Химия. О.С. Габриелян
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DZebc ²ijhklh_\_s_kl\h^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZb f_lZeebq_kdZyobfbq_kdZyk\yavZ hlkx^Z ²b \k_lbibqgu_^eyf_lZeeh\k\hckl\Z F_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z m dZeby \ujZ`_gu kbevg__ q_f m gZljbyghkeZ[__q_fm jm[b^byldZlhfdZebye_]q_hl^Z_lwe_dljhg q_fZlhfgZljbyghljm^g__q_fZlhfjm[b^by F_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Zm dZeby\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm dZevpbyldh^bgwe_dljhgZlhfZdZebye_]q_hlhj\Zlvq_f^\Z we_dljhgZZlhfZdZevpby Hdkb^dZebyD2H y\ey_lkyhkgh\gufhdkb^hfb ijhy\ey_l\k_ lbibqgu_k\hckl\Zhkgh\guohdkb^h\<aZbfh^_ckl\b_k dbkehlZfb b dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb D2H G&O .&O+2O; K2O + SO3 = K2SO4. StudyPort.ru 6 < dZq_kl\_ ]b^jhdkb^Z dZebx khhl\_lkl\m_l hkgh\Zgb_ s_ehqv DHG dhlhjh_ ijhy\ey_l \k_ oZjZdl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z hkgh\Zgbc \aZbfh^_ckl\b_k dbkehlZfbb dbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb DHG+123 = KNO3+H2O; 2KOH+N2O5 = 2KNO3+H2O. E_lmq_]h\h^hjh^gh]hkh_^bg_gbydZebcg_h[jZam_lZ h[jZam_l ]b^jb^dZebyDG <hijhk Z0J2 ²hkgh\ghchdkb^623 ²dbkehlguchdkb^ 1) MgO + SO3 = MgSO4; 2) MgO + 2HNO3 = Mg(NO3)2 + H2O; 3) MgO + 2H+ = Mg2+ + H2O; 2RbOH + SO3 = Rb2SO4 + H2O; SO3 + 2OH– = SO42– + H2O. [0J2+2 ²hkgh\ghc]b^jhdkb^+2SO4 ²dbkehlguc]b^jhdkb^ 0J2G2 + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + 2H2O; OH– + H+ = H2O; 0J2G2 + SO3 = MgSO4 + H2O; SO3 + 2OH– = H2O + 62 + + 3) H2SO4 + Na2O = Na2SO4 + H2O; Na2O + 2H = 2Na + H2O. <hijhk FZ]gbc ²ijhklh_\_s_kl\h ^eyg_]hoZjZdl_jgZf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZhgh[eZ^Z_lf_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf we_dljhijh\h^ghklvx Z0JH2 = 2MgO [0J&O2 = MgCl2 0J H 0J 0J H 0J &O H &O 2 H 2 StudyPort.ru \0J6 0J6 0J − H = 0J + 6 + H = 6 − ^0J+&O 0J&O2 + H2↑ 0J H 0J + H + ]0J12 = Mg3N2 0J − H = 0J + 1 + H = 1− <hijhk :eehljhiby ²y\e_gb_kms_kl\h\Zgbyobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ\ \b^_g_kdhevdboijhkluo\_s_kl\jZaebqguoihkljh_gbxb k\hckl\ZflZdgZau\Z_fuoZeehljhiguonhjf Z< fhe_dmeZokhklZ\Z68 j_Zebam_lkydh\Ze_glghg_iheyjguclbi k\yabl_g_ijhbkoh^blkf_s_gbywe_dljhgghciZjuh[jZamxs_c k\yav 7 [< fhe_dmeZokhklZ\ZG26j_Zebam_lkydh\Ze_glghiheyjguclbi k\yabldijhbkoh^blkf_s_gb_we_dljhgghciZjud [he__ we_dljhhljbpZl_evghfmZlhfm ²k_j_6 G→S←G Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zjhf[bq_kdhck_ju 68): <_s_kl\hebfhggh`_elh]hp\_lZmklhcqb\h_^h W °K jZkl\hjy_lky\ k_jhm]e_jh^_&62Zgbebg_[_gahe_n_ghe_ MjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc Z1D6 1D2S 1D H 1D \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 6 H 6 [&D6 &D6 KD − =HKD + \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 6 + =H6 \$O6 $O2S3 − $O H $O \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 6 H 6 ]622 = SO2↑ StudyPort.ru 6 H 6 \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 2 ^6+2 = H2S↑ + H + \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 6 H 6 _6)2 = SF6 6 H 6 \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev ) H ) 2 H <hijhk G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Zdj_fgby\ujZ`_gukeZ[__q_fm nhknhjZghkbevg__q_fm Zexfbgby. <hijhk ZM ZahlZdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ ld\ ]jmiiZok\_jom\gbaijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_hkgh\guob hkeZ[e_gb_dbkehlguok\hckl\ [M k_judbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ujZ`_gukbevg__q_fm nhknhjZ ld\ i_jbh^Zoke_\ZgZijZ\hijhbkoh^blmkbe_gb_dbkehlguob hkeZ[e_gb_hkgh\guok\hckl\ 8 <hijhk >Zgh: ηH2 P0J ]ωMgijbf_kb %. GZclb9\ha^moZ J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmfZ]gby[_aijbf_kb mqbkluc (Mg) = m(Mg) – m(Mg)⋅ωMg (ijbf_kb mqbkluc (Mg) ]±]⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby] ] 0J fhev F ]fhev P ] oe 2 fhev 9 efhev 9 e 0J2 IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbkhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e o ⋅ e Ke_^h\Zl_evgh e qbklh]hdbkehjh^Zlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_ ] fZ]gby GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZdhlhjucihlj_[m_lkygZk`b]Zgb_fZ]gby V (O 2 ) 9\ha^moZ = e η(O 2 ) Hl\_l9\ha^moZ e StudyPort.ru <hijhk >ZghP6 d] ] ω = 80 %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyk_ju\ dbkehjh^_ ] 6 fhev F ]fhev P ] oe H fhev 9 efhev 9 e 62 KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o e ⋅ o e VijZdl (SO2) = Vl_hj(SO2)⋅ ω e⋅ e Hl\_l: V(SO2 e <hijhk G_lg_evayIj_`^_\k_]hbaaZjZaebqby\ kl_i_gyohdbke_gby< hdkb^_k_jZbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby< k_jgbklhcdbkehl_ — 4+. 9 <ukr_fmhdkb^m623 khhl\_lkl\m_lk_jgZydbkehlZ+2SO4. K_jgbklhcdbkehl_+2SO3 khhl\_lkl\m_lhdkb^622. >Zggu_khhl\_lkl\byfh`ghihdZaZlv]b^jhebahfhdkb^h\ + + 62 GH⇒ + 62 + 62 GH + 62 + <hijhk Z0JKH2 0JH K 0J − H = 0J + &+ + H = & [6.KOH3 = 2KCl + 3SO2 6 − H = 6 + &O+ + H = &O− § 2. OZjZdl_jbklbdZobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZ ihdbkehlghhkgh\gufk\hckl\Zfh[jZam_fuo bfkh_^bg_gbc:fnhl_jgu_hdkb^ub ]b^jhdkb^u StudyPort.ru <hijhk :fnhl_jguf]b^jhdkb^Zfijbkms_k\hckl\hj_Z]bjh\Zlvk dbkehlZfbdZdhkgh\Zgb_b khs_ehqZfbdZddbkehlZIhwlhfm dh]^Zfud jZkl\hjms_ehqbijbeb\Z_fihdZieyfjZkl\hjkhebm gZkihemqZ_lkyZfnhl_jguc]b^jhdkb^dhlhjuckjZam`_j_Z]bjm_l k s_ehqvxh[jZamyjZkl\hjbfmxkhevb fug_gZ[ex^Z_f \uiZ^_gb_\ hkZ^hdZfnhl_jgh]h]b^jhdkb^Z %H <hijhk %H62 %H2 .%H2 %H12 %H2+ 1. 2Be + O2 = 2BeO; 2. BeO + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H <_HDHG D2<_H2 G2H <_HG123 = Be(NO3)2 + H2O; 5. Be(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO3 + Be(OH)2; 6. Be(OH)2 D2+ D2BeO2 + 2H2O; 10 7. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 = BeSO4↓ G2H <hijhk Z%H2+2 G+ <_2+ G2H%H2+2 + H2SO4=BeSO4 G2H Be(OH)2 + 2HNO3=Be(NO3)2 G2H [%H2+2 2G– <_22– G2H%H2+2 + 2KOH=K2BeO2 + G2H Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH=Na2BeO2 G2H <hijhk :fnhl_jghklvx gZau\Z_lky kihkh[ghklv \_s_kl\Z ijhy\eylv dZd dbkehlgu_lZdb hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZDbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZdZdijZ\beh ijhy\eyxlkh_^bg_gbyg_f_lZeeh\ GZijbf_j+2SO4; P2O5; CO2. Ghkms_kl\mxl dbkehluh[jZah\Zggu_ f_lZeeZfb GZijbf_j.MnO4 ²i_jfZg]ZgZldZebyD2Cr2O7 ²^bojhfZl dZeby1D3VO4 ²\ZgZ^ZlgZljby1D>Al(OH)4] ²]b^jhdkhZexfbgZl gZljby Lh_klvf_lZeeufh]mllZd`_ijhy\eylvdbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z Hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZoZjZdl_jguijZdlbq_kdblhevdh^eyf_lZeeh\ GZijbf_jNaOH, K2O, LiNO3. StudyPort.ru § 3I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZ obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\>B F_g^_e__\Z <hijhk I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_e__\Z ²h^bgbahkgh\hiheZ]Zxsbo aZdhgh\obfbbFh`ghml\_j`^Zlvqlh\kykh\j_f_ggZyobfby ihkljh_gZgZg_fHgh[tykgy_laZ\bkbfhklvk\hckl\Zlhfh\hlbo kljh_gbyh[h[sZ_lwlmaZ\bkbfhklv^ey\k_owe_f_glh\jZa^_eyy bogZjZaebqgu_]jmiiuZ lZd`_ij_^kdZau\Z_lbok\hckl\Z\ aZ\bkbfhklbhlkljh_gbyb kljh_gb_\ aZ\bkbfhklbhlk\hckl\ Kms_kl\mxl^jm]b_aZdhgug_kmsb_h[tykgyxsmxh[h[sZxsmx b ij_^kdZaZl_evgmxnmgdpbbGZijbf_jaZdhgkhojZg_gbywg_j]bb aZdhgij_ehfe_gbyk\_lZ]_g_lbq_kdbcaZdhgF_g^_ey <hijhk Jmdh\h^kl\mykvi_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_fhcgZc^_fwe_f_glk gm`guf jZkiheh`_gb_fwe_dljhgh\b Wlhlwe_f_gl ²Zahl N: 1s22s22p3. Wlhlwe_f_glh[jZam_lijhklh_\_s_kl\h — N2, Zahl<h^hjh^gh_ kh_^bg_gb_ZahlZ — NH3ZffbZd<ukrbchdkb^ZahlZ — N2H5. 11 Dbkehlguchdkb^N2O5 ijbjZkl\hj_gbb\ \h^_i_j_oh^bl\ kbevgmxZahlgmxdbkehlm+123. N2O5 + H2O = 2HNO3; N2O5 + BaO = Ba(NO3)2; N2O5 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2O; 5+ N h[eZ^Z_lkbevgufbhdbkebl_evgufbk\hckl\Zfb 2N2O5 K = 2N2 K22. <hijhk JZgvr_we_f_gl[_jbeebchrb[hqghhlghkbebd ,,,]jmii_IjbqbgZ wlh]h aZdexqZeZkv \ g_ijZ\bevghf hij_^_e_gbb Zlhfghc fZkku [_jbeeby \f_klh __ kqblZeb jZ\ghc >B F_g^_e__\ ij_^iheh`be qlh [_jbeebc gZoh^blky \ ,, ]jmii_ hkgh\u\Zykv gZ obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo we_f_glZ K\hckl\Z [_jbeeby [ueb hq_gv ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z0Jb KZb kh\_jr_gghg_ihoh`bgZk\hckl\Z$O AgZy qlh Zlhfgu_ fZkku /L b < khk_^gbo we_f_glh\ d <_ jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh b >BF_g^_e__\ij_^iheh`be qlhZlhfgZyfZkkZ [_jbeebyjZ\gZ <hijhk KZ ²Zlhfm dhlhjh]hwe_dljhgujZkij_^_e_gukh]eZkghjy^m qbk_e We_f_gl 7 — N, we_f_gl 8 — O. MjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbc KZ + N2 KZ3N2, KZ + O2 KZ2 Ijh^mdluj_Zdpbcbf_xlbhgguclbik\yab :ahl b dbkehjh^ bf_xl fhe_dmeyjgh_ kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhdZ mdZevpbyf_lZeebq_kdZy djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ Ijh^mdlu\aZbfh^_ckl\by ²KZ3N2 b KZ2bf_xlbhggh_kljh_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb <hijhk N, P, As, Sb, Bi — mkbe_gb_f_lZeebq_kdbok\hckl\ F_lZeebq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z\ ]jmiiZomkbeb\Zxlky <hijhk Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl — mkbe_gb_g_f_lZeebq_kdbok\hckl\ G_f_lZeebq_kdb_k\hckl\Z\ i_jbh^Zomkbeb\Zxlky StudyPort.ru <hijhk Cl2O7, P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O — mf_gvr_gb_dbkehlguo k\hckl\ 12 Dbkehlgu_k\hckl\Z\ i_jbh^Zom\_ebqb\Zxlky +KO24, H3PO4, H2SiO4, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, NaOH — mf_gvr_gb_ dbkehlguok\hckl\ <hijhk B2O3, BeO, Li2O²\hajZklZgb_hkgh\guok\hckl\ld\ i_jbh^Zo hkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZhkeZ[_\Zxl B(OH)3, Be(OH)2, LiOH — \hajZklZgb_hkgh\guok\hckl\ B(OH)3 — keZ[ZydbkehlZ Be(OH)2 — keZ[h_hkgh\Zgb_ LiOH — kbevgh_hkgh\Zgb_ <hijhk I_jbh^bq_kdZy kbkl_fZ we_f_glh\ hljZ`Z_l \aZbfhk\yav obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ :lhfguc ghf_j we_f_glZ jZ\_g aZjy^m y^jZ qbke_ggh hg jZ\_g qbkem ijhlhgh\ Qbkeh g_cljhgh\ kh^_j`Zsboky \ y^jZo h^gh]h we_f_glZ \ hlebqb_ hl qbkeZ ijhlhgh\ fh`_l [ulv jZaebqguf :lhfu h^gh]h we_f_glZ y^jZ dhlhjuo kh^_j`Zl jZagh_ qbkehg_cljhgh\gZau\ZxlkybahlhiZfb DZ`^uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl bf__l ih g_kdhevdh bahlhih\ ijbjh^guo beb ihemq_gguo bkdmkkl\_ggh :lhfgZy fZkkZ obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ jZ\gZ kj_^g_fm agZq_gbx ba fZkk \k_o _]h ijbjh^guobahlhih\k mq_lhfbojZkijhkljZg_gghklb StudyPort.ru K hldjulb_fbahlhih\^eyjZkij_^_e_gbywe_f_glh\ih i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_klZebbkihevah\ZlvaZjy^uy^_jZ g_bo Zlhfgu_fZkku <hijhk LZdijhbkoh^blba-aZlh]hqlhk\hckl\Zwe_f_glh\b bokh_^bg_gbc aZ\bkylg_hlh[s_]hqbkeZwe_dljhgh\Z lhevdhhl\Ze_glguo dhlhju_gZoh^ylkygZihke_^g_fkeh_Dhebq_kl\h\Ze_glguo we_dljhgh\f_gy_lkyi_jbh^bq_kdbke_^h\Zl_evghk\hckl\Z we_f_glh\lZd`_f_gyxlkyi_jbh^bq_kdb <hijhk K\hckl\Zobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\b h[jZah\Zgguobfb\_s_kl\ gZoh^ylky\ i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZ\bkbfhklbhlhlghkbl_evguoZlhfguo fZkkwe_f_glh\ K\hckl\Z obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ b h[jZah\Zgguo bfb \_s_kl\ gZoh^ylky \ i_jbh^bq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb hl aZjy^Z Zlhfguo y^_j we_f_glh\ K\hckl\Zobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\b h[jZah\Zgguobfb\_s_kl\ gZoh^ylky\ i_jbh^bq_kdhcaZ\bkbfhklbhlkljh_gby\g_rgbo wg_j]_lbq_kdbomjh\g_c\ we_dljhgghch[hehqd_ZlhfZ 13 =eZ\ZF_lZeeu § 4<_df_^guc[jhgah\uc`_e_aguc <hijhk < wihom Zglbqghklb k_fvx qm^_kZfb k\_lZ kqblZeb _]bi_lkdb_ ibjZfb^u \bkyqb_ kZ^u <Z\behgZ klZlmx DhehkkZ Jh^hkkdh]h OjZf :jl_fb^u \ Wn_k_ klZlmx hebfibckdh]h [h]Z Xibl_jZ fZ\ahe_c \ =ZebdZjbZk_:e_dkZg^jbckdbc fZyd < kha^Zgbb_]bi_lkdboibjZfb^b]jZeZg_fZemxjhevf_^vld^ey khhjm`_gbyibjZfb^ubkihevah\Zebkv bgkljmf_glu ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba f_^b =b]ZglkdZyklZlmyDhehkkZJh^hkkdh]h[ueZiheghklvxba]hlh\e_gZ ba[jhgau KlZlmyXibl_jZ[ueZqZklbqghk^_eZgZbaahehlZba[eZ]hjh^gh]h f_lZeeZ[ueba]hlh\e_gieZsXibl_jZ <hijhk K\hckl\Zjlmlbijbh[uqguomkeh\byofh`ghhibkZlvke_^mxsbfb ijbeZ]Zl_evgufb`b^dZyy^h\blZy[e_klysZy[]_ <hijhk < hkgh\_h[jZah\Zgbyebl_jZlmjgh]h\ujZ`_gby ©klZevghc oZjZdl_jª©`_e_agu_g_j\uª©ahehlh_k_j^p_ª©f_lZeebq_kdbc ]hehkª©k\bgph\ucdmeZdªe_`Zlke_^mxsb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\ l\_j^hklvijhqghklv <hijhk >eyoZjZdl_jbklbdbij_^]jhah\h]hg_[Zfh`ghbkihevah\Zlv ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_k\bgph\h_ly`_eh_\^ <hijhk >eylh]hqlh[uohjhrhih^]hlh\blvkyd khh[s_gbx\ufh`_l_ \hkihevah\Zlvky^_lkdhcwgpbdehi_^b_cbebwgpbdehi_^b_c bkdmkkl\Z <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \hafh`ghklv\ZfkZfbfihnZglZabjh\Zlv gZwlml_fm >ey lh]h qlh[u \Zf e_]q_ [ueh khjb_glbjh\Zlvky h[hagZqbf g_dhlhju_ \hafh`ghklb ^ey ijbf_g_gby f_lZeeh\ dhgkljmdpbhggu_ fZl_jbZeu we_dljhl_ogbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu `Zjhijhqgu_ fZl_jbZeu StudyPort.ru 14 § 5Iheh`_gb_f_lZeeh\\ i_jbh^bq_kdhckbkl_f_ >B F_g^_e__\Zb kljh_gb_boZlhfh\ <hijhk <hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\hij_^_eyxlkykihkh[ghklvx hl^Z\Zlvwe_dljhgu\g_rg_]hkehyQ_fe_]q_Zlhfhl^Z_l we_dljhgu\g_rg_]hkehyl_f[he__kbevguf\hkklZgh\bl_e_fhg y\ey_lky <hijhk KZfucZdlb\gucf_lZee ²njZgpbc )U NjZgpbce_]q_\k_]hhl^Z_lwe_dljhg\g_rg_]hkehyHgh[eZ^Z_l kZfuf[hevrbfZlhfgufjZ^bmkhfihwlhfmwg_j]by \aZbfh^_ckl\byy^jZZlhfZk \g_rg_cwe_dljhgghch[hehqdhcfZeZ <hijhk F_lZeeuijhy\eyxl\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z\ gme_\hckl_i_gb hdbke_gbyl_kZff_lZeefh`_l[ulvlhevdh\hkklZgh\bl_e_f Ijb\_^_ggucijhp_kk ²ijbf_jhdbke_gby &X2+ ^h&X0< ^Zgghf ijbf_j_f_^v\uklmiZ_l\ \b^_dZlbhgZ StudyPort.ru <hijhk § 6Nbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\ KZfuce_]dhieZ\dbcf_lZee ²jlmlvM`_ijbdhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_hgy\ey_lky`b^dhklvx <hijhk < l_ogbd_bkihevamxlkylZdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\dZd we_dljhijh\h^ghklvl\_j^hklvl_jfhmklhcqb\hklv <hijhk S_ehqgu_f_lZeeubf_xlkZfmxgbadmxwg_j]bxbhgbaZpbbl_ hgbe_]dhhl^Zxlwe_dljhgk ihke_^g_]hkehy>eylh]hqlh[u hlgylvwlhlwe_dljhghlf_lZeeZ^hklZlhqgh^Z`_wg_j]bbk\_lZ nhlhgZ GZy\e_gbbnhlhwnn_dlZhkgh\Zgh^_ckl\b_nhlhwe_dljbq_kdbo ijb[hjh\ihemqb\rb_jZaghh[jZagh_ijbf_g_gb_\ jZaebqguo h[eZklyogZmdbb l_ogbdb ²nhlhwe_f_glujZ[hlZxsb_gZhkgh\_ nhlhwnn_dlZij_h[jZamxlwg_j]bxbaemq_gby\ we_dljbq_kdmx <hijhk GZlm]hieZ\dhklb\hevnjZfZhkgh\Zgh_]hijbf_g_gb_\ eZfiZo gZdZeb\Zgby 15 <hijhk < ebl_jZlmjguo\ujZ`_gbyo©k_j_[jygucbg_cª©ahehlZyaZjyª ©k\bgph\u_lmqbªaZdexq_ghk\hckl\hf_lZeeh\hljZ`Zlvk\_lh\u_ emqb\ j_amevlZl_q_]hhgbijbh[j_lZxloZjZdl_jgmxhdjZkdm f_lZeebq_kdbc[e_kd § 7KieZ\u <hijhk ;jhgah\uc \_d ijh^he`Zeky ijb[ebabl_evgh e_l dhg_p — gZqZehlukyq_e_lby^hgwGZa\Zgb_©[jhgah\uc\_dªh[mkeh\e_gh l_f qlh \ wlhl i_jbh^ rbjhdh bkihevah\Zeky kieZ\ f_^b b heh\Z dhlhjucihemqbegZa\Zgb_[jhgaZ <hijhk F_evobhj ² kieZ\ kh^_j`Zsbc hdheh f_^b b gbd_ey Ihwlhfm^eyijhba\h^kl\Z d]f_evobhjZg_h[oh^bfh \aylv P&X Pf_evobhjZ⋅ ωKX\ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d] P1L Pf_evobhjZ⋅ ω(Ni)\ kieZ\_ = 25⋅ d] Hl\_ld]&Xb d]1L StudyPort.ru <hijhk G_ljm^gh aZf_lblv qlh keh\Z ©e_]bjmxsbc ª b ©ijb\be_]bjh\Z ggucª bf_xl h^bgZdh\mx qZklv ©e_]bjª \ dhjgyo Hq_\b^ghqlhhgbijhbkoh^ylhlh^gh]hb lh]h`_keh\ZE_]bjmxsb_ we_f_glu^h[Z\eyxl\ kieZ\qlh[umemqrblvbonbabq_kdb_k\hckl\Z ©Ijb\be_]bj h\Zggucª hagZqZ_l ©emqrbcª ©[he__ \ukhdbc q_f m hklZevguoª § 8Obfbq_kdb_k\hckl\Zf_lZeeh\ <hijhk AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbch[jZah\Zgby`_e_aghchdZebgu 3Fe + 4H2O = Fe3O4 + 4H2↑ (1) Fe3O4 ²ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hckf_kv^\mohdkb^h\)H2⋅Fe2O3. Ihwlhfm mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb fh`gh mkeh\gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_ ^\mo mjZ\g_gbc b ^ey dZ`^h]h khklZ\blv mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ Fe + H2O = FeO + H2↑ )H H )H + H + 2Fe + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 3H2↑ 16 )H − H = )H+ + + + H = + 3Fe + 4H2O = FeO⋅Fe2O3 + 4H2↑ )H H )H )H + H + Lh_klvihemqbebqlh\ j_Zdpbbh[jZah\Zgby`_e_aghchdZebguljb ZlhfZ`_e_aZhl^Zxlwe_dljhgh\ <hijhk >ZghP0J ]ηH2) = 0,21. GZclb9\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]ZgbyfZ]gby ] 0J fhev F efhev P ] oe 2 fhev 9 efhev 9 e 0J2 , KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb hij_^_ebfh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfh]h ^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²[e ⋅ o e V(O2 e GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb V (O 2 ) 9\ha^ = e e η(O 2 ) Hl\_l9\ha^ e StudyPort.ru <hijhk >ZghP&D f] ]ω = 80 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbjZkl\hj_gbydZevpby\ \h^_ ] &D fhev F ]fhev P ] +2 &D2+ + fhev 9 efhev 9 e KhklZ\bfijhihjpbxb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²o e ⋅ o e 17 Vl_hjG2 e Hl\_l: VG2 e Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb \hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdlG2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅ ω e⋅ e Hl\_l: VijZdlG2 e <hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuhq_gvZdlb\gub j_Z]bjmxlijZdlbq_kdbkh\k_fk q_fkhijbdZkZxlky GZijbf_j gZ \ha^mo_ wlb f_lZeeu e_]dh hdbkeyxlky ?keb wlb f_lZeeu ojZgblv ih^ keh_f d_jhkbgZ d dhlhjhfm hgb bg_jlgu lh fh`gh m[_j_qv hl g_gm`guo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc Eblbc ² kZfuc e_]dbc ba f_lZeeh\ Hg e_]q_ d_jhkbgZ b \ hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo f_lZeeh\ \kieu\Z_l\ g_fihwlhfm_]hojZgyl\ \Za_ebg_ <hijhk KZ + 12HNO3 = 5Ca(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O. &D − H &D 1 H 1 StudyPort.ru <hijhk IhijZ\bemdhlhjh_]eZkblqlhf_lZeeuklhysb_\ jy^m gZijy`_gbye_\__\h^hjh^Z\ul_kgyxl_]hbajZkl\hjh\dbkehl \h^hjh^ijbj_Zdpbbk\bgpZk jZkl\hjhfk_jghcdbkehlu^he`_g ihemqblvkyGh^Zggh_ijZ\behkh[ex^Z_lky_keb\ j_Zdpbb f_lZeeZk dbkehlhch[jZam_lkyjZkl\hjbfZykhevZ 3E624 — g_jZkl\hjbfZykhevIhwlhfm\ kemqZ_k\bgpZb k_jghcdbkehlu ijZ\behg_^_ckl\m_lbke_^h\Zl_evgh\h^hjh^g_evayihemqblv ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbk\bgpZk jZkl\hjhfk_jghcdbkehlu <hijhk 4Zn + 5H2SOdhgp = 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O =Q − H =Q 6 H 6 < wlhcj_Zdpbbpbgdijhy\ey_l\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Z § 9Ihemq_gb_f_lZeeh\ <hijhk =:]jbdhe\ k\h_cdgb]_bf_e\ \b^mibjhf_lZeemj]bx Ibjhf_lZeemj]bq_kdb_ijhp_kku\dexqZxlh[`b]ijbwlhf kh^_j`Zsb_ky\ jm^Zokh_^bg_gbyf_lZeeh\\ qZklghklbkmevnb^u i_j_\h^ylky\ hdkb^uZ k_jZm^Zey_lky\ \b^_622gZijbf_j 18 2CuS + 3O2 ⇒ 2CuO + 2SO2↑; Cr2O3 + 2Al ⇒ Al2O3 + 2Cr. AZl_fhdkb^ui_j_\h^ylky\ qbklu_f_lZeeuiml_fZfhghl_jfbb <hijhk Wdheh]bq_kdb[he__[_ahiZk_g[Zdl_jbZevguc f_lh^ihemq_gbyf_^b <hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeug_evayihemqblv ]b^jhf_lZeemj]bq_kdbff_lh^hfihlhfmqlh^Zggucf_lh^ hkgh\ZggZ\u^_e_gbbf_lZeeh\bajZkl\hjZih^^_ckl\b_f we_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ: _kebfubajZkl\hjZ\u^_ebfs_ehqghc f_lZee\ qbklhf\b^_lhhgkjZam`_[m^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlvk \h^hch[jZamy]b^jhdkb^ <hijhk 3E6 → 3E2 → 3E t <hijhk 1) 2PbS + 3O2 = 2SO2↑ + 2PbO, t 2) PbO + CO = Pb + CO2↑. )H2→ )H StudyPort.ru )H6 62→ 62 → +62 t 4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2↑; 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; SO3 + H2O = H2SO4; t Fe2O3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO↑. <hijhk >ZghP]hjihj l d]ω(Cu2S) = 20 %, W = 90 % GZclb: m(Cu) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdh&X26kh^_j`blky\ ]hjghcihjh^_ m(Cu2S) = m]hjihj⋅ω(Cu2S) = 1,2⋅108]⋅0,2 = 2,4⋅107] GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bfh`ghihemqblvl_hj_lbq_kdbba Cu2S: $ U &X ml_hj(Cu) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ ω&X\ &X2S) = m(Cu2S) ⋅ = 0 U &X 6 = 2,4 ⋅ 107 ⋅ ⋅ = 1,92 ⋅ 107 ] ⋅ + GZc^_fkdhevdhqbklhcf_^bihemqbebijZdlbq_kdb mijZdl (Cu) = ml_hj(Cu)⋅W = 1,92⋅107⋅0,9 = 1,728⋅107 ] l Hl\_l: m(Cu) = 17,28 l 19 § 10Dhjjhabyf_lZeeh\ <hijhk MjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbdhjjhabbf_^b &X2 + 2&2 &X2+ &2 fZeZobl <hijhk S_ehqgu_b s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeufh]mlj_Z]bjh\Zlvk H2, N2, H22b KH2\oh^ysbfb\ khklZ\\ha^moZ 4Li+O2 = 2LiO2; 6Li + N2 = 2Li3N; D H2 D2H2; Li2O+CO2=Li2CO3; 2Na+O2=Na2O2; 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2↑; Ca(Mg, Ba) + O2 = CaO (MgO, BaO); CaO + CO2 = CaCO3. <hijhk G_j`Z\_xsZyklZev ²kieZ\kh^_j`Zsbc^h ojhfZ % gbd_eyIhwlhfm^ey\uieZ\dbd]g_j`Z\_xs_cklZebgm`gh \aylv P&U PkieZ\Z⋅ω&U d]⋅ d] P1L PkieZ\Z⋅ω1L d]⋅ d] P)H PkieZ\Z⋅ω&U d]±d]±d] d] Hl\_lPKU d]P1L d]P)H d] StudyPort.ru <hijhk <<FZydh\kdbc]h\hjblh[hpbgdh\Zgghf`_e_a_ <hijhk >mfZx\k_fohjhrhba\_klghqlhlZdh_]Zev\Zgbq_kdbcwe_f_gl >\Zkh_^bg_gguof_`^mkh[hcwe_dljh^ZhimkdZxl\ jZkl\hj we_dljheblZgZh^ghfwe_dljh^_\ j_amevlZl_H<Jijhbkoh^bl hkZ`^_gb_f_lZeeZgZ^jm]hfgZh[hjhljZkl\hj_gb_LZd`_ ihemqbehkvb kdhjZ[e_ffhjkdZy\h^Zku]jZeZjhevjZkl\hjZ we_dljheblZ:exfbgb_\ucdhjimkb f_^gu_aZde_idb ²jhev we_dljh^h\\ j_amevlZl_f_lZeebq_kdbcAl i_j_oh^bl\ Al3+, gZ f_^ghfdhjimk_ \u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^ 2H+ + ⇒ + , Al0± ⇒ Al3+. LZdbfh[jZahff_lZeebq_kdbcdhjimkgZr\ZogZqZejZkl\hjylvky b dhjZ[evmlhgme 20 <hijhk § 11S_ehqgu_f_lZeeu Z/L /L2+ /L&O → /L2 → → 1. 4Li + O2 = 2Li2O, /LHG G&O LiCl + H2O, 5. Li2H G&O G2H + 2LiCl. 1D12 2. Li2H G22 /L2G 4. 2Li G2O = 2LiOH + H2↑, [1D→ 1D2 → 1D2→ 1D2+→ 1D62 1D32 1. 2Na + O2 = Na2O2; 2. Na2O2 + 2Na = 2Na2O; 3. Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH; 4. 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O; 5. Na2O + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2O; 6. 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O. StudyPort.ru <hijhk >ZghP1D ]ωijbf_kb %, W = 95 % GZclb: V(H2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hgZljby 01D P1Dijbf_kv±P1Dijbf_kv⋅ ωijbf_kb ] ±] ⋅ ] ± 0,23 ] ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb ] 1D fhev F ]fhev P ] +2 1D2+ oe + fhev 9 efhev 9 e KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx b gZc^_f h[t_f \h^hjh^Z dhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ] ²e ] ²o e 11, 27 ⋅ 22, 4 x= e 46 Vl_hjG2 e Hl\_l: Vl_hj(H2 e Ihmkeh\bxaZ^Zqb\uoh^]ZaZkhklZ\ey_l hll_hj_lbq_kdb \hafh`gh]hIhwlhfmijZdlbq_kdb[uehihemq_gh VijZdG2) = Vl_jG2)⋅W = 5,488⋅ e Hl\_l: VijZdG2 e 21 <hijhk K_fbwlZ`guc^hf ²i_jbh^bq_kdZylZ[ebpZih^t_a^s_ehqguo f_lZeeh\ ²,]jmiiZwe_f_glh\\Za_ebgh\Zy©rm[Zªkihkh[ ojZg_gbyeblbyih^keh_f\Za_ebgZLZd`_GZlZrZbkihevah\ZeZ om^h`_kl\_ggucyaud^eyhibkZgbyb h[tykg_gbyobfbq_kdbo k\hckl\/L\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_k\hckl\Zj_Zdpbyk dbkehjh^hf <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf \hafh`ghklv ih^mfZlv gZ^ wlbf kZfbf DZd l_fm^eykhqbg_gbyfh`gh\aylvhdjZkdmieZf_gbs_ehqguof_lZeeh\ <hijhk <ajhkeucq_eh\_d\ kmldb^he`_gihlj_[eylvk ibs_c ] bhgh\ dZeby KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] dmjZ]b ²] dZeby o ]dmjZ]b ²] dZeby o ⋅ ] Hl\_lPdmjZ]b ] StudyPort.ru § 12;_jbeebcfZ]gbcb s_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeu <hijhk ImklvfZkkZq_eh\_dZo d]Lh]^ZfZkkZ_]hdhkl_c[m^_ljZ\gZ⋅o Z fZkkZnhknZlZdZevpby — 0,2⋅0,2⋅o ⋅o d] PKZ3JH4)2) = 0,04⋅o]^_o ²fZkkZq_eh\_dZ <hijhk =_fhnbeby ²aZ[he_\Zgb_k\yaZggh_k iehohck\_jlu\Z_fhklvx djh\bIjbdjh\hl_q_gbyo\\h^yljZkl\hj&D&O2 ^eyih\ur_gby dhgp_gljZpbbdZlbhgh\KZ2+ \ djh\bdhlhju_kihkh[kl\mxl k\_jlu\Z_fhklbdjh\b <hijhk >ZghPKZKH3 lωijbf_kb %. GZclbPKZHG2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmKZKH3 [_aijbf_kb PKZKH3)=Ph[s⋅(1–ωijbf_kb 2⋅ (1– 0,25)=2⋅ ⋅0,75=1,5⋅ ] 2. M(CaCO3 ]fhev0KZHG2 ]fhev KhklZ\bf ijhihjpbx ih dhlhjhc gZc^_f dhebq_kl\h ]Zr_ghc ba\_klbdhlhjh_fh`_l[ulvihemq_gh ]fhev — 1,5 ⋅ 106 ] 22 ]fhev ²o ] ⋅ ⋅ o = 1,11 ⋅ ] l Hl\_lPKZHG2 l <hijhk → → FKH FH FHG → 062 → 062 W FKH3 FH KH2↑; FH G2H FHG2; FHG2 + Na2SO3 = MSO3 + 2NaOH; 4. MSO3 + H2SO4 = MSO4 + SO2↑ G2H Fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\Zgu%_0J G_fh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguKZ<Z <hijhk → &D+ → &DHG → &D&2 → &D2 →&D&O → &D32 KD &D2 StudyPort.ru KZ G2 = KZG2; KZG2 G2H KZHG2 G2↑; KZHG2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaOH; t KZKH3 = KZH + KH2↑; KZH + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O; 6. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl; 7. Ca + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + H2↑; t KZ H2 = KZH KZH G2H KZHG2. t <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf DZd l_fm ^ey khqbg_gby fh`_f ij_^eh`blv ©Ij_\jZs_gb_ f_lZeebq_kdh]hKZ\ fjZfhjª <hijhk >ey]bikh\uoih\yahdbkihevamxlZe_[ZkljHgijb^h[Z\e_gbb\h^u ij_\jZsZ_lky \ ieZklbq_kdmx fZkkm dhlhjmx b bkihevamxl ^ey gZeh`_gbyih\yadbFZkkZ\ukuoZ_lb ij_\jZsZ_lky\ l\_j^ucijhqguc ]bik Ihem\h^guc]bikbebZe_[Zklj&D624)⋅H22ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb k \h^hch[jZam_l^\m\h^guc]bik (2CaSO4)⋅H2O + 3H2O⇒2CaSO4⋅2H2O. 23 WlZj_Zdpbyb^_lk \u^_e_gb_fl_ieZ <hijhk KZKH 3∅KZH KH2↑–Q. >eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hd kbkl_f_g_h[oh^bfhih^\_klb l_iehl_mkeh\b_fijh\_^_gbyy\ey_lky\ukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZb ihgbablv^Z\e_gb_ <hijhk § 13:exfbgbc < Zexfbgb_\hcihkm^_g_evayojZgblvs_ehqgu_jZkl\hjuld ijhbkoh^blke_^mxsZyobfbq_kdZyj_Zdpby 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O=2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2↑. Ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_Zexfbgby\ s_ehqb <hijhk Kdhj__\k_]hfZl_jbZehf^ey]bi_j[hehb^Zfh]ihkem`blv$O2O3 baaZ_]hbg_jlguok\hckl\ <hijhk ;_g]Zevkdb_k\_qbkh^_j`Zlkf_kvkhklhysmxbaZexfbgb_\uo hibehdhdbkebl_ey — KNO3 beb.&O24 b de_y Ijbih^`b]Zgbbihy\ey_lkykghibkdjB^_lhdbke_gb_Zexfbgby StudyPort.ru 8Al .KO24 = 4Al2O3 + 3KCl. t <hijhk Ijbf_g_gb_Zexfbgby\ l_ogbd_hkgh\ZghgZke_^mxsbo k\hckl\Zoe_]dhklvieZklbqghklv[hevrZywe_dljhijh\h^ghklvb l_iehijh\h^ghklvK ^jm]bfbf_lZeeZfbZexfbgbch[jZam_l ijhqgu_kieZ\u <hijhk Z$O2(SO4)3+6KOHg_^=2Al(OH)3↓D2SO4; Al3+HG–g_^=Al(OH)3↓ [$O2(SO4)3+8KOHba[ D>$O2+4@D2SO4; Al3+HG–ba[=[Al(OH)4]–. <hijhk 2 3 4 5 1 Al Al(OH)3 Al2O3 NaAlO2 → AlCl3 → → → → 5 6 7 8 Al2(SO4)3 Al(OH)3 AlCl3 NaAlO2. → → → → 1. 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑; 2. AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl; Al3+ + 3OH– → Al(OH)3; 24 $O − H → $O + H → + t 3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O↑; kieZ\e_gb_W 4. Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O↑; = t 5. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 4H2O; 6. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOHg_^=3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓; Al3+ + 3OH– = Al(OH)3; Al(OH)3 + 3H+ = Al3+ + 3H2O; 7. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl=AlCl3 + 3H2O; 8. AlCll\ + 4NaOHl\ kieZ\e_gb_W = NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O↑. <hijhk >ZghPkieZ\Z ] ω(Cu) = 20 %, W = 85 %. GZclb: VijZdG2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmZexfbgby\ kieZ\_ P:O PkieZ\Z±PkieZ\Z⋅ω(Cu) = 0,27–0,27⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^Zdhlhjuc l_hj_lbq_kdb^he`_g[ueihemqblvky StudyPort.ru P ] $O fhev F ]fhev P ] 1D2++2 1D>$O2+@ + fhev 9 efhev 9 e ] ²e ] ²o ⋅ o e Vl_hjG2 e GZc^_fh[t_f\h^hjh^ZdhlhjucihemqbekyijZdlbq_kdb VijZdl G2) = Vl_hjG2)⋅: e⋅ e Hl\_l: VijZdl G2 e <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf k\h[h^m ^ey l\hjq_kl\Z Ij_^eZ]Z_f \ dZq_kl\_ l_fu ^ey khqbg_gby ©:exfhl_jfby beb [hjv[Z Zexfbgby k ^jm]bfb f_lZeeZfbª § 14@_e_ah <hijhk AZibr_fkgZqZeZko_fm]_g_lbq_kdbo jy^h\ 1) Fe→FeCl2→Fe(OH)2→FeO; 25 2) Fe→FeCl3→Fe(OH)3→Fe2O3; )H+&O⇒)H&OG↑ FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl; Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓; t Fe(OH)2 = FeO + H2O↑. J_ZdpbxjZaeh`_gbygm`ghijh\h^blv\ hlkmlkl\bbhdbkebl_e_c )H&O⇒)H&O FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl; Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓; t 2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O. <hijhk 1) 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2: 3FeSO4 + 2K3 >)H&1 @ = 3K2SO4 + )H>)H&1 @ ↓ ; ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,,, `_e_aZ,, djZkgZy djh\ygZykhev StudyPort.ru 2) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3: 4FeCl + 3K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ] = Fe 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ↓ ; `_elZy djh\ygZykhev 3) Fe3+ + 3NCS– Fe(NCS)3: FeCl3 + 1D1&6 jh^Zgb^gZljby ∅ <hijhk DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H2+: ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl,, `_e_aZ,,, )H1&6 jh^Zgb^`_e_aZ,,, + 3NaCl. 3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl; 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ K3[Fe(CN)6] ²djZkgZydjh\ygZykhev)H3[Fe(CN)6]2 ²lmjg[mee_\Z kbgv DZq_kl\_ggZyj_ZdpbygZ)H3+: 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl; 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ K4[Fe(CN)6] ²`_elZydjh\ygZykhev)H4[Fe(CN)6]3 ²[_jebgkdZy eZamjv 26 GZa\Zgb_djh\yguokhe_cijhbkoh^blhlf_lh^Z boihemq_gby JZgvr_boihemqZebbahloh^h\gZfykh[hcg_l_ba]hlZ\eb\Zebba djh\b©@_elZyªb ©djZkgZyª ²baaZjZaebqguohll_gdh\jZkl\hjh\ khe_c Lmjg[mee_\Z khev ihemqbeZ k\h_ gZa\Zgb_ \ q_klv mq_gh]h Lmjg[meydhlhjuc__ \i_j\u_kbgl_abjh\Ze ;_jebgkdZyeZamjvgZa\ZgZ\ q_klv]hjh^Z;_jebg <hijhk 3Fe + 4H2O ∅ Fe3O4 + 4H2↑. Ijbih\ur_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_g_baf_gblkyldj_Zdpby ijhl_dZ_l[_abaf_g_gbyqbkeZfhe_dme]Zah\H2O ²]Za <hijhk )H → )H&O → )H2+ → )H2+ → )H2 → )H )H&O StudyPort.ru 1. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2↑; Fe0 – 2 H → Fe2+; 2H+ + 2 H → + ; Fe2+ + 2OH → Fe(OH)2↓; 2. FeCl2 + 2KOH = Fe(OH)2↓ + 2KCl; 3. 4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4Fe(OH)3↓; t 4. 2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O; t 5. Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑; )H H → )H → & & H 6. Fe2O3 + 6HCl=2FeCl3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ → 2Fe3+ + 3H2O; 7. 2FeCl3 + 3Zn=3ZnCl2 + 2Fe↓; 2Fe3+ + 3Zn → 3Zn2+ + 2Fe 8. FeCl3 + 3NaOH=3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓; Fe3+ + 3OH– → Fe(OH)3↓. <hijhk 1. 10Fe + 36HNO3 = 10Fe(NO3)3 + 3N2↑ + 18H2O. 27 )H − H )H 1 1 H 2. Fe + 4HNO3 = Fe(NO3)3 + NO↑ + 2H2O )H − H )H 1 H 1 3. 8Fe + 30HNO3 = 8Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O )H − H )H − 1 H 1 <hijhk >Zgh: m(Fe3O4 lωijbf_kb %, W = 80 %. GZclb: ν(Fe), V(CO) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmihjh^u[_aijbf_kb m(Fe3O4)=m(Fe3O4 ij – m(Fe3O4 ij⋅ωij ±⋅0,05=2,204 l AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb P l )H2 [e &2 \] W fhev 9 efhev 9 e )H fhev F ]fhev P ] + &2 StudyPort.ru fhev F ]fhev P ] GZc^_f9&2b P)H ] ²e 2,204⋅ ] ²o e o ⋅ ⋅ 9&2 e ] ²] 2,204⋅106 ²m ] m e ⋅ ⋅ = 1,596⋅106 ] GZc^_ffZkkm`_e_aZihemqb\r_]hkygZijZdlbd_ m(Fe) = y⋅W = 1,596⋅106⋅0,8 = 1,2768⋅ ] m(Fe) 1, 2768 ⋅106 ] = fhev ν(Fe) = M(Fe) 56 ]fhev Hl\_l: ν(Fe) = 2,28 ⋅ 104 fhevV(CO) = 8,5 ⋅ 105 e <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zfk\h[h^m^eyl\hjq_kl\Z 28 =eZ\Z 2G_f_lZeeu § 15G_f_lZeeuZlhfub ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z Dbkehjh^hahg\ha^mo <hijhk Z'\ha^H2) = 32 0 U 2 = ≈1,1; 0 U \ha^ 29 ['\ha^KH2) = \'\ha^G2) = 44 0 U &2 = ≈1,52; 0 U \ha^ 29 2 0 U + = ≈0,069. 