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JZkkfhljbfhkgh\gu_kh\j_f_ggu_ih^oh^udZgZebamwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbch^ghcba dhlhjuoy\ey_lkynbjfZ5. <k_kms_kl\mxsb_wdhghfbq_kdb_l_hjbbkba\_klghc^he_cmkeh\ghklbfh`gh\ke_^aZH MbevyfkhghfjZa^_eblvgZ^\_[hevrb_]jmiiul_ogheh]bq_kdb_bhj]ZgbaZpbhggu_I_j\mx khklZ\eyxll_dhlhju_ih^oh^yldl_hjbbnbjfdZdddhgdj_lbaZpbbl_hjbbijhba\h^kl\Zb jZkkfZljb\Zxlnbjfmq_j_aijbafmijhba\h^kl\_gguonmgdpbcO-wnn_dlb\ghklbb^jm]bo ijhba\h^kl\_gguo\aZbfhk\ya_c<lhjZy]jmiiZl_hjbcjZkkfZljb\Z_lnbjfmij_`^_\k_]hdZdk_lv dhgljZdlh\dZdhj]ZgbaZpbxdZdbgklblmlkfjbk BgklblmpbhgZevgZyiZjZ^b]fZfh`_l[ulv\k\hxhq_j_^vjZa[blZgZ^\Zhkgh\guol_q_gby I_j\h_ZgZebabjm_lhj]ZgbaZpbbba\g_q_j_abgklblmpbhgZevgmxkj_^ml_bkke_^m_lkhpbZevgu_xjb^bq_kdb_ biheblbq_kdb_ijZ\beZb]ju[_adhlhjuog_\hafh`ghihgylvhkh[_gghklbnmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbybjZa\blbywdhghfbq_kdbo hj]ZgbaZpbc bo jhev \ ijhba\h^kl\_ jZkij_^_e_gbb h[f_g_ b ihlj_[e_gbb lh\Zjh\bmkem]<jZfdZowlh]hgZijZ\e_gby l_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbamqZ_lbgklblmpbhgZevgmxkj_^m^_yl_evghklbwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbc\qZklghfk_dlhj_ wdhghfbdb Z l_hjby h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ — bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m ^_yl_evghklb bg^b\b^h\ b hj]ZgbaZpbb \ h[s_kl\_gghf k_dlhj_ lZdhc ih^oh^ _kl_kl\_ggh y\ey_lky mijhs_gb_f dhgp_gljbjmxsbf \gbfZgb_ gZ ]eZ\ghf gZijZ\e_gbbbkke_^h\ZgbcmdZaZgguol_hjbc Dhma J Ijbjh^Z nbjfu < dg Dhma J NbjfZ jughd b ijZ\h F =e K We_dljhggZy \_jkby dgb]b \ k_lb http://www.libertarium.ru/libertarium/l_lib_firm0. 2 KfFZjdk DDZiblZeL=e—FZjdkDWg]_evkNKhq-_ba^L. 23. 3 KfKnight F. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. L., 1993. 4 Kf Dhma J MdZa khq Mbevyfkhg H Wdhghfbq_kdb_ bgklblmlu dZiblZebafZ Nbjfu jugdb hlghr_gq_kdZy dhgljZdlZpby KI[ 1996. 5 Ih^jh[g__ kf.: Williamson H. ?. Comorarison of Alternative Approaches to Economic Organization // Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. Vol 1 L_hjby ijZ\ L_hjby kh[kl\_gghkl h[s_kl\_ggh]h b \u[hjZ Public Choice Theory Property Rights (J. Buchanan, Theory (R. Coase, G. Tullok) R. Posner) H[s_kl\_ggZy QZklbqgZy BgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Z ijZ\beZb]ju G_hdeZkkbq_kdZ yl_hjby L_hjby Z]_glh\ Agency Theory (J. Stiglitz) L_hjby ljZgkZdpbhgghc wdhghfbdb Transaction Cost Theory (O. Williamson) Ij_^\Zjbl_evgu_ (ex ante) J_Zebah\Zggu_ (ex post) Kh]eZr_gby hj]ZgbaZpbb Ijhqb_ l_hjbb G_dhglZdlgZy l_ogheh]bq_kd ZyibjZfb^Z DhgljZdlgZy bgklblmpbhgZevgZy ibjZfb^Z (J. Commons) JbkHkgh\gu_ih^oh^udZgZebamwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbc^_j_\hbgklblmpbhgZebafZ <lhjh_ gZijZ\e_gb_ bgklblmpbhgZebafZ bkke_^m_l hj]ZgbaZpbb ij_`^_ \k_]h bagmljb l _ q_j_a kbkl_fm kh]eZr_gbc dhgljZdlh\ L_hjby Z]_glh\ ijbgpbiZeZ-Z]_glZ dhgp_gljbjm_l k\h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ ij_^\Zjbl_evguo ij_^ihkuedZoih[m^bl_evguofhlb\ZodhgljZdlh\ex anteZl_hjbyljZgkZdpbhgghcwdhghfbdb—gZm`_j_Zebah\Zgguo kh]eZr_gbyoex post\ujZ`Zxsboky\jZaebqguomijZ\e_gq_kdbokljmdlmjZo G_ke_^m_lh^gZdhZ[khexlbabjh\Zlvij_^eh`_ggmxHeb\_jhfMbevyfkhghfko_fmJZaebqby f_`^ml_hjbyfb^_ckl\bl_evghbf_xlf_klhh^gZdh\k_hgbl_hjbbljZgkZdpbhgghcwdhghfbdb Z]_glh\ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbh[s_kl\_ggh]h\u[hjZkjZaguoklhjhgZgZebabjmxlij_^ihkuedb klZgh\e_gbyjZa\blbybmiZ^dZwdhghfbq_kdbohj]ZgbaZpbcgZ[Za_dhgljZdlghciZjZ^b]fu Ihijh[m_fkbgl_abjh\Zlvhkgh\gu_b^_bbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hZgZebaZnbjf 7.2 DhgljZdlgZyijbjh^Znbjfugh\ucbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^ KlZg^ZjlgZy g_hdeZkkbq_kdZy ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy nmgdpby fh^bnbpbjm_lky \ gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb k mq_lhf \ebygby h]jZgbq_gbc \ha^_ckl\mxsbo gZ bg^b\b^mZevguc \u[hj ?_ fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_ Q = Q (L, K, MI, T, CAi, CAe, APR)]^_Q –\uimkdijh^mdpbbL, K, MI -aZljZlunZdlhjh\ijhba\h^kl\Zljm^ZdZiblZeZb fZl_jbZevguoj_kmjkh\T -\_dlhjl_ogheh]bbbmjh\gyagZgbcg_h[oh^bfuo^eyijhba\h^kl\Z^Zggh]h\b^Zijh^mdpbb Djhf_lh]h\uimkdaZ\bkblhlbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^uhij_^_eyxs_ckljmdlmjmZ[khexlguoijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbAPRb aZ^Zxs_c \g_rgb_ ijZ\beZ b]ju ^ey \k_o nbjf Z lZd`_ hl \gmlj_ggbo ijZ\be b]ju dhlhju_ kms_kl\mxl \ _]h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyokdhgljZ]_glZfbKAebgZkZfhfij_^ijbylbbKAi6. Dexq_\uf ^ey hl\_lZ gZ \hijhku dZdh\Z ijbjh^Z nbjf b ihq_fm hgb \hagbdZxl y\ey_lky ihgylb_ ba^_j`_d ljZgkZdpbb7 LjZgkZdpbb kh\_jrZxl kh[kl\_ggbdb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z k p_evx i_j_^Zqb ^jm] ^jm]m gZ \j_fy beb gZ\k_]^ZqZklbqguoijZ\hfhqbcdZkZxsbokyijblyaZgbcgZ\_svdZdihl_gpbZevgucbklhqgbd^hoh^ZG_h[oh^bfhklv\ ljZgkZdpbyo\hagbdZ_l\ke_^kl\b_ij_^ihkuedbhijhba\h^bl_evghklbh[f_gZLjZgkZdpbbgZoh^ylhljZ`_gb_\dhgljZdlZo Ihkj_^kl\hf ijZ\be khklZ\eyxsbo dhgljZdl ljZgkZdpby gZjy^m k hlghr_gbyfb dhgnebdlZ b \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklb ^hkljZb\Z_lky\dexq_gb_fwe_f_glh\mihjy^hq_gghklb8. Ih^h[guc ih^oh^ d ljZdlh\d_ ijhba\h^kl\_gghc nmgdpbb \i_j\u_ \ y\ghf \b^_ ij_^eh`_g F >`_gk_ghf b M F_debg]hf Kf.: Jensen M., Meckling W. Rights and Production Functions: An Application to Labor-Managed Firms and Codetermination // Journal of Business. 1979. Vol. 52, No. 4. P. 469-472; W]]_jlkkhg LWdhghfbq_kdh_ih\_^_gb_bbgklblmluFK 141-143. 7 Ih^ ljZgkZdpb_c ihgbfZ_lky ^_yl_evghklv bg^b\b^h\ \ nhjf_ hlqm`^_gby b ijbk\h_gby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb b k\h[h^ ijbgyluo \ h[s_kl\_dhlhju_hkms_kl\eyxlky\ijhp_kk_ieZgbjh\ZgbydhgljheyaZ\uiheg_gb_fh[_sZgbcZlZd`_Z^ZilZpbbdg_ij_^\b^_gguf h[klhyl_evkl\ZfRZklbldh :?MdZa khqK<kemqZ_ijhba\h^kl\_gghc^_yl_evghklbljZgkZdpbyhljZ`Z_llZd`_i_j_f_s_gb_ lh\Zjh\bmkem]\l_ogheh]bq_kdb^_ebfhfijhkljZgkl\_H MbevyfkhgMdZakhqK 8 Kfih^jMbevyfkhg HMdZa khqK-151; RZklbldh :?MdZa khqK 137-147. 6 Hkgh\gu_ iZjZf_lju hilbfZevgh]h dhgljZdlZ aZ\bkyl hl \b^Z b iZjZf_ljh\ ljZgkZdpbc dhlhju_ bf aZ^Zxlky Z lZd`_ hl ijZ\be [he__ \ukhdh]h ihjy^dZ dhlhju_ khklZ\eyxl bgklblmpbhgZevgmx kj_^m LZdbf h[jZahf \u[hj dhgljZdlgh]hkh]eZr_gbyContractual arrangement - CAaZ\bkblhljy^ZiZjZf_ljh\9: CA = CA (F, D, C, AS, M, R, U, APR), ]^_F –qZklhlZih\lhj_gbyljZgkZdpbbi_jbh^bqghklv\aZbfh^_ckl\byf_`^mklhjhgZfb D –^ebl_evghklvljZgkZdpbb C –keh`ghklvljZgkZdpbb AS - ki_pbnbqghklv Zdlb\Z dhlhjuc y\ey_lky h[t_dlhf kh]eZr_gby beb bkihevah\Zgb_ dhlhjh]h k\yaZgh k \uiheg_gb_fdhgljZdlZ M –keh`ghklvbaf_j_gbyj_amevlZlh\ R –k\yavk^jm]bfbljZgkZdpbyfb U –kl_i_gvg_hij_^_e_gghklbkhijh\h`^Zxs_cj_ZebaZpbxdhgljZdlZb_]hbkoh^ APR - nhjfZevgZy^himklbfhklvbba^_j`dbkh\_jr_gby^Zggh]hlbiZljZgkZdpbb10\l_dms_cbgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^_ijZ\beZo[he__\ukhdh]hihjy^dZh[yaZl_evguo^ey\k_o < gh\hc bgklblmpbhgZevghc wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb ih^ nbjfhc ihgbfZ_lky dhZebpby \eZ^_evp_\ nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z11 k\yaZgguo f_`^m kh[hc k_lvx dhgljZdlh\ \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h ^hklb]Z_lky fbgbfbaZpby ljZgkZdpbhgguo ba^_j`_d Bkihevamy deZkkbnbdZpbx dhgljZdlgh]h ijZ\Z Y FZdg_ceZ \ wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb hj]ZgbaZpbb \u^_eyxl ljb hkgh\guolbiZdhgljZdlh\12. DeZkkbq_kdbc dhgljZdl (classical contract) – wlh ^\mklhjhggbc dhgljZdl hkgh\Zgguc gZ kms_kl\mxsbo xjb^bq_kdbo ijZ\beZo q_ldh nbdkbjmxsbc mkeh\by k^_edb b ij_^iheZ]Zxsbc kZgdpbb \ kemqZ_ g_\uiheg_gby wlbo mkeh\bc DeZkkbq_kdbc dhgljZdl kljh] b xjb^bq_kdb lhq_g Hg ij_^iheZ]Z_l qlh hlghr_gby klhjhg q_ldh hij_^_e_gu b ij_djZsZxlky ihke_ \uiheg_gby mkeh\bc k^_edb Hg iulZ_lky mq_klv \k_ \hafh`gu_ fhf_glu k\_^y [m^msb_ kh[ulby d gZklhys_fm\j_f_gbGbdZdbomklguo^h]h\hj_gghkl_cg_aZnbdkbjh\Zgguo\l_dkl_^h]h\hjZhgg_ijbagZ_l G_hdeZkkbq_kdbc dhgljZdl (neoclassical contract) – wlh ^he]hkjhqguc dhgljZdl \ mkeh\byo kljmdlmjghc g_hij_^_e_gghklb dh]^Z g_\hafh`gh aZjZg__ ij_^\b^_lv \k_ ihke_^kl\by ljZgkZdpbb Hg gZihfbgZ_l kdhj__ ^h]h\hj h ijbgpbiZo khljm^gbq_kl\Z q_f kljh]bc xjb^bq_kdbc ^hdmf_gl ij_^mkfZljb\Zxsbc \k_ [_a bkdexq_gby kblmZpbb, dhlhju_ fh]ml ihy\blvky \ [m^ms_f H[uqgh ^ey j_r_gby \hagbdZxsbo kihjh\ klhjhgu h[jZsZxlky d \u[jZgghfm bfb Zj[bljm dhlhjuc j_rZ_l gZkdhevdh ijZ\bevgh ^Zgguc dhgljZdl \uihegy_lky Ihwlhfm ^h]h\hj k kZfh]h gZqZeZ ijbh[j_lZ_lljhckl\_ggucoZjZdl_j>mo^h]h\hjZa^_kvi_j_\_rb\Z_l_]h[md\mmklgu_^h]h\hj_gghklbmqblu\Zxlky gZjy^mkibkvf_ggufb Hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl (relational contract) – wlh ^he]hkjhqguc \aZbfh\u]h^guc dhgljZdl \ dhlhjhf g_nhjfZevgu_ mkeh\by ij_h[eZ^Zxl gZ^ nhjfZevgufb >ey _]h hkms_kl\e_gby dZd ijZ\beh b lj_[m_lky ieZghf_jguc ihjy^hdij_^iheZ]Zxsbcb_jZjobx Kbkl_fZdhgljZdlh\aZdexqZ_lkyf_`^m\eZ^_evpZfbhij_^_e_gguoj_kmjkh\H MbevyfkhgjZa^_ebe\k_j_kmjku gZljb]jmiiuh[sb_ki_pbnbq_kdb_bbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_ H[sb_j_kmjku–wlhj_kmjkup_gghklvdhlhjuog_aZ\bkblhlgZoh`^_gby\^Zgghcnbjf_b\gmljbb\g__zhgb hp_gb\Zxlkyh^bgZdh\h Ki_pbnbq_kdb_j_kmjku –wlhj_kmjkup_gghklvdhlhjuo\gmljbnbjfu\ur_q_f\g___ Bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_j_kmjku –\aZbfh^hihegy_fu_\aZbfhmgbdZetgu_j_kmjkufZdkbfZevgZyp_gghklvdhlhjuo ^hklb]Z_lkylhevdh\^Zgghcnbjf_bihkj_^kl\hfg__?kebnbjfZjZkiZ^Z_lkylhdZ`^ucbabgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\ g_kfh`_lgZclbZ^_d\ZlghcaZf_gugZjugd_beb\jZfdZo^jm]hchj]ZgbaZpbb IhwlhfmnbjfZ\uklmiZ_lg_ijhklhdZddhZebpby\eZ^_evp_\j_kmjkh\k\yaZgguof_`^mkh[hck_lvxdhgljZdlh\ Wlh h[t_^bg_gb_ \ hkgh\_ dhlhjh]h e_`bl hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl ih ih\h^m bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdbo j_kmjkh\ GZebqb_ lZdbo j_kmjkh\ ^Z_l kbg_j]_lbq_kdbc wnn_dl ij_\urZxsbc ijhklmx kmffm \deZ^h\ dZ`^h]h mqZklgbdZ dhZebpbb ?kl_kl\_gghnbjfZbkihevam_lg_lhevdhbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_ghb^jm]b_j_kmjkuki_pbnbq_kdb_bh[sb_ LZdbf h[jZahf k_j^p_\bgm nbjfu khklZ\ey_l ^he]h\j_f_gguc hlghr_gq_kdbc dhgljZdl aZdexq_gguc f_`^m kh[kl\_ggbdZfbbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\GZebqb_bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdbobki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\\nbjf_iha\hey_l wdhghfblv ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db Z bo \eZ^_evpZf – ihemqZlv wdhghfbq_kdmx ijb[uev LZdh]h jh^Z \aZbfgZy aZ\bkbfhklv \hagbdZ_l b \ jZfdZo ijhba\h^kl\_ggh-l_ogheh]bq_kdbo p_ihq_d \ dhlhjuo bf__l f_klh nmg^Zf_glZevgZy ljZgknhjfZpby dh]^Z \ j_amevlZl_ \eh`_gbc \ bgl_jki_pbnbq_kdb_ Zdlb\u mkeh\b_ [hevrh]h qbkeZ dhgdmj_glh\ \ kblmZpbblhj]h\aZi_j\hgZqZevgucdhgljZdlH[DQWHdhgdmj_gpbyljZgknhjfbjm_lky\mkeh\b_fZeh]hqbkeZmqZklgbdh\ ^h]h\hjgh]hijhp_kkZ\i_jbh^u_]h\hah[gh\e_gbyH[SRVWdhgdmj_gpby13. BlZd ijb dhgljZdlghc ljZdlh\d_ nbjfZ ihgbfZ_lky dZd k_lv dhgljZdlguo kh]eZr_gbc hihkj_^mxsbo hkms_kl\e_gb_ljZgkZdpbcg_h[oh^bfuo^eyijhba\h^kl\Zbi_j_jZkij_^_e_gbyijh^mdlh\14MgbdZevghklv\klmiZxsbo\ dhZebpbxbgl_jki_pbnbq_kdboj_kmjkh\bhkh[_gghklbljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_dh[tykgyxlki_pbnbdmnhjfdhgljZdlh\ LZdhc ih^oh^ \hkoh^bl d Heb\_jm Mbevyfkhgm kf Mbevyfkhg H MdZa khq K 74-78, 104- h^gZdh fu kqblZeb k\hbf ^he]hf mlhqgblvkZfgZ[hjnZdlhjh\\ebyxsbcgZ\u[hjdhgljZdlgh]hkh]eZr_gby 10 Ba^_j`db kh\_jr_gby ljZgkZdpbb fh`gh hlqZklb \ujZablv q_j_a khhlghr_gb_ p_gu ^hklmiZ d aZdhgm b p_gu \g_e_]Zevghklb ih^jh[g__ kf ^_ Khlh W Bghc imlv G_\b^bfZy j_\hexpby \ lj_lv_f fbj_ F K-215; He_cgbd :G BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZFK-168). 