Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf --Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk No& 2^ vfq 2002 u& Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz :tytdf fctktybt cnhfy Fahbrb^ Fpbb b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb bcgjkmpetn nhflbwbjyye. vtlbwbye (NV) lkz eljdktndjhtybz jcyjdys[ gjnht,yjcntq d vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob (hbc& 1* ,jrc 1)& D ’nb[ cnhfyf[ nhflbwbjyyfz vtlbwbyf zdkztncz yt njkmrj ljcnegyjq b ytljhjujq^ yj nfr;t d ,jkmibycndt ckexftd ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq cjcnfdye. xfcnm ,jktt j,ibhyjq cbcntvs htkbubjpys[ dthjdfybq b hfccvfnhbdftncz rfr ytjn]tvktvfz xfcnm gjdctlytdyjq ;bpyb b pljhjdmz xtkjdtrf& D nj ;t dhtvz d Fdcnhfkbb^ Tdhjgt b Ctdthyjq Fvthbrt gfhfkktkmyj c fkkjgfnbxtcrjq vtlbwbyjq dct ibht bcgjkmpetncz sljgjkybntkmyfz b fkmnthyfnbdyfz vtlbwbyf’ (LFV)1^ d xfcnyjcnb^ lkz ktxtybz b jrfpfybz gjvjob ghb [hjybxtcrb[ pf,jktdfybz[& <tcgjrjqcndj^ dspdfyyjt gj,jxysv ltqcndbtv [bvbxtcrb[ ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd^ ;tkfybt cjplfnm cbcntve plhfdjj[hfytybz c ,jktt bylbdblefkmysv gjl[jljv b ibhjrbv ljcnegjv j,otcndtyyjcnb r byajhvfwbb gj djghjcfv plhfdjj[hfytybz^ dct ’nj cgjcj,cndetn dct ,jktt ibhjrjve ghbvtytyb. vtnjljd nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys& Y Jlyfrj^ ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt b djphfcnf.ott bcgjkmpjdfybt NV ghbdtkj r cjplfyb. d j,otcndtyyjv plhfdjj[hfytybb yjds[ ghj,ktv c njxrb phtybz gjkbnbrb^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcndf^ ljcnegyjcnb b hfpevyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz vtnjljd NV (,jrc 2)& Gjkbnbrb^ jndtncndtyyst pf plhfdjj[hfytybt jabwbfkmyst kbwf^ ghfrnbre.obt nhflbwbjyye. vtlbwbye cgtwbfkbcns 2 b ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb (YGJ) vjukb ,s ghbyznm exfcnbt d htitybb ’nb[ ghj,ktv b^ ntv cfvsv^ dytcnb cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt gjntywbfkf NV^ rfr jlyjuj bp bcnjxybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz (,jrc 3)& Hbc& 1& Yfctktybt vyjub[ hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy bcgjkmpetn NV rfr gjdctlytdyjt chtlcndj eljdktndjhtybz gjnht,yjcntq d vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob^ d nj dhtvz rfr dj vyjub[ hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[ LFV bcgjkmpetncz yfctktybtv gj rhfqytq vtht jlby hfp d ;bpyb& 90% Yfctktybt cnhfy^ d rjnjhs[ nhflbwbjyyfz vtlbwbyf bcgjkmpetncz lkz eljdktndjhtybz jcyjdys[ gjnht,yjcntq d vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob& 70% 70% 70% 60% 60% 70% Yfctktybt hfpdbns[ cnhfy^ d rjnjhs[ ljgjkybntkmyfz b fkmnthyfnbdyfz vtlbwbyf bcgjkmpjdfkfcm ;bntkzvb gj rhfqytq vtht jlby hfp d ;bpyb& 48% 49% 42% 31% Bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb% Bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb% "qpty,thu L&V& b lh&^ 1998 u&* Abith G& b Ejhl A&^ 1994 u&* Plhfdjj[hfytybt Rfyfls^ 2001 u&* Dctvbhyfz juhfybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz (DJP)^ 1999 u&* f nfr;t ghtlcnfdktyyst DJP ghfdbntkmcndtyyst jnxtns& <jrc 1& Xnj nfrjt nhflbwbjyyfz vtlbwbyf$ Nhflbwbjyyfz vtlbwbyf drk.xftn hfpkbxyst vtnjls^ gjl[jls^ pyfybz b dthjdfybz^ j,]tlbyz.obt nhflbwbjyyst vtnjls ktxtybz^ jcyjdfyyst yf bcgjkmpjdfybb ktxt,ys[ cdjqcnd hfcntybq^ ;bdjnys[ b#bkb vbythfkmys[ bcnjxybrjd^ f nfr;t vtnjls cgbhbnefkmyjq nthfgbb^ vfyefkmyjq nthfgbb b abpbxtcrbt eghf;ytybz^ rjnjhst vjuen ghbvtyznmcz jnltkmyj bkb d rjv,byfwbb c lheubvb vtnjlfvb^ rfr d wtkz[ gjllth;fybz pljhjdmz^ nfr b lkz ktxtybz^ lbfuyjcnbrb bkb