0 U \ha^ 29 <hijhk >Zgh9\ha^ e η\ha^(N2) = 78,2 %, η\ha^H2) = 20,95 %. GZclb: ν(N2), νH2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fH2 b 12: V(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2 e⋅ e V(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2 e⋅ e GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\ V (O 2 ) e = νH2) = ≈ fhev efhev Vν StudyPort.ru ν(N2) = V( N 2 ) e = ≈ fhev efhev Vν Hl\_l: νH2 fhevν(N2 fhev <hijhk >Zgh9\ha^ e GZclb: N(O2), N(N2) J_r_gb_<ujZabfh[t_fdZ`^h]h]ZaZ V(O2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^H2); V(N2 9\ha^⋅η\ha^(N2) GZc^_fqbkehfhev]Zah\ νH2)= 92 = 9\ha^ ⋅ ηH = e ⋅ fhev efhev 9ν 9ν 9\ha^ ⋅ η1 e ⋅ = ν(N2) = fhev 9ν efhev GZc^_fqbkehfhe_dmedZ`^h]h]ZaZ 29 N(O2) = νH2)⋅NA = 0,2095⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 1,26⋅1023. N(N2) = ν(N2)⋅NA = 0,782⋅6,022⋅1023 ≈ 4,7⋅1023. Hl\_l122) = 1,26⋅1023 fhe_dme N(N2) = 4,7⋅1023 fhe_dme <hijhk >Zgh: V(H2S) = 20 f3 = 20⋅103 e GZclb9\ha^P\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb + 6 2 + fhev fhev 9 ]fhev 9 efhev 9 e 9 e = + 262 ↑ GZc^_fh[t_fdbkehjh^Zg_h[oh^bfuc^eyijh\_^_gbyj_Zdpbb e ²e 2⋅104 e ²o e 2 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 67 ,2 o = 3⋅104 e 44 ,8 GZc^_fh[t_f\ha^moZg_h[oh^bfuc^eyihemq_gbylZdh]h h[t_fZdbkehjh^Z V(\ha^ V (O 2 ) = ⋅ e = 1,43⋅105 e f3. η \ha^ (H 2 ) m(\ha^ Mr(\ha^⋅ν\ha^ Mr\ha^⋅ 9\ha^ = 9ν StudyPort.ru = 29 efhev⋅ ⋅ e = 1,85⋅105 ] d] efhev Hl\_l: V\ha^ f3, m\ha^ d] <hijhk Ljm^ghij_^klZ\blvgZrm`bagv[_adbkehjh^ZHgkem`blij_`^_ \k_]h^ey^uoZgbyJZkl\hj_gguc\ \h^_dbkehjh^kem`bl^ey ^uoZgbyh[blZl_e_c\h^ghckj_^uIh^^_ckl\b_fdbkehjh^Z \ha^moZb [Zdl_jbcijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbohklZldh\ < ijhfure_gghklb dbkehjh^ ijbf_gy_lky \ f_lZeemj]bb ijb \uieZ\d_ f_lZeeh\ dZd hdbkebl_ev \h fgh]bo obfbq_kdbo ijhba\h^kl\Zo^eyk\Zjdbb j_adbf_lZeeh\\ f_^bpbgkdbop_eyo @b^dbcdbkehjh^ ²hdbkebl_ev^eyjZd_lguolhieb\hoeZ^bl_ev <hijhk Hahgh\u_^ujuihy\eyxlkybaaZ\u[jhkh\\ Zlfhkn_jm oeZ^Z]_glh\nj_hgh\hdkb^h\ZahlZdhlhju_h[jZamxlky\h fgh]boijhfure_gguoijhp_kkZo >ey ij_^mij_`^_gby hahgh\uo ^uj g_h[oh^bfh hqbsZlv \u[jhku ijhfure_gguoij_^ijbylbcb ij_djZlblvbkihevah\Zgb_ nj_hgh\ 30 Hahgh\u_^uju ²mlhgvr_gb_bebjZajmr_gb_hahgh\h]hklehy Zlfhkn_ju § 16Obfbq_kdb_we_f_glu\ de_ldZo`b\uohj]Zgbafh\ <hijhk JZaebqb_ f_`^m `b\hc b g_`b\hc ijbjh^hc h[gZjm`b\Zxlky lhevdhgZmjh\g_keh`guo\_s_kl\gZfhe_dmeyjghf mjh\g_ <hijhk LZdb_\_s_kl\ZoZjZdl_jgulhevdh^ey`b\uohj]Zgbafh\ gZijbf_jhj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z[_edb`bjum]e_\h^u gmde_bgh\u_dbkehlu\blZfbgu]hjfhgub ^j <hijhk ;bh]_ggu_fZdjhwe_f_glu ²we_f_gludhlhju_\oh^yl\ khklZ\ hj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\Wlhm]e_jh^\h^hjh^dbkehjh^b Zahl <hijhk Wg^_fbq_kdbcah[dZdba\_klgh\uau\Z_lkyg_^hklZldhfbh^Z\ ibs_b \h^_WlhaZ[he_\Zgb_ihy\ey_lky\ hij_^_e_gguo ]_h]jZnbq_kdbojZchgZo^eydhlhjuooZjZdl_j_gg_^hklZlhdbh^Z Wg^_fbdb ²wlhjZkl_gbybeb`b\hlgu_dhlhju_\klj_qZxlky lhevdh\ h^ghfhij_^_e_gghfZj_Ze_ Wg^_fbdbjZkl_gbygZijbf_jebZguwg^_fbdb`b\hlgu_ gZijbf_jdhZeZmkkmjbckdbclb]j StudyPort.ru <hijhk N_jf_glu ² wlh [_edb dhlhju_ dZlZebabjmxl [bheh]bq_kdb_ j_Zdpbb <blZfbgu ² wlh [bheh]bq_kdb_ Zdlb\gu_ \_s_kl\Z ijbgbfZxsb_ mqZklb_ \ j_Zdpbyo h[f_gZ \_s_kl\ Ih k\h_fm [bheh]bq_kdhfm ^_ckl\bx \blZfbgu [ebadb d n_jf_glZf gh n_jf_glu h[jZamxlky de_ldZfbhj]ZgbafZZ \blZfbguh[uqghihklmiZxlk ibs_c <hijhk @_e_au Ih^`_em^hqgZy `_e_aZ =bihnba GZ^ihq_qgbdb =hjfhgu Bgkmebg :DL= Nmgdpbb]hjfhgh\ Kgb`_gb_]exdhau\ djh\b >_ckl\m_lgZgZ^ihq_qgbdb kihkh[kl\m_lbonmgdpbb :^j_gZebg MqZklb_\ klj_kkhjguoj_Zdpbyo GhjZ^j_gZebg m\_ebq_gb_qZklhluk_j^_qguo khdjZs_gbc 31 Sblh\b^gZy `_^_aZ Lbjhdkbg < ^_lkdhf\hajZkl_ ²jZa\blb_ g_j\ghckbkl_fu\h\ajhkehf \hajZkl_ ²ih\ur_gb_h[f_gZ\_s_kl\ § 17=Zeh]_gu <hijhk >Zgh: V(F2) = V(Cl2 e GZclb: m(F2); m(Cl2); D\ha^(F2); D\ha^(Cl2); DH 2 (F2); DH 2 (Cl2) J_r_gb_: 1. m(F2)=ν(F2)⋅M(F2)= m(Cl2)=ν(Cl 2)⋅M(Cl 2) = V(F2 ) e ⋅M(F2)= ⋅ ]fhev ] efhev Vν V(Cl 2 ) e ⋅M(Cl 2) = ⋅]fhev efhev Vν ] 2. D\ha^(F2) = 0 U ) = ≈1,31; 0 U \ha^ ' + (F2) = 0 U ) = = 19; 0 U + D\ha^(Cl2) = 0 U &O = ≈2,45; 0 U \ha^ 0 &O U ' + (Cl2) = = = 35,5. 0 U + StudyPort.ru <hijhk NlhjgZy\h^Zg_kms_kl\m_lldnlhjj_Z]bjm_lk \h^hc 2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O. <hijhk S_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu ij_`^_ \k_]h [m^ml j_Z]bjh\Zlv k \h^hc k \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^ZZ g_k jZkl\hj_gghc khevx >eykjZ\g_gby\havf_fj_Zdpbb$Ok jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 b oehjghc \h^uk jZkl\hjhf1D%U + $O )H&O ⇒ )H↓$O&O Cl2+2NaBr ⇒ 2NaCl+Br2. 2 B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<J;he__Zdlb\gucwe_f_gl \ul_kgy_lf_g__Zdlb\gucbajZkl\hjZkheb <hijhk . KO 2 − + KO 2±+ KO 2 − &O2 &O2 &O2 32 <hijhk H2 + I]Za ∅ 2HI + Q. Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_fh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h_kebkbkl_fZ[m^_l hoeZ`^ZlvkyihijbgpbimE_RZl_ev_ <hijhk JZkkfhljbf\aZbfh^_ckl\b_]Zeh]_gh\k \h^hjh^hfNlhjj_Z]bjm_l k G2 \ ex[uomkeh\byokh\aju\hfoehj ²kh\aju\hflhevdhijb ih^`b]Zgbbbebh[emq_gbbijyfufkheg_qgufk\_lhf[jhf \aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk G2 ijbgZ]j_\Zgbbb [_a\aju\ZWlbj_Zdpbb wdahl_jfbq_kdb_J_Zdpby`_kh_^bg_gbybh^Zb G2 keZ[h wg^hl_jfbq_kdZyhgZijhl_dZ_lf_^e_ggh^Z`_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb <u\h^ q_f Zdlb\g_c j_Z]bjmxsb_ \_s_kl\Z l_f \ur_ kdhjhklv ijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb <hijhk >ZghPjjZ., ]ω\ jj_(KI) = 0,15; GZclb: V(Cl2), m(KCl); J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkmohckheb., P., PjjZ.,⋅ω., ] ⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_ffZkkmkhebb h[t_f g_h[oh^bfh]hoehjZ StudyPort.ru P ] ., fhev 0 ]fhev P ] oe fhev 9 efhev 9 e ] ²o e ] ²e o &O m] .&O fhev 0 ]fhev P ] , ⋅ = 3. V(Cl2) e ] ²m ] ] ²] y ] m(KCl) = 20,2 ] .&O P.&O ] fhev 0.&O ]fhev Hl\_l: V(Cl2 eP.&O ]. <hijhk >Zgh: V(H2 e9&O2 e GZclb: V(HCl) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb 33 + &O fhev fhev 9 efhev 9 efhev 9 e 9 e +&O fhev 9 efhev 9 e GZc^_fdZdhc]Za\ayl\ ba[uld_ V(Cl 2 ) 9+ 200 νG2) = = , VKO2) = = . 9ν Vν 22,4 3IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbVG2):VKO2 ke_^h\Zl_evgh \h^hjh^\ ba[uld_ > ). IhmjZ\g_gbxj_Zdpbb9G&O ⋅9KO2 eLh]^ZhklZehkv g_ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h\h^hjh^Z9hkl e± e e Hl\_l9+&O e9hklG2 e <hijhk Wlh gZa\Zgb_ nlhj ihemqbe [eZ]h^Zjy kihkh[ghklb ieZ\bdh\h]h riZlZihgb`Zlvl_fi_jZlmjmieZ\e_gbynlhjb^h\ StudyPort.ru § 18Kh_^bg_gby]Zeh]_gh\ <hijhk We_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbym\_ebqb\Z_lkyhlH)d HI. KZfZykbevgZyba]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^guodbkehl ²bh^h\h^hjh^gZyZ kZfZykeZ[Zy ²nlhjh\h^hjh^gZy;hevrZyijhqghklvobfbq_kdhc k\yab+)nlhjh\h^hjh^gZydbkehlZkeZ[h^bkkhpbbjm_l\ \h^_ h[mkeh\e_gZfZeufjZaf_jhfZlhfZ)b khhl\_lkl\mxsbffZeuf jZkklhygb_ff_`^my^jZfbZlhfh\\h^hjh^Zb nlhjZK jhklhf jZ^bmkZZlhfZhl)d I jZkl_lb f_`ty^_jgh_jZkklhygb_ijhqghklv fhe_dmemf_gvrZ_lkyb khhl\_lkl\mxsZykihkh[ghklvd we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lky <hijhk <havf_f\ dZq_kl\_j_Zdlb\ZjZkl\hjgbljZlZk_j_[jZ 1. AgNO3 + NaF∅AgF + NaNO3 ²gbdZdbobaf_g_gbc 2. AgNO3 + NaCl=AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd 3. AgNO3+NaBr=AgBr↓+NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[e_^gh`_eluchkZ^hd 4. AgNO3 + NaI=AgI↓ + NaNO3 — \uiZ^Z_l`_eluchkZ^hd <hijhk K ihfhsvx^Zgghcj_Zdpbbfh`ghihemqblv[_a\h^gucMgCl2 Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2. 2. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O; 3. MgO + 2HCl = H2O + MgCl2; 34 4. MgSO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + MaCl2. <hijhk &O → +&O → &X&O → =Q&O → $J&O 1. Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl; &O + H → &O − ; + − H → + ; 2. 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 = CuCl2 + 2H2O; 2H+ + Cu(OH)2 → Cu2+ + 2H2O; 3. CuCl2 + Zn = Cu↓ + ZnCl2; Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+; 4. ZnCl2 + 2AgNO3 = 2AgCl↓ + Zn(NO3)2; Ag+ + Cl– → AgCl↓. § 19Ihemq_gb_]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_ b ijbf_g_gb_]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc <hijhk >Zgh: m(NaCl + ij ]ωij %; GZclb: V(Cl2); m(Na) J_r_gb_: GZc^_ffZkkmqbklhckheb M(NaCl)=m(NaCl+ij±m(NaCl+ij⋅ωij ]± ]⋅0,02 ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc StudyPort.ru P ] 1D&O fhev 0 ]fhev P ] = ao 1D fhev 0 ]fhev P ] + m &O fhev 9 efhev 9 e GZc^_ffZkkmgZljbyb h[t_foehjZ ] ²o ] ] ²] ⋅ o ] m(Na) ] ] ²m e ] ²e ⋅ m e V(Cl2) = 109,76 e Hl\_l: m(Na) = 225,4 ]V(Cl2) = 109,76 e <hijhk >Zgh: m(Na ]ω\ jj_(NaOH) = 40 %; GZclb: m(NaOH) J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyNaOH: P ] 1D fhev 0 ]fhev P ] + +2 o] 1D2+ + G ↑ fhev 0 ]fhev P ] GZc^_ffZkkmNaOHihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb 35 ] ²] ] ²o ] ⋅ o ]m(NaOH) = 392 ] GZc^_ffZkkm ]hjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljby m( NaOH) m(jjZNaOH) = = = 980 ] ω\j− j_ ( NaOH) Hl\_l: m(jjZ1D2+ ]. <hijhk >Zgh: V(Cl2) = 100 eW = 95 %; GZclb: m(MnO2); ν(HCl) J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhoehjZ^he`ghihemqZlvky l_hj_lbq_kdbqlh[uijZdlbq_kdbihemqbehkvebljh\ Vl_hj(Cl2) = V(Cl 2 ) = e = 105,26 e W AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb o] MnO 2 + 4HCl = MnCl 2 + ν = 4 fhev fhev M = 87 ]fhev m = 87 ] 105,26 e Cl2 + G22 fhev 9 efhev V = 22,4 e ↑ StudyPort.ru ν(HCl) = 4⋅ν(Cl2) = 4⋅ 9&O l_hj 9ν = 4⋅ = 18,8 fhev GZc^_ffZkkmMnO2: ] ²e o ] ²e o ] Hl\_l: V(HCl) fhevm(MnO2) = 408] <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf\hafh`ghklvkZfbfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf <hijhk F ²ihfh]Z_lij_^hl\jZsZlvlZdh_aZ[he_\Zgb_dZddZjb_kam[h\ Cl ²klbfmebjm_lh[f_g\_s_kl\jhkl\hehkijb^Z_l[h^jhklvb kbemBr ²j_]mebjm_lijhp_kku\ha[m`^_gby blhjfh`_gby p_gljZevghcg_j\ghckbkl_fuijbf_gy_lky^eye_q_gbyg_j\guo [he_ag_cI ²\eby_lgZ\ujZ[hldm]hjfhgZsblh\b^ghc`_e_au _]hg_^hklZlhdijb\h^bld lZdhfmaZ[he_\ZgbxdZdwg^_fbq_kdbc ah[ < lh`_\j_fy\k_]Zeh]_gu\oh^yl\ khklZ\y^h\bluohljZ\eyxsbo \_s_kl\ Ijbba[uld_]Zeh]_gh\\ hj]Zgbaf_jZa\b\ZxlkyjZaebqgu_[he_agb1 1 Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZgZklj 36 <hijhk < jhebm[bcpu\uklmiZ_l]Zeh]_g ²oehj — ]Zak _^dbfaZiZohf [e_^gha_e_gh]hp\_lZy^h\blHibku\Z_lkyijbf_g_gb_\ \hcg_ obfbq_kdh]hhjm`by <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvihnZglZabjh\ZlvkZfbf § 20Dbkehjh^ <hijhk 1) 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3; Al0 ± $O3+, O02 22– 2) 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4; Fe0±→Fe2+, 2Fe0± → 2Fe3+, O02 22– <hijhk S + O2 = SO2, 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5, C + O2 = CO2. <hijhk DZlZebaZlhjZfbgZau\ZxlkylZdb_\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_ih\urZxl kdhjhklvj_ZdpbbghkZfbijbwlhf\ j_Zdpbxg_\klmiZxl< ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZ — MnO2\ eZ[hjZlhjbbihemqZxlH2 iml_fjZaeh`_gby+2O2. StudyPort.ru MnO 2 2H2O2 ⇒ 2H2O + O2↑. <hijhk J_ZdpbyjZaeh`_gby HgO: t 2HgO ⇒ 2Hg + O2↑; AZ^ZqZImklvm gZk_klv] aZ]jyag_ggh]h+J2Ba\_klghqlh kh^_j`Zgb_ijbf_k_ckhklZ\ey_l <uoh^j_Zdpbb %. JZkkqblZcl_h[t_fdbkehjh^Zihemq_ggh]hijbjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^Z jlmlb J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]h+J2 m(HgO) = mkf_kb ⋅ωkf_kb (HgO) = 10⋅± ] W 2) +J2 +J 2 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] fhev 9 efhev 9 e 9H2)l_hj = ] ⋅ e ] 3) 92 ijZdl = 0,8; e 92 l_hj V(O2)ijZdl = V(O2)l_hj⋅ e⋅ e Hl\_le dbkehjh^Zj_Zevgh\u^_ebehkv 37 <hijhk J_Zdpbb]hj_gby ²j_Zdpbb\_s_kl\Zk dbkehjh^hfijhl_dZxsb_k [hevrhckdhjhklvxk \u^_e_gb_f[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\Zl_ieZb khijh\h`^Zxsb_ky\hkieZf_g_gb_f >uoZgb_ ² wlh ijhp_kk f_^e_ggh]h hdbke_gby Hg aZdexqZ_lky \ ke_^mxs_fdbkehjh^^hklZ\ey_lky]_fh]eh[bghf djh\b\h\k_ldZgbb de_ldb hj]ZgbafZ dbkehjh^ hdbkey_l m]e_\h^u h[jZamy ijb wlhf m]e_dbkeuc ]Za b \h^m b hk\h[h`^Zy wg_j]bx g_h[oh^bfmx ^ey hj]ZgbafZ Koh^kl\h aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ _klv ijhp_kku hdbke_gby \ h[hbo kemqZyo \uk\h[h`^Z_lky wg_j]by \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbch[jZamxlkyhdkb^u JZaebqbyaZdexqZxlky\ kdhjhklyohdbke_gby\ dhebq_kl\_ \u^_ey_fhcwg_j]bb <hijhk Nhlhkbgl_a ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hhgbih]ehsZxlKH2 b \u^_eyxlH2. >uoZgb_ ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby`b\hlgh]hb q_eh\_dZ\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hih]ehsZ_lkyH2 b \u^_ey_lkyKH2. Ijbnhlhkbgl_a_b ^uoZgbb\ jZkl_gbyoijhbkoh^yl ijhlb\hiheh`gu_ijhp_kku <hijhk Ijhy\bl_k\hbl\hjq_kdb_kihkh[ghklb\ gZibkZgbbkhqbg_gby <hijhk 2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O; StudyPort.ru ) H ) 2 − H 2 hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\bl_ev <hijhk § 21K_jZ >Zgh: m(ZnS ij d]ωijbf_kb %. GZclb: V(SO2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm\_s_kl\Z[_aijbf_kb m(ZnS)=m(ZnS ij±P=Q6 ij⋅ωij d] ±d]⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb P ⋅ =Q6 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] + 2 =Q2 + ] ²e 388⋅103] ²o e oe 62 fhev 9 efhev 9 e 38 o ⋅ ⋅ ≈100⋅103 e f3. Hl\_l: V(SO2 f3. <hijhk 3S .KO23 = 2KCl + 3SO2↑; 6 − 6 H &O H &O <hijhk \hkklZgh\bl_ev hdbkebl_ev 4 → HgS → SO2 → Na2SO3 → → SO3 → H2SO4. S SO2 1. S + Hg = HgS; 2. HgS + O2 = SO2↑ + Hg; 3. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O; 4. Na2SO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑; 5. 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3; 6. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4. <hijhk Kh_^bg_gby\oh^ysb_\ khklZ\\medZgbq_kdbo]Zah\h[eZ^Zxl lhdkbq_kdbfbk\hckl\Zfb <hijhk JZgvr_jlmlvgZau\Zebf_jdmjb_f\ q_lvieZg_luF_jdmjbc IjbklZ\dZ^_hagZqZ_lhljbpZgb_Lh]^Z©^_f_jdmjbaZpbyª ²wlh mgbqlh`_gb_jlmlbl_h[_aaZjZ`b\Zgb_ 1 2 3 5 6 StudyPort.ru § 22Kh_^bg_gbyk_ju <hijhk Z K_jh\h^hjh^ ijhy\ey_l lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ld k_jZ\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbbbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby±gZbf_gvrZyba \hafh`guo W 2H2O + 2SO2↑. [hdkb^k_ju,9fh`_lijhy\eylvk\hckl\ZdZdhdbkebl_eylZdb \hkklZgh\bl_eyldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_ju\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbb y\ey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghc 2H2S + 3O2 t 2SO2 + 3Cba[ = CS2 + 2CO2, t \k_jZlZd`_fh`_lijhy\eylvhdbkebl_evgu_b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ kihkh[ghklbl_kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lky ijhf_`mlhqghc S + H2 = H2S↑, S + O2 = SO2↑; SO2 + Cl2 = SO2Cl2; 39 ]k_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zldkl_i_gv hdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lkyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`ghc 2H2SOdhgp+Cu = CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O. <hijhk ZK_jgbkluc]ZaihemqZxlijbiheghfk`b]Zgbbk_jh\h^hjh^Zb h[`b]_kmevnb^h\ t t 2H2S+3O2 = 2SO2↑+2H2O, 2ZnS+3O2 = 2ZnO+2SO2↑. K_jgbkluc]Za622) ²[_kp\_lguc]Zak oZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf ijhy\ey_llbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehlguohdkb^h\b ohjhrh jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_h[jZamykeZ[mxk_jgbklmxdbkehlm SO2+H2O ∅ H2SO3. Kh_^bg_gbyk_juIV): NaHSO3, Na2SO3 b 622 bkihevamxlky^ey hl[_eb\Zgbyr_jklbr_edZ[mfZ]bb khehfuZ lZd`_\ dZq_kl\_ dhgk_j\bjmxsbokj_^kl\^eykhojZg_gbyk\_`boieh^h\b njmdlh\ [Hdkb^k_ju9,ihemqZxlihke_^mxs_cj_Zdpbb WFDW StudyPort.ru 2SO3. Hdkb^k_ju9, ²[_kp\_lgZykbevgh^ufysZykygZ\ha^mo_ `b^dhklvijhy\ey_llbibqgu_dbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjyykv\ \h^_h[jZam_lk_jgmxdbkehlm 2SO2+O2 H2O + SO3 = H2SO4. K_jgZydbkehlZ ²h^bgba\Z`g_crboijh^mdlh\ bkihevam_fuo\ jZaebqguohljZkeyoijhfure_gghklb <hijhk JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\uklmiZ_l\ dZq_kl\_we_dljheblZ\ bhgguoj_ZdpbyoGZijbf_j BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl; Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓. K_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zhdbkebl_ey< H<J+2SO4 \klmiZ_llhevdhdhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy JZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbb+2SO4 k f_lZeeZfb=Qb &Xk ihabpbb hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_Zdpbc Zn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑, Cu + 2H2SOdhgp ⇒ CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O. B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<Jgh\ i_j\hcj_Zdpbbjhev hdbkebl_eyb]jZxldZlbhguG+Z \h\lhjhc ²k_jZ AZibr_fbhggh_mjZ\g_gb_^eyi_j\hcj_Zdpbb 40 Zn0 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + + ↑. Wlmj_Zdpbxfh`ghhlg_klbd j_Zdpbyfbhggh]hh[f_gZ L_i_jvjZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbbbhggh]hh[f_gZk ihabpbbl_hjbb we_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbDZd\uagZ_l_j_Zdpbybhggh]h h[f_gZb^_llhevdh\ lhfkemqZ__keb\ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkykeZ[h ^bkkhpbbjmxs__\_s_kl\h GZijbf_j ZnSO4 + MgCl2 ∅ MgSO4 + ZnCl2. J_Zdpbyg_b^_lldg_h[jZamxlkyfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsb_\_s_kl\Z < jZkl\hj_gZoh^blkykf_kvbhgh\ ZnSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + ZnCl2. 