeb ij_`gb_ ih^oh^u d ijhba\h^kl\m b bg\_klbjh\Zgbx jZkiue_gb_ nbgZgkh\uo j_kmjkh\ jZkly]b\Zgb_ \\h^Z \ ^_ckl\b_ hkgh\guo nhg^h\ g_mf_gb_ jZajZ[Zlu\Zlv wdhghfbq_kdb h[hkgh\Zggu_ bg\_klbpbhggu_ ijh_dlu b [bag_k-ieZgu Ke_^h\Zl_evgh h^gbf ba mkeh\bc wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ y\ey_lky gh\Zy hj]ZgbaZpby bg\_klbpbhggh]h ijhp_kkZ \ hkgh\_ dhlhjh]h e_`bl kh]eZkh\Zgb_ bgl_j_kh\ jZaebqguo ]jmii bg\_klhjh\ hjb_glbjh\Zgguo gZ jughqgu_ ijbgpbiu hl[hjZ gZijZ\e_gbc bg\_klbjh\Zgby b hp_gdb j_amevlZlh\ bg\_klbpbc b ihemqZl_e_c - j_pbib_glh\ bg\_klbpbc ^ey dhlhjuo jZkrbjyxlky \hafh`ghklb bkihevah\ZlvZevl_jgZlb\gu_bklhqgbdbbnhjfuijb\e_q_gbybg\_klbpbc 19.3.2 JZa\blb_bbebjhklbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju H]jZgbq_ggu_\hafh`ghklbh[tykg_gbybl_f[he__ijh]ghabjh\Zgbyih\_^_gbywdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\\mkeh\byo ljZgknhjfZpbb k ihabpbc mainstream wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb \ua\Zeb jhkl bgl_j_kZ d f_lh^heh]bb bgklblmpbhgZebafZ BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dbkke_^h\Zgbxy\e_gbch[s_kl\_gghc`bagb\ghkbl\_khfuc\deZ^\l_hjbbjZa\blbylZddZd hg jZkrbjy_l kn_jm bkke_^h\Zgbc b bkihevam_fu_ bgkljmf_glu b f_lh^u bkke_^h\Zgbc Ke_^h\Zl_evgh bgklblmpbhgZebkluij_^eZ]Zxl[he__]b[dmxkbkl_fm\a]ey^h\dhlhjZyh[eZ^Z_l[hevr_ch[tykgyxs_ckbehc <q_fij_bfms_kl\Zg_hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdijh[e_fZfjZa\blby? 1. ?]hgZijZ\e_gghklvgZdhgdj_lgu_bklhjbq_kdb_kljZgh\u_gZpbhgZevgu_b^jm]b_hkh[_gghklbkblmZpbhgguc ih^oh^]hlh\ghklvdhldZamhl^h]fZlbq_kdboij_^klZ\e_gbcKwlhclhqdbaj_gbyiheblbdZj_nhjfbjh\Zgbykh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb[ueZg_bgklblmpbhgZevghcJZkoh`^_gb_^_deZjbjh\Zgguop_e_cknZdlbq_kdbihemq_ggufbj_amevlZlZfb djhf_jZahqZjh\Zgby\klZg^Zjlguomgb\_jkZevguoj_p_ilZolbiZijb\ZlbaZpbylh`^_kl\_ggZjhklmwnn_dlb\ghklb kgb`_gb_bgneypbbZ\lhfZlbq_kdbm\_ebqb\Z_lbg\_klbpbbbkf_gueb^_jh\\ua\Zehjhklbgl_j_kZd\hafh`ghklyf ^jm]bo ih^oh^h\ \ lhf qbke_ d bgklblmpbhgZevghfm GZijbf_j Ijh]jZffZ =j_nZ \u]ey^bl \iheg_ \ ^mo_ bgklblmpbhgZebafZ 2. <dexq_gb_\jZkkfZljb\Z_fmxijh[e_fgmxh[eZklvfgh`_kl\Z\aZbfh^_ckl\mxsbokbe\qZklghklbbgl_j_kh\b ijbhjbl_lh\ \k_c kh\hdmighklb km[t_dlh\ jZa\blby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z nbjf ^hfhohayckl\ ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c dZd hkh[hc]jmiiub^jZlZd`_mq_lbgklblmpbhgZevguomkeh\bc\dhlhjuo^_ckl\mxlkm[t_dlu^he]hkjhqgh]hjZa\blby klbfmebjmxsbo h]jZgbqb\Zxsbo beb g_cljZevguo ih hlghr_gbx d ij_h[eZ^Zxsbf a^_kv b k_cqZk fh^_eyf ih\_^_gbywdhghfbq_kdboZ]_glh\ 3. JZkrbj_gb_ ij_^klZ\e_gbc h p_eyo b nmgdpbyo ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ijZ\bl_evkl\Z K lhqdb aj_gby k\h[h^gh]h jugdZ ijZ\bl_evkl\h kdhj__ fh]eh [u k\hbf \lhj`_gb_f gZ\j_^blv wdhghfbd_ q_f _c kh^_ckl\h\Zlv Khhl\_lkl\_ggh _]h jhev \ wdhghfbd_ k\h^blky d h[_ki_q_gbx qbklh h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] mijZ\e_gbx aZ kq_l km[kb^bjh\Zgby eb[h gZeh]hh[eh`_gby hkms_kl\e_gb_f \b^h\ ^_yl_evghklb bf_xsbo iheh`bl_evgu_ beb hljbpZl_evgu_ \g_rgb_ wnn_dlu kha^Zgbx kbkl_fu ]ZjZglbc g_ijbdhkgh\_gghklb qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb b h[_ki_q_gb_ \uiheg_gby dhgljZdlh\ BgklblmpbhgZebaf jZkkfZljb\Z_l ]hkm^Zjkl\h dZd Zdlb\gh]h mqZklgbdZ wdhghfbdb g_ lhevdh \ dZq_kl\_ j_]meylhjZg_aZ\bkbfuobkZfh^hklZlhqguojughqguohlghr_gbcghbdZdohayckl\mxs_]hkm[t_dlZdZdkhab^Zl_ey khpbZevghc ikboheh]bq_kdhc h[jZah\Zl_evghc b hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc bgnjZkljmdlmju dZd bgbpbZlhjZ baf_g_gbc \ gZr_f kemqZ_ =hkm^Zjkl\h g_ lhevdh bf__l kjZ\gbl_evgu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z \ hkms_kl\e_gbb bggh\Zpbc bf_xsbo oZjZdl_j h[s_kl\_gguo [eZ] gh b h[_ki_qb\Z_l \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ f_`^m ijZ\bl_evkl\hf qZklguf k_dlhjhf g_ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggufbhj]ZgbaZpbyfbb^jm]bfbwe_f_glZfb]jZ`^Zgkdh]hh[s_kl\Z H[sZy b^_heh]by ih^oh^Z dhlhjmx fu ohl_eb [u jZa^_eblv b ih^^_j`Zlv \u]ey^bl ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf Mklhcqb\h_h[s_kl\h^he`gh[ulvaZbgl_j_kh\Zgh\dZq_kl\_gghfjZa\blbbZg_\nbabq_kdhcwdkiZgkbb«H[s_kl\hg_ ^he`gh [ulv gb klhjhggbdhf jhklZ gb _]h ijhlb\gbdhf <f_klh wlh]h ke_^m_l jZaebqZlv l_fiu jhklZ b jhkl Z lZd`_ l_ p_eb dhlhju_ hg ij_ke_^m_l Ij_`^_ q_f lZdh_ h[s_kl\h ijbf_l j_r_gb_ hlghkbl_evgh dZdbo-lh dhgdj_lguo ij_^eh`_gbc k\yaZgguo k jhklhf hgh ^he`gh kijhkblv k_[y aZq_f hg gm`_g lZdhc jhkl dlh \ub]jZ_l \ _]h j_amevlZl_\hkdhevdhhgh[hc^_lkykdhevdh[m^_l^eblvkyg_hdZ`_lkyebg_ihkbevguf]jmahf^eygZr_cieZg_luk lhqdbaj_gby__j_kmjkh\b\hafh`ghkl_ci_j_jZ[hldbhloh^h\248. >h\hevgh [ebadZ d ijb\_^_gghc \ur_ ihabpby <k_fbjgh]h [ZgdZ k dhlhjhc g_evay g_ kh]eZkblvky Mklhcqb\h_ jZa\blb_ bf__l fgh`_kl\h p_e_c kj_^b dhlhjuo jhkl ^hoh^Z gZ ^mrm gZk_e_gby y\ey_lky ebrv h^ghc ba fgh]bo aZ^Zq jZa\blbyWlbaZ^Zqb\dexqZxljhkldZq_kl\Z`bagbdZdaZkq_ljZkrbj_gbyh[s_kl\_gguobkgb`_gbyklhbfhklbqZklguo [eZ]dhlhju_\oh^yl\djm]ljZ^bpbhgguowdhghfbq_kdboihgylbcwdheh]bq_kdh_[eZ]hihemqb_memqr_gb_f_^bpbgkdh]h h[kem`b\Zgby b h[jZah\Zgby lZd b aZ kq_l kha^Zgby \hafh`ghklb mqZkl\h\Zlv \ h[s_kl\_gghc `bagb jZ\_gkl\Z f_`^m jZagufbihdhe_gbyfbb^j Dhg_qghijb\_^_ggZypblZlZhlghkblkydaj_ehfmh[s_kl\m\dhlhjhfg_klhblijh[e_fZ\u`b\Zgbyy\eyxsZyky ZdlmZevghc ^ey gZr_c wdhghfbdb b h[s_kl\Z Ijb \k_c ijb\e_dZl_evghklb \ujZ`_gghc b^_b __ \hiehs_gb_ \ [he__ beb f_g__ jZa\blhc nhjf_ \hafh`gh ebrv ih ^hklb`_gbb hij_^_e_gghc djblbq_kdhc \_ebqbgu fZl_jbZevgh]h [eZ]hihemqby g_dhlhjh]h mjh\gy gZkus_gby >ey gZr_]h h[s_kl\Z wlhl dhebq_kl\_gguc [Zjv_j qbklh nbabq_kdh]h \u`b\Zgby g_ ij_h^he_g<ihevamwlh]h^h\hevghmya\bfh]h\ukdZau\Zgbykem`Zlke_^mxsb_Zj]mf_glu • iZ^_gb_mjh\gy`bagb 248 Gh\Zyihklbg^mkljbZevgZy\hegZgZAZiZ^_:glheh]byIh^j_^<E Bgha_fp_\ZF.: Academia, 1999. K. 628. jhklkf_jlghklb jhklg_jZ\_gkl\Z\jZkij_^_e_gbb^hoh^h\ jhklj_]bhgZevghcZkbff_ljbb LZdbfh[jZahfijh[e_fZghf_jh^bgaZdexqZ_lky\m\_ebq_gbbfZl_jbZevgh]h[eZ]hkhklhygby\nbabq_kdhf jhkl_ijhba\h^kl\Z. <lhjhc klhjhghc lhc `_ ijh[e_fu fZl_jbZevgh]h gZkus_gby y\ey_lky k]eZ`b\Zgb_ g_jZ\ghf_jghklb jZkij_^_e_gbykha^Zggh]h^hoh^Z. LZd dZd ijZ\bl_evkl\h y\ey_lky h^ghc ba g_fgh]bo dhgkheb^bjmxsbo kbe lh ^ey p_e_c jZa\blby hgh ^he`gh \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb \aylv gZ k_[y nmgdpbb ih^^_j`db klZgh\e_gby b wnn_dlb\gh]h nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby qZklgh]h k_dlhjZ Z lZd`_h[_ki_q_gb_klZ[bevghklbwdhghfbdbij_^kdZam_fhklvbhij_^_e_gghklvbaf_g_gbc\aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\_h]jZgbq_gb_ ki_dmeypbc ij_^mij_`^_gb_ djbabkh\ b kgb`_gb_ g_jZ\ghf_jghklb jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^h\ f_`^m ]jZ`^ZgZfb b l_jjblhjbyfb ;_amkeh\ghwlhg_h[oh^bfu_gh\jy^eb^hklZlhqgu_mkeh\by^eyjZa\blbyKha^Zgb_mkeh\bc^eygZjZsb\Zgbyb Zdlb\baZpbb bggh\Zpbhggh]h ihl_gpbZeZ ij_^klZ\ey_lky hij_^_eyxsbf nZdlhjhf jZa\blby ^ey gZr_c kljZgu _keb fu dhg_qgh g_ hklZg_fky \ lbkdZo ^h]hgyxs_]h gZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdh]h jZa\blby LZd dZd hkgh\gZy fZkkZ bggh\Zpbc ]_g_jbjm_lkyaZkq_l\aZbfh^_ckl\by^\mokhklZ\eyxsbo\dZq_kl\_dhlhjuo\uklmiZxl\hafh`ghklbkha^Z\Z_fu_gh\hc l_ogbdhc b l_ogheh]b_c b ]hlh\ghklv d bo \hkijbylbx kh klhjhgu ihlj_[bl_e_c lh ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc aZ^Zq_c y\ey_lky khab^Zl_evgZy^_yl_evghklvihh[hbfmihfygmlufgZijZ\e_gbyf • • • 19.3.3 Bggh\ZpbhggZyiheblbdZ <_jhylgh\bggh\Zpbhgghckn_j_gZb[he__gZ]ey^ghijhy\ey_lky\aZbfh^_ckl\b_ljZ^bpbhgguoiZl_jgZebklkdbo bgklblmlh\gh\uoghjfbd\Zabjughqguobgklblmlh\ I_j_qbkebf kbkl_fgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb fh^_eb hj]ZgbaZpbb kh\_lkdhc gZmdb dhlhjZy knhjfbjh\ZeZkv \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo^_kylbe_lbc L_ogheh]bq_kdbc mdehg l_ogbq_kdZy gZijZ\e_gghklv Ij_h[eZ^Zxs__ jZa\blb_ b ih^^_j`dm ihemqbeb bkke_^h\Zgby\h[eZklblhqguogZmdbgZmdhA_fe_ihkjZ\g_gbxkgZmdZfbh[h[s_kl\_bhq_eh\_d_ Ij_bfms_kl\_ggh]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_gZmqghc^_yl_evghklbfy]db_[x^`_lgu_h]jZgbq_gby dhlhju_\h[s_fkemqZ_g_ebfblbjh\ZebgZmqgu_bkke_^h\ZgbybjZajZ[hldb Mklhcqb\u_ b _^bghh[jZagu_ nhjfu hj]ZgbaZpbb gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb bgklblmlu eZ[hjZlhjbb ]jmiiu Bkihevah\Zebkv klZg^Zjlgu_ lbjZ`bjm_fu_ \ZjbZglu \gmlj_gg_c hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc kljmdlmju mijZ\e_gby mijZ\e_gb_ gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklvx hkms_kl\eyehkv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k ieZghf hij_^_eyxsbf l_fZlbdm gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbcnhg^ubrlZlugZmqguohj]ZgbaZpbcb^hklb]gmlufbj_amevlZlZfbBgklblmludZdijZ\behbf_eb [hevrmx qbke_gghklv khljm^gbdh\ ij_`^_ \k_]h gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ ijb g_^hklZld_ \kihfh]Zl_evgh]h b h[kem`b\Zxs_]hi_jkhgZeZ Ij_klb`ghklvgZmqghc^_yl_evghklb<l_q_gb_^ebl_evgh]h\j_f_gbnhjfbjh\Zehkvmklhcqb\h_h[s_kl\_ggh_ \hkijbylb_ gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ dZd hjb_glbjh\Zgghc gZ ^moh\gu_ \ukrb_ p_gghklb bgl_eeb]_gpbb bgl_ee_dlmZevghc weblu Ij_klb`ghklv ih^^_j`b\ZeZkv b kjZ\gbl_evgh \ukhdhc hieZlhc ljm^Z b khpbZevgufb [eZ]Zfb AZdjulhklv bahebjh\Zgghklv g_ lhevdh hl fbjh\hc gZmdb gh b hl kf_`guo ^bkpbiebg \ lhf qbke_ gZebqb_ aZdjulhcbkke_^h\Zl_evkdhcl_fZlbdb H]jZgbq_ggu_ \hafh`ghklb jhklZ gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ ij_bfms_kl\_ggh k\yaZggu_ k Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghc dZjv_jhckhhl\_lkl\mxsb_kljh]hcb_jZjobb\eZklguoiheghfhqbc GZebqb_ [Zjv_jh\ f_`^m ^hklb`_gbyfb gZmdb b bo j_ZebaZpb_c gZ ijZdlbd_ Z lZd`_ f_`^m nmg^Zf_glZevgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb b ijbdeZ^gufb jZajZ[hldZfb dhlhju_ \uau\Zeb g_h[oh^bfhklv Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh]h ohq_lky gZibkZlv gZkbevkl\_ggh]h \g_^j_gby j_amevlZlh\ gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ ijhba\h^kl\_ggmxkn_jmMklhcqb\h_kms_kl\h\Zgb_[Zjv_jh\hj]ZgbaZpbhgghaZdj_ieyehkvgZebqb_fbgklblmlh\ bhj]ZgbaZpbcZdZ^_fbq_kdhcb\_^hfkl\_gghcZlZd`_ZdZ^_fbq_kdhcb\mah\kdhcgZmdb Hq_\b^ghqlhi_j_qbke_ggu_iZjZf_ljug_y\eyxlkyhp_ghqgufboZjZdl_jbklbdZfbghhibku\Zxlhij_^_e_ggmx fh^_ev hj]ZgbaZpbb gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc dhlhjZy gZbemqrbf h[jZahf jZ[hlZeZ \ mkeh\byo fh[bebaZpbb ijb kms_kl\h\Zgbb\h_gghcm]jhaub\jZ`^_[gh]hhdjm`_gbykhj_\gh\Zgby^\mokbkl_fqlh^_eZehg_ba[_`gufg_lhevdh fbeblZjbaZpbx gZmdb gh b b^_heh]babjh\Zgghklv b iheblbabjh\Zgghklv gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc hkh[_ggh \ h[eZklb h[s_kl\_gguogZmd LjZgknhjfZpby hibkZgghc \ur_ fh^_eb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kh\hdmighklv jZaghjh^guo \h fgh]hf ijhlb\hj_qb\uo ijhp_kkh\ fgh]b_ ba dhlhjuo \ gZklhys__ \j_fy g_ \hkijbgbfZxlky b g_ hkhagZxlky Wlb ijhp_kku y\eyxlky\hfgh]hfkihglZggufbg_dhgljhebjm_fufbbg_j_]mebjm_fufb GZqZehf jZajmr_gby ljZ^bpbhgghc bgklblmpbhgZevghc hj]ZgbaZpbb ihkem`beb jZkiZ^ kljmdlmj p_gljZebah\Zggh]hZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gbybdhgljheyj_adh_khdjZs_gb_nbgZgkbjh\ZgbydZd[x^`_lgh]hlZdb aZdZah\khklhjhguijhba\h^kl\ZZlZd`_hldjulb_]jZgbpf_`^mfbjh\hcbhl_q_kl\_gghcgZmdhc\h[eZklbh[f_gZg_ lhevdhb^_yfbghbex^vfb G_ihkj_^kl\_ggufbj_amevlZlZfb^_ckl\bymihfygmluonZdlhjh\klZeb M\_ebq_gb_ aZ kq_l ^jh[e_gby qbkeZ bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo mqj_`^_gbc ijb khdjZs_gbb qbke_gghklb gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ < mkeh\byo djbabkZ h^bg ba jZkijhkljZg_gguo \ZjbZglh\ Z^ZilZpbb – wlh jZkiZ^ kbkl_fu gZ [he__ ijbfblb\gu_we_f_glubihiuldbbokZfhklhyl_evgh]h\u`b\Zgby JZajmr_gb_bgnjZkljmdlmjukha^ZgguoGBBbaghkijb[hjgh]hiZjdZmom^r_gb_h[_ki_q_gghklbfZl_jbZeZfb j_Zdlb\Zfbbl^ Mom^r_gb_ \hajZklghc b d\ZebnbdZpbhgghc kljmdlmju aZgyluo - klZj_gb_ gZmqguo dZ^jh\ b hi_j_`Zxs__ khdjZs_gb_ qbke_gghklb dZg^b^Zlh\ gZmd b gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ [_a kl_i_gb ijb ijZdlbq_kdb g_baf_gghf dhebq_kl\_ZdZ^_fbdh\b^hdlhjh\gZmdIhl_jyqZklbgZb[he__i_jki_dlb\guobkke_^h\Zl_e_chkh[_gghfheh^uo \j_amevlZl_EUDLQGUDLQg_lhevdh\aZjm[_`gu_kljZgughb\[he__ijb\e_dZl_evgu_kn_ju^_yl_evghklb Kgb`_gb_ ij_klb`Z b Z\lhjbl_lZ gZmqguo hj]ZgbaZpbc b khpbZevgh]h klZlmkZ gZmqgh]h jZ[hlgbdZ ihl_jy dhjihjZlb\gh]h _^bgkl\Z gZ nhg_ jZkiZ^Z kljmdlmj \uihegy\rbo dhgkheb^bjmxsb_ nmgdpbb Mkbe_gb_ ^bnn_j_gpbZpbb \ mjh\g_ [eZ]hkhklhygby b hp_gdb \ lhf qbke_ kZfhhp_gdb i_jki_dlb\ jZa\blby jy^h\ufb gZmqgufbkhljm^gbdZfbbjmdh\h^bl_eyfbbgklblmlh\ Bg^b\b^mZebaZpbygZmqghc^_yl_evghklb. < lh `_ \j_fy i_j_qbke_ggu_ j_amevlZlu hljZ`Zxl g_ lhevdh jZajmr_gb_ ljZ^bpbhgghc fh^_eb gh b ihy\e_gb_ \hafh`ghkl_c __ baf_g_gby aZ kq_l ihy\e_gby gh\uo we_f_glh\ b kljZl_]bc ih\_^_gby dhlhju_ ohq_lky gZa\Zlv bgklblmlZfbghbog_mklhcqb\hklvbbaf_gqb\hklvg_iha\hey_lk^_eZlvwlh]h < dZq_kl\_ gZb[he__ aZf_lguo baf_g_gbc nhjfbjmxsbo ihl_gpbZe [m^ms_]h jZa\blby fh`gh \u^_eblv ke_^mxsb_ ;óevrZy hjb_glZpby l_fZlbdb gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc hj]ZgbaZpbb \uiheg_gby bkke_^h\Zgbc b jZajZ[hlhd Z lZd`_ nhjf ij_^klZ\e_gby gZmqguo j_amevlZlh\ gZ ieZl_`_kihkh[guc kijhk jZaghh[jZaguo ihlj_[bl_e_c kj_^bdhlhjuokhdjZsZ_lky^hey]hkm^Zjkl\Zbm\_ebqb\Z_lky^heydhg_qguoihevah\Zl_e_cijh^mdpbbGZijbf_j \dZq_kl\_dhg_qguoihlj_[bl_e_c-aZdZaqbdh\gZmqghcijh^mdpbb^eybgklblmlh\KHJ:G\uklmiZxlij_`^_\k_]h bghkljZggu_nbjfuihhp_gdZfjmdh\h^bl_e_cjy^Zbgklblmlh\KHJ:G\uiheg_gb_aZdZah\bghkljZgguonbjfb hj]ZgbaZpbc nhjfbjm_l hl ^h l_dms_]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby ^_yl_evghklb bgklblmlh\ b [h]Zlu_ hl_q_kl\_ggu_ij_^ijbylbyk\yaZggu_]eZ\gufh[jZahfk^h[uq_cbbkihevah\Zgb_fijbjh^gh]hkujvy Ijb wlhf kms_kl\_ggh mkbeb\Z_lky ijbdeZ^gZy khklZ\eyxsZy gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc Ijhp_kk wlhl g_h^ghagZqguc b kms_kl\m_l j_ZevgZy hiZkghklv dhff_jpbZebaZpbb gZmdb aZ kq_l ijh^Z`b beb ^jm]h]h jh^Z dhff_jq_kdh]h bkihevah\Zgby kha^Zgguo jZg__ [he__ nmg^Zf_glZevguo aZ^_eh\ dhlhju_ \ kbem h[t_dlb\guo ijbqbg g_ fh]ml [ulv \hkklZgh\e_gu \ iheghc f_j_ Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh dhgdj_lgu_ nhjfu b ko_fu hj]ZgbaZpbb lZdbo jZajZ[hlhd aZ\bkyl hl lh]h dlh \uklmiZ_l \ jheb aZdZaqbdZ – hl_q_kl\_ggu_ beb bghkljZggu_ ihlj_[bl_ebBkke_^h\ZgbynbgZgkbjm_fu_lZdbfh[jZahf\_^mlkydZdbg^b\b^mZevghlZdbgZmjh\g_hl^_evguo ih^jZa^_e_gbcbbgklblmlh\nhjfbjmyijZ\h\mxg_jZa[_jbombkha^Z\Zymkeh\by^eyihl_gpbZevguodhgnebdlh\ < dZdhc-lh kl_i_gb baf_g_gb_ l_fZlbdb fh`gh hp_gblv ih khhlghr_gbx f_`^m [Zah\uf [x^`_lguf nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_f b \g_[x^`_lgufb bklhqgbdZfb nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb Fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv qlh \g_[x^`_lgh_ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_ hljZ`Z_l \hklj_[h\Zgghklv gZmqguo ^hklb`_gbc ijZdlbdhc wlh ^hklZlhqgh mkeh\gh lZd dZd h[t_fu \g_[x^`_lgh]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby hljZ`Zxl j_amevlbjmxs__ ^_ckl\b_ fgh]bo nZdlhjh\ \ qbke_ dhlhjuo \hafh`ghklbjmdh\h^bl_e_ceh[[bjh\Zgb_gZebqb_lh\Zjghcijh^mdpbbbl^ Mkbeb\Zxlkybgl_]jZpbhggu_ijhp_kkuhl_q_kl\_gghcgZmdbdhlhju_jZkkfZljb\Zxlky\lj_oZki_dlZo GZmdZ b ijhfure_gghklv < n_\jZe_ ] KH J:G b FbgZlhf JN ijbgyeb ijh]jZffm kh\f_klguo jZ[hl ^h • ]h^Z\jZfdZodhlhjhcbgklblmlh\KHJ:Gbij_^ijbylbcFbgZlhfZ[m^ml\uihegylvkh\f_klguo jZ[hl < dhgp_ ] ijbgylZ Ijh]jZffZ khljm^gbq_kl\Z KH J:G b g_nlyghc dhfiZgbb XDHK ih jZa\blbx lhieb\gh-wg_j]_lbq_kdh]h dhfie_dkZ Kb[bjb b kh^_ckl\bx \uoh^m gZ jugdb :LJ AgZqbfuf kh[ulb_f klZeh aZdexq_gb_ g_dhlhjufb bgklblmlZfb ^he]hkjhqguo dhgljZdlh\ k aZjm[_`gufb dhjihjZpbyfb \ qbke_ dhlhjuo Ovxe_llIZddZj^WcjIjh^Zdlk>`_jZeFhlhjk F_`^bkpbiebgZjgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby GZqbgZy k ] ijh\h^ylky dhgdmjku bgl_]jZpbhgguo ijh_dlh\ • h[t_^bgyxsbo mkbeby bkke_^h\Zl_e_c jZaguo ki_pbZevghkl_c ^ey j_r_gby f_`^bkpbiebgZjguo ijh[e_f < gZklhys__\j_fyj_Zebam_lkylZdboijh_dlh\ JZa\blb_f_`^mgZjh^guodhglZdlh\k\ya_ckfbjh\hcgZmdhc • D kh`Ze_gbx hl_q_kl\_ggZy gZmdZ bgl_]jbjm_lky \ fbjh\mx \h fgh]hf aZ kq_l wfb]jZpbb fheh^uo \ukhdhd\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguo bkke_^h\Zl_e_c G_]Zlb\guf fhf_glhf a^_kv y\ey_lky b lh qlh qZklh l_fZlbdZ b gZijZ\e_gghklv bkke_^h\Zgbc ih^kljZb\Z_lky ih^ bgl_j_ku aZjm[_`guo iZjlg_jh\ dhlhju_ dZd ijZ\beh nbgZgkbjmxl wlm bgl_]jZpbx AZjm[_`gu_ iZjlg_ju ih^^_j`b\Zxl ij_`^_ \k_]h l_ogheh]bq_kdmx gZijZ\e_gghklv kljmdlmju hl_q_kl\_gghc gZmdb ijb wlhf gZb[hevrbc bgl_j_k \uau\Zxl jZajZ[hldb \ h[eZklb y^_jghc nbabdb obfbq_kdbo l_ogheh]bcbijb[hjguomkljhckl\GZijbf_johlyqbke_gghklvgZmqguokhljm^gbdh\H[t_^bg_ggh]hbgklblmlZy^_jguo bkke_^h\Zgbc khklZ\ey_l hl h[s_c qbke_gghklb gZmqguo khljm^gbdh\ KH J:G h^gZdh hgb ihemqZxl nbgZgkbjh\Zgby\h[s_fh[t_f_ijh]jZffb]jZglh\ H^gZdh gZjy^m k bgl_]jZpb_c \ fbjh\mx gZmdm gZ[ex^Z_lky g_`_eZl_evgZy l_g^_gpby jZajmr_gby k\ya_c \gmljbkljZguohlykms_kl\m_lh[t_dlb\gZyihlj_[ghklv\dhgkheb^Zpbbkhh[s_kl\Zmq_guodhlhjZyijhy\ey_lky\\b^_ gh\uonhjfh[t_^bg_gbymq_guogZmqgu_h[s_kl\ZZdZ^_fbb Ihy\eyxlky gh\u_ nhjfu hj]ZgbaZpbb bkke_^h\Zgbc \dexqZxlky f_oZgbafu dhgdmjkgh]h hl[hjZ jZkrbjy_lky ijZdlbdZ \j_f_gguo l\hjq_kdbo dhee_dlb\h\ f_`^bkpbiebgZjgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby Klhbl \u^_eblv hkh[h ijZdlbq_kdb g_ bkke_^h\Zggmx gZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv ijh[e_fm – dZdbf h[jZahf hkms_kl\ey_lky \ebygb_ f_`^mgZjh^guo hj]ZgbaZpbc \u^_eyxsbo jZaebqgh]h jh^Z nbgZgkh\mx ih^^_j`dm \ \b^_ ]jZglh\ gZ baf_g_gb_ ijbhjbl_lh\ gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc Kms_kl\mxsbc ki_dlj hp_ghd ho\Zlu\Z_l iheyjgu_ km`^_gby hl BghkljZggu_ nhg^u ih^^_j`b\Zxl ij_bfms_kl\_ggh i_j_^Zqm bgnhjfZpbb h[ m`_ \uiheg_gguo bkke_^h\Zgbyo ^h ?keb [u g_ nhg^ KhjhkZ \k_ gZmqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby ij_djZlbebkv<ex[hfkemqZ_ke_^m_lih^q_jdgmlv\ukhdmxjhevwlbodhgdmjkh\\nbgZgkbjh\Zgbbbkke_^h\Zgbc Ijhbkoh^bljZkrbj_gb_jZaghh[jZabynhjfkljmdlmjghchj]ZgbaZpbbgZmqguodhee_dlb\h\kha^Zgb_gh\uo hj]ZgbaZpbc b baf_g_gb_ ijbgpbih\ \aZbfhhlghr_gbc f_`^m