11 <wlhfgZ]ey^ghijhy\ey_lkyijbgpbif_lh^heh]bq_kdh]hbg^b\b^mZebafZ. 12 KfMbevyfkhg HMdZakhqK-132. 13 Ihgylb_nmg^Zf_glZevghcljZgknhjfZpbb\i_j\u_\\_^_ghbjZkdjulhH MbevyfkhghfMdZakhqK. 117-121). 14 Kf.: Alchian A., Demsetz H. Production, information costs, and economic organization // American Economic Review. 1972. Vol. 62 (6). P. 777795; Cheung S. The contractual nature of the firm // Journal of Law and Economics. 1983. Vol. 26 (1). 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DhgljZdlgu_ kh]eZr_gby f_`^m kh[kl\_ggbdZfb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z y\eyxlky bklhqgbdhf hlghkbl_evguo ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbHgbkms_kl\mxlgZfbdjhmjh\g_bdZkZxlkydhgdj_lguobg^b\b^h\bebhj]ZgbaZpbc22\klmiZxsbo\ dhhi_jZpbxbebdhgdmj_gpbx^jm]k^jm]hf G_hlt_fe_fuf we_f_glhf ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb dZd bgklblmlZ y\eyxlky f_oZgbafu bgnhjkf_glZ <_^v ijZ\beZ ebrvlh]^Zwnn_dlb\gh\uihegyxlk\hbnmgdpbbdh]^Zhgbkh[ex^Zxlkykm[t_dlZfbAgZqbl^he`gukms_kl\h\Zlv\hi_j\uo ^hklmigZy \hafh`ghklv ijb^_j`b\Zlvky ijZ\beZ b \h-\lhjuo \_jhylghklv ihg_klb gZdZaZgb_ aZ gZjmr_gb_ IjZ\beZ fh]ml kZfh\uihegylvky ;hevrmx jhev \ wlhf b]jZxl f_glZevgu_ fh^_eb kms_kl\mxsb_ \ h[s_kl\_23 <k_ hklZevgu_f_oZgbafubgnhjkf_glZy\eyxlkyke_^kl\b_fp_e_gZijZ\e_gghc^_yl_evghklbbg^b\b^h\beb]hkm^Zjkl\Z24. Hl Zg]e _nforcement - ijbgm`^_gb_ d \uiheg_gbx ijZ\be h[_ki_q_gb_ kZgdpb_c hkms_kl\e_gb_ ijh\_^_gb_ \ `bagv aZdhgZ ihklZgh\e_gbybl^ 16 Fubkihevam_fhij_^_e_gb_wdhghfbq_kdh]hbgklblmlZih> Ghjlm(Kf.: North D. Institutions // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1991, Vol. 5(1). P.97.) 17 Ih^jh[g__ kf DZi_exrgbdh\ JB Qlh lZdh_ ijZ\h kh[kl\_gghklb" NbgZgkh\u_ khpbZevgu_ b bgnhjfZpbhggu_ l_ogheh]bb Bkke_^h\ZgbybjZajZ[hldb<uiFK. 12-18. 18 Ih^jh[g__ h jZa^_e_gbb ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb gZ Z[khexlgu_ b hlghkbl_evgu_ kf.: Furubotn E., Richter R. Institutions and economic theory: the contribution of the new institutional economics. J 77-83. 19 <khhl\_lkl\bbkl_jfbgheh]b_cjZajZ[hlZgghcE >w\bkhfb> GhjlhfbgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Z (institutional environmentkhklhbl bahkgh\hiheZ]Zxsboiheblbq_kdbokhpbZevguobxjb^bq_kdboijZ\beh[jZamxsbo[Zabk^eyijhba\h^kl\Zh[f_gZjZkij_^_e_gbyb ihlj_[e_gbyBgklblmpbhgZevgu_kh]eZr_gby (institutional arrangements) –wlhdhgljZdluf_`^mohayckl\_ggufb_^bgbpZfbdhlhju_ hij_^_eyxl kihkh[u bo dhhi_jZpbb b dhhj^bgZpbb (Davis L., North D. Institutional Change and American Economic Growth. Cambridge, J 5-6.) 20 KlZlvy =DJNbdhff_glZjbcdg_cDhff_glZjbcd=jZ`^Zgkdhfmdh^_dkmJNHl\j_^HG KZ^bdh\FK 21-22.) 21 KfgZijHe_cgbd :G;bag_kihihgylbyfh[bgklblmpbhgZevghcfh^_ebjhkkbckdh]hdZiblZebafZ<hijhkuwdhghfbdb 5. B h[uqZb ^_eh\h]h h[hjhlZ b ihgylby hlghkylky d g_nhjfZevguf h]jZgbq_gbyf JZa^_e_gb_ f_`^m gbfb dZd gZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky ijhoh^bl\h-i_j\uoihebgbbkhpbZevghc kj_^u\dhlhjhc\j_amevlZl_fgh]hdjZlgh]hih\lhj_gbyhgbknhjfbjh\Zebkv<h-\lhjuob ]eZ\guf h[jZahf jZaebqb_ ijhoh^bl ih ebgbb ]ZjZglh\ < kemqZ_ ihgylbc kj_^hc klZeb ij_klmigu_ khh[s_kl\Z b i_gbl_gpbZjgu_ mqj_`^_gby Z f_oZgbafu bgnhjkf_glZ lZd beb bgZq_ hihkj_^mxlky ^_yl_evghklvx qZklguo kbeh\uo ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c l_jfbg << <hedh\Z ]eZ\guf h[jZahf HI= gh lZd`_ qZklguo b fbebp_ckdbo djur kf ih^j i fhgh]jZnbb Kj_^hc \hagbdgh\_gby h[uqZ_\^_eh\h]hh[hjhlZy\eyxlky\l_g_\hcwdhghfbd_p_oh\bdbZk_]h^gy–e_]Zevgu_[bag_k-khh[s_kl\ZBo]ZjZglZfb\uklmiZxl \i_j\mxhq_j_^v]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZyijZ\hhojZgbl_evgZykm^_[gZybbkihegbl_evgZykbkl_fu 22 QlhqZklhh^ghblh`__kebmqblu\ZlvijbgbfZ_fmx\GBWLij_^ihkuedmhf_lh^heh]bq_kdhfbg^b\b^mZebaf_ 23 Denzau A., North D. Shared mental models: Ideology and institutions // Kyklos. 1994. Vol.47 (1). P. 1-31. 24 Kfih^jh[g__RZklbldh :?F_oZgbafh[_ki_q_gbykh[ex^_gbyijZ\bewdhghfbq_kdbcZgZeba<hijhkuwdhghfbdb. 20 K-49. 15 Ih^oh^ d nbjf_ dZd d k_lb dhgljZdlh\ bkiheg_gb_ dhlhjuo jZklygmlh \h \j_f_gb \ mkeh\byo kljmdlmjghc g_hij_^_e_gghklb aZklZ\ey_l h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ g_ lhevdh gZ hlghkbl_evgu_ ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb hij_^_e_ggu_ i_j\hgZqZevguf dhgljZdlhf LZd dZd [hevrZy qZklv dhgljZdlh\ y\eyxlky a priori g_ihegufb lh klhjhgu ihemqZxl nhjfZevgmx\hafh`ghklv\_klbk_[yhiihjlmgbklbq_kdbij_ke_^mykh[kl\_ggu_\u]h^u\ms_j[h[s_fm[eZ]hkhklhygbx klhjhg Ke_^h\Zl_evgh agZq_gb_ ijbh[j_lZxl ex post bgklblmlu mijZ\e_gby ljZgkZdpbyfb25 f_oZgbaf i_j_]h\hjh\ b jZaj_r_gbykihjh\h[baf_g_gbbmkeh\bci_j\hgZqZevghkh]eZkh\Zggh]hieZgZ[m^msbo^_ckl\bc26<wlhfkfuke_qZklgZy b_jZjobq_kdZy hj]ZgbaZpby _klv ebrv h^gZ ba Zevl_jgZlb\guo kljmdlmj mijZ\e_gby ih\_^_gb_f km[t_dlh\ dhgljZdlgh]h hlghr_gbygZwlZi_ihke_aZdexq_gbyi_j\hgZqZevgh]hkh]eZr_gby>jm]bfbZevl_jgZlb\Zfb\uklmiZxljughd]b[jb^gu_ kh]eZr_gbygZijbf_jnjZgqZcabg]h\u_k_lbbgZdhg_p]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_mgblZjgu_ij_^ijbylbyjbk 8.1)27. Ih kjZ\g_gbx k jugdhf \ b_jZjobb khdjZsZxlky aZljZlu gZ ihbkd iZjlg_jh\ bkq_aZ_l g_h[oh^bfhklv qZklh]h i_j_aZdexq_gby dhgljZdlh\ ^_eh\u_ k\yab ijbh[j_lZxl ij_^kdZam_fhklv b mklhcqb\hklv < lh `_ \j_fy ih f_j_ m\_ebq_gbyjZaf_jh\b_jZjobbjZklmlba^_j`dbhiihjlmgbklbq_kdh]hih\_^_gby\hlghr_gbyoihjmqbl_ev–bkihegbl_ev qlh\blh]_ijb\h^bldihl_j_mijZ\ey_fhklbbbkq_agh\_gbxkjZ\gbl_evguoij_bfms_kl\b_jZjobb Ko_fZbkke_^h\Zgby\aZbfhk\yabbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^ubdhgljZdlguokh]eZr_gbcij_^klZ\e_gZgZjbk K h^ghcklhjhguh[sb_ijZ\beZb]ju\h[s_kl\_hij_^_eyxllhdZdhl^_evgu_km[t_dluhj]Zgbamxl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^m kh[hc\ebygb_gZjbkK^jm]hcklhjhgubg^b\b^mZevgu_dhgljZdlgu_kh]eZr_gbykem`ZlbklhqgbdhfijZ\bedhlhju_ ijbh[j_lZy fZkkh\uc b ih\lhjyxsbcky oZjZdl_j fh]ml klZgh\blvky h[sbfb ^ey \k_o \ebygb_ gZ jbk Bg^b\b^u \dexq_gu\ko_fmkihfhsvxk\ya_c BGKLBLMPBHG:EVG:YKJ?>: (Z[khexlgu_ ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbbf_oZgbafubgnhjkf_glZ K^\b]b\ 1. iZjZf_ljZo 2. DHGLJ:DLGU?KH=E:R?GBY (hlghkbl_evgu_ ijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbbf_oZgbafubgnhjkf_glZ Jughd =b[jb^gu_ kh]eZr_ gby B_jZjoby (nbjfZ =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ ij_^ijbylby Kljmdlmjuex post mijZ\e_gby ljZgkZdpbyfb Ih\_^_gq_kdb_ ij_^ihkuedb 5. Wg^h]_ggu_ 4. ij_^ihql_gby 3. BG>B<B>U Jbk BgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^ZdhgljZdlgu_kh]eZr_gbybbg^b\b^uko_fZbkke_^h\Zgby KhklZ\e_gh ih: Williamson O. The Institutions and Governance of Economic Development and Reform / Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. 1994. I_j_i_qZlZgh \: Mechanisms of Governance. Ch.13. N.Y., 1996. J 325-328. AZf_lbf qlh bf_ggh ljZdlh\dZ nbjfu dZd k_lb dhgljZdlh\ iha\hey_l ]h\hjblv h g_c dZd h[ wdhghfbq_kdhf bgklblml_gZ[hj_kZgdpbhgbjh\ZgguonhjfZevguobg_nhjfZevguoijZ\beK^jm]hcklhjhgunbjfZdZdkh\hdmighklv ohayckl\_gguoZ]_glh\h[t_^bgb\rbokykp_evxljZgknhjfZpbbj_kmjkh\\ijh^mdlkihfhsvxhij_^_e_gghcl_ogheh]bb b\uklmiZxsbogZjugd_dZd_^bgh_p_eh_bgklblmlhfg_y\ey_lky<^ZgghfkemqZ_nbjfZ\uklmiZ_ldZdhj]ZgbaZpby. >ey ihykg_gby ke_^m_l \kihfgblv ZgZeh]bx > GhjlZ gZa\Z\r_]h bgklblmlu kZgdpbhgbjh\Zggufb ijZ\beZfb b]ju Z hj]ZgbaZpbb – b]jhdZfb b]jZxsbfb ih ijZ\beZf28 DZd b]jhd nbjfZ klZgh\blky h^gbf ba hkgh\guo km[t_dlh\ baf_g_gbydZdhlghkbl_evguolZdbZ[khexlguoijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb–bgklblmpbhgZevgufij_^ijbgbfZl_e_f\ebygb_b gZjbk 8.1). 8.2 BgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^ZdhlhjZynhjfbjm_lnbjfu 8.2.1 KjZ\gbl_evgZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZbgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^unbjfu\kh\_lkdhcbihklkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_ K nhjfZevghc lhqdb aj_gby bgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^Z ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h ij_^ijbylby ^h g_magZ\Z_fhklb baf_gbeZkvk ]H^gZdhh^gbfba]eZ\guok\hckl\baf_g_gbybgklblmlh\y\ey_lkybobgdj_f_glghklvbaZ\bkbfhklvhl ljZ_dlhjbbij_^r_kl\mxs_]hjZa\blby<wlhfdhj_gvijh[e_f^bkdj_lguoj_\hexpbhgguobaf_g_gbc29. HlZg]einstitutions of governanceBkihevam_lkyH MbevyfkhghfdZdkbghgbfl_jfbgZgovernance structures. KfMbevyfkhg HWdhghfbq_kdb_bgklblmludZiblZebafZKI[ 27 Ih^jh[g__ kf.: Williamson O. Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives / Mechanisms of Governance. N.Y., 1996. ChJ-120. 28 KfGhjl >BgklblmlubgklblmpbhgZevgu_baf_g_gbybnmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_wdhghfbdbFK 19-20. 29 <hlihq_fmp_evljZgknhjfZpbbhlieZgZdjugdmknhjfmebjh\Zggmx\ ]ke_^h\Zeh[ui_j_nhjfmebjh\ZlvdZdhlieZgZb_]h bgklblmlh\djugdmb_]hbgklblmlZf<qbke_\Z`g_crbobgklblmlh\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbdbhkh[gydhfklhylIZjlbyb]hkij_^ijbylb_ kf Dmavfbgh\ YB Bgklblmlu wdhghfbdb kh\_lkdh]h lbiZ BgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbdZ F =M-<RW http://www.hse.ru/ rector_net/). 25 26 Hkgh\gu_khhl\_lkl\bybjZaebqbyf_`^mkljmdlmjhcnhjfZevguoijZ\bebg_nhjfZevguoh]jZgbq_gbcnbjfu\ kh\_lkdhc b ihklkh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ \b^gu [_a dhff_glZjb_\ kf lZ[e HklZgh\bfky ih^jh[g__ gZ ih^kbkl_f_ bgnhjkf_glZijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbdhgljZdlh\30khklhys_cbakm[t_dlh\-]ZjZglh\bf_oZgbafh\-]ZjZglh\31Ihkfhljbf gZijhbahr_^rb_\g_cbaf_g_gbykihabpbck_]h^gyrg_]h^gy =eZ\gufkm[t_dlhf-]ZjZglhf32ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbdhgljZdlh\\kh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_\uklmiZeZb_jZjobq_kdZy hj]ZgbaZpby DIKK gZ^_e_ggZy ijZ\hfhqbyfb iZjlbcgh]h dhgljhey ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb Z^fbgbkljZpbb33. 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LjZgkZdpbb b ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db >_p_gljZebah\Zgguc h[f_g ijZ\Zfb kh[kl\_gghklb \ kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_hlkmlkl\h\Ze<kykn_jZjZkij_^_e_gbybh[f_gZ\i_jbh^jZkp\_lZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcwdhghfbdb-1950-_]] iheghklvx dhgljhebjh\ZeZkv iZjlbcghc b_jZjob_c Iha`_ qZklv ijZ\hfhqbc i_j_l_deZ \ ohayckl\_ggmx b_jZjobx b p_gljZevgu_wdhghfbq_kdb_\_^hfkl\ZLZdbfh[jZahf\k_\g_rgb_wnn_dlu[uebbgl_jgZebah\Zgu =hkij_^ijbylb_ y\eyehkv ih^qbg_gguf a\_ghf \ b_jZjobb Nmgdpbb mijZ\e_gby f_`nbjf_gghc dhgljZdlZpb_c \dexqZyex-postklZ^bxfhgblhjbg]ZbaZsbludhgljZdlh\khkj_^hlhqb\Zebmk_[yp_gljZevgu_hj]ZguIj_^ijbylb_fh]eh ihdmiZlvj_kmjkugZaZjZg__mklZgh\e_gguomkeh\byobihklZ\eylvijh^mdpbxdZdijZ\behlhevdhhij_^_e_ggufkf_`gbdZf Wlh g_m^b\bl_evgh_keb mq_klv gZebqb_ m ]hkij_^ijbylbc kdhj__ Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghcZ g_ ]jZ`^Zgkdhc ijZ\hkihkh[ghklbkfih^j <_g_^bdlh\ :<=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZykhpbZebklbq_kdZykh[kl\_gghklvF-EK-654). 