62 − + Ba ⇒ BaSO4↓. J_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lld%D624 ²fZehjZkl\hjbf <hijhk Ihemq_gb_k_jghcdbkehlu S 1 2 3 FeS 2 SO 3 H 2 SO 4. → SO 2 → → H 2S 2+ StudyPort.ru 1. S+O2=SO2↑; 4FeS2H2 = 2Fe2O3+8SO2; 2H2S+3O2 = 2H2O+2SO2. 622 WFDW t t 62 3. SO3+H2O = H2SO4. <hijhk >Zgh: V(H22 fe ]9622 e GZclb: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_ihemq_gbyk_jgbklhcdbkehlu H2O+SO2 = H2SO3. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyh[jZah\Zgbyfhev+2SO3 gm`gh\aylv fhev+22b fhev622GZc^_fqbkehfhev+22b 622: 400] P+ 2 fhev = νG2H 0+ 2 18] / fhev V(SO 2 ) e fhev = ν(SO2) = e fhev Vν Ke_^h\Zl_evgh622 gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_b ihemqbehkvfhev H2SO3Lh]^Zm gZkhklZehkvνG2Hhkl ± fhev 41 2. ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = = = m(H 2 SO 3 ) m(H 2SO 3 ) = = m(j − jZ ) m(H 2SO 3 ) + m(H 2 O) hkl. ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 = ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 + ν + 2hkl ⋅ 0+ 2 fhev ⋅ ] fhev = 0,095 = 9,5 %. fhev ⋅ ] fhev + fhev ⋅] fhev Hl\_l: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = 9,5 %. <hijhk AZibr_fj_Zdpbxkbgl_aZ623: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3. Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy → S 6+ ; S 4+ − 2 e hdbke_gb_ \hkklZgh\bl_ev _gb_ → 2O 2− . O 02 + 4 e \hkklZgh\e hdbkebl_ev LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ623 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZb^_l h^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguJ_ZdpbygZqbgZ_lkylhevdhijb hlghkbl_evgh\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZo°K bijhl_dZ_l\ ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZieZlbguhdkb^h\\ZgZ^by`_e_aZb l^ >eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hgZ^h\kihfgblvijbgpbiE_ RZl_ev_^ey]Zah\ijb\ukhdhf^Z\e_gbbj_Zdpbyb^_l\ lm klhjhgm]^_h[sbch[t_f]Zah\f_gvr_ < gZr_fkemqZ_ke_\Zdhebq_kl\h]Zah\fhevkijZ\Z ²fhev l_ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyj_Zdpby[m^_lkf_sZlvky\ klhjhgm h[jZah\Zgby623. StudyPort.ru <hijhk >Zgh: V(H2H fe0&X624⋅5H22 ] GZclb: ω\ jj_(CuSO4) J_r_gb_: 1. m(H2O) = V(H2O)⋅ρ(H22 fe⋅]fhev ] GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZkheb Ph[s P+2O) + m(CuSO4⋅5H2O) = 5000 ] GZc^_ffZkkmkmevnZlZf_^b[_a\h^gh]h m(CuSO4) = m(CuSO4⋅5H2O)⋅ω \ &X62⋅GH(CuSO4) = = m(CuSO4)⋅ 0U&X62 0U&X62 + 0U+ 2 ]⋅ + Lh]^ZfZkkh\Zy^hey&X624 \ jZkl\hj_ m(CuSO 4 ) 320 ω(CuSO4) = ≈0,058 = 5,8 %. = m(h[s ) 5500] Hl\_l: ω(CuSO4) = 5,8 %. ]⋅ ] 42 <hijhk <gbfZl_evgh jZkkfhljbl_ ko_fm ijbf_g_gby k_jghc dbkehlu jbk gZkljb ihiulZcl_kv kZfbhl\_lblvgZwlhl\hijhk § 23:ahl <hijhk Z0J + N2 = Mg3N2 ²gbljb^fZ]gby 0J − H = 0J + 1 + H = 1 − [KZ + N2 = Ca3N2 ²gbljb^dZevpby &D − H = &D + 1 + H = 1− \$O + N2 = 2AlN ²gbljb^Zexfbgby $O − H = $O+ 1 + H = 1 − < ijh^mdlZo j_Zdpbc bhgguc lbi obfbq_kdhc k\yab b bhggZy djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ StudyPort.ru Gbljb^uf_lZeeh\e_]dh]b^jhebamxlkyk \u^_e_gb_fZffbZdZ Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NH3↑; <hijhk 1 → /L1 → 1+ → 12 → 12 → +12 1. N2 + 6Li = 2Li3N; 1 + H → 1 − 2. Li3N + 3H2O = 3LiOH + NH3↑; Li – 1 H → Li+; 3. 4NH3 H2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O; 4. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2; 5. 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 = 4HNO3. cat <hijhk JZkkfhljbfke_^mxsmxj_Zdpbx 2NO + O2 ∅ 2NO2 + Q. Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy hdbke_gb_ 1 + − H → 1+ ; \hkklZgh\bl_ev _gb_ → 2O 2− . O 02 + 4e \hkklZgh\e hdbkebl_ev 43 LZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ122 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZ b^_lh^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguLd\ j_ZdpbbmqZkl\mxl]Zaulh fufh`_fijbf_gblvijbgpbiE_RZl_ev_ < gZr_cj_Zdpbbdhebq_kl\hfhev]Zah\ke_\Z[hevr_q_fkijZ\Z Lh]^Zijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyjZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h < ijyfhcj_Zdpbb\u^_ey_lkyl_iehke_^h\Zl_evghijb mf_gvr_gbbl_fi_jZlmjujZ\gh\_kb_kf_klblky\ijZ\h <hijhk Z1+3 + 5O2 = 4NO↑ + 6H2O 1− − H = 1 + 2 + H = 2 − [1+3 + 3O2 ⇒ 2N2↑ + 6H2O 1− − H = 1 2 + H = 2 − . <hijhk >Zgh: m(NH4NO2 ]ωijbf_kb %. GZclb: V(N2), ν(H2O) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_k_c m(NH4NO2)=m(NH4NO2ij±P1+4NO2)⋅ωij ]±]⋅0,012=19,76 ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb StudyPort.ru ] W 1+ 12 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] oe 1 fhev 9 ]fhev 9 ] m] + 2 fhev F ]fhev P ] GZc^_f912b P+2O): ] ²e ] ²o e ⋅ o 19,76 22,4 e912 e 64 ] ²] ] ²m ] 19,76 ⋅ 36 y= = 11,115 ]P+22 ] 64 Lh]^Zν(H2O) = P+ 2 = ] fhev 0+ 2 ] fhev Hl\_l: V(N2 eν(H22 fhev 44 § 24:ffbZd <hijhk :ffbZd e_]dh k`b`Z_lky ijb h[uqghf ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZlmj_ ± 33,4°KZ ijbbkiZj_gbb`b^dh]h]ZaZbahdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uih]ehsZ_lky fgh]hl_ieZihwlhfmhgijbf_gy_lky\ oheh^bevguomklZgh\dZo :ffbZdhq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ jZkl\hjZffbZdZ gZau\Z_lkygZrZlujgufkibjlhfb bkihevam_lky\ f_^bpbg_2 <hijhk <h^hjh^gZyk\yav ²wlhobfbq_kdZyk\yavf_`^mZlhfZfb\h^hjh^Z b ZlhfZfbkbevghwe_dljhhljbpZl_evguowe_f_glh\nlhj dbkehjh^Zahl<h^hjh^gZyk\yavh[jZam_lkyh[uqghf_`^m^\mfy khk_^gbfbfhe_dmeZfbGZijbf_jhgZh[jZam_lkyf_`^m fhe_dmeZfb\h^ukibjlh\nlhjh\h^hjh^ZZffbZdZ Wlhhq_gvkeZ[Zyk\yav ²ijbf_jgh\ jZakeZ[__dh\Ze_glghc ;eZ]h^Zjy _c g_dhlhju_ gbadhfhe_dmeyjgu_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxl ZkkhpbZlu qlh ijb\h^bl d ih\ur_gbx l_fi_jZlmj ieZ\e_gby b dbi_gby\_s_kl\ :ghfZevgh \ukhdb_ l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gby b dbi_gby oZjZdl_jgu ^ey\h^u_kebjZkkfZljb\Zlv \h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9, ]jmiiu<k_ \h^hjh^gu_kh_^bg_gby9,]jmiiudjhf_\h^uy\eyxlky]ZaZfb Hq_gv\Z`gmxjhevb]jZ_l\h^hjh^gZyk\yav\ fhe_dmeZo\Z`g_crbo ^ey`b\uokms_kl\kh_^bg_gbc ²[_edh\b gmde_bgh\uodbkehl3 <hijhk >hghjghZdp_ilhjgZyk\yav ²wlhhkh[uc\b^obfbq_kdhc k\yab dhlhjZy\hagbdZ_lg_aZkq_lkiZjb\Zgbyg_iZjguowe_dljhgh\Z aZ kq_lk\h[h^ghcwe_dljhgghciZjuh^gh]hZlhfZb k\h[h^ghcyq_cdb ^jm]h]h4 StudyPort.ru <hijhk − Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ oehjb^_Zffhgby1+4Cl: 1+ &O . − + Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\ gbljZl_Zffhgby1+4NO3: 1+ 12 . <hijhk 3CuO + 2NH3 = N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O. &X + + H = &X 1 − − H = 1 . >eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj >eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj 4 >eyhl\_lZbkihevah\Zekymq_[gbdklj 2 3 45 <hijhk :ffbZd ijhy\ey_l lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ld Zahl gZoh^blky \ kZfhc gbadhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby b g_ fh`_l [hevr_ ijbgbfZlvwe_dljhgu § 25KhebZffhgby <hijhk Z1+4)2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl; SO42– + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓. [1+4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3; Ag+ + Cl– = AgCl↓. <hijhk Z1+4)2CO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+H2O+CO2 ↑; CO3– 2 +2H+=H2O+CO2↑. [1+4)2CO3+2NaOH=Na2CO3+2NH3↑+2H2O; NH4++OH–=NH3↑+H2O. \1+4)2CO3 + CaCl2 = CaCO3↓ + 2NH4Cl; CO32– + Ca2 + = CaCO3↓. W ]1+4)2CO3 CO2↑ + 2NH3↑ + H2O↑. <hijhk (NH4)3PO4 ²nhknZlZffhgby (NH4)2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby NH4H2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlZffhgby (NH4)3PO4 ∅ 3NH4+ + PO43–. (NH4)2HPO4 ∅ 2NH4+ + H+ + PO43– (NH4)H2PO4 ∅ NH4+ + 2H+ + PO43–. <hijhk 3 2 4 1 N2 NH3 → NH4Cl → (NH4)2HPO4 → → NH4NO3. WSFDW 1. N2 + 3H2 - 2NH3↑; 2. H3PO4 + 2NH3 = (NH4)2HPO4; 3. (NH4)2HPO4 G&O 1+4Cl + H3JH4; 4. NH4Cl + AgNO3 = AgCl↓ + NH4NO3. <hijhk >ZghP((NH4)2SO4 d] GZclb91+3), m(NH3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\mx^hexZffbZdZ\ kmevnZl_Zffhgby 2 ⋅ 17] / fhev 01+ ω1+ 62 (NH3)= = =0,2576=25,76 %. 01+ 62 132] / fhev GZc^_ffZkkmZffbZdZg_h[oh^bfh]h^eyihemq_gbyd] (NH4)2SO4: m(NH3) = m((NH4)2SO4)⋅ω(NH3 d]⋅ d] GZc^_fh[t_fZffbZdZ StudyPort.ru 46 ⋅ ] ⋅efhev e V(NH3)=ν(NH3)⋅Vν= P1+ ⋅Vν= 01+ ]fhev f3. Hl\_l: m(NH3 d]91+3 f3. § 26Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbyZahlZ <hijhk :ahlgZy dbkehlZ g_ h[jZam_l dbkeuo khe_c ld hgZ h^ghhkgh\gZy b bf__l\k_]hh^bgZlhf\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucb hl^Z_lijbh[jZah\Zgbbkheb <hijhk Z&X2+2 + 2HNO3=2H2O + Cu(NO3)2; Cu(OH)2 + 2H+=Cu2+ + 2H2O; [)H2O3 + 6HNO3 = 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 6H+ = 2Fe3+ + 3H2O. \1D2CO3+2HNO3=2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2↑; CO32– + 2H+=H2O + CO2↑. <hijhk Na2SiO3 + 2HNO3 = 2NaNO3 + H2SiO3↓; SiO32– + 2H+ = H2SiO3↓. <hijhk 1) 3Cu + 8HNOjZa[ = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 2H2O, StudyPort.ru &X − H &X 1 H 1 . 2) Cu + 4HNO3(dhgp) = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O &X − H &X 1 H 1 <hijhk 2 1 3 → I. N2 NO2 → NO → HNO3. 1. N2 + O2 = 2NO, 1 − H = 1 + 2 + H = 2 − 1 + − H = 1 + . . 2. 2NO + O2 = 2NO2, 2 + H = 2 − 1 + − H = 1+ . 3. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4HNO3, 2 + H = 2 − 2 1 3 → NO2 II. NH3 → NO → HNO3. 1. 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O, 47 1− − H = 1 + 2 + H = 2 − . MjZ\g_gbyb kfhljb\ur_ <hijhk >Zgh: V(NO2 f3; ω(HNO3) = 68 %. GZclbP+123) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyZahlghcdbkehlu ⋅ e 12 fhev 9ν efhev 9 e 2 +2 89,6 e — 252 134,4⋅103 e ²o ] o ] ⋅ ⋅ e e o] +12 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] d] GZc^_ffZkkmjZkl\hjZZahlghcdbkehlu x 379 d] m(HNO3) = = = 555,9 d]; 0,68 ω( HNO 3 ) Hl\_l: m(HNO3) = 555,9 d] StudyPort.ru <hijhk >Zgh: m(NaNO3 ]922 e GZclbPijbf_kb J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb o] 1D12 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] W 1D12 ] ²e o ] ²e o ⋅ ] e 2 ↑ fhev 9 efhev 9 e mqbklZy (NaNO3 ] GZc^_ffZkkmijbf_kb Pij P1D123)–mqbklZy (NaNO3 ]±] ] P ωij = ij = beb Pk_e Hl\_l: ωij = 25%. <hijhk Kf\hijhk,, 48 § 27Nhknhjb _]hkh_^bg_gby <hijhk 1. Na3PO4 ²nhknZlgZljby Na3PO4 = 3Na+ + PO43–; 2. Na2HPO4 ²]b^jhnhknZlgZljby Na2G324 = 2Na+ G+ + PO43–; 3. NaH2PO4 ²^b]b^jhnhknZlgZljby 1DG2PO4 = Na+ G+ + PO43–. <hijhk 2 3 J → Mg3P2 → → → H3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2. PH3 P2O5 1 4 5 1. J + 3Mg = Mg3P2, t 3 H 3 0J − H 0J , 2. Mg3P2 + 6H2O = 3Mg(OH)2↓ + 2PH3↑. 3. 2PH3 + 4O2 = P2O5 + 3H2O, 3− − H = 3+ 2 + H = 2 − , 4. P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4; 5. 2H3PO4 &DHG2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6H2H StudyPort.ru <hijhk 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O = 3H3PO4 + 5NO↑, 3 − H = 3 + . 1 + + H = 1 + <hijhk >Zgh: m(Ca3(PO)4 ij ]ωij %, W = 80 %. GZclb: m(P) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkheb[_aijbf_kb m(Ca3(PO4)2) = m(Ca3(PO4)2 ij±P&D3(PO4)2 ij⋅ωij ]± ] ⋅ ] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb ] &D 32 6L2 & &D6L2 fhev 0 ]fhev P ] ] ²] ] ²o ] o ⋅ ] o] 3↑ fhev 0 ]fhev P ] m(P)l_hj ] GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZdhlhjZyihemqbeZkv\ oh^_j_Zdpbb m(P)ijZdl = m(P)l_hj⋅: ]⋅ ] 49 Hl\_l: m(P)ijZdl ] <hijhk >ZghP3 ]ωij %, ω(H3PO4) = 80 %. GZclb: mjjZ(H3PO4) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjZ[_aijbf_kb m(P) = m(P ij – m(P ij⋅ωij ] – 31⋅ ] Bah^gh]hfhevnhknhjZfh`ghihemqblvjh\ghh^bgfhev nhknhjghcdbkehlu P3 P3 29,45] ν(H3PO4)=ν(P)= ⇒ν(H3PO4)= = =0,95 fhev 03 03 31] Lh]^ZP+3PO4)=M(H3PO4)⋅ν(H3PO4 ]fhev⋅fhev ] FZkkZjZkl\hjZnhknhjghcdbkehlujZ\gZ m(H 3 PO 4 ) PjjZ+3PO4) = = ] ] ω(H 3 PO 4 ) Hl\_lPjjZ+3PO4 ] <hijhk >ZghPjjZ+3PO4 ]ω1(H3PO4) = 5 PJ2H5 ] GZclb: ω2(H3PO4) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbynhknhjghc dbkehlu StudyPort.ru G2H J2H5 G3JH4. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevJ2H5 ihemqZ_lkyfhevG3JH4. GZc^_ffZkkmnhknhjghcdbkehluihemqb\r_cky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb ν(H3PO4) = 2ν(P2O5) = 2⋅ P32 ] = 2⋅ 032 ] fhev fhev m(H3PO4) = ν(H3PO4)⋅M(H3PO4 fhev⋅]fhev ] GZc^_fkdhevdh[uehnhknhjghcdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_ m(H3PO4 PjjZ⋅ω1(H3PO4) = 980⋅ ] GZc^_fgh\mxfZkkh\mx^hexdbkehlu\ jZkl\hj_ 209,72 + 49 ω2(H3PO4) = P+32 h[s = = 0,2286. Pj − jZ + P3 2 980 + 152 Hl\_l: ω2(H3PO4) = 22,86 %. <hijhk :DhgZg>hce \ k\h_f ijhba\_^_gbb g_ mq_e obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ nhknhjZ >Z\Zcl_ ih^mfZ_f \f_kl_ Nhknhj k\_lblky \ l_fghl_ ke_^h\Zl_evgh wlh [_euc nhknhj ld djZkguc nhknhj g_ k\_lblky \hh[s_ >Ze__ [_euc nhknhj hq_gv y^h\bl b bkihevah\Zlv _]h klhev 50 g_h[uqgufkihkh[hfg_kdhevdhjZa\_jhylgh[ueh[ukeh`ghDjhf_ lh]h [_euc nhknhj gZ \ha^mo_ e_]dh hdbkey_lky i_j_oh^y ijb wlhf \ kl_i_gvhdbke_gby 4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5. DZdlhevdhijhp_kkhdbke_gbyaZdZgqb\Z_lkykh[ZdZi_j_klZ_l k\_lblvky Hdkb^nhknhjZ9hq_gv]b]jhkdhibqgh_\_s_kl\hl_hgh ijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_\h^m<kihfgbfqlh\ hlju\d_]h\hjbehkvh lmfZg_badhlhjh]h\ukdhqbeh©qm^h\bs_ªLmfZg ²wlh kdhg^_gkbjh\Zggu_iZju\h^uLh]^Zkdhj__\k_]hh[jZah\Z\rbcky P2O5 ih^^_ckl\b_f\eZ]bij_\jZlbeky\ nhknhjgmxdbkehlm J2H5 G2H⇒G3JH4. Ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ qlh kh[ZdZ h[fZaZggZy y^h\bluf \_s_kl\hfb dbkehlhcfh`_l_s_qlheb[hk^_eZlv StudyPort.ru § 28M]e_jh^ <hijhk :efZa ²ijhajZqgh_djbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\hkZfh_l\_j^h_ba \k_o ijbjh^guo \_s_kl\ LZdZy l\_j^hklv h[mkeh\e_gZ hkh[hc kljmdlmjhc_]hZlhfghcdjbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb< g_cdZ`^ucZlhf m]e_jh^Z hdjm`_g lZdbfb `_ ZlhfZfb jZkiheh`_ggufb \ \_jrbgZo ijZ\bevgh]hl_ljZw^jZ DjbklZeeuZefZaZh[uqgh[_kp\_lgu_gh[u\Zxlkbg_]h]hem[h]h djZkgh]hb q_jgh]hp\_lh\Hgbbf_xlhq_gvkbevguc[e_kd [eZ]h^Zjy\ukhdhck\_lhij_ehfeyxs_cb k\_lhhljZ`Zxs_c kihkh[ghklb:efZaohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehh[eZ^Z_l we_dljhbaheypbhggufbk\hckl\Zfb5 =jZnbl ²l_fghk_jh_`bjgh_gZhsmivdjbklZeebq_kdh_ \_s_kl\hk f_lZeebq_kdbf[e_kdhf< hlebqb_hlZefZaZ]jZnbl fy]dbcb g_ijhajZqgucohjhrhijh\h^bll_iehb we_dljbq_kdbc lhdFy]dhklv]jZnblZh[mkeh\e_gZkehbklhckljmdlmjhcjbk\ mq_[gbd_< djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ld_]jZnblZZlhfum]e_jh^Z e_`Zsb_\ h^ghciehkdhklbijhqghk\yaZgu\ ijZ\bevgu_ r_klbm]hevgbdb6 5 6 Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZklj 51 <hijhk K H2 KH2 & − & H − \hkklZgh\bl_ev . 2 H 2− − hdbkebl_ev W K G2 KG4 & + H = &− − hdbkebl_ev . + − H = ++ − \hkklZgh\bl_ev <hijhk DZj[hg ² wlh h^bg ba i_jbh^h\ iZe_hahckdhc wju < dZj[hg_ ijh^he`Zxl jZkijhkljZgylvky kihjh\u_ jZkl_gby l_ iZihjhlgbdb HklZldbih]b[rboiZihjhlgbdh\ f_^e_gghhdbkeyebkv ih^keh_f a_feb \ l_q_gb_ fgh]bo fbeebhgh\ e_l < j_amevlZl_ h[jZah\Zebkv h]jhfgu_ aZe_`b dZf_ggh]h m]ey dhlhjuc g_ qlh bgh_ dZd hklZldb ^j_\g_crbo jZkl_gbc <hijhk DZj[he_g ²wlhjZagh\b^ghklvZdlb\bjh\Zggh]hm]ey Ke_^h\Zl_evghhgh[eZ^Z_lohjhrbfbZ^khj[bjmxsbfb k\hckl\Zfbb bkihevam_lky^eyih]ehs_gbyjZaebqguoaZiZoh\\ oheh^bevgbdZo StudyPort.ru <hijhk K + Fe2O3 = 2Fe KH↑; t & − H = & + )H + + H = )H t 2) PbO2 + 2C = Pb + 2CO↑; 3E + + H = 3E & − H = & + . <hijhk >ZghPK ij ]9&22 e: %. GZclb: ωij J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZdhlhjuc^he`_g[ue ihemqblvky V(CO2)l_hj = 9&2 = e : AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb e W K H2 KH2. Ba mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbb \b^gh qlh ba h^gh]h fhev m]ey ihemqZ_lky jh\ghh^bgfhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZAgZqbl 52 νK νKH2) = e e fhev fhev Vν Lh]^ZP& νK⋅0K fhev⋅]fhev ] Pij P& ij±PK ]±] ] m(ij) 2] Lh]^Zωij = = 0,25 = 25 %. m(C + ij) 8] Hl\_l: ωij %. <hijhk K KH2 KH V(CO 2 ) l_hj = & − H = &+ − \hkklZgh\bl_ev . K + + H = K + − hdbkebl_ev <hijhk K → CaC2 → C2H2 → CO2 → CO 1 2 3 4 t 1. 