ih^jZa^_e_gbyfb dZd \ jZfdZo \_jlbdZevghc b_jZjobb lZd b ]hjbahglZevguo k\ya_c \ jZfdZo ljZ^bpbhgguo hj]ZgbaZpbc jZafu\Zgb_ ]jZgbp f_`^m ih^jZa^_e_gbyfb H^gh\j_f_gghm\_ebqb\Z_lkyfh[bevghklvgZmqguodZ^jh\dhlhju_\uklmiZxlg_lhevdh\dZq_kl\_ghkbl_e_cl_ogheh]bc i_j_ghky bo \ gh\u_ kljmdlmju gh b nhjfbjmxl gh\u_ dZgZeu nhjfZevguo b g_nhjfZevguo k\ya_c f_`^m gZmqguf khh[s_kl\hfbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdbfbkljmdlmjZfbZlZd`_hj]ZgZfb\eZklbbmijZ\e_gby KZfhchkljhcijh[e_fhchklZ_lkynbgZgkbjh\Zgb_gZmqguobkke_^h\Zgbc<gZrbomkeh\byogZnhg_khdjZs_gby h[sboh[t_fh\nbgZgkbjh\Zgbyijhbkoh^bljZkrbj_gb_ki_dljZ^hklmiguobklhqgbdh\nbgZgkbjh\Zgby <lh`_\j_fy[x^`_lgh_nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_gZmqguobkke_^h\Zgbchkh[_gghghkysbonmg^Zf_glZevgucoZjZdl_j khojZgy_l k\hx \_^msmx jhev LZd ^ey KH J:G aZ ihke_^gb_ k_fv e_l h[sb_ h[t_fu nbgZgkbjh\Zgby \ khihklZ\bfuo p_gZo khdjZlbebkv \ jZa ijb wlhf ^hey [Zah\h]h [x^`_lgh]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby kgbabeZkv ^h mjh\gy Z nbgZgkbjh\Zgby nhjfbjmxl ^jm]b_ bklhqgbdb D ki_pbnbq_kdbf ^ey i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z bklhqgbdZf nbgZgkbjh\Zgby fh`gh hlg_klb ^hoh^u hl ba[ulhqguo fhsghkl_c k^ZqZ \ Zj_g^m ihf_s_gbc b h[hjm^h\Zgby kha^Zgb_ p_gljh\ dhee_dlb\gh]hihevah\Zgbyh[hjm^h\Zgb_fbl^Hlf_lbfhljZ^gucnZdlqlh]klZei_j\uf]h^hfdh]^Z[x^`_lgh_ nbgZgkbjh\Zgb_hj]ZgbaZpbcKHJ:Gihklmibeh\iheghfh[t_f_b`b\ufb^_gv]Zfb <k_ [hevr__ agZq_gb_ ijbh[j_lZxl dhgdmjkgu_ b Z^j_kgu_ nhjfu ih^^_j`db gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ qbke_ dhlhjuo \Z`g_crmx jhev b]jZxl JNNB J=GN jZaebqgu_ nhjfu ih^^_j`db im[ebdZpbc bgnhjfZpbhggh]h h[f_gZ kha^Zgb_f_`^mgZjh^guop_gljh\klbfmebjh\Zgb_kha^ZgbygZmqguordhe Ijbgpbiu nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZmdb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh k\yaZgu k \hklj_[h\Zgghklvx l_fb beb bgufb khpbZevgufb ]jmiiZfb__j_amevlZlh\<qZklghklb\uiheg_gb_gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbojZajZ[hlhdbhiulgh-dhgkljmdlhjkdbojZ[hl ih aZdZaZf ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h k_dlhjZ qZklbqgh kgbfZ_l ijh[e_fm \g_^j_gby j_amevlZlh\ gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb Hlf_lbfqlhwlhgZijZ\e_gb_kms_kl\h\Zeh\h\j_f_gZjZa\blh]hkhpbZebafZ\nhjf_oha^h]h\hjguojZ[hlohly^Ze_dh g_ \k_ jZajZ[hldb \uiheg_ggu_ ih aZdZaZf ij_^ijbylbc j_Zevgh bkihevah\Zebkv b gZ gh\hc klZ^bb hgh lZd`_ khojZgy_lky ;_amkeh\gh ieZlblv aZ bkke_^h\Zgby fh]ml lhevdh ieZl_`_kihkh[gu_ aZdZaqbdb – b bfb hdZau\Zxlky eb[h [h]Zlu_ ij_^ijbylby kujv_\hc dhfie_dk nbgZgkh\u_ kljmdlmju eb[h bghkljZggu_ nbjfu Khhl\_lkl\_ggh l_fZlbdZ lZdh]h jh^Z bkke_^h\Zgbc ghkbl \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ijbdeZ^ghc oZjZdl_j H^gZdh ijbdeZ^gu_ bkke_^h\Zgby fh]ml klZlv bklhqgbdhfb[he__nmg^Zf_glZevguob^_c Fu h[hagZqbeb g_dhlhju_ ijh[e_fu bggh\Zpbhgghc kn_ju < ^Zgghc h[eZklb fh`gh \u^_eblv ijbhjbl_lgu_ gZijZ\e_gby ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ih^^_j`db g_ k\yaZggu_ k [hevrbfb nbgZgkh\ufb aZljZlZfb bkihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjuo iha\hey_lg_kdhevdhkgbablvhkljhlmkblmZpbbWlh\qZklghklb ¾ Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ijbagZgghc b jZa^_ey_fhc gZmqguf khh[s_kl\hf ^hdljbgu jZa\blby gZmdb gZ [Za_ ^he]hkjhqguo ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoijbhjbl_lh\kh[ex^_gb_dhlhjuo[_amkeh\ghZnbgZgkh\Zyih^^_j`dZ]ZjZglbjh\ZgZ ¾ JZa\blb_ bgnjZkljmdlmju ih^^_j`b\Zxs_c gZmqgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby b ijh^\b`_gb_ bo j_amevlZlh\ \ lhf qbke_ bgklblmpbhgZevghcbgnhjfZpbhgghcl_ogbq_kdhc ¾ Ih^^_j`dZ jZa\blby kbkl_fu \g_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZmqghc b bggh\Zpbhgghc ^_yl_evghklb \ lhf qbke_aZkq_lklbfmebjmxs_]hbg\_klbpbbgZeh]hh[eh`_gby JZa\blb_ wlbo ijbhjbl_lguo gZijZ\e_gbc g_ lhevdh ihfh`_l j_rblv l_dmsb_ ijh[e_fu gh b \ ^he]hkjhqghc i_jki_dlb\_iha\heblkha^Zlvij_^ihkuedb^eyih^t_fZhl_q_kl\_gghcgZmdbbwdhghfbdb A:DEXQ?GB?. Dm^Z`gZfieulv" ?keb^ey\k_]hfbjZdhgphf;;\_dZb,,,lukyq_e_lbyklZe]lh^eyJhkkbb]jZgvwihoh[hagZqbeZkvgZe_l jZgvr_ < ] aZdhgqbeZkv kh\_lkdZy wihoZ b gZqZeZkv gh\Zy dhlhjmx aZ g_bf_gb_f emqr_]h gZau\Zxl ihdZ ihklkh\_lkdhc Wlhl jm[_` klZe i_jbh^hf kf_gu \_o b ^ey jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb < ] fh`gh [ueh hlf_qZlv^_kylbe_lb_dhgqbgukh\_lkdhciheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbbbjh`^_gby__gZke_^gbpu–jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb Ohly m gh\hc jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb \hajZkl \hbklbgm ^_lkdbc \k_ `_ ^_kylbe_lgbc x[be_c lj_[m_l ih^\_klbblh]b__jZa\blby\feZ^_gq_kl\_bh^gh\j_f_gghgZf_lblvijh]jZffm^Zevg_cr_]h\ajhke_gbyJZamf__lky gZrh[ahjg_ij_l_g^m_lgZbkq_jiu\ZxsmxiheghlmfuebrviulZ_fky\uy\blvgZf_lb\rb_kyl_g^_gpbbjZa\blbygh\hc jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdb Mqblvkymqblvkybmqblvky«dZiblZebafm Jhau b rbiu ihagZgby Hl k\h_c fZl_jb – kh\_lkdhc iheblwdhghfbb – gh\hjh`^_ggZy ihklkh\_lkdZy wdhghfbq_kdZy gZmdZ ihemqbeZ g_ kebrdhf [h]Zlh_ gZke_^kl\h Ij_^klZ\bl_eb klZjr_]h ihdhe_gby gZmqgh]h khh[s_kl\Z hl\_j]Zeb aZiZ^gmx wdhghfbdk b^_heh]bq_kdb g_ agZy ^Z`_ kZfu_ __ Zau FeZ^r__ ihdhe_gb_ hlebqZehkv hl klZjr_]h lhevdhhlkmlkl\b_fZee_j]bbgZwdhghfbdkghg___j_ZevgufagZgb_f;he__lh]h_kebkh\_lkdb_wdhghfbklumki_eb gZmqblvky ohly [u bkdmkkl\m eh]bqgh baeZ]Zlv k\hb fukeb b \b^_lv ]em[bgm ijh[e_f lh fheh^u_ hdZaZebkv \h fgh]hf ebr_gubwlh]h<-]]gZdZdh_-lh\j_fykeh`beZkviZjZ^hdkZevgZykblmZpbydh]^ZgZmqguc[Z]Z`ZdkZdZeh\ gZmdb b a_e_ghc fheh^_`b [ue ihqlb jZ\guf i_j_mqb\Zgb_ klZjuo dZ^jh\ ijhbkoh^beh Z[khexlgh iZjZee_evgh k h[mq_gb_f gh\uo \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h i_j\u_ ihklkh\_lkdb_ klm^_glu-wdhghfbklu hdZaZebkv h[j_q_gu gZ rdhevguc wdhghfbdk?kl_kl\_gghmf_gb_mqblvkyiha\hebehij_^klZ\bl_eyfklZjrboihdhe_gbc^h\hevgh[ukljhkha^Zlvkheb^guc hlju\hlk\hbokemrZl_e_ch^gZdhb\gZrb^gbih^Z\eyxs__[hevrbgkl\hdZg^b^Zlh\b^hdlhjh\wdhghfbq_kdbogZmd ij_ih^Zxlg_kh\k_flmbebkh\k_fg_lmgZmdmihdhlhjhchgbg_dh]^ZaZsbsZebk\hb^biehfu GZ i_j\uo ihjZo ]eZ\ghc aZ^Zq_c h[mq_gby dZiblZebafm klZeZ im[ebdZpby klZg^Zjlguo aZiZ^guo mq_[guo dmjkh\ihdhlhjuffh]eb[umqblvkybklm^_glubkZfh_]eZ\gh_kZfbij_ih^Z\Zl_ebIhkdhevdm\eb[_jZevghcwcnhjbb 1990-o ]] p_gljhf \k_c dmevlmjghc `bagb ieZg_lu kqblZebkv Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu lh bf_ggh Zf_jbdZgkdb_ mq_[gbdb b ijbgyebaZb^_Zevguc`_eZgguch[jZa_p249. Kimkly [md\Zevgh ^\Z-ljb ]h^Z dh]^Z dgb`guc ]heh^ [ue ohly [u \ i_j\hf ijb[eb`_gbb m^h\e_l\hj_g \uykgbehkv qlh Zf_jbdZgkdb_ ijh^mdlu g_ \iheg_ ih^oh^yl ^ey jhkkbckdbo `_em^dh\ DhgljZkl f_`^m l_f h q_f ibkZehkv \ mq_[gbdZo wdhghfbdkZ b l_f qlh fh`gh [ueh ih\k_^g_\gh gZ[ex^Zlv gZ mebp_ hdZaZeky _s_ [he__ kbevguf q_f \ kh\_lkdmx wihom >Z`_ eb[_jZevgh fukeysb_ wdhghfbklu aZ]h\hjbeb h nhjfbjh\Zgbb \ ij_ih^Z\Zgbb wdhghfbdb gh\hc b^_heh]babjh\Zgghc koheZklbdb hlebqZxs_cky [hevr_c fZl_fZlbaZpb_c gh gbqmlvg_[he__[ebadhcd j_Zevghc`bagbq_fklZjZykh\_lkdZyiheblwdhghfby < ihbkdZo \uoh^Z jhkkbckdb_ wdhghfbklu klZeb h[jZsZlv \gbfZgb_ g_ lhevdh gZ Zf_jbdZgkdb_ gh b gZ aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdb_ mq_[gbdb250 ohly b hgb g_ kebrdhf ihfh]Zeb ihgylv jhkkbckdb_ j_Zebb Q_f ^Zevr_ l_f kbevg__ hsmsZeZkv ihlj_[ghklv \ ijh^\bgmluo i_j_\h^guo dmjkZo b ki_pdmjkZo251 Z kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ \ kh[kl\_ggh gZmqghc fhgh]jZnbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ Ihkdhevdm h[mq_gb_ bghkljZgguf yaudZf ihklZ\e_gh \ Jhkkbb _s_ om`_ q_f wdhghfbd_ Z fZeh-fZevkdb ijbebqgu_ nhg^u aZjm[_`guo dgb] b `mjgZeh\ _klv lhevdh \ klhebqguo [b[ebhl_dZo lh ijyfh_ h[s_gb_ jy^h\h]h hl_q_kl\_ggh]h wdhghfbklZ k bghkljZggufb ba^Zgbyfb hklZ_lky \_kvfZ ijh[e_fZlbqguf =eZ\gu_ gZ^_`^u \ wdhghfbq_kdhfijhk\_s_gbb_s_g_h^gh^_kylbe_lb_ke_^m_l\haeZ]Zlvbf_gghgZi_j_\h^qbdh\ Ohly kibkhd i_j_\h^ghc wdhghfbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju m`_ g_ fZe252 \ g_f _klv kZfhhq_\b^gu_ ^uju MdZ`_f gZijbf_jqlhohly_klvi_j_\h^uJDhmaZ>`;vxd_g_gZ>GhjlZFHekhgZELmjhmghihqlbg_lDIheZgvb>` 249 Mq_[gbdZfbi_j\h]hijbau\Z[uebWdhghfbq_kdbch[jZafure_gbyIO_cg_Fmq_[gbdbW>heZgZb>Ebg^k_yKI[ 1991 -JIbg^ZcdZb>Jm[bgn_ev^ZkhdjZs_gguci_j_\h^-FWdhghfbdZKNbr_jZJ>hjg[mrZbJRfZe_gabF, WdhghfbdZ I KZfmwevkhgZ h[jZapZ -o ]] F b dhg_qgh `_ Wdhghfbdk D FZddhgg_eeZ b K ;jx F klZ\rbc ijbf_jgh e_l gZ hkgh\guf mq_[guf ihkh[b_f ^ey klm^_glh\-wdhghfbklh\ <h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ -o ]] d gbf ^h[Z\bebkv jZa\_qlh[he__kh\j_f_ggu_\_jkbb\k_lhc`_WdhghfbdbIKZfmwevkhgZFFbFbdjhwdhghfbdbJIbg^ZcdZb> Jm[bgn_ev^ZF 250 GZah\_f gZijbf_j Hkgh\u mq_gby h[ wdhghfbd_ O AZc^_ey b J L_ff_gZ F FZdjhwdhghfbq_kdmx iheblbdm @ D_[Z^`ygZ Gh\hkb[bjkd FZdjhwdhghfbdm F ;mj^u b Q <uiehrZ KI[ Fh`gh \kihfgblv b Wnn_dlb\gmx wdhghfbdm D Wdemg^Z F dhlhjZy ^h WdhghfbdkZ D FZddhgg_eeZ b K ;jx dZdh_-lh \j_fy ^Z`_ b]jZeZ jhev ]eZ\gh]h iml_\h^bl_eyihkh\j_f_gghcwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbb 251 I_j\ufi_j_\_^_ggufdmjkhfijhf_`mlhqgh]hmjh\gyklZeZKh\j_f_ggZyfbdjhwdhghfbdZZgZebabijbf_g_gb_>OZcfZgZF iha`_dg_c^h[Z\bebkvFZdjhwdhghfbdZ=FwgdvxFbFbdjhwdhghfbdZIjhf_`mlhqgucmjh\_gvO<wjbZgZF FbdjhwdhghfbdZ b ih\_^_gb_ JO NjZgdZ F Qlh dZkZ_lky ki_pdmjkh\ lh \ gZb[hevr_c kl_i_gb ih\_aeh fbjh\hfm ohayckl\mihwlhcl_fZlbd_ba^ZeblZdb_ljm^udZdWdhghfbdZfbjhohayckl\_gguok\ya_cIOEbg^_jlZFF_`^mgZjh^guc [bag_k>>wgb_ekZbEJZ^_[uFFZdjhwdhghfbdZ=eh[Zevgucih^oh^>`KZdkZbNEZjj_gZWdhghfbq_kdh_jZa\blb_ FLh^ZjhFG_om`_ij_^klZ\e_gZwdhghfbdZhljZke_\uojugdh\–ihwlhcijh[e_fZlbd_ba^Zebdgb]bKljmdlmjZhljZke_\uo jugdh\ N R_j_jZ b > JhkkZ F WdhghfbdZ hj]ZgbaZpby b f_g_^`f_gl I Fbe]jhfZ b > Jh[_jlkZ KI[ L_hjby hj]ZgbaZpbbijhfure_gghklb>Owyb>FhjjbkZKI[ZlZd`_JugdbbjughqgZy\eZklv@LbjheyKI[Ijhqbf ki_pdmjkZfih\_aehf_gvr_–fh`ghgZa\ZlvjZa\_qlhE_dpbbihwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hk_dlhjZW:ldbgkhgZb>` Klb]ebpZFKh\j_f_ggmxwdhghfbdmljm^ZJWj_g[_j]ZbJKfblZFbNbgZgkh\u_bgklblmlujugdbb^_gv]b>K Db^mweeZJEI_l_jkhgZb>M;ewdmweeZKI[ 252 K[b[ebh]jZnb_ci_j_\h^h\gZjmkkdbcyaudaZiZ^guowdhghfbklh\XX\_dZfh`ghhagZdhfblvkyihke_^mxsbfba^ZgbyfTHESIS, <uik–248; THESIS<uik–Bklhdb<uiFk–Bklhdb<uiFk–430. Ijbf_qZl_evgh qlh Hkgh\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ I: KZfmwevkhgZ KI[ ^hreb ^h jmkkdh]h qblZl_ey kimkly ihe\_dZ ihke_ bo \uoh^Z gZ yaud_ hjb]bgZeZ ;hevr_ \ wlhf hlghr_gbb ih\_aeh H[s_c l_hjbb \u[hjZ jZ\gh\_kby \ b]jZo > OZjrZgvb b J Oh^`khgZ J Ihag_jZ = ;_dd_jZ B <Zee_jklZcgZ253 Z ba^Zggu_ _s_ \ KKKJ dgb]b >` =we[j_clZ b D Fxj^Zey ^Z\gh klZeb[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbfbjZjbl_lZfb>Z`_eb^_jg_hdeZkkbdh\FNjb^f_gij_^klZ\e_ggZjmkkdhf\[hevr_ckl_i_gb k\h_c im[ebpbklbdhc b \ f_gvr_c – kh[kl\_ggh gZmqgufb ljm^Zfb I_j\Zy ihiuldZ hagZdhfblv jhkkbckdh]h qblZl_ey k aZjm[_`ghcwdhghfbq_kdhcdeZkkbdhc–ljm^ZfbeZmj_Zlh\ij_fbbihwdhghfbd_bf_gb:Gh[_ey–aZ\_jrbeZkv\uimkdhf _^bgkl\_ggh]h lhfZ254 ^jm]Zy ZgZeh]bqgZy ihiuldZ lZd`_ ihoh`_ g_ hkh[h i_jki_dlb\gZ255 G_ kebrdhf j_]meyjgh \uoh^yl b dgb]b k_jbb <_ob wdhghfbq_kdhc fukeb256 <jy^ eb gZ^h gZihfbgZlv qlh lbjZ`b \k_o wlbo ba^Zgbc \_kvfZ g_\_ebdb – j_^dh dlh ^Z`_ ba klhebqguo wdhghfbklh\ bf__l \ k\h_c ^hfZrg_c [b[ebhl_d_ kdhevdh-gb[m^v ihegmx ih^[hjdmi_j_\_^_gguofhgh]jZnbcklhevgm`guo_fm^eygZmqghcjZ[hlubhj]ZgbaZpbbmq_[gh]hijhp_kkZ G_ ijhiZ^_l gZr kdhj[guc ljm^«" <k_ `_ \jy^ klhbl bah[jZ`Zlv ^hjh]m ih dhlhjhc b^_l jZa\blb_ wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdbbkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb___ij_ih^Z\Zgby\gZr_ckljZg_dZd[_kijhk\_lgh_b[_aukoh^gh_q_j_^h\Zgb_ dhe^h[bg b jul\bg Ohly kblmZpby ^Ze_dZ hl ghjfu _keb kqblZlv ghjfhc ohly [u yihgkdb_ h[jZapu ij_ih^Z\Zgby ]^_ fZjdkbklkdb_ iheblwdhghfu b g_hdeZkkbq_kdb_ wdhghfbdkh\pu fbjgh ^_eyl \gbfZgb_ klm^_glh\ \k_ `_ \ Jhkkbb m`_ _klvb[Zah\u_bijhf_`mlhqgh]hmjh\gymq_[gbdbdhlhju_g_ijhklhi_j_kdZau\ZxlaZjm[_`gu_dmjkughbl\hjq_kdbbo jZa\b\Zxl Z^Zilbjmy ih f_j_ \hafh`ghklb d jhkkbckdbf j_Zebyf <Z`gh hlf_lblv qlh ijZdlbq_kdb ih ex[hfm gZijZ\e_gbxfh`gh\u^_eblvmq_[gu_ba^Zgby^\molbih\–dZdihimeyjgu_lZdbki_pbZebabjh\Zggu_257. FbdjhwdhghfbdZ<wlhch[eZklbgZb[hevr_cihimeyjghklvxihevam_lkyba^Zggucm`_g_kdhevdbfbba^Zgbyfb Dmjk fbdjhwdhghfbdb J Gmj__\Z258 GZ [he__ d\Zebnbpbjh\Zggmx Zm^blhjbx jZkkqblZgZ FbdjhwdhghfbdZ < =Zevi_jbgZKB]gZlv_\Zb<Fhj]mgh\ZFbdjhwdhghfbdZI=j_[_ggbdh\Z:E_mkkdh]hbELZjZk_\bqZKj_^bijhqbo ^h\hevgh ihimeyjguo kj_^b klhebqguo wdhghfbklh\ ba^Zgbc ke_^m_l gZa\Zlv Fbdjhwdhghfbdm J ?fph\Z b F EmdbgZ FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u \ wdhghfbd_ H AZfdh\Z : Lheklhiyl_gdh b X Q_j_fguo L_hjbx kijhkZ ij_^eh`_gby b jughqguo kljmdlmj : Q_dZgkdh]h b G Njheh\hc FZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba g_kh\_jr_gguo jugdh\ < ;mku]bgZ K Dhdh\bgZ?@_eh[h^vdhb:PuieZdh\Z259. FZdjhwdhghfbdZ A^_kv \_^msb_ ihabpbb aZgbfZxl WdhghfbdZ Dmjk hkgh\ E =j_[g_\Z b J Gmj__\Z FZdjhwdhghfbdZ < =Zevi_jbgZ I =j_[_ggbdh\Z : E_mkkdh]h b E LZjZk_\bqZ Ohjhrh ba\_klgu E_dpbb ih fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhfm fh^_ebjh\Zgbx : Kfbjgh\Z dgb]Z FZdjhwdhghfbdZ L :]Zih\hc b K K_j_]bghc Z lZd`_ [jhrxjuFZdjhwdhghfbdZ–GRZ]Zkb?LmfZgh\hcHq_gvm^Zqgufhiulhfihimeyjgh]hbaeh`_gbyfZdjhwdhghfbdb klZeZdgb]Z<>Z^ZygZIj_^ijbgbfZxlkyihiuldbp_ehklgh]hkbkl_fZlbq_kdh]hbaeh`_gbyFZdjhwdhghfbdb-dhlhju_ \ijhq_f ihdZ _s_ g_ ^hreb ^h rbjhdh]h qblZl_ey b gm`^Zxlky \ ihimeyjbaZpbb260 GZb[he__ hjb]bgZevgZ kj_^b mq_[gbdh\wlh]hlbiZwdkljZ\Z]ZglgZyihhnhjfe_gbxFZdjhwdhghfbdZ:KK_ebs_\Z261. L_hjby hljZke_\uo jugdh\ Emqrbf ba^Zgb_f ih ^Zgghfm gZijZ\e_gbx ke_^m_l kqblZlv dhg_qgh :gZeba kljmdlmj lh\Zjguo jugdh\ K :\^Zr_\hc b G JhaZgh\hc \ wlhc lhgdhc [jhrxj_ Z\lhju kfh]eb g_ lhevdh m^Zqgh baeh`blvh[smxl_hjbxghbijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv__ijbf_jZfbbakh\j_f_gghcjhkkbckdhcijZdlbdb262. A_evl_gZKI[ 253 OZjZdl_jgh qlh ijb ba^Zgbb i_j\h]h k[hjgbdZ jZ[hl B <Zee_jklZcgZ gZ jmkkdhf yaud_ :gZeba fbjh\uo kbkl_f b kblmZpby \ kh\j_f_gghf fbj_ KI[ \ g_]h \dexqbeb g_ hlju\db ba _]h agZf_gblh]h lj_olhfgbdZ Kh\j_f_ggZy fbj-kbkl_fZ Z ebrv hl^_evgu_ klZlvb jZaguo e_l <_ebdZy ljZgknhjfZpby D IheZgvb KI[ klZeZ mgbdZevguf ijbf_jhf ba^Zgby deZkkbdb wdhghfbdh-khpbheh]bq_kdhcfukebkh\_jr_ggh[_adZdh]h-eb[hdhff_glZjbyQlh`_dZkZ_lky>`Oh^`khgZlhihdZi_j_\_^_guebrv hl^_evgu__]hklZlvbOh^`khg>`F@bag_kihkh[ghklvbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbW\hexpbhggZywdhghfbdZgZihjh]_XXI\_dZ FBa^Zl_evkl\hYihgbyk_]h^gyOh^`khg>`Ijb\uqdbijZ\beZbwdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_<hijhkuwdhghfbdb Oh^`khg>`KhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdb_ihke_^kl\byijh]j_kkZagZgbcbgZjZklZgbykeh`ghklb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 254 ;vxd_g_g>`Khqbg_gbyK_jbyGh[_e_\kdb_eZmj_Zluihwdhghfbd_FLZmjmk:evnZ 255 <k_jbbWdhghfbdZb^_bbihjlj_luaZiylve_l\urehlhevdhq_luj_g_kebrdhflheklu_[jhrxjuNjb^f_gF?keb[u^_gv]b aZ]h\hjbeb«F>_ehFh^bevygbNFbee_jFKdhevdhklhblnbjfZ"F>_ehWlhlbaf_gqb\uch[f_ggucdmjkF >_eh?\jh–^blyFZg^_eeZ"L_hjbyhilbfZevguo\ZexlguoahgF>_eh, 2002). 256 AZ q_luj_ ]h^Z \ureh \k_]h ljb l_fZlbq_kdbo lhfZ KI[ ohly b hq_gv dZq_kl\_ggh ih^h[jZggu_ L_hjbyihlj_[bl_evkdh]h ih\_^_gby b kijhkZ \ureZ i_j\uf ba^Zgb_f \ ] L_hjby nbjfu – \ ] Z Jugdb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z kjZam \hreb \ khklZ\lj_olhfgbdZ]Km^yih\k_fmgZwlhf^ZggZyk_jbyij_djZlbeZkv 257 I_j\u_ eZklhqdb ij_^klZ\eyeb kh[hc dhg_qgh k\h^gu_ dmjku lbiZ fbdjh- b fZdjhwdhghfbdZ \ h^ghf neZdhg_ Emqrbf b gZb[he__ ihimeyjguf h[jZaphf ih^h[guo ba^Zgbc ke_^m_l kqblZlv dmjk e_dpbc <\_^_gb_ \ jughqgmx wdhghfbdm :YEb\rbpZ F dhlhjuc \u^_j`Ze g_ h^gh i_j_ba^Zgb_ gZijbf_j <\_^_gb_ \ jughqgmxwdhghfbdmMq_[ihkh[b_^eywdhgki_p\mah\Ih^ j_^ :Y Eb\rbpZ BG Gbdmebghc F <ukr rd < gZrb ^gb ih^h[gu_ h[ahjgu_ dmjku bkihevamxlky m`_ g_ \ \ukr_c Z \ kj_^g_crdhe_ 258 Gmj__\ J Dmjk fbdjhwdhghfbdb F GZ ihimeyjghklv wlh]h mq_[gbdZ [hevrh_ \ebygb_ hdZaZeZ `mjgZevgZy\_jkbywlh]hdmjkZkdhlhjufgZmqgZyh[s_kl\_gghklvkfh]eZhagZdhfblvkyihim[ebdZpbyf\<hijhkZowdhghfbdb\– ]]NZdlwlhcim[ebdZpbbdjZkghj_qb\h]h\hjblhlhcki_rd_kdhlhjhcjhkkbckdb_wdhghfbklu[ueb\ugm`^_gui_j_mqb\Zlvky\ dZdhc_s_kljZg_\_^msbcgZpbhgZevgucwdhghfbq_kdbc`mjgZeklZe[ui_qZlZlvklZg^Zjlgucdmjkfbdjhwdhghfbdb" 259 =Zevi_jbg<B]gZlv_\KFhj]mgh\<FbdjhwdhghfbdZ<-olKI[Wdhghfbq_kdZyrdheZ=j_[_ggbdh\IE_mkkdbc : LZjZk_\bq E FbdjhwdhghfbdZ KI; Ba^-\h KI[WN ?fph\ J Emdbg F FbdjhwdhghfbdZ F F=M bf F< Ehfhghkh\Z 1997; AZfdh\HLheklhiyl_gdh:Q_j_fguoXFZl_fZlbq_kdb_f_lh^u\wdhghfbd_FF=MbfF<Ehfhghkh\ZQ_dZgkdbc :Njheh\ZGL_hjbykijhkZij_^eh`_gbybjughqguokljmdlmjFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BK;mku]bg<Dhdh\bg K@_eh[h^vdh?PuieZdh\:FZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbcZgZebag_kh\_jr_gguojugdh\Gh\hkb[bjkd 260 =j_[g_\ E Gmj__\ J WdhghfbdZ Dmjk hkgh\ F <blZ-Ij_kk =Zevi_jbg < =j_[_ggbdh\ I E_mkkdbc : LZjZk_\bq E FZdjhwdhghfbdZ KI[ Ba^-\h KI[WN Kfbjgh\ : E_dpbb ih fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdhfm fh^_ebjh\Zgbx F =M – <RW :]Zih\Z L K_j_]bgZ K FZdjhwdhghfbdZ F F=M bf F< Ehfhghkh\Z RZ]Zk G LmfZgh\Z ? FZdjhwdhghfbdZ-2. >he]hkjhqguc Zki_dl F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l F=M L?BK RZ]Zk G LmfZgh\Z ? FZdjhwdhghfbdZ- DjZldhkjhqguc Zki_dl F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l F=M L?BK >Z^Zyg < FZdjhwdhghfbdZ ^ey \k_o >m[gZ DZ\bpdZy B RZjZ_\ X FZdjhwdhghfbdZ-2.F=M–<RW 261 K_ebs_\:KFZdjhwdhghfbdZKI[Ibl_j 262 :\^Zr_\Z K; JhaZgh\Z GF :gZeba kljmdlmj lh\Zjguo jugdh\ wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby b ijZdlbdZ Jhkkbb F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_lF=ML?BK HljZke_\u_ ^bkpbiebgu A^_kv \u^_eyxlky WdhghfbdZ ijbjh^hihevah\Zgby : =hem[Z b ? Kljmdh\hc :]jZjgZy wdhghfbdZ ? K_jh\hc Hkgh\u j_]bhgZevghc wdhghfbdb : =jZg[_j]Z mq_[gbdb WdhghfbdZ ljm^Z F DhehkgbpughcKJhsbgZbLJZamfh\hc263. =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ wdhghfbdb GZb[he__ ^h[jhlgufb l_hj_lbq_kdbfb mq_[gufb ba^Zgbyfb jZkkfZljb\Zxsbfb wdhghfbq_kdmx iheblbdm ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ke_^m_l kqblZlv \ur_^rb_ ihqlb h^gh\j_f_ggh =hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx wdhghfbq_kdmx iheblbdm B :e[_]h\hc J ?fph\Z b : Ohehih\Z Z lZd`_ Ijh[e_fu [x^`_lghgZeh]h\h]h j_]mebjh\Zgby \ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_ L :]Zih\hc ;he__ ijh^\bgmluc oZjZdl_j ghkyl mq_[gbdb EB Ydh[khgZbWdhghfbdZh[s_kl\_ggh]hk_dlhjZih^j_^Zdpb_c?