Энергетический подход к оценке уровня экологической

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. 2013. Ɍ. 10. ʋ 1. ɋ. 9–17
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɪɨɧɢɧ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɊȺɇ, 197110, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, ɭɥ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɧɚɹ, 18
E-mail: [email protected]
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ EOS. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɥɸ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɸ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɇɨ ɷɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
(Ʉɚɫɢɦɨɜ, 2002).
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ
ɜ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ (Ɉɞɭɦ, 1975; Jorgensen, Svirezhev, 2004). ɗɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ (Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɪ., 2011).
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ (Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ⱥɪɬɸɯɨɜ ȼ.ȼ.,
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ ȼ.Ƚ. Web-Ⱥɬɥɚɫ: «Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ», 1998;
http://www.sci.aha.ru/ATL/ra00.htm). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɂɧɬɟɪɮɚɤɫ-ɗɊȺ (http://interfax-era.ru/metodologiya) ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɨɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɄɉȾ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (Ɇɚɫɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 2001).
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɭɫɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
9
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ EOS (Terra/Aqua), ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɬɢɩɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ Land Cover MOD 12), ɢɧɞɟɤɫɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (LAI),
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ (FPAR) – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
MOD 15. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ MERRA (http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/merra/), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ Biome Properties Lookup
Table (BPLUT), ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɢɩɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɑɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ MODIS ɡɚ 2010 ɝ., ɝ_ɋ/(ɦ2×ɝɨɞ)
10
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ MOD 17, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (NPP) ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ (http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/dataprod/pdf/ MOD_17.pdf). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ 8-ɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1). ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ: ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
«ɫɬɵɤɨɜ» ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ʋ 261 ɨɬ 23 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2009 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ». ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɮɬɟɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ, ɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɨɪɮɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 2009 ɝ., ɬɵɫ. ɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɦɢ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
3096
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
Ȼɚɲɤɨɪɬɨɫɬɚɧ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
24878
ɏɚɧɬɵ-Ɇɚɧɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚɹ 40700
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ – ɘɝɪɚ
15406
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɚɪɢɣ ɗɥ
1652
əɦɚɥɨ-ɇɟɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ
ɨɤɪɭɝ
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
8883
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɨɪɞɨɜɢɹ
3221
Ɍɸɦɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɇɟɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ
ɨɤɪɭɝ
3825
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɬɚɪɫɬɚɧ
20320
ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
41165
18330
ɍɞɦɭɪɬɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
6444
ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
38002
Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2938
ɑɭɜɚɲɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
3936
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
18778
34705
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɞɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
22700
ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɉɟɪɦɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
11836
8545
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
8314
Ʉɢɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
6597
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ⱥɞɵɝɟɹ
934
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
5462
ɇɢɠɟɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥ.
20746
Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
11665
ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2142
Ɉɪɟɧɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
5227
ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
16227
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
15842
ɉɟɧɡɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2861
Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
5857
ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
34220
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɥɦɵɤɢɹ
157
11930
ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
10920
3839
ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
5980
Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɋɬɚɜɪɨɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
13901
11
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
10664
Ʉɚɪɚɱɚɟɜɨ-ɑɟɪɤɟɫɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
1189
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
7528
Ⱥɥɬɚɣɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
9444
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ⱦɚɝɟɫɬɚɧ
6892
ɂɜɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2643
Ɍɨɦɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
14013
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ Ɉɫɟɬɢɹ –
Ⱥɥɚɧɢɹ
1985
Ʉɚɥɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
3199
Ɉɦɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
17018
Ʉɚɛɚɪɞɢɧɨ-Ȼɚɥɤɚɪɫɤɚɹ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
1680
Ʉɨɫɬɪɨɦɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
5981
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
56138
ɑɟɱɟɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ
–
Ʉɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
6278
ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
16490
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɂɧɝɭɲɟɬɢɹ
788
ɑɭɤɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ
484
Ɇɚɝɚɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
996
Ʌɢɩɟɰɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
22761
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɵɜɚ
1257
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
35910
Ɂɚɛɚɣɤɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
6273
Ɉɪɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
1902
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ⱥɥɬɚɣ
Ɋɹɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
7181
ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ 11959
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɚɯɚ (əɤɭɬɢɹ)
8620
ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2467
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ȼɭɪɹɬɢɹ
3829
Ʉɚɦɱɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
1271
Ɍɚɦɛɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
4296
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɏɚɤɚɫɢɹ
4358
ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
7500
Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
12726
Ʉɟɦɟɪɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
71363
Ⱥɦɭɪɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
6050
Ɍɭɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
13494
ɋɚɯɚɥɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
9533
əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
4160
Ʉɭɪɝɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
621
2876
ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ
13143
ȿɜɪɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
39370
547
Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ
(SWRAD) ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2), ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (IPAR): IPAR = [0.45÷0.5] × SWRAD (ȼɬ/ɦ2). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (FPAR) – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
400–700 ɧɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (APAR): APAR = IPAR (ȼɬ/ɦ2) × FPAR. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɣ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ:
GPP = ε (ɝ_C/Ⱦɠ) × APAR (ȼɬ/ɦ2),
(1)
ɝɞɟ GPP – ɜɚɥɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɝ_C/(ɦ2 × ɫ); ε – ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ,
ɝ_C/Ⱦɠ; ε = εɦɚɯ × f(T) × g(W); εɦɚɯ – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ; f(T) ɢ g(W) – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ε ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ:
12
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ,
ɧɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ), ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ Ƚɚɜɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɯ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 400–700 ɧɦ
ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɟɣ in vivo (ɩɨ Kiang ɢ ɞɪ., 2007)
NPP = GPP – Ra,
(2)
ɝɞɟ NPP – ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɝ_C/(ɦ2 × ɫ); Ra – ɞɵɯɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ εɦɚɯ ɬɚɛɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ f(T) ɢ g(W) ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ BPLUT. Ra ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (APAR) ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (1) ɢ (2). ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ APAR ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ (APAR), ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ, 2000–2010 ɝɝ.