ghtljndhfotybz pf,jktdfybq& Ibhjrj bcgjkmpetvst vtljns ktxtybz b nthfgtdnbxtcrbt vtnjlbrb Nhfdjktxtybt Fregeyrnehf#Freghtccehf Vfyefkmyfz nthfgbz Cgbhbnefkmyfz nthfgbz Eghf;ytybz Rbnfqcrfz vtlbwbyf F.hdtlf >yfyb Yfnehjgfnbz Jcntjgfnbz c c n c n c c c c c n c c h c n n c Ujvtjgfnbz Rbhjghfrnbrf c c c n c = j,sxyj drk.xftn lfyysq vtnjl ktxtybz#nthfgtdnbxtcre. vtnjlbre n = byjulf drk.xftn lfyysq vtnjl ktxtybz#nthfgtdnbxtcre. vtnjlbre h c = drk.xftn njkmrj inhb[b nthfgtdnbxtcrjuj vtnjlf 1 2 D ,jkmibycndt ckexftd d lfyyjv ljrevtynt bcgjkmpetncz nthvby ‘nhflbwbjyyfz vtlbwbyf\ (NV)& Jlyfrj^ d ytrjnjhs[ hfpdbns[ cnhfyf[^ ult ljvbybhe.ofz cbcntvf plhfdjj[hfytybz ,fpbhetncz yf fkkjgfnbxtcrjq vtlbwbyt^ bkb ult NV yt drk.xtyf d yfwbjyfkmye. cbcntve plhfdjj[hfytybz^ bcgjkmpetncz nthvby ljgjkybntkmyfz b fkmnthyfnbdyfz vtlbwbyfs (LAM)& Gjl ghfrnbre.obvb nhflbwbjyye. vtlbwbye j,sxyj bvt.ncz d dble yfhjlyst wtkbntkb^ rjcnjghfds^ pyfnjrb ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd b lh& Gjl ghfrnbre.obvb cgtwbfkbcnfvb gj nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbyt gjybvf.ncz^ rfr ghfrnbre.obt nhflbwbjyye. vtlbwbye yfhjlyst wtkbntkb^ nfr b ghjatccbjyfks fkkjgfnbxtcrjq vtlbwbys^ nfrbt rfr dhfxb^ lfynbcns b vtlbwbycrbt ctcnhs^ rjnjhst bcgjkmpe.n nthfgtdnbxtcrbt vtnjls NV#LAM lkz ktxtybz gfwbtynjd^ yfghbvth^ vyjubt dhfxb-fkkjgfns bcgjkmpe.n bukjerfksdfybt lkz ktxtybz cdjb[ gfwbtynjd& Cnh& 1% Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd --- Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf -- Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk <jrc 2& Rk.xtdfz byajhvfwbz lkz nt[^ rnj ajhvbhetn gjkbnbxtcrbq rehc E NV drk.xftn hfpkbxyst vtnjlbrb^ gjl[jls^ pyfybz b dthjdfybz^ j,]tlbyz.obt nhflbwbjyyst vtnjls ktxtybz^ jcyjdfyyst yf bcgjkmpjdfybb ktxt,ys[ cdjqcnd hfcntybq^ ;bdjnys[ b# bkb vbythfkmys[ bcnjxybrjd^ f nfr;t cgbhbnefkmye. nthfgb.^ vfyefkmye. nthfgb. b abpbxtcrbt eghf;ytybz& E NV dct ,jkmit bcgjkmpetncz lkz ktxtybz ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf pf,jktdfybq rfr d hfpdbns[^ nfr b d hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[& E Dct ,jkmit cnhfy ghbybvftn yfwbjyfkmye. gjkbnbre d j,kfcnb NV b cjltqcndetn hfpdbnb. cgtwbfkmys[ ghfdjds[ yjhv^ jcj,tyyj d j,kfcnb nhfdjktxtybz& Dct ,jkmit b ,jkmit ghbpyftncz b jghtltkztncz hjkm NV d yfwbjyfkmyjq cbcntvt plhfdjj[hfytybz& E Yfexyst ljrfpfntkmcndf^ gjkextyyst d htpekmnfnt rkbybxtcrb[ hfyljvbpfwbjyys[ bccktljdfybq^ cdbltntkmcnde.n j, ’aatrnbdyjcnb ghbvtytybz d ,jkmibycndt ckexftd bukjerfksdfybz b d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ vtnjljd nhfdjktxtybz b vfyefkmyjq nthfgbb& E Jlyfrj^ d ,jkmibycndt yfexyjq kbnthfnehs gj NV ghbdjlzncz ytfltrdfnyst ljrfpfntkmcndf gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ’aatrnbdyjcnb NV% jgbcsdf.ncz bylbdblefkmyst ckexfb b hzl yf,k.ltybq yfl gfwbtynfvb ,tp ghbdtltybz lfyys[ gj rjynhjkmysv uheggfv bkb uheggfv chfdytybz& E Xhtpvthysq c,jh ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq euhj;ftn ytrjnjhsv ’rjkjubxtcrbv cbcntvfv& E D wtkz[ j,tcgtxtybz ljcnegf r nhflbwbjyysv ajhvfv ktxtybz b edf;bntkmyjuj jnyjitybz r yjcbntkzv pyfybq gj NV df;yf pfobnf b cj[hfytybt ’nb[ pyfybq& Djghjcs gj j[hfyt ghfd byntkktrnefkmyjq cj,cndtyyjcnb nht,e.n dybvfybz d yfwbjyfkmyjv b bynthyfwbjyfkmyjv vfcinf,t& Gjkbnbrf% hfphf,jnrf ltqcndtyys[ vth d j,kfcnb NV Yfxbyfz c 2000 ujlf^ 25 cnhfy pfzdbkb j yfkbxbb d b[ cnhfyf[ yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb d j,kfcnb NV& Nfrfz gjkbnbrf j,tcgtxbdftn [jhjie. ,fpe lkz jghtltktybz hjkb NV d yfwbjyfkmyjq cbcntvt plhfdjj[hfytybz^ ufhfynbhez