@bevph\Zb@->EZn_y264. GZdhg_paZkem`b\Z_lmihfbgZgby-e_lgbchiulba^Zgby`mjgZeZ-mq_[gbdZWdhghfbq_kdZyrdheZ B\k_`_dhebq_kl\hmq_[gbdh\gZibkZgguohl_q_kl\_ggufbZ\lhjZfbihdZaZf_lghij_\hkoh^blbodZq_kl\hqlh y\ey_lkyoZjZdl_jghc^_lkdhc[he_agvxhk\h_gbygh\hcgZmqghciZjZ^b]fuaZbfkl\h\Zgghckhklhjhgu Mqbl_ev gZmqb mq_gbdZ« GZb[hevrbc bgl_j_k ^ey jhkkbyg ij_^klZ\eyxl dhg_qgh jZ[hlu ihk\ys_ggu_ ZgZebamg_jZa\blh]hjughqgh]hohayckl\ZZ_]h]_g_abkZlh_klvwdhghfbdbg_\ukhdhjZa\bluoZi_j_oh^guokljZgd qbkem dhlhjuo hlghkblky b kZfZ Jhkkby < wlhc h[eZklb h^gZdh jZkkqblu\Zlv gZ ihfhsv k AZiZ^Z ijboh^blky _s_ \ f_gvr_ckl_i_gbh[s_ba\_klghqlhbf_gghg_kihkh[ghklvgbh[tykgblvw\hexpbxi_jbn_jbcguokljZggbihfhqvbf\ ijZdlbq_kdhfZki_dl_y\ey_lky]eZ\gufbg^bdZlhjhfgZ^\b]Zxs_]hkyaZdZlZg_hdeZkkbdbI_j_\_^_ggu_ljm^uhJhkkbb g_\ua\Zebkdhevdh-gb[m^vaZf_lgh]hbgl_j_kZ\jhkkbckdhfgZmqghfkhh[s_kl\_265. HlqZy\rbkv ^h`b^Zlvky k\_lZ bklbgu hl k\hbo aZiZ^guo dhee_] jhkkbckdb_ mq_gu_ kZfb iulZxlky ibkZlv mq_[gbdb h i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_ dhlhju_ ijZ\^Z ]j_rZl m`_ g_ aZmfguf fh^_ebjh\Zgb_f Z qj_af_jguf wfibjbafhf266 <_kvfZ ieh^hl\hjguf ij_^klZ\ey_lky jZkkfhlj_gb_ i_j_oh^gh]h ijhp_kkZ \ g_hdeZkkbq_kdbo ljZ^bpbyo Hiul ih^h[gh]h ZgZebaZ ^_fhgkljbjmxl jZ[hlu ? YkbgZ267 B \k_ `_ kbkl_fgh_ ihgbfZgb_ ijh[e_f i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb\hafh`ghlhevdh\h[s_fdhgl_dkl_l_hjbbwdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fbgl_j_kddhlhjhc^h\hevghkeZ[AZf_lgmx ihfhsv \ hkfuke_gbb ijh[e_f i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z hdZau\Zxl wdhghfbklu <hklhqghc ?\jhiu268 [he__ [ebadb_ d ihgbfZgbx gZrbo j_Zebc q_f wdhghfbklu AZiZ^Z AZ\_jr_gb_ _evpbgkdhc wihob – gZqZevghc klZ^bb i_j_oh^Z hl dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb d kf_rZgghc – g_fbgm_fh klbfmebjm_l `_eZgb_ mq_guo l_hj_lbq_kdb h[h[sblv blh]b b gZf_lblv i_jki_dlb\ughihoh`_ih^h[guoh[h[sZxsboljm^h\gZfijb^_lky`^Zlv_s_gbh^bg]h^ I_j_kljhcdZ ij_ih^Z\Zgby wdhghfbdb kha^Z_l ij_^ihkuedb b ^ey baf_g_gby kh[kl\_ggh gZmqghc ^_yl_evghklb hl_q_kl\_ggh]hwdhghfbq_kdh]hkhh[s_kl\Z DZdbo`_gZfhldjulbcqm^guo]hlh\blijhk\_s_gvy^mo" =eZ\gZy[_^Zjhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdb –^he]h_hlkmlkl\b_\g_cmklZgh\dbgZgh\Zlhjkl\hgZklj_fe_gb_dhldjulbxQlhdZkZ_lkykh\_lkdhciheblwdhghfbb]^_ b^_b FZjdkZ–E_gbgZ [ueb \ha\_^_gu \ dZghg lh g_ ijhklh ohjhrbf lhghf gh ghjfZlb\guf lj_[h\Zgb_f kqblZehkv \uqblu\Zlvgh\u_b^_b\klZjuojZ[hlZo\_ebdbohkgh\hiheh`gbdh\dhlhju_ihhij_^_e_gbxij_^\b^_eb\k_b\kyb g_fh]ebhrb[Zlvky<gZqZe_-o]]ihf_gyekydZghgghg_hlghr_gb_ddZghgmBlhevdh\ihke_^gb_]h^ufbgm\r_]h klhe_lby jhkkbckdb_ wdhghfbklu gZqZeb ihkl_i_ggh hsmsZlv k_[y g_ ijhklh ihimeyjbaZlhjZfb qm`bo b^_c gh gZke_^gbdZfbGDhg^jZlv_\Z:QZygh\ZbEDZglhjh\bqZkihkh[gufbaZgbfZlvkyg_lhevdhj_ijh^mdpb_cagZgbcghb boijh^mpbjh\Zgb_f ?keb ihiulZlvky i_j_qbkeblv l_ gh\u_ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ dhgp_ipbb dhlhju_ jh^bebkv \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb lh kjZam aZf_qZ_rv bgl_j_kguc iZjZ^hdk ohly hl_q_kl\_ggZy gZmdZ klj_fblky hljyogmlv k k_[y ijZo fZjdkbklkdhc iheblwdhghfbbihqlb\k_gh\u_b^_b\iheg_fh]ebjh^blvkybe_lgZjZgvr_Dlhfm`_boqbkehdjZcg_g_\_ebdh ?keb ]h\hjblv h[ h[s_c wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb lh ^hklhcgu \gbfZgby \k_]h ljb dhgp_ipbb ijbq_f \k_ hlghkysb_kydl_hjbbwdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f l_hjby ihklwdhghfbq_kdh]h h[s_kl\Z < Bgha_fp_\Z h[jZsZxs_]h hkgh\gh_ \gbfZgb_ gZ hklju_ ijhlb\hj_qby ]_g_abkZihklbg^mkljbZevgh]hh[s_kl\Z\j_amevlZl_q_]hhghjZa\b\Z_lkyg_klhevdh]eh[ZevghkdhevdhZgdeZ\gh269; l_hjbylbih\jZa\blby:Nhghlh\Z\dhlhjhcijhZgZebabjh\ZguijbgpbibZevgu_hkh[_gghklboZjZdl_jgh]h^ey Jhkkbbfh[bebaZpbhggh]hjZa\blbyijhlb\hihklZ\e_ggh]hbggh\ZpbhgghfmjZa\blbxkljZgAZiZ^Z270; 263 =hem[ : Kljmdh\Z ? WdhghfbdZ ijbjh^hihevah\Zgby F :ki_dl Ij_kk K_jh\Z ? :]jZjgZy wdhghfbdZ F =M-<RW =jZg[_j] : Hkgh\u j_]bhgZevghc wdhghfbdb F =M – <RW DhehkgbpugZ F WdhghfbdZ ljm^Z F FZ]bklj Jhsbg K JZamfh\ZLWdhghfbdZljm^ZFBGNJ:-F2000. 264 :e[_]h\ZB?fph\JOhehih\:=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZywdhghfbq_kdZyiheblbdZF>_ehbK_j\bk:]Zih\ZLIjh[e_fu[x^`_lghgZeh]h\h]hj_]mebjh\Zgby\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdbcZki_dlFF=MYdh[khgEWdhghfbdZh[s_kl\_ggh]h k_dlhjZ Hkgh\u l_hjbb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo nbgZgkh\ F GZmdZ Ydh[khg E =hkm^Zjkl\_gguc k_dlhj wdhghfbdb wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby b iheblbdZ F =M <RW WdhghfbdZ h[s_kl\_ggh]h k_dlhjZ Ih^ j_^ ? @bevph\Z @-> EZn_y F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_lF=ML?BK 265 ?^\Zebg__^bgkl\_ggu_aZf_lgu_hiulu\wlhfgZijZ\e_gbb–FZdjhwdhghfbdZDmjke_dpbc^eyjhkkbckdboqblZl_e_cJEwcZj^Z FbFZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbybi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZE=Zc]_jZFih^]hlh\e_ggZydklZlbijbZdlb\ghfmqZklbb jhkkbckdbowdhghfbklh\ 266 Kf;ma]Zebg:I_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZFWdhghfbdZi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^ZFWdhghfbdZi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^ZHq_jdb wdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdbihkldhffmgbklbq_kdhcJhkkbb–F;he__nmg^Zf_glZevgufbljm^Zfby\eyxlky:mdpbhggbd KI L_hjby i_j_oh^Z d jugdm F SvR-:j]mk JyaZgh\ <L Wdhghfbq_kdh_ jZa\blb_ Jhkkbb j_nhjfu b jhkkbckdh_ ohayckl\h \ XIX – XX\\KI[GZmdZ 267 Ykbg ? IhjZ`_gb_ beb hlklmie_gb_" jhkkbckdb_ j_nhjfu b nbgZgkh\uc djbabk <hijhku wdhghfbdb Ykbg ? Gh\Zy wihoZ klZju_ lj_\h]b \a]ey^ eb[_jZeZ gZ jZa\blb_ Jhkkbb F Nhg^ Eb[_jZevgZy fbkkby khdjZs_gguc \ZjbZgl kf <hijhku wdhghfbdb 268 GZah\_fgZijbf_jlZdb_jZ[hluihevkdbowdhghfbklh\dZdKhpbZebafdZiblZebafljZgknhjfZpbyE;Zevp_jh\bqZFb HlrhdZdl_jZibb=Dheh^dhF 269 GZah\_fohly[uihke_^gxxdgb]mwlh]hbkdexqbl_evghieh^h\blh]hZ\lhjZ\dhlhjhchgkbkl_fZlbabjm_lk\hb[he__jZggb_ljm^u Bgha_fp_\<Kh\j_f_ggh_ihklbg^mkljbZevgh_h[s_kl\hijbjh^Zijhlb\hj_qbyi_jki_dlb\uFEh]hk 270 Nhghlh\:Jhkkbyhlfh[bebaZpbhggh]hh[s_kl\Zdbggh\Zpbhgghfmhttp: //science.ru/info/fonotov/htmr). dhgp_ipbb khpbh_kl_kl\_gghc bklhjbb WK DmevibgZ b E< Fbeh\Z dhlhju_ jZa\b\Zy g_dhlhju_ b^_b EG =mfbe_\ZjZkkfZljb\Zxl\ebygb__kl_kl\_gguonZdlhjh\gZkhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh_jZa\blb_271. =hjZa^hrbj_ij_^klZ\e_gugh\u_b^_bk\yaZggu_khkfuke_gb_fijh[e_fkh[kl\_gghi_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdb272Z lZd`_kh[h[s_gb_fmjhdh\nmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbydhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghckbkl_fu273WlbgZmqgu_^hklb`_gbyke_^m_l hp_gb\Zlvh^gZdh^h\hevghhklhjh`ghihkdhevdmkebrdhfqZklhj_qvb^_lhijh[e_fZojZa\blbyg_klhevdhi_j_oh^ghc\ h[s_f kfuke_ kdhevdh jhkkbckdhc i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb <ijhq_f jZa\blb_ l_hjbb g_\hafh`gh [_a wfibjbq_kdbo h[h[s_gbc dZq_kl\h dhlhjuo kh\_jr_gkl\m_lky ]h^ hl ]h^Z Wlh hkh[_ggh aZf_lgh \ ba^Zgbyo ;xjh wdhghfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ _keb \ ij_`gb_ ]h^u ;W: ]hlh\beh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf h[ahju wdhghfbq_kdhc iheblbdb274 lh l_i_jv hgh gZqZeh ba^Z\Zlvk_jbxfhgh]jZnbcihki_pbZebabjh\Zggufijh[e_fZf275. OZjZdl_jgh qlh hjb]bgZevguo gZmqguo jZ[hl \k_ `_ aZf_lgh f_gvr_ q_f mq_[guo Ihoh`_ qlh kh\j_f_ggu_ jhkkbckdb_wdhghfbkluhsmsZxlk_[ydZjebdZfbklhysbfbg_gZie_qZo\_ebdZgh\Z]^_-lhmboih^hr\ Hq_j_^gu_ aZ^Zqb ihklkh\_lkdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb Qlh[u jhkkbckdZy wdhghfbq_kdZy gZmdZ kfh]eZ i_j_f_klblvky k i_jbn_jbb [eb`_ d p_gljm fbjh\hc gZmqghc `bagb gZf g_h[oh^bfZ dhj_ggZy i_j_f_gZ lhqdb hlkq_lZ GZklZeh \j_fy g_ ijhklh ihimeyjbabjh\Zlv ex[u_ ijbr_^rb_ k AZiZ^Z gZmqgu_ b^_b gh ihiulZlvky ku]jZlv gZ hi_j_`_gb_–hjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZfwcgkljbfg_k_]h^gyrg_]h^gyZaZ\ljZrg_]hG_hdeZkkbq_kdbcj_g_kkZgk\jy^eb gZ^he]h i_j_`b\_l jm[_` lukyq_e_lbc – m`_ k_cqZk hq_\b^gh qlh hg ijbgpbibZevgh g_ fh`_l j_rZlv ijh[e_fu fh^_jgbaZpbb ^Z`_ ljZgablb\guo kljZg g_ ]h\hjy m`_ h jZa\b\Zxsboky Gh\Zy gZmqgZy j_\hexpby dhlhjZy klZg_l k\_jrb\rbfky nZdlhf \ [eb`Zcrb_ ^_kylbe_lby hagZf_gm_lky kdhj__ \k_]h k^\b]hf hl bg^b\b^mZebklbq_kdhc g_hdeZkkbdbddhee_dlb\bklkdbfdhgp_ipbyfbgklblmpbhgZebafZbwdhghfbq_kdhc]eh[ZebklbdbBf_gghgZwlbl_hjbbb gm`ghhjb_glbjh\ZlvkyjhkkbckdbfwdhghfbklZfIhdZ`_\gZr_ckljZg_hgb^h\hevghkeZ[hba\_klgug_lhevdhrbjhdhc h[s_kl\_gghklbgh^Z`_ki_pbZebklZf<k\yabkwlbfi_j\hkl_i_gghcaZ^Zq_chl_q_kl\_gguowdhghfbklh\^he`guklZlv bobamq_gb_bfZdkbfZevgZyihimeyjbaZpby GZ i_j\hf wlZi_ g_h[oh^bfZ i_j_hjb_glZpby i_j_\h^q_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb <f_klh ih^]hlh\db \k_ gh\uo bgh\uo lbih\uomq_[gbdh\ihfbdjh-bfZdjhwdhghfbd_kfZl_fZlbq_kdbfbfh^_eyfbnhjfZevgh\_jgufbghkeZ[hk\yaZggufbk jhkkbckdbfb j_Zebyfb gZ^h h[jZlblvky d jZ[hlZf ih l_hjbb b ijZdlbd_ jughqghc fh^_jgbaZpbb b ljZgknhjfZpbb h[h[sZxsbf j_Zevguc hiul kljZg <hklhqghc ?\jhiu :abb :njbdb b hkh[_ggh EZlbgkdhc :f_jbdb kh \k_fb _]h ^hklhbgkl\Zfb b g_^hklZldZfb Djhf_ lh]h g_h[oh^bfh m^_eblv ih\ur_ggh_ \gbfZgb_ wdhghfbd_ ijZ\Z wdhghfbd_ jZa\blby fhjZevghc wdhghfbd_ wdhghfbq_kdhc dhfiZjZlb\bklbd_ wdhghfbq_kdhc Zgljhiheh]bb b wdhghfbq_kdhc ]eh[Zebklbd_ >Ze__ g_h[oh^bfZ j_hj]ZgbaZpby kbkl_fu ij_ih^Z\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb – mkbe_gb_ \ g_c g_ nhjfZevghfZl_fZlbq_kdbo Z bgklblmpbhgZevgh-dhfiZjZlb\bklkdbo gZqZe Dhg_qgh ijb jZajZ[hld_ dmjkh\ kjZ\gbl_evgh]h ZgZebaZ wdhghfbq_kdbo kbkl_f ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv hiul ij_ih^Z\Zgby b bamq_gby wlbo ijh[e_f aZ jm[_`hf bf_xs_]h ^h\hevgh ]em[hdb_ljZ^bpbb276. Hkgh\gu_ hkh[_gghklb gh\h]h ih^oh^Z d jZajZ[hld_ mq_[guo dmjkh\ ih wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ^he`gu [ulv lZdh\u Z hkh[uc Zdp_gl gZ bamq_gbb ^bgZfbdb wdhghfbq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ \h \k_f bo fgh]hh[jZabb hlghr_gby aZ\bkbfhklbijZ\h\u_ghjfu]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_f_oZgbafuj_]mebjh\Zgbywlbq_kdb_ghjfubl^ [khq_lZgb_bklhjbq_kdh]hbkljZgh\_^q_kdh]hih^oh^h\dbamq_gbxbgklblmpbhgZevghc^bgZfbdb \ kh_^bg_gb_ hglheh]bq_kdh]h ih^oh^Z k ]ghk_heh]bq_kdbf – oZjZdl_jbklbdZ g_ lhevdh hkh[_gghkl_c wdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fghbfgh]hh[jZabydhgp_ipbcZgZebabjmxsbowlbkbkl_fu ] f_`^bkpbiebgZjguc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam ijh[e_f wdhghfbq_kdbo kbkl_f – kbgl_a kh[kl\_ggh wdhghfbq_kdbo bklhjbq_kdboijZ\h\uowlgheh]bq_kdbokhpbheh]bq_kdbobbguoh[s_kl\h\_^q_kdboagZgbc ^ jZamfgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ nhjfZevgh]h ZiiZjZlZ l_hjbb fbdjh- b fZdjhwdhghfbdb ij_`^_ \k_]h wdhghfbdhfZl_fZlbq_kdh]hfh^_ebjh\Zgby^eyj_r_gbyZdlmZevguoaZ^Zqklhysboi_j_^kh\j_f_gghcjhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdhc =eZ\ghc aZ^Zq_c wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb ^he`gh klZlv nhjfbjh\Zgb_ m klm^_glh\-wdhghfbklh\ p_ehklgh]h \b^_gby wdhghfbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ b wdhghfbq_kdhc ^bgZfbdb mf_gby jZkkfZljb\Zlv kh\j_f_ggu_ ijh[e_fu dZd we_f_gl ^ebl_evghc w\hexpbb \ujZ[hldZ gZ\udh\ p_e_gZijZ\e_ggh]h dhgkljmbjh\Zgby b ihkl_i_ggh]h \ujZsb\Zgby wdhghfbq_kdbobkhpbZevguobgklblmlh\H^gh\j_f_gghg_h[oh^bfdhj_gghci_j_kfhljkljmdlmjumq_[guoijh]jZffih wdhghfbd_ < gZklhys__ \j_fy \mau Jhkkbb _`_]h^gh \uimkdZxl lukyqb ki_pbZebklh\ dhlhju_ ]hjZa^h emqr_ jZa[bjZxlky\jZ[hl_Gvx-Chjdkdhcnhg^h\hc[bj`bq_f\lhfdZdjZ[hlZ_l[eb`ZcrbcjZchggucjughdgZdhlhjuchgb oh^yl dZ`^uc ^_gv Gh wlh g_ bo \bgZ Z bo [_^Z ihemq_ggu_ bfb agZgby g_ lhevdh g_ihegu b g_lhqgu ]eZ\gh_ – hgb bf_xl dhk\_ggh_ hlghr_gb_ d hl_q_kl\_gghc wdhghfbd_ Ihwlhfm g_h[oh^bfh jZa\b\Zlv bf_ggh l_ gh\u_ gZijZ\e_gby bkke_^h\Zgbc dhlhju_ ZgZebabjmxl ljZgknhjfZpbx wdhghfbq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb b \ ^jm]bo i_jbn_jbcguokljZgZo277. DmevibgWKImlvJhkkbbFFhkdh\kdbcebp_cFbeh\E<<_ebdhjmkkdbciZoZjvbhkh[_gghklbjhkkbckdh]hbklhjbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZFJHKKIWG 272 GZah\_f lZdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby dZd Q_dZgkdbc : Fbdjhwdhghfbq_kdbc f_oZgbaf ljZgknhjfZpbhggh]h pbdeZ F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_lF=ML?BKImlbklZ[bebaZpbbwdhghfbdbJhkkbbIh^j_^=De_cg_jZFBgnhjfwe_dljh 273 KfDhj^hgkdbcKJugdb\eZklb:^fbgbkljZlb\gu_jugdbKKKJbJhkkbbFH=B 274 KfH[ahjuwdhghfbq_kdhciheblbdb\JhkkbbaZ– ]]F 275 KfIheblbdZijhlb\h^_ckl\by[_ajZ[hlbp_FJHKKIWG:gZebajhebbgl_]jbjh\ZgguokljmdlmjgZjhkkbckdbolh\Zjguo jugdZoFL?BKDhgljZdlubba^_j`db\j_kmjkhkgZ[`Zxsboih^hljZkeyo`bebsgh-dhffmgZevgh]hohayckl\ZFL?BK Kj_^gbcdeZkk\Jhkkbbdhebq_kl\_ggu_bdZq_kl\_ggu_hp_gdbFL?BK:evl_jgZlb\gu_nhjfuwdhghfbq_kdhchj]ZgbaZpbb\ mkeh\byo_kl_kl\_gghcfhghihebbFL?BKb^j 276 < qZklghklb _klv g_kdhevdh deZkkbq_kdbo dmjkh\ Comparative Economic Systems >` :g]j_kZgh I =j_]hjb b J KlxZjlZ F Rgblp_jZK=Zj^g_jZb^jfgh]b_badhlhjuoi_j_ba^Z\Zebkvihg_kdhevdhjZa 277 H^gbf ba ijhy\e_gbc ihgbfZgby gZrbfb eb[_jZevgufb wdhghfbklZfb lh]h qlh ljZ^bpbhgghc g_hdeZkkbdb y\gh g_^hklZlhqgh ^ey ihgbfZgby ijh[e_f i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb klZe jhkl bo bgl_j_kZ d hkh[_gghklyf jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc f_glZevghklb Kf 271 Ijb fh^_jgbaZpbb jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb hq_gv \Z`gh b]jZlv gZ hi_j_`_gb_ >_eh \ lhf qlh ljZ^bpbhggZyg_hdeZkkbq_kdZywdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbydZdh[s_ijbagZgghgZoh^blky\khklhygbbdjbabkZ–ohly[uihlhfm qlh__j_dhf_g^ZpbbhdZau\ZxlkyfZehih^oh^ysbfbg_lhevdh^eyljZgablb\guoghb^eyjZa\b\ZxsbokykljZgl_^ey [hevrbgkl\Z q_eh\_q_kl\Z < wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmd_ ]jy^_l hq_j_^gZy ih kq_lm gZmqgZy j_\hexpby IhdZ hl_q_kl\_ggu_ wdhghfbklu [m^ml hk\Zb\Zlv g_hdeZkkbq_kdbc wdhghfbdk gZmdZ fh`_l i_j_clb d ^jm]hc iZjZ^b]f_ b jhkkbyg_ kgh\Z hdZ`mlky hlklZ\rbfb hl kh\j_f_gghklb Ihwlhfm gZ^h ihklZjZlvky ij_^m]Z^Zlv \_dlhj h`b^Z_fuo i_j_f_g b hjb_glbjh\ZlvkygZhk\h_gb_ij_`^_\k_]hl_o^hdljbgdhlhju_k_cqZk_s_g_klZebfwcgkljbfhfghklZgml bf\[eb`Zcrb_]h^u GZb[he__i_jki_dlb\gufgZijZ\e_gb_f\kh\j_f_gghcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmd_fukqblZ_fbgklblmpbhgZebaf – hlqZklbklZjucghij_`^_\k_]hgh\ucg_hbgklblmpbhgZebaf278. KbeZbkeZ[hklvjhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ gZimlbdgZpbhgZevghcrdhe_ Dhjgb jhkkbckdh]h g_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ H[t_dlb\guf nZdlhf y\ey_lky lh qlh \ ihke_^gb_ ^_kylbe_lby \ Jhkkbb ^_ckl\bl_evgh mklhcqb\h jZkl_l bgl_j_k d bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb \hh[s_ b d __ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghfm gZijZ\e_gbx \ hkh[_gghklb K h^ghc klhjhgu wlh k\yaZgh k kbevguf \ebygb_f fZjdkbafZ dhlhjuc jZkkfZljb\Ze ljZ^bpbhgguc bgklblmpbhgZebaf dZd k\h_]h ihl_gpbZevgh]h khxagbdZ Ihwlhfm jZ[hlu >` =we[j_clZ = Fxj^Zey b L <_[e_gZ [ueb i_j_\_^_gu gZ jmkkdbc yaud _s_ \ kh\_lkdbc i_jbh^279 K ^jm]hc klhjhgu wlh k\yaZgh k khagZl_evgufb ihiuldZfbij_h^he_lvh]jZgbq_gghklvjy^Zij_^ihkuehdoZjZdl_jguo^eywdhghfbdkZdkbhfuiheghcjZpbhgZevghklb Z[khexlghc bgnhjfbjh\Zgghklb kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb mklZgh\e_gby jZ\gh\_kby ebrv ihkj_^kl\hf p_gh\h]h f_oZgbafZ b ^j b jZkkfhlj_lv kh\j_f_ggu_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku dhfie_dkgh b \k_klhjhgg_ Fgh]b_ hl_q_kl\_ggu_ wdhghfbklu ihgbfZxl qlh \ Jhkkbb wlb ij_^ihkuedb _s_ g_ keh`bebkv Z ihlhfm ih^oh^ hkgh\Zgguc gZ ^_yl_evghklb jZpbhgZevgh]h fZdkbfbabjmxs_]h ihe_aghklv \ mkeh\byo kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb bg^b\b^Z ijhlb\hj_qbl j_Zevghfm iheh`_gbx\_s_c <Z`gmxjhev\ihimeyjbaZpbbbgklblmpbhgZebafZku]jZeZim[ebdZpbydmjkh\ihfbdjhwdhghfbd_\dhlhjuo[ueb \dexq_gu ki_pbZevgu_ ]eZ\u ih g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbd_ I O_cg_ W >heZgZ b > Ebg^k_y > OZcfZgZ hl_q_kl\_ggh]hmq_[gbdZJ Gmj__\Z Jhkkbckdb_ mq_gu_ hk\Zb\Zxl g_hbgklblmpbhgZebaf \ hkgh\ghf agZdhfykv k i_j_\h^Zfb hl^_evguo dhgp_ilmZevguojZ[hlaZjm[_`guowdhghfbklh\<-_]]\uoh^yljmkkdb_i_j_\h^uke_^mxsbojZ[hlJDhmaZNbjfZ jughd b ijZ\h Gvx-Chjd F F HekhgZ Eh]bdZ dhee_dlb\guo ^_ckl\bc H[s_kl\_ggu_ [eZ]Z b l_hjby ]jmiiFb<ha\ur_gb_bmiZ^hdgZjh^h\Wdhghfbq_kdbcjhklklZ]neypbybkhpbZevguckde_jhaGh\hkb[bjkd W^_Khlh-BghcimlvG_\b^bfZyj_\hexpby\lj_lv_ffbj_FbAZ]Z^dZdZiblZeZIhq_fmdZiblZebaf lhj`_kl\m_lgZAZiZ^_bl_jiblihjZ`_gb_\h\k_fhklZevghffbj_FHMbevyfkhgZ-Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmlu dZiblZebafZ NbjfZ jugdb hlghr_gq_kdZy dhgljZdlZpby KI[ D F_gZjZ - WdhghfbdZ hj]ZgbaZpbc F >` ;vxd_g_gZ - JZkq_l kh]eZkby b =jZgbpu k\h[h^u F > GhjlZ - Bgklblmlu bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby b nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ wdhghfbdb F J G_evkhgZ b K Mbgl_jZ W\hexpbhggZy l_hjby wdhghfbq_kdbo baf_g_gbcFLW]]_jlkkhgZWdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluFBai_j_\h^guok[hjgbdh\klZl_c ke_^m_l hlf_lblv Ijbjh^m nbjfu F – i_j_\h^ fZl_jbZeh\ gZmqghc dhgn_j_gpbb d -e_lbx \uoh^Z \ k\_l h^ghbf_gghc dgb]b J DhmaZ Z ba mq_[gbdh\ – ^\molhfgbd I Fbe]jhfZ b > Jh[_jlkZ WdhghfbdZ hj]ZgbaZpby b f_g_^`f_glKI[99). HkhagZgb_ \Z`ghklb kha^Zgby fy]dhc bgnjZkljmdlmju jhkkbckdh]h jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z klZeh bfimevkhf ^ey ]_g_abkZ hl_q_kl\_ggh]h g_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ Ihy\bebkv fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ki_pbZevgu_ jZ[hlu g_ lhevdh Z[kljZdlghl_hj_lbq_kdb_ghbdhgdj_lgh-wfibjbq_kdb_]^_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgu_b^_bbkihevamxlky^eyh[tykg_gbyhkh[_gghkl_c kh\j_f_ggh]h jhkkbckdh]h ohayckl\Z LZdb_ \_^msb_ jhkkbckdb_ `mjgZeu dZd <hijhku wdhghfbdb WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u <_klgbd Fhkdh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ k_jby WdhghfbdZ280 j_]meyjgh im[ebdmxl ih^[hjdb klZl_c ih g_hbgklblmpbhgZevguf ijh[e_fZf H^gZdh ihiulhd kbkl_fZlbabjh\Zggh]h baeh`_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ih^oh^Z ^h ] g_ [ueh qlh aZljm^gyeh hk\h_gb_ gh\hc iZjZ^b]fu \ Jhkkbb Ihwlhfm im[ebdZpbb \ ] dgb]b : RZklbldhG_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjby\]–Mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdh]hihkh[byddmjkme_dpbcih bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbd_Y Dmavfbgh\Z281ZlZd`_ba^Zgb_gZkljZgbpZo`mjgZeZ<hijhkuwdhghfbdb– mq_[gbdZ BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZ : He_cgbdZ282 hdZaZebkv \_kvfZ k\h_\j_f_ggufb b qj_a\uqZcgh gZijbf_jYkbg?