37 Kfh[hj]Zgbah\Zgghcdhffmgbklbq_kdhcb^_heh]bbb__miZ^d_lZd`_\i fhgh]jZnbb 38 Keh\ZjvihiZjlbcghfmkljhbl_evkl\mFK-22. 39 MklZ\DIKK 40 AZf_lbf qlh _keb kqblZlv ijhy\e_gb_f klZlmkZ kh[kl\_ggbdZ \ djmiguo dhjihjZpbyo ijZ\h gZagZqZlv b kgbfZlv f_g_^`_jh\ lh hj]ZgbaZpby DIKK – wlh nZdlbq_kdbc dhee_dlb\guc kh[kl\_ggbd ]hkij_^ijbylbc Ih^j h dZ^jh\hc iheblbd_ DIKK \ hlghr_gbb jmdh\h^ysbodZ^jh\b__ljZgknhjfZpbb\-]]kfE_gbgDIKKhjZ[hl_kdZ^jZfbF., 1988. 41 Hl Zg]e. credibility of commitments. 42 L_hj_lbq_kdb ^hdZaZgh qlh ^hklh\_jghklv h[yaZl_evkl\ b ^h\_jb_ y\eyxlky g_h[oh^bfuf mkeh\b_f klZ[bevghklb b wnn_dlb\ghklb kbkl_fu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb ^ey ^hklb`_gby ^he]hkjhqgh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]h jhklZ Kf North D., Weingast B. 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Vertical integration, appropriable rents and the competitive contracting process // Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 21 (2). 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Kh^ghcklhjhguwlh\ua\Zehj_adbcjhklba^_j`_ddhhj^bgZpbbdhlhju_ij_\ukbeb\u]h^uhlklbfmebjmxsbo wnn_dlh\ dhgdmj_gpbb <h fgh]bo \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqguo hljZkeyo we_dljhgbdZ klZgdhkljh_gb_ b ^j kh keh`gufb ijh^mdlZfbwlhijb\_ehkgZqZeZdhklZgh\d_ZaZl_fbdjZajmr_gbxijhba\h^kl\K^jm]hcklhjhgukgylb_h]jZgbq_gbc klbfmebjh\Zehi_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evgmx^_yl_evghklv\uklmiZxsmxdZdZevl_jgZlb\Zijhba\h^kl\m59. I_j\ufb kljZl_]bx \uoh^Z ba keh`b\rboky \ ij_`g_c kj_^_ dhgljZdlguo kh]eZr_gbc bbeb \ufh]Zl_evkl\Z d\Zabj_glu\u[jZebij_^ijbylbybebbonZdlbq_kdb_ij__fgbdbgZoh^ysb_kygZklZ^byoj_ZebaZpbbijh^mdpbbZlZd`_ ihklZ\sbdbj_kmjkh\\qZklghklbwg_j]_lbq_kdb_dhfiZgbbDjhf_lh]hfgh]b_ij_^ijbylby-kf_`gbdbbebihklZ\sbdb kujvygZoh^bebkv\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZobkjZkiZ^hfKKKJhdZaZebkvaZ]jZgbp_cdjmigZyklj_edZgZjbk 8.4). <hagbdeZ kblmZpby \ dhlhjhc ^_-xj_ b ^_-nZdlh kh[kl\_ggbdb g_ kh\iZ^Zxl AZ nhjfZevgufb ^_j`Zl_eyfb iZd_lh\klhylj_Zevgu_\eZ^_evpuijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbbdhgljheyjbk Djhf_lh]hijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbjZafulu60. Blanchard O., Kremer M. Disorganization // Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1997. Vol. J 1091-1126. L_jfbg i_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evgZy ^_yl_evghklv y\ey_lky kbghgbfhf l_jfbgZ j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ih\_^_gb_\rbjhdhfkfuke_ J_qv b^_l h ^_yl_evghklb gZijZ\e_gghc gZ baf_g_gb_ ijhihjpbc ijbk\h_gby ijhba\h^bfh]h ijh^mdlZ [_a memqr_gby _]h dZq_kl\Z beb m\_ebq_gbyh[t_fZKfIhel_jh\bq <FI_j_jZkij_^_ebl_evgZyZdlb\ghklvbljZgknhjfZpbhgguckiZ^FZ_\kdbc<Bj_^Ljm^u ,9gZmqgh]hk_fbgZjZW\hexpbhggZywdhghfbdZijh[e_fub_^bgkl\hbijhlb\hj_qbyl_hjbbbijZdlbdbFK 60 H[wdhghfbq_kdboijbqbgZojZafu\Zgbybihke_^mxs_cki_pbnbdZpbbijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbkf]e 58 59 JK JK JK GK IhklZ\rbd j_kmjkh\ JK GK GK :H (1) A:H :H (2) ? 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BlZd nbjfZ b]jZ_l Zdlb\gmx jhev \ hij_^_e_gbb gZijZ\e_gby kdhjhklb bgl_gkb\ghklb ljZgknhjfZpbb wdhghfbq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ b \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u jughqghc wdhghfbdb \ p_ehf \ ijhp_kkZo bgklblmpbhgZevghc ljZgknhjfZpbb wdhghfbdb \ i_j_oh^guc i_jbh^ Wlh ijhbkoh^bl \ qZklghklb q_j_a kha^Zgb_ nbjfZfb lZd gZau\Z_fuo qZklguo bgklblmlh\ ZkkhpbZpbc dh^_dkh\ ih\_^_gby \ khh[s_kl\Zo ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c qZklguolj_l_ckdbokm^h\\gmlj_ggbodhfbkkbcihdZq_kl\mbwlbd_\jZfdZoijhn_kkbhgZevguo82. JZkkfhljbfl_i_jvdZd\gZr_ckljZg_ijhl_dZehnhjfbjh\Zgb_nbjf N_^_jZevguc aZdhg NA hl H[ h[yaZl_evghf kljZoh\Zgbb ]jZ`^Zgkdhc hl\_lkl\_gghklb \eZ^_evp_\ ljZgkihjlguo kj_^kl\ 81 D Zij_ex ]qbkehqe_gh\JK:khklZ\behdhfiZgbcKfkZclJK:http://www.autoins.ru). 82 Kf., gZij.: Bessy C., Brousseau E. Technology Licensing Contracts: Features and Diversity // International Review of Law and Economics. 1998. Dec. Vol. 18. 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Ihkdhevdm l_abk h j_Zevghf khpbZebaf_ \ kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ hdZau\Z_lky \_kvfZ khfgbl_evguf gZijZrb\Z_lky ij_^iheh`_gb_ qlh \hagbdgh\_gb_ kh\_lkdhc kbkl_fuohayckl\ZgZkZfhf^_e_[uehg_dbfj_]j_kkhfj_]_g_jZpb_chlghr_gbc[he__gbarboq_fjughqgu_ih^h[gh lhfmdZd\x`guorlZlZoKR:\XVIII –i_j\hciheh\bg_XIX\\ijhbahreZj_]_g_jZpbyjZ[h\eZ^_evq_kdbohlghr_gbc H^gbf ba i_j\uo k ih^h[ghc dhgp_ipb_c \uklmibe \ -_ ]] Zf_jbdZgkdbc h[s_kl\h\_^ DZje :\]mkl <bllnh]_ev gZa\Z\rbc kh\_lkdmx wdhghfbdm bg^mkljbZevguf \ZjbZglhf \hklhqgh]h ^_kihlbafZ83 l _ ZabZlkdh]h kihkh[Z ijhba\h^kl\Z >_ckl\bl_evgh l_g^_gpby d lhlZevghfm h]hkm^Zjkl\e_gbx ohayckl\Z bf__l ijyfu_ ZgZeh]bb \ ^j_\gbo b kj_^g_\_dh\uo ZabZlkdbo h[s_kl\Zo H^gZdh ijb deZkkbq_kdhf ZabZlkdhf kihkh[_ ijhba\h^kl\Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy[xjhdjZlbyy\ey_lkyg_lhevdhiheblbq_kdb]hkih^kl\mxs_c]jmiihcghbdhee_dlb\gufwdkiemZlZlhjhf ih^^Zgguo F_`^m l_f kh\_lheh]Zf ihdZ lZd b g_ m^Zehkv ^hdZaZlv qlh ^hoh^u kh\_lkdhc ghf_gdeZlmju fh`gh jZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdwdkiemZlZlhjkdb_qlhjZagbpZ^hoh^h\[xjhdjZlh\bjy^h\uokh\_lkdbo]jZ`^Zgij_\hkoh^beZjZaebqby \ihe_aghfwnn_dl_hlbo^_yl_evghklb Wittfogel K.-A. Oriental Despotism. A Comparative Study of Total Power. L Kf EZlh\ X< D: <bllnh]_ev h \hklhqghf ^_kihlbaf_j_n_jZlb\guch[ahj 83 Ihwlhfm\jhkkbckdhcebl_jZlmj_wlhlih^oh^\-_]]jZkijhkljZgbeky\hkeZ[e_gghcnhjf_–dZddhgp_ipby Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghc kbkl_fu \u^\bgmlZy kh\_lkdbf wdhghfbklhf =Z\jbbehf OZjblhgh\bq_f Ihih\uf84 Kh]eZkgh wlhc dhgp_ipbbkh\_lkdZywdhghfbdZ_klvkbkl_fZ\_jlbdZevguok\ya_c]^_]hjbahglZevgu_k\yabijZdlbq_kdbhlkmlkl\mxl]^_ ijZ\ysZy\_jomrdZh[eZ^Z_liheghlhc\eZklbghg_lh[jZlguokb]gZeh\kgbam\\_jokf jbk 9.2<klZebgkdmxwihom wdhghfbq_kdZy \eZklv iheghklvx dhgp_gljbjh\ZeZkv \ jmdZo \ukr_c iZjlbcghc \_jomrdb \ [j_`g_\kdmx `_ hgZ ihkl_i_gghkl_dZeZ\gba\jmdbghf_gdeZlmjukj_^g_]ha\_gZ ?keb \ dhgp_ipbb ZabZlkdh]h kihkh[Z ijhba\h^kl\Z kh\_lkdZy ghf_gdeZlmjZ jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd wdkiemZlZlhj ijbk\Zb\Zxsbc ijb[Z\hqguc ijh^mdl lh \ dhgp_ipbb Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghc kbkl_fu k\h_]h jh^Z ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h kihkh[Z ijhba\h^kl\Z – kdhj__ dZd m]g_lZl_ev ijbk\Zb\Zxsbc \hex ih^^Zgguo < h[hbo kemqZyo ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z \ KKKJ lh`_ g_ fh]eh [ulv – gh g_ ihlhfm qlh kh\_lkdh_ h[s_kl\h i_j_jhkeh wlhl bgklblml Z gZh[hjhlihlhfmqlhhgh^hg_]h_s_g_^hjhkeh Dhgp_ipbb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hkihkh[Zijhba\h^kl\Z\dhg_qghfkq_l_bkoh^ylbahnbpbZevghcdZjlbgukh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb dhlhjZy ydh[u ^_ckl\h\ZeZ dZd _^bguc f_oZgbaf H^gZdh j_ZevgZy kl_i_gv p_gljZebah\Zgghc mijZ\ey_fhklb ohayckl\hfhij_^_e_ggh[ueZgb`_hkh[_ggh\ihke_^gb_^_kylbe_lbykms_kl\h\ZgbyKKKJ Kh\_lkdZy wdhghfbdZ dZd ki_pbnbq_kdZy fh^bnbdZpby jughqghc kbkl_fu < ihke_^gb_ ]h^u bkke_^h\Zl_eb \k_ qZs_ \ukdZau\Zxl khfg_gby h lhf qlh jZaebqby f_`^m kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdhc b jughqghc kbkl_fhc ohayckl\Z [ueb gZklhevdh \_ebdb dZd kqblZehkv jZg__ <ukdZau\Zxlky fg_gby qlh ^_-nZdlh kh\_lkdZy wdhghfbdZ lh`_ [ueZ kf_rZgghc ohlydhg_qghk[hevrbfi_j_\_khfwe_f_glh\]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hj_]mebjh\ZgbygZ^jughqghckZfhj_]meypb_cIjblZdhf ih^oh^_ihbkd\KKKJij_^ijbgbfZl_e_cbnbjfklZgh\blky\iheg_hijZ\^ZggufbaZdhghf_jguf IJ:<BL?EVKL<H ieZgh\u_aZ^Zgby Ijhfure_ggu_ij_^ijbylbykh\ohaudheohau ieZgh\uch[f_g =hkm^Zjkl\_ggZylhj]h\ey Ihlj_[bl_ev Jbk Ohayckl\_ggu_k\yab\dhfZg^gh-Z^fbgbkljZlb\ghckbkl_f_ GZb[he__ ihimeyjghc ba ih^h[guo l_hjbc y\ey_lky dhgp_ipby wdhghfbdb ^_nbpblZ \u^\bgmlZy \_g]_jkdbf wdhghfbklhf Yghr_f DhjgZb85 < khpbZebklbq_kdhc wdhghfbd_ mdZau\Z_l hg _klv p_gu dhlhju_ h^gZdh nZevkbnbpbjh\Zgu b g_ hljZ`Zxl j_Zevguo ba^_j`_d ijhba\h^kl\Z nbgZgkh\u_ h]jZgbq_gby ^ey ]hkij_^ijbylbc hq_gv fy]db ihkdhevdm ]hkm^Zjkl\h hlimkdZ_l bf kj_^kl\Z ijZdlbq_kdb g_aZ\bkbfh hl j_amevlZlh\ bo ^_yl_evghklb Wlhl ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc iZl_jgZebaf \_^_l d mkdhj_gghfm wdkl_gkb\ghfm jhklm ijb ojhgbq_kdhf ^_nbpbl_ lh\Zjh\ b j_kmjkh\ NZdlbq_kdbj_qvb^_lhlhfqlhjughqgu_nhjfuijbkhpbZebaf_bf_eb\_kvfZih\_joghklgucoZjZdl_j G_kdhevdh bgZq_ hk\_sZxl wlhl \hijhk wdhghfbklu bamqZxsb_ jZa\blb_ \ KKKJ l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb Ih bo fg_gbx ijb khpbZebaf_ kms_kl\h\Ze kdjuluc ^mZebaf _keb \ e_]Zevghf k_dlhj_ ]hkih^kl\h\Zeh ieZgh\h_ gZqZeh lh klj_fbl_evgh jZklmsbc \ – 1980-_ ]] l_g_\hc k_dlhj ihdhbeky gZ jughqguo ijbgpbiZo b ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb ijb]emrZeg_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\by]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hZ^fbgbkljbjh\Zgby Dhgp_ipbb l_g_\uo jugdh\ \ KKKJ ba\_klgu \ hlebqb_ hl l_hjbb Y DhjgZb aZf_lgh keZ[__ F_`^m l_f \ ihbkdZo i_j\hbklhdh\ jughqguo bgklblmlh\ ke_^m_l h[jZsZlv i_j\hkl_i_ggh_ \gbfZgb_ bf_ggh gZ l_g_\u_ Z g_ gZ hnbpbZevgu_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ hlghr_gby – ih lhc ohly [u ijbqbg_ qlh jZa\blb_ jugdZ \ e_]Zevghc kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ reh\jZaj_akhnbpbZevghckhpbZebklbq_kdhc^hdljbghc\lh\j_fydZdg_e_]ZevgZywdhghfbdZihhij_^_e_gbx\k_]^Zb \_a^_hiihabpbhggZihhlghr_gbxdhnbpbZevguf^hdljbgZf Ihkdhevdm ^Zlv dhfie_dkgh_ baeh`_gb_ w\hexpbb l_g_\uo hlghr_gbc \ KKKJ ijb ^Zgghf mjh\g_ agZgbc g_ ij_^klZ\ey_lky \hafh`guf lh nhjfbjh\Zgb_ jughqguo bgklblmlh\ \ kh\_lkdhc l_g_\hc wdhghfbd_ fu jZkkfhljbf ]ghk_heh]bq_kdb – dZd jZa\blb_ gZmqguo \a]ey^h\ ih wlhfm \hijhkm Qlh dZkZ_lky aZjh`^_gby jughqguo bgklblmlh\ \ kh\_lkdhc e_]Zevghc wdhghfbd_ lh wlhl \hijhk fu hk\_lbf hglheh]bq_kdb ijhke_`b\Zy hkgh\gu_ klZ^bb ihkl_i_gghc ljZgknhjfZpbbkh\_lkdboij_^ijbylbc\g_dh_ih^h[b_ghjfZevguojughqguonbjf 9.2 Nhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguobgklblmlh\\kh\_lkdhc l_g_\hcwdhghfbd_ 84 85 Ihih\=OKlhqdbaj_gbywdhghfbklZMjhdb]hjvdb_ghg_h[oh^bfu_FFukev KfgZijbf_jDhjgZbY>_nbpblF.: GZmdZ, 1990. Bamq_gb_ l_g_\uo wdhghfbq_kdbo hlghr_gbc \ h[s_kl\Zo kh\_lkdh]h lbiZ bf__l q_l\_jlv\_dh\mx bklhjbx GZ ijhly`_gbb wlh]h i_jbh^Z \ ebl_jZlmj_ klZedb\Zxlky ^\Z jZaguo dhgp_ilmZevguo ih^oh^Z d hkfuke_gbx jheb l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb\KKKJ–kba\_klghc^he_cmkeh\ghklbbofh`ghgZa\Zlvi_kkbfbklbq_kdbfbhilbfbklbq_kdbf<jZfdZo i_j\h]h ba gbo g_e_]ZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd ijhy\e_gb_ ba\_klgh]h g_kh\_jr_gkl\Z q_eh\_q_kdhcijbjh^uihklhyggh]hjZaeZ^Zf_`^mbg^b\b^mZevgufbh[s_kl\_ggufij_h^he_lvdhlhjucg_kfh]eh^Z`_ h[s_kl\hk\_leh]h[m^ms_]hKlhjhggbdb\lhjh]hgZijhlb\\b^yl\kh\_lkdhcl_g_\hcwdhghfbd_wdhghfbdma^jZ\h]h kfukeZih[_`^ZxsmxZ[kmj^gmxaZj_]mebjh\ZgghklvZ^fbgbkljZlb\gh-dhfZg^ghckbkl_fu 9.2.1 I_kkbfbklbq_kdb_dhgp_ipbbl_g_\uojugdh\\KKKJ <]ijZdlbq_kdbh^gh\j_f_ggh\KR:[uebhim[ebdh\Zgu^\_dhgp_ilmZevgu_klZlvbhnhjfZobfZkrlZ[Zo l_g_\hc wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \ kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ Zf_jbdZgkdh]h kh\_lheh]Z =j_]hjb =jhkkfZgZ <lhjZy wdhghfbdZ \ KKKJ b [u\r_]h kh\_lkdh]h wdhghfbklZ wfb]jbjh\Z\r_]h \ :f_jbdm :jhgZ DZp_g_ebg[hc]_gZ P\_lgu_ jugdb\Kh\_lkdhfKhxa_86Hgbiheh`bebgZqZehh[rbjghfmihlhdmkh\_lheh]bq_kdbobkke_^h\ZgbchkZfhklhyl_evghc ohayckl\_gghc `bag_^_yl_evghklb \ KKKJ b kljZgZo <hklhqghc ?