cjplfybt ytj,[jlbvs[ htuekbhe.ob[ b ghfdjds[ vt[fybpvjd c wtkm. hfpdbnbz b gjllth;rb ltqcndtyyjq ghfrnbrb d j,kfcnb NV b j,tcgtxtybz hfdyjghfdyjuj ljcnegf^ gjlkbyyjcnb^ ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ’aatrnbdyjcnb vtnjljd ktxtybz& Yfwbjyfkmyfz gjkbnbrf d j,kfcnb NV chjxyj nht,etncz d nt[ hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfyf[^ d rjnjhs[ yfctktybt pfdbcbn^ d jcyjdyjv^ jn NV^ yj ult yt ,skj ghjdtltyj yflkt;fotq jwtyrb NV bkb ult NV yt drk.xtyf d yfwbjyfkmye. cbcntve plhfdjj[hfytybz& Vyjubt hfpdbnst cnhfys nfr;t ntgthm jcjpyf.n^ xnj djghjcs NV^ cdzpfyyst^ yfghbvth^ c ,tpjgfcyjcnm. b rfxtcndjv^ kbwtypbhjdfybtv^ cnfylfhnfvb j,extybz b ghbjhbntnfvb d bccktljdfybz[^ vjuen ,snm kexit dctuj htitys d hfvrf[ yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb d j,kfcnb NV& <tpjgfcyjcnm^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm b rfxtcndj% htif.obt afrnjhs lkz hfcghjcnhfytybz NV Ghfrnbre.obt dhfxb fkkjgfnbxtcrjq vtlbwbys ghblf.n jcj,jt pyfxtybt tt yfexyjve gjl[jle b endth;lf.n^ xnj fkkjgfnbxtcrfz vtlbwbyf cdj,jlyf jn rekmnehyjuj yfcktlbz& Vtnjls NV hfpdbdfkbcm^ crjhtt^ bysv j,hfpjv^ gjldthufzcm ,jkmijve dkbzyb. rekmnehs b bcnjhbxtcrb[ eckjdbq^ d rjnjhs[ jyb dgthdst djpybrkb& B[ plhfdjq jcyjdjq zdkztncz wtkjcnysq <jrc 3& Gthtxtym jcyjdys[ yfghfdktybq gjkbnbrb b vth d j,kfcnb NV <tpjgfcyjcnm^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm b rfxtcndj E Cjplfybt cbcntvs htubcnhfwbb b kbwtypbhjdfybz ghfrnbr gj NV& E Cjplfybt yfwbjyfkmys[ ghfdbk b htubcnhfwbz ghfrnbr gj nhfdjktxtyb.& E Cjplfybt jhufyjd ghjdthrb ,tpjgfcyjcnb nhfdjktxtybz b lheub[ vtnjljd NV& E J,tcgtxtybt bp,bhfntkmyjq gjllth;rb lkz rkbybxtcrb[ bccktljdfybq gj bcgjkmpjdfyb. NV lkz ktxtybz yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyys[ d cnhfyt pf,jktdfybq& E Hfphf,jnrf yfwbjyfkmys[ cnfylfhnjd^ nt[ybxtcrb[ erfpfybq b vtnjlbr lkz jwtyrb ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcndf NV& E Hfphf,jnrf yfwbjyfkmyjq afhvfrjgtb b vjyjuhfabq ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq& Ljcnegyjcnm E Bltynbabrfwbz ,tpjgfcys[ b ’aatrnbdys[ vtnjljd b ghjlernjd NV& E Gjllth;rf bccktljdfybq gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ’aatrnbdyjcnb ktxtybz nt[ ,jktpytq^ rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkz.n yfb,jkmitt ,htvz^ jcj,tyyj lkz yfb,tlytqib[ ckjtd yfctktybz& E Ghbpyfybt hjkb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV d plhfdjj[hfytybb& E Jgnbvbpfwbz b j,yjdktybt rdfkbabrfwbb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV& E Pfobnf pyfybq gj NV gjchtlcndjv b[ pfgbcb b cj[hfytybz& E Rekmnbdbhjdfybt b j[hfyf ktxt,ys[ hfcntybq lkz ufhfynbb b[ ghjljk;bntkmyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz& Hfwbjyfkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt E Hfphf,jnrf ext,ys[ herjdjlcnd gj yfb,jktt ghbvtyztvsv d njq bkb byjq cnhfyt vtnjlfv NV& E Erhtgktybt b hfcibhtybt jhufybpfwbb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV& E Erhtgktybt cjnhelybxtcndf vt;le cgtwbfkbcnfvb gj NV b hf,jnybrfvb lheub[ cath plhfdjj[hfytybz& E J,tcgtxtybt ljcnjdthyjq byajhvfwbb gj ghfdbkmyjve bcgjkmpjdfyb. ghtlkfuftvs[ yfctktyb. vtnjljd b ghjlernjd NV& E Ekexitybt dpfbvjcdzpb vt;le hf,jnybrfvb plhfdjj[hfytybz b b[ gfwbtynfvb^ pfbynthtcjdfyysvb d ghbvtytybb NV& Cnh& 2% Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd --- Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf -- Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk gjl[jl r ;bpyb^ hfdyjdtcbt vt;le hfpevjv^ ntkjv b jrhe;f.otq chtljq b frwtynbhjdfybt d gthde. jxthtlm yf pljhjdmt xtkjdtrf^ yt;tkb yf tuj ,jktpyz[& J,sxyj^ ghjdjlzobq ktxtybt vtnjlfvb NV rjywtynhbhetncz yf j,otv cjcnjzybb jhufybpvf bylbdbleevf^ f yt yf ltnfkz[ ytpljhjdmz bkb rjyrhtnyjq ,jktpyb^ jn rjnjhjq cnhflftn gfwbtyn& Nfrjq ,jktt rjvgktrcysq gjl[jl r pljhjdm. xtkjdtrf ltkftn NV jxtym ghbdktrfntkmyjq lkz vyjub[& Jlyfrj^ ghb nfrjv gjl[jlt xhtpdsxfqyj pfnhelyztncz yfexyfz jwtyrf^ n&r& d ’njv ckexft ljk;yj ,snm ghbyznj dj dybvfybt ckbirjv ,jkmijt rjkbxtcndj afrnjhjd& Lf;t jwtyrf nfrb[ ghjlernjd NV^ rfr ghtgfhfns^ bpujnjdktyyst bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd^ vj;tn jrfpfnmcz jxtym nhelyjq pflfxtq& "nj j,eckjdktyj ntv^ xnj yf rfxtcndj ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd jrfpsdf.n dkbzybt ytcrjkmrj afrnjhjd^ yfghbvth^ rjulf b ult ,skb cj,hfys nhfds^ njxyjcnm bltynbabrfwbb hfcntybq b lh& Ntv yt vtytt^ vyjubt vtnjls b ghjlerns NV bcgjkmpjdfkbcm d ntxtybt pyfxbntkmyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb b ytrjnjhst yfexyst cdbltntkmcndf erfpsdf.n yf b[ vyjujj,tof.obq gjntywbfk& Yfghbvth^ ,skf jrjyxfntkmyj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfyf b ntgthm ibhjrj bpdtcnyf ’aatrnbdyjcnm ghbvtytybz bukjerfksdfybz c wtkm. j,ktuxtybz ,jkb b njiyjns& D j,kfcnb nhfdjktxtybz (hbc& 2) [jhjij bpdtcnys ytrjnjhst ljrfpfntkmcndf ’aatrnbdyjcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd^ yfghbvth^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm ‘‘Artemisia annua’’ ghb ktxtybb vfkzhbb bkb ’aatrnbdyjcnm ktrfhcndtyyjq dth,tys ghb ktxtybb kturjq cntgtyb ltghtccbb& D nj ;t dhtvz hfcneott xbckj jnxtnjd cdbltntkmcndetn j yf,k.lftvs[ d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ afnfkmys[ yt,kfujghbznys[ ’aatrnf[ d htpekmnfnt ytghfdbkmyjuj ghbvtytybz vtnjljd NV^ byajhvfwbz j ,tpjgfcyjcnb rjnjhs[ jncencndetn& D ’njq cdzpb jgnbvfkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt vtnjljd NV b hjcn e,tlbntkmyjcnb ’nb[ vtnjljd ,elen pfdbctnm jn hfpdbnbz ,fps ljrfpfntkmcnd gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ’aatr- Hbc& 2& Bvt.ncz ljcnjdthyst ljrfpfntkmcndf ’aatrnbdyjcnb ytrjnjhs[ vtnjljd nhfdjktxtybz^ jlyfrj ceotcnde.obt jwtyrb ytjlyjpyfxys& 18% 34% 48% Bcnjxybr byajhvfwbb% <fpbhetncz yf lfyys[ gj nhfdjktxtyb.% Dpukzl^ jcyjdfyysq yf ljrfpfntkmcndf[& Therapeutics Letter^ Dsgecr 25^ b.ym-b.km 1998 u& nbdyjcnb NV& "nj jpyfxftn^ xnj lkz pfgjkytybz ghj,tkjd d bvt.ob[cz ljrfpfntkmcndf[^ ytj,[jlbvf rjycjkblfwbz ceotcnde.ob[ yfwbjyfkmys[ b bynthyfwbjyfkmys[ bccktljdfybq b dctcnjhjyyfz gjllth;rf yjds[ bccktljdfybq& Ljcnegyjcnm% rfr cltkfnm NV ljcnegyjq b ytljhjujq Cfvst ,tlyst cnhfys vbhf ,jkmit dctuj ye;lf.ncz d ltitdjv b ’aatrnbdyjv ktxtybb pfhfpys[ ,jktpytq& Gj lfyysv DJP jlyf nhtnm yfctktybz ptvyjuj ifhf lj cb[ gjh yt bvttn htuekzhyjuj ljcnegf r jcyjdysv vtlbrfvtynfv^ f d cfvs[ ,tlys[ htubjyf[ Fahbrb b Fpbb ’nf wbahf ghtdjc[jlbn 50¢& D ’nb[ htubjyf[ ytrjnjhst ajhvs NV zdkz.ncz pfxfcne. ,jktt ljcnegysvb b ,jktt ltitdsvb bcnjxybrfvb vtlbwbycrjuj j,cke;bdfybz& Jlyfrj^ tckb ljcneg r NV ljk;ty ,snm hfcibhty lkz njuj^ xnj,s gjvjxm ekexibnm gjkj;tybt plhfdjj[hfytybz^ ytj,[jlbvj htibnm ldf djghjcf^ f bvtyyj% hfphf,jnfnm cnfylfhnyst ljcnjdthyst gjrfpfntkb^ gjpdjkz.obt ghjdjlbnm njxye. jwtyre ehjdytq ljcnegyjcnb nhflbwbjyys[ vtnjljd ktxtybz^ b j,tcgtxbnm c,jh rfxtcndtyys[ lfyys[^ ytj,[jlbvs[ lkz dszdktybz ceotcnde.ob[ ye;l& D wtkz[ j,tcgtxtybz yflt;yjq ,fps lkz jceotcndktybz vth gj cjltqcndb. NV ljk;ys ,snm nfr;t bltynbabwbhjdfys ,tpjgfcyst b ’aatrnbdyst vtnjls NV& Ght;lt dctuj^ ytj,[jlbvj crjywtynhbhjdfnmcz yf ,tpjgfcys[ b ’aatrnbdys[ vtnjlf[ ktxtybz ,jktpytq^ rjnjhst zdkz.ncz nz;/ksv ,htvtytv