МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ КОСТНОЙ ТКАНИ

Ïèùåâûå ðåñóðñû äèêîé ïðèðîäû è ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ
112
Ïîëëþòàíòû â îáúåêòàõ äèêîé ïðèðîäû
ÌÈÊÐÎÝËÅÌÅÍÒÍÛÉ
ÑÎÑÒÀÂ ÊÎÑÒÍÎÉ ÒÊÀÍÈ
ÒÅÒÅÐÅÂÈÍÛÕ ÓÐÀËÀ
Â.Ñ. Áåçåëü, Å.À. Áåëüñêèé,
Ë.Í. Ñòåïàíîâ
Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ðàñòåíèé
è æèâîòíûõ ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ,
Åêàòåðèíáóðã.
E-mail: [email protected]
MICROELEMENTARY
CONTENT OF BONY
TISSUES OF TETRAONIDAE
OF URALS
V.S. Bezel, Ye.A. Belski,
L.N. Stepanov
Institute of Plant and Animal
Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS,
Ekaterinburg.
The content of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb,
Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr in a bony tissue of
capercailzie, black grouse and hazel
grouse from the populations of Pripolar, North, Middle and South Urals
was analyzed. With the analysis of dispersion no specific peculiarity in the accumulation of such physiologically significant elements as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn
was found. The concentrations of foreign metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr)
are reliably different in various species
of Tetraonidae. An increased content
of the lead was observed in 6 studied
capercailzie of 16 ones. Our own and
literature data give evidence of a peculiar chemical content of Tetraonidae of
the Urals. The spectrum of elements in
the organisms of birds of certain regions may be used for revealing natural and anthropogenic biogeochemical
abnormalities and as the marker of geographic populations.
Ñïåêòð õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ïðåæäå âñåãî òÿæåëûõ ìåòàëëîâ êàê
ïðèîðèòåòíûõ ýêîòîêñèêàíòîâ, è èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè â æèâûõ îðãàíèçìàõ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îòïðàâíîé ïóíêò â ýêîòîêñèêîëîãè÷åñêèõ
èññëåäîâàíèÿõ. Ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè ïîçâîëÿþò îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü óðîâíè
òîêñè÷åñêîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïðèðîäíûå ïîïóëÿöèè.  ñëó÷àå ïðîìûñëîâûõ âèäîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ ÷åëîâåêîì â ïèùó, ó÷åò èõ õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïðîäèêòîâàí íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ ñîáëþäåíèÿ ñàíèòàðíîãèãèåíè÷åñêèõ íîðìàòèâîâ. Êðîìå òîãî, óðîâíè íàêîïëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ïîçâîëÿþò îõàðàêòåðèçîâàòü âåëè÷èíó òîêñè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêè íà
ïðèðîäíûå ýêîñèñòåìû è ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû â ìîíèòîðèíãå
èõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ. Îñîáîå çíà÷åíèå ñ ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èìåþò îñåäëûå
âèäû, ñîõðàíÿþùèå òåñíóþ ñâÿçü ñ îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèåé íà
ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé æèçíè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, òåòåðåâèíûå.
Öåëü ðàáîòû – õàðàêòåðèñòèêà õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà òåòåðåâèíûõ
ïòèö ôîíîâûõ (íåçàãðÿçíåííûõ) òåððèòîðèé Óðàëà è ñïåöèôèêè íàêîïëåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ (Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg) â êîñòíîé òêàíè. Ïðîáû ïòèö: ãëóõàðÿ Tetrao urogallus L., ðÿá÷èêà Tetrastes
bonasia L. è òåòåðåâà Lyrurus tetrix L. – ñîáðàíû â 13 òî÷êàõ Óðàëà: îò
Ïðèïîëÿðíîãî äî Þæíîãî (Òþìåíñêàÿ, Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ è ×åëÿáèíñêàÿ îáëàñòè).
Ñðåäíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè èçó÷àåìûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â êîñòíîé òêàíè ïòèö
ïðèâåäåíû â òàáëèöå. Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ñïåöèôèêè õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïòèö áûë ïðîâåäåí äèñïåðñèîííûé àíàëèç. Îí ïîêàçàë ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè íåäîñòîâåðíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ â ñîäåðæàíèè â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ
òàêèõ ìåòàëëîâ, êàê Mn (ð = 0.76), Fe (ð = 0.35), Cu (ð = 0.10), Zn (ð =
0.50). Ýòè ýëåìåíòû âûïîëíÿþò âàæíåéøèå ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè, è ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü, ÷òî ìåõàíèçìû ìèíåðàëüíîãî ãîìåîñòàçà êîíòðîëèðóþò ïîñòîÿíñòâî èõ ñîäåðæàíèÿ â òêàíÿõ è îðãàíàõ ïòèö.  òî
æå âðåìÿ óðîâíè Pb, Ni, Cd, Mo, Hg, Cr ïî äàííûì äèñïåðñèîííîãî
àíàëèçà äîñòîâåðíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ ó ïòèö ðàçëè÷íîãî âèäà. Ýòè ýëåìåíòû íå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêè íåîáõîäèìûì è ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå
ñïîñîáíû ê ïàññèâíîìó òðàíñïîðòó ÷åðåç ñòåíêó æåëóäî÷íî-êèøå÷íîãî òðàêòà. Ïîýòîìó óðîâíè òàêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ ïòèö
îòðàæàþò èõ ñîäåðæàíèå â ïèùåâûõ ðàöèîíàõ.
Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ëîêàëüíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ïòèö èññëåäîâàíà íàìè íà ïðèìåðå ãëóõàðÿ. Âûáîðêè ýòîãî
âèäà îõâàòûâàþò áîëåå îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ, ÷åì ó îñòàëüíûõ ñîáðàííûõ íàìè âèäîâ. Ìàêñèìàëüíîå ñõîäñòâî îòìå÷åíî äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ñ Ïðèïîëÿðíîãî è Ñåâåðíîãî Óðàëà. Áëèæå âñåõ ê íèì ïî õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó ïòèöû èç çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà. Âûáîðêè
ãëóõàðÿ èç âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ñðåäíåãî Óðàëà îáëàäàþò íàèìåíüøèì
ñõîäñòâîì ñ äðóãèìè óðàëüñêèìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè. Ýòîò ðàéîí ëåæèò â
íàïðàâëåíèè ïðåîáëàäàþùèõ âåòðîâ îò ðÿäà ïðîìûøëåííûõ öåíòðîâ Ñâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè è, î÷åâèäíî, èñïûòûâàåò ïîâûøåííóþ
òåõíîãåííóþ íàãðóçêó.
Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ îñîáåííîñòåé õèìè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïòèö Óðàëà
ìû ïðîâåëè ñðàâíåíèå ïîëó÷åííûõ íàìè äàííûõ ñ êîíöåíòðàöèÿìè
ýëåìåíòîâ ó òåòåðåâèíûõ Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Ñåðãååâ, 2003). Ñîäåðæàíèå ñâèíöà â êîñòÿõ ãëóõàðåé èç ñðàâíèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà îêàçàëîñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøèì, ÷åì íà Óðàëå.  òî æå âðåìÿ ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ó òåòåðåâîâ è ðÿá÷èêîâ â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè âûøå, ÷åì â
íàøåì ðåãèîíå. Ñðåäíèé óðîâåíü ñâèíöà â êîñòÿõ ãëóõàðÿ íà Óðàëå
îêàçàëñÿ âûøå óðîâíÿ (5 ìêã/ã), ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþùåãî î ïîâûøåííîé òîêñè÷åñêîé íàãðóçêå íà ýêîñèñòåìó (Sheuhammer, 1987). Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïîâûøåííûå óðîâíè ñâèíöà èìåëè ëèøü 6 èç 16 ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííûõ íàìè îñîáåé. Ñðåäíèå óðîâíè êàäìèÿ â êîñòÿõ óðàëüñêèõ òåòåðåâèíûõ îêàçàëèñü íàìíîãî íèæå, ÷åì â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñîäåðæàíèå Ni è Cr â óðàëüñêèõ òåòåðåâèíûõ â öåëîì áûëî íèæå,
÷åì â ñðàâíèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå, Mn, Fe è Zn – áîëüøå, à Cu – ïðèìåðíî íà òîì æå óðîâíå. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîä÷åðêèâàþò ñâîåîáðàçèå óðàëüñêèõ ïòèö.
Òàáëèöà
Ñðåäíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè ìåòàëëîâ â êîñòíûõ òêàíÿõ òåòåðåâèíûõ (± îøèáêà), ìêã/ã âîçäóøíî-ñóõîé ìàññû
Âèä
Ãëóõàðü
n = 16
Ðÿá÷èê
n = 10
Òåòåðåâ
n = 10
Mn
15.2±5.2
Fe
43.7±10.9
Cu
13.1±4.3
Zn
185.5±18.6
Pb
5.6±1.8
Cd
0.26±0.10
Cr
3.7± 1.1
Ni
1.4±0.6
Mo
0.05±0.05
Hg
0.02±0.01
10.7±1.7
19.0±2.2
5.0±1.6
206.3±24.4
0.1±0.1
0.03±0.01
1.6±0.4
2.7±1.1
Í.ï.*
Í.ï.
13.1±2.4
49.3±15.4
6.0±1.7
177.1±15.4
3.1±0.9
0.03±0.01
1.8±0.5
0.1±0.1
Í.ï.
Í.ï.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Í.ï. – íèæå ïðåäåëà îáíàðóæåíèÿ
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
Ñåðãååâ À.À. 2003. Òÿæ¸ëûå ìåòàëëû â îõîòíè÷üèõ ïòèöàõ Êèðîâñêîé
îáëàñòè (áèîëîãè÷åñêèå, èíäèêàöèîííûå è ñàíèòàðíî-ãèãèåíè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû). Äèññ. … êàíä.áèîë.íàóê. – Êèðîâ:
ÂÍÈÈÎÇ ÐÀÑÕÍ. 183 ñ.
Scheuhammer A.M. 1987. Reproductive effects of chronic, low-level dietary
metal exposure in birds // 52th North
Amer. wildlife and natural resources conf.
Quebec City, Quebec. March 20–25, 1987.
P. 658–664.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñïåêòð ýëåìåíòîâ â îðãàíèçìå ïòèö êîíêðåòíûõ
ðåãèîíîâ ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàí êàê äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ åñòåñòâåííûõ è
àíòðîïîãåííûõ áèîãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ àíîìàëèé, òàê è â êà÷åñòâå ìàðêåðà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé.
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Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ
Ìèêðîýëåìåíòíûé ñîñòàâ êîñòíîé òêàíè òåòåðåâèíûõ Óðàëà