\jhiu ijb]emr_gghc ij_l_gabyfb p_gljZebah\Zggh]h ieZgbjh\ZgbygZlhlZevgucmq_lbdhgljhevghhlgx^vg_mgbqlh`_gghc H[Z i_j\hhldju\Zl_ey ih^q_jdb\Zeb qlh nZdlbq_kdb ^_ckl\mxsb_ f_oZgbafu kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbdb aZf_lgh hlebqZxlkyhlnhjfZevghijh\ha]eZr_gghcfh^_ebijhiZ]Zg^bjm_fhc\hnbpbZevghcij_kk_Hkh[_gghex[hiulgZklZlvy : DZp_g_ebg[hc]_gZ \ dhlhjhc [ueZ ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZb[he__ ih^jh[gZy deZkkbnbdZpby jughqguo hlghr_gbc \ ydh[u lhlZevgh ieZgbjm_fhf kh\_lkdhf ohayckl\_ kf lZ[e < jZfdZo ij_^eh`_ggh]h bf ih^oh^Z l_g_\u_ hlghr_gby \u]ey^yl g_ dZd ZghfZeby Z dZd h^bg ba dhfihg_glh\ kbkl_fu jughqguo k\ya_c Kh\_lkdbc hiul ihdZaZe \ ijhlb\h\_k fZjdkbklkdbfh`b^Zgbyf–ibkZeZ\lhjklZlvb–qlhieZgh\ZykhpbZebklbq_kdZykbkl_fZgm`^Z_lky\we_f_glZojugdZ< kZfhf^_e_fh`gh]h\hjblvhp_ehfjy^_>jZagh\b^ghkl_c@jugdh\kms_kl\mxsbo\KKKJ87. Ih : DZp_g_ebg[hc]_gm \ kh\_lkdhc wdhghfbd_ ^_ckl\h\Zeh r_klv jZagh\b^ghkl_c jugdh\ hlebqZxsboky b ih km[t_dlZf b ih h[t_dlZf b ih kl_i_gb e_]Zevghklb88 Jh\gh iheh\bgZ ba gbo –jugdb l_g_\u_ LZdbf h[jZahf ij_^eh`_gguc:DZp_g_ebg[hc]_ghfih^oh^dkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbd_ij_^eZ]ZejZkkfZljb\Zlv__dZdk\h_h[jZaguckbgl_a hnbpbZevgh-ieZgh\uohlghr_gbckjughqgufb–e_]Zevgufbiheme_]Zevgufbbkh\_jr_gghg_e_]ZevgufbL_fkZfufih kms_kl\mklZ\beky\hijhkhkdjulhcfgh]hmdeZ^ghklbkh\_lkdh]hohayckl\_ggh]hkljhy P\_lgu_jugdb\KKKJih:DZp_g_ebg[hc]_gm Jugdb 1. E_]Zevgu_ DjZkguc Jhah\uc ;_euc Kl_i_gvaZdhgghklb bklhqgbdh\ f_lh^h\ lh\Zjh\ ijh^Z`b AZdhggu AZdhggu AZdhggu AZdhggu AZdhggu AZdhggu 2. Iheme_]Zevgu_ K_juc Zihlj_[bl_evkdb_ AZdhggu IhemaZdhg lh\Zju gu IhemaZdhgg AZdhggu [ u ijhba\h^bl_evgu_ lh\Zju 3. G_e_]Zevgu_ Dhjbqg_\uc Zihlj_[bl_evkdb_ IhemaZdhgg IhemaZdhg lh\Zju u gu [ ijhba\h^bl_evgu_ lh\Zju Q_jguc G_aZdhggu G_aZdhggu LZ[ebpZ MqZklgbdblh\Zjguok^_ehd ijh^Z\pu ihdmiZl_eb Ex[u_ex^b JZ[hlgbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gg uofZ]Zabgh\ Ex[u_ex^b Dheohagbdb Ex[u_ex^b Ex[u_ex^b Ex[u_ex^b Ex[u_ex^b =hkm^Zjkl\_gg =hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ u_f_g_^`_ju f_g_^`_ju JZ[hlgbdb ]hkm^Zjkl\_gg uofZ]Zabgh\ =hkm^Zjkl\_gg u_jZ[hqb_ Ex[u_ex^b Dheohau 86 Grossman G. The "Second Economy" of the USSR // Problems of Communism. 1977. Sept. – Oct. P.25 – 40; Katsenelinboigen A. Coloured Markets in the Soviet Union // Soviet Studies. 1977. VolJ–JZ[hlZ:DZp_g_ebg[hc]_gZ[ueZgZibkZgZbf_s_\KKKJ^h wfb]jZpbb \ KR: b oh^beZ \ jmdhibkb \ ^bkkb^_glkdbo djm]Zo Z ihlhfm bf_ggh __ ke_^m_l kqblZlv ibhg_jghc K jmkkdhyauqghc \_jkb_cwlhcklZlvbfh`ghhagZdhfblvkyihba^ZgbxDZp_g_ebg[hc]_g:P\_lgu_jugdbbkh\_lkdZywdhghfbdZKh\_lkdZywdhghfbdZb iheblbdZ1988. Dg. 3. K. 5 – 83. 87 Katsenelinboigen A. Op. cit. P. 62. 88 ?kebijZ\bl_evkl\hbex^bhldjulhih^^_j`b\Zxlhij_^_e_gguc\b^jugdZ–wlhe_]ZevgZyjZagh\b^ghklvjugdZLZdb_jugdby[m^m h[hagZqZlvykgufbk\_leufbp\_lZfbdjZkgucjhah\uc[_euc?kebgZjh^ijbagZ_ldZdhc-eb[hjughdZijZ\bl_evkl\mhgg_gjZ\blky gh \j_f_gZfb hgh aZdju\Z_l gZ g_]h ]eZaZ b^_l gZ dhfijhfbkk lh lZdZy jZagh\b^ghklv jugdZ y\ey_lky iheme_]Zevghc b y [m^m h[hagZqZlv _]h k_juf p\_lhf ?keb ex^b beb ohly [u g_dhlhju_ ba gbo ijbagZxl dZdhc-eb[h \b^ jugdZ dhlhjuc aZij_sZ_lky ijZ\bl_evkl\hflhhgy\ey_lkyg_e_]Zevgufb[m^_lh[hagZqZlvkyl_fgufbp\_lZfb– dhjbqg_\ufbq_jguf" (Katsenelinboigen A. Op. cit. P. 62). ZaZdhggu_lh\Zju -aZdhggh ijhba\_^_ggu_ ^_nbpblgu_ -aZdhggh ijhba\_^_ggu_ ebfblbjm_fu_\ ijh^Z`_ -g_aZdhggh ijbh[j_l_ggu_ [g_aZdhggu_ lh\Zju IhemaZdhgg G_aZdhggu u Ki_dmeyglu Ex[u_ex^b AZdhggu G_aZdhggu Ki_dmeyglu Ex[u_ex^b G_aZdhggu G_aZdhggu JZkoblbl_eb Ex[u_ex^b G_aZdhggu G_aZdhggu Kdmisbdb \Zexlu ijhklblmldb Ex[u_ex^b KhklZ\e_ghihKatsenelinboigen A. Op. cit. P. 63. < -_ ]] kh\_lheh]b \hh[s_ klZeb ijboh^blv d fg_gbx qlh aZ rbjfhc \k_h[s_c ieZghf_jghklb b aZj_]mebjh\Zgghklb \ KKKJ nZdlbq_kdb kdju\Z_lky wdhghfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ kf_rZggh]h lbiZ ]^_ g_nhjfZevgh_ g_dhgljhebjm_fh_ijhba\h^kl\hb]jZ_l\hfgh]bohlghr_gbyog_f_gvrmxjhevq_fijhba\h^kl\hhnbpbZevgh_89. JZa\blb_ l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb jZkkfZljb\Zehkv kh\_lheh]Zfb dZd ijhy\e_gb_ ms_j[ghklb kh\_lkdhc fh^_eb __ g_kihkh[ghklb\ujZ[Zlu\Zlvijb_fe_fu_^ey\k_oijZ\beZohayckl\_gghc`bagb<lh`_\j_fyaZjm[_`gu_bkke_^h\Zl_eb hlgx^v g_ [ueb kdehggu ij_m\_ebqb\Zlv jZaebqby f_`^m jZa\blb_f l_g_\uo hlghr_gbc gZ <hklhd_ b gZ AZiZ^_ Ih^q_jdb\Zehkv qlh fgh]b_ \b^u l_g_\hc wdhghfbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb – mdehg_gb_ hl gZeh]h\ bkdZ`_gb_ hnbpbZevghc hlq_lghklb \lhjbqgZy aZgylhklv dhjjmipby – \klj_qZxlky dZd ijb khpbZebaf_ lZd b \ jZa\blhc jughqghc wdhghfbd_ < p_ehfijbjZaguoh[s_kl\_gguokbkl_fZoiheZ]Zebhgbex^bfZehjZaebqZxlkyihk\hbfhkgh\gufg_^hklZldZfdhlhju_ b y\eyxlky ijbqbghc klj_fe_gby hl^_evguo bg^b\b^h\ b]jZlv \hij_db h[sbf ijZ\beZf <k_ h[s_kl\_ggu_ kbkl_fu ibkZe gZijbf_j I <be_k ijZdlbq_kdb hibjZxlky gZ [hckdZmlkdmx ibhg_jkdmx fhjZev ex[h\v d [h]m beb d FZjdkm \_jghklv dhjhex beb Ihebl[xjh b^_heh]bq_kdZy ehyevghklv mihjguc ljm^ mieZlZ gZeh]h\ wdhghfby ^_g_] aZdhghihkemrghklvL_g_\Zywdhghfbq_kdZy^_yl_evghklv\k_]^ZgZjmrZ_lwlbmgb\_jkZevgu_fhjZevgu_ghjfu^Z`__keb ijbghkblwdhghfbq_kdmxihevam90. ?^\Z ijb =hj[Zq_\_ [ue kgyl aZij_l gZ h[km`^_gb_ ihjhdh\ kh\_lkdhc kbkl_fu dZd kh\_lkdb_ bkke_^h\Zl_eb ^h\hevgh [ukljh \dexqbebkv \ h[km`^_gb_ jheb b fZkrlZ[h\ l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb \ KKKJ DZd ijZ\beh hgb jZa^_eyeb h[smx f_lh^heh]bq_kdmx mklZgh\dm aZjm[_`guo kh\_lheh]h\ kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc l_g_\Zy wdhghfbq_kdZy ^_yl_evghklv jZkkfZljb\ZeZkv dZd hldehg_gb_ hl ghjfu ijhy\e_gb_ [he_agb ohayckl\_ggh]h hj]ZgbafZ OZjZdl_jgu kZfb aZ]heh\db im[ebdZpbclh]hi_jbh^ZL_g_\u_himohebe_]ZevghcwdhghfbdbIhjhdgZpbbbeb"91Khhl\_lkl\_gghh[s_ijbgyluf gZ g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy klZeh m[_`^_gb_ [m^lh bae_qblvky hl wlhc [he_agb fh`gh ^h\hevgh [ukljh – iml_f eb[h hqbs_gbykhpbZebklbq_kdh]hkljhyhljh^bfuoiyl_gbihjhdh\eb[h–[he__jZ^bdZevgh–iml_fjughqguoj_nhjf dhlhju_ebd\b^bjmxlkZfkljhcqlhihjh`^Z_l\j_^hghkgmxl_gv 9.2.2 Hilbfbklbq_kdb_dhgp_ipbbl_g_\uojugdh\\KKKJ Gh\uc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb k\yaZg k b^_yfb i_jmZgkdh]h wdhghfbklZ WjgZg^h ^_ Khlh qvy fhgh]jZnbyBghcimlv92him[ebdh\ZggZy\]ijhba\_eZ[md\Zevghj_\hexpbx\ij_^klZ\e_gbyohjhebbagZq_gbb l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb \ kh\j_f_gghf jughqghf ohayckl\_ Bf_ggh dhgp_ipby Bgh]h imlb hij_^_ey_l k_cqZk ij_h[eZ^Zxsmx\ebl_jZlmj_iZjZ^b]fml_hjbcg_nhjfZevgh]hk_dlhjZwdhghfbdb^Zbl_g_\hcwdhghfbdb\p_ehf93. LjZ^bpbhgguc ]hkih^kl\h\Z\rbc \ –1980-_ ]] ih^oh^ d ijh[e_f_ l_g_\hc wdhghfbdb \ kljZgZo lj_lv_]h fbjZljZdlh\ZehldjulmxZg]ebckdbfkhpbheh]hfDOZjlhfg_nhjfZevgmxaZgylhklvdZdihjh`^_gb_[_^ghklbgbs_lu b hlklZehklb Wdhghfbq_kdh_ ih^ihev_ \b^_ehkv fZj]bgZevghc ijhkehcdhc [u\rb_ dj_klvyg_ moh^yl \ ihbkdZo [he__ \ukhdboaZjZ[hldh\\]hjh^Zghg_fh]ml\kbemk\h_cgbadhcd\ZebnbdZpbbgZclbjZ[hlm\kh\j_f_gghcijhfure_gghklb b ihlhfm \ugm`^_gu i_j_[b\Zlvky l_g_\hc ^_yl_evghklvx k ljm^hf h[_ki_qb\Zy k_[_ ijh`blhqguc fbgbfmf G_nhjfZevguc k_dlhj k lZdhc lhqdb aj_gby — wdhghfbq_kdh_ ]_llh g_ bf_xs__ ihablb\guo i_jki_dlb\ >Zggu_ h [mjghf jZajZklZgbb g_nhjfZevgh]h k_dlhjZ \ ]hjh^kdhc wdhghfbd_ jZa\b\Zxsboky kljZg bklhedh\u\Zebkv ijb lZdhf ih^oh^_dZdihdZaZl_ev^_]jZ^Zpbbi_jbn_jbcgh]hdZiblZebafZ Kh]eZkgh `_ dhgp_ipbb W ^_ Khlh l_g_\Zy wdhghfbdZ _klv aZdhghf_jgZy nhjfZ ]_g_abkZ fZkkh\uo gZjh^guo nhjf dZiblZebklbq_kdh]h ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z gZ i_jbn_jbb kh\j_f_ggh]h fbjh\h]h ohayckl\Z =eZ\gZy ijbqbgZ __ jZa[moZgby–g_[_^ghklvbkeZ[hjZa\blhklvZ[xjhdjZlbq_kdZyaZj_]mebjh\ZgghklvK\yaZggu_k\eZklyfbdZiblZebkluheb]Zjobe_]dhh[oh^yl[xjhdjZlbq_kdb_jh]Zldbdhlhju_\lh`_\j_fyklZgh\ylkyg_ij_h^hebfufij_iylkl\b_fgZimlb g_[h]Zluo ex^_c `_eZxsbo aZgbfZlvky h[uqguf f_edbf [bag_khf \hablv iZkkZ`bjh\ \ ebqguo fZrbgZo lhj]h\Zlv k I_j\ufbihdZ_^bgkl\_ggufh[ahjhfkh\_lheh]bq_kdbodhgp_ipbckh\_lkdhc\lhjhcwdhghfbdbhklZ_lkyhim[ebdh\ZggZyihqlb e_lgZaZ^klZlvyKOZ\bghcbEKmi_jnbgZOZ\bgZKKmi_jnbgE;mj`mZagZyl_hjby\lhjhcwdhghfbdb<hijhkuwdhghfbdb1986. K.104 – 112). 90 :LOHV J The second economy, its definitional problems // The Unofficial Economy. Consequences and Perspectives in Different Economic Systems. Ed. by S. Alessandrini and B. Dallago. Gower, 1987. 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K.43-58. 126 Bkihevam_lky ih^oh^ >. GhjlZ. KfGhjl >MdZakhq 127 Denzau A., North D. Shared mental models: Ideology and institutions // Kyklos. 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DZd hij_^_ey_lky hilbfZevguc mjh\_gv bkdexqbl_evghklb k lhqdb aj_gby wdhghfbdb b l_dms_]h khklhygby bgklblmpbhgZevghckj_^u172"GZqg_fkkh\_lkdhcwdhghfbdb^hbgklblmpbhgZevgh]hrhdZ Djb\u_ MCspr b MBspr hljZ`Zxl kblmZpbx ijZ\ h[s_gZjh^ghc kh[kl\_gghklb ^h gZqZeZ i_j_kljhcdb GZ jbk 10.4 ij_^_evgu_\u]h^uhlki_pbnbdZpbbbbgnhjkf_glZMBspr)mf_gvrZxlkykm\_ebq_gb_f^_yl_evghklbihhij_^_e_gbxb bgnhjkf_glmijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbLZdhc\b^djb\hchij_^_ey_lky\uimdehklvxnmgdpbbh[sbo\u]h^hl^_yl_evghklbih ki_pbnbdZpbb ba-aZ ghjfZlb\guo h]jZgbq_gbc ijhba\h^bl_evghklb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z gZoh^ysboky \ bkdexqbl_evghf ^hklmi_ Ij_^_evgu_ ba^_j`db (MCspr) gZ ki_pbnbdZpbx gZijhlb\ \hajZklZxl \ kbem jhklZ Zevl_jgZlb\guo ba^_j`_d j_kmjkh\ g_h[oh^bfuo ^ey hij_^_e_gby b aZsblu ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb HilbfZevguc mjh\_gv ki_pbnbdZpbbbkdexqbl_evghklbhij_^_ey_lkynZdlhjZfb\ebyxsbfbgZba^_j`dbb\u]h^uhlki_pbnbdZpbbbaZsblu ijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbHggZoh^blky\fh^_eb\lhqd_i_j_k_q_gby]jZnbdh\MBsprbMCspr. <Z`ghhlf_lblvgZebqb_g_dhlhjh]hihjh]h\h]hagZq_gbygbq_cghklbij_^ijbylbyQi^hij_h^he_gbydhlhjh]h nZdlbq_kdhfm kh[kl\_ggbdm [he__ \u]h^gh ihemq_gb_ kbxfbgmlgh]h ^hoh^Z hl ijhba\h^kl\Z jZkljZqb\Zxs__ ihl_gpbZevgmx j_glm qlh ih wdhghfbq_kdbf ihke_^kl\byf ZgZeh]bqgh _]h i_j_jZkij_^_e_gbx Z g_ ijhba\h^bl_evgh_ Kf., gZij.: Demsetz H. Toward a theory of property rights // American Economic Review. 1967. Vol. 57 (2). J. 349-59; Ostrom E. Common and Private Property / Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. J-352; RZklbldh :?MdZakhqK 228-274. 167 KjZ\gbl_evguc ZgZeba ^bkdj_lguo bgklblmpbhgZevguo Zevl_jgZlb\ - h^bg ba hkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbo f_lh^heh]bq_kdbo ih^oh^h\ jZa\b\Z_fuo \ g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghc l_hjbb kf Williamson H Mechanism of Governance J 94-101, 231-232). >bkdj_lghc bgklblmpbhgZevghc Zevl_jgZlb\hc \ h[s_f kemqZ_ fh`gh gZa\Zlv kh\hdmighklv kbkl_fgh aZfdgmluo gZ[hjh\ ijZ\be hihkj_^mxsbo \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^mohayckl\_ggufbZ]_glZfbihih\h^mh]jZgbq_gguo[eZ] 168 Wlh hlebqZ_l gh\uc bgklblmpbhgZevguc ih^oh^ hl g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc l_hjbb \ fh^_eyo dhlhjhc \ dZq_kl\_ wdah]_gghc ij_^ihkuedb h[uqgh ij_^iheZ]Zxlky b^_Zebabjh\Zggu_ mkeh\by kh\_jr_gby ljZgkZdpbc b Z[khexlgh_ ^hfbgbjh\Zgb_ bg^b\b^mZebabjh\Zgghc qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb 169 Kfih^jh[g__h[wlhfi 8.2. 