2C + Ca = CaC2; & H &− hdbkebl_ev &D − H &D \hkklZgh\bl_ev 2. CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2↑; 3. 2C2H2 + 5O2 = 4CO2↑ + 2H2O; &− − H & + \hkklZgh\bl_ev H H H − hdbkebl_ev StudyPort.ru 4. CO2 + C = 2CO. § 29Dbkehjh^gu_kh_^bg_gbym]e_jh^Z <hijhk t Fe2O3 + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO2↑ )H+ + H = )H & + − H = & + <hijhk G_khe_h[jZamxsb_ bebbg^bnn_j_glgu_ hdkb^u g_ j_Z]bjmxsb_ k \h^hc ²wlhgZijbf_jK2126L2djZcg_g_mklhcqb\uc <hijhk KH H2 KH2. Ih\ur_gb_^Z\e_gbyijb\h^bld kf_s_gbxiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kby \ijZ\h <hijhk KH2 G2H G2KH3, 53 KH2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C; 1 C 4 + + 4e = C 0 4 . 0 2+ 2 Mg − 2e = Mg KH2 K KH <hijhk IjbjZkl\hj_gbbm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ\ \h^_h[jZam_lkykeZ[Zy m]hevgZydbkehlZihwlhfmeZdfmkbf__ldjZkgmxhdjZkdm CO2 + H2O H2CO3 IjbklhygbbjZkl\hjZm]hevgZydbkehlZjZaeZ]Z_lkyb jZkl\hjkgh\Z klZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf <hijhk CuCO3 ²kj_^gyyfhev ²dZj[hgZlf_^b,, &XG&23)2 ²dbkeZykhev ²]b^jhdZj[hgZlf_^b,II), (CuOH)2CO3 ²hkgh\gZykhev ²]b^jhdkhdZj[hgZlf_^b,,fZeZobl Bai_j_qbke_gguokhe_clhevdh&X+&23)2 y\ey_lkywe_dljheblhf &XG&23)2 Cu2+ + 2CO32– + 2H+. <hijhk StudyPort.ru ZKD&23 → CaO → &Z2+2 → CaCO3 → Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 1 2 3 4 5 t 1. CaCO3 = CaO + CO2↑; 2. CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2; 3. Ca(OH)2 + COg_^ = CaCO3 + H2O; 4. CaCO3 + COba[ + H2O = Ca(HCO3)2; t 5. Ca(HCO3)2 = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2↑. [K → CO2 → CO → CO2 → C 1 2 3 4 t & − H = & + 1. 2 C + O2 = CO2; + H = 2 − & + + H = &+ 2. CO2 + C = 2CO; & − H = & & − + &H 3. 2CO + O2 = 2CO2; 2 H 2 t 4. CO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + C. 54 & H& 0J − H 0J <hijhk >ZghPjjZ1D2CO3 ]ω1(Na2CO3) = 2 %; m(Na2CO3⋅G2H ] GZclb: ω2(Na2CO3) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ djbklZeeh]b^jZl_ m(Na2CO3)=m(Na2CO3⋅G2H⋅ω(Na2CO3)= =m(Na2CO3⋅G2H⋅ 0U1D &2 = 14,3⋅ + 0U1D &2 + 0U+ 2 GZc^_ffZkkm1D2CO3 \ jZkl\hj_ m(Na2CO3 PjjZ1D2CO3)⋅ω1(Na2CO3) = 1060⋅ ] 3. ω2(Na2CO3)= ] P1D &2 h[s = ] + ] ] Pj − jZ + P1D &2 ⋅ + 2 ] + ] Hl\_l: ω2(Na2CO3 ] beb %. § 30Dj_fgbcb _]hkh_^bg_gby StudyPort.ru <hijhk >bhdkb^dj_fgbyb m]e_dbkeuc]Zay\eyxlkydbkehlgufbhdkb^Zfb H^gZdh\ hlebqb_hlKH2 hdkb^dj_fgby,9bf__lg_ fhe_dmeyjgmxZ ZlhfgmxdjbklZeebq_kdmxj_r_ldmIhwlhfm6L22 y\ey_lkyl\_j^ufb lm]hieZ\dbf\_s_kl\hfZ KH2 y\ey_lky]Zahf M]e_dbkeuc]Za\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk \h^hck h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghc dbkehlu+2O + CO2 ∅ H2CO3\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk s_ehqZfbKH2 + + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H22j_Z]bjm_lk hkgh\gufbhdkb^ZfbKH2 + + KZH KZKH3\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbxk f_lZeebq_kdbffZ]gb_f KH2 + + 2Mg = 2MgO + C. Hdkb^dj_fgby,9g_jZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijb \ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZokhs_ehqZfbk h[jZah\Zgb_fkbebdZlh\ t SiO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SiO3 + H22\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lijbkieZ\e_gbbk hkgh\gufbhdkb^Zfb SiO2 + CaO = CaSiO3, j_Z]bjm_lk fZ]gb_f SiO2 + 2Mg ⇒ 2MgO + Si. t <hijhk M]e_jh^ ² wlh hkh[uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl Hg hkgh\Z fgh]hh[jZaby hj]Zgbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbc ba dhlhjuo ihkljh_gu \k_ `b\u_hj]ZgbafugZgZr_cieZg_l_ < ijbjh^_dj_fgbc ²\lhjhcihjZkijhkljZg_gghklbihke_ dbkehjh^Zobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glA_fgZydhjZ[he__q_fgZq_l\_jlv khklhblba_]hkh_^bg_gbc Ihwlhfmm]e_jh^gZau\Zxlhkgh\guf 55 we_f_glhf`b\hcijbjh^uZ dj_fgbc²hkgh\gufwe_f_glhf g_`b\hcijbjh^u <hijhk >Zgh: m(Si + ij ]V(H2) = 22,4 eω(NaOH) = 60 %. GZclb: ω(Si), m(SiO2), m(jjZNaOH) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbc Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H2↑. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhevdj_fgbyihemqZ_lkyfhev \h^hjh^ZAgZqbl 1 1 V(H 2 ) 1 22,4 e ν(Si) = νG2) = ⋅ fhev = ⋅ 2 2 Vν 2 22,4 e / fhev Lh]^Zm(Si) = ν(Si)⋅M(Si) = 0,5⋅28 = 14] 14] m(Si) ω(Si) = ⋅0,875 = 87,5 %. = m(Si + ij) 16] 2. m(SiO2) = m(Si ij±m(Si) = 16]±] ] BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlh^eyjZkl\hj_gbyfhevdj_fgby gm`gh\aylvfhevs_ehqbKe_^h\Zl_evghν(NaOH) = 2ν(Si) = = 2⋅0fhev fhev m(NaOH) = ν(NaOH)⋅M(NaOH) = fhev⋅]fhev ] m( NaOH) 40] PjjZ1D2+ ] = 0,6 ω( NaOH) Hl\_l: ω(Si) = 87,5 %; m(SiO2) = 2 ]PjjZ1D2+ ] StudyPort.ru <hijhk 1 2 3 4 5 Z6LO2 → → Si → Ca2Si SiH4 → SiO2 → Si t 6L + + H = 6L , 1. SiO2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + Si; 0J − H = 0J + t 6L + H = 6L − 2. Si + 2Ca = Ca2Si; &D − H = &D + 3. Ca2Si + 4H2O = 2Ca(OH)2 + SiH4↑; 4. SiH4 + 2O2 = SiO2 + 2H2O; 6L − − H = 6L + 2 + H = 2 − W , 5. SiO2 + Mg = 2MgO + Si. 56 [6L 6L2 → 1D6L2 +6L2 → 6L2 6L → → → t 6L − H = 6L + , 1. Si + O2 = SiO2; 2 + H = 2 − t 2. SiO2 + 2NaOHl\ = Na2SiO3 + H2O↑; 3. Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 = H2SiO3↓ + Na2SO4; t 4. H2SiO3 = H2O + SiO2. t 5. SiO2 + 2Mg = Si + 2MgO. <hijhk Dhg_qgh`_wlhkh_^bg_gb_ ²hdkb^dj_fgby(IV). <hijhk Hlebqbl_evghchkh[_gghklvxkl_deZy\ey_lky_]hk\hckl\h jZafy]qZlvkyb \jZkieZ\e_gghf\b^_ijbgbfZlvex[mxnhjfm dhlhjZykhojZgy_lkyijbaZklu\Zgbbkl_deZGZwlhfhkgh\Zgh ijhba\h^kl\hihkm^ub ^jm]boba^_ebcbakl_deZ>hihegbl_evgu_ dZq_kl\Zkl_demijb^ZxljZaebqgu_^h[Z\dbLZd\\_^_gb_fhdkb^Z k\bgpZihemqZxlojmklZevgh_kl_dehhdkb^ojhfZhdjZrb\Z_l kl_deh\ a_e_gucp\_lhdkb^dh[ZevlZ ²\ kbgbcb l^ H[eZklv ijbf_g_gby kl_deZ hq_gv h[rbjgZ Wlh hdhggh_ [mluehqgh_ eZfih\h_ a_jdZevgh_ kl_deh kl_deh hilbq_kdh_ ² hl kl_dhehqdh\^hkl_dhenhlhdZf_jebgau[_kqbke_gguo ijb[hjh\ ²hl fbdjhkdhih\ ^hl_e_kdhih\ StudyPort.ru 57 =eZ\Z 3Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Z <hijhk § 31Ij_^f_lhj]Zgbq_kdhcobfbb S=C=S k_jhm]e_jh^ &O ljboehjf_lZg G &O & &O + G G K G G K G G G G K G K G KG3 ²KG3 ijhiZg G K G G K G G KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 [mlZg StudyPort.ru <hijhk K2G6kl_i_gvhdbke_gbym]e_jh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby\h^hjh^Z \Ze_glghklvm]e_jh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z G G G K K G G G N2kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyZahlZ\Ze_glghklvN ≡ N. H2O2: kl_i_gvhdbke_gbydbkehjh^Z±kl_i_gvhdbke_gby \h^hjh^Z\Ze_glghklvdbkehjh^Z\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^Z G ²H ²H ²G <hijhk L_hjby:F;mle_jh\Zml\_j`^Z_l lhqlhdZ`^h_\_s_kl\hbf__l hij_^_e_ggh_obfbq_kdh_kljh_gb_hldhlhjh]haZ\bkylk\hckl\Z \_s_kl\K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylhlijbjh^uobfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\hlbodhebq_kl\Zb hllh]hdZdhgbkh_^bgyxlkyf_`^m kh[hc Ijb\_^_f ijbf_j ^\mo bahf_jh\ k jZaebqgufb obfbq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb 58 +1 +1 NH4 — N = K = O & 2 fhq_\bgZ pbZgZlZffhgby <hijhk Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyoZjZdl_jbam_ldhebq_kl\hijbgyluobeb hl^Zgguowe_f_glhfwe_dljhgh\Kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyfh`_l[ulv iheh`bl_evghchljbpZl_evghcgme_\hc <Ze_glghklvihdZau\Z_ldhebq_kl\hk\ya_cdhlhju_h[jZam_l we_f_gl\ fhe_dme_<Ze_glghklvfh`_l[ulvlhevdhiheh`bl_evghc <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf kZfbf <hijhk >Zgh: V(CH4) = f3, ηH2)\ha^ = 21 %. GZclb: V\ha^ J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbk`b]Zgbyf_lZgZ W StudyPort.ru KG4 H2 KH2 G2H Ba mjZ\g_gby \b^gh qlh ^ey k`b]Zgby fhev f_lZgZ g_h[oh^bfh 2 fhevdbkehjh^ZAgZqbl νH2) = 2νKG4) = 2⋅ V(CH 4 ) . Vν V (CH 4 ) V ν (O 2 )Vν V (O 2 ) ν Lh]^ZV\ha^ = = = η(O 2 )\ha^ η(O 2 )\ha^ η(O 2 )\ha^ 2 ⋅ V(CH 4 ) 2 ⋅ 250f 3 f3. = = η(O 2 )\ha^ 0,21 Hl\_l: V\ha^ f3. 2⋅ § 32Ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u <hijhk Ijbqbgu fgh]hh[jZaby m]e_\h^hjh^h\ ykgu ba iheh`_gbc l_hjbb :F ;mle_jh\Z :lhfu\ fhe_dmeZohj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\k\yaZgu^jm]k ^jm]hf kh]eZkghbo\Ze_glghklb 59 K\hckl\Z\_s_kl\aZ\bkylg_lhevdhhlkhklZ\Z bo fhe_dme gh b hlbokljh_gby <hijhk =hfheh]bq_kdbcjy^fh`ghaZibkZlvdZdCn H2n+2. M]e_\h^hjh^uk n ≤ y\eyxlky]ZaZfb M]e_\h^hjh^uk < n ≤ y\eyxlky`b^dhklyfb M]e_\h^hjh^uk n ≥ y\eyxlkyl\_j^ufb\_s_kl\Zfb Ihf_j_m\_ebq_gbyn m\_ebqb\Z_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZdbi_gbyb ieZ\e_gbym]e_\h^hjh^h\ <hijhk GZ]hjh^kdhfb k_evkdhohayckl\_gghfljZgkihjl_ijbf_gyxlky [_gabgd_jhkbgkheyjdZ^ba_evgh_lhieb\hhgby\eyxlky e_]dh\hkieZf_gyxsbfbky]hjxqbfb\_s_kl\Zfihwlhfmke_^m_l kh[ex^Zlvijhlb\hih`Zjgu_ijZ\beZl_ogbdb[_ahiZkghklb <hijhk KG ²KG ²&+ ²KG &+ StudyPort.ru Z=hfheh]b KG ²KG ²KG &+ bah[mlZg [Bahf_ju KG3 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 i_glZg KG3 ²KG2 ²KG3 ijhiZg &+ &+ & &+ &+ l_ljZf_lbef_lZg <hijhk K3G8 K3G6 G2↑; K3H6 — ijhi_gK4G10 K4G8 G2↑; K4G8 — [ml_g <hijhk >Zgh: Vkf_kb eηKH2) = 10 %. GZclb: V(O2) J_r_gb_GZc^_fh[t_fijhiZgZ[_aijbf_kb V(C3H8)=V(kf_kb±V(kf_kb⋅ηKH2 e ±e⋅ e AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbK3G8 H2 KH2 G2H BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyk`b]ZgbyfhevijhiZgZgm`ghfhev dbkehjh^Z 60 Ke_^h\Zl_evghνH2) = 5νK3G8) = 5⋅ 9&+ . 9ν Lh]^ZV(O2) = Vν⋅νH2) = V#⋅5 V(C3H8 ) = 5⋅ e Hl\_l: V(O2) = 100e Vν § 33G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u Wlbe_gb _]h]hfheh]b <hijhk >ey wlZgZ oZjZdl_j_g lbi j_Zdpbc aZf_s_gby Z ^ey wlbe_gZ — ijbkh_^bg_gby <hijhk J_Zdpbyijbkh_^bg_gby\h^hjh^ZgZau\Z_lky]b^jbjh\Zgb_f KG2 KG2 G2 → KG3–KG3; KG3±KG CH2 + H2 → CH3–CH2–CH3 <hijhk 2CH3–CH3 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O; CH2=CH2 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O ;hevr_ dbkehjh^Z ihlj_[m_lky ^ey k`b]Zgby wlZgZ ld wlZg bf__l gZ^\Z\h^hjh^Z[hevr_q_fwlbe_g Wlbe_g ]hjbl k\_lysbf ieZf_g_f ld \ gf [hevr_ fZkkh\Zy ^hey m]e_jh^Zq_f\ wlZg_ <hijhk QKG KG ²KG → a &+ &+aQ StudyPort.ru &+ ihebijhibe_g Ijh^mdlihebf_jbaZpbbijhibe_gZgZau\Z_lkyihebijhibe_g <hijhk &+ Z=hfheh]b CH2 [Bahf_ju ²i_gl_g C & &+ CH3 CH3 f_lbeijhi_g &+ &G CH2=CH–CH3 ijhi_g KG KG²KG2 ²KG2 ²KG3 61 KG ²K KG²KG ²f_lbe[ml_g <hijhk &+ KG2 KG2 → G2 KG≡KG Zp_lbe_g :p_lbe_g ijhy\ey_l kbevgh g_ij_^_evguc b ^Z`_ keZ[hdbkehlguc oZjZdl_j § 34G_ij_^_evgu_m]e_\h^hjh^u:p_lbe_g <hijhk H[sZynhjfmeZm]e_\h^hjh^h\jy^ZZp_lbe_gZCnH2n–2. <hijhk :p_lbe_gfh`ghbgZq_gZa\Zlvwlbghf <hijhk &+≡ &²&+²&+ ²&+ StudyPort.ru Z=hfheh]b &+ KG≡ KH, ²wlbg KG≡ K — &+ ²KG3 &+ ²f_lbe[ml_g-1. [Bahf_ju &+ &+≡ &²&²&+ — 3,3-^bf_lbe[mlbg — ]_dkbg <hijhk &+ KG3–K≡K–KG2–KG2–KG3 KG≡KG H2 KH2 G2H 62 :p_lbe_g ]hjbl dhilysbf ieZf_g_f ihlhfm \ g_f hq_gv [hevrZy fZkkh\Zy^heym]e_jh^Z <hijhk >Zgh: m(CaC2) = 720 d]ωij %. GZclb: VK2G2) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmdZj[b^ZdZevpby[_aijbf_k_c mKaK2) = 720⋅(1–0,2) = 720⋅ d] AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb d] &D& fhev 0 ]fhev P ] + +2 = oe & + ↑ fhev 9 efhev 9 e + &D2+ KhklZ\bfijhihjpbx ] ²e ] ²o o ⋅ ⋅ = 201,6⋅103 e f3. Hl\_l: VK2G2 f3. StudyPort.ru <hijhk >Zgh: V(C2H2) = 134,4 e; W = 75 %. GZclb: mK6G6) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb e &+ fhev 9 efhev 9 e W o] & + fhev 0 ]fhev P ] e ²o ] e ²] o 78 ⋅ 134,4 ] 67,2 m(C6H6)l_hj ] GZc^_ffZkkm[_gaheZihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb m(C6H6)ijZdl = m(C6H6)l_hj⋅W ]⋅ ] Hl\_l: m(C6H6) ] § 35:jhfZlbq_kdb_m]e_\h^hjh^u;_gahe <hijhk =hfheh] K6G5–KG3 ²f_lbe[_gahe K6G5–K2G5 ²wlbe[_gahe 63 Bahf_j HC≡C–C≡C–CH2–CH2–CH3 ²]_ilZ^bbg <hijhk Hj]Zgbq_kdb_\_s_kl\Zrbjhdhijbf_gyxlky\ k_evkdhfohayckl\_ ^eyaZsblujZkl_gbchl\j_^bl_e_c[he_ag_cb khjgydh\Wlh y^hobfbdZlubebi_klbpb^uIhk\h_fmgZagZq_gbxi_klbpb^u ^_eylkygZg_kdhevdh\b^h\Fum`_gZa\Zebbgk_dlbpb^ ]_dkZoehjZg>eybae_q_gbyjZkl_gbcb ihq\uhl]jb[dh\uo aZ[he_\Zgbcijbf_gyxlnmg]bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gbykhjgydh\ — ]_j[bpb^u^eymgbqlh`_gby\j_^guofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ — [Zdl_jbpb^uZ ]juamgh\ ²ahhpb^u <k_i_klbpb^u ²y^h\blu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfmg_h[oh^bfh ke_^blv qlh[uhgbg_ihiZeb\ hj]Zgbaf <hijhk ;_gahedZdb Zp_lbe_ggZ khklhblbam]e_jh^Zihwlhfmhg dhilblijbk]hjZgbb >eylh]h qlh[u [_gahe ]hj_e [_a dhihlb fh`gh \f_klh dbkehjh^Z bkihevah\Zlv hahgdZd[he__kbevguchdbkebl_ev StudyPort.ru <hijhk < hkgh\_ijbf_g_gby[_gaheZ\ khklZ\_fhlhjgh]hlhieb\Ze_`bl j_Zdpby]b^jbjh\Zgbyl_gZkus_gbym]e_jh^Z\h^hjh^hf G2 ⇒ <hijhk 1. CaC2 + 2H2O ⇒ C2H2 + Ca(OH)2. t, p, cat 2. 3C2H2 ⇒ NO 2 3. + HONO2 ⇒ + H2O . § 36Kibjlu <hijhk KG3HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjbl[_kp\_lgufieZf_g_f t 64 K2G5HG H2 ⇒ KH2↑ G2H ²]hjblk\_lysbfky ]hem[h\ZlufieZf_g_f t 3) 2CH2 OH CH2 H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H t OH 4) 2 CH2 CH CH2 H2 ⇒ KH2 G2H t OH OH <hijhk OH W KGHG &XH ⇒ +& 2 + &X +2↑ <hijhk F_lbeh\ucb wlbeh\uckibjluijbf_gyxlky\ dZq_kl\_ jZkl\hjbl_e_c <hijhk KG2 KG2 G2H ⇒ KG3KG2HG + Q. StudyPort.ru Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_wlhcj_Zdpbbfh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h ih\ukb\^Z\e_gb_b h[_ki_qb\hl\h^l_ieZ <hijhk >Zgh: νK6G12H6 fhev GZclb: m(C2H5OH), V(CO2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb K6G12H6 → K2G5HG KH2↑. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhaufhevm]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZIhwlhfmbafhev]exdhauihemqbehkvfhevKH2. Lh]^ZVKH2) = νKH2)⋅Vν fhev⋅efhev e Hl\_l: m\h^db ]VKH2 e § 37:ev^_]b^u <hijhk KGHG >2@→ &+ & 2 + +2 &+≡ KG GH→ &+ &+ → &+ & 2+ 2 + 65 <hijhk KGHG >2@→ +& <hijhk. +& 2 + $J2→ +& nhjfZev^_]b^ 2 +& &X2+→ +K + nhjfZev^_]b^ 2 2+ 2 + $J↓ fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ 2 &X2↓ +2 2+ fmjZ\vbgZydbkehlZ 2 2 2) &+ & $J2→ &+ & $J↓ + 2+ &+ & Zp_lZev^_]b^ 2 + &X2+ → &+ & Zp_lZev^_]b^ mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ 2 2+ KXH↓ GH mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ <hijhk J_Zdpby©k_j_[jygh]ha_jdZeZªfh`_lijbf_gylvky^eyihemq_gby lhgdh]hgZe_lZk_j_[jZgZdZdhf-gb[m^vij_^f_l_beb^eyihemq_gby a_jdZe. StudyPort.ru <hijhk Ij_^eZ]Z_f\Zfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbfkZfbf <hijhk 2 3 wlZg mdkmkgucZev^_]b^ → wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl → 4 → mdkmkgZydbkehlZ KG3±KG3→G2 KG2 KG2J_Zdpby^_]b^jbjh\Zgby KG2 KG2 G2H→K2G5HGJ_Zdpby]b^jZlZpbb 2 KG±KGHG >2@→ &+ & GH J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby + 2 2 &+ & $JH→ &+ & $J↓ J_Zdpbyhdbke_gby 2+ + k_j_[jyggh]ha_jdZeZ § 38Ij_^_evgu_h^ghhkgh\gu_dZj[hgh\u_dbkehlu Keh`gu_wnbju <hijhk I. GKHHG + Mg = (CHOO)2Mg + H2↑. 66 2) GKHHG + MgO = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O. 3) GKHHG + Mg(OH)2 = (CHOO)2Mg + 2H2O. 4) GKHHG + MgCO3 = (CHOO)2Mg + H2O + CO2↑. II. 1) Mg + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2↑. 