lkz yfctktybz ,tlys[ cnhfy^ f bvtyyj^ vfkzhbb b DBX#CGBL& Ytj,[jlbvj nfr;t hfcibhbnm cjnhelybxtcndj vt;le cgtwbfkbcnfvb gj NV b hf,jnybrfvb j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz& D ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[^ jcj,tyyj d Fahbrt^ cdzpb vt;le^ yfghbvth^ nhflbwbjyysvb freithrfvb b hf,jnybrfvb plhfdjj[hfytybz ecbkbkbcm& Jlyfrj^ d ,jkmibycndt cnhfy ’nb ldf nbgf vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob bpjkbhjdfys lheu jn lheuf& D ’njq cdzpb NV hbcretn jrfpfnmcz d cnjhjyt& Djpvj;yjcnb gj j,tcgtxtyb. byajhvfwbb d j,kfcnb NV nfr;t gjnthzys& D nj ;t dhtvz ytrjnjhst ghfrnbreobt NV yt bvt.n ’ktvtynfhys[ vtlbwbycrb[ pyfybq b vtnjls b[ ktxtybz ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq hbcr lkz pljhjdmz& Pflfxf cjcnjbn d njv^ xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm ufhfynb.^ xnj vtlbwbycrfz rdfkbabrfwbz b pyfybz cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV yf[jlzncz yf ljk;yjv ehjdyt& Lheubt djghjcs^ cdzpfyyst c NV^ jnyjczncz r pfobnt pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV b ,tht;yjve bcgjkmpjdfyb. ghbhjlys[ htcehcjd& Nfrbt^ yfghbvth^ vthjghbznbz gj pfobnt pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV^ rfr cjplfybt yfwbjyfkmyjuj gthtxyz gj ktrfhcndtyysv hfcntybzv^ jceotcndktybt pfgbcb cdtltybq b pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV^ cjplfybt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb gj pfobnt nfrb[ pyfybq b lh&^ vjuen jceotcndkznmcz d hfvrf[ bynthyfwbjyfkmys[ b yfwbjyfkmys[ cnherneh& <tht;yjve bcgjkmpjdfyb. ghbhjlys[ htcehcjd vjuen nfr;t cgjcj,cndjdfnm ytrjnjhst vths^ drk.xfz hfpevye. ghfrnbre dtltybz ctkmcrjuj [jpzqcndf& Cnh& 3% Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd --- Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf -- Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk Hfwbjyfkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt% ufhfynbz ghfdbkmyjuj ghbvtytybz Ghj,ktvf ghfdbkmyjuj ghbvtytybz NV bvttn ytcrjkmrj fcgtrnjd^ drk.xfz rdfkbabrfwb. b kbwtypbhjdfybt cgtwbfkbcnjd NV^ ghfdbkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt ghjlernjd NV dscjrjuj rfxtcndf^ [jhjie. dpfbvjcdzpm vt;le cgtwbfkbcnfvb d j,kfcnb NV^ dhfxfvb-fkkjgfnfvb b gfwbtynfvb^ ghtljcnfdktybt j,otcndtyyjcnb cjjndtncnde.otq yfexyjq byajhvfwbb b herjdjlzob[ vfnthbfkjd b lh& Ghj,ktvs^ cdzpfyyst c j,extybtv b cgtwbfkbpfwbtq^ nht,e.n eldjtyyjuj dybvfybz& Djgthds[^ ljk;yf ,snm ghtljcnfdktyf ufhfynbz njuj^ xnj pyfybz^ rdfkbabrfwbz b j,hfpjdfybt ghfrnbre.ob[ NV zdkz.ncz ljcnfnjxysvb& Dj-dnjhs[^ ytj,[jlbvj ibhjrj bcgj&kmpjdfnm vtnjls j,extybz lkz cjplfybz fnvjcaths dpfbvjgjybvfybz b edf;tybz vt;le cgtwbfkbcnfvb NV b ghjatccbjyfkmysvb hf,jnybrfvb cjdhtvtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz& Vyjujt vj;tn ,snm cltkfyj lkz njuj^ xnj,s evtymibnm hbcr^ cdzpfyysq c ghbvtytybtv ghjlernjd NV^ yfghbvth^ nfrb[ rfr ktrfhcndtyyst nhfds& Ghtgfhfns bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd ljk;ys ghbvtyznmcz yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv b bvtnm [jhjitt rfxtcndj& Jlyfrj^ d ytrjnjhs[ cnhfyf[ ghfdbkf gj ghbvtytyb. ghtgfhfnjd bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd b htubcnhfwbz nfrb[ ghtgfhfnjd hfpdbns ckf,j b rfxtcndj ghjlfdftvs[ ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd j,sxyj yt ufhfynbhetncz& Rhjvt njuj^ vyjubt ghtgfhfns bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd ghjlf.ncz ,tp htwtgnf bkb rfr ljgjkybntkmyst rjvgjytyns lbtns& D ’njq cdzpb ytj,[jlbv ,jktt cnhjubq rjynhjkm pf ghjlernfvb NV& Ytj,[jlbvf nfr;t ,jkmifz hf,jnf gj ekexityb. jcdtljvktyyjcnb yfctktybz gj djghjcfv ,tpjgfcyjcnb b ghbvtybvjcnb nt[ bkb bys[ vtnjljd NV& Ytj,[jlbvj gjvybnm j djpvj;yjcnb gj,jxyjuj ltqcndbz d htpekmnfnt htfrwbb vt;le ghbybvftvsvb ghtgfhfnfvb bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd b [bvbxtcrbvb ghtgfhfnfvb& R cj;fktyb.