170 I_j\hgZqZevgh hkh[_gghklb b ihke_^kl\by j_`bfZ iehoh hij_^_e_gguo ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb [ueb bkke_^h\Zgu wdhghfbklZfb ijbf_gbl_evgh d bkihevah\Zgbx ju[guo j_kmjkh\ fhjy (kf.: Gordon S. The Economic Theory on a Common Property Resource: The Fishery // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 62 (1). 1954. J.124-142; Cheung S. The structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-exclusive Resources // Journal of Law and Economics. 1970. Vol. J-H^gZdhhkgh\gu_b^_bjZkljZqb\Zgb_j_glubkq_jiZgb_j_kmjkZ\j_amevlZl_ k\_jobkihevah\Zgbyb^jl_obkke_^h\Zgbcfh]ml[ulvh[h[s_gubijbf_gylvkyd^jm]bf\b^Zfj_kmjkh\(Kf.: Libecap G. Property rights in economic history: Implications for research // Explorations in Economic History. 1986. Vol. J 227-252). 171 L_hj_lbq_kdb_ hkgh\u gZrbo jZkkm`^_gbc \hkoh^yl d fh^_eb :g^_jkhgZ – ObeeZ Kf.: Anderson T., Hill P. The evolution of property rights: A Study of the American West // Journal of Law and Economics. 1975. 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Q, ^_yl_evghklvihki_pbnbdZpbbb b gnhjkf_glmijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb Jbk Ki_pbnbdZpbyijZ\qZklghckh[kl\_gghklb\ihklkh\_lkdhcijhfure_gghklbjhklhilbfZevgh]hmjh\gy bkdexqbl_evghklb <k_ wlh m\_ebqb\Z_l qbklmx ijb\_^_ggmx klhbfhklv hl bg\_klbpbc \ ih^^_j`Zgb_ j_`bfZ bkdexqbl_evgh]h ^hklmiZdijhfure_ggufh[t_dlZfg_h[oh^bfh]h^eygZqZeZjZkrbj_ggh]h\hkijhba\h^kl\ZGh\ZylhqdZjZ\gh\_kby–wlh ?3Khhl\_lkl\mxsbc_cmjh\_gvbkdexqbl_evghklbQE\ur_ihjh]h\h]hagZq_gbyQi. Mlhqgyy nhjfmem h`b^Z_fhc ijb\_^_gghc l_dms_c klhbfhklb fh`gh aZibkZlv nhjfmem h`b^Z_fh]h qbklh]h ^hoh^Z hl mklZgh\e_gby bkdexqbl_evguo ijZ\ qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklb EGPPR \ujZ`_ggh]h q_j_a ba^_j`db ki_pbnbdZpbb. (4) EGPR = Pr(q)[P – C – q] – (1 – Pr(q))[C + q] beb (5) EGPR = Pr(q)P – [C + q] , ]^_ P – jughqgZy p_gZ dZ`^hc mkeh\ghc _^bgbpu Zdlb\Z \ j_`bf_ ki_pbnbpbjh\Zgguo b aZsbs_gguo ijZ\ qZklghc kh[kl\_gghklbP_gZhij_^_ey_lkyij_`^_\k_]hihlhdhf^h[Z\e_gghcklhbfhklbdhlhjmx\g_dhlhjucjZkkfZljb\Z_fuc i_jbh^ ^_ckl\by mklZgh\e_ggh]h j_`bfZ ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklb fh`gh ijhba\_klb k bkihevah\Zgb_f ^Zggh]h Zdlb\Z LZd gZijbf_jijbf_gbl_evghdklZgdhkljh_gbxlZdZyp_gZihklhyggh\hajZklZ_lgZqbgZyk ] C –p_gZZdlb\h\aZ\h^ZmklZgh\e_ggZyijh^Z\phf Pr(q) – \_jhylghklv ihemq_gby lblmeZ kh[kl\_ggbdZ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl aZljZl q gZ ijbgylb_ gm`gh]h j_r_gby aZdhgh^Zl_evgh]h hj]ZgZ beb Zj[bljZ`gh]h km^Z183 Khhl\_lkl\_ggh \_jhylghklv g_ ihemq_gby aZ\h^Z \ kh[kl\_gghklv khklZ\bl (1 - Pr(q)); q – jZkoh^u gZ eh[[bjh\Zgb_ ijbgylby gm`gh]h ghjfZlb\gh]h ZdlZ beb dhgljZdlZ beb j_r_gby Zj[bljZ`gh]h km^Z h gZagZq_gbyk\h_]h\g_rg_]hmijZ\eyxs_]h LZdbf h[jZahf [C + q] – wlh ba^_j`db dhlhju_ g_k_l ihl_gpbZevguc ij_l_g^_gl gZ Zdlb\u aZ\h^Z ihemqZy nhjfZevgu_ijZ\ZqZklghckh[kl\_gghklbgZaZ\h^ijbghkysbcij_l_g^_glmh`b^Z_fmx^h[Z\e_ggmxklhbfhklvPr(q)*P. Ij_^iheZ]Zymkeh\bydhgdmj_gpbb\[hjv[_aZZdlb\uaZ\h^Zh`b^Z_fmx\ujmqdmfh`ghijbjZ\gylvgmexLh]^Z \ujZ`_gb_fh`ghaZibkZlv\\b^_ P* = [C + q] / Pr(q) . 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Keh`b\rmxky kljmdlmjm fhlb\h\ ljm^Z fh`gh gZa\Zlv h^ghnZdlhjghc AZjZ[hlhd dZd hkgh\ghc fhlb\ ljm^Z ml\_j^beky\khagZgbbZ[khexlgh]h[hevrbgkl\ZjZ[hqboZ\k_hklZevgu_fhlb\uebrv^hihegyxl_]hkf lZ[e 11.10). LZ[ebpZ Hkgh\gu_fhlb\uljm^ZjZ[hqboh[ke_^h\Zgguoij_^ijbylbc Fhlb\uljm^Z AZjZ[hlhd <hafh`ghklvh[s_gbyk ex^vfb J_ZebaZpbyk\hbo kihkh[ghkl_c =ZjZglbyaZgylhklb g_ihl_jylvjZ[hlm ] 1996 ]. ] ] n=172 73 32 n=230 92 39 n=484 90 28 n=270 89 34 40 18 19 25 30 48 39 38 KmffZijhp_glh\ij_\urZ_lldfh`gh[ueh\u[jZlvg_kdhevdh\ZjbZglh\hl\_lZ Fhlb\ j_ZebaZpbb kihkh[ghkl_c \ ljm^_ dZd bg^bdZlhj p_gghklb kh^_j`Zgby ljm^Z ihl_jye k\h_ [ueh_ agZq_gb_ GZqbgZy k ] hg aZgbfZ_l mklhcqb\h_ q_l\_jlh_ f_klh b \uihegy_l dZd [m^_l ihdZaZgh gb`_ gh\mx nmgdpbx AZlh \hajhk b mdj_ibeky kljZo ihl_jb jZ[hlu ih^gy\rbkv d ] gZ \lhjmx klmi_gvdm b \ul_kgb\ ljZ^bpbhgguc ^ey jhkkbckdboljm^h\uodhee_dlb\h\fhlb\ljm^Zk\yaZgguckh[s_gb_fklh\ZjbsZfbihjZ[hl_ Wnn_dlb\gZ eb lZdZy kljmdlmjZ fhlb\Zpbb ]^_ aZjZ[hlhd ^hfbgbjm_l b \ hij_^_e_gghc f_j_ kh]eZkbfky k <K FZ]mghf hljZ`Z_l fhlb\Zpbx ^hklb`_gby Z kljZo ihl_jb jZ[hlu - fhlb\Zpbx ba[_]Zgby201" >ey hl\_lZ gZ wlhl \hijhk g_h[oh^bfhij_`^_\k_]h\uykgblvdZdb_nZdlhjukihkh[kl\mxlgZkus_gbxfhlb\ZaZjZ[hldZ Hij_^_ebfhkgh\gu_nZdlhjum^h\e_l\hj_gghklbjZaf_jhfaZjZ[hldZkf lZ[e 11.11). LZdb_ \ukdZau\Zgby qZklh a\mqZeb \ \uklmie_gbyo gZ O f_`^mgZjh^ghf kbfihabmf_ Dm^Z ijbreZ Jhkkby - yg\Zjy ] ij_`^_\k_]hbamklwdhghfbklh\<FZmK:mdmpbhg_dZb^j 199 ;_ey_\ZBNLjm^h\Zyfhlb\ZpbyF_oZgbafunhjfbjh\Zgbybnmgdpbhgbjh\ZgbyBaf_g_gby\fhlb\Zpbbljm^Z\gh\uomkeh\byo FGBBljm^ZK 200 H[t_dlZfbbkke_^h\Zgbyy\eyebkvjZ[hqb_qZklguoijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcFhkd\uZ\]-Fhkd\ub<hjhg_`Z<] [uebhlh[jZguljbij_^ijbylby\-h^gh\-^\Z\]-^\Zij_^ijbylby 201 FZ]mg <K KljmdlmjZ b ^bgZfbdZ ljm^h\uo p_gghkl_c jhkkbckdh]h gZk_e_gby Jhkkby ljZgknhjfbjmxs__ky h[s_kl\h Ih^ j_^ <:Y^h\ZFDZghg-Ij_kk-PK 198 LZ[ebpZ <aZbfhk\yavf_`^mm^h\e_l\hj_gghklvxjZ[hqbfbh[ke_^h\Zgguoij_^ijbylbcjZaf_jhfaZjZ[hldZbhp_gdZfb jZaebqguoklhjhgljm^Z agZqbfu_dhwnGammaijbJ Hp_gdbklhjhgljm^Z M^h\e_l\hj_gghklvkh^_j`Zgb_f ljm^Z Hp_gdZaZ\bkbfhklbjZaf_jZ hieZluhl ebqgh]hljm^h\h]h\deZ^Z dhg_qguoj_amevlZlh\jZ[hlu ij_^ijbylby Hp_gdZkijZ\_^eb\hklbhieZlu ljm^Z ] n=172 0,381 ] n=230 0,350 1999 ]. n=484 0,410 ] n=270 0,345 0,392 g_l k\yab g_l k\yab 0,189 g_l k\yab * g_l k\yab g_l k\yab 0,233 0,235 0,301 0,368 <hijhkg_aZ^Z\Zeky I_j\h_ qlh [jhkZ_lky \ ]eZaZ - wlh mklhcqb\h \ukhdZy k\yav f_`^m m^h\e_l\hj_gghklvx jZaf_jhf aZjZ[hldZ b kh^_j`Zgb_f ljm^Z Wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l gZ gZr \a]ey^ qlh kh^_j`Zgb_ ljm^Z g_ mljZlbeh k\h_]h agZq_gby \ gh\uo mkeh\byo gh _]h jhev baf_gbeZkv Ba\_klgh qlh l_ogbdh-nmgdpbhgZevgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb jZ[hq_]h f_klZ \ -_ ]] ih kmlbg_baf_gbebkvmjh\_gvjZaghh[jZaby\ljm^_g_ih\ukbekyl\hjq_kl\hg_ihhsjyehkvih\ur_gb_d\ZebnbdZpbbg_ klbfmebjh\Zehkv LZdbf h[jZahf g_evay ml\_j`^Zlv h khojZg_gbb ]_^hgbklbq_kdhc nmgdpbb kh^_j`Zgby ljm^Z dZd wlh [ueh \ kh\_lkdhf h[s_kl\_ < gh\uo mkeh\byo kh^_j`Zgb_ ljm^Z \uihegy_l ij_bfms_kl\_ggh bgkljmf_glZevgmx jhev b y\ey_lky^hihegbl_evgufnZdlhjhfih\ur_gbym^h\e_l\hj_gghklbjZaf_jhfaZjZ[hldZ G_agZqbl_evgmx jhev \ kljmdlmj_ m^h\e_l\hj_gghklb jZaf_jhf aZjZ[hldZ b]jZxl hp_gdb _]h k\yab k ebqguf ljm^h\uf\deZ^hfIhkjZ\g_gbxk]_]h\ebygb_gZjZaf_jaZjZ[hldZkgbabehkv\^\ZjZaZ>heyjZ[hqbokqblZxsbo qlh jZaf_j bo aZjZ[hldZ agZqbl_evgh aZ\bkbl hl ebqgh]h ljm^h\h]h \deZ^Z khklZ\beZ \ ] ebrv Kms_kl\_ggh \ur_ hp_gb\Z_lky k\yav jZaf_jZ aZjZ[hldZ k dhg_qgufb j_amevlZlZfb jZ[hlu ij_^ijbylby- Hlf_lbf qlh bf_ggh ih\ur_gb_ k\yab jZaf_jZ aZjZ[hldZ k ebqguf ljm^h\uf \deZ^hf jZkkfZljb\Zehkv \ gZqZe_ -o ]] dZd gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guc imlv \uoh^Z ba djbabkZ \ fhlb\Zpbb ljm^Z GZ \k_f ijhly`_gbb -o ]] oZjZdl_j b kbeZ wlhc k\yab \gbfZl_evgh hlke_`b\ZeZkv hl_q_kl\_ggufb mq_gufb H^gZdh \u\h^u hdZaZebkv g_ml_rbl_evgufb Ih^q_jdb\Zehkv d ijbf_jm qlh aZjieZlZ k\yau\Z_lky g_ k \uiheg_gb_f dhgdj_lghc aZ^Zqb Z bg^_dkbjm_lky \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl mjh\gy bgneypbby\ey_lkykdhj__bgkljmf_glhf\eZklbZg_fhlb\Zpbbdljm^mldihjy^hd\uieZluij_fbcg_bf__ll\_j^uo hkgh\Zgbc Z y\ey_lky ijhba\hevgh mklZgZ\eb\Z_fuf kem`bl kj_^kl\hf ^_fhgkljZpbb b mdj_ie_gby klZlmkZ ebg_cguo jmdh\h^bl_e_c202. G_ fh`_l g_ h[jZlblv gZ k_[y \gbfZgb_ \ukhdZy kl_i_gv k\yab f_`^m m^h\e_l\hj_gghklvx jZaf_jhf aZjZ[hldZ b hp_gdZfb kijZ\_^eb\hklb \ hieZl_ ljm^Z < ] __ agZq_gb_ hdZaZehkv gZb[he__ \ukhdbf ba \k_o \aZbfhaZ\bkbfhkl_c kf lZ[e Ijh[e_fZkijZ\_^eb\hklbhieZlub__jhev\fhlb\Zpbbljm^ZjZ[hqbolj_[m_lhl^_evgh]hki_pbZevgh]h ZgZebaZ<ijh\_^_gguobkke_^h\Zgbyo[uehaZnbdkbjh\Zghihke_^h\Zl_evgh_kgb`_gb_^hebjZ[hqbokqblZxsboqlhbo ljm^hieZqb\Z_lkykijZ\_^eb\hkf lZ[e 11.12). LZ[ebpZ >bgZfbdZhp_ghdjZ[hqbfbh[ke_^h\Zgguoij_^ijbylbc kijZ\_^eb\hklb\hieZl_ljm^Z KqblZxlhieZlmk\h_]hljm^Z kijZ\_^eb\hc bg^_dku ^hey ] n=172 * ] n=230 2,7 1999 ]. n=484 2,4 ] n=270 2,1 * 23 13 7 <hijhkg_aZ^Z\Zeky FbgbfZevgh_agZq_gb_bg^_dkZ-fZdkbfZevgh_- 5. 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K. 99-113. Layard R., Richter A. Labour Market Adjustment – the Russian Way // Russian Economic Reform at Risk / Ed. A. Aslund. London : Penter, 1995. 345 DZi_exrgbdh\ J Qlh kdju\Z_lky aZ kdjulhc [_ajZ[hlbp_c" =hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy b dhjihjZlb\gZy iheblbdZ aZgylhklb Ih^ j_^ L FZe_\hcFFhkdP_gljDZjg_]bK 346 DZr_ih\:Ijh[e_fuij_^hl\jZs_gbyfZkkh\hc[_ajZ[hlbpu\Jhkkbb<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK 53-61. 347 >m^gbdh\KS_j[Zdh\:KdjulZy[_ajZ[hlbpZgZfhkdh\kdhfjugd_ljm^ZQ_eh\_dbljm^K 44-47. 348 :mdmpbhg_d K DZi_exrgbdh\ J Ihq_fm ij_^ijbylby ijb^_j`b\Zxl jZ[hqmx kbem Fbjh\Zy wdhghfbdZ b f_`^mgZjh^gu_ 343 344 ]] ijh\h^bfuo khljm^gbdZfb P_gljZ bkke_^h\Zgbc jugdZ ljm^Z BW J:G \uy\beb iylv hkgh\guo ijbqbg ih[m`^Zxsbobojmdh\h^bl_e_cgZdZieb\Zlvba[ulhqgmxaZgylhklv349. 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fhg_lZjbafZ F Njb^f_giheZ]Zeqlhg_kfhljygZlhqlh\kms_kl\mxs_cohayckl\_gghckbkl_f_ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdZy^_yl_evghklvb ^_gv]b b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev b g_kfhljy gZ lh qlh bo kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ihjh`^Z_l fgh]hqbke_ggu_ b keh`gu_ ijh[e_fu hkgh\gu_f_lh^ukihfhsvxdhlhjuojughdh[_ki_qb\Z_ldhhj^bgZpbx\jZfdZo\k_]hohayckl\Ziheghklvxijhy\eyxlky FZdZjh\<De_cg_j=;Zjl_j\JhkkbbBgklblmpbhgZevgucwlZi<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK LZf`_K 375 Fgh]b_ \_^msb_ ihkld_cgkbZgpu ON Fbgkdb EJ Jwc KNZaaZjb b ^j ihklhyggh i_qZlZebkv b i_qZlZxlky \ `mjgZe_ ljZ^bpbhgguo bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ Journal of Economic Issues <h fgh]bo im[ebdZpbyo bgklblmpbhgZebklh\ b ihkld_cgkbZgp_\ ih^q_jdb\Z_lky nmg^Zf_glZevgh_ koh^kl\h wlbo gZijZ\e_gbc Kf gZijbf_j =mjh\Z BI Dhgdmjbjmxsb_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ l_hjbb Mevygh\kdMe=MK. 120-121; Peterson W. Institutionalism, Keynes and the Real World // Journal of Economic Issues. 1977. June. P. 201221; Dillard D. A Monetary Theory of Production: Keynes and the Institutionalists // Journal of Economic Issues. 1980. June. P. 255-273. 376 Fbeev>`KHkgh\uiheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbbLhfFIjh]j_kkK 377 Fbeev>`KHkgh\uiheblbq_kdhcwdhghfbbLhfFIjh]j_kkK 378 Nbr_jBIhdmiZl_evgZykbeZ^_g_]F., 1926. K. 9. 379 Robertson D. Money. London. 1922. P. 1. 373 374 \ wdhghfbd_ \ dhlhjhc ]hkih^kl\m_l gZlmjZevguc h[f_g b \ dhlhjhc hlkmlkl\mxl ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdZy ^_yl_evghklv b ^_gv]b380. 