=Fh^_jgbaZpbywdhghfbdbbkbkl_fZp_gghkl_cF=M-<RW 278 >Ze__ j_qv b^_l h[ bgklblmpbhgZebaf_ lhevdh dZd h l_q_gbb \_jg__ ki_dlj_ l_q_gbc \ wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmd_ Qlh dZkZ_lky khpbheh]bq_kdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZhggZoh^blkyaZjZfdZfb^Zggh]hh[ahjZ 279 =we[j_cl>`DGh\h_ihklbg^mkljbZevgh_h[s_kl\hFIjh]j_kk=we[j_cl>`DWdhghfbq_kdb_l_hjbbbp_ebh[s_kl\Z F Ijh]j_kk Fxj^Zev = Kh\j_f_ggu_ ijh[e_fu lj_lv_]h fbjZ F Ijh]j_kk <_[e_g L L_hjby ijZa^gh]h deZkkZ F Ijh]j_kk 280 Ihfbfhi_j_qbke_gguoim[ebdZpbcg_hbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_fZlbdbihy\eyebkv\ba^Z\Z\r_fky\–]]`mjgZe_THESIS", dhlhjuc ieZgbjh\Zeky dZd ki_pbZebabjh\Zggh_ ba^Zgb_ bf_ggh ih gh\_crbf aZjm[_`guf dhgp_ipbyf gh d kh`Ze_gbx ij_djZlbe kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ba-aZ g_^hklZldZ nbgZgkbjh\Zgby Fh`gh \kihfgblv lZd`_ ba^Zxsbcky \ =M-<RW ZevfZgZo Bklhdb dhlhjuc im[ebdm_lfZl_jbZeuihbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbd_h^gZdh\uoh^bl^h\hevghg_j_]meyjgh\ui–]\ui–]\ui– ]\ui–]\ui–] 281 RZklbldh :G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=ML?BKRZklbldh:?Gh\Zy bgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby F L?BK Dmavfbgh\ Y Mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdh_ ihkh[b_ d dmjkm e_dpbc ih bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbd_ F =M-<RW Dmavfbgh\ Y X^d_\bq F BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZ Mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdh_ ihkh[b_QZklb-F=M<RW 282 Ba^Zghhl^_evghcdgb]hcHe_cgbd:BgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbdZFBGNJ:-F<hijhkuwdhghfbdb ZdlmZevgufb Ihiuldm gZibkZlv dmjk ih bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbd_ ij_^ijbgye lZd`_ :G G_kl_j_gdh283 gh k _]h kf_jlvxjhkkbckdbcbgklblmpbhgZebafihg_kly`_emxmljZlm Ih^]hlh\dZihq\u>Zggu_ibhg_jgu_jZ[hluiheh`bebgZqZehdZq_kl\_gghgh\hfmwlZimg_hbgklblmpbhgZevguo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ Jhkkbb Ijb \k_o \hafh`guo g_^hklZldZo wlbo dgb] ihiuldb kbkl_fZlbaZpbb hkgh\ bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbbhldju\Zxlrbjhdh_ihe_^eydhgkheb^ZpbbbebjZaf_`_\ZgbyjhkkbckdbobgklblmpbhgZebklh\gZdhgp_ilmZevghc hkgh\_ JZ[hlu : RZklbldh b Y Dmavfbgh\Z hkgh\Zgu \ hkgh\ghf gZ Zf_jbdZgkdhc ljZ^bpbb g_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ G_kdhevdh hkh[gydhf klhbl mq_[gbd : He_cgbdZ dhlhjuc hibjZ_lky \ jZ\ghc f_j_ dZd gZ aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdmx njZgpmakdmx lZd b gZ Zf_jbdZgkdmx ljZ^bpbb bgklblmpbhgZevguo bkke_^h\Zgbc < hlebqb_ hl Zf_jbdZgkdbo g_hbgklblmpbhgZebklh\ : He_cgbd bkoh^bl ba i_j\hkl_i_gghc \Z`ghklb nhjfbjh\Zgby g_ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb dZd lZdh\uo Z khpbZevguo ghjf b ijZ\be ?keb ij_^klZ\bl_eb Zf_jbdZgkdh]h g_hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ jZkkfZljb\Zxl ghjfu ij_`^_ \k_]h dZd j_amevlZl \u[hjZ lh njZgpmakdb_ bgklblmpbhgZebklu – dZd ij_^ihkuedm jZpbhgZevgh]h ih\_^_gby IhwlhfmjZpbhgZevghklvjZkdju\Z_lkybflZd`_kd\havijbafmghjfuih\_^_gby <Z`ghih^q_jdgmlvqlh:He_cgbdg_h]jZgbqb\Z_lkyhibkZgb_febrve_]ZevghcwdhghfbdbdZd:RZklbldhb Y Dmavfbgh\ gh jZkkfZljb\Z_l b l_g_\hc k_dlhj dZd ihjh`^_gb_ \ukhdbo ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d h[mkeh\e_gguo ^_ckl\b_f\jZfdZoaZdhgZBaeh`_gb_hkgh\bgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbbm:He_cgbdZ\dexqZ_llZd`_lZdb_ZdlmZevgu_ ^ey kh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc bgklblmpbhgZevghc bgnjZkljmdlmju \hijhku dZd baf_g_gby bgklblmlh\ \h \j_f_gb w\hexpbbbj_\hexpbbba^_j`dbwdkihjlZbbfihjlZbgklblmlh\\oh^_bklhjbq_kdh]hjZa\blby Jhkldb gh\uo gZijZ\e_gbc – ^\b`_gb_ \]em[v b \rbjv Djm] hl_q_kl\_gguo jZ[hl aZljZ]b\Zxsbo \hijhku g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbbm`_^hklZlhqghrbjhdohlydZdijZ\behwlbfhgh]jZnbbfZeh^hklmigu^ey[hevrbgkl\Z ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c b klm^_glh\ lZd dZd hgb \uoh^yl h]jZgbq_gguf lbjZ`hf j_^dh ij_\urZxsbf lukyqm wda_fieyjh\ qlh ^ey lZdhc [hevrhc kljZgu dZd Jhkkby dhg_qgh hq_gv fZeh Kj_^b jhkkbckdbo mq_guo Zdlb\gh ijbf_gyxsbo g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ dhgp_ipbb \ ZgZeba_ kh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb ke_^m_l \u^_eblv K :\^Zr_\m < :\lhghfh\Z H :gZgvbgZ : :maZgZ K :nhgp_\Z J DZi_exrgbdh\Z Y Dmavfbgh\Z X EZlh\Z < FZ_\kdh]h K FZeZoh\Z < FZm < GZcrmey : G_kl_j_gdh J Gmj__\Z : He_cgbdZ < Ihel_jh\bqZ < JZ^Z_\Z < LZf[h\p_\Z E Lbfhn__\Z : RZklbldh F X^d_\bq : Ydh\e_\Z b ^j Gh \_kvfZ k_jv_aguf [Zjv_jhf ^ey ml\_j`^_gby ^Zgghc iZjZ^b]fu \ Jhkkbb [_amkeh\gh y\ey_lky hlkmlkl\b_ hj]ZgbaZpbhggh]h _^bgkl\Z b ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguo i_jbh^bq_kdbo ba^Zgbc]^_[ukbkl_fZlbabjh\Zgghhk\_sZebkvhkgh\ubgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z JZkkfhljbfdZdijhjZklZeb\Jhkkbbhkgh\gu_gZijZ\e_gbyg_hbgklblmpbhgZevguobkke_^h\Zgbc L_hjby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb \Z`gZ ^ey gZr_c wdhghfbdb \ Zki_dl_ ZgZebaZ ijb\ZlbaZpbb __ ihke_^kl\bc b nhjfbjh\Zgbyjughqguobgklblmlh\?^bgkl\_ggufh[ahjgufbkke_^h\Zgb_f^hklZlhqgh\ukhdh]hmjh\gyihl_hjbbijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklbhklZ_lkydgb]ZJ DZi_exrgbdh\ZWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbF[eZ]h^Zjydhlhjhc [hevrbgkl\hjhkkbckdbowdhghfbklh\\i_j\u_magZebh^ZgghfgZmqghfgZijZ\e_gbbG_hbklblmpbhgZevgh_bkke_^h\Zgb_ wdkl_jgZebc b dhff_glZjbb d l_hj_f_ DhmaZ rbjhdh h[km`^Zebkv hl_q_kl\_ggufb wdhghfbklZfb \ k\yab k ZgZebahf ijbjh^hhojZgghcl_fZlbdb:=hem[?Kljmdh\Z:RZklbldh284. Ohly hkgh\gh_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZs_gh ihdZ gZ ihimeyjbaZpbx b^_c aZjm[_`guo mqzguo k g_dhlhjhc Z^ZilZpb_c d jhkkbckdbf j_Zebyf : RZklbldh K FZeZoh\ < LZf[h\p_\ b ^j285 ihy\eyxlky m`_ b hjb]bgZevgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby ih ijh[e_fZfkh[kl\_gghklb\ihklkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_<gbohlf_qZ_lkyqlh[hevrZyqZklv]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb i_j_reZ g_ d ZmlkZc^_jZf Z d bgkZc^_jZf f_g_^`f_glm b i_jkhgZem b ihwlhfm \ Jhkkbb g_ \hagbdeh wnn_dlb\gh]h qZklgh]h kh[kl\_ggbdZ < ^_yl_evghklb nbjf djZldhkjhqguc Zki_dl ij_h[eZ^Z_l gZ^ ^he]hkjhqguf Z fhlb\ ebqgh]h h[h]Zs_gby gh\uo \eZ^_evp_\ ^hfbgbjm_l gZ^ p_eyfb jZa\blby ijhba\h^kl\Z : JZ^u]bg J DZi_exrgbdh\ b ^j286. Djhf_ lh]h ^hklZlhqgh bgl_j_k_g bgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam lZdh]h n_ghf_gZ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb dZd [Zjl_j<FZdZjh\=De_cg_j:Ydh\e_\b^j287. G_]Zlb\gu_ dhebq_kl\_ggu_ baf_g_gby gZdZieb\Zykv i_j_oh^yl \ gh\h_ dZq_kl\_ggh_ khklhygb_ \hagbdZxl lZd gZau\Z_fu_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ eh\mrdb ijb\h^ysb_ d lhfm qlh ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ gZqbgZ_l b^lb g_ \ klhjhgm jugdZZ\gZijZ\e_gbbik_\^hjughqguonhjfb\hkijhba\h^kl\Zg_hljZ^bpbhgguohlghr_gbc<Ihel_jh\bq288. 2) :gZebabjmykhpbZevgmxZ^ZilZpbxgZk_e_gbydjugdmbkke_^h\Zl_eb\u^_eyxl^\_]jmiiuijh[e_f289. I_j\Zyk\yaZgZkjZkrbj_gb_fnhjfZevguok\h[h^bijZ\ijh[e_fhcbobgklblmpbhgZebaZpbbZlZd`_km`_gb_f khpbZevguobwdhghfbq_kdbo\hafh`ghkl_c-_]]ihdZaZebqlh^eyjhkkbygihe_bg^b\b^mZevghck\h[h^ue_`blij_`^_ G_kl_j_gdh:GWdhghfbdZbbgklblmpbhgZevgZyl_hjbyFMJKK Kf gZijbf_j =hem[ : Kljmdh\Z ? WdhghfbdZ ijbjh^hihevah\Zgby F :ki_dl-Ij_kk RZklbldh : <g_rgb_ wnn_dlu b ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db F =hem[ :: Kljmdh\Z ?; WdhghfbdZ ijbjh^guo j_kmjkh\ F :ki_dl Ij_kk Jughqgu_ f_lh^umijZ\e_gbyhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hcMq_[gh_ihkh[b_F=M-<RW 285 Kf gZijbf_j RZklbldh : Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby bgklblmlh\ F GZ kljZgbpZo `mjgZeZ <hijhku wdhghfbdb \_^_lky ^bkdmkkbyihl_hj_lbq_kdbfbijZdlbq_kdbfZki_dlZfnhjfbjh\Zgby\Jhkkbbjughqguobgklblmlh\Kf?\klb]g__\ZE?\klb]g__\J Ijh[e_fZkbgl_aZh[s_wdhghfbq_kdhcbbgklblmpbhgZevgh-w\hexpbhgghcl_hjbc<hijhkuwdhghfbdbFZeZoh\ K<aZsblm eb[_jZebafZ<hijhkuwdhghfbdbKZfkhgBIjb^_lebJhkkbydjughqghcwdhghfbd_"<hijhkuwdhghfbdb G_kl_j_gdh:I_j_oh^guci_jbh^aZdhgqbekyQlh^Zevr_"<hijhkuwdhghfbdbDZi_exrgbdh\J=^_gZqZehlh]hdhgpZ" d\hijhkmh[hdhgqZgbbi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^Z\Jhkkbb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 286 Kf klZlvb : JZ^u]bgZ X I_j_\Zeh\Z B =bfZ^b < >h[jh^_y b O :ev[ZoZ him[ebdh\Zggu_ \ `mjgZe_ <hijhku wdhghfbdb DZi_exrgbdh\JDjmig_crb_b^hfbgbjmxsb_kh[kl\_ggbdb\jhkkbckdhcijhfure_gghklb–<hijhkuwdhghfbdb LjZgknhjfZpbywdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbfbdjhwdhghfbq_kdb_Zki_dluIh^j_^JGmj__\ZF <\_^_gb_]e– 7. 287 FZdZjh\<De_cg_j=;Zjl_j\JhkkbbbgklblmpbhgZevgucwlZi<hijhkuwdhghfbdbYdh\e_\ :HijbqbgZo[Zjl_jZ g_ieZl_`_cbmdehg_gbyhlmieZlugZeh]h\\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_<hijhkuwdhghfbdbb^j 288 Ihel_jh\bq < BgklblmpbhgZevgu_ eh\mrdb b wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_nhjfu WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u 1999. L. 35. <ui. 2 (http://www.cemi.rssi.ru/ publicat/e-pubs/ep99001.zip). 289 Ih^jh[g__kfLjZgknhjfZpbywdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbfbdjhwdhghfbq_kdb_Zki_dlu<\_^_gb_]e–14; RZ[Zgh\ZFKhpbheh]byk\h[h^uljZknhjfbjmxs__kyh[s_kl\hFFHGN 283 284 \k_]h\khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdhcZg_\iheblbq_kdhcbijZ\h\hckn_jZo<mkeh\byoljZgknhjfZpbhggh]hkiZ^Zkm`_gb_ wdhghfbq_kdbok\h[h^hdZaZeh[hevr__\ha^_ckl\b_q_fjZkrbj_gb_khpbZevguobiheblbq_kdbok\h[h^Dlhfm`_fgh]b_ ihgbfZeb k\h[h^m h^ghklhjhgg_ – dZd ijbh[j_l_gb_ gh\uo ijZ\ b [eZ] [_a ihl_jb klZjuo \hafh`ghkl_c b ]ZjZglbc Ih[hjgbdb k\h[h^u g_^hhp_gbeb _z ij_^ihkuedb – kZfhklhyl_evghklv b hl\_lkl\_gghklv bg^b\b^h\ dhlhju_ j_adh \hajhkeb\mkeh\byoh]jZgbq_gghklbj_kmjkh\mkbe_gguo]bi_jbgneypb_cbiZ^_gb_fijhba\h^kl\Z < wlbo mkeh\byo [hevrZy gZ]jmadZ e_]eZ gZ ]hkm^Zjkl\h H^gZdh ]hkm^Zjkl\h hdZaZehkv g_ lhevdh g_ \ khklhygbb aZsbsZlv ijh\ha]eZr_ggu_ bf kZfbf ijZ\Z gh b gZh[hjhl \klZeh gZ imlv bo kbkl_fZlbq_kdh]h gZjmr_gby Hlkmlkl\b_ gZ^_`guo bgklblmpbhgZevguo ]ZjZglbc ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h h[s_kl\Z ijb\_eh d jhklm ijhba\heZ \eZkl_c \k_o mjh\g_c Hldehg_gb_ hl ijZ\h\uo ghjf klZeh k\h_h[jZaghc ghjfhc ih\_^_gby <hajhk jZaju\ f_`^m ^_deZjbjm_fhc `_eZ_fhc b j_Zebam_fhck\h[h^hc<kzwlhkha^Zehij_^ihkuedb^eydjbfbgZebaZpbbh[s_kl\Z^eyklZgh\e_gbybjZa\blbyg_ijZ\h\hc k\h[h^u Ihklkh\_lkdh_ jhkkbckdh_ h[s_kl\h hdZaZehkv \h fgh]hf ^Zevr_ hl aZiZ^ghc bgklblmpbhgZevghc ijZ\h\hc k\h[h^uq_f[uehgZdZgmg_j_nhjf <lhjZy]jmiiZijh[e_fk\yaZgZkZgZebahfhkh[_gghkl_cZ^ZilZpbbgZk_e_gbydjugdm\mkeh\byofZj]bgZebaZpbb h[s_kl\ZH^gZba\Z`g_crbohkh[_gghkl_cjhkkbckdhcljZgknhjfZpbbaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlhwlhli_j_oh^ijhbkoh^bl\ mkeh\byo ]em[hdh]h kiZ^Z dhlhjuc kihkh[kl\m_l mkbe_gbx khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb gZk_e_gby hl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z\k_h[s_]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyLbibqgufbklZgh\ylkyihgylbyhi_dmgbhi_dZ_fuc<fZkkh\hfkhagZgbb khojZgy_lky klj_fe_gb_ i_j_eh`blv hl\_lkl\_gghklv gZ qm`b_ ie_qb JZ^b hi_db ex^b ]hlh\u hldZaZlvky hl ]heh^ghc k\h[h^u h[f_gy\ _z gZ khklhygb_ kulh]h ih^qbg_gby <kz wlh ijb\h^bl d iheyjbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z jhklm khpbZevghc gZijy`_gghklbbfZj]bgZebaZpbbwdhghfbq_kdbZdlb\gh]hgZk_e_gby L_hjby ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d lZd`_ rbjhdh h[km`^Z_lky jhkkbckdbfb wdhghfbklZfb < Dhdhj_\uf \u^\bgmlZ]bihl_aZhjhkl_ljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\i_j_oh^guci_jbh^hlieZgZdjugdm290LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db jZkkfZljb\ZxlkydZdh^bgba[Zjv_jh\^ey\oh^ZgZjugdb\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_bdZdh^bgbanZdlhjh\jZa\blbyl_g_\hc wdhghfbdb<LZf[h\p_\<JZ^Z_\KFZeZoh\b^j291Dkh`Ze_gbx[hevrbfg_^hklZldhfy\ey_lkykebrdhfrbjhdZy ljZdlh\dZwlh]hihgylbyjhkkbckdbfbwdhghfbklZfb Wdhghfbdh-ijZ\h\hfm h[hkgh\Zgbx bgklblmlZ lh\Zjguo agZdh\ [ueZ ihk\ys_gZ [hevrZy ih^[hjdZ fZl_jbZeh\ \ `mjgZe_ <hijhku wdhghfbdb < wlhf h[km`^_gbb ijbgyeb mqZklb_ : RZklbldh < LZf[h\p_\ H Ihjhoh\kdZy B Rmev]Z D F_gZj b B <Zevp_kdbgb <Z`guf kh[ulb_f \ hk\h_gbb g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc iZjZ^b]fu klZeZijhr_^rZy\]gZkljZgbpZo\k_l_o`_<hijhkh\wdhghfbdbihe_fbdZhl_hj_f_DhmaZ292. WdhghfbdZhj]ZgbaZpbb GZb[he__iheguch[ahjaZjm[_`guog_hbgklblmpbhgZevguoih^oh^h\dl_hjbbnbjfu [ue ^Zg \ jZ[hl_ : RZklbldh Gh\Zy l_hjby nbjfu F ]^_ ij_^eh`_gh g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgh_ h[tykg_gb_ n_ghf_gZnbjfuboZjZdl_jbamxlkyhkgh\gu_nhjfu^_eh\uoij_^ijbylbcZlZd`_ihdZaZgZw\hexpbhggZyZ^Zilb\gZy wnn_dlb\ghklvohayckl\_gguohj]ZgbaZpbc DZd hljZ^guc nZdl ke_^m_l aZf_lblv qlh ihy\eyxlky i_j\u_ fhgh]jZnbb iulZxsb_ky ZgZebabjh\Zlv k g_hbgklblmpbhgZevguo ihabpbc hljZke_\u_ ijh[e_fu GZah\_f ij_`^_ \k_]h fhgh]jZnbx < Djxdh\Z BgklblmpbhgZevgZy kljmdlmjZ g_nl_]Zah\h]h k_dlhjZ ijh[e_fu b gZijZ\e_gby ljZgknhjfZpbb Gh\hkb[bjkd b dhee_dlb\guc k[hjgbd ih^ j_^Zdpb_c : RZklbldh ihk\ys_gguc ZgZebam ehdZevguo _kl_kl\_gguo fhghihebc dhffmgZevguokem`[bl^293. Ij_djZkguf h[jZaphf mq_[gh]h ihkh[by ih g_hbgklblmpbhgZebafm ke_^m_l kqblZlv ih^]hlh\e_ggmx ]jmiihc khljm^gbdh\=M-<RWdgb]mHkgh\ul_hjbbdhgljZdlh\294. GZ nZdmevl_l_ f_g_^`f_glZ KI[=M \hagbdeZ ]jmiiZ ih bamq_gbx g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb \h ]eZ\_ k : >_fbguf b < DZlvdZeh dhlhjZy \ khljm^gbq_kl\_ kh Rdhehc [bag_kZ bf M OZZkZ DZebnhjgbckdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ ] ;_jdebhim[ebdh\ZeZk_jbxjZ[hlihwdhghfbd_nbjfu295. 5) LZdh_gZijZ\e_gb_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevguobkke_^h\ZgbcdZdl_hjbyh[s_kl\_ggh]h\u[hjZba\_klgh\Jhkkbb ih`Zemc ]hjZa^h emqr_ ^jm]bo IjbqbgZ klhev ijbklZevgh]h \gbfZgby bf_ggh d wlhc l_hjbb hq_\b^gZ qj_af_jgZy aZ\bkbfhklv jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb b \ kh\_lkdbc b \ ihklkh\_lkdbc i_jbh^u hl iheblbq_kdhcdhgtxgdlmjuaZklZ\ey_l wdhghfbklh\Jhkkbbhkh[hijbklZevghbamqZlv\aZbfhk\yaviheblbdbbwdhghfbdbBgl_j_kdl_hjbbh[s_kl\_ggh]h\u[hjZ [ue ih^h]j_l im[ebdZpb_c dhgp_ilmZevguo ljm^h\ >` ;vxd_g_gZ b F HekhgZ g_dhlhjufb jZa^_eZfb i_j_\h^gh]h mq_[gbdZ Iheblbq_kdZy gZmdZ gh\u_ gZijZ\e_gby296 Z lZd`_ baeh`_gb_f wlhc l_hjbb \ ihimeyjguo mq_[gbdZo E Ydh[khgZWdhghfbdZh[s_kl\_ggh]hk_dlhjZFbJGmj__\ZFbdjhwdhghfbdZF Hjb]bgZevgu_ bkke_^h\Zgby gZ fZl_jbZeZo Jhkkbb \_^ml \ wlhf gZijZ\e_gbb < FZm < GZcrmev b K :nhgp_\ < FZm ZgZebabjm_l ljZgknhjfZpbx jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbq_kdhc b iheblbq_kdhc kbkl_fu kd\hav ijbafm l_hjbb Dhdhj_\ < BgklblmpbhgZevgu_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby \ kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb ZgZeba ^bgZfbdb ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d <hijhku wdhghfbdbK– 72. 291 NZdlhjljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\l_hjbbbijZdlbd_jhkkbckdboj_nhjfihfZl_jbZeZfh^ghbf_ggh]hdjm]eh]hklheZIh^j_^ < LZf[h\p_\Z F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l F=ML?BK JZ^Z_\ < Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gh\uo jhkkbckdbo jugdh\ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db nhjfu dhgljhey b ^_eh\Zy wlbdZ F P_glj Iheblbq_kdbo L_ogheh]bc :\^Zr_\Z K Dhe[Zkh\Z : Dmavfbgh\ Y FZeZoh\Z KJh]Zq_\ BYdh\e_\ :Bkke_^h\Zgb_ljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_db[Zjv_jh\\oh^ZgZjugdb\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_Hp_gdZ \hafh`ghkl_cbgl_jgZebaZpbbljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dbbo\u\h^Zbakn_jul_g_\hcwdhghfbdbFFZeZoh\ KLjZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`dbbfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 292 DjZkbevgbdh\ H ?s_ jZa d djblbd_ l_hj_fu DhmaZ <hijhku wdhghfbdb K – 141; RZklbldh : L_hj_fZ DhmaZ ijh[e_fu b g_^hjZamf_gby <hijhku wdhghfbdb K – 99; FZeur_\ ; DjblbdZ djblbdb l_hj_fu DhmaZ <hijhku wdhghfbdbK– 102. 