^ vyjubt gfwbtyns dct tot yt yf[jlzn ye;ysv byajhvbhjdfnm cdjb[ ktxfob[ dhfxtq-fkkjgfnjd j njv^ xnj jyb ghbybvf.n ghtgfhfns bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd& Hf,jxfz cnhfntubz d nfrb[ j,kfcnz[^ rfr byajhvfwbz^ j,hfpjdfybt b dpfbvjcdzpm dct[ yfghfdktybq plhfdjj[hfytybz gjpdjkbn ghtjljktnm ’nb ghj,ktvs& Hjkm DJP d eljdktndjhtybb pflfx NV Lkz eljdktndjhtybz hfcneob[ pflfx d j,kfcnb NV^ DJP cajhvekbhjdfkf tlbye. hf,jxe. cnhfntub. gj NV yf 2002-2005 uu& "nf cnhfntubz zdkztncz ljcnfnjxyj ub,rjq^ xnj gjpdjkztn extcnm gjnht,yjcnb rf;ljuj htubjyf b ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd DJP^ jyf pfnhfubdftn nfr;t djghjcs^ cdzpfyyst c yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrjq^ ljcnegyjcnm.^ ,tpjgfcyjcnm. b ’aatrnbdyjcnm.^ f nfr;t hfwbjyfkmysv bcgjkmpjdfybtv NV& Cnhfntubz d j,kfcnb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys ,skf hfphf,jnfyf ghb ibhjrjv exfcnbb htubjyfkmys[ jnlt3 ktybq b ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd DJP^ rjvbntnjd gj ’rcgthnbpt b wtynhjd gj cjnhelybxtcnde DJP^ f nfr;t xthtp cjnhelybxtcndj c ,jkmibv xbckjv gfhnythjd c hfpyjj,hfpysvb bynthtcfvb d j,kfcnb NV& Ghbyznfz cnhfntubz j,tcgtxbdftn gjkt ltzntkmyjcnb lkz vthjghbznbq DJP b tt gfhnythjd^ ghtljcnfdkztn djpvj;yjcnm NV pfyznm ,jktt pyfxbntkmyjt vtcnj d ,jhm,t c dscjrjq cvthnyjcnm. b pf,jktdftvjcnm.^ jcj,tyyj chtlb yfctktybz hfpdbdf.ob[cz cnhfy& Jyf drk.xftn xtnsht yfghfdktybz^ cdzpfyyst c% gjkbnbrjq* ,tpjgfcyjcnm.^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm. b rfxtcndjv* ljcnegyjcnm. b hfwbjyfkmysv bcgjkmpjdfybtv (Nf,kbwf 1)& Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb b xfcnyst kbwf^ rjnjhst dytckb cdjq drkfl d hfpdbnbt ‘Cnhfntubb DJP d j,kfcnb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys yf 2002-2005 uu&\^ ghbven exfcnbt d hf,jnt DJP gj ghtndjhtyb. ’njq cnhfntubb d ;bpym& Bcgjkmpjdfybt rhbnbxtcrb[ gjrfpfntktq (nfrb[^ yfghbvth^ rfr rjkbxtcndj cnhfy^ bvt.ob[ yfwbjyfkmye. gjkbnbre d j,kfcnb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys^ b rjkbxtcndj cnhfy^ bvt.ob[ pfrjyjlfntkmcndj b ghfdjdst yjhvs d jnyjitybb ghtgfhfnjd bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd) gjvj;tn DJP jwtybnm cntgtym ghjuhtccf gj rf;ljve cnhfntubxtcrjve yfghfdktyb.& D ljgjkytybt^ lkz jwtyrb ltqcndtyyjcnb ghbyznjq cnhfntubb d cjnhelybxtcndt c ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrfvb b ytghfdbntkmcnd t y y s v b j h uf y b p f w b z v b g h t l e c v f n h b d f t n c z ghjdtltybt bycgtrwbq d j,kfcnb gjkbnbrb^ ghfdjds[ yjhv b ghbvtytybz NV& <jrc 4& Jhufybpfwbb^ pfybvf.obtcz djghjcfvb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys& Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb <jkmijt xbckj ytghfdbntkmcndtyys[ jhufybpfwbq hf,jnftn d j,kfcnb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys gj dctve vbhe& Yb;t ghbdtltys njkmrj ytrjnjhst bp ’nb[ jhufybpfwbq% Cjnhelybxtcndj sRjihfy’% http://www.cochrane.org/cochrane/general.htm Ajyl Ajhlf% http://www.fordfound.org/ PRO&ME&TRA (Cjltqcndbt nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbyt)% http://www.prometra.org/ Dctvbhysq ajyl j[hfys ghbhjls% http://www.panda.org/ Vt;leyfhjlysq cj.p gj j[hfyt ghbhjls% http://www.iucn.org/ Dctvbhyst ghjatccbjyfkmyst fccjwbfwbb Vt;leyfhjlyfz kbuf gj ujvtjgfnbxtcrjq