2) MgO + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O. 3) Mg(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + H2O. 4) MgCO3 + 2CH3COOH = (CH3COO)2Mg + CO2 + H2O. <hijhk Keh`guc wnbj ihemqZ_lky \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ^_]b^jZlZpbb f_`^m dbkehlhc b kibjlhf j_Zdpby wl_jbnbdZpbb GZa\Zgb_ wnbjZ h[jZam_lky iml_f h[t_^bg_gby ^\mo ijbeZ]Zl_evguo i_j\h_ ² hl gZa\Zgbydbkehlu\lhjh_²hlgZa\ZgbykibjlZ <hijhk <hijhk +& 2 +2 ²&+ +& 2 &+ GH 2+ 2 fmjZ\vbghf_lbeh\uc wnbj >eylh]hqlh[ukf_klblvjZ\gh\_kb_\ j_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb \ijZ\hgm`gh\\_klb\ kbkl_fm\h^hhlgbfZxs__\_s_kl\h gZijbf_jdhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlm <hijhk KG3KHHG + Cl2 → KG2ClKHHG + HCl oehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ KG2ClKHHG + Cl2 → KGCl2KHHG + HCl ^boehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ. KGCl2KHHG + Cl2 → KCl3KHHGHCl ljboehjmdkmkgZydbkehlZ. <hijhk StudyPort.ru wlZg → wlbe_g → wlbeh\uckibjl → mdkmkgucZev^_]b^ 1 2 3 → mdkmkgZydbkehlZ → mdkmkghwlbeh\uckibjl 4 5 oehjmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ t, p → KG2 KG2 G2↑. KG3±KG3 KG2 KG2 G2H→KG3±KG2HG KG3KG2HG + [O]→ CH3 C 4. CH3 C O H O H G2H + Ag2H→KG3KHHG + 2Ag↓. KG3KHHG K2G5HG→CH3 C O OC 2 H5 + G2O KG3KHHG + Cl2→KG2ClKHHG + HCl. 67 § 39@bju <hijhk & + &+ &+ &+ K G KHHG & + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2 & 2 &+ & + 2 + 2 & + & 2 2 & & + 2 <hijhk >eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbbwl_jbnbdZpbb\ijZ\hgm`gh h[_ki_qblvm^Ze_gb_\h^ubakbkl_fu <hijhk C H2 O C C 17 H 31 O CH O C C 17 H 31 C H2 G2→ C H O C C 17 H 35 O O C C 17 H 35 StudyPort.ru O CH2 <hijhk O C O O C 17 H31 C H2 O C C 17 H 35 O K17G35KHHNa + CaSO4 ⇒ K17G35KHH2KZ↓ + Na2SO4. <hijhk @bju y\eyxlky \Z`ghc qZklvx ibs_\h]h jZpbhgZ < hj]Zgbaf_ ijhbkoh^bl ]b^jheba `bjh\ dhlhju_ jZks_ieyxlky gZ ]ebp_jbg b `bjgu_ dbkehlu g_dhlhju_ ba gbo y\eyxlky g_aZf_gbfufb ld g_ fh]mlkbgl_abjh\Zlvky \ hj]Zgbaf_q_eh\_dZ DZd b ^jm]b_ iblZl_evgu_ \_s_kl\Z `bju ijbgbfZxl mqZklb_ \ ieZklbq_kdhf b wg_j]_lbq_kdhf h[f_g_ Bo hdbke_gb_ ijb\h^bl d \uk\h[h`^_gbx ]hjZa^h [hevr_]h dhebq_kl\Z wg_j]bb q_f hdbke_gb_ [_edh\b m]e_\h^h\Djhf_lh]h`bjufh]mlgZdZieb\Zlvky\ hj]Zgbaf_ h[jZamy mgb\_jkZevgh_ ^_ih wg_j]_lbq_kdb p_ggh]h fZl_jbZeZ IhklmiZxsb_ \ hj]Zgbaf \ ba[ulhqghf dhebq_kl\_ m]e_\h^u b qZklv [_edh\ fh]ml ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky \ `bj qlh ijb\h^bl d jhklm _]h hleh`_gbc Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb aZiZk_gguc lZdbf h[jZahf `bj fh`_l ij_\jZsZlvky \ ]ebdh]_g b bkihevah\Zlvky \ j_Zdpbyo m]e_\h^gh]h h[f_gZ 68 § 40:fbghdbkehlub [_edb <hijhk Fhe_dmeuZfbghdbkehlkh^_j`Zl^\_nmgdpbhgZevgu_]jmiiu H2N — Zfbgh]jmiimb COOH— dZj[hdkbevgmx]jmiimihwlhfm Zfbghdbkehluijhy\eyxlk\hckl\ZdZdZfbgh\lZdb dZj[hgh\uo dbkehl <hijhk JZaebqb_f_`^mj_Zdpbyfbihebdhg^_gkZpbbb ihebf_jbaZpbb aZdexqZ_lky\ lhfqlh\ i_j\hcj_ZdpbbgZjy^mk ihebf_jhf h[jZam_lkygbadhfhe_dmeyjgh_\_s_kl\hqZs_\k_]h\h^Z\ j_Zdpbbihebf_jbaZpbbh[jZam_lkylhevdhihebf_j <hijhk N_jf_glu±wlh[bheh]bq_kdb_dZlZebaZlhjuHgbij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc[_edbN_jf_gluhlebqZxlkyhlg_hj]Zgbq_kdbo dZlZebaZlhjh\\ukhdhcwnn_dlb\ghklvxb ki_pbnbqghklvx ^_ckl\by <hijhk StudyPort.ru 1+ &+ &2 5 >++ @ Q+2 ⇒ Q1+ &+ &22 Q 5 =b^jheba[_edh\ih^^_ckl\b_fdbkehlbebs_ehq_ce_`bl\ hkgh\_ ijhp_kkZibs_\Zj_gby <hijhk 1 2 3 4 K2G6 → K2G5HG → KG3KHG → KG3KHHG → → KG2KlCOOH → CH–NH2–COOH → ihebi_ilb^ 4 W3 5 6 K2H6 ⇒ CH2 = CH2 + H2; CH2 = CH2 + H2O → K2H5OH; 2. K2H5OH + [O] → CH3COH + H2O; 3. CH3COH + Ag2O → CH3COOH + 2Ag↓; 4. CH3COOH + Cl2 → CH2ClCOOH + HCl; 5. CH2ClCOOH + 2NH3 → CH2NH2COOH + NH4Cl; 6. Q&+1+&22+ 1+ &+ & 5 2 Q Q+2 § 41M]e_\h^u <hijhk >Zgh: νK6G12H6 fhevωK2G5HG %. GZclb: mkibjlZ 69 J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb K6G12H6 → 2K2G5HG + 2CO2↑. BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhbafhev]exdhauihemqZ_lkyfhev wlbeh\h]hkibjlZihwlhfmνK2G5HG ⋅νK6G12H6)=2⋅fhev fhev 2. mK2G5HG νK2G5HG⋅MK2G5HG fhev⋅]fhev ] Lh]^ZmkibjlZ mK2G5HGωK2G5HG ] ] Hl\_lmkibjlZ ] <hijhk >Zgh: mG2H d] GZclb: V(O2) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb KH2 G2H → K6G12H6 H2. BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlhbafhev\h^uihemqZ_lkyfhev dbkehjh^Zihwlhfm ⋅ P+ 2 = = 2⋅104 fhev νH2) = νG2H 0+ 2 ]fhev Lh]^ZVH2)=νH2)⋅Vν=2⋅104 fhev⋅efhev ⋅104 e f3. Hl\_lVH2 f3. <hijhk StudyPort.ru + &+2+ + 2+ 2 + 2 + 2+ <hijhk =exdhaZ 2 + & +±&±2+ 2+±&±+ +±&±2+ + + 2 &+2+ + 2+ + 2 + t + 2+ +nH2O ⇒ n Q H+ + 2+ & + 2 + + 2 2+ + + 2+ + 2+ DZd \b^gh ba nhjfmeu ]exdhau hgZ bf__l Zev^_]b^gmx ]jmiim b kibjlh\mx ]jmiim ±HG < wlhf b aZdexqZ_lky ^\hckl\_gghklv]exdhau O O C HC ]jmiiZ : — dZj[hdkbevgZy OH OH O C ²Zev^_]b^gZy]jmiiZ +±&±2+ ]jmiiZ; ]jmiiZ H &+2+ FmjZ\vbgmxdbkehlmfh`ghgZa\ZlvZev^_]b^hdbkehlhc. <hijhk Fhe_dmeZdjZofZeZbf__ljZa\_l\e_ggh_kljh_gb_ihoh`__gZ k_ldmZ fhe_dmeZp_eexehaubf__lkljh_gb_p_ihqdbghbo fhghf_jhfy\ey_lky]exdhaZ 70 <hijhk =exdhaZijbf_gy_lky\ f_^bpbg_b ibs_\hcijhfure_gghklb ijb ijhba\h^kl\_ a_jdZe KZoZjhaZ \ ibs_\hc ijhfure_gghklb DjZofZe ² \ ibs_\hc l_dklbevghc [mfZ`ghc iheb]jZnbq_kdhc ijhfure_gghklyo P_eexehaZ ijbf_gy_lky ^ey ihemq_gby [mfZ]b obfbq_kdbo\hehdhgieZklfZkkihjhoZeZdh\ <hijhk <hijhk <hijhk § 42Ihebf_ju Q&+ Q &+ &+&O ⇒ &+ &+ ⇒ &+ &+ &O Q &+ &+ &+ Q ihebijhibe_g Bkdmkkl\_ggu_\hehdgZba]hlZ\eb\Zxlbaijbjh^guoihebf_jh\ ij_`^_\k_]hbap_eexehauKbgl_lbq_kdb_\hehdgZ\ujZ[Zlu\Zxl bakbgl_lbq_kdboihebf_jh\ <hijhk HklZ\ey_fwlhl\hijhk^eykZfhklhyl_evgh]h bamq_gby < j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb ihebdhg^_gkZpbb ihemqZxl n_henhjfZev^ _]b^gmxkfhem StudyPort.ru <hijhk Ij_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhfkZfbf 71 Ijbeh`_gb_ <hijhk 1H[sZydeZkkbnbdZpbym^h[j_gbc Z ω NaNO ( N) = 14 Mr ( N) = 16,5 %. = Mr ( NaNO 3 ) 85 28 2Mr(N) [ ω( NH ) SO ( N ) = = = 21,2 %. Mr((NH 4 ) 2SO 4 ) 132 2 ⋅ Mr ( N) 28 \ ω1+ 12 1 = = = 35 %. Mr ( NH 4 NO 3 ) 80 GZb[he__dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh_ m^h[j_gb_NH4NO3. 3 4 2 4 <hijhk Z ω.12 . 2 = Mr(K 2 O) 94 = = 46,5 %. 2Mr(KNO3 ) 202 Mr ( N) = 14 = 14 %. ω.12 1 = 101 Mr (KNO 3 ) 28 2Mr ( N) [ ω1+ +32 1 = = = 21,2 %; 132 Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 142 Mr (P2 O 5 ) &1+ +32 32 = = = 53,8 %. 264 2Mr ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 282 3 ⋅ Mr(K 2 O) \ ωK 3PO 4 (K 2 O) = = = 66,5 %. 424 2Mr(K 3 PO 4 ) 142 ωK 3PO 4 (P2 O 5 ) = Mr ( P2 O 5 ) = = 33,5 %. 424 2Mr ( K 3 PO 4 ) StudyPort.ru <hijhk. G_\k_m^h[j_gbyfh`ghkf_rb\Zlv^jm]k ^jm]hf 2NH4NO3 &D2G2 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ G2H :ffbZd\us_eZqb\Z_l ihq\m <hijhk < khklZ\_\_s_kl\h[jZamxsbode_ldb\k_o`b\uohj]Zgbafh\ h[gZjm`_gh[he__we_f_glh\Wlbwe_f_gluijbgylh^_eblvgZ ^\_]jmiiufZdjh- b fbdjhwe_f_glu FZdjhwe_f_glu kh^_j`Zlky \ de_ldZo \ [hevrbo dhebq_kl\Zo < i_j\mx hq_j_^v wlh m]e_jh^ dbkehjh^ Zahl b \h^hjh^ < kmff_ hgb khklZ\eyxl ihqlb \k_]h kh^_j`bfh]h de_ldb Ba gbo khklhyl \ 72 hkgh\ghf [_edb `bju m]e_\h^u gmde_bgh\u_ dbkehlu \blZfbgu ]hjfhgub ^j Fbdjhwe_f_glukh^_j`Zlky\ wlbo\_s_kl\Zo\ g_agZqbl_evguo dhebq_kl\Zo\k_]hbol_fg_f_g__bojhev\ ghjfZevghc `bag_^_yl_evghklbhj]ZgbafZh]jhfgZ GZijbf_jkh_^bg_gby[hjZfZj]ZgpZpbgdZdh[ZevlZj_adh m\_ebqb\Zxlmjh`Zcghklvhl^_evguok_evkdhohayckl\_gguo jZkl_gbcb ih\urZxlbokhijhlb\ey_fhklvd jZaebqgh]hjh^Z aZ[he_\ZgbyfQ_eh\_db `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlgm`gu_bf fbdjhwe_f_gluq_j_ajZkl_gbydhlhjufbiblZxlky <Z`gmxjhev\ `bagbjZkl_gbcb]jZxlK, N b JdZebc\oh^bl\ f_`de_lhqgmx`b^dhklvZahl ²\ Zfbghdbkehlunhknhj g_h[oh^bf^eyihkljh_gbyde_lhd\oh^bl\ khklZ\gmde_bgh\uo dbkehl <hijhk Ihq\uKbpbebbbkihevah\Zeb^eyk_evkdhohayckl\_gguop_e_c\ l_q_gb_fgh]boe_l< j_amevlZl_ihq\ZmljZlbeZk\hx ieh^hjh^ghklvijhbahrehbklhs_gb_a_feb>eyij_^hl\jZs_gby wlh]hg_h[oh^bfh_`_]h^gh\ghkblv\ ihq\mm^h[j_gby StudyPort.ru <hijhk Djm]h\hjhlZahlZ\ ijbjh^_ :ahlkms_kl\m_l\ ijbjh^_\ \b^_kh_^bg_gbckh^_j`Zsboky\ ihq\_bebjZkl\hj_gguo\ fbg_jZevguo\h^ZoLZd`_Zahl\oh^bl \ [_edh\u_fhe_dmeudhlhju_y\eyxlkyhkgh\gufbqZklyfbde_lhd ldZg_chj]ZgbafZ Q_eh\_dihemqZ_l[_edbZ \f_kl_k gbfbb ZahlbajZklbl_evghc b `b\hlghc ibsb `b\hlgu_ \ k\hx hq_j_^v ihemqZxl bo lZd`_ ba jZkl_gbc ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf_xl hkh[u_ [Zdl_jbb dhlhju_ `b\ml \ dem[_gvdZo gZ dhjgyo [h[h\uo jZkl_gbc Wlb [Zdl_jbb k\yau\Zxl k\h[h^guc Zlfhkn_jguc Zahl l_ ij_\jZsZxl _]h \ kh_^bg_gby dhlhju_fh]mlmk\Zb\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbBajZkl_gbcb `b\hlguoihke_ bokf_jlbZahlkgh\Zi_j_oh^bl\ ihq\m 73 : a h l \ h a^ m o Z = j h au ; Zdl_jbb ihq\u = gb_gb _ = hj_gb_ : a h l j Z k l _ g b c b ` b\hlgu o = gb_gb _ J Z ae h ` _ g b _ [Zdl_jbyf b J Z ae h ` _ g b _ [Zdl_jb yf b : a h l f h j y I blZgb_ jZkl_gbc < u f u \Zg b_ \h^hc : a h l i h q \ u M ^h[j_gby Djm]h\hjhldZebyb nhknhjZ\ ijbjh^_ Nhknhj b dZebc kms_kl\mxl \ ijbjh^_ \ \b^_ kh_^bg_gbc kh^_j`Zsboky \ ihq\_ beb jZkl\hj_gguo \ ijbjh^guo \h^Zo Ba ihq\uwlbwe_f_gluba\e_dZxlkyjZkl_gbyfbZ `b\hlgu_ihemqZxlbo k jZklbl_evghc ibs_c Ihke_ hlfbjZgby jZklbl_evguo b `b\hlguo hj]Zgbafh\ nhknhj b dZebc kgh\Z i_j_oh^yl \ ihq\m LZd hkms_kl\ey_lky djm]h\hjhlnhknhjZb dZeby\ ijbjh^_ @b\hlgu_ StudyPort.ru JZkl_gby Ihq\Z M^h[j_gby DZebcgu_b nhknhjhkh^_j`Zsb_ fbg_jZeub ihjh^u M^h[j_gby^eylh]hqlh[ug_aZ]jyagylv\h^h_fufhjyb hd_Zgu ^he`guohjhrh\iblu\ZlvkyjZkl_gbyfbb g_hklZ\Zlvky\ ihq\_ e_]dhjZaeZ]Zlvkyb jZkl\hjylvky\ \h^_ <hijhk Ieh^hjh^b_ ihq\u aZ\bkbl g_ lhevdh hl dhebq_kl\Z iblZl_evguo \_s_kl\ gh lZd`_ hl \h^h b \ha^mohijhgbpZ_fhklb ihwlhfm ohjhrZy iZohlZlZd`_g_h[oh^bfZdZdb \g_k_gb_m^h[j_gbc 74 <hijhk 2Obfbq_kdZyf_ebhjZpbyihq\ CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. G_jZkl\hjbfucdZj[hgZldZevpbyjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehlZo <hijhk J_dhf_g^m_lkyihke__^uihqbklblvam[ubebih`_\Zlv `_\Zl_evgmxj_abgdm^eylh]hqlh[ug_cljZebah\Zlvkj_^m `_em^dZkexghc <hijhk CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑. 6 l 100 Hl\_lgm`gh\g_klbd]CaCO3. m(CaCO3) = 4l]Z⋅ <hijhk CaCO3⋅MgCO3 + 4H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O. StudyPort.ru 3:ahlgu_dZebcgu_b nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby <hijhk Ca3(PO4)2 ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\ \h^_\_s_kl\hihwlhfm_]h\ghkyl ^hihk_\Zld\ wlh\j_fy\eZ`ghklvihq\u[hevr_ <hijhk Ca3(PO4)2 — nhknhjblgZyfmdZ ²fZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h ihwlhfmhgh©mk\Zb\Z_lkyªihq\hc^ebl_evgh_\j_fy <hijhk Nhknhjgu_m^h[j_gby\ [hevrbgkl\_k\h_ffZehjZkl\hjbfu_ \_s_kl\Zke_^h\Zl_evghbojZkl\hj_gb_aZgbfZ_l^he]bci_jbh^ DZebcgu_`_m^h[j_gby ²ohjhrhjZkl\hjbfu_\_s_kl\Zihwlhfm hgb[ukljhmk\Zb\Zxlkyihq\hc <hijhk Hl\_lgZwlhl\hijhk_klv\ \hijhkub <hijhk >Zgh: VjjZ e ]m(HNO3) ]m(Ca×(NO3)2)=10] GZclb: ω\ jj_(K2O), ω\ jj_(N), ω\ jj_(P2O5) J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebwe_f_glh\ 75 0 U . 2 94 = = 46,5 %. 0 U .12 202 14 0 U 1 ωKNO 3 ( N) = = = 14 %. 0 U .12 101 28 0 U 1 ωCa ( NO3 )2 ( N) = = = 17 %. 0 U &D12 164 0 U . 2 94 ω KH 2PO 4 (K 2 O) = = = 34,6 %. 0 U .+ 32 272 0 U 32 142 ω KH 2PO4 (P2 O 5 ) = = = 52,2 %. 0 U .+ 32 272 GZc^_ffZkkudhfihg_glh\ m(N) = m(KNO3)⋅ω(N) + m(Ca(NO3)2)⋅ω(N) = 2,5⋅0,14 + 10⋅0,17 = = 0,35 + 1,7 = 2,05 ] m(P) = m(K2HPO4)⋅ω(P2O5) = 2,5⋅0,522 = 1,305 ] m(K)=m(KNO3)⋅ω(K2O)+m(KH2PO4)⋅ω(K2O)=2,5⋅0,465+2,5⋅0,346=2,02 75 ] 3. GZc^_ffZkkh\u_^hebdhfihg_glh\ m( N) ω(N) = = m(j − jZ ) + m(KNO 3 ) + m(Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 + m(KH 2 PO 4 ) ωKNO (K 2 O) = 3 StudyPort.ru = = 0,2 %. 2,0275 m( K ) = = 0,2 %. m(h[s) 1015 1,305 m( P ) ω(P) = = = 0,113 %. m(h[s) 1015 Hl\_l: ω(N) = 0,2 %; ωJ) = 0,13 %; ω(D %. ω(K) = <hijhk >Zgh: ωkf_kb (J2H5) = 0,2. GZclb: ωKZG2JH4)2) J_r_gb_Kmi_jnhknZlijhklhckhklhblbaCa(H2PO4)2 b CaSO4. m(P2 O 5 ) x AgZqblωJ2H5) = = = 0,2. m(kf_kb) y o ⋅m]^_m ²fZkkZkf_kb m(Ca ( H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ) 2. ωKZG2JH4)2) = = m (kf_kb ) 76 = m(P2 O 5 ) : ω Ca ( H 2PO 4 )2 (P2 O 5 ) m(kf_kb) ωCa ( H PO ) (P2 O 5 ) = 2 4 2 = [ ω&D+ 32 32 \ 142 0 U 3 2 = = 60,7 %. 0 U &D+ 32 234 Lh]^ZωKZG2JH4)2)= ; [ ⋅ \ = =0,329=32,9 %. \ \ Hl\_l: ω\ kmi_jnhknZl_ KZG2JH4)2) = 32,9 %. <hijhk >Zgh: m(H3PO4) = ]m(Ca(OH)2) = 37 ] GZclb: m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb Ka(OH)2+H3PO4=CaHPO4⋅2H2O; ν(Ca(OH)2)=0,5fhev νG3JH4 fhev BamjZ\g_gbyj_Zdpbb\b^ghqlhνG3JH4): ν(Ca(OH)2 Ba ^Zgguo\b^ghqlhCa(OH)2 \ ba[uld_ihwlhfmkqblZ_fihG3JH4. BafhevG3JH4 ihemqZ_lkyfhevij_pbiblZlZ. m(CaHPO4⋅2H2O) = ν\_s\Z⋅M\\Z ⋅ ] Hl\_l: m(CaHPO4⋅2H22 ] StudyPort.ru 77 Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf I. K\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\b bokh_^bg_gby IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 1. Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Zijh^mdlZj_Zdpbb <ZjbZgl Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbpbgdZk kheyghc dbkehlhc ]Zahhl\h^gZy ljm[dZ rlZlb\ ijh[dZ f_jguc pbebg^j djbklZeebaZlhj k \h^hc StudyPort.ru ijh[bjdZk ihjhrdhf Zn b HCl Kh[_j_fijb[hj^eyihemq_gby]Zah\dZdihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_ Ijh\_jbf_]hgZ]_jf_lbqghklv>eywlh]hhimklbfk\h[h^guc dhg_p]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db\ \h^mb gZ]j__fijh[bjdmfh`ghk ihfhsvxkibjlh\db?kebbaljm[db\uoh^ylimaujvdb\ha^moZ jZkrbjb\r_]hkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbblhijb[hjkh[jZg]_jf_lbqgh L_i_jvgZev_f\ f_jgucpbebg^j\h^mZddmjZlghi_j_\_jg_f_]h\ \h^_ lZd qlh[u \ha^mo g_ ihiZe \gmljv dhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[db ihf_klbf \ pbebg^j dZd ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ < ijh[bjdm ihf_klbf jZkq_lgh_ dhebq_kl\h ihjhrdZ pbgdZ b jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu b iehlghaZldg_f__ j_abgh\hcijh[dhck ]Zahhl\h^ghc ljm[dhc < ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_lky\u^_e_gb_\h^hjh^Zdhlhjucihljm[d_ ihklmiZ_l\ f_jgucpbebg^jb \ul_kgy_lbag_]h\h^mH[t_f \ul_kg_gghc\h^ujZ\_gh[t_fmihemq_ggh]h\h^hjh^Z VH ( ijZdl.) ). >eylh]hqlh[umagZlv VH 2 ( ijZdl.) aZibr_fj_Zdpbx\aZbfh^_ckl\by =Qb +&O 2 =Q fhev 0 ]fhev P 0⋅ ] + +&O ⇒ =Q&O + + ↑ fhev 9 efhev 9 ν⋅ 9ν e 78 Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh\a\_kb\pbgdjZkkqblZ_fl_hj_lbq_kdbh[t_f \h^hjh^Z V VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mZn⋅ = mZn 22,4 = 0,345 mZn; m 65 lh]^Z\uoh^\h^hjh^Zfh`ghihemqblvihnhjfme_ VH 2 ( ijZdl .) 9+ ijZdl 9+ ijZdl ⋅100 % = ⋅100 % = 2,9⋅ W= 100 %. P P =Q VH 2 ( l_hj.) =Q <ZjbZgl Hij_^_e_gb_\uoh^Z\h^hjh^Zijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bbdZevpbyk \h^hc Hiulijh\h^blkyZgZeh]bqghij_^u^ms_fm\ZjbZgl HlebqZxlkyebrvjZkq_lu KgZqZeZgZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]hdZevpby<a\_kb\\u^Zgguch[jZa_p fumagZ_fkmffZjgmxfZkkmf_lZeeZk ijbf_kyfb (100% − 12%) mCa = mh[jZapZ = 0,88 mh[jZapZ . 100% ± ^heyqbklh]hf_lZeeZ\ h[jZap_AZibr_fj_Zdpbx \aZbfh^_ckl\byKZk G2H oe StudyPort.ru &D fhev 0 ]fhev P ] + + 2 = &D2+ + Lh]^Z VH 2 ( l_hj.) = mKZ⋅ + ↑ fhev 9 efhev 9 e V = 0,56mKZ = 0,4928 mh[jZapZ . m JZkkqblZ_f\uoh^\h^hjh^Zihnhjfme_ VH 2 ( ijZdl .) VH ( ijZdl .) ⋅100 % = 2,03⋅ 2 W= 100 %. VH 2 ( l_hj.) m h[jZapZ < j_Zdpbbh[jZam_lkyfZehjZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\hKZHG2Hgh hklZg_lky\ ijh[bjd_\ \b^_[_ehcfmlb IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 2. Hkms_kl\e_gb_p_ihqdbobfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbc <ZjbZgl Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby 1 2 3 → → → MgCO3 MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgSO4. <havf_fl\_j^uc0J&23 b ^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&O MgCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. MgCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Mg2+ + H2O + CO2↑. 79 ]Za L\_j^ucdZj[hgZlfZ]gbyjZkl\hjblky\ dbkehl_b [m^_l\u^_eylvky D ihemq_gghfmjZkl\hjm^h[Z\bfs_ehqvgZijbf_jjZkl\hj NaOH. MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓; Mg2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Mg(OH)2↓. Ijhbkoh^bl\uiZ^_gb_[_eh]hhkZ^dZ D hkZ^dm^h[Z\ey_fjZkl\hj+2SO4. Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4⇒MgSO4 + 2H2O;Mg(OH)2 + 2H+⇒Mg2+ + 2H2O. HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky <ZjbZgl Ijh\_^_fke_^mxs__ij_\jZs_gb_ → Cu(OH)2 → CuO → Cu. CuSO4 D jZkl\hjmf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ&X624^h[Z\bfhklhjh`gh jZkl\hj1D2+ CuSO4 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4, Cu2+ + 2OH– = Cu(OH)2↓. <uiZ^Z_lkbgbchkZ^hd Ijh[bjdmk ihemq_ggufhkZ^dhfZddmjZlghgZ]j__fgZkibjlh\d_ 1 2 3 StudyPort.ru W Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CuO + H2O. KbgbchkZ^hdihkl_i_gghq_jg__lIjhbkoh^bljZaeh`_gb_ Cu(OH)2k h[jZah\Zgb_fq_jgh]hKX2 >eyihemq_gby&XkgZqZeZi_j_\_^_f&X2\ jZkl\hj^h[Z\bf jZkl\hj+&O KX2 + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O, KX2 + 2H+ ⇒ Cu2+ + H2O. Q_jguchkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyL_i_jv^h[Z\bflm^Zihjhrhd`_e_aZ Ihemq_ggmxkf_kvfh`ghhklhjh`ghijhdbiylblvgZkibjlh\d_ CuCl2 + Fe ⇒ Cu↓ + FeCl2; Cu2+ + Fe0 ⇒ Cu0↓ + Fe2+. GZ^g_ijh[bjdbhklZ_lkydjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b <ZjbZgl Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby = Q& O → = Q 2 + → = Q & O 1 D = Q 2 D jZkl\hjm=Q&O2 ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ ZnCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl, Zn2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Zn(OH)2↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd 80 <uiZ\rbchkZ^hdjZa^_ebfgZ^\_jZ\gu_qZklbD i_j\hc ijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&O Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + 2H2O, Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + 2H2O. HkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky Dh\lhjhcijh[bjd_^h[Z\bfba[ulhd1D2+ Zn(OH)2+2NaOH⇒Na2[Zn(OH)4], Zn(OH)2+2OH–⇒[Zn(OH)4]2–. H[jZam_lky]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkpbgdZIjb\_^_ggZy\ mq_[gbd_ nhjfmeZ1D2ZnO2 g_\_jgZ^eyj_Zdpbc\ jZkl\hjZo Zn(OH)2 \ j_Zdpbyob \_^_lk_[ydZdZlfhkn_jguc]b^jhdkb^ j_Z]bjmyb kdbkehlhcb khkgh\Zgbyfb IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 3. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\ <ZjbZgl < \u^Zgguoijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\Z>ey gZqZeZjZkl\hjbfbo\ \h^_>h[Z\bfd ihemq_ggufjZkl\hjZf H2SO4. Z1D2+ + H2SO4 ⇒ Na2SO4 + 2H2O, 2Na+ + 2OH– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2Na+ + SO42– + 2H2O, HG– G+ ⇒ G2H G_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbc [D2KH3 + H2SO4 ⇒ K2SO4 + H2O + CO2↑. 2K+ + CO32– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ 2K+ + SO42– + H2O + CO2↑. CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑. <u^_ey_lky]Za \%D&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl; Ba2+ + 2Cl– + 2H+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2H+ + 2Cl–. Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd StudyPort.ru <ZjbZgl < ijh[bjdZokh^_j`Zlkyl\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZKgZqZeZbo jZkl\hjbf\ \h^_ Z< h^ghcijh[bjd_\_s_kl\hg_[m^_ljZkl\hjylvkyWlh&D&23. >eyhdhgqZl_evghcijh\_jdb^h[Z\bfd g_fmjZkl\hj+&O CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. CaCO3 + 2H+ + 2Cl– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2Cl– + H2O + CO2↑. CaCO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Ca2+ + H2O + CO2↑. <u^_ey_lky]Za 81 [D hklZ\rbfkyjZkl\hjZf^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2< h^ghcba ijh[bjhd\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hdWlhjZkl\hj1D2SO4. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓. 2Na+ + SO42– + Ba2+ + 2Cl– ⇒ 2Na+ + 2Cl– + BaSO4↓. SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. \< hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky.&O <ZjbZgl < ijh[bjdZo ²l\_j^u_[_eu_\_s_kl\ZIhiulZ_fkybojZkl\hjblv \ \h^_G_jZkl\hjb\r__ky\_s_kl\h\ h^ghcbaijh[bjhd ²wlh KZKO3>eyih^l\_j`^_gbyfh`gh^h[Z\blvd g_fmjZkl\hjdbkehlu kfhljb\ZjbZglZ>eyhij_^_e_gby1D2SO4 ijh\_^_f ZgZeh]bqguchiuldZdb \\ZjbZgl_[ < hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_gZoh^blky%D(NO3)2. <ZjbZgl < ijh[bjdZo ²ljbjZaebqguojZkl\hjZ>h[Z\bfd dZ`^hcbalj_o ijh[bjhdg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ Z< ijh[bjd_]^_g_l\b^bfuobaf_g_gbckh^_j`blky1D&O [< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf$O&O3 \uiZe[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd jZkl\hjbfucdZd\ dbkehlZolZdb \s_ehqZo AlCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Al(OH)3↓. Al3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Al(OH)3↓. Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓. \< ijh[bjd_k jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 hkZ^hdbf__l[mjucp\_lWlhl hkZ^hdlZd`_jZkl\hjbf\ dbkehlZob \ba[uld_s_ehqb FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ 3NaCl + Fe(OH)3↓. Fe3+ + 3Cl– + 3Na+ + 3OH– ⇒ 3Na+ + 3Cl– + Fe(OH)3↓. Fe3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓. StudyPort.ru AZ^ZqZ >eyhij_^_e_gbyijbf_kbkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,,\ `_e_aghf dmihjhk_ \hkihevam_fkydZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cgZbhg)H3+l_ ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxk `_elhcdjh\yghckhevx 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 6K2SO4. ?kebijbf_kv)H3+ kh^_j`blky\ dmihjhk_lh\uiZ^_ll_fghkbgbc hkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgb AZ^ZqZ >eygZqZeZi_j_\_^_f)H&O3 \ ]b^jhdkb^^h[Z\eyyjZkl\hj1D2+ FeCl3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl. 82 <uiZ^Z_l[mjuchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^ZL_i_jvkhev_fk g_]hjZkl\hjih \hafh`ghklbZ kZfhkZ^hdi_j_g_k_f\ nZjnhjh\uclb]evb ijhdZebfgZh]g_HklZ\rbckyihjhrhdp\_lZj`Z\qbgub [m^_l Fe2O3. t 2Fe(OH)3 ⇒ Fe2O3 + 3H2O↑. AZ^ZqZ >ey ihemq_gby ZexfbgZlZ gZljby g_h[oh^bfh d $O ^h[Z\blv ba[ulhdjZkl\hjZ1D2+b ih^h`^Zlvg_dhlhjh_\j_fy :exfbgbcgZ\ha^mo_ihdju\Z_lkyhdkb^ghcie_gdhcdhlhjZy f_^e_gghjZkl\hjy_lky\ s_ehqbKZf`_Zexfbgbck s_ehqvx j_Z]bjm_l^h\hevghZdlb\gh AZibr_f\k_ijhbkoh^ysb_j_Zdpbb 3H2O + Al2O3 + 6NaOH ⇒ 2Na3[Al(OH)6]; 2Al + 6H2O ⇒ 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑; Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH ⇒ Na3[Al(OH)6]. < j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkyZexfbgZlgZljby AZ^ZqZ >eyihemq_gby)H&O2 ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbxf_`^m)Hb jZkl\hjhf+&O Fe + 2HCl ⇒ H2↑ + FeCl2. StudyPort.ru IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 4. DZq_kl\_ggu_j_ZdpbbgZbhguf_lZeeh\ AZ^Zgb_ < obfbbbkoh^j_ZdpbbqZklhaZ\bkblhlmkeh\bc_]hijh\_^_gby gZijbf_jhlkhhlghr_gbyj_Z]_glh\ Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd jZkl\hjm$O&O3 s_ehqb\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hd ]b^jhdkb^Zlds_ehqv\ wlhfkemqZ_\ g_^hklZld_ AlCl3 + 3NaOHg_^hkl ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NaCl. Ijb^h[Z\e_gbbd s_ehqbjZkl\hjZ$O&O3 hkZ^hdg_\uiZ^Z_lld Al(OH)3 kjZam`_j_Z]bjm_lk ba[uldhf1D2+^hh[jZah\Zgby ]b^jhdkhdhfie_dkZ AlCl3 + 6NaOHba[ ⇒ 3NaCl + Na3[Al(OH)6]↓. AZ^Zgb_ >eyih^l\_j`^_gbydZq_kl\_ggh]hkhklZ\Z&D&O2 ^h[Z\bfd _]h jZkl\hjmdZj[hgZlgZljbyIjbwlhf\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3↓ + 2NaCl; Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Na+ + &2 − ⇒ CaCO3↓ + 2Na+ + 2Cl–; 83 Ca2+ + &2 − = CaCO3↓. >eyhij_^_e_gbybhgh\&O– \ h[jZap_fh`ghbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj AgNO3dhlhjuc^Z_lg_jZkl\hjbfuc[_euchkZ^hd CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl↓; Ca2+ + 2Cl– + 2Ag+ + 2NO3– ⇒ Ca2+ + 2NO3– + 2AgCl↓. AZ^Zgb_ Ijh\_^_fke_^mxsb_ij_\jZs_gby → FeCl2 → FeCl3. Fe 1 JZkl\hjbf`_e_ah\ jZkl\hj_+&O + + 2 )H +&O ⇒ )H&O + ↑ Fe0 + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H 02 ↑. <u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^L_i_jvijh\_jbf\ jZkl\hj_gZebqb_)H2+ k ihfhsvxdjZkghcdjh\yghckheb 3FeCl2 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 6KCl. 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓. <uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\hckbgbke_^h\Zl_evgh bhgu)H2+ ²ihemq_gu I_j_\_^_f)H2+ \ )H3+bkihevamyoehjgmx\h^mOehjgZy\h^Z — wlhjZkl\hj&O2 \ \h^_ StudyPort.ru + + )H&O &O ⇒ )H&O− 2Fe2+ + Cl 02 ⇒ 2Fe3+ + 2Cl–. P\_ljZkl\hjZbaa_e_gh]hi_j_oh^bl\ `_elhdhjbqg_\ucL_i_jv ijh\_jbfjZkl\hjgZgZebqb_)H3+ k ihfhsvx`_elhcdjh\yghc kheb 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓ + 12KCl. 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4– ⇒ Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3↓. ?keb\uiZ^Z_ll_fghkbgbchkZ^hdlmjg[me_\Zkbgvlh\ jZkl\hj_ kh^_j`Zlkybhgu)H3+. AZ^Zgb_ Ihemqbf)H624. Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk +2SO4. 0 +1 +2 0 Fe + H 2 SO 4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H 2 ↑. @_e_ahjZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_b \u^_ey_lky]Za< jZkl\hj_ hklZ_lky)H624. 84 Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx)Hk jZkl\hjhf&X624. + + &X 62 )H ⇒ )H62 &X ↓ <uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hdf_^b\ jZkl\hj_hklZ_lky)H624. BajZkl\hjZkheb)H2+ ihemqbfkgZqZeZ]b^jhdkb^`_e_aZ,, FeCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl. Fe2+ + 2OH– ⇒ Fe(OH)2↓. Khev_fhklZ\rbckyjZkl\hjb ^h[Z\bf+2SO4H[jZam_lky)H624. Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2H2O + FeSO4; Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + 2H2O. ?s_)H624 fh`ghihemqblvba)H623 ^h[Z\e_gb_fdbkehlu FeSO3 + H2SO4 ⇒ FeSO4 + H2O + SO2↑; FeSO3 + 2H+ ⇒ Fe2+ + H2O + SO2↑. AZ^Zgb_ Ijh\_jbfdZq_kl\_gguckhklZ\kmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,, >hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\)H2+Bkihevam_f^ey wlh]hdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk djZkghcdjh\yghckhevx 3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓ + 3K2SO4; 3Fe2+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]3– ⇒ Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2↓. StudyPort.ru <uiZ^_gb_l_fghkbg_]hhkZ^dZ]h\hjblh gZebqbbbhgh\)H2+. >hdZ`_fkh^_j`Zgb_\ jZkl\hj_bhgh\6242– j_Zdpb_ck khevx [Zjby FeSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + FeCl2; SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjyxsbcky\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo Ke_^h\Zl_evghjZkl\hjkh^_j`Ze6242–. 85 Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmf II. K\hckl\Z kh_^bg_gbcg_f_lZeeh\ IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 5. Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlub bamq_gb___k\hckl\ Ihemq_gb_kheyghcdbkehlu+&O Z;m^mqbg_e_lmq_ckbevghcdbkehlhc+2SOdhgp kihkh[gZy \ul_kgylv^jm]b_dbkehlubabokhe_c< ^ZgghfkemqZ_+&OlZd`_ kbevgZydbkehlZghhgZh[eZ^Z_le_lmqbfbk\hckl\ZfbIhwlhfm ^ey__ ihemq_gbybkihevamxlj_Zdpbxk H2SOdhgpijbgZ]j_\Zgbb t H2SOdhgp + NaCll\ ⇒ NaHSO4 + HCl↑. < kbevghdbkehckj_^_kj_^gyykhev1D2SO4 i_j_oh^bl\ dbkemx NaHSO4. Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇒ 2NaHSO4. ;_agZ]j_\Zgby\ jZkl\hj_mklZgZ\eb\Z_lkybhggh_jZ\gh\_kb_ Oehjh\h^hjh^g_\u^_ey_lky NaCl + H2SO4 ⇒ NaHSO4 1Z&O JZkl\hjoehjh\h^hjh^Zg_fgh]hly`_e__\h^uihwlhfmfu fh`_fgZ[ex^Zlvlhgdb_himkdZxsb_kykljmcdb_s_g_ i_j_f_rZ\r_ckylhevdhqlhh[jZah\Z\r_ckyijbjZkl\hj_gbb kheyghcdbkehlu Oehjh\h^hjh^hq_gvohjhrhjZkl\hjbf\ \h^_?kebdhg_p ]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[dbhimklblvgbadhd ih\_joghklb\h^ulhfh`_l ijhbahclb\kZku\Zgb_jZkl\hjZ\ ljm[dm Ihkfhljbl_jbkbamq_[gbdZkljbeexkljbjmxsbc ohjhrmxjZkl\hjbfhklvoehjh\h^hjh^Z\ \h^_ Bamq_gb_k\hckl\kheyghcdbkehlu >eybamq_gbyk\hckl\kheyghcdbkehluijh\_^_fg_kdhevdh oZjZdl_jguo^eyg__j_Zdpbc G_\k_f_lZeeuj_Z]bjmxlk kheyghcdbkehlhcB^_lj_Zdpbybeb g_laZ\bkblhlZdlb\ghklbf_lZeeZQ_fZdlb\g_cf_lZeel_f [uklj__b^_l\aZbfh^_ckl\b_>eym^h[kl\Zfh`ghjZkkfhlj_lv we_dljhobfbq_kdbcjy^gZijy`_gbcf_lZeeh\hggZoh^blkygZ nhjaZp_\ dhgp_mq_[gbdZLh]^Zf_lZeeugZoh^ysb_kyi_j_^G2, j_Z]bjmxlk dbkehlZfbihke_G2 ²g_j_Z]bjmxl Ihwlhfm=Qb 0J\ul_kgyxl+2 badbkehlu Zn + 2HCl ⇒ ZnCl2 + H2↑, StudyPort.ru 86 Mg + 2HCl ⇒ MgCl + H2↑. K f_^vxkheygZydbkehlZg_j_Z]bjm_l < q_l\_jlhcijh[bjd_ijhl_dZ_lj_Zdpby t CuO + 2HCl ⇒ CuCl2 + H2O. &X2jZkl\hjy_lky\ dbkehl_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjaZkq_l hdjZr_gguobhgh\&X2+. < iylhcijh[bjd_ijhbkoh^bljZkl\hj_gb_&X2+2 \ +&O Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl ⇒ G2H + CuCl2. LZd`_h[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hj&X2+). < r_klhcijh[bjd_ CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇒ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑. ;he__kbevgZydbkehlZ\ul_kgy_l[he__keZ[mxm]hevgmxdbkehlm dhlhjZyjZaeZ]Z_lkygZm]e_dbkeuc]Zab \h^m H2CO3 ⇒ CO2↑ + H2O. KgZqZeZaZibr_f\k_j_Zdpbbk $J123. StudyPort.ru HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3; NaCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + NaNO3; CaCl2 + 2AgNO3 ⇒ 2AgCl↓ + Ca(NO3)2. <h\k_oijh[bjdZo\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ HNOdhgp. :gZeh]bqghijhbkoh^ylj_Zdpbbk 3E123)2: 2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3; 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NaNO3; CaCl2 + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + Ca(NO3)2. LZddZdjZkl\hjbfhklv3E&O2 \k_lZdb^hklZlhqgh\_ebdZlhhkZ^hd \uiZ^Z_lebrvba^hklZlhqghdhgp_gljbjh\ZgguojZkl\hjh\Ijb ^h[Z\e_gbbba[uldZdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcG123 dhgp_gljZpbybhgh\ Pb2+ b &O– mf_gvrZ_lkydjhf_lh]hjZ\gh\_kb_baaZba[uldZ+123 kf_sZ_lky\e_\hihwlhfmhkZ^hd3E&O2 jZkl\hjy_lky Z>eylh]hqlh[uhlebqblvkheygmxdbkehlmhl^jm]bodbkehl fh`ghijh\_klbj_Zdpbxk $J123 beb3E123)2< j_amevlZl_ \uiZ^Z_l[_eucl\hjh`bkluchkZ^hd$J&ObebfZehjZkl\hjbfuc PbCl2. [Oehjb^uhij_^_eyxlkybgufh[jZahf \Kheygmxdbkehlmhloehjb^h\fh`ghhlebqblvj_Zdpb_ck f_lZeeZfb +&Oj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbk \u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^Z 87 IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 6. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_ ©Ih^]jmiiZdbkehjh^Zª AZ^ZqZ >ey^hdZaZl_evkl\Zijh\_^_fkgZqZeZj_Zdpbxk_jghcdbkehluk =Q Zn + H2SO4 ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑. Pbgd\ul_kgy_l\h^hjh^badbkehlul_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu \h^hjh^Z Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx+2SO4 k jZkl\hjhfkheb<Z2+: <Z&O2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob hkgh\Zgbyo l_+2SO4 kh^_j`blbhgu6242+. AZ^ZqZ < j_ZdpbbpbgdZk jZa[Z\e_gghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky\h^hjh^: Zn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑. Ijbj_Zdpbb=Qk dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehlhc\u^_ey_lky H26h[eZ^Zxsbcg_ijbylgufoZjZdl_jgufaZiZohf 4Zn + 5H2SO4(dhgp ⇒ 4ZnSO4 + H2S↑ + 4H2O. JZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZj_Z]bjm_lk f_lZeeZfbdZdh[uqgZy fbg_jZevgZydbkehlZDhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\_^_l k_[ym`_dZddbkehlZhdbkebl_ev\ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbyijhbkoh^bl ih^jm]hfm AZ^ZqZ OehjgZyb [jhfgZy\h^Z ²hdbkebl_ebihwlhfm\ h[_boijh[bjdZo kmevnb^hdbkeblky^hk_ju Na2S + Cl2 = S + 2NaCl; StudyPort.ru JZkl\hjuh[_kp\_qb\Zxlky AZ^ZqZ M gZk_klvljbjZaebqguo\_s_kl\Z+&O+2SO4; NaOH. >eyhij_^_e_gby1D2+fh`ghbkihevah\ZlveZdfmk bg^bdZlhjgZy[mfZ`dZ^he`gZihkbg_lv\ s_ehqghckj_^_beb jZkl\hj0J2+. MgCl2 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NaCl + Mg(OH)2↓. < ijh[bjd_k 1D2+\uiZ^_l[_euchkZ^hd\ hklZevguo\b^bfuo baf_g_gbcg_ijhbahc^_l >eyhij_^_e_gby+2SO4 gZ^hbkihevah\ZlvjZkl\hj%D2+. Na2S + Br2 = S + 2NaBr. 88 H2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2HCl + BaSO4↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdk +&OjZkl\hj%D2+ g_\aZbfh^_ckl\m_l < hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_jZkl\hj+&O>eyijh\_jdb^h[Z\bf jZkl\hj$J123 beb3E123)2. HCl + AgNO3 ⇒ AgCl↓ + HNO3; 2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2HNO3. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd AZ^ZqZ Ih\Zj_ggZykhevbf__lnhjfmem1D&O>eyhij_^_e_gby ijbf_kb kmevnZlZfh`ghbkihevah\ZlvdZq_kl\_ggmxj_Zdpbxk %D2+. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ 2NaCl + BaSO4↓. ?keb\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZolhih\Zj_ggZykhevkh^_j`blijbf_kbkmevnZlh\ AZ^ZqZ >eyhij_^_e_gbykmevnZlZbkihevam_foZjZdl_jgmxj_Zdpbxk jZkl\hjhf<Z2+. StudyPort.ru <Z2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK oehjb^hfb bh^b^hfj_Zdpbyg_b^_l >eyhij_^_e_gbyoehjb^Zb bh^b^Z\havf_fjZkl\hj$J123 ij_^\Zjbl_evghijh\_jb\gZkmevnZl Ag+ + Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓, Ag+ + I– ⇒ AgI↓. AgCl ²[_euc$JI ²`_elucIhp\_lmfh`ghhij_^_eblvkhklZ\ \u^Zgghckheb AZ^ZqZ JZkl\hjbfihemq_gguchdkb^f_^b\ k_jghcdbkehl_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb t CuO + H2SO4 ⇒ CuSO4 + H2O. H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkmevnZlZf_^b Ihemq_ggucjZkl\hj&X624 i_j_ev_f\ nZjnhjh\mxqZr_qdmb ijh^he`bf]j_lvgZh]g_^hihy\e_gbykeZ[hcie_ghqdbgZ ih\_joghklbjZkl\hjZAZl_fkgbfZ_fqZr_qdmk h]gyb hklZ\ey_f hoeZ`^Zlvky< jZkl\hj_h[jZamxlkydjbklZeeuf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ L_i_jvbofh`ghhklhjh`ghhlnbevljh\u\Zlvb \ukmrblv NhjfmeZf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ — CuSO4⋅G2H 89 AZ^ZqZ <havf_fjZkl\hjkheyghcdbkehlub ^h[Z\bf__ \dZ`^mxbaijh[bjhd < ijh[bjd_k kmevnZlhfgbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l< ^\mo^jm]bo ijh[bjdZo\u^_ey_lky]ZaBofh`ghjZaebqblvihaZiZom Na2SO3+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2O+SO2↑, Na2S+2HCl⇒2NaCl+H2S↑. SO2 bf__lj_adbcg_ijbylgucaZiZo+26bf__loZjZdl_jgucaZiZo ihjq_guoybp IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 7. Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZb bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\ Ihemq_gb_ZffbZdZIjh\_^_f\k_^_ckl\byhibkZggu_\ mq_[gbd_ Ba]Zahhl\h^ghcljm[db[m^_l\u^_eylvkyZffbZdHgjZkl\hjy_lky \ \h^_ijhiblZ\r_cn_ghenlZe_bgh\mx[mfZ`dm NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH. < j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lky]b^jhdkb^Zffhgbydhlhjucbf__l s_ehqgmxj_Zdpbxb hdjZrb\Z_lbg^bdZlhj\ fZebgh\ucp\_l ?kebih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[dbkl_deyggmxiZehqdmkfhq_ggmx dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghckheyghcdbkehlhclhgZ^hl\_jklb_f h[jZam_lky[_eZy^ufdZIjhbkoh^blj_Zdpby NH3 + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl. NH4&Oh[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx_]hqZklbqdbih^gbfZxlky\f_kl_k ZffbZdhfBofub \b^bf\ \b^_[_ehc^ufdb Ijh\_^_fjZkl\hj_gb_ZffbZdZlZddZdwlhhibkZgh\ mq_[gbd_Ba aZhq_gvohjhr_cjZkl\hjbfhklbZffbZdZ\h^Z\ ijh[bjd_ ih^gbfZ_lkyH[jZam_lky1+4OH. AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^m&D2+2 b 1+4Cl. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ CaCl2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O↑. DZdfh`gh\b^_lvbamjZ\g_gby\ j_Zdpbbh[jZamxlkyiZju\h^u Hgbdhg^_gkbjmxlkygZ[he__oheh^guokl_gdZoijh[bjdb?keb dZi_evdb\h^uihiZ^mlgZjZkdZe_ggh_^ghlhijh[bjdZfh`_l lj_kgmlvIhwlhfm__ gZdehgyxllZdbfh[jZahfqlh[udZi_evdb kdZlu\Zebkvd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdb :ffbZde_]q_\ha^moZldF1+3 ]fhevF\ha^moZ ≈ ≈ 29 ]fhevHgih^gbfZ_lky\\_joihwlhfm_]hgZ^hkh[bjZlv\ i_j_\_jgmlmxijh[bjdm:gZeh]bqghfh`ghkh[bjZlvG2F 2 ]fhev&+4 ²f_lZgF ]fhev+HF ]fhevb ^jm]b_ StudyPort.ru 90 ?keb\f_klh+&Oih^g_klbd hl\_jklbxijh[bjdbk ZffbZdhf iZehqdmkfhq_ggmxdhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghcdbkehlhclhfu gbq_]hg_m\b^bf NH3 + HNO3 ⇒ NH4NO3. NH4NO3 ²g_h[eZ^Z_le_lmq_klvx H[uqgh^eyhij_^_e_gbyhkgh\Zgbcbkihevamxlj_Zdpbbk h[jZah\Zgb_fg_jZkl\hjbfuo]b^jhdkb^h\gZijbf_j0J2+2. 2NH4OH + MgCl2 ⇒ 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd Bamq_gb_k\hckl\\h^gh]hjZkl\hjZZffbZdZ <h^guc jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ bf__l s_ehqgmx kj_^m l_ ^Z_l fZebgh\mxhdjZkdmk n_ghenlZe_bghf Ijbdbiyq_gbbjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZffhgbyjZaeZ]Z_lky\ j_amevlZl_q_]hZffbZdme_lZ_lb jZkl\hjklZgh\blkyg_cljZevguf t NH4OH ⇒ NH3 + H2O↑. N_ghenlZe_bg\ g_cljZevghckj_^_ ²[_kp\_lguc N_ghenlZe_bg^Z_lfZebgh\mxhdjZkdm\ jZkl\hj_]b^jhdkb^Z ZffhgbylZddZdlhly\ey_lkyhkgh\Zgb_fIjb^h[Z\e_gbbdbkehlu ijhbkoh^blg_cljZebaZpbyb p\_lbkq_aZ_l NH4OH + HCl ⇒ NH4Cl + H2O, StudyPort.ru OH– + H+ ⇒ H2O. Ijhbkoh^bl\aZbfh^_ckl\b_f_`^mjZkl\hjhf$O&O3 b 1+4OH. AlCl3 + 3NH4OH ⇒ Al(OH)3↓ + 3NH4Cl, Al3+ + 3OH– ⇒ Al(OH)3↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_eucklm^_gbkluchkZ^hd IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 8. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^Zqbihl_f_©Ih^]jmiiZZahlZª AZ^ZqZ ZJZkl\hjbfZffbZd\ \h^_b ijh\_jbfhkgh\gu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjZ NH3 + H2O ⇒ NH4OH, 2NH4OH + MgCl2 = 2NH4Cl + Mg(OH)2↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdN_ghenlZe_bghdjZrb\Z_lky\ fZebgh\uc p\_l [Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyZahlgZydbkehlZjZkl\hjy_lf_lZeebq_kdmx f_^v 91 Cu + 4HNOdhgp ⇒ KX123)2 + 2NO2↓ + 2H2O. H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjb \u^_ey_lky[mjuc]Za \GbljZlZffhgbyijbgZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeZ]Z_lkygZ^\Z]Zahh[jZaguo ijbW°>100°K\_s_kl\Z t NH4NO3 ⇒ N2O↑ + 2H2O↑. IjbgZ]j_\Zgbbk s_ehqvx\u^_ey_lkyZffbZd t NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O. :ffbZdfh`ghhij_^_eblvihaZiZombebdZdmdZaZgh\ imgdl_ Z AZ^ZqZ Ijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 k &D(OH)2. < j_amevlZl_\aZbfh^_ckl\byiblZl_evgucwe_f_glZahl me_lmqb\Z_lky\ \b^_ZffbZdZ (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 =CaSO4↓ + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O; 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O. AZ^ZqZ Z>eyhij_^_e_gby1+4+ fh`ghbkihevah\Zlvj_Zdpbxk s_ehqvx ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb StudyPort.ru t NH4Cl + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaCl. G_mklhcqb\uc1+42+jZaeZ]Z_lkyijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk h[jZah\Zgb_f ]Zahh[jZagh]hZffbZdZHij_^_e_gb_1+3 ih^jh[ghhibkZgh\ aZ^Zq_Z Oehjb^bhgu&O– fh`ghhij_^_eblvk ihfhsvxbhgh\$J+ beb3E2+. AgNO3 + NH4Cl ⇒ NH4NO3 + AgCl↓. Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4Cl ⇒ PbCl2↓ + 2NH4NO3. <uiZ^Zxl[_eu_hkZ^db [:gZeh]bqghhij_^_eyxlkybhguZffhgby 1++ \ kmevnZl_ KmevnZlbhgu6242– hij_^_eyxlkyj_Zdpb_ck jZkl\hjhf<Z2+. <Z&O2 + (NH4)2SO4 ⇒ 2NH4Cl+BaSO4↓ <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdg_jZkl\hjbfuc\ dbkehlZob s_ehqZo AZ^ZqZ AZibr_fnhjfmeu\u^Zgguom^h[j_gbcoehjb^dZeby — KCl; ZffbZqgZyk_ebljZ — NH4NO3kmi_jnhknZl — Ca(H2PO4)2. KgZqZeZhij_^_ebf&D+2PO4)2>eywlh]h\havf_fba[ulhd jZkl\hjZs_ehqb 92 3Ca(H2PO4)+12NaOH ⇒ Ca3(PO4)2↓+4Na3PO4+12H2H <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd< ijh[bjd_]^_gZoh^beZkvZffbZqgZy k_ebljZih^^_ckl\b_fs_ehqb\u^_ey_lky]Za NH4NO3 + NaOH=NaNO3 + NH3↑ + H2O. Hij_^_ebfl_i_jv.&O>eywlh]h^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123 beb Pb(NO3)2. AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl↓+KNO3, Pb(NO3)2+2KCl ⇒ PbCl2↓+2KNO3. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd AZ^ZqZ IjhdZeb\Zyl\_j^uc1+4&Ofh`ghihemqblvqbklucZffbZd t NH4Cl ⇒ NH3↑ + HCl↑. IjbjZaeh`_gbbh[jZamxlky^\Z]Zahh[jZaguoijh^mdlZIjhimkdZy wlmkf_kvq_j_as_ehqvfuba[Z\ey_fkyhloehjh\h^hjh^Z HCl + NaOH ⇒ NaCl + H2O. HklZ_lkyqbklucZffbZd Ba1+4)2SO4 b 1+4NO3 ZffbZdfh`ghihemqblv\ kbevghs_ehqghckj_^_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH ⇒ 2NH3↑ + H2O+Na2SO4, NH4NO3 + NaOH ⇒ NH3↑ + H2O + NaNO3. StudyPort.ru AZ^ZqZ I_j\ZybhggZyj_Zdpbykhhl\_lkl\m_lj_Zdpbbg_cljZebaZpbb HCl+NaOH ⇒ NaCl+H2O, H++OH– ⇒ H2O. <lhjZybhggZyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_%D624; BaCl2+Na2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl; Ba2++SO42– = BaSO4↓. Ihke_^gyyj_Zdpby ²hkZ`^_gb_$J&O AgNO3+KCl ⇒ AgCl+KNO3, Ag++Cl– ⇒ AgCl↓. AZ^ZqZ JZkl\hjbff_lZeebq_kdmxf_^v\ dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcZahlghc dbkehl_ Cu+4HNOdhgp ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2O. H[jZamxsbcky]hem[hcjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl&X123)2. JZkl\hjbf&X2+2 \ +123: Cu(OH)2+2HNO3 ⇒ Cu(NO3)2+2H2O. H[jZam_lky]hem[hcjZkl\hjgbljZlZf_^b,, 93 Ihemqbf&X123)2 q_j_aj_ZdpbxhkZ`^_gby CuSO4+Ba(NO3)2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+Cu(NO3)2. H[jZam_lky[_euchkZ^hd_]hg_h[oh^bfhhlnbevljh\Zlv HklZ\rbckyjZkl\hj — Cu(NO3)2. IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 9. Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z ,9b bamq_gb_ _]h k\hckl\ JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\ Ihemq_gb_hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,9b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\ Ijb^_clk\bbkheyghcdbkehlugZf_ebebfjZfhjhgb jZkl\hjyxlkyijbwlhf\u^_ey_lky&22NhjfmeZf_eZb fjZfhjZ — CaCO3. CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O, KaCO3+2H+ ⇒ &Z2+ + CO2↑ + H2O. < ijh[bjd_k ba\_kldh\hc\h^hcijhbkoh^yl^\_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgu_j_ZdpbbKgZqZeZijhbkoh^blh[jZah\Zgb_[_eh]h hkZ^dZ Ca(OH)2+CO2 ⇒ CaCO3↓+H2O. AZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lky CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca(HCO3)2. Ca(HCO3)2 ²jZkl\hjbfh_\_s_kl\h CaCO3+CO2+H2O ⇒ Ca2++2HCO3–. IjbijhimkdZgbbKH2 q_j_a^bklbeebjh\Zggmx\h^mm]e_dbkeuc ]ZaqZklbqghjZkl\hjy_lkyk h[jZah\Zgb_fm]hevghcdbkehluG2KH3. CO2+H2O ∅ H2CO3, DZddbkehlZ+2CO3 bf__ldbkemxj_ZdpbxihwlhfmeZdfmk hdjZkblky\ kbgbcp\_l JZkihagZ\Zgb_dZj[hgZlh\ GZf\u^Zgh\_s_kl\Z1D2SO4, ZnCl2, K2CO3, Na2SiO3. KgZqZeZijb[Z\bfjZkl\hj+&OIjbwlhfj_Zdpbyihc^_llhevdh \ ^\moijh[bjdZo K2CO3+2HCl ⇒ 2KCl+H2O+CO2↑. 2K+ +CO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ 2K++2Cl–+H2O+CO2↑. CO32–+2H+ ⇒ CO2↑+H2O. StudyPort.ru <u^_ey_lky]Za Na2SiO3+2HCl ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2NaCl. 2Na++SiO32–+2H++2Cl– ⇒ H2SiO3↓+2Na++2Cl–. SiO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2SiO3↓. 94 L_i_jv^h[Z\bfjZkl\hj%D&O2K 1D2SO4 wlhljZkl\hj^Z_l hkZ^hd Na2SO4+BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓+2NaCl, 2Na++SO42–+Ba2++2Cl– ⇒ BaSO4↓+2Na++2Cl–, Ba2++SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓. <uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hdK jZkl\hjhf=Q&O2 gbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl < hklZ\r_ckyijh[bjd_=Q&O2>h[Z\bfjZkl\hj$J123qlh[u ijh\_jblvwlh<uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd ZnCl2+2AgNO3 ⇒ Zn(NO3)2+2AgCl↓, Zn2++2Cl–+2Ag++2NO3– ⇒ Zn2++2NO3–+2AgCl↓. Cl–+Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓. <u\h^>eydZj[hgZlbhgh\dZq_kl\_gghcj_Zdpb_cy\ey_lky j_Zdpbyk dbkehlhck \u^_e_gb_fm]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZ CO32–+2H+ ⇒ H2O+CO2↑. StudyPort.ru 95 Obfbq_kdbcijZdlbdmfIII. K\hckl\Zhj]Zgbq_kdbo\_s_kl\ IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 10. Ihemq_gb_wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb__]hk\hckl\ < ijh[bjd_gZqbgZ_l\u^_eylvky]Za t, H2SO4 (dhgp C2H4↑+H2O. C2H5OH Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyk_jgZydbkehlZaZ[bjZ_l\h^mbakibjlZb \ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkywlbe_g IjbijhimkdZgbbK2G4 q_j_a[jhfgmx\h^mihke_^gyy h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky K2G4+Br2(aq) ⇒ C2H4Br2. Ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_wlbe_gZ[jhfghc\h^hcih^\hcghck\yab Ih^dbke_gguci_jfZg]ZgZllZd`_hdbkey_lwlbe_g K2G4+12KMnO4+18H2SO4=10CO2+6K2SO4+12MnSO4+28H2O. JZkl\hj.MnO4 h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky Ih^h``_f \u^_eyxsbcky ]Za Hg ]hjbl yjdbf k\_lysbfky ieZf_g_f StudyPort.ru K2G4H2 ⇒ 2CO2+2H2O. t IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 11. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_aZ^ZqbihjZkihagZ\Zgbx b ihemq_gbx\_s_kl\ GZfg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvljb\_s_kl\Z]ebp_jbg fgh]hZlhfguckibjlZev^_]b^]exdhamm]e_\h^ H^ghcbaoZjZdl_jguoj_Zdpbc^eywlbo\_s_kl\y\ey_lky \aZbfh^_ckl\b_k &X2+2. KgZqZeZihemqbf]b^jhdkb^f_^b,,>eywlh]hd f_^ghfm dmihjhkm^h[Z\bfg_fgh]hjZkl\hjZ1D2+ CuSO4+2NaOH ⇒ KX2+2↓+Na2SO4. <uiZ^Z_l]hem[hchkZ^hd]b^jhdkb^Z D h[jZah\Z\r_fmkyhkZ^dmijbev_fg_fgh]hZev^_]b^Zb gZ]j__f kf_kv R C O H t +2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ R C O OH +2CuOH↓G2H 96 Zev^_]b^]hem[hc `_eluc 2CuOH ⇒ KX2O↓+H2O t `_eluc djZkguc < j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkydjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O. L_i_jvd &X2+2 ^h[Z\bfihdZieyf]ebp_jbgb kf_kv \a[helZ_fHkZ^hdjZkl\hjy_lkyihemqZ_lkyjZkl\hjyjdhkbg_]h p\_lZH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dk]ebp_jbgZk f_^vx 2 &+ &+ 2+ &+ 2+ &X 2+ &+ +2 2&+ 2+ &X2+⇒ &+ 2 2 &+ + 2+ &+ &+ 2+ =exdhaZihk\hbfobfbq_kdbfk\hckl\Zfy\ey_lky Zev^_]b^hkibjlhfl_hgZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zb Zev^_]b^h\b fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\DZdZev^_]b^hgZ\klmiZ_l\ j_Zdpbb oZjZdl_jgu_^eywlh]hdeZkkZ\_s_kl\\ qZklghklbijbgZ]j_\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk &X2+2 k h[jZah\Zgb_fdjZkghdhjbqg_\h]h hkZ^dZ&X2HDZdfgh]hZlhfguckibjl]exdhaZ^Z_ljZkl\hjyjdh kbg_]hp\_lZijb^h[Z\e_gbbd g_ck\_`_]hhkZ^dZ&X2+2. + W &X2+ ⇒&+ 2+ StudyPort.ru &+ 2+ &+ & 2+ 2 t 2+ &+ & 2+ 2 GH&X2+↓ 2CuOH ⇒ Cu2O↓+H2O. <uiZ^Z_ldjZkguchkZ^hd&X2O. >eyhij_^_e_gbylj_o^Zgguo\_s_kl\badZ`^hcijh[bjdb ^h[Z\bfg_fgh]h&X2+2< ^\moijh[bjdZoh[jZam_lkyyjdhkbgbc jZkl\hj]exdhaZb ]ebp_jbgL_i_jvgZ]j__f\k_ljbkf_kb\ ^\mo ijh[bjdZo\uiZ^_ldjZkguchkZ^hdZev^_]b^b ]exdhaZLZdbf h[jZahffumagZ_f\ dZdhcijh[bjd_dZdh_\_s_kl\hgZoh^blky FZrbggh_fZkehkhklhbl\ hkgh\ghfbaij_^_evguo m]e_\h^hjh^h\Z jZklbl_evgh_fZkeh ²ba`bjh\h[jZah\Zgguo g_ij_^_evgufbdbkehlZfbJZklbl_evgh_fZkehh[_kp\_qb\Z_l [jhfgmx\h^mZ fZrbggh_²g_l Z>eyihemq_gbyijhklh]hwnbjZijh\_^_fj_Zdpbx ^_]b^jZlZpbbwlbeh\h]hkibjlZ K2G5HG t, H2SO4 (dhgp K2G5 ²H ²K2G5 G2H H[jZamxsbcwnbjgZau\Z_lky^bwlbeh\uf>ZggZyj_Zdpby ijhoh^blebrvijbhij_^_e_gguomkeh\byogZ]j_\Zgbb\ ijbkmlkl\bb+2SO4b ijbba[uld_kibjlZ [>eyihemq_gbyZev^_]b^ZbakibjlZgm`ghbkihevah\ZlvkeZ[uc hdbkebl_evgZijbf_j&X2+. 97 t C2H5OH+CuO ⇒ Cu+ CH3 C CH3 C O ²mdkmkgucZev^_]b^ O H +H2O; \Ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbbZev^_]b^Zh[jZam_lkydbkehlZ H CH3 C O H t +2Cu(OH)2 ⇒ CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O; H[jZam_lkymdkmkgZydbkehlZ KZoZj ²wlhkeh`gh_hj]Zgbq_kdh_\_s_kl\hkh^_j`Zs__ ^hklZlhqgh[hevrh_dhebq_kl\hm]e_jh^ZQlh[u^hdZaZlvwlh \havf_fg_fgh]hkZoZjZb ^h[Z\bfd g_fm+2SOdhgp. KZoZjih^^_ckl\b_fdhgp_gljbjh\Zgghck_jghcdbkehluhl^Zkl \h^mb ij_\jZlblky\ m]e_jh^ H2SO4 (dhgp C12H22O11 12C+11H2O. Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+2SO4 aZ[bjZ_l\h^mm kZoZjZ\ j_amevlZl_ ihemqZ_lkyk\h[h^gucm]e_jh^q_jgh_\_s_kl\h Z>eyhij_^_e_gbydjZofZeZkms_kl\m_lohjhrZydZq_kl\_ggZy j_Zdpbyk bh^hfH[jZam_lkymklhcqb\ucdhfie_dkyjdhkbg_]h p\_lZ DZig_fg_kdhevdhdZi_evjZkl\hjZbh^ZgZdZjlhn_evb [_eucoe_[ ?kebgZijh^mdlZoh[jZam_lkykbg__iylghlhhgbkh^_j`Zl djZofZe [>eyijh\_jdby[ehdZgZkh^_j`Zgb_]exdhauijb]hlh\bf g_kdhevdhdZi_evy[ehqgh]hkhdZ>h[Z\bfg_fgh]hkbg_]hhkZ^dZ Cu(OH)2?kebbkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjkh^_j`bl]exdhamlhkgZqZeZ fuihemqbfkbgbcjZkl\hjbfucdhfie_dk]exdhaudhlhjucijb gZ]j_\ZgbbjZaeh`blky^hdjZkgh]h&X2H ZKgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZe^h[Z\b\d dZ`^hfmbalj_o \_s_kl\jZkl\hjbh^Z< ijh[bjd_k djZofZehfh[jZam_lkykbgbc dhfie_dk=exdhamhlkZoZjhaufh`ghhlebqblvaZkq_l Zev^_]b^guok\hckl\H[Z\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfb fgh]hZlhfgh]hkibjlZghlhevdh]exdhaZh[eZ^Z_l_s_b k\hckl\ZfbZev^_]b^Z>h[Z\bf\ h[_ijh[bjdb&X2+2h[jZam_lky kbgbcjZkl\hjGhlhevdhijbgZ]j_\Zgbbk ]exdhahc\uiZ^Z_l djZkguchkZ^hd&X22l_ijhbkoh^blhdbke_gb_Zev^_]b^ghc ]jmiiu [KgZqZeZhij_^_ebfdjZofZek ihfhsvxbh^ZH[jZam_lkykbgbc dhfie_dk StudyPort.ru 98 L_i_jvijh\_jbfdbkehlghklbjZkl\hjh\fueZb ]ebp_jbgZ =ebp_jbgbf__lkeZ[hdbkemxkj_^mZ fueh ²s_ehqgmx =ebp_jbglZd`_h[jZam_lk &X2+2 kbgbcjZkl\hjk\hckl\h fgh]hZlhfguokibjlh\ GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijb gZ]j_\Zgbbgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 12. JZkihagZ\Zgb_ieZklfZkk Ijb\_^_f^ey^Zgguo\b^h\ieZklfZkkkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeu Ihebwlbe_g ²KG2 — KG2 — ) n, Iheb\bgbeoehjb^ (— KG2 — KG — ) n , Kl Ihebklbjhe (– CH2 – CH – )n , StudyPort.ru N_ghenhjfZev^_]b^gZykfheZ OH OH CH2 CH2 CH2 OH CH2 CH2 CH2 n IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 13. JZkihagZ\Zgb_\hehdhg AZibr_fkljmdlmjgu_nhjfmeubkdmkkl\_gguo\hehdhg :p_lZlgh_\hehdgh [ – C6H7O2(OCCH3)3 – ]n . H KZijhg [– (KG2)5 — K — NH — ]n . EZ\kZg >±&± 2 O ±&±2±&+ ±&+ ±H ±@Q . 2 99 IjZdlbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ 14. JZkihagZ\Zgb_fbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc < mq_[gbd_^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghijb\_^_ghhibkZgb_\k_ohiulh\ Ihwlhfmijb\_^_febrv\hafh`gu_j_Zdpbb Hij_^_e_gb_Zffhgb_\uofbg_jZevguom^h[j_gbc t –⇒ + NH4 +OH NH3↑+H2O. GZijbf_j1+4NO3+NaOH ⇒ NaNO3+NH3↑+H2O. Hij_^_e_gb_kmevnZlguom^h[j_gbc SO42– + Ba2+ ⇒ BaSO4↓. GZijbf_j (NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2NH4Cl. Hij_^_e_gb_oehjb^bhgh\ Cl– + Ag+ ⇒ AgCl↓. GZijbf_j KCl + NaCl + 2AgNO3 ⇒ KNO3 + NaNO3 + 2AgCl↓. Hij_^_e_gb_nhknhjguom^h[j_gbc PO43– + 3Ag+ ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ GZijbf_j K3PO4 + 3AgNO3 ⇒ Ag3PO4↓ + 3KNO3. J_Zdpby$J123 k bhgZfb6242–: 2Ag+ + SO42– ⇒ Ag2SO4↓. Hij_^_e_gb_dZj[hgZlh\ CO32– + 2H+ ⇒ H2O + CO2↑. GZijbf_j CaCO3+2HCl ⇒ CaCl2+H2O+CO2↑. t StudyPort.ru 100