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Bgufb keh\Zfb g_hdeZkkbq_kdbc ih^oh^ b]ghjbjm_l lhl nZdl qlh ^_gv]b - \Z`g_crbc we_f_gl bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u ihkdhevdm y\eyxlky ijZ\behf b]ju hlghkysbfky d hkms_kl\e_gbx ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb Z ^_g_`gh_ ohayckl\h - wdhghfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ k bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^hc nmg^Zf_glZevgh hlebqZxs_cky hl bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u [_a^_g_`guo beb ik_\^h^_g_`guo ohayckl\ < jZfdZo ^Zggh]h ih^oh^Z ^_gv]b-wlhijhklhkj_^kl\hh[jZs_gbyfbfhe_lgucihkj_^gbdijbkh\_jr_gbbljZgkZdpbchgb«bkihevamxlkylhevdh dZd g_cljZevgh_ a\_gh \ k^_edZo k j_Zevgufb ij_^f_lZfb b j_Zevgufb Zdlb\Zfb b g_ \ha^_ckl\mxl gZ fhlb\u b j_r_gby«387ohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\ GZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky qlh lZdhc ih^oh^ ^Ze_d hl ihegh]h ihgbfZgby kmsghklb b jheb ^_g_] Z lZd`_ nmg^Zf_glZevguo bgklblmpbhgZevguo oZjZdl_jbklbd ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbdb b __ hlebqby hl [Zjl_jghc >ey bo mykg_gby g_h[oh^bf Zevl_jgZlb\guc ih^oh^ dhlhjuc [ue [u [he__ j_Zebklbqguf GZ gZr \a]ey^ lZdbf ih^oh^hf y\ey_lky ihkld_cgkbZgkdZyl_hjby^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdbdhlhjZyjZkkfZljb\Z_lky\ke_^mxs_fih^jZa^_e_ 380 Friedman M. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1962. P.14. Ke_^m_lmq_klvqlhljZdlh\dZihgylbyljZgkZdpbhgguoba^_j`_d\g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc^_g_`ghcl_hjbbnmg^Zf_glZevghhlebqZ_lkyhl ljZdlh\dbwlh]hihgylby\g_hbgklblmpbhgZevghcl_hjbbmqblu\Zxs_cfhf_glug_hij_^_e_gghklbijhlb\hiheh`ghklbwdhghfbq_kdbo bgl_j_kh\ hkh[_gghklb bkihevam_fhc l_ogheh]bb nhjfu wdhghfbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb b l^ RZklbldh :? G_hbgklblmpbhgZevgZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby F Wdhghfbq_kdbc nZdmevl_l F=M L?BK K M g_hdeZkkbdh\ `_ ljZgkZdpbhggu_ ba^_j`db – \k_]h ebrvke_^kl\b_ba\_klghcijh[e_fuh[_ki_q_gby^\hcgh]hkh\iZ^_gbyihlj_[ghkl_cdhgljZ]_glh\ 382 Niehans J. The Theory of Money. Baltimore, 1978. P. 99-100. Kf. lZd`_: Niehans J. Money and Barter in General Equilibrium with Transaction Costs // American Economic Review. 1971. December. P. 773-783. 383 Niehans J. The Theory… P. 113. 384 Brunner K. & Meltzer A. The Uses of Money: Money in the Theory of an Exchange Economy // American Economic Review. 1971. December. P. 787, 799. 385 KfFZeZoh\KLjZgkZdpbhggu_ba^_j`db\jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_<hijhkuwdhghfbdbK-86. 386 OZjjbkE>_g_`gZyl_hjbyFIjh]j_kkK-82. 387 Keynes J.M. A Monetary Theory Of Production // The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Ed. by Moggridge D. London: Macmillan, 1973. Vol. XIII. P. 408. 381 12.1.3 Ihkld_cgkbZgkdZyl_hjby^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdb Hkgh\u l_hjbb ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbdb [ueb aZeh`_gu >` F D_cgkhf \ fZehba\_klghc klZlv_ \i_j\u_ him[ebdh\Zgghc\]388<l_q_gb_ihke_^mxsboljb^pZlbiylbe_lihy\beZkvlhevdhh^gZjZ[hlZihk\ys_ggZywlhc l_hjbb-__gZibkZeZf_jbdZgkdbcbgklblmpbhgZebklljZ^bpbhggh]hgZijZ\e_gby>>beeZj^389AZl_fkdhgpZ-o]]wlZ l_hjby gZqZeZ Zdlb\gh jZajZ[Zlu\Zlvky jy^hf wdhghfbklh\ kj_^b dhlhjuo \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v gm`gh mihfygmlv lh]h `_ >>beeZj^ZZlZd`_I>w\b^khgZDJh^`_jkZbNDZj\Zevh390. Kh]eZkgh^Zgghcl_hjbb^_gv]b\iheghfkfuke_wlh]hkeh\Zl_iheghp_ggu_^_gv]b-agZq_gb_wlh]hl_jfbgZ [m^_l jZkdjulh gb`_ ihy\eyxlky ebrv gZ hij_^_e_gghc klmi_gb l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h b bgklblmpbhgZevgh]h jZa\blby b y\eyxlky \Z`g_crbf we_f_glhf bgklblmpbhgZevghc kj_^u391 ohayckl\Z ^hklb]r_]h wlhc klmi_gb LZdh_ ohayckl\h ^_g_`gZywdhghfbdZ-h[eZ^Z_lke_^mxsbfboZjZdl_jbklbdZfb < wlhc wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_f_ ijhba\h^kl\h hkgh\Zgh gZ bkihevah\Zgbb Zdlb\h\ ^ebl_evgh]h ihevah\Zgby (durable assets) - l_ jZaebqguo we_f_glh\ lh]h qlh ijbgylh gZau\Zlv hkgh\guf dZiblZehf a^Zgbc khhjm`_gbc fZrbg h[hjm^h\Zgbybl^392. <\b^m wlh]h ijhba\h^kl\_ggu_ ijhp_kku hdZau\Zxlky \ hq_gv agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb jZklygmlufb \h \j_f_gb Ijhba\h^kl\h aZgbfZ_l \j_fy393 Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh ijhba\h^kl\h h[f_g b ihlj_[e_gb_ g_ fh]ml hkms_kl\eylvky h^gh\j_f_gghdjhf_lh]h^Zggh_k\hckl\hmdZau\Z_lgZl_ogbq_kdmxjZa\blhklvjZkkfZljb\Z_fhcwdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_fu 2) Ijhba\h^bl_eb \ lZdhc wdhghfbd_ ijhba\h^yl ijh^mdpbx g_ lhevdh ^ey k_[y gh b gZ jughd394. Bgufb keh\Zfb ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy ^_yl_evghklv hkms_kl\ey_lky k p_evx ihemq_gby ijb[ueb Z g_ ^ey ijyfh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby gm`^g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]hijhba\h^bl_ey395. < ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbd_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_r_gby ijbgbfZxlky ^_p_gljZebah\Zggh fgh`_kl\hf g_aZ\bkbfuo ohayckl\mxsbo km[t_dlh\396. < wlhc wdhghfbq_kdhc kbkl_f_ g_ kms_kl\m_l lZdh]h \_joh\gh]h hj]ZgZ dhlhjuch[eZ^Z_lijZ\hfijbgbfZlv\k_bebih^Z\eyxs__[hevrbgkl\hwdhghfbq_kdboj_r_gbcohlywlhg_hagZqZ_lqlh ^Zgguc \_joh\guc hj]Zg g_ fh`_l dhhj^bgbjh\Zlv ^_g_`gmx wdhghfbdm gZijbf_j ihkj_^kl\hf nbkdZevghc iheblbdb Djhf_ lh]h dhebq_kl\h ijbgbfZxsbo j_r_gby g_aZ\bkbfuo km[t_dlh\ hq_gv \_ebdh hgb g_ h[jZamxl g_dh_ ehdZevgh_khh[s_kl\hkfZeufqbkehfohjhrhagZxsbo^jm]^jm]Zqe_gh\LZdbfh[jZahf^Zggh_k\hckl\hhagZqZ_lqlh ^_g_`gZywdhghfbdZg_fh`_l[ulvk\_^_gZgbdp_gljZebah\ZgghieZgbjm_fhfmohayckl\mgbdehdZevghfmjugdm397. Ljb \ur_gZa\Zgguo k\hckl\Z ihjh`^Zxl ijh[e_fm g_hij_^_e_gghklb [m^ms_]h <_^v \ wdhghfbd_ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ dhlhjhc jZklygmlh \h \j_f_gb - Z \\b^m ^_p_gljZebah\Zgghklb ijhp_kkZ ijbgylby j_r_gbc ^_ckl\by ohayckl\mxsbokm[t_dlh\fh]ml[ulvg_kbgojhgbabjh\Zgul_^_ckl\byh^gboebpfh]mlg_hijZ\^Zlvh`b^Zgby^jm]bo ebp b gZh[hjhl - ijhreh_ gZklhys__ b [m^ms__ klZgh\ylky g_jZaju\gh k\yaZggufb >`F D_cgk ibkZe Bf_ggh ba-aZ kms_kl\h\Zgbyh[hjm^h\Zgbyk^ebl_evgufkjhdhfkem`[u\h[eZklbwdhghfbdb[m^ms__k\yaZghkgZklhysbf398. Ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv qlh g_hij_^_e_gghklv [m^ms_]h ijbkmsZ lhevdh bklhjbq_kdhfm beb qlh lh `_ kZfh_ dZe_g^Zjghfm\j_f_gb399LZdh_\j_fyoZjZdl_jbam_lkyl_fqlh«ijhreh_-^Zghbg_fh`_l[ulvbaf_g_ghZ[m^ms__g_hij_^_e_gghbg_fh`_l[ulvba\_klgh400. Wlh\j_fy\dhlhjhf\hafh`gh^\b`_gb_ebrv\ h^ghfgZijZ\e_gbb-ba ijhreh]h\[m^ms__401. 388 Ibid. P. 408-411. Kf.: Dillard D. The Theory of a Monetary Economy // Post Keynesian Economics. Ed. by K. K. Kurihara. New-Jersey, 1954. P.3-30. 390 Kf.: Dillard D. 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GZ jmkkdhf yaud_ l_hjby ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbdb gZb[he__ ihegh [ueZ hk\_s_gZ \ ke_^mxsbo jZ[hlZo JhafZbgkdbc B< H k\hckl\Zowdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_fuih^\_j`_gghcpbdebq_kdbfdhe_[Zgbyf^_eh\hcZdlb\ghklbL_abku^hdeZ^h\<k_jhkkbckdhcgZmqghc dhgn_j_gpbb Pbdebqghklv dZd nhjfZ wdhghfbq_kdhc ^bgZfbdb KljmdlmjgZy b bg\_klbpbhggZy iheblbdZ KI[ K -49; JhafZbgkdbcB<Dhgp_ipby^_eh\h]hpbdeZ\ihkld_cgkbZgkl\_:\lhj_ndZg^^bkKI[ 391 A^_kvg_h[oh^bfhmlhqgblvqlhihkld_cgkbZgpudZdljZ^bpbhggu_bgklblmpbhgZebklug_bkihevamxll_jfbgbgklblmpbhgZevgZy kj_^ZaZf_gyy_]hkeh\hfbgklblmluFuihreba^_kv\jZaj_akbokeh\hmihlj_[e_gb_fihkdhevdmex[bfucg_hbgklblmpbhgZebklZfb l_jfbgbgklblmpbhgZevgZykj_^Zy\ey_lky]hjZa^h[he__ykgufbq_ldbfq_fl_jfbgbgklblmlu 392 D_cgk>`FH[sZyl_hjbyaZgylhklbijhp_glZb^_g_]FIjh]j_kkKCarvalho F. Op. cit. P. 46. 393 Arestis P. Introduction // Post-Keynesian Monetary Economics: New Approaches to Financial Modelling. Ed. by P. Arestis. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1988. P.2. 394 Rogers C. Op. cit. P. 165-167. 395 Carvalho F. 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P. 1-27. 389 Ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvx bklhjbq_kdhfm \j_f_gb y\ey_lky eh]bq_kdh_ \j_fy Fu [u _]h hoZjZdl_jbah\Zeb l_f qlh "ijhreh_ fh`_l [ulv baf_g_gh Z [m^ms__ eb[h ba\_klgh k kh\_jr_gghc hij_^_e_gghklvx eb[h lhqgh g_ ba\_klgh gh fh`_l [ulv \_jgh hibkZgh k ihfhsvx \_jhylghklguo jZkij_^_e_gbc < wlhf \j_f_gb eb[h \hafh`gh ^\b`_gb_ \ h[hbo gZijZ\e_gbyodZdbaijhreh]h\[m^ms__lZdbba[m^ms_]h\ijhreh_eb[h\g_f\hh[s_g_lgbijhreh]hgb[m^ms_]h \ky ^_yl_evghklv hkms_kl\ey_lky \ h^bg fhf_gl \j_f_gb402. ;hevrbgkl\h g_hdeZkkbq_kdbo fh^_e_c gZqbgZy hl jZkkfhlj_gguo\ij_^u^ms_fih^jZa^_e_baZdZgqb\Zyfh^_evxh[s_]hjZ\gh\_kby<ZevjZkZ-Wjjhm->_[j_ihkljh_ghdZd jZagZhkgh\_ij_^ihkuedbeh]bq_kdh]h\j_f_gb 5) K p_evx fbgbfbaZpbb g_hij_^_e_gghklb [m^ms_]h \ wdhghfbd_ \ujZ[Zlu\Zxlky hij_^_e_ggu_ bgklblmlu<Z`g_crbcbgklblmljZkkfZljb\Z_fhcgZfbwdhghfbq_kdhckbkl_fu-bgklblmlnhj\Zj^guo dhgljZdlh\403. 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BlZd ^_g_`gZy wdhghfbdZ oZjZdl_jbam_lky ^ebl_evghklvx ijhba\h^kl\_ggh]h ijhp_kkZ hkgh\Zggh]h gZ ijbf_g_gbb Zdlb\h\ ^ebl_evgh]h ihevah\Zgby gZp_e_gghklvx ijhba\h^kl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb g_ gZ ijhba\h^bl_e_c Z gZ jughd ^_p_gljZebah\Zgghklvx ijbgylby [hevrbgkl\Z wdhghfbq_kdbo j_r_gbc gZebqb_f g_hij_^_e_gghklbijbkms_cbklhjbq_kdhfm\j_f_gbbkihevah\Zgb_fnhj\Zj^guodhgljZdlh\ DZd m`_ [ueh hlf_q_gh \lhjh_ b lj_lv_ ba wlbo k\hckl\ oZjZdl_jbamxl jughqgh_ ohayckl\h ihwlhfm ^_g_`gZy wdhghfbdZ\k_]^Zihhij_^_e_gbxy\ey_lkyjughqghcH^gZdhh[jZlgucl_abkij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcg_\_jgh_ml\_j`^_gb_ ihkdhevdm jughqgh_ ohayckl\h ih kmlb g_ h[yaZl_evgh k\yaZgh k bkihevah\Zgb_f Zdlb\h\ ^ebl_evgh]h ihevah\Zgby \ ijhba\h^kl\_gghf ijhp_kk_ Hlkx^Z g_hij_^_e_gghklv [m^ms_]h ij_[u\Zgb_ \ bklhjbq_kdhf \j_f_gb b gZebqb_ nhj\Zj^guo dhgljZdlh\ g_ y\eyxlky g_hlt_fe_fufb k\hckl\Zfb jughqghc wdhghfbdb dZd lZdh\hc [m^mqb ijbkmsbfb ebrv hij_^_e_gghc __ nhjf_ - ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbd_ BlZd mihlj_[e_gb_ Zdlb\h\ ^ebl_evgh]h ihevah\Zgby \ ijhba\h^kl\_by\eyxsb_kyke_^kl\b_fwlh]hZki_dluk\yaZggu_kg_hij_^_e_gghklvx[m^ms_]hbbklhjbq_kdbf\j_f_g_f -\hlnZdlhju\h^hjZa^_eZf_`^mjughqgufohayckl\hfb_]hhkh[hcjZagh\b^ghklvx^_g_`ghcwdhghfbdhc :ki_dlk\yaZgguckl_fqlh^_gv]by\eyxlkykj_^kl\hfmj_]mebjh\Zgby^he]hkjhqguodhgljZdlguoh[yaZl_evkl\ iheghklvx ijhb]ghjbjh\Zg \ g_hdeZkkbq_kdhc ljZ^bpbb ZgZebaZ ^_g_`ghc wdhghfbdb LZdh_ b]ghjbjh\Zgb_ ijb\h^bl d g_ihgbfZgbx mgbdZevghklb ^_g_]409. WlZ mgbdZevghklv aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh hgb oZjZdl_jbamxlky Z[khexlghc beb\k_h[s_c ebd\b^ghklvx\ijhkljZgkl\_b\j_f_gb<k_h[sZyebd\b^ghklvZdlb\Z[eZ]Z\ijhkljZgkl\_hagZqZ_l qlh \ ^Zgguc fhf_gl \j_f_gb eb[h \k_ ohayckl\mxsb_ km[t_dlu ]hlh\u ijbgylv _]h \ dZq_kl\_ kj_^kl\Z ieZl_`Z eb[h ^Zggh_ [eZ]h fh`gh dhg\_jlbjh\Zlv \ lZdhc \k_fb ijb_fe_fuc Zdlb\ k gme_\ufb beb gbqlh`gh fZeufb ba^_j`dZfb 402 Kregel J.A. Op. cit. P. 43; Vickers D. Op. cit. P. 8. HjhebdhgljZdlh\ibkZe_s_D_cgk\k\h_fLjZdlZl_h^_gv]ZoKeynes J.M. A Treatise on Money. Vol. I. The Pure Theory of Money. London: Macmillan, 1930. P.3. WlZ b^_y ^Ze__ ih^jh[gh jZa\b\ZeZkv I. >w\b^khghf, kf.: Davidson P. Money and the Real World // Economic Journal. 1972. March. P. 101-115; Money and General EquilibULXP(FRQRPLH$SSOLTXHH7;;;3-563; A Post-Keynesian View of Theories and Causes for High Real Interest Rates // Post-Keynesian Monetary Economics… P. 152-182; Davidson P. & Davidson G. 