vtlbwbyt% http://www.lmhi.net/ Dctvbhyfz atlthfwbz rbhjghfrnbrjd% http://www.wfc.org/ Dctvbhyfz bylecnhbz ,tphtwtgnehys[ ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd% http://www.wsmi.org/ Cgtwbfkmyst bybwbfnbds Dctvbhyfz bybwbfnbdf lkz nhflbwbjyys[ cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz% http://users.ox.ac.uk/~gree0179/ Bccktljdfntkmcrfz bybwbfnbdf gj nhflbwbjyysv vtnjlfv ktxtybz vfkzhbb% http://mim.nih.gov/english/partnerships/ritam_application.pdf Yt,[jlbvj bvtnm d dble^ xnj ceotcnde.n pyfxbntkmyst htubjyfkmyst hfpkbxbz d jnyjitybb bcgjkmpjdfybz NV b t/ hjkb^ cj[hfyz.ncz nhelyjcnb d jghtltktybb njxyjq nthvbyjkjubb lkz jgbcfybz vtnjljd ktxtybz b ghjlernjd NV b d jwtyrt ljcnjdthyjcnb vtnjljkjubq^ bcgjkmpetvs[ ghb c,jht lfyys[& Ghtlcnfdktyyfz cnhfntubz DJP d j,kfcnb NV ljk;yf hfccvfnhbdfnmcz njkmrj rfr hf,jxbq ljrevtyn^ rjnjhsq gjplytt^ djpvj;yj^ ljk;ty ,snm vjlbabwbhjdfy& Cnh& 4% Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd --- Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf -- Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk Nf,kbwf 1& Cnhfntubz DJP d j,kfcnb nhflbwbjyyjq vtlbwbys yf 2002-2005 uu% yfghfdktybz^ cjcnfdyst xfcnb b j;blftvst htpekmnfns Yfghfdktybz GJKBNBRF% Byntuhfwbz NV#LAM d yfwbjyfkmyst cbcntvs plhfdjj[hfytybz d cjjndtncndbb c vtcnysvb eckjdbzvb gjchtlcndjv hfpdbnbz b dsgjkytybz yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv d j,kfcnb NV#LAM' <TPJGFCYJCNM^ "AATRNBDYJCNM B RFXTCNDJ% Cjltqcndbt gj j,tcgtxtyb. ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcndf NV#LAM gjchtlcndjv hfcghjcnhfytybz jcyjdys[ pyfybq gj NV#LAM b cjplfybt herjdjlzob[ vfnthbfkjd gj cnfylfhnfv rfxtcndf LJCNEGYJCNM% Hfcibhtybt ljcnegyjcnb NV#LAM^ d njv xbckt b c vfnthbfkmyjq njxrb phtybz^ d cjjndtncndbb c vtcnysvb eckjdbzvb b frwtynbhjdfybtv dybvfybz yf djghjcf[ ljcnegyjcnb NV lkz ,tlytqib[ ckjtd yfctktybz HFWBJYFKMYJT BCGJKMPJDFYBT% Jrfpfybt cjltqcndbz gj bcgjkmpjdfyb. cjjndtncnde.ob[ ljcnjdthys[ vtnjljd NV#LAM Cjcnfdyst xfcnb J;blftvst htpekmnfns 1& Ghbpyfybt NV#LAM Gjvjom cnhfyfv d hfpdbnbb yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv gj NV#LAM& 1&1 Edtkbxtybt ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjllth;rb b ghbpyfybt NV#LAM xthtp tlbye. yfwbjyfkmye. gjkbnbre d jnyjitybb NV#LAM& 1&2 Byntuhfwbz NV#LAM d yfwbjyfkmyst cbcntvs plhfdjj[hfytybz d cjjndtncndbb c vtcnysvb eckjdbzvb& 2& Pfobnf b cj[hfytybt vtcnys[ pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV Jrfpfybt gjvjob cnhfyfv d hfpdbnbb cnhfntubb gj pfobnt b[ vtcnys[ pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV& 2&1 Hfcibhtybt hf,jn gj pfgbcb b cj[hfytyb. vtcnys[ pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV^ drk.xfz cjplfybt rjvgm.nthys[ ,b,kbjntr byajhvfwbb gj NV& 3& Jcyjdyfz ,fpf NV#LAM Edtkbxtybt ljcnegf r NV#LAM b hfcibhtybt pyfybq gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcnde NV#LAM c frwtynbhjdfybtv dybvfybz yf gthdjcntgtyys[ ghj,ktvf[ plhfdjj[hfytybz^ cdzpfyys[ c nfrbvb pf,jktdfybzvb rfr vfkzhbz b DBX#CGBL& 3&1 Edtkbxtybt ljcnegf r NV#LAM b hfcibhtybt pyfybq d j,kfcnb NV#LAM xthtp cbcntve cdzpb b j,vty ljcnjdthyjq byajhvfwbtq& 3&2 Nt[ybxtcrbt j,pjhs gj bccktljdfybzv^ cdzpfyysv c bcgjkmpjdfybtv NV#LAM lkz ghtljndhfotybz^ ktxtybz b vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob ghb yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyys[ pf,jktdfybz[ b cjcnjzybz[& 3&3 Ds,jhjxyfz gjllth;rf rkbybxtcrb[ bccktljdfybq gj ghbvtytyb. NV#LAM lkz htitybz gthdjjxthtlys[ ghj,ktv^ cdzpfyys[ c nfrbvb pf,jktdfybzvb^ rfr vfkzhbz b DBX#CGBL^ f nfr;t lheubvb yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyysvb pf,jktdfybzvb& 4& Ghfdbkf gj nhfdjktxtyb. Jrfpfybt gjllth;rb cnhfyfv d ltkt cjplfybz ’aatrnbdyjq ghfdjdjq cbcntvs htubcnhfwbb b ufhfynbb rfxtcndf ghtgfhfnjd bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd& 4&1 Cjplfybt yfwbjyfkmys[ ghfdbk gj nhfdjktxtyb.