293 DhgljZdlubba^_j`db\j_kmjkhk[_j_]Zxsboih^hljZkeyo`bebsgh-dhffmgZevgh]hohayckl\ZIh^j_^: RZklbldhF;W: 294 X^d_\bqFFIh^dheabgZ?:Jy[bgbgZ:XHkgh\ul_hjbbdhgljZdlh\fh^_ebbaZ^ZqbMq_[gh_ihkh[b_F=M-<RW 295 I_j\hc dgb]hc wlhc k_jbb [ueZ Mjhdb hj]ZgbaZpbb [bag_kZ KI[ >Ze__ ihke_^h\Ze i_j_\h^ dgb]b H MbevyfkhgZ Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZKI[b^jm]b_jZ[hlu 296 Iheblbq_kdZygZmdZgh\u_gZijZ\e_gbyF<_q_ 290 j_\hexpbb297 < GZcrmev ihe_fbabjmy k ljZdlh\dhc KKKJ dZd qbklh dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb bgl_jij_lbjm_l wdhghfbdhiheblbq_kdmxkbkl_fmiha^g_]hKh\_lkdh]hKhxaZdZdijhkljZgkl\h[xjhdjZlbq_kdbolhj]h\]^_]hlh\ghklv\uihegylv ieZgh\h_aZ^Zgb_h[f_gb\ZehkvgZhij_^_e_ggu_ev]hlu^bj_dlhjZlmij_^ijbylby < Jhkkbb \ jZaebqguo [ZaZo ^Zgguo gZdZieb\Zxlky wfibjbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ ih \u[hjZf \ p_gljZevgu_ b f_klgu_ hj]Zgu \eZklb ih \_^_gbx iheblbq_kdbo dhfiZgbc ih ^_yl_evghklb jZaebqguo iZjlbc Ihke_^gb_ \u[hju \ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx ^mfm b \u[hju ij_ab^_glZ k^_eZeb wlm ijh[e_fm hkljh ZdlmZevghc D kh`Ze_gbx ebrv \ hq_gv h]jZgbq_gghf qbke_ bkke_^h\Zgbc ihdZaZgZ ijbf_gbfhklv klZg^Zjlguo b Zijh[bjh\Zgguo gZ we_dlhjZevghc klZlbklbd_ jZa\bluo kljZg f_lh^h\ hp_gdb \ebygby wdhghfbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ gZ iheblbq_kdbc \u[hj b \ mkeh\byo Jhkkbb298 < iheblheh]bq_kdhc fhgh]jZnbb = =hehkh\Z299 kh^_j`Zlky g_dhlhju_ ih^oh^u dhlhju_ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey jZg`bjh\Zgby\_ebqbguba^_j`_diheblbq_kdbZdlb\gh]hba[bjZl_eygZmqZklb_\lhcbebbghcdhZebpbb <kz [he__ ZdlmZevghc ^ey Jhkkbb klZgh\blky wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby dhgklblmpbb300 bgl_j_k d dhlhjhc h`b\beky ihke_i_j_\h^ZgZjmkkdbcyaudjZ[hl>` ;vxd_g_gZ< <Zg[_j]ZY-W E_cgZI Dhaeh\kdb Ih^ ijbklZevguf \ebygb_f gZmqgh]h khh[s_kl\Z gZoh^blky ^_yl_evghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h ZiiZjZlZ301 < qbke_ gZb[he__ Zdlb\gh h[km`^Z\rboky ijh[e_f [ue b hklZ_lky ihbkd iheblbq_kdhc j_glu b _]h hkh[_gghklb \ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbd_302 <_kvfZ g_iehobf ih^kihjv_f a^_kv klZe \ur_^rbc \ ]j_n_jZlb\guck[hjgbdIheblbq_kdZyj_glZ\ jughqghcbi_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_\dhlhjuc[ueb\dexq_guj_n_jZluklZl_c=LZeehdZ>`;vxd_g_gZWDjm]_j; ;_cabg]_jZJWdemg^ZJLheebkhgZKF_^_fZL:g^_jkhgZIObee:Wc^kZL<_j^v_F>_\ZljbihcglZ@JheZgZ Ieh^hl\hjgh\wlhch[eZklbjZ[hlZxlF E_\bgF Pbjbd< Ihel_jh\bq< JZ^Z_\Y Dmavfbgh\:AZhkljh\p_\b^j <k_j_^bg_-o]]gZkljZgbpZojy^Z`mjgZeh\ijhreZ^bkdmkkbyih\hijhkZfl_hjbbjZpbhgZevgh]h\u[hjZ\ dhlhjhc Zdlb\gh mqZkl\h\Zeb wdhghfbklu khpbheh]b b iheblheh]b > =jbg B RZibjh F NZjf_j J R\_jb : RZklbldh b ^j H[km`^_gb_ \hijhkh\ \u[hjZ ijZ\be ]hehkh\Zgby klZeh \hafh`guf \ j_amevlZl_ i_j_\h^Z jZ[hl N :e_kd_jh\Z b I Hjl_rmdZ J LZ]_i_jZ b F Rm]ZjlZ J >Zey b ^j Bgl_j_k d ijh[e_fZf n_^_jZevgh]h mkljhckl\Z ihlj_[h\Ze i_j_\h^Z jZ[hl = LZeehdZ b < HkljhfZ <hijhku h[s_kl\_gghc iheblbdb klZeb Zdlb\gh h[km`^Zlvky ihke_ i_j_\h^ZgZjmkkdbcyaudjZ[hlE Fba_kZN OZc_dZ>` JheaZ; ^_ @m\_g_eyW ^_ KhlhW Q_cj_ < lh `_ \j_fy [hevrbgkl\h i_j_\_^_gguo jZ[hl ghkbl f_lh^heh]bq_kdbc oZjZdl_j b kha^Z_l \ emqr_f kemqZ_ ebrv ij_^ihkuedb ^ey ZgZebaZ jhkkbckdhc ^_ckl\bl_evghklb <hagbdZ_l jZaju\ f_`^m wfibjbq_kdbfb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb jhkkbckdbo wdhghfbklh\ khpbheh]h\ b iheblheh]h\ k h^ghc klhjhgu b nmg^Zf_glZevgufb ^hklb`_gbyfb l_hjbb h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ k ^jm]hc KhdjZlblv _]h fh`gh ebrv gZibkZ\ hl_q_kl\_gguc mq_[gbd ih l_hjbb h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZdhlhjucklZg_ll_hj_lbq_kdhchkgh\hc^ey^Zevg_crbodhgdj_lguowdhghf_ljbq_kdbobkke_^h\Zgbc\wlhc[ukljh jZa\b\Zxs_cky h[eZklb Bf_ggh wlbf aZgbfZ_lky JF Gmj__\ him[ebdh\Z\rbc k Z\]mklZ ] ih bxev ] \ <hijhkZowdhghfbdb]eZ\ghfh[s_jhkkbckdhfwdhghfbq_kdhf`mjgZe_Z\lhjkdbcmq_[gucdmjkL_hjbyh[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ 6) Ba wdhghfbdh-ijZ\h\uo g_hbgklblmpbhgZevguo dhgp_ipbc gZb[hevrmx ba\_klghklv kj_^b jhkkbckdbo wdhghfbklh\ijbh[j_ebl_hjbbbamqZxsb_\ebygb_ijZ\h\uoghjfgZjZa\blb_e_]Zevgh]hhnbpbZevgh]h[bag_kZ =M–<RW klZe ijh\h^blv f_`^mgZjh^gu_ gZmqgu_ dhgn_j_gpbb ih ijh[e_fZf wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ijZ\Z (law aQGHFRQRPLFVi_j\ZykhklhyeZkv\ghy[j_]__l_fhc[ueZjhevijZ\h\uobgklblmlh\\jZa\blbbohayckl\Z303l_fhc \lhjhc^_dZ[jv]–bgklblmpbhgZevgu_]jZgbpu\f_rZl_evkl\Z]hkm^Zjkl\Z\wdhghfbdm<Z`ghc\_ohc\jZa\blbb jhkkbckdhc ljZ^bpbb wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ijZ\Z bkke_^h\Zgbc klZeZ dhee_dlb\gZy fhgh]jZnby Wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba ghjfZlb\guoZdlh\kh_^bgyxsbch[s_l_hj_lbq_kdbcih^oh^kZgZebahfdhgdj_lguoijh[e_fhl_q_kl\_gghci_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb304. 7) <hlebqb_hlwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbijZ\Zwdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyij_klmie_gbcbgZdZaZgbc (economics of crime DQG SXQLVKPHQW bkke_^m_l wdhghfbq_kdh_ ih^ihev_ – fbj aZ jZfdZfb h[s_kl\_ggh]h ^h]h\hjZ fbj ]^_ ^_ckl\mxl ij_klmigbdb b [hjxsb_ky k gbfb kljZ`b ihjy^dZ Ihkdhevdm hl_q_kl\_ggu_ wdhghfbklu gZqZeb agZdhfkl\h k wdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjb_cij_klmie_gbcbgZdZaZgbckh\k_fg_^Z\ghijbf_jghk]lhhjb]bgZevguobkke_^h\ZgbcihdZ _s_ g_fgh]h < gZklhys__ \j_fy jhkkbckdb_ wdhghfbklu lhevdh bamqZxl ^hklb`_gby aZiZ^guo dhee_] b i_j\hkl_i_gghc aZ^Zq_c[eb`Zcrboe_lke_^m_lkqblZlvbf_gghihimeyjbaZpbxwlbob^_cbdhgkheb^Zpbxwdhghfbklh\-djbfbgheh]h\ G_dhlhju_ h[sb_ b^_b wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ij_klmie_gbc b gZdZaZgbc gZreb hljZ`_gb_ m`_ \ im[ebdZpbyo 1997– ]]305 < ] \ <hijhkZo wdhghfbdb [ueZ him[ebdh\ZgZ ki_pbZevgZy klZlvy d -e_lbx aZjh`^_gby wlhc l_hjbb306<_kghc]\ZevfZgZo_Bklhdbhim[ebdh\Zgiheguci_j_\h^agZf_gblhcklZlvb=;_dd_jZIj_klmie_gb_b gZdZaZgb_wdhghfbq_kdbcih^oh^]dhlhjZykh[kl\_gghbiheh`beZgZqZehwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbij_klmie_gbcb FZm < Jhkkbckdb_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_nhjfu ]eZaZfb aZiZ^guo djblbdh\ <hijhku wdhghfbdb –12; FZm < WdhghfbdZ b j_\hexpbymjhdbbklhjbb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 298 =Zf[ZjygFFZm< WdhghfbdZ b \u[hju hiul dhebq_kl\_ggh]h ZgZebaZ <hijhkuwdhghfbdbFZm<Dhq_ldh\ZH @Z\hjhgdh\ K Wdhghfbq_kdb_ nZdlhju we_dlhjZevgh]h ih\_^_gby Hiul Jhkkbb - ]h^h\ http://www.iet. ru/archiv/zip/23new/zip; Oehibg:KlZgh\e_gb_]jZ`^Zgkdh]hh[s_kl\Z\JhkkbbbgklblmpbhgZevgZyi_jki_dlb\ZPro et Contra=jZ`^Zgkdh_h[s_kl\h F 299 =hehkh\=IZjlbcgu_kbkl_fuJhkkbbbkljZg<hklhqghc?\jhiuF<_kvFbj 300 KfgZijbf_jFZm<Wdhghfbq_kdZyj_nhjfZkd\havijbafmdhgklblmpbbbiheblbdbF 301 KfJhkkbckdZyih\k_^g_\ghklvbiheblbq_kdZydmevlmjZ\hafh`ghklbijh[e_fubij_^_euljZgknhjfZpbbIh^j_^KIZljmr_\Z FBKIJ:GHe_cgbd :Kj_^kl\ZfZkkh\hcbgnhjfZpbbb^_fhdjZlbywdhghfbq_kdb_ij_^ihkuedbg_aZ\bkbfhklbwe_dljhgguo KFBIheblby 302 KfgZijbf_jAZhkljh\p_\:J_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_ihl_jb^eyh[s_kl\Z<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 303 KfIjZ\hbwdhghfbdZljZ^bpbhgguc\a]ey^bi_jki_dlb\ujZa\blbyF=M–<RW 304 Wdhghfbq_kdbcZgZebaghjfZlb\guoZdlh\Ih^j_^<ELZf[h\p_\ZFL?BK 305 EZlh\ X Wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb F RZklbldh : G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjbyFWdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lL?BK=e 306 EZlh\ X Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ij_klmie_gbc b gZdZaZgbc Wdhghfbq_kdb_ bfi_jbZebklu \ ]hklyo m djbfbgheh]h\ <hijhku wdhghfbdbK–75. 297 gZdZaZgbc GZdhg_p \ ] ihy\beZkv dgb]Z X< EZlh\Z dhlhjmx fh`gh kqblZlv i_j\uf hiulhf dhfie_dkgh]h baeh`_gbykh\j_f_gguoih^oh^h\dl_hj_lbq_kdhfmZgZebamijh[e_fl_g_\uowdhghfbq_kdbohlghr_gbc307. Mki_rgh jZa\b\Zxlky bkke_^h\Zgby ih g_dhlhjuf qZklguf gZijZ\e_gbyf wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ij_klmie_gbc b gZdZaZgbc Ihemqbeb rbjhdmx ba\_klghklv jZ[hlu << <hedh\Z ihk\ys_ggu_ ZgZebam jwd_l-[bag_kZ kbeh\h]h ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z308 IZjZee_evgh k gbf djbfbgZevgu_ Zki_dlu \ jZa\blbb jhkkbckdh]h [bag_kZ bamqZ_l :G He_cgbd309 Bkke_^h\Zgby wlbo ^\mo wdhghfbklh\ aZf_qZl_evguf h[jZahf \aZbfh^hihegyxl ^jm] ^jm]Z _keb << <hedh\ h[tykgy_l jZa\blb_ jwd_lZ hlkmlkl\b_f ki_pbnbdZpbb b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb lh :G He_cgbd h[tykgy_l ih\ur_ggmxihlj_[ghklv\mkem]Zo\g_rgboijZ\haZsblgbdh\g_^h\_jb_f\hlghr_gbyof_`^mij_^ijbgbfZl_eyfb EF Lbfhn__\uf ki_pbZebabjm_lky ih wdhghfbq_kdhfm ZgZebam gZjdhlbdh\ – bf him[ebdh\Zgh i_j\h_ \ Jhkkbb dhfie_dkgh_bkke_^h\Zgb_ihwlhcijh[e_fZlbd_310Wlh]hwdhghfbklZfh`ghihijZ\mkqblZlviZljbZjohfhl_q_kl\_ggh]h l_g_\_^_gby - hg gZqbgZe bamq_gb_ l_g_\uo wdhghfbq_kdbo hlghr_gbc _s_ \ kh\_lkdb_ \j_f_gZ dh]^Z ZgZeba wlbo \hijhkh\ jZkkfZljb\Zeky dZd ^bkkb^_glkdbc \uah\ \eZklyf Bf_ggh ih bgbpbZlb\_ EF Lbfhn__\Z ^ey dhgkheb^Zpbb wdhghfbklh\-djbfbgheh]h\ khljm^gbdZfb P_gljZ ih bamq_gbx g_e_]Zevghc wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb PBGW> hj]Zgbah\Zgh ba^Zgb_ \ Jhkkbckdhf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghf ]mfZgblZjghf mgb\_jkbl_l_ `mjgZeZ Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ij_klmie_gbcbgZdZaZgbc311. < ] jZ[hlgbdZfb BgklblmlZ gZmqghc bgnhjfZpbb b h[s_kl\_gguo gZmd BGBHG ih^]hlh\e_g ijh[e_fghl_fZlbq_kdbc k[hjgbd k h[ahjhf ijh[e_f dhjjmipbb312 < `mjgZe_ WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u \ wlhf `_ ]h^m him[ebdh\ZgZk_jbyklZl_cFE_\bgZFPbjbdb<Ihel_jh\bqZihk\ys_gguoh[ahjmjZaebqguoih^oh^h\dh[tykg_gbx ijbqbg dhjjmipbb b iml_c [hjv[u k g_x313 Bo Z\lhju hkms_kl\beb deZkkbnbdZpbx kms_kl\mxsbo wdhghfbdhfZl_fZlbq_kdbo fh^_e_c dhjjmipbb nZdlhjh\ dhlhju_ \_^ml d __ jZa\blbx < ] \ `mjgZe_ Jughd p_gguo [mfZ] him[ebdh\ZgZ hjb]bgZevgZy klZlvy J <brg_\kdh]h \ dhlhjhc lhlZevgh_ dhjjmfibjh\Zgb_ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb jZkkfZljb\Z_lkydZdg_ba[_`gh_ke_^kl\b_jZa\blbywdhghfbdbihkj_^gbdh\314. 8) G_hbgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ d bamq_gbx bklhjbq_kdbo aZdhghf_jghkl_c – gh\Zy wdhghfbq_kdZy bklhjby – \dexqZ_l ^\Z gZijZ\e_gby Debhf_ljbdb \h ]eZ\_ k J Nh]_e_f ZgZeba ljZ^bpbhgguo bklhqgbdh\ [Zabjmxl gZ bkihevah\Zgbb fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h bgkljmf_glZjby Z ihke_^h\Zl_eb > GhjlZ ijbf_gyxl ijbgpbibZevgh gh\uc ^ey bklhjbdh\ihgylbcgucZiiZjZlijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbljZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`dbbl^ Kj_^bjhkkbckdbobkke_^h\Zl_e_cgZb[he__ihimeyjghdebhf_ljbq_kdh_gZijZ\e_gb_\ha]eZ\ey\r__kyZdZ^_fbdhf B Dh\Zevq_gdh315 Ijh]jZffghc jZ[hlhc ijhiZ]Zg^bjmxs_c \hafh`ghklb fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ i_j\bqguo bklhjbq_kdbo^Zgguokp_evx\uy\e_gbykdjulhcbgnhjfZpbbklZeZ_]hdgb]ZF_lh^ubklhjbq_kdh]hZgZebaZF H^gh ba hkgh\guo gZijZ\e_gbc bklhjbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc B Dh\Zevq_gdh – bamq_gb_ aZdhghf_jghkl_c Z]jZjgh]hk_dlhjZwdhghfbdbJhkkbbdhgpZ;,; –gZqZeZ;; \\Iml_fbamq_gby^he]hkjhqghc^bgZfbdbp_ghg^hdZaZe qlh \ ^hj_\hexpbhgghc Jhkkbb m`_ knhjfbjh\Zeky hlghkbl_evgh _^bguc jughd hkgh\guo k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo ijh^mdlh\ gh jugdb dZiblZevguo j_kmjkh\ jZ[hq_c kbeu b hkh[_ggh a_feb jZa\b\Zebkv ]hjZa^h f_^e_gg__ Ih bgbpbZlb\_ B Dh\Zevq_gdh k dhgpZ -o ]] j_]meyjgh ijhoh^yl jhkkbckdh-Zf_jbdZgkdb_ kbfihabmfu bklhjbdh\ debhf_ljbq_kdhcki_pbZebaZpbb316. < jZfdZo rdheu Dh\Zevq_gdh klZeb jZa\b\Zlvky ^Z`_ lZdb_ wdahlbq_kdb_ \b^u wdhghfbdh-fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby bklhjbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ dZd j_ljhijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ LZd \ jZ[hl_ E ;hjh^dbgZ b F K\bs_\Z iml_f ijhehg]bjh\Zgbyl_g^_gpbc-o]]gZi_jbh^^h]^hdZau\Z_lkyqlhijh^he`_gb_iheblbdbgwiZg_ijb\_eh[ud mkbe_gbxdeZkkh\hc^bnn_j_gpbZpbbghbg_h[_ki_qbeh[uj_adh]hih\ur_gbyk_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\Z317. Qlh dZkZ_lky ghjlh\kdh]h gZijZ\e_gby lh hgh _s_ g_ aZ\h_\Zeh \ Jhkkbb hkh[hc ihimeyjghklb hlkmlkl\b_ ljZ^bpbcijZ\h\h]hh[s_kl\Zij_iylkl\m_lhkhagZgbx\Z`ghklbijZ\h\uobgklblmlh\^eybklhjbq_kdh]hjZa\blbyI_j\hc EZlh\X<WdhghfbdZ\g_aZdhgZHq_jdbihl_hjbbbbklhjbbl_g_\hcwdhghfbdbFFHGN <hedh\ < Iheblwdhghfby gZkbeby wdhghfbq_kdbc jhkl b dhgkheb^Zpby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z <hijhku wdhghfbdb K –59; <hedh\<Kbeh\h_ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\hKI[F?\jhi_ckdbcmgb\_jkbl_l\KZgdl-I_l_j[mj]_E_lgbckZ^ 309 He_cgbd:G@bagvihihgylbyfbgklblmpbhgZevgucZgZebaih\k_^g_\ghc`bagbjhkkbckdh]hijhklh]hq_eh\_dZIheblbq_kdb_ bkke_^h\ZgbyK40 – 51; He_cgbd:GLxj_fgZykm[dmevlmjZ\Jhkkbbhlih\k_^g_\ghc`bagb^h]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc\eZklbF BGNJ:-FHe_cgbd:>_nbpblijZ\Zddjblbd_iheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbbqZklghcaZsblu<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK – 45. 310 Lbfhn__\ E GZjdh[bag_k GZqZevgZy l_hjby wdhghfbq_kdhc hljZkeb F Jhkkbckdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ]mfZgblZjguc mgb\_jkbl_l 1998; D_k_evfZg E? FZpd_\bq F= KhpbZevgh_ ijhkljZgkl\h gZjdhlbafZ Lbfhn__\ EF GZjdh[bag_k GZqZevgZy l_hjby wdhghfbq_kdhc hljZkeb KI[ Ba^Zl_evkl\h F_^bpbgkdZy ij_kkZ Kf lZd`_ Lbfhn__\ E GZjdh[bag_k dZd wdhghfbq_kdZy hljZkevl_hj_lbq_kdbcZgZeba<hijhkuwdhghfbdbLbfhn__\EHkh[_gghklbwdhghfbq_kdh]hih\_^_gbygZjdhaZ\bkbfh]h ihlj_[bl_eyihablb\gucih^oh^<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 311 AZ-]]ih^]hlh\e_ghdi_qZlb\uimkdh\wlh]h`mjgZeZl_dkludhlhjuohldjulu\K_lb^eyk\h[h^gh]h^hklmiZ 312 @bebgZBB\Zgh\ZGWdhghfbdZdhjjmipbbKhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdb_Zki_dludhjjmipbbFBGBHGK–62. 313 Ihel_jh\bq < NZdlhju dhjjmipbb WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u E_\bg F Pbjbd F Dhjjmipby dZd h[t_dl fZl_fZlbq_kdh]hfh^_ebjh\ZgbyWdhghfbdZbfZl_fZlbq_kdb_f_lh^uE_\bg FPbjbd FFZl_fZlbq_kdh_fh^_ebjh\Zgb_ dhjjmipbb WdhghfbdZ b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u E_\bg F Dhjjmipby b l_ogheh]bq_kdb_ bggh\Zpbb Ij_ijbgl F JhkkbckdZy Wdhghfbq_kdZy RdheZ Ijbeh`_gb_ g_dhlhjuo b^_c wdhghfbdb dhjjmipbb d kh\j_f_gghc jhkkbckdhc kblmZpbb kf Dmavfbgh\ YL_abkuhdhjjmipbbF=M-<RW 314 <brg_\kdbcJFZl_fZlbq_kdZyfh^_evwdhghfbdbihkj_^gbdh\Jughdp_gguo[mfZ] 315 Fbeh\E:dZ^_fbdJ:GB>Dh\Zevq_gdh-ljm^ubdhgp_ipbbHl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjbyK-109. 316 :f_jbdZgkdbobZg]ebckdboki_pbZebklh\\gboij_^klZ\eyeblZdb_bklhjbdb-wdhghfbkludZdMIZjd_j=JZcl>Ebg^klj_f> Nbe^DKE_hgZj^b^j 317 ;hjh^dbg E K\bs_\ F J_ljhijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ khpbZevghc ^bgZfbdb ^hdheohagh]h dj_klvygkl\Z bkihevah\Zgb_ bfblZpbhgghZevl_jgZlb\guo fh^_e_c Jhkkby b KR: gZ jm[_`_ XIX – XX \\ FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ f_lh^u \ bklhjbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo F GZmdZ K– 365. 307 308 eZklhqdhc fh`gh kqblZlv klZlvx X EZlh\Z b K Dh\Ze_\Z318 \ dhlhjhc ihdZau\Z_lky qlh ihf_sbqv_ a_fe_\eZ^_gb_ \ mkeh\byooZjZdl_jgh]h^eyJhkkbbdhgpZ;,;–gZqZeZ;;\\^\h_ijZ\byklZeh]_g_jZlhjhfki_pbnbq_kdbog_]Zlb\guo \g_rgbo wnn_dlh\ lhjfhaysbo jZa\blb_ dj_klvygkdbo ohayckl\ J_qv b^_l h lhf qlh m[_`^_ggu_ [m^lh ih kijZ\_^eb\hklblh_klvihghjfZfljZ^bpbhggh]hijZ\Zkh[kl\_ggbdZfba_febfh]ml[ulvlhevdhl_dlhgZg_cljm^blky dj_klvyg_\f_klhkh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbyZ]jhl_ogbdbij_^ihqblZebbg\_klbjh\Zlvk\hbkbeubwg_j]bx\[hjv[maZq_jguc i_j_^_eihf_sbqvboa_f_evijbgZ^e_`Zsbo^\hjygZfihghjfZfhnbpbZevgh]hijZ\Z <aZdexq_gb_h[ahjZi_j\uorZ]h\jhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZke_^m_lhlf_lblvihy\e_gb_i_j\uojZ[hlih bklhjbbbgklblmpbhgZebafZH:gZgvbgJ DZi_exrgbdh\=Ebl\bgp_\ZJ Gmj__\: Nhnhgh\b^j319. Dhg_pbkgh\ZgZqZeh G_h[oh^bfhklv dhhj^bgZpbb b dhhi_jZpbb \ jhkkbckdhc g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc gZmd_ < gZklhys__ \j_fy \ Jhkkbb nmgdpbhgbjmxl hlghkbl_evgh g_aZ\bkbfh ^jm] hl ^jm]Z q_luj_ p_gljZ ih bamq_gbx g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb=M-<RWwdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_lF=MnZdmevl_lf_g_^`f_glZKI[=MGh\hkb[bjkdbcbgklblmlwdhghfbdb b hj]ZgbaZpbb ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z KH J:G Djhf_ lh]h gZ^ wlhc ijh[e_fhc jZ[hlZ_l jy^ mq_guo \ ^jm]bo gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo bgklblmlZo b \maZo >h kbo ihj g_ ij_h^he_g jZaju\ f_`^m gbfb hlkmlkl\m_l dhhj^bgZpby b dhhi_jZpby J_]meyjgu_ h[s_jhkkbckdb_ dhgn_j_gpbb g_ ijh\h^ylky i_j_\h^u aZjm[_`guo Z\lhjh\ g_ dhhj^bgbjmxlky ghkylg_j_]meyjgucbhlqZklbkemqZcgucoZjZdl_j GZmqghcdhhi_jZpbbmq_guoij_iylkl\m_lhlkmlkl\b_i_jbh^bq_kdboba^Zgbcihg_hbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbd_ G_l gZpbhgZevghc hj]ZgbaZpbb klhjhggbdh\ wlh]h gZijZ\e_gby Kihkh[kl\h\Zlv gZpbhgZevghc dhgkheb^Zpbb fh] [u `mjgZe dhlhjuc ^he`_g \uihegblv nmgdpbx dhee_dlb\gh]h hj]ZgbaZlhjZ b ijhiZ]Zg^bklZ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevguo l_hjbcBa^Zgb_`mjgZeZhj]ZgbaZpbye_lgbordheihjZkijhkljZg_gbxbgklblmpbhgZevguoagZgbcfh]eb[uklZlv\Z`ghc \_ohcgZimlbdgZpbhgZevghcjhkkbckdhcrdhe_gh\h]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ^eygh\hcJhkkbb Djhf_ lh]h g_h[oh^bfh h[gh\eylv g_ lhevdh l_hj_lbq_kdbc Zjk_gZe gh b kZfb f_lh^u gZmqghc jZ[hlu hl_q_kl\_gguowdhghfbklh\ Wdhghfbklu Jhkkbb bgl_jg_lbabjmcl_kv GZmqgh-l_ogbq_kdZy j_\hexpby g_ lhevdh ij_^ty\ey_l kijhk gZ gh\Zlhjkdb_ gZmqgu_ jZajZ[hldb gh b kha^Z_l gh\u_ mkeh\by ^ey bo ijh^mpbjh\Zgby K\_l agZgbc ^Z\gh m`_ bkoh^bl g_ klhevdh hl [b[ebhl_d b bgklblmlkdbo Zm^blhjbc kdhevdh hl wdjZgh\ dhfivxl_jh\ qvb \eZ^_evpu aZo\Zq_gu fbjhf Bgl_jg_lZ WlZ ]eh[ZevgZy dhfivxl_jgZy kbkl_fZ h[t_^bgy_l qblZevguc aZe dgb`guc fZ]Zabg gZmqgmx dhgn_j_gpbx b dem[ ih agZdhfkl\m A^_kv fh`gh qblZlv ebl_jZlmjm ex[hc l_fZlbdb aZdZau\Zlv \ \bjlmZevguo fZ]ZabgZo dZdb_ m]h^gh dgb]b b `mjgZeu h[km`^Zlv ex[u_ \hijhku h[sZykv ijb wlhf k kh[_k_^gbdZfb dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky ohlv gZ ijhlb\hiheh`ghf dhgp_ ieZg_lu H^gbf keh\hf Bgl_jg_l – wlh deZkkbq_kdbc ijbf_j lZd gZau\Z_fuo \k_h[sbo ijhba\h^bl_evguokbedhlhju_bkha^Zxlkybbkihevamxlkylhevdhdhee_dlb\gh <gZklhys__\j_fyemqr_\k_]hh[mkljh_gdhg_qghZg]ehyauqgucBgl_jg_lQlhdZkZ_lkyjmkkdhyauqghcqZklb ]eh[Zevghck_lblhhgZ_s_^h\hevghfheh^Zb_kl_kl\_ggh^Ze_dZhlkh\_jr_gkl\ZIj_`^_\k_]hjmkkdbcBgl_jg_l^ey wdhghfbklh\ hlghkbl_evgh g_\_ebd320 Hl_q_kl\_ggu_ wdhghfbklu ih l_fiZf hk\h_gby we_dljhgghc k_lb \hh[s_ kbevgh hlklZeb gZijbf_j hl bklhjbdh\ qvb j_kmjku \ jmkkdhf Bgl_jg_le ]hjZa^h [h]Zq_321 KZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ wdhghfbklu _s_ g_ hkhagZeb]eZ\gmxp_gghklvBgl_jg_lZ–\hafh`ghklvhj]Zgbah\u\Zlvdhee_dlb\gh_gZmqgh_l\hjq_kl\hkmqZklb_fmq_guo bajZaguo]hjh^h\Jhkkbb < ] ih^ w]b^hc Fhkdh\kdh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h gZmqgh]h nhg^Z FHGN gZqZeky hiul dhlhjuc fh`_l klZlv ijhh[jZahfhj]ZgbaZpbbgZmqgh]hl\hjq_kl\Zmq_guo-h[s_kl\h\_^h\JhkkbbgZ[eb`Zcrb_^_kylbe_lbyIh^jmdh\h^kl\hf ^wgaZkem`_ggh]hjZ[hlgbdZ<ukr_crdheuijhn_kkhjZ<RWJFGmj__\Z\jZfdZoijh]jZffugZmqguobkke_^h\Zgbc Ihbkd wnn_dlb\guo bgklblmlh\ ^ey Jhkkbb XXI \_dZ hj]Zgbah\ZgZ <bjlmZevgZy FZkl_jkdZy ?z p_evx y\ey_lky kh^_ckl\b_f_`j_]bhgZevghfmh[s_gbxnhjfbjh\ZgbxbjZa\blbxmklhcqb\h]hijh[e_fghhjb_glbjh\Zggh]hkhh[s_kl\Z mq_guo-h[s_kl\h\_^h\ aZgbfZxsboky ijh[e_fZfb g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb khpbheh]bb b ijZ\Z Z g_ihkj_^kl\_gghcaZ^Zq_c –nhjfbjh\Zgb_f_`^bkpbiebgZjghc]jmiiuij_^klZ\eyxs_cjZaebqgu_j_]bhguJNbkljZgu KG=bamqZxs_cbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ijh[e_fuwdhghfbdb Hkgh\gufbl_fZfb^eybamq_gby\<bjlmZevghcFZkl_jkdhcJFGmj__\ZijbagZguke_^mxsb_ KhpbZevgh–wdhghfbq_kdb_ b b^_cgh–iheblbq_kdb_ j_nhjfu \ Jhkkbb kl_i_gv ih^]hlh\e_gghklb jZaebqguobgklblmlh\ EZlh\ X Dh\Ze_\ K :]jZjguc \hijhk \ Jhkkbb dhgpZ XIX – gZqZeZ XX \\ ihiuldZ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ <hijhku wdhghfbdb 319 :gZgvbg H Bkke_^h\Zl_evkdZy ijh]jZffZ Lhjkl_cgZ <_[e_gZ e_l kimkly <hijhku wdhghfbdb Bklhjby wdhghfbq_kdbo mq_gbc kh\j_f_gguc wlZi F =e Gh\Zy bgklblmpbhgZevgZy l_hjby Nhnhgh\ : =_g_abk gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbb:\lhj_ndZg^bkKI[Ebl\bgp_\Z =<\_^_gb_\bgklblmpbhgZevgmxwdhghfbq_kdmx l_hjbx mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ Gh\hkb[bjkd =m]gyd <Y BgklblmpbhgZevgZy iZjZ^b]fZ \ iheblbq_kdhc wdhghfbb GZ ijbf_j_ NjZgpbb F RZklbldh : Njb^jbo OZc_d b g_hbgklblmpbhgZebaf <hijhku wdhghfbdb K – Bklhjby wdhghfbq_kdbomq_gbcIh^j_^<:\lhghfh\ZH:gZgvbgZGFZdZr_\hcFGmj__\JFL_hjbbjZa\blbybgklblmpbhgZevgu_ dhgp_ipbbklZgh\e_gbyjughqghcwdhghfbdb<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK– 145. 