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Kh\j_f_ggZy Zf_jbdZgkdZy fh^_ev jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z g_k_l gZ k_[_ y\guc hli_qZlhd gh\h]h dmjkZ NL Jma\_evlZ ]_jfZgkdZyfh^_ev–ijh]jZffEWjoZj^ZyihgkdZyfh^_ev–dhgp_ipbcZf_jbdZgkdboZ^fbgbkljZlhjh\hddmiZpbhggh]h i_jbh^Z ?s_ kbevg__ aZf_lgh khagZl_evgh_ bgklblmpbhgZevgh_ kljhbl_evkl\h \ gh\uo bg^mkljbZevguo b ihklkhpbZebklbq_kdbo kljZgZo hkms_kl\ey\rbo jughqgmx fh^_jgbaZpbx \ ihke_^g_c lj_lb XX\ Qlh[u ih^q_jdgmlv dZq_kl\_ggu_ jZaebqby gZpbhgZevguo iml_c jughqghc fh^_jgbaZpbb kh\j_f_ggu_ Zf_jbdZgkdb_ wdhghfbklu Lbfhlb Nj_c b :g^j_c Reycn_j \u^_eyxl ljb hkgh\guo lbiZ mkeh\bc jZa\blby [bag_kZ \ i_j_oh^guoh[s_kl\Zo–fh^_evg_\b^bfhcjmdbinvisible handfh^_evih^^_j`b\Zxs_cjmdbhelping handbfh^_ev ]jZ[ys_cjmdbgrabbing hand)449kf lZ[e Wlbfh^_ebjZaebqZxlkyij_`^_\k_]hl_fgZkdhevdhh[_ki_q_guijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c b dZd wlh hkms_kl\ey_lky \ i_j\hf kemqZ_ wlb ijZ\Z aZsbsZxlky aZdhghf \h \lhjhf kemqZ_–ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggufbqbgh\gbdZfb\lj_lv_fkemqZ_–fZnb_c Hkgh\gu_lbiumkeh\bcjZa\blby[bag_kZ\wdhghfbdZoi_j_oh^gh]hlbiZ LZ[ebpZ ihLNj_xb:Reycn_jm Fh^_eb G_\b^bfZyjmdZ: [hevrbgkl\h kljZg<hklhqghc ?\jhiu Ihfh]ZxsZy jmdZDGJ X`gZyDhj_y Kbg]Zimj =jZ[ysZyjmdZ: [hevrbgkl\h ihklkh\_lkdbo j_kim[ebd IjZ\h\Zykj_^Z IjZ\bl_evkl\hg_klhbl gZ^aZdhghfDhgljZdlu aZsbsZxlkykm^Zfb IjZ\bl_evkl\hklhblgZ^ aZdhghfbkihevamy\eZklv ^eyihfhsb[bag_km DhgljZdluaZsbsZxlky ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufb qbgh\gbdZfb IjZ\bl_evkl\hklhblgZ^ aZdhghfbkihevamy\eZklv ^eyihemq_gbyj_glu IjZ\h\Zykbkl_fZg_ jZ[hlZ_ldhgljZdlu aZsbsZxlkyfZnb_c KhklZ\e_ghihFrye T., Shleifer A. Op. cit. :^fbgbkljZlb\gh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ IjZ\bl_evkl\hke_^m_l maZdhg_ggufijZ\beZf J_]mebjh\Zgb_fbgbfZevgh DhjjmipbykeZ[Z IjZ\bl_evkl\hZ]j_kkb\gh ihfh]Z_lg_dhlhjuf ij_^ijbgbfZl_eyf Hj]Zgbah\ZggZydhjjmipby Fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ihemkZfhklhyl_evgu_ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_bgklblmlu hkms_kl\eyxl]jZ[bl_evkdh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ >_ahj]Zgbah\ZggZydhjjmipby < ijbgpbi_ ^Z`_ lh qlh L Nj_c b : Reycn_j gZau\Zxl fh^_evx g_\b^bfhc jmdb hlgx^v g_ lh`^_kl\_ggh iheghfm g_\f_rZl_evkl\m ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ ^_eZ [bag_kZ Ijhklh\^ZgghfkemqZ_]hkm^Zjkl\h\uklmiZ_l\jhebg_^h[jh]h ^_kihlZ dZd \ fh^_eb ih^^_j`b\Zxs_c jmdb Z kljZ`Z ihjy^dZ dhlhjuc \ujZ[Zlu\Z_l _^bgu_ ^ey \k_o wnn_dlb\gu_ ijZ\beZ b]ju b ke_^bl aZ bo \uiheg_gb_f – aZsbsZ_l ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb qlh _klv i_j\_crZy nmgdpby ]hkm^Zjkl\Z \ jughqghfohayckl\_GhbwlZfh^_evy\ey_lkyk\h_]hjh^Zb^_Zevguflbihfj_ZevgZy`_kblmZpby\jZaebqguokljZgZok fh^_jgbabjm_fhcwdhghfbdhcij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcdZdijZ\behkf_r_gb_\k_olj_olbih\ LZdbfh[jZahfjZkijhkljZg_ggh_kj_^bhl_q_kl\_gguoeb[_jZeh\hkh[_ggh\gZqZe_-o]]ij_^klZ\e_gb_ [m^lh ^ey jughqghc fh^_jgbaZpbb ^hklZlhqgh ^Zlv wdhghfbq_kdmx k\h[h^m b aZl_f \k_ kZfh kh[hc gZeZ^blky gZbemqrbfh[jZahfke_^m_lkqblZlv\j_^ghcmlhib_cQlh[uh[_ki_qblvaZsblmijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbaZjh`^Zxs_]hky [bag_kZ gZ^h \u[bjZlv f_`^m g_\b^bfhc jmdhc aZdhgZ ih^^_j`b\Zxs_c jmdhc ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h qbgh\gbdZ b ]jZ[ysbfbjmdZfb[xjhdjZlh\dhjjmipbhg_jh\b[Zg^blh\ 13.1.2 QvbjmdbrZjyl\dZjfZg_ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey" 448 Polanyi K. Great Transformation. ChicagoJmkkdi_jIheZgvbD<_ebdZyljZgknhjfZpbyiheblbq_kdb_bwdhghfbq_kdb_bklhdb gZr_]h\j_f_gbKI[:e_l_cy 449 Frye T., Shleifer A. The Invisible Hand and the Grabbing Hand // American Economics Review. May K l_dklhf wlhc klZlvb fh`gh hagZdhfblvkyihBgl_jg_lmihZ^j_kmhttp://papers.nber.org/papers/W5856.pdf. IhdeZkkbnbdZpbbLNj_yb:Reycn_jZihklkh\_lkdb_j_kim[ebdbhlghkylkydfh^_eb]jZ[ys_cjmdbohlygZ keh\Zo[xjhdjZluijb^_j`b\Zxlkyjblhjbdb\^mo_ih^^_j`b\Zxs_cjmdb\^_ckl\bl_evghklb[bag_kf_guhdZau\Zxlky \h\jZ`^_[ghfhdjm`_gbb DlhbdZdhlsbiu\Z_ldjhrdbhlij_^ijbgbfZl_evkdh]hibjh]Z">eyhl\_lZgZwlhl\hijhkh[jZlbfkyd^Zgguf dhfiZjZlb\bklkdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc mkeh\bc jZa\blby [bag_kZ ijh\h^b\rboky \ b ]] \ g_dhlhjuo ihklkhpbZebklbq_kdbokljZgZoih^g_khfg_gguf\ebygb_fbihh[jZapmagZf_gbluobkke_^h\ZgbcW^_Khlhkf lZ[e 13.2 b KjZ\g_gb_mkeh\bcjZa\blbyf_edh]hlhj]h\h]h[bag_kZ\Fhkd\_b<ZjrZ\_] Mkeh\by^_yl_evghklb ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c AZljZlu\j_f_gbgZj_]bkljZpbxf_kyp_\ Dhebq_kl\hbgki_dlhjkdboijh\_jhdaZ ihke_^gbc]h^ >heyfZ]Zabgh\qvb\eZ^_evpu[uebaZ ihke_^gbc]h^hrljZnh\Zgu\h\j_fy bgki_dlhjkdboijh\_jhd >hey\eZ^_evp_\fZ]Zabgh\gm`^Zxsboky\ km^_[ghfZj[bljZ`_ghg_bf_xsbo \hafh`ghklbdg_fmijb[_]gmlv >hey\eZ^_evp_\fZ]Zabgh\klZedb\Z\rbokyk jwd_lhfaZihke_^gb_f_kyp_\ >hey\eZ^_evp_\fZ]Zabgh\ijbagZxsbo g_h[oh^bfhklvdjurbahglbdZ <<ZjrZ\_ IhevrZ 0,72 9,0 <Fhkd\_ Jhkkby 2,71 18,56 46 83 10 45 8 39 6 76 LZ[ebpZ3.2 KhklZ\e_ghihFrye T., Shleifer A. Op. cit. Kh]eZkgh khpbheh]bq_kdbf hijhkZf \ ]jZ[_`_ jhkkbckdbo ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c i_j\hhq_j_^gmx jhev b]jZxl ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_qbgh\gbdb <abfZy ^h\hevgh \ukhdb_ gZeh]b ihjy^dZ hl \ujmqdb hgb g_ h[_ki_qb\Zxl \aZf_g ij_^ijbgbfZl_eyf kdhevdh-gb[m^v wnn_dlb\ghc ih^^_j`db J_]bkljZpbhggu_ ijhp_^mju ^h\hevgh ^ebl_evgu Ij_^ijbgbfZl_eb j_`_ q_f ohl_eb[uh[jZsZxlky\km^u^eyjZaj_r_gbydhgnebdlh\ihkdhevdmkm^_[gu_ijhp_^mju^ebl_evgub^hjh]hklhysbZ j_r_gbykm^h\g_\k_]^Zij_^kdZam_fubg_bf_xlh[yaZl_evghckbeu=hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_kem`[u[md\Zevghl_jjhjbabjmxl [bag_kf_gh\ hkh[_ggh f_edbo lj_[h\Zgbyfb f_ehqghc hlq_lghklb gZ g__ moh^bl ihqlb jZ[hq_]h \j_f_gb jmdh\h^bl_e_c nbjf b qZklufb bgki_dpbyfb \ f_edbo fZ]ZabgqbdZo Fhkd\u ih ^Zgguf hijhkZ ] – \ kj_^g_f ihelhjZ jZaZ \ f_kyp mqZklgbdb dhlhjuo kqblZxl k\hbf k\yluf ^he]hf gZeh`blv rljZn Dj_^blgZy ih^^_j`dZ [bag_kZ gZoh^blky\`Zedhfkhklhygbb < ih^h[ghc kblmZpbb ^Z`_ q_klgu_ qbgh\gbdb l_ dlh g_ [_j_l \aylhd \hkijbgbfZebkv [u [bag_kf_gZfb dZd ]jZ[bl_eb mieZlb\ ]hkm^Zjkl\m gZeh]b ij_^ijbgbfZl_ev ihemqZ_l \aZf_g g_ ijhklh ihegh_ jZ\gh^mrb_ d k\hbf ihlj_[ghklyfZ_s_bebrgb_aZ[hluLZdb_gZeh]baZklZ\eyxl\kihfgblvihfbgdbdhlhjufbFhkdh\kdh_]hkm^Zjkl\h\ XVI – XVIII\\hldmiZehkvhlkebrdhfqZkluogZ[_]h\djufkdbolZlZjihijbgpbimaZieZlbrv–[m^_rvbf_lv[_^mg_ aZieZlbrv–[m^_rvbf_lv_s_[hevrmx[_^m H^gZdhq_klgucg_\ufh]Zxsbc\aylhdqbgh\gbd\kh\j_f_gghcJhkkbbjbkdm_lhdZaZlvkyfma_cgufwdkihgZlhf Hijhku k\b^_l_evkl\mxl qlh ijbf_jgh [bag_kf_gh\ ba kqblZxl \aylhqgbq_kl\h ih\k_^g_\guf y\e_gb_f ^Z\Zlv [ZjZrdZ\[mfZ`d_ijboh^blkybijbj_]bkljZpbbnbjfubijbj_]meyjguogZ_a^Zoijh\_jyxsbobgki_dpbc <ayldbkh^ghcklhjhgukgb`Zxlba^_j`db[xjhdjZlbq_kdh]hgZ^ahjZ\f_klh\uiheg_gbyfZkkunhjfZevghkl_c ^hklZlhqgh \uihegblv ijhkv[m ijh\_jyxs_]h bgki_dlhjZ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ih\Zevgh_ \aylhqgbq_kl\h ijbmqZ_l [bag_kf_gh\\b^_lv\]hkm^Zjkl\_gguoqbgh\gbdZog_^h[jh`_eZl_evguoihfhsgbdh\Zh[eZ^Zl_e_cebp_gabbgZ]jZ[_` Khhl\_lkl\_gghb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_kem`Zsb_ijb\udZxljZkkfZljb\Zlvk\hcihkldZdk\h_]hjh^Zdhjfe_gb_ihh[jZapm bgklblmlh\kj_^g_\_dh\h]hFhkdh\kdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Zg_k\yaZggh_dlhfm`_kihe_aghc^_yl_evghklvx<hagbdZ_lh^gZba bgklblmpbhgZevguoeh\mr_ddh]^Zkbxfbgmlguc\ub]jurh[hjZqb\Z_lkylmibdhf\kdhjhf[m^ms_f Ihabpby jwd_lbjZ \ dhfiZgbb ebp aZimkdZxsbo `Z^gu_ jmdb \ dZjfZg ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey \u]ey^bl _^\Z eb g_ gZb[he__[eZ]hijbklhcghDh]^Z[bag_kf_gieZlbl^Zgvij_^klZ\bl_eyfhj]Zgbah\Zgghcij_klmighklbhgagZ_lqlhb^_lgZ khfgbl_evgmx k^_edm k aZ\_^hfufb gZjmrbl_eyfb aZdhgZ g_ ijbdju\Zxsbfbky kem`_[guf m^hklh\_j_gb_f Z ihlhfm a^_kv g_ \hagbdZ_l bkdZ`_ggh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ h[s_kl\_gguo nmgdpbyo QZklhlZ klhedgh\_gbc k m]heh\guf jwd_lhf hdZau\Z_lkyijbf_jghlZdhc`_qlhbqZklhlZ\klj_qkqbgh\gbdZfb-\ufh]Zl_eyfb LZ[ebpZ KjZ\g_gb_mkeh\bcjZa\blby[bag_kZ \iylbihklkhpbZebklbq_kdbokljZgZo] Mkeh\by^_yl_evghklb ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c GZeh]bb^jieZl_`b ]hkm^Zjkl\mhl\ujmqdb >heyaZljZljZ[hq_]h\j_f_gb f_g_^`_jh\gZhnbpbZevgmx hlq_lghklv >heyij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c iheZ]Zxsboqlh^ey Ihev rZ Keh\Zd by Jmfug by Jhkkb y MdjZb gZ 19,4 20,2 22,0 29,9 31,4 10,3 11,8 8,0 18,3 25,4 19,3 42,2 17,0 91,7 87,5 ihemq_gbyebp_gabb g_h[oh^bfu\ayldb >heyij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c ijbagZxsboqlh ijZ\bl_evkl\_ggu_kem`[u \ufh]Zxl\ayldb >heyij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c ijbagZxsboqlh^eyaZsblu ^h]h\hjh\gZ^hh[jZsZlvky\ km^ >heyij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c ihemqb\rbo\fbgm\r_f]h^m dj_^bl >heyij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c ijbagZ\rboqlhnbjfu ieZlylfZnbbaZaZsblm 20,0 38,0 20,0 91,0 87,0 72,9 67,9 86,9 58,4 54,7 48,8 27,6 24,1 17,0 13,8 8,0 14,9 0,6 92,9 88,8 KhklZ\e_gh ih: Johnson S., Kaufmann D., McMillan J., Woodruff C. Why Do Firms Hide? Bribes and Unofficial Activity after Communism // http://www.hhs.se/site/Publications/No150web.pdf. KljZgu :jf_gby ;_ehjmkkby =jmaby DZaZoklZg Dbj]baby Ebl\Z Fhe^Z\by Jhkkby Ma[_dbklZg MdjZbgZ QZklhlZbjZaf_j\aylhd]hkm^Zjkl\_ggufqbgh\gbdZfdhff_jq_kdbodhfiZgbc kh]eZkghbkke_^h\Zgbyf?;JJb<;] >heydhfiZgbc^Zxsbo \ayldb\ 40,3 14,2 36,8 23,7 26,9 23,2 33,3 29,2 46,6 35,3 LZ[ebpZ Kj_^gbcjZaf_j\aylhd\d ]h^h\hfm^hoh^mdhfiZgbc 6,8 3,1 8,1 4,7 5,5 4,2 6,1 4,1 5,7 6,5 BklhqgbdJhkkbckdZyN_^_jZpbyk_]h^gyK LZdbfh[jZahf\ihklkh\_lkdhcJhkkbbfu\b^bfg_h^gm]jZ[ysmxjmdmZp_euoljb[xjhdjZlZdhlhjucg_ ihfh]Z_l[bag_kf_gmgh\abfZ_lkg_]hgZeh]bb\ufZlu\Z_lZ^fbgbkljZlb\gufdhgljhe_f\aylhqgbdZhldZau\Zxs_]hky h^h[jylv^_yl_evghklvij_^ijbgbfZl_ey[_a[ZdrbrZjwd_lbjZh[_ki_qb\Zxs_]haZsblmijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb[bag_kf_gZ qZklh – aZsblm lhevdh hl gZkbeby kZfh]h jwd_lbjZ \ h[f_g gZ mieZlm ^Zgb I_j\u_ ^\_ khpbZevgu_ jheb gZ ijZdlbd_ h[uqgh i_jkhgbnbpbjmxlky h^gbf ebphf – qbgh\gbdb gZeZ]Zxl gZ ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c Z^fbgbkljZlb\gmx ma^m qlh[u aZl_f bf_lv \hafh`ghklv hkeZ[eylv __ aZ ebqgh_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_ LZdmx kblmZpbx Zf_jbdZgkdbc bkke_^h\Zl_ev K Nbr gZau\Z_lwdhghfbdhcjwd_lZ\ufh]Zl_evkl\hmij_^ijbgbfZl_e_cihklhyggu_ihky]Zl_evkl\ZgZboijZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklb klZgh\ylky ghjfhc ^_ckl\bc b g_e_]Zevguo b e_]Zevguo kljmdlmj450. 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j_glhhjb_glbjh\Zggh_ ih\_^_gb_ b hj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklv\JhkkbbIheblwdhghf– PolitekonomK– 76. 453 G_nhjfZevguc k_dlhj \jhkkbckdhcwdhghfbd_FBgklblmlkljZl_]bq_kdh]hZgZebaZbjZa\blbyij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\ZK >Zggu_ hlghkylky d ] 454 Johnson S., Kaufmann D., McMillan J., Woodruff C. Op. cit. 