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
APAR, ȼɬ/ɦ2
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
APAR, ȼɬ/ɦ2
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɹ
46
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
50
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɦɢ
38
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
32
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
45
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
55
ɇɟɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ
24
ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
58
ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
53
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
45
Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
72
13
Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɢɡ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɬɨɧɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɭɸ
ɜ ɜɚɬɬɚɯ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (AEL) ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ
ɤɚɪɬɵ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ: ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ȼɬ/ɦ2,
ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ – ɛɨɥɟɟ 33 ȼɬ/ɦ2, ɜ ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɨɣ, Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ –
ɨɬ 100 ɞɨ 200 ɦȼɬ/ɦ2, ɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ – ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɦȼɬ/ɦ2.
Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ ɜ 2009 ɝ., ȼɬ/ɦ2
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ
(ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ – ȼɬ/ɦ2, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ: ESL = APAR / AEL, ɝɞɟ ESL – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.
14
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ ɜ 2009 ɝ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ – ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ – ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ ɜ 2009 ɝ.
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ESL
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ESL
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɹ
2910
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
242
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɦɢ
1120
Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
609
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
2248
ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
591
ɇɟɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɝ
1174
ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
449
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
399
1612
4
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɜ Ʉɚɪɟɥɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
15
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤ, ɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ, ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɦɟɹ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ APAR, ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ 30% ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ Ɇɭɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɜ 2,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɉɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɉɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɟɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɢɲɶ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ (ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 7%) ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ
ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɧ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɭɸ ɢɡɜɧɟ. Ⱥɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɟ ɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ: ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɭɛɥɹɯ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
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Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɟɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɊȺɇ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɨɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ,
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ (ɥɟɫɨɜ) ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ
(ɫ/ɯ ɡɟɦɥɢ) ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ƚɨɪɧɵɣ ȼ.ɂ., Ʉɪɢɰɭɤ ɋ.Ƚ., Ʌɚɬɵɩɨɜ ɂ.ɒ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. 2011. Ɍ. 8. ʋ 2. ɋ. 179–194.
2. Ʉɚɫɢɦɨɜ ɇ.ɋ. ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ Ⱥɬɥɚɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɁȺɈ «Ʉɚɪɬɚ», 2002. 128 ɫ.
3. Ɇɚɫɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ., ɋɚɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ȼ., Ɋɵɥɶɫɤɢɣ ȼ.Ⱥ., ɒɚɮɪɚɧɧɢɤ ɘ.Ʉ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, 2001. 476 ɫ.
4. Ɉɞɭɦ ɘ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɇ.: Ɇɢɪ, 1975. 744 ɫ.
5. Jorgensen S.E., Svirezhev Yu.M. Towards a Thermodynamic Theory for Ecological Systems.
Oxford: Elsevier, 2004. 366 p.
6. Kiang N.Y., Siefert J., Govindjee, Blankenship R.E., Meadows V.S. Spectral signatures of photosynthesis I: Review of Earth organisms // Astrobiology. 2007. No. 7. P. 222–251.
Remote sensing in ecological safety
A.A. Tronin
Saint-Petersburg ScientiÞc-Research Centre for Ecological Safety RAS
197110, Saint-Petersburg, 18 Korpusnaya Str.
E-mail: [email protected]
New energetic approach for ecological safety level rating is proposed. It is based on comparison of photosynthetically
active radiation, absorbed by plants and anthropogenic energy load on regions. Solar radiation, absorbed by plants
is retrieved with satellite remote sensing data from EOS system. Anthropogenic load of regions is determined by
primary energy consumption. Ecological safety level rating was calculated for North-West part of Russia. Proposed
method allows to join natural and anthropogenic components for ecological safety rating. Future development of
remote sensing in ecosystem safety level deÞnition is indicated.
Keywords: remote sensing, ecosystem primary production, anthropogenic load, ecological safety.
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