320 Kh[ahjhfWeb-j_kmjkh\ihwdhghfbd_fh`ghhagZdhfblvky\ZevfZgZo_BklhdbBklhdb<uiF=M<RWK– 445. Emqrbf k_j\_jhf ih wdhghfbq_kdhc l_fZlbd_ hklZ_lky Fhkdh\kdbc Eb[_jlZjbmf www.libertarium.ru ]^_ \ qZklghklb gZoh^blky h[rbjgZy dhee_dpby l_dklh\ JDZi_exrgbdh\Z< GZcrmey; Ev\bgZIh bgklblmpbhgZebafm i_j\uf ki_pbZebabjh\Zggufk_j\_jhf klZeZBgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbdZ< <hevqbdZhttp://ie.boom.ru). 321 < `mjgZe_ Gh\Zy b gh\_crZy bklhjby m`_ ihy\beky ^Z`_ ki_pbZevguc jZa^_e Bklhjby b dhfivxl_j ihk\ys_gguc h[ahjZf bgnhjfZpbb \ k_lb Bgl_jg_l Kf ;hjh^dbg EB <eZ^bfbjh\ <G =Zjkdh\Z BF :a[mdZ Bgl_jg_lZ :^j_kZpby \ Bgl_jg_l_ Ihbkd bgnhjfZpbhgguoj_kmjkh\\k_lb<aZibkgmxdgb`dmGh\Zybgh\_crZybklhjby–K– 234; ;hjh^dbgEB<eZ^bfbjh\ <G Kbebg GG Ihbkd \ Bgl_jg_l_ Ihbkd \ jmkkdhyauqghc qZklb WWW. ":ihjl!", "Rambler", "Yndex". Jhkkbckdb_ h[s_^hklmigu_ ij_^f_lgh-hjb_glbjh\Zggu_dZlZeh]bBgl_jg_l-j_kmjkh\Gh\Zybgh\_crZybklhjbyK– 192.) 318 Hkgh\gu_ gZijZ\e_gby j_nhjf \ wdhghfbq_kdhc khpbZevghc b iheblbq_kdhc kn_j_ ijh[e_fZ Z^_d\Zlghklb JZaebqbyklZjlh\uomkeh\bci_j_oh^Zl_jjblhjbZevgucbj_]bhgZevgucZki_dluNhjfZevgu_bg_nhjfZevgu_bgklblmlu dhfZg^ghc wdhghfbdb ijh[e_fuboljZgknhjfZpbbDmevlmjgu_kl_j_hlbiubijh[e_fufh^_jgbaZpbbwdhghfbdbP_gZ i_j_oh^Zdjughqghcwdhghfbd_>bgZfbdZljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d H[s_fbjh\u_l_g^_gpbbjZa\blbyjughqghcwdhghfbdb Gh\u_ dhgp_ilmZevgu_ ih^oh^u d ihgbfZgbx jugdZ Ijh\Zeu jugdZ b ijh\Zeu ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ihbkdb wnn_dlb\guobgklblmlh\gZihjh]_ OO,\_dZ Jughddhlhjucfukha^Zeb Khhlghr_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hbqZklgh]hk_dlhjZwdhghfbdbihke_^kl\byjhkkbckdhcijb\ZlbaZpbbHklZlhqgZy ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvHl^hjh]bdjZ[kl\m–dbkiulZgbxk\h[h^hchlghr_gbyaZ\bkbfhklb\klZjhcbgh\hc Jhkkbb Dhgdmj_gpby b fhghiheby \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb E_]Zevguc b g_e_]Zevguc [bag_k h[s__ b hkh[_ggh_ =hkm^Zjkl\h b jughd hkh[_gghklb \aZbfh^_ckl\by b ijh[e_fu Z^_d\Zlghklb wdhghfbq_kdhc b khpbZevghc iheblbdb Bgl_]jZpby b ^_abgl_]jZpby \ ihklkh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ p_gljh[_`gu_ b p_gljhklj_fbl_evgu_ l_g^_gpbb jZa\blby jhkkbckdh]h h[s_kl\Z AZsblZ gZpbhgZevguo wdhghfbq_kdbo bgl_j_kh\ b dhfijZ^hjkl\h LjZ^bpbhggu_ b g_hljZ^bpbhggu_nhjfu\wdhghfbq_kdhcbkhpbZevghckn_jZo KlZju_bgh\u_kljmdlmjuijh[e_fuZ^ZilZpbb WdhghfbdZ ^hfhohayckl\ \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb h[s__ b hkh[_ggh_ :^ZilZpby jZaebqguo khpbZevguo ]jmii d jughqghc wdhghfbd_ NbjfZ kljZl_]by \u`b\Zgby Ihbkd iheblbq_kdhc j_glu km[t_dlZfb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h j_]mebjh\Zgby Imlb\uoh^ZbadjbabkZ BgklblmpbhgZevgu_ nZdlhju jhklZ Baf_g_gb_ kbkl_fu p_gghkl_c b fhlb\Zpbc dZd nZdlhj khpbh^bgZfbdb jhkkbckdh]h h[s_kl\Z KljZl_]by wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby jhev gZpbhgZevghc b^_b Dhgklblmpbhggu_ ij_^ihkuedb \uoh^ZbadjbabkZImlbij_h^he_gbyj_]bhgZevgh]hk_iZjZlbafZ IeZgjZ[hlu<bjlmZevghcFZkl_jkdhc\dexqZ_l\k_[yke_^mxsb_iylvwlZih\ ,wlZi–BgklblmpbhgZevgucZgZebawdhghfbq_kdbokm[t_dlh\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb ,,wlZi–Bgklblmlkh\j_f_ggh]hjhkkbckdh]hjugdZb_]hhkh[_gghklb ,,,wlZi–Wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmluihklkh\_lkdh]hh[s_kl\Z ,9wlZi–BgklblmpbhgZevgh_ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_wdhghfbdbkh\j_f_gghcJhkkbb 9wlZi–BklhjbybgklblmpbhgZevguoj_nhjf\JhkkbbOO\_dZ DZ`^ucbawlZih\jZkkqblZggZg_kdhevdhe_lH^gZdhj_ZebaZpbywlh]hijh_dlZaZ\bkblhlfgh]boh[t_dlb\guob km[t_dlb\guoh[klhyl_evkl\bij_`^_\k_]hhlgZebqbybklhqgbdh\nbgZgkbjh\Zgby J_amevlZlu jZ[hlu FZkl_jkdhc dZd ieZgbjm_lky [m^ml him[ebdh\Zgu \ fhgh]jZnbyo ih \ur_mdZaZgguf gZijZ\e_gbyf Djhf_ lh]h [m^ml ih^]hlh\e_gu ki_pdmjku ih bgklblmpbhgZevghfm ZgZebam i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb ("LjZgknhjfZpbywdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbBgklblmljhkkbckdh]hjugdZb_]hhkh[_gghklbb ^jZlZd`_[Zah\ucdmjkWdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmlukh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbbjZa^_eu\mq_[guodmjkZoWdhghfbq_kdb_ bgklblmluKjZ\gbl_evgucZgZebawdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fWdhghfbdZbijZ\hIjZ\hbwdhghfbdZ Ih mkeh\bx ijh_dlZ <bjlmZevghc FZkl_jkdhc ij_^iheZ]Zehkv hijh[h\Zlv \hafh`ghklb kha^Zgby wnn_dlb\gh]h gZmqgh]hdhee_dlb\Ziml_fihqlbbkdexqbl_evgh\bjlmZevgh]hh[s_gbyf_`^m_]hqe_gZfbwdhghfbklZfbbkhpbheh]Zfb HgZ h[t_^bgbeZ mkbeby mq_guo ij_^klZ\eyxsbo ;bckd ?dZl_jbg[mj] DjZkgh^Zj Fhkd\m G Gh\]hjh^ Gh\hkb[bjkd, Jhklh\-gZ->hgmKZgdl-I_l_j[mj]LmemMeZg-M^wbMevygh\kd < oh^_ j_ZebaZpbb ijh_dlZ ^ZggZy b^_y ihdZaZeZ k\hb h]jhfgu_ \hafh`ghklb =eZ\guc j_amevlZl jZ[hlu qe_gh\ <bjlmZevghc FZkl_jkdhc – ih^]hlh\dZ dhee_dlb\ghc fhgh]jZnbb Wdhghfbq_kdb_ km[t_dlu ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb bgklblmpbhgZevguc Zki_dl F FHGN 322 k mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdbfb fZl_jbZeZfb Dhfie_dkguc oZjZdl_j fhgh]jZnbb dhlhjZy hk\_sZ_l ijZdlbq_kdb \k_ hkgh\gu_ Zki_dlu bgklblmpbhgZevghc ljZgknhjfZpbb wdhghfbdb Jhkkbb 1990-o]]ZlZd`_gZebqb_ddZ`^hc]eZ\_mq_[guoaZ^Zgbciha\hey_ljZkkfZljb\Zlvwlhba^Zgb_g_lhevdhdZdgZmqguc ljm^ gh b dZd mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ d dmjkZf lbiZ I_j_oh^gZy wdhghfbdZ Jhkkbb beb BgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby \ ihklkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_Dgb]ZihemqbeZhlebqgu_hlau\u\gZmqghci_jbh^bd_323Z__lbjZ`jZae_l_eky[md\ZevghaZ iZjm f_kyp_\ Ihwlhfm \hagbdeZ ihlj_[ghklv \ i_j_ba^Zgbb wlhc aZf_qZl_evghc dhee_dlb\ghc fhgh]jZnbb ?_ ^hjZ[hlZgguc\ZjbZglqblZl_ev^_j`blk_cqZk\k\hbojmdZo KijhkgZij_ih^Z\Zgb_bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbd_KijhkgZwdhghfbklh\h[eZ^ZxsbfbagZgbyfb\h[eZklb bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbbkoh^bl\kh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbhliylbhj]ZgbaZpbhgguokljmdlmj kh klhjhgu gZmqguo p_gljh\ bamqZxsbo ijh[e_fu ljZgablb\ghc wdhghfbdb b \ujZ[Zlu\Zxsbo h[sb_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb kljZl_]bq_kdh]hoZjZdl_jZlbiZ;W:–;xjhwdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ hl dhff_jq_kdbo ZgZeblbq_kdbo p_gljh\ \uihegyxsbo aZdZau dhff_jq_kdbo djm]h\ ih ih\h^m \ujZ[hldb lZdlbdb ohayckl\_ggh]hjZa\blby hldjmiguodhjihjZpbcgm`^Zxsboky\nhjfbjh\Zgbb[eZ]hijbylghcbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u[bag_kZ hl hj]Zgh\ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h mijZ\e_gby jZagh]h mjh\gy dhlhjuf gm`gu f_g_^`_ju khq_lZxsb_ ihgbfZgb_ kljZl_]bq_kdboi_jki_dlb\kmf_gb_fj_rZlvlZdlbq_kdb_aZ^Zqb hl kbkl_fu wdhghfbq_kdh]h h[jZah\Zgby gm`^Zxs_cky \ i_j_kljhcd_ ij_ih^Z\Zgby \ khhl\_lkl\bb k kh\j_f_ggufb ihlj_[ghklyfb WlZ gh\Zy fhgh]jZnby ijh^he`ZeZ bgklblmpbhgZevgmx ljZ^bpbx ZgZebaZ ihklkh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb aZy\e_ggmx m`_ \ ij_^r_kl\mxs_c dgb]_ gZ^ dhlhjhc jZ[hlZeh [hevrbgkl\h gug_rgbo qe_gh\ <bjlmZevghc FZkl_jkdhc LjZgknhjfZpby wdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbfbdjhwdhghfbq_kdbcZgZebaIh^j_^JFGmj__\ZFFhkdh\kdbch[s_kl\_gguc gZmqgucnhg^ 323 Kf gZijbf_j Fdjlqyg = F <f_klh g_\b^bfhc jmdb jugdZ - ]jZ[ysZy jmdZ ]hkm^Zjkl\Z WdhghfbdZ b hj]ZgbaZpby ijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\Z 322 K kh\_lkdbo \j_f_g m wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb \ Jhkkbb keh`beZkv j_imlZpby h^ghc ba gZb[he__ Z[kljZdlguo h[s_kl\h\_^q_kdbo^bkpbiebgdhlhjZyfh`_l\emqr_fkemqZ_h[tykgylvaZ^gbfqbkehfghfZehkihkh[gZd\ujZ[hld_ ijZdlbq_kdboj_dhf_g^ZpbcLZdhcbfb^`jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdbkbevghhlebqZ_lkyhlkblmZpbbaZjm[_`hf]^_ wdhghfbklu kqblZxl k\hbf ^he]hf g_ lhevdh bamqZlv h[sb_ ijbgpbiu gh b j_rZlv \iheg_ dhgdj_lgu_ ijh[e_fu ih aZdZaZf ]hkm^Zjkl\Z b [bag_kZ Kh_^bg_gb_ l_hjbb b ijZdlbdb iha\hey_l ba[_`Zlv qj_af_jghc b^_heh]baZpbb wdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbg_ba[_`ghc\mkeh\byohlqm`^_gbywdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdbhlkZfhcohayckl\_gghc`bagb Dkh`Ze_gbx\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbjZaju\f_`^mwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjb_cbohayckl\_gghc ijZdlbdhcihij_`g_fmkhojZgy_lkybfu\k_lZd`_iehohagZ_fh[s_kl\h\dhlhjhf`b\_f>he]h_ \j_fywlhljZaju\\ujZ`Zeky\qZklghklb\klj_fe_gbbjZ[hlh^Zl_e_cba[_]ZlvgZcfZZ[kljZdlguo l_hj_lbdh\hl^Z\Zyij_^ihql_gb_wdhghfbklZf-ijZdlbdZfki_pbZebklZfih[mo]Zel_jkdhfm^_em nhg^h\hfmjugdmf_g_^`f_glmfZjd_lbg]mbl^IjZdlbdZh^gZdhihdZaZeZqlhfheh^u_ ki_pbZebklukhkeZ[ufagZgb_fl_hjbbbf_xlg_kebrdhf\ukhdmxp_gghklvihemq_ggu_bf ijbdeZ^gu_agZgby[ukljhh[_kp_gb\ZxlkyZh[sbfbZe]hjblfZfbp_ehklgh]hhkfuke_gby ohayckl\_gghckblmZpbbbl_f[he____mijZ\e_gbyhgbg_\eZ^_xl Ihf_j_mdj_ie_gbywdhghfbdbke_^m_lh`b^Zlvhlghkbl_evgh]hih\ur_gbykijhkZgZ ki_pbZebklh\\h[eZklbj_Zevgh]hk_dlhjZwdhghfbdbZgZeblbdh\krbjhdbff_`^bkpbiebgZjguf djm]hahjhf<wlhckn_j_agZqbl_evgZyqZklvwdhghfbq_kdboj_r_gbcijbgbfZ_lky\mkeh\byo g_iheghchij_^_e_gghklbbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uqlhij_^ty\ey_ldZgZeblbdZfbijZdlbdZf ^hihegbl_evgu_lj_[h\Zgby\uau\Z_lg_h[oh^bfhklvhibjZlvkygZbgnhjfZpbxba[he__rbjhdh]h djm]Zbklhqgbdh\bkihevah\Zlvf_`^bkpbiebgZjgu_ih^oh^u LZdbf h[jZahf \ kbkl_f_ wdhghfbq_kdh]h h[jZah\Zgby gZklZeh \j_fy i_j_clb hl ijhba\h^kl\Z Z[kljZdlguo l_hj_lbdh\ b j_f_ke_ggbdh\ d \hkiblZgbx ki_pbZebklh\ bf_xsbo p_ehklguc \a]ey^ gZ khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku b ijh[e_fu mf_xsbo g_ jmlbggh ih^oh^blv d j_r_gbx aZ^Zq j_Zevghc `bagb >ey m^h\e_l\hj_gby kijhkZ gZ lZdbo ki_pbZebklh\ ij_ih^Z\Zgb_ bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb bf__l h]jhfgh_ agZq_gb_ ihkdhevdm bf_ggh bgklblmpbhgZevgZybgl_jij_lZpbyohayckl\_gghc`bagbdZdb]jukh[sbfbijZ\beZfbemqr_\k_]h\ujZ[Zlu\Z_lmf_gb_ \b^_lve_kaZ^_j_\vyfb BlZd ij_ih^Z\Zgb_ bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb ijba\Zgh h[_ki_qb\Zlv ih^]hlh\dm ki_pbZebklh\ ]hlh\uo d ijZdlbq_kdhcjZ[hl_ \ kn_j_ [bag_kZ gm`^Zxs_]hky \ ZgZeba_ hljZke_\uo jugdh\jZajZ[hld_[bag_k-kljZl_]bcbhj]ZgbaZpbhgguo kljmdlmj \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo mqj_`^_gbyo k\yaZgguo k jZajZ[hldhc iheblbdb b h[hkgh\Zgb_f bgklblmpbhgZevguo b khpbZevguoj_nhjf \gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbobgklblmlZojZaebqghcki_pbZebaZpbbg_lhevdhqbklhwdhghfbq_kdhc \kn_j_ij_ih^Z\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdb Ij_^eh`_gb_ij_ih^Z\ZgbybgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb>hkboihjkh\j_f_ggh_ wdhghfbq_kdh_h[jZah\Zgb_khhl\_lkl\mxs__klZg^ZjlZffbjh\hcwdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdbbebohly[u hjb_glbjh\Zggh_gZwlhlmjh\_gvh]jZgbq_gh\Jhkkbbg_[hevrbfqbkehf\_^msbo\mah\Ijbwlhf ijhnbevl_hj_lbq_kdhcih^]hlh\db\\maZo-eb^_jZo\hkgh\ghf\hkijhba\h^blg_dhlhjmxmkj_^g_ggmx fh^_evwdhghfbq_kdh]hnZdmevl_lZaZiZ^gh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZdhlhjZy^Ze_dhg_\iheghcf_j_hljZ`Z_l jZaghh[jZabyj_Zevguofh^_e_ckh\j_f_ggh]hmgb\_jkbl_lkdh]hwdhghfbq_kdh]hh[jZah\Zgby <khhl\_lkl\bbklj_[h\ZgbyfbjZa\blbyohayckl\_gghc`bagbbgZmqgh]hkhh[s_kl\Z\ihke_^g__ ^_kylbe_lb_\Jhkkbbmklhcqb\hjZkl_lbgl_j_kdbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbb\hh[s_bd__ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghfmgZijZ\e_gbx\hkh[_gghklbH^gZdh\kbkl_f_\mah\kdh]hh[jZah\Zgby bgklblmpbhgZebafihdZij_^klZ\e_g^h\hevghkeZ[h<_^msb_jhkkbckdb_\mauij_^ijbgbfZxli_j\u_ rZ]bd^b\_jkbnbdZpbbijhnbeyih^]hlh\db\uimkdgbdh\bohlym`_gZqZebihy\eylvkydZn_^ju bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbghboqbkehihdZdjZcg_g_\_ebdh Fh`ghgZa\Zlvlhevdhq_luj_jhkkbckdbo\maZ]^_d][uebdZn_^jubgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb dZn_^jZ bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbdb b wdhghfbq_kdhc bklhjbb =M-<RW kha^ZgZ YB Dmavfbgh\uf iha`_ \ha]eZ\eyeZkvHB:gZgvbgufbadhlhjhcaZl_f\u^_ebeZkvkZfhklhyl_evgZydZn_^jZbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbih^ jmdh\h^kl\hfJFGmj__\Z dZn_^jZbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb\Fhkdh\kdhf]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfmgb\_jkbl_l_wdhghfbdb klZlbklbdbbbgnhjfZlbdbih^jmdh\h^kl\hfL<Xjv_\hc dZn_^jZijbdeZ^ghcbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbgZwdhghfbq_kdhfnZdmevl_l_F=Mih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf:::maZgZ dZn_^jZbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb\=hkm^Zjkl\_gghfmgb\_jkbl_l_mijZ\e_gbyih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf>KEv\h\Z LZdbfh[jZahfaZij_^_eZfbFhkd\u^Z`_\KZgdl-I_l_j[mj]_bGh\hkb[bjkd_ki_pbZebabjh\ZgguodZn_^jih bgklblmpbhgZebafm^hkboihjg_lohlyklhjhggbdbwlh]hgZmqgh]hgZijZ\e_gby_klv\[hevrbgkl\_jhkkbckdbo\mah\ Ih^h[gZyjZa^jh[e_gghklvjhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ\u]ey^blhkh[_gghi_qZevgh\kjZ\g_gbbk hj]ZgbaZpb_caZjm[_`gh]hgZmqgh]hkhh[s_kl\ZIjbf_jhfhj]ZgbaZpbhgghcdhgkheb^Zpbb aZjm[_`guobgklblmpbhgZebklh\gm`ghgZa\Zlv\i_j\mxhq_j_^vF_`^mgZjh^gh_h[s_kl\hihgh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbd_International Society for New Institutional Economicsh[t_^bgyxs__ wdhghfbklh\-bgklblmpbhgZebklh\\f_`^mgZjh^ghffZkrlZ[_ZlZd`_fgh]hqbke_ggu_[he__ ehdZevgu_p_gljulbiZThe Ronald Coase Institute\KR:Centre ATOM (Analyse Theorique des Organisations et des Marches\hNjZgpbbb^j :gZebamq_[guoijh]jZffaZiZ^guomgb\_jkbl_lh\lZd`_^_fhgkljbjm_lgZr_hlklZ\Zgb_Ihkdhevdm \hijhkubgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbhlghkylkydqbkembf_gghl_ogZijZ\e_gbcfbjh\hc wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdbdhlhju_\ihke_^gb_^\Z-ljb^_kylbe_lbyjZa\b\ZebkvgZb[he__bgl_gkb\ghb ijbg_kebgZb[he__kms_kl\_ggu_gZmqgu_bijZdlbq_kdb_j_amevlZlulhwlhg_fh]ehg_gZclb hljZ`_gbyb\kbkl_f_wdhghfbq_kdh]hh[jZah\ZgbyIhke_^gb_^_kylve_l[uebi_jbh^hfdh]^Z ]eZ\guf\_dlhjhfbaf_g_gbc\[Zah\uodmjkZofbdjhwdhghfbdbklZehmkbe_gb_jZa^_eh\ ihk\ys_gguowdhghfbd_bgnhjfZpbbZgZebamdhgljZdlguohlghr_gbcbljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d l_we_f_glZfbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb<wlb`_]h^uihy\bebkvi_j\u_ki_pbZevgu_mq_[gbdb bmq_[gu_dmjkuihbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbkgZqZeZfZ]bkl_jkdh]hZaZl_fb[ZdZeZ\jkdh]h mjh\gyGZdhg_p\hfgh]boij_klb`guomgb\_jkbl_lZo\\_^_gufZ]bkl_jkdb_ijh]jZffuih wdhghfbd_hjb_glbjh\Zggu_gZbamq_gb_jugdh\hj]ZgbaZpbcwdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\< qZklghklblZdb_ijh]jZffubf_xlky\hnjZgpmakdbomgb\_jkbl_lZo-iZjlg_jZoIZjb`_-Khj[hggZb IZjb`_-GZgl_j F_`^ml_fg_evayg_hlf_lblvlh]hh[klhyl_evkl\Zqlh\hijhkubgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdbbkf_`guokg_c h[eZkl_c khpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ klZeb \ ihke_^gb_ ]h^u \ Jhkkbb h[t_dlhf k\h_h[jZaghc ZdZ^_fbq_kdhc fh^udhlhjZy\ureZ^Ze_dhaZij_^_eu\_^msbo\mah\bihjh^beZagZqbl_evgh_qbkehim[ebdZpbcb\mah\kdbodmjkh\ bf_xsbofZehh[s_]hkkh\j_f_ggufmjh\g_fagZgbc\wlboh[eZklyoJblhjbdZ\hdjm]wdhghfbq_kdbobgklblmlh\kha^Z_l j_Zevgmx m]jham ^bkdj_^blZpbb wlh]h [ukljh jZklms_]h b i_jki_dlb\gh]h gZijZ\e_gby wdhghfbq_kdhc gZmdb \ hl_q_kl\_gghfZdZ^_fbq_kdhfkhh[s_kl\_WlZkblmZpbyhljZ`Z_lhkljh_g_khhl\_lkl\b_f_`^mh[s_kl\_ggufkijhkhfgZ bgklblmpbhgZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdmx ijh[e_fZlbdm b g_]hlh\ghklvx ZdZ^_fbq_kdh]h khh[s_kl\Z ijhlb\hihklZ\blv _fm khhl\_lkl\mxs__ij_^eh`_gb_ Hiul jZ[hlu gZr_c <bjlmZevghc FZkl_jkdhc ihdZau\Z_l qlh ^Z`_ \ mkeh\byo kbevghc ]_h]jZnbq_kdhc jZah[s_gghklb \hafh`gZ dhgkheb^Zpby jhkkbckdh]h khh[s_kl\Z wdhghfbklh\-bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ \ ijhp_kk_ kh\f_klghc gZmqghc b mq_[gh-f_lh^bq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb H[h[sZy gZdhie_gguc hiul b ih`_eZgby dhee_] mqZklgbdb wlh]h ijh_dlZ \_^ml\gZklhys__\j_fyih^]hlh\dmdhj]ZgbaZpbb:kkhpbZpbbjhkkbckdbobgklblmpbhgZevguowdhghfbklh\:JBWev G_h[oh^bfhklv hj]ZgbaZpbhgghc dhgkheb^Zpbb jhkkbckdbo wdhghfbklh\-bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ ^hdZau\Z_lky ohly [u l_f qlh ^Z`_ hlghkbl_evgh g_[hevrhc dhee_dlb\ <bjlmZevghc FZkl_jkdhc JF Gmj__\Z kfh] ihemqblv \_kvfZ bgl_j_kgu_ b g_ljb\bZevgu_ j_amevlZlu ^Zxsb_ ohly [u \ i_j\hf ijb[eb`_gbb p_ehklgh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h aZdhghf_jghklyojZa\blbyJhkkbb-o]] Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ blh]b bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h ZgZebaZ jhkkbckdhc wdhghfbdb 0-o ]] QblZl_ev hagZdhfb\rbckykgZr_cdgb]hc\b^bfhaZf_lbeqlhmqZklgbdb<bjlmZevghcFZkl_jkdhcg_klj_fbebkvde_cfblvbeb \hko\ZeylvGZrZdhee_dlb\gZyfhgh]jZnbyy\ey_lkyij_`^_\k_]hhiulhfihablb\gh]hZgZebaZKh[jZggu_gZfbnZdlu bhlf_q_ggu_aZdhghf_jghklb^himkdZxljZaebqgu_bgl_jij_lZpbbJmdh\h^bl_ebijh_dlZg_kqblZxlgm`gufgZ\yau\Zlv qblZl_eyf hdhgqZl_evgu_ hp_gdb B \k_ `_ g_dhlhju_ ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ h[h[sZxsb_ \u\h^u h aZdhghf_jghklyo bgklblmpbhgZevghc