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kha^Zgb_ qZklguo kem`[ [_ahiZkghklb dhff_jq_kdb_ djurb b gZdhg_p bkihevah\Zgb_ g_nhjfZevgh]h ihdjh\bl_evkl\Z hnbpbZevguo ijZ\hhojZgbl_evguo hj]Zgh\ fbebp_ckdb_ djurb468 < dZ`^hf ba wlbo kemqZ_\ gZ[ex^Z_lky iheamqZy ijb\ZlbaZpby ijZ\hhojZgbl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb – i_j_l_dZgb_ j_Zevgh]h \uiheg_gbywlhcnmgdpbb\jmdb\g_]hkm^Zjkl\_gguobgklblmlh\ 13.3.1 ;Zg^bldZdaZsblgbdijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb Bklhjbq_kdbbeh]bq_kdbi_j\bqghcnhjfhcl_g_\hcaZsbluijZ\kh[kl\_gghklbij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c\Jhkkbbfh]eZ [ulv lhevdh [Zg^blkdZy djurZ DZd m`_ mdZau\Zehkv \ gZqZe_ ^Zgghc ]eZ\u ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\h \ Jhkkbb klZeh aZjh`^Zlvky _s_ \ kh\_lkdbc i_jbh^ dh]^Z ijbf_jgh k – 1970-o ]] p_oh\bdb b ki_dmeyglu gZqZeb kha^Z\Zlv gZklhysb_ ih^ihevgu_ nbjfu ?kl_kl\_ggh gh\hbki_q_ggu_ [mj`mb kjZam hdZaZebkv ih^ ijbklZevguf \gbfZgb_f hl_q_kl\_ggh]h djbfbgZebl_lZ I_j\hgZqZevgh hlghr_gby f_`^m ih^ihevgufb fbeebhg_jZfb b m]heh\gbdZfb ih\lhjyeb kx`_l Ahehlh]h l_e_gdZ ijbq_f ^ey h[e_]q_gby fhrgu gh\hy\e_gguo Dhj_cdh bkihevah\Zebkv f_lh^u g_ klhevdh Zjlbklbqgh]hHklZiZ;_g^_jZkdhevdhg_^Ze_dh]hIZgbdh\kdh]hDh]^Z[Zg^blugZ_a`ZebgZl_g_\uo^_evph\baZ[bjZeb m gbo \k_ qlh lhevdh fh`gh l_ ihgylgh_ ^_eh g_ jbkdh\Zeb h[jZsZlvky \ fbebpbx H^gZdh ijhlb\hklhygb_ l_g_\uo ij_^ijbgbfZl_e_c b djbfbgZebl_lZ ^he]h ijh^he`Zlvky g_ fh]eh ihkdhevdm h[t_dlb\gh g_ [ueh \u]h^gh gb l_f gb ^jm]bf AgZf_gbluc Zf_jbdZgkdbc wdhghfbkl F Njb^f_g h[tykgye jhkl ij_klmighklb \ KR: -o – 1970-o ]] koh`bf h[jZahf — baf_g_gb_f h[s_kl\_gguo ij_^klZ\e_gbc h [h]Zlkl\_ b [_^ghklbKh]eZkghljZ^bpbhgguf^ey:f_jbdbghjfZfijhl_klZglkdhcwlbdb [_^ghklvbeb[h]Zlkl\h_klvj_amevlZlkh[kl\_gguoihjhdh\bebaZkem]bg^b\b^ZDh]^Z`_klZehjZkijhkljZgylvkyij_^klZ\e_gb_[m^lh [_^ghklv hl^_evguo ex^_c _klv ihjhd h[s_kl\Z Z [h]Zlkl\h — k\h_h[jZaguc \ub]jur \ h[s_kl\_gghc ehl_j__ lh ihy\behkv fgh]h `_eZxsbobaf_gblvj_amevlZluwlhcehl_j_bhlgbfZyqm`mxkh[kl\_gghklvFriedman M. and R. Tyranny of the status quo. San Diego etc., 1984. 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ij_klmighklb economics of crime hkh[uf jZa^_ehf dhlhjhcklZeZwdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyhj]Zgbah\Zgghcij_klmighklbeconomics of organized crime)484Wdhghfbq_kdbcZgZeba ihdZau\Z_lqlhhj]Zgbah\ZggZyij_klmighklvy\ey_lkyg_h^ghagZqgufy\e_gb_f\g_fhij_^_e_ggufh[jZahfkh_^bgyxlky ijbagZdbkjZamlj_obgklblmlh\–nbjfu]hkm^Zjkl\Zbh[sbgu 13.5.1 Ij_klmigZyhj]ZgbaZpbydZdnbjfZ Ijhn_kkbhgZevgZy ij_klmighklv klhev `_ klZjZ dZd b pb\bebaZpby Ijbf_jgh lZdhc `_ \hajZkl bf__l b hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv ibjZlkdb_ nehlbebb b jZa[hcgbqvb [Zg^u \klj_qZxlky m`_ gZ kZfuo i_j\uo kljZgbpZo bklhjbb H^gZdh kh\j_f_ggZy hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv \hagbdrZy ijbf_jgh \_d lhfm gZaZ^ bf__l ijbgpbibZevgu_ hlebqby hl ij_klmiguo hj]ZgbaZpbc ^hbg^mkljbZevguo h[s_kl\ <hagbdgh\_gb_ hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb kh\j_f_ggh]h lbiZ – wlh dZq_kl\_ggh gh\uc wlZi jZa\blby ij_klmigh]h fbjZ ?keb ZjoZbqgu_ [Zg^blu y\eyebkv fZj]bgZeZfb ZmlkZc^_jZfb h[s_kl\Z lh ^_yl_evghklv kh\j_f_gguo fZnbhab kljhblky \ hkgh\ghf ih aZdhgZf [bag_kZ Z ihlhfmfZnbyklZeZ^h\hevghhj]Zgbq_kdbfbgklblmlhfjughqgh]hohayckl\Z H[s_ba\_klgh qlh ]eZ\gZy p_ev ]Zg]kl_jkdbo ij_klmiguo hj]ZgbaZpbc – ba\e_q_gb_ fZdkbfZevghc fZl_jbZevghc \u]h^u<k\yabkwlbfp_e_khh[jZagh\kihfgblvkha^ZggmxF<_[_jhfdhgp_ipbx^\moijbgpbibZevghjZaebqguolbih\ `Z`^ugZ`b\u485:\Zglxjbklbq_kdZy`Z`^Zh[h]Zs_gby\lqiml_f]jZ[_`Zb\hjh\kl\ZgZ[ex^Z_lky\kZfuojZaguo h[s_kl\Zok^j_\g_crbo\j_f_gGhlhevdh\mkeh\byodZiblZebklbq_kdh]hkljhykdeZ^u\Z_lkyhlghr_gb_d[h]Zlkl\mdZdd Kf., gZijbf_j: Konanykhine A., Gratcheva E. Mafiocracy in Russia // http://www.konanykhine.com/mafiocracy.htm. K djbfbgheh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby _^bguf l_jfbghf hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv fh`gh gZau\Zlv ex[u_ ]jmiih\u_ ijZ\hgZjmr_gby hl ba[b_gby b ]jZ[_`Z kemqZcguo ijhoh`bo rZcdhc ih^\uib\rbo xgph\ ^h nbgZgkh\uo fZobgZpbc kh\_jrZ_fuo ihql_ggufb dhff_jkZglZfb < ^Zgghf jZa^_e_ wlh ihgylb_ bkihevam_lky \ [he__ madhf kfuke_ – ^ey h[hagZq_gby mklhcqb\uo hj]ZgbaZpbckha^Z\Z_fuoijhn_kkbhgZevgufbij_klmigbdZfb 484 H[ wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb kf Wg^_jkhg W Hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv fZnby b ijZ\bl_evkl\h Iheblwdhghf Politekonom K – 103; EZlh\ X< Wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb E_dpby d ki_pdmjkm L_g_\Zy wdhghfbdZ F XB F<> Jhkkbb :c^bgyg J =bebgkdbc Y NmgdpbhgZevgZy l_hjby hj]ZgbaZpbb b hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ij_klmighklv Bamq_gb_ hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ij_klmighklb jhkkbckdh-Zf_jbdZgkdbc ^bZeh] F Hebfi K – 77; Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ij_klmie_gbc b gZdZaZgbc <ui Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby ij_klmighc b ijZ\hhojZgbl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb F.: J==M, 1999. K. 41 – 66; Economics of Organized Crime. 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A Red Mafia: A Legacy of Communism // Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform. Stanford, 1995 (http://andrsn.stanford.edu/Other/redmaf.html); Serio J.D., Rozinkin V.S. Thieves Professing the Code: The Traditional Role of Vory v Zakone in Russia`s Criminal World and Adaptions to a New Social Reality // Crime and Justice: Europe. 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Mqblvkymqblvkybmqblvky«dZiblZebafm KbeZbkeZ[hklvjhkkbckdh]hbgklblmpbhgZebafZgZimlbdgZpbhgZevghcrdhe_ Dhg_pbkgh\ZgZqZeh K<?>?GBYH;:<LHJ:O :e_dk__\:e_dk_c<_gbZfbgh\bq, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd BgklblmlwdhghfbdbbHj]ZgbaZpbbIjhfure_ggh]hIjhba\h^kl\ZKHJ:G, klZjrbcgZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: bgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhjujhklZbg\_klbpbhggZyiheblbdZ^he]hkjhqgu_l_g^_gpbbjhkkbckdh]h wdhghfbq_kdh]hjhklZijh[e_fuijhfure_ggh]hjZa\blbymijZ\e_gb_ij_^ijbylb_f E-mail: avale@mail.ru ;ZeZ[Zgh\Z?\]_gbyK_j]__\gZ, dZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd Gb`_]hjh^kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lbfGBEh[Zq_\kdh]hnZdmevl_lkhpbZevguogZmd^hp_gldZn_^juh[s_ckhpbheh]bbb khpbZevghcjZ[hlu H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: wdhghfbq_kdZykhpbheh]bykhpbZevgZyiheblbdZ]_g^_jgZykhpbheh]by E-mail: balhome@unn.ac.ru =_jph]B]hjvN_^hjh\bqdZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Gh\hkb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lDZn_^jZl_hj_lbq_kdhcwdhghfbdb ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: bgklblmpbhgZevgu_j_nhjfukljZl_]bq_kdh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_bmijZ\e_gb_dhfiZgbyfbwdhghfbdZijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z E-mail: Igerts@vahoo.com >_f_glv_\:g^j_c<bdlhjh\bq =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l-<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdb, ij_ih^Z\Zl_evdZn_^jufZdjhwdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: l_hjbyj_nhjfbgklblmpbhgZevgZywdhghfbdZ E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; dementan@hotmail.com >_fbg:g^j_cGbdheZ_\bq, dZg^b^Zlikboheh]bq_kdbogZmd Dm[Zgkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l^hp_gldZn_^juikboheh]bb H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: khpbheh]bybikboheh]byaZgylhklbZ^ZilZpbyq_eh\_dZdkhpbZevgufbaf_g_gbyf E-mail: demin@manag.kubsu.ru >hg^hdh\Ahjbdlh;Zlh->m]Zjh\bq^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd <hklhqgh-Kb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucl_ogheh]bq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l, ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: f_lh^heh]bq_kdb_ijh[e_fuwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbf_`[x^`_lgu_hlghr_gbyfh^_ebjh\Zgb_wdhghfbq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\j_]bhgZevgZywdhghfbdZ E-mail: dondokov@buryatia.ru >hg^hdh\ZBjbgZ<bdlhjh\gZdZg^b^Zlkhpbheh]bq_kdbogZmd <hklhqgh-Kb[bjkdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucl_ogheh]bq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_lbh^hp_glZdZn_^ju³F_g_^`f_glbfZjd_lbg]´ H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\mijZ\e_gb_khpbZevgufbijhp_kkZfbgZjugd_ljm^Zijh[e_fukhpbZevghcZ^ZilZpbbgZk_e_gbyj_]bhgZevgu_ Zki_dlukhpbZevghciheblbdb E-mail: dondokov@buryatia.ru ?jfbrbgZ:ggZ<_gbZfbgh\gZdZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Jhklh\kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_lwdhghfbq_kdbcnZdmevl_ldZn_^jZwdhghfbdbbij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\ZklZjrbcij_ih^Z\Zl_ev E-mail: ann-ermishina@mail.ru DjZ\q_gdhGZlZeby:e_dkZg^jh\gZ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Bgklblmlwdhghfbdbbhj]ZgbaZpbbijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\ZKHJ:G, klZjrbcgZmqguckhljm^gbd H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: fh^_ebih\_^_gbykm[t_dlh\jugdZnhjfbjh\Zgb_jughqguobgklblmlh\\bg\_klbpbhgghckn_j_nmgdpbb ]hkm^Zjkl\Z\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_ E-mail: nkrav@ieie.nsc.ru EZlh\Xjbc<Ze_jv_\bq, dZg^b^Zlwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd LmevkdbcnbebZeFhkdh\kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ, ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: l_hjbywdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_fwdhghfbq_kdZybklhjbybklhjbywdhghfbq_kdbomq_gbcwdhghfbdZijZ\ZwdhghfbdZ ij_klmighklbg_nhjfZevgZywdhghfbdZwdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklv E-mail: latov@mail.ru EZlh\ZGZlZeby<Ze_jv_\gZ Bgklblmlkhpbheh]bbJ:GP_gljdhgnebdlheh]bbJ:GgZmqguckhljm^gbdZkibjZgl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\:wlghkhpbheh]bywlghikboheh]bywdhghfbq_kdZyf_glZevghklvf_`wlgbq_kdb_dhgnebdlu E-mail: natali73@online.ru beb natali8355@mtu-net.ru FZedbgZFZjbgZXjv_\gZ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd Gb`_]hjh^kdbcbgklblmlf_g_^`f_glZb[bag_kZ^hp_gl H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: wdhghfbq_kdZyiheblbdZi_j_oh^gh]hi_jbh^ZfZdjhwdhghfbq_kdZyklZ[bebaZpbynbgZgkh\ZyklZ[bebaZpby nbgZgkh\u_jugdb E-mail: mmalkina@osi.nnov.ru Fbey_\ZEZjbkZ=jb]hjv_\gZ, ^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmd ;bckdbcl_ogheh]bq_kdbcbgklblml:elZckdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hl_ogbq_kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZDZn_^jZWdhghfbdZij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z, ijhn_kkhj H[eZklvgZmqguobgl_j_kh\: aZgylhklvbjughdljm^ZkhpbZevgh_iZjlg_jkl\hdhg\_jkbyb^b\_jkbnbdZpby E-mail: wc@bti.secna.ru Gmj__\Jmkl_fFZofmlh\bq,^hdlhjwdhghfbq_kdbogZmdijhn_kkhjaZkem`_ggucjZ[hlgbd<ukr_crdheuJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb =hkm^Zjkl\_ggucmgb\_jkbl_l–<ukrZyrdheZwdhghfbdbaZ\_^mxsbcdZn_^jhcbgklblmpbhgZevghcwdhghfbdb H[eZklv gZmqguo bgl_j_kh\ ijbdeZ^gZy fbdjhwdhghfbdZ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ hkgh\u kh\j_f_ggh]h h[s_kl\_ggh]h \u[hjZ \ Jhkkbb l_hjby ijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklbbgklblmpbhgZevgu_nZdlhju\i_j_oh^ghcwdhghfbd_wdhghfbdZjZa\blbykjZ\gbl_evgucZgZebawdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f E-mail: etheory@hse.ru; 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