^ drk.xfz htubcnhfwb.^ exht;ltybt b bcgjkytybt& 4&2 Jceotcndktybt rjynhjkz pf ,tpjgfcyjcnm. ghtgfhfnjd bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd b lheub[ ghjlernjd b vtnjljd NV#LAM& 5& Herjdjlcndf gj ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcnde Hfphf,jnrf b dsgecr nt[ybxtcrb[ herjdjlcnd gj j,tcgtxtyb. rjynhjkz pf ,tpjgfcyjcnm.^ ’aatrnbdyjcnm. b rfxtcndjv ghtgfhfnjd bp ktrfhcndtyys[ nhfd b lheub[ ghjlernjd b vtnjljd NV#LAM& 5&1 Dsgecr nt[ybxtcrb[ herjdjlcnd b vtnjlbr gj jwtyrt ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcndf NV#LAM& 5&2 Hfphf,jnrf rhbnthbtd^ jcyjdfyys[ yf gjkextyys[ bp jgsnf ghfrnbxtcrjq hf,jns lfyys[^ lkz jwtyrb ,tpjgfcyjcnb^ ’aatrnbdyjcnb b rfxtcndf vtnjljd NV#LAM& 6& Ghbpyfybt hjkb cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV#LAM d cbcntvt plhfdjj[hfytybz Ghfdjdjt ghbpyfybt cgtwbfkbcnjd gj NV#LAM d cbcntvt plhfdjj[hfytybz gjchtlcndjv cnbvekbhjdfybz dpfbvjltqcndbz b lbfkjuf vt;le ghfrnbre.obvb NV#LAM cgtwbfkbcnfvb b dhfxfvb- fkkjgfnfvb& 6&1 Hfphf,jnrf rhbnthbtd b gjrfpfntktq^ ult djpvj;yj^ lkz jwtyrb ’aatrnbdyjcnb pfnhfn b hfdyjghfdyjcnb ljcnegf r NV#LAM& 6&2 Edtkbxtybt j,tcgtxtybz NV#LAM xthtp cbcntve yfwbjyfkmyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz& 6&3 Edtkbxtybt rjkbxtcndf yfwbjyfkmys[ jhufybpfwbq^ j,tcgtxbdf.ob[ vtlbwbycre. gjvjom c ghbvtytybtv vtnjljd NV#LAM& 7& Pfobnf ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq Jrfpfybt cjltqcndbz ,tht;yjve bcgjkmpjdfyb. b rekmnbdbhjdfyb. ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq& 7&1 Dsgecr herjdjlcnd gj djghjcfv hfwbjyfkmyjuj rekmnbdbhjdfybz ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq& 7&2& <tht;yjt bcgjkmpjdfybt ghbhjlys[ htcehcjd ktrfhcndtyys[ hfcntybq& 8& Ghfdbkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt NV#LAM d cbcntvt plhfdjj[hfytybz Hfcibhtybt djpvj;yjcntq cgtwbfkbcnjd d j,kfcnb NV#LAM gj ,jktt ibhjrjve ghbvtytyb. ghjlernjd b vtnjljd NV#LAM& 8&1 J,extybt ghfrnbre.ob[ dhfxtq-fkkjgfnjd jcyjdfv yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyys[ vtnjljd NV#LAM& 8&2 J,extybt ghfrnbre.ob[ NV jcyjdfv vtlbwbys& 9& Ghfdbkmyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt NV#LAM yfctktybtv Hfcibhtybt djpvj;yjcntq yfctktybz gj ghbyznb. j,jcyjdfyys[ htitybq ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb ghjlernjd b vtnjljd NV#LAM& 9&1 Ghtljcnfdktybt yfctktyb. ljcnjdthyjq byajhvfwbb j ghfdbkmyjv bcgjkmpjdfybb vtnjljd NV#LAM& 9&2 Ekexitybt dpfbvjcdzpb vt;le ghfrnbre.obvb dhfxfvb-fkkjgfnfvb b b[ gfwbtynfvb gj djghjcfv ghbvtytybz NV#LAM& ' Pf bcrk.xtybtv Rbnfz^ Rjhtqcrjq Yfhjlyj-Ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq Htcge,kbrb^ >;yjq Rjhtb b Dmtnyfvf^ nfrfz byntuhfwbz ybult yt bvtkf vtcnf& Gj’njve lkz dszcytybz njuj^ d rfrb[ ajhvf[ NV#LAM vj;tn ,snm yfbkexibv j,hfpjv byntuhbhjdfyf d cbcntve yfwbjyfkmyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz^ ytrjnjhst cnhfys ye;lf.ncz d ghjdtltybb jwtyrb d yfwbjyfkmyjv vfcinf,t& Cnh& 5% Gthcgtrnbds gjkbnbrb DJP d j,kfcnb ktrfhcndtyys[ ghtgfhfnjd --- Nhflbwbjyyfz Vtlbwbyf -- Hfcneobt Gjnht,yjcnb b Gjntywbfk DJP#EDM#2002&4 Jhbubyfk% yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt Hfcghjcnhfytybt% j,otuj [fhfrnthf Jcyjdyst ljrevtyns Astin JA. 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