ljZgknhjfZpbb \ Jhkkbb -o ]] k^_eZlv \iheg_ \hafh`gh Wlh mf_klgh bf_ggh l_i_jv \ nbgZe_ gZr_cdgb]bdh]^Zfh`ghhl\e_qvkyhl^_lZe_cb[jhkblvgZijh^_eZggmxgZfbjZ[hlmdZd[u\a]ey^k\ukhlu =eZ\ghcp_evxbkke_^h\ZgbcZ\lhjh\dhee_dlb\ghcfhgh]jZnbby\eyeky\dhg_qghfkq_l_ihbkdhl\_lZgZ\hijhk dZdb_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby ij_h[eZ^Zeb \ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb -o ]] – ijh]j_kkb\gu_ beb j_]j_kkb\gu_ Ijh]j_kkb\guc\_dlhjwdhghfbq_kdhcw\hexpbbkh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbdZdkqblZxlZ\lhjuwlhcdhee_dlb\ghcfhgh]jZnbb, aZ^Zxl \k_ l_ bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby dhlhju_ kihkh[kl\mxl i_j_oh^m hl bg^mkljbZevgh]h h[s_kl\Z dhfZg^gh]h lbiZdkf_rZgghcwdhghfbd_ihklbg^mkljbZevgh]hh[s_kl\ZJ_qvb^_lij_`^_\k_]hhke_^mxsboijhp_kkZo Z gZ mjh\g_ ^hfhohayckl\ – nhjfbjh\Zgb_ jZ[hlgbdZ gh\h]h lbiZ g_ bkihegbl_evgh]h q_eh\_dZ-\bglbdZ Z bgbpbZlb\ghcl\hjq_kdhcebqghklb [ gZ mjh\g_ nbjfu – nhjfbjh\Zgb_ mklhcqb\uo kZfhklhyl_evguo hj]ZgbaZpbhgguo kljmdlmj kihkh[kl\mxsbo kgb`_gbxljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\ijhba\h^kl\_gghfijhp_kk_ \gZmjh\g_]hkm^Zjkl\Z –nhjfbjh\Zgb_wnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\ki_pbnbdZpbbbaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb Khhl\_lkl\_gghj_]j_kkb\gufbke_^m_lkqblZlvex[u_bgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gbyhl^Zeyxsb_nhjfbjh\Zgb_ ih^h[gh]hjZ[hlgbdZlZdbohj]ZgbaZpbhgguokljmdlmjbkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]h]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hf_oZgbafZ Ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb j_amevlZlh\ wdhghfbq_kdh]h jZa\blby Jhkkbb -o ]] ke_^m_l \uykgblv dZdb_ bf_ggh bgklblmlu b]jZxl ijh]j_kkb\gmx Z dZdb_ – j_]j_kkb\gmx jhev Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ ijb wlhf gZ^h h[jZsZlv gZ bgklblmlu g_nhjfZevgu_ dhlhju_ ljm^g__ nbdkbjmxlky gh ]hjZa^h kbevg__ mdhj_g_gu Bklhjbq_kdb gZijbf_j ijb i_j_oh^_ hl Zglbqghklb d n_h^Zebafm b hl n_h^ZebafZ d dZiblZebafm Z\Zg]Zj^gmx jhev b]jZeb \b^bfh bf_ggh g_nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlub^_heh]byojbklbZgkl\Z\i_j\hfkemqZ_bb^_heh]bykgZqZeZijhl_klZglbafZZihlhfeb[_jZebafZ\h\lhjhf ih^ly]b\Zy aZl_f aZ kh[hc [he__ g_ih\hjhleb\u_ nhjfZevgu_ bgklblmlu ?keb gZ mjh\g_ ohly [u g_nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb fu aZf_lbf ihablb\gu_ k^\b]b wlh [m^_l ^hdZaZl_evkl\hf ^hfbgbjh\Zgby ihablb\guo baf_g_gbc ^Z`_ _keb gZ mjh\g_ nhjfZevguo bgklblmlh\ lZdbo k^\b]h\ _s_ g_l GZijhlb\ _keb lZdh\uo baf_g_gbc g_ [m^_lhlf_q_ghlhijb^_lkykh]eZkblvkykg_]Zlb\gufbhp_gdZfbjhkkbckdhcwdhghfbdb DZdb_`_\u\h^ufh`ghknhjfmebjh\Zlvihblh]ZfjZ[hluqe_gh\<bjlmZevghcfZkl_jkdhcJFGmj__\Z" G_dhlhju_ blh]b ijh\_^_ggh]h Z\lhjZfb dgb]b Wdhghfbq_kdb_ km[t_dlu ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb bkke_^h\Zgby bgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc-o]]hljZ`_gu\lZ[ebp_A– 1. DZd \b^gh ba g__ ]eZ\guf k\hbf ^hklb`_gb_f Z\lhju dhee_dlb\ghc fhgh]jZnbb kqblZxl kha^Zgb_ kbkl_fu bgklblmpbhgZevguooZjZdl_jbklbdkm[t_dlh\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbdb. Qlh dZkZ_lky \ug_k_gby \_j^bdlZ ih ih\h^m lh]h gZkdhevdh ijh]j_kkb\gu bgklblmpbhgZevgu_ baf_g_gby \ Jhkkbb-o]]lhgZ^ZgghfwlZi_ZgZebaZhg[m^_lij_`^_\j_f_ggufG_khfg_gghh^ghbaf_g_gbyb^mlh^gh\j_f_ggh \ jZaguo gZijZ\e_gbyo – g_ lhevdh kh-gZijZ\e_ggh gh b dhglj-gZijZ\e_ggh Ihwlhfm \ lZ[ebp_ ^Zgu ^\Z jZaguo gZ[hjZ gh\uobgklblmlh\h^bg–ihablb\guc^jm]hcg_]Zlb\guc<j_Zevghc`bagbfugZ[ex^Z_fbl_b^jm]b_l_g^_gpbb Djblbq_kdb gZkljh_gguc qblZl_ev \a]eygm\ gZ gZrm lZ[ebpm fh`_l aZy\blv qlh j_Zevgh ijhbahr_^rb_ baf_g_gbym\uy\eyxlkybaf_g_gbyfbij_bfms_kl\_gghg_]Zlb\gufbbaihke_^g_]hklhe[pZGZ^Zgghfhkgh\Zgbbdlhlh aZohq_l k^_eZlv \u\h^ [m^lh bgl_jij_lZpby kh[ulbc -o ]] dZd ijh]j_kkb\ghc jughqghc fh^_jgbaZpbb hdZau\Z_lky ihwlhfm g_ kh\k_f \_jghc Ih wlhfm ih\h^m \kihfbgZ_lky agZf_gbluc Znhjbaf <hevl_jZ h kj_^g_\_dh\hc K\ys_gghcJbfkdhcbfi_jbbdhlhjZyijb[eb`Zcr_fjZkkfhlj_gbbhdZau\Z_lkyg_k\ys_gghcg_jbfkdhcbg_bfi_jb_c LZd `_ b _evpbgkdb_ j_nhjfu fgh]bf dZ`mlky g_ lZdhc m` ijh]j_kkb\ghc g_ hq_gv-lh jughqghc b g_ kh\k_f fh^_jgbaZpb_c DklZlb ]h\hjy \ jZ[hlZo aZjm[_`guo mq_guo fg_gb_ h j_]j_kkb\ghf oZjZdl_j_ jZ^bdZevguo wdhghfbq_kdboj_nhjf\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb\klj_qZ_lky\_kvfZg_j_^dh324. Eb[_jZevguc qblZl_ev aZf_lbl gZijhlb\ qlh j_Zevghklvx y\eyxlky baf_g_gby g_ lhevdh g_]Zlb\gu_ gh b ihablb\gu_<hafh`ghhgbg_klhevyjdh\ujZ`_guh^gZdhg_evayhljbpZlvbokms_kl\h\Zgb_<lZdhfkemqZ_mJhkkbb hklZ_lkyrZgkihkljhblveb[_jZevgh_h[s_kl\hohlyimlvdg_fmly`_ebg_[ebahdGh\_^vlhevdh]hjubdjmqb–^hjh]Z [h]h\ QlhdZkZ_lkyihabpbbkZfboZ\lhjh\dgb]blhhgbg_klj_fylky[ulvgbe_\ufbgbijZ\ufb-hgbklj_fylky [ulv mq_gufb < dZq_kl\_ lZdh\uo Z\lhju ihgbfZxl qlh bkke_^h\Zgb_ bgklblmlh\ ihklkh\_lkdhc Jhkkbb lhevdh gZqbgZ_lky OZjZdl_jbklbdb km[t_dlh\ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb BgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gby\i_j_oh^guci_jbh^ LZ[ebpZA– 1 <hafh`gu_baf_g_gby Bkoh^gh_ khklhygb_ ihablb\gu_ g_]Zlb\gu_ >hfhohayckl\Z Ex^b-mebldb Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ LbijZ[hlgbdZ JZ[hlgbdbgh\h]h aZ[hlysb_kylhevdhh \bglbdb – jZ[hlgbdZ bkihegbl_evgu_ b lbiZ–dj_Zlb\gh]hb kZfh\u`b\Zgbb [_abgbpbZlb\gu_ bgbpbZlb\gh]h :lhfbaZpby d Kha^Zgb_ Kihkh[ghklv d G_kihkh[ghklv h[s_kl\Z ]jZ`^Zgkdh]h kZfhhj]ZgbaZpbbkZfhhj]ZgbaZpbb Ljm^ dZd kj_^kl\h Ljm^ dZd h[s_kl\Z Ljm^h\h_ b h[u^_gguc h[jZa Ljm^ dZd kj_^kl\h \u`b\Zgby ih\_^_gb_ fZdkbfbaZpbb `bagb hlqm`^_gb_ kZfhj_ZebaZpbb ^hoh^Z mkbe_gb_ ebqghklb hlljm^Z hlqm`^_gbyhlljm^Z ij_h^he_gb_ Bg\_klbpbhggh_ Ihqlbhlkmlkl\m_l hlqm`^_gbyhlljm^Z KljZl_]by\u`b\Zgby ih\_^_gb_ KljZl_]byjZa\blby Nbjfu Nhjfbjh\Zgb_ Nhjfbjh\Zgb_d\ZabGZebqb_ nbjf Hlkmlkl\b_ e_]Zevguo nbjf kZfhklhyl_evguo nbjf l_kgh dZd k\yaZgguo k kZfhklhyl_evguo jZa\blb_ijhlhnbjf e_]Zevguonbjf \l_g_\hfk_dlhj_ \eZklgufb km[t_dlh\ J_\hexpby kljmdlmjZfb Km[t_dlb\baZpby <eZklv ghf_gdeZlmju f_g_^`_jh\ WdhghfbdZ jmdh\h^kl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo ^_fhdjZlbaZpby nbabq_kdbo ebp kh[kl\_gghklb wdhghfbdZ <aZbfhhlghr_gb [xjhdjZlh\ bgkZc^_jh\ y f_g_^`_jh\ b H[hx^gZy ebqgZy Hlghr_gby aZ\bkbfhklv khpbZevgh]h WdhghfbdZ gZ_fguo iZjlg_jkl\Z iZl_jgZebafZ k jZ[hlgbdh\ h^ghklhjhgg_c F_oZgbafh[f_gZ IeZgh\uc ebqghcaZ\bkbfhklvx >_g_`gu_ jZkq_lu WdhghfbdZ[Zjl_jZ >h\_jb_ d G_lj_[m_lky q_j_a[Zgdb iZjlg_jZf Ij_amfipby^h\_jby WdhghfbdZ Hlghr_gby Ij_^hl\jZs_gb_ g_^h\_jby dhgdmj_gpbb dhgdmj_gpbb JZa\blb_ WdhghfbdZ dhgdmj_gpbb heb]hihebb AZsblZ ijZ\ Hkms_kl\ey_lky ih^Z\e_gb_ kh[kl\_gghklb Fhghiheby dhgdmj_gpbb ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_ lhevdh djbfbgZevgufb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z c gZ WdhghfbdZ jwd_lZ Kf., gZijbf_j: Olson M. Why Is Economic Performance Even Worse After Communism Is Abandoned? Fairfax, Virginia, 1993; Ericson R. The Post Soviet Russian Economic System: An Industrial Feudalism? (January 1999) // http://www.hhs.se/site/ Publications/No140-web.pdf. 324 OZjZdl_jbklbdb km[t_dlh\ i_j_oh^ghc wdhghfbdb <hafh`gu_baf_g_gby Bkoh^gh_ khklhygb_ kljmdlmjZfb ihablb\gu_ g_]Zlb\gu_ ijZ\hhojZgbl_evgmx iexjZebklbq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv kbkl_fZ ijZ\hhojZgbl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb =hkm^Zjkl\h gZ Hlqm`^_gb_ Hlghr_gby k >bdlZl ]hkm^Zjkl\Z =hkm^Zjkl\h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z hl kem`[_h[s_kl\Z gZ^h[s_kl\hf h[s_kl\hf h[s_kl\Z FbgbfbaZpby JZkij_^_ebl_evgZ :dlb\gh_ i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ i_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evg =hkm^Zjkl\h y^_yl_evghklv \k_h[s_]h j_kmjkh\b^hoh^h\ uonmgdpbc i_j_jZkij_^_e_gby [he__ fZkrlZ[gh]h q_f\KKKJ FbgbfbaZpby Ijhba\h^bl_evgZ Fhghiheby =hkm^Zjkl\h ]hkm^Zjkl\Z gZ ijyfh]h y^_yl_evghklv lhlZevgh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h e_]Zevgmx \f_rZl_evkl\Z \ j_glhbkdZl_evkl\Z ohayckl\_ggmx bkihevah\Zgb_ wdhghfbdm ^_yl_evghklv ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Zj_glu <h-i_j\uoh[t_dlhfbamq_gbymqZklgbdh\ijh_dlZ<bjlmZevgZyFZkl_jkdZy[ueb\hkgh\ghfl_g^_gpbb-o ]] Ihke_^mxsb_ kh[ulby kfh]eb i_j_ehfblv b h[jZlblv \kiylv g_dhlhju_ d kh`Ze_gbx ebrv g_dhlhju_ g_]Zlb\gu_ l_g^_gpbbgZijbf_j[Zjl_jbaZpbxbwlbbaf_g_gby_s_ij_^klhblbamqblvbhkfukeblv<h-\lhjuo^eykdhevdh-gb[m^v dhjj_dlguo h[h[sZxsbo hp_ghd g_h[oh^bfu rbjhdhfZkrlZ[gu_ ihe_\u_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ lh \j_fy dZd fgh]b_ \u\h^u ^Zgghc dgb]b hibjZxlky gZ bkke_^h\Zgby lhq_qgh]h oZjZdl_jZ Jhkkbckdbf wdhghfbklZf _s_ ij_^klhbl kha^Zlv g_qlh ihoh`__ gZ kbkl_fm h[s_jhkkbckdh]h fhgblhjbg]Z bgklblmpbhgZevguo baf_g_gbc <-lj_lvbo <bjlmZevgZy FZkl_jkdZy hlgx^v g_ kqblZ_l ^Zggmx fhgh]jZnbx k\hbf hdhgqZl_evguf bgl_ee_dlmZevguf ijh^mdlhf <bjlmZevgu_ fZkl_jh\u_ gZf_j_gu ijh^he`Zlv bkke_^h\Zl_evkdmx jZ[hlm b gZrb qblZl_eb kfh]ml magZlv _s_ g_fZeh gh\h]h h[ bgklblmlZo ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb–l_i_jvm`_JhkkbbXXI\_dZ BlZdijh^he`_gb_ke_^m_l« Fu m\_j_gu qlh hl_q_kl\_ggu_ wdhghfbklu-bgklblmpbhgZebklu klhyl \ gZqZe_ keZ\guo ^_e XXI \_d ihdZ`_l qlh a_fey jhkkbckdZy fh`_l jh`^Zlv g_ lhevdh kh[kl\_gguo IeZlhgh\ b [ukljuo jZamfhf Gvxlhgh\ gh b <_[e_gh\ Dhmah\;_dd_jh\Ghjlh\;ulvfh`_lkj_^bgbo[m^_rvblugZrqblZl_ev" <k_o wdhghfbklh\ dh]h aZbgl_j_kh\Zeb b^_b gZr_c dhee_dlb\ghc fhgh]jZnbb dlh ohl_e [u \ukdZaZlv k\hb djblbq_kdb_aZf_qZgbybkZfh_]eZ\gh_ijbgylvmqZklb_\ijh^he`_gbbjZ[hlu<bjlmZevghcFZkl_jkdhcijhkylibkZlvih Z^j_kmetheory@mail.ruJmkl_fmFZofmlh\bqmGmj__\m H]eZ\e_gb_fhgh]jZnbb <\_^_gb_Wdhghfbq_kdb_km[t_dluihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbbklhjbybkh\j_f_gghklv Wr_ehgujZa\blbydZiblZebafZ 0.1.1 0.1.2 0.1.3 I_j\ucwr_ehgdhlhjuc^Z\ghmr_e <lhjhcwr_ehghldhlhjh]hfuhlklZeb GZihemklZghqd_Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghckbkl_fu 0.2.1 0.2.2 0.2.3 >hfhohayckl\Zg_jughqgh_ijbkihkh[e_gb_djugdm NbjfZwdhghfbdZnbabq_kdboebpiZl_jgZebafZ[Zjl_jZbjwd_lZ =hkm^Zjkl\hbklhjbq_kdb_km^v[u\eZklb-kh[kl\_gghklb Wdhghfbq_kdb_km[t_dluihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbgh\u_ijZ\beZb]ju ?klveb\uoh^babgklblmpbhgZevghceh\mrdb" Q:KLV>HFHOHAYCKL<:KH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB =eZ\Z BGKLBLMPBHG:EVGUC:G:EBAIH<?>?GBY>HFHOHAYCKL< H;S:YO:J:DL?JBKLBD: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 >hfhohayckl\h\jughqghcwdhghfbd_\a]ey^g_hdeZkkbdh\ >hfhohayckl\h\jughqghcwdhghfbd_\a]ey^bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ <hafh`ghklbbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hZgZebaZ^hfhohayckl\\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_ >hfhohayckl\Z\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_gZjugdZoljm^Zihlj_[bl_evkdbo[eZ]bnbgZgkh\bgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ =eZ\Z HKH;?GGHKLBJHKKBCKDHCWDHGHFBQ?KDHCF?GL:EVGHKLB 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 GZpbhgZevgZywdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklvdZdbgklblml 2.1.1 2.1.2 Kh^_j`Zgb_bkljmdlmjZgZpbhgZevghcwdhghfbq_kdhcf_glZevghklb W\hexpbywlgheh]bq_kdbo\haaj_gbc\Jhkkbbb\h\k_ffbj_ 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 Fh[bebaZpbhggh-dhffmgZevgZyijhba\h^kl\_ggZykj_^Z]^_dZie_cev_rvkykfZkkZfb IjZ\hkeZ\gZyohayckl\_ggZywlbdZ«dhlhjhc\k__s_g_l Kbevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\hb^h]hgyxsZyfh^_jgbaZpby +RPRVRYHWLFXVbnZdlhju_]hnhjfbjh\Zgby Ijhreh_lhedm_lgZk 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 >eyq_]hgZ^hbaf_jylv^mrmJhkkbb" JughqgZyij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvjhkkbckdhcdmevlmju Jhkkbyf_`^mdhee_dlb\bafhfbbg^b\b^mZebafhf Jhkkbyf_`^mk\h[h^hcbZ\lhjblZjbafhf Jhkkbyf_`^mklZ[bevghklvxbjbkdhf 2.4.1 2.4.2 Lbiheh]bygZpbhgZevguofh^_e_cwdhghfbdbdZdijh_dpbylbiheh]bbohayckl\_gguodmevlmj ImlvJhkkbb–imlvgZ<hklhd" NZdlhjuknhjfbjh\Z\rb_jhkkbckdmxwdhghfbq_kdmxf_glZevghklv Khpbhf_ljbq_kdZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZwdhghfbq_kdhcf_glZevghklbjhkkbyg Jhkkby–?\jZabybeb:abhiZ" =eZ\Z BG>B<B>UB>HFHOHAYCKL<:<GH<HFBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGHFIJHKLJ:GKL<? G?JUGHQGH?IJBKIHKH;E?GB?DJUGDM 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hkgh\gu_q_jlukh\j_f_ggh]hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hijhkljZgkl\Zgh\u_\hafh`ghklbbgh\u_h]jZgbq_gby L_hjbyljZgknhjfZpbhggh]hijhp_kkZhf_kl_km[t_dlh\fbdjhmjh\gy\bgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbyo Kh\j_f_ggucZ^ZilZpbhggucijhp_kkbijh[e_fubgklblmpbhgZebaZpbbgh\uoijZ\bijZ\beb]ju 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 Lbiheh]byfbdjhkm[t_dlh\\aZ\bkbfhklbhlmjh\gybj_amevlZlb\ghklbZ^ZilZpbb >hfhohayckl\hbbg^b\b^\u[hj_^bgbpuZgZebaZ FZkkh\u_Z^ZilZpbhggu_kljZl_]bbbijh[e_fubgklblmpbhgZebaZpbbgh\uoijZ\bijZ\beb]ju Kh\j_f_ggucZ^ZilZpbhggucijhp_kkbi_jki_dlb\ubgklblmpbhgZevguoi_j_f_g =eZ\Z IH<?>?GB?>HFHOHAYCKL<G:JUGD?LJM>: 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 ?^bgbpuZgZebaZljm^h\h]hih\_^_gby^hfhohayckl\ Hkh[_gghklbljm^h\h]hih\_^_gbygZ_fguojZ[hlgbdh\ 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 IhklZgh\dZijh[e_fu JZaebqby\kljmdlmjZo^hfhohayckl\ F_klhjZ[hlu\kbkl_f_`bag_gguop_gghkl_cbfhlb\Zpby\u[hjZij_^ijbylby G_nhjfZevgu_h]jZgbqbl_ebfZdkbfbaZpbhgguohjb_glZpbcjZ[hlgbdh\ 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 FZjrjmluih\_^_gby[_ajZ[hlguo Kihkh[uijh_dlbjh\Zgby[_ajZ[hlgufbk\h_c`bag_gghckblmZpbb Kihkh[uij_h^he_gbyljm^ghkl_c\ua\Zgguo[_ajZ[hlbp_c ;_ajZ[hlgu_qe_gu^hfhohayckl\\ihbkdZogh\hcaZgylhklb Fh^_ebih\_^_gby^hfhohayckl\gZjhkkbckdhfjugd_ljm^Z =eZ\Z IHLJ?;E?GB?BK;?J?@?GBY>HFHOHAYCKL<F?@>MIJ?KLB@GUFIHLJ?;E?GB?F GH<UOJMKKDBOB:KD?LBAFHFGH<UO;?>GUO 5.1 5.2 >hfhohayckl\ZdZdbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ij_^ijbgbfZl_ebkljmdlmjZ\g_rgb_\hafh`ghklbbh]jZgbqbl_eb 5.1.1 5.1.2 KljmdlmjZ^hfhohayckl\ <g_rgb_\hafh`ghklbbh]jZgbqbl_eb 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 >h[u\Zgb_[_]kl\hbaahguwdhghfbq_kdhcg_klZ[bevghklb JZkoh^h\Zgb_ihlj_[e_gb_ KhojZg_gb_gZdhie_gb_ <u`b\Zgb_YHUVXVjZa\blb_ BgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gby\mijZ\e_gbbj_kmjkZfb =eZ\Z IJH;E?FUNHJFBJH<:GBYKJ?>G?=HDE:KK:<JHKKBB 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kj_^gbcdeZkkJhkkbbf_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ih^oh^udbkke_^h\Zgbx J_kmjkujhkkbckdh]hkj_^g_]hdeZkkZ G_dhlhju_oZjZdl_jbklbdbkhpbZevguokljZl_]bckhpbZevgh-ijhn_kkbhgZevguo]jmiiihl_gpbZevgh]hkj_^g_]hdeZkkZ Dj_Zlb\gh-ghjfZlb\gucihl_gpbZebi_jki_dlb\ukj_^g_]hdeZkkZ\Jhkkbb Q:KLVNBJFUKH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB =eZ\Z BGKLBLMPBHG:EVGUC:G:EBANBJFUH;S:YO:J:DL?JBKLBD: G_hdeZkkbq_kdZyljZdlh\dZnbjfunbjfZdZdq_jgucysbd DhgljZdlgZyijbjh^Znbjfugh\ucbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dlbiheh]bbnbjf 7.1 7.2 7.3 =eZ\Z =?G?ABKJHKKBCKDHCNBJFU<IHKLKH<?LKDHFBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGHFIJHKLJ:GKL<? :[khexlgu_bhlghkbl_evgu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb BgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^ZdhlhjZynhjfbjm_lnbjfu 8.1 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 KjZ\gbl_evgZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^unbjfu\kh\_lkdhcbihklkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_ <ebygb_bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ugZdhgljZdlgu_kh]eZr_gbykh\_lkdZywdhghfbdZ <ebygb_bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ugZdhgljZdlgu_kh]eZr_gbyihklkh\_lkdZywdhghfbdZ 8.3.1 8.3.2 Eh]bdZbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbcbgklblmpbhgZevgu_ljZgkZdpbb NbjfZdZdkm[t_dlbgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc Nbjfudhlhju_nhjfbjmxlbgklblmpbhgZevgmxkj_^m 8.3 =eZ\Z HLDM>:IHR?EJHKKBCKDBC;BAG?KBEBD:D<HAGBDE:WDHGHFBD:NBABQ?KDBO EBP ;bag_k\kh\_lkdhcohayckl\_gghckbkl_f_ Nhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguobgklblmlh\\kh\_lkdhcl_g_\hcwdhghfbd_ 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 I_kkbfbklbq_kdb_dhgp_ipbbl_g_\uojugdh\\KKKJ Hilbfbklbq_kdb_dhgp_ipbbl_g_\uojugdh\\KKKJ >\hcghc^mZebafkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbdb Jhevkh\_lkdbol_g_\uobgklblmlh\\ihklkh\_lkdbci_jbh^ 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 I_j\uc[ebg–dhfhfj_nhjfZ] <lhjZyihiuldZj_nhjfj_nhjfZ] I_j\u_j_amevlZluj_nhjfZ] J_ZgbfZpbye_]Zevgh]h[bag_kZj_nhjfu–]] Ihke_^gbcdeZiZgj_nhjfu] AZ\_jr_gb_\hajh`^_gbye_]Zevgh]h[bag_kZj_nhjfu] Ijb\ZlbaZpby–]]b__blh]b Nhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguobgklblmlh\\kh\_lkdhce_]Zevghcwdhghfbd_ 9.3 =eZ\Z BAF?G?GBYKIJHK:G:IJ:<:KH;KL<?GGHKLBG?HBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGUC:G:EBA IJB<:LBA:PBB 10.1 10.2 Ihq_fm\hagbdZ_lkijhkgZbaf_g_gbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb" KijhkgZjZafulu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb-1998) 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 KijhkgZjZafulu_ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_-1991) BgklblmpbhgZevgucrhdb_]hihke_^kl\by-1998) KijhkgZki_pbnbdZpbxbaZsblmijZ\qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb-2003) =eZ\Z IJ?>IJBGBF:L?EBBG:?FGU?J:;HLGBDBDHGNEBDLUBDHGK?GKMKU< IHKLKH<?LKDHCNBJF? 11.1 Fhlb\Zpbyljm^ZgZ_fguojZ[hlgbdh\ 11.1.1 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.1.4 11.1.5 11.1.6 11.2 Hkh[_gghklbgZpbhgZevghcaZjZ[hlghcieZlu 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.3 Dhgnebdlubdhgk_gkmku NZdlhjumkbe_gbyiZl_jgZebafZbij_^ihkuedbjZa\blbyiZjlg_jkl\Z\ljm^h\uohlghr_gbyo Ihklkh\_lkdb_ijhnkhxaudZdbgklblmlljm^h\h]hihkj_^gbq_kl\Z 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.4.4 11.4.5 11.4.6 11.4.7 11.5 AZjZ[hlgZyieZlZ\JhkkbbnhjfZevgZyp_gZjZ[hq_ckbeubebg_nhjfZevgh_khpbZevgh_ihkh[b_\Jhkkbb" Hkgh\gZyp_evj_nhjfbjh\ZgbyhieZluljm^Z IZl_jgZebklkdbckhxagZ_fguojZ[hlgbdh\bij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.4 KljmdlmjZboZjZdl_jhkgh\guoijh[e_fbfhlb\h\ljm^ZjZ[hqbo Hkgh\gu_ih^oh^udbkke_^h\Zgbxfhlb\Zpbb Lbiufhlb\Zpbb KbeZfhlb\Zpbb Qlhfh`_l[ulvemqr_ohjhr_caZjieZlu" Ij_h^he_gebdjbabk\fhlb\Zpbbljm^Z" Ijhnkhxau–rdheZdhffmgbafZbebdZiblZebafZ" IjhnkhxagZybg\_jkby J_kmjkuljm^h\h]hihkj_^gbq_kl\ZbbojZkij_^_e_gb_ Lbiuijhnkhxaguohj]ZgbaZpbcgZkh\j_f_gguojhkkbckdboij_^ijbylbyoijhnkhxauohjhrb_bjZagu_ IjhnkhxadZdkhpbZevguchl^_egZ^hihfhqvZ^fbgbkljZpbb DZdmfbjZxlijhnkhxau\k_ihkl_i_gghmljykehkv Ihklkh\_lkdb_ijhnkhxaugh\u_bgklblmpbhgZevgu_jZfdb Kdjulu_klhjhgukdjulhc[_ajZ[hlbpukhpbZevgucZfhjlbaZlhjbebwdhghfbq_kdbclhjfha" 11.5.1 11.5.2 KdjulZy[_ajZ[hlbpZ\JhkkbbgZke_^b_bebijbh[j_l_gb_" KdjulZy[_ajZ[hlbpZdZdkhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdZyijh[e_fZ =eZ\Z WDHGHFBD:;:JL?J:<JHKKBBHLQ:KLGH=HY<E?GBYDH;S?KL<?GGHFMBGKLBLMLM 12.1 Khhlghr_gb_f_`^m^_g_`ghcb[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdhcbgklblmpbhgZebklubihkld_cgkbZgpuijhlb\g_hdeZkkbdh\ 12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.1.4 12.1.5 12.2 JhkkbckdZyi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZdZd[Zjl_jgh_ohayckl\h Khhlghr_gb_f_`^m[Zjl_jghcb^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdZfbg_hdeZkkbq_kdbcih^oh^ Ihkld_cgkbZgkdZyl_hjby^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdb Ihkld_cgkbZgkdbcih^oh^dZgZebam[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdbb[Zjl_jbaZpbbohayckl\Z Ihq_fmjhkkbckdZyi_j_oh^gZywdhghfbdZklZeZ[Zjl_jgufohayckl\hf" ;Zjl_jdZdnhjfZkms_kl\h\Zgbyg_wnn_dlb\guoij_^ijbylbc 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.2.5 12.2.6 Kh\_lkdb_dhjgbkh\j_f_gghcjhkkbckdhc[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdb Jhkkbckdb_wdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmlu–m]h^eb\uckem]Zg_jZ^b\h]hohaybgZ" ;Zjl_jbg_ieZl_`bjhev_kl_kl\_gguofhghihebc ;Zjl_jdZdkj_^kl\h^bkdjbfbgZpbbwnn_dlb\gh]hbg_wnn_dlb\gh]hijhba\h^bl_ey ;Zjl_jdZdijhy\e_gb_k_jhcwdhghfbdb ;Zjl_jb\hkijhba\h^kl\hg_wnn_dlb\ghckljmdlmjuwdhghfbdb 12.2.7 12.3 Dhfm\u]h^_g[Zjl_j? Ihbkdiml_cij_h^he_gby[Zjl_jbaZpbb 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.3 12.3.4 >_nbpbl^_g_`guokj_^kl\bf_lh^u[hjv[ukgbf <ihbkdZo^_g_`gh]hbklhqgbdZ (case-study) ;Zjl_jgu_hlghr_gbybwnn_dlb\ghklvmijZ\e_gq_kdboj_r_gbcwdki_jbf_glZevgu_jZkq_lu I_jki_dlb\ujZa\blby[Zjl_jghcwdhghfbdb =eZ\Z IJ:<HKBEU<F?KLHKBEUIJ:<:BEBWDHGHFBD:JWD?L: 13.1 M]jhaZijZ\Zfkh[kl\_gghklb\e_]Zevghf[bag_k_]jZ[ysb_jmdb\f_klhg_\b^bfhcjmdb 13.1.1 13.1.2 13.2 Ij_iylkl\by^eye_]ZevghcaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb 13.2.1 13.2.2 13.2.3 13.2.4 13.2.5 13.3 ;Zg^bldZdaZsblgbdijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb AZsblZ[bag_kf_gh\–^_ehjmdkZfbo[bag_kf_gh\ E_]Zevgu_kljZ`bihjy^dZ\jhebg_e_]ZevguoaZsblgbdh\ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb <u[hjij_^ijbgbfZl_e_fhilbfZevgh]hbgklblmlZaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb Hj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklv–]hkm^Zjkl\h\]hkm^Zjkl\_" 13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4 13.5.5 13.6 G_]Zlb\gucbfb^`jhkkbckdh]h[bag_kZ DjbfbgZevghklvjhkkbckdh]h[bag_kZ Jhevwdhghfbq_kdhcdmevlmju\jZa\blbbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z Wlbq_kdZyhp_gdZij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbq_kdhcdmevlmj_ DjbfbgZevghklv[bag_kZdZdke_^kl\b_dmevlmjheh]bq_kdh]hkl_j_hlbiZ G_e_]ZevgZyaZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.4 13.5 JmdbmijZ\eyxsb_jugdhf QvbjmdbrZjyl\dZjfZg_ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey" Ij_klmigZyhj]ZgbaZpbydZdnbjfZ Ij_klmigh_khh[s_kl\hdZdl_g_\h_ijZ\bl_evkl\h Ij_klmigZyhj]ZgbaZpbydZdh[sbgZ Wdhghfbq_kdZyw\hexpbyhj]Zgbah\Zgghcij_klmighklb Q_fhj]Zgbah\Zgg__ij_klmighklvl_femqr_^eyh[s_kl\Z <ae_lbiZ^_gb_m]heh\gh]hjwd_lZ 13.6.1 13.6.2 Hj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklv\KKKJ\hju\aZdhg_dZddjbfbgZevgh_ijZ\bl_evkl\h I_j_kljhcdZ\h[s_kl\_–i_j_kljhcdZ\fZnbbhldjbfbgZevgh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Z–dk_lbdjbfbgZevguonbjf Q:KLV=HKM>:JKL<H<KH<J?F?GGHCJHKKBB =eZ\ZHKGH<UBGKLBLMPBHG:EVGH=HIH>OH>:D:G:EBAMJHEB=HKM>:JKL<: 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 :gZebabgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^udZdhlijZ\ghcimgdlbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Zdbamq_gbxjheb]hkm^Zjkl\Z Kmsghklvbhkgh\gu_nmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\Z\jughqghcwdhghfbd_klhqdbaj_gbybgklblmpbhgZevgh]hih^oh^Z =hkm^Zjkl\h\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_dZd]_g_jZlhjbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u Ijh[e_fZbgklblmpbhgZevghcg_Z^_d\Zlghklbjhkkbckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z =eZ\ZJ?<HEXPBYK<?JOMB?,IHKE?>KL<BY 15.1 15.2 15.3 BgklblmludhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcwdhghfbdb Fh^_jgbaZpbykbkl_fu\jZfdZoklZjhckljmdlmju J_nhjfbjh\Zgb_j_nhjfdhgljj_\hexpbyk\_jom" 15.3.1 15.3.2 15.4 15.5 G_h[oh^bfhklvjZ^bdZebaZpbbj_nhjf IheblbdZnbgZgkh\hcklZ[bebaZpbb J_amevlZlubgklblmpbhgZevguobaf_g_gbc\Jhkkbb-o]h^h\ Dgh\hcl_hjbbj_nhjf 15.5.1 15.5.2 IhiuldZj_ZebaZpbb<Zrbg]lhgkdh]hdhgk_gkmkZ BgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^dl_hjbbj_nhjf =eZ\ZG:A:>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLBBEB<I?J?>DQ:KLGHCKH;KL<?GGHKLB" 16.1 16.2 HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvdZdwdhghfbq_kdbcbgklblml HklZlhqgZy]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykh[kl\_gghklvijh[e_fuwnn_dlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gby 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.2.3 16.2.4 16.3 16.4 Wdhghfbq_kdZyijbjh^Zbnmgdpbb]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb KljmdlmjbaZpbyh[t_dlh\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklb MijZ\ey_fhklvh[t_dlh\]hkkh[kl\_gghklb Ihbkdwnn_dlb\guof_oZgbafh\mijZ\e_gby]hkm^Zjkl\_gghckh[kl\_gghklvx GZaZ^dqZklgh-]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcghf_gdeZlmjghckh[kl\_gghklb" <i_j_^dqZklghckh[kl\_gghklb" =eZ\Z=HKM>:JKL<H<K?H;S?=HI?J?J:KIJ?>?E?GBY 17.1 =hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_hljZke_\h_j_]mebjh\Zgb_\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb 17.1.1 17.1.2 17.1.3 17.1.4 17.1.5 17.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgu_eh\mrdbgZimlbklZgh\e_gby[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ 17.2.1 17.2.2 17.2.3 17.2.4 17.3 Ijbqbguj_]mebjh\Zgby J_]mebjh\Zgb_gZjmr_gb_ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbebki_pbnbq_kdbcdhgljZdl" Kihkh[uZ^ZilZpbbj_]mebjm_fuonbjf Hkh[_gghklbj_]mebjh\Zgby\Jhkkbb DZdhlj_]mebjh\Zlvkbkl_fmj_]mebjh\Zgby L_hj_lbq_kdb_hkgh\u[x^`_lgh]hn_^_jZebafZ Fh^bnbdZpbylbih\kh]eZr_gbc\kn_j_[x^`_lgh]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gby Ijhy\e_gbyhiihjlmgbafZ\kn_j_f_`[x^`_lguohlghr_gbcdZdklbfmebgklblmpbhgZevgh]hjZa\blby ;x^`_lgucn_^_jZebafijh[e_fubijhlb\hj_qby Hl]hkm^Zjkl\Z\k_h[s_]hi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbydkhpbZevghfm]hkm^Zjkl\m 17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.3.4 Nmgdpbbbf_oZgbafukhpbZevghciheblbdb]hkm^Zjkl\Z Kf_gZiZjZ^b]fukhpbZevghciheblbdb–hliZl_jgZebafZdeb[_jZebafm LjZgknhjfZpbykm[t_dlh\khpbZevgh]hmijZ\e_gby ;m^ms__JhkkbbkhpbZevgh_]hkm^Zjkl\hbeb" =eZ\ZWE?DLHJ:EVGUCPBDEIHBKDIHEBLBQ?KDHCJ?GLU" 18.1 18.2 18.3 J_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_g_hbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ L_hjbyiheblbq_kdbo^_eh\uopbdeh\ Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ 18.3.1 18.3.2 Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ[_amq_lZljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d Fh^_evwe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZkmq_lhfljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d 18.4 IhbkdhilbfZevgh]hiheblbq_kdh]h^_eh\h]hpbdeZ 18.4.1 18.4.2 18.4.3 F_oZgbafnhjfbjh\Zgbywe_dlhjZevgh]hpbdeZ HilbfZevguciheblbq_kdbc^_eh\hcpbde G_^hklh\_jghklvm]jhaubfibqf_glZ =eZ\ZJHKLDBGH<UONMGDPBC=HKM>:JKL<: 19.1 AZsblZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbe_]dheb[ulvbg\_klhjhf" 19.1.1 19.1.2 19.1.3 19.1.4 19.1.5 19.2 Nhjfbjh\Zgb_dhgdmj_glghckj_^u\Jhkkbb 19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.3 19.2.4 19.3 Fhgblhjbg]\uiheg_gbydhgljZdlh\ :kbff_ljbqghklvbgnhjfZpbbbaZljZlugZ__ij_h^he_gb_ GZjmr_gbydhgljZdlh\ LjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db^hklb`_gbykh]eZr_gbc GZijZ\e_gb_kh\_jr_gkl\h\ZgbyaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb L_hj_lbq_kdb_ih^oh^udZgZebamdhgdmj_gpbb IheblbdZ]hkm^Zjkl\Zihih^^_j`d_dhgdmj_gpbbdZdbgklblmpbhgZevgh_ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ Mkeh\bynhjfbjh\Zgbydhgdmj_glghckj_^u\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbb JZa\blb_dhgdmj_gpbbbbgnjZkljmdlmjZ Ihiuldbklbfmebjh\Zgbywdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZ 19.3.1 19.3.2 19.3.3 Bg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZbwdhghfbq_kdbcjhkl JZa\blb_bbebjhklbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju Bggh\ZpbhggZyiheblbdZ A:DEXQ?GB?. Dm^Z`gZfieulv" 1. 2. 3. Mqblvkymqblvkybmqblvky«dZiblZebafm KbeZbkeZ[hklvjhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZgZimlbdgZpbhgZevghcrdhe_ Dhg_pbkgh\ZgZqZeh K<?>?GBYH;:<LHJ:O :e_dk__\:e_dk_c<_gbZfbgh\bq, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd BgklblmlwdhghfbdbbHj]ZgbaZpbbIjhfure_ggh]hIjhba\h^kl\ZKHJ:G, klZjrbcgZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: bgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhjujhklZbg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZ^he]hkjhqgu_l_g^_gpbbjhkkbckdh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZijh[e_fuijhfure_ggh]hjZa\blbymijZ\e_gb_ij_^ijbylb_f E-mail: avale@mail.ru ;ZeZ[Zgh\Z?\]_gbyK_j]__\gZ, dZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd Gb`_]hjh^kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lbfGBEh[Zq_\kdh]hnZdmevl_lkhpbZevguogZmd^hp_gldZn_^juh[s_ckhpbheh]bbb khpbZevghcjZ[hlu H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: wdhghfbq_kdZykhpbheh]bykhpbZevgZyiheblbdZ]_g^_jgZykhpbheh]by E-mail: balhome@unn.ac.ru =_jph]B]hjvN_^hjh\bqdZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Gh\hkb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lDZn_^jZl_hj_lbq_kdhcwdhghfbdb ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: bgklblmpbhgZevgu_j_nhjfukljZl_]bq_kdh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_bmijZ\e_gb_dhfiZgbyfbwdhghfbdZijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z E-mail: Igerts@vahoo.com >_f_glv_\:g^j_c<bdlhjh\bq =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l-<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdb, ij_ih^Z\Zl_evdZn_^jufZdjhwdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: l_hjbyj_nhjfbgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbdZ E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; dementan@hotmail.com >_fbg:g^j_cGbdheZ_\bq, dZg^b^Zlikboheh]bq_kdbogZmd Dm[Zgkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l^hp_gldZn_^juikboheh]bb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: khpbheh]bybikboheh]byaZgylhklbZ^ZilZpbyq_eh\_dZdkhpbZevgufbaf_g_gbyf E-mail: demin@manag.kubsu.ru >hg^hdh\Ahjbdlh;Zlh->m]Zjh\bq^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd <hklhqgh-Kb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucl_ogheh]bq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l, ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ijh[e_fuwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbf_`[x^`_lgu_hlghr_gbyfh^_ebjh\Zgb_wdhghfbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\j_]bhgZevgZywdhghfbdZ E-mail: dondokov@buryatia.ru >hg^hdh\ZBjbgZ<bdlhjh\gZdZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd <hklhqgh-Kb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucl_ogheh]bq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_lbh^hp_glZdZn_^ju³F_g_^`f_glbfZjd_lbg]´ H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\mijZ\e_gb_khpbZevgufbijhp_kkZfbgZjugd_ljm^Zijh[e_fukhpbZevghcZ^ZilZpbbgZk_e_gbyj_]bhgZevgu_ Zki_dlukhpbZevghciheblbdb E-mail: dondokov@buryatia.ru ?jfbrbgZ:ggZ<_gbZfbgh\gZdZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Jhklh\kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lwdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_ldZn_^jZwdhghfbdbbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\ZklZjrbcij_ih^Z\Zl_ev E-mail: ann-ermishina@mail.ru DjZ\q_gdhGZlZeby:e_dkZg^jh\gZ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Bgklblmlwdhghfbdbbhj]ZgbaZpbbijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\ZKHJ:G, klZjrbcgZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: fh^_ebih\_^_gbykm[t_dlh\jugdZnhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguobgklblmlh\\bg\_klbpbhgghckn_j_nmgdpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_ E-mail: nkrav@ieie.nsc.ru EZlh\Xjbc<Ze_jv_\bq, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd LmevkdbcnbebZeFhkdh\kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ, ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: l_hjbywdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fwdhghfbq_kdZybklhjbybklhjbywdhghfbq_kdbomq_gbcwdhghfbdZijZ\ZwdhghfbdZ ij_klmighklbg_nhjfZevgZywdhghfbdZwdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklv E-mail: latov@mail.ru EZlh\ZGZlZeby<Ze_jv_\gZ Bgklblmlkhpbheh]bbJ:GP_gljdhgnebdlheh]bbJ:GgZmqguckhljm^gbdZkibjZgl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\:wlghkhpbheh]bywlghikboheh]bywdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklvf_`wlgbq_kdb_dhgnebdlu E-mail: natali73@online.ru beb natali8355@mtu-net.ru FZedbgZFZjbgZXjv_\gZ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Gb`_]hjh^kdbcbgklblmlf_g_^`f_glZb[bag_kZ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: wdhghfbq_kdZyiheblbdZi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^ZfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZyklZ[bebaZpbynbgZgkh\ZyklZ[bebaZpby nbgZgkh\u_jugdb E-mail: mmalkina@osi.nnov.ru Fbey_\ZEZjbkZ=jb]hjv_\gZ, ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd ;bckdbcl_ogheh]bq_kdbcbgklblml:elZckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hl_ogbq_kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZDZn_^jZWdhghfbdZij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z, ijhn_kkhj H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: aZgylhklvbjughdljm^ZkhpbZevgh_iZjlg_jkl\hdhg\_jkbyb^b\_jkbnbdZpby E-mail: wc@bti.secna.ru Gmj__\Jmkl_fFZofmlh\bq^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmdijhn_kkhjaZkem`_ggucjZ[hlgbd<ukr_crdheuJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l–<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdbaZ\_^mxsbcdZn_^jhcbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb H[eZklv gZmqguo bgl_j_kh\ ijbdeZ^gZy fbdjhwdhghfbdZ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ hkgh\u kh\j_f_ggh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ \ Jhkkbb l_hjby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklbbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_wdhghfbdZjZa\blbykjZ\gbl_evgucZgZebawdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; nureev@hse.ru I_ljh\ZEZjbkZ?\]_gv_\gZ, dZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd MjZevkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_gguci_^Z]h]bq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l, ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: kh\eZ^Zgb_k`bag_ggufbljm^ghklyfbKhpbZevgh_kZfhqm\kl\b_ijhnkhxagh_^\b`_gb_klZju_bgh\u_ ijhnkhxauf_lh^heh]bybf_lh^bdZkhpbheh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\ZgbckhpbZevgZyZ^ZilZpby E-mail: Lara@mail.utnet.ru Ihih\ZBjbgZI_ljh\gZ, dZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd J_^Zdpby`mjgZeZKhpbheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgby, gZmqgucj_^Zdlhj H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: khpbheh]bykhpbZevghckljmdlmjudhgp_ipbyfZj]bgZevghklb E-mail: socis@isras.rssi.ru JhafZbgkdbcB\Zg<Z^bfh\bq, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd KZgdl-I_l_j[mj]kdbcnbebZe=hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ-<ukr_crdheuwdhghfbdb, klZjrbcij_ih^Z\Zl_evdZn_^juwdhghfbdb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: fZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZy^bgZfbdZwdhghfbdZi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^Zbgklblmlubjugdb E-mail: irozmain@mail.ru Jmgh\:glhg;hjbkh\bq =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l-<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdb, klZjrbcij_ih^Z\Zl_evdZn_^jubgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: bgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbdZl_hjbyhj]ZgbaZpbbl_hjbynbjfu E-mail: runov26@mail.ru L_fgbpdbc:e_dkZg^jEZaZj_\bq, dZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd Bgklblmlkhpbheh]bbJ:G, gZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: ljm^h\u_hlghr_gbygZij_^ijbylbyo E-mail: wad@sosio.msk.su Q_j_fbkbgZLZlvygZI_ljh\gZ, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Bgklblmlwdhghfbdbbhj]ZgbaZpbbijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\ZKHJ:G, klZjrbcgZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: kljmdlmjZdhjihjZlb\ghckh[kl\_gghklbfh^_ebdhjihjZlb\gh]hmijZ\e_gbydhjihjZlb\gZydmevlmjZ^h\_jb_dZd nZdlhjdhjihjZlb\ghcdmevlmjubmijZ\e_gby E-mail: cherem@ieie.nsc.ru RZ[Zgh\ZFZjbgZ:g^jbZgh\gZ, ^hdlhjkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l-<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdbijhn_kkhjaZf_klbl_evaZ\_^mxs_]hdZn_^jhckhpbZevgh-wdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fb khpbZevghciheblbdb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: wdhghfbq_kdZykhpbheh]byh[sZykhpbheh]bykhpbheh]byk\h[h^ukh\j_f_ggucljZgknhjfZpbhggucijhp_kk\ Jhkkbb\dhgl_dkl_k\h[h^ukhpbZevgZyZ^ZilZpbybbgklblmpbhgZebaZpbygh\uoijZ\ Rmev]bgK_j]_c=_hj]b_\bq =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l-<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdbZkibjZgldZn_^jubgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\l_hjbyihbkdZiheblbq_kdhcj_glu E-mail: etheory@hse.ru