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A"&",03&$%*1"#"+4 '73!@/$ ,", )&*$+03,"-J"( $% +*<+013!!*:* 1*+)&$(0$( '(%1$/*+0$ ( !"#), ".")0$1!"( $ &3",0$1!"(. = )*!$/"!$$ 0*:*, ,",$3 )*#$0$73+,$3 .35+01$( /*:'0 +7$0"04+( +0&"03:$73+,$/$, ."!!*3 $++#3.*1"!$3 *)$&"30+( !" )*.A*., *0&"H3!!@5 1 ,*##3,0$1!*5 /*!*:&"6$$ «Japanese Strategic Thought toward Asia». ;93!$1"( +0&"03:$73+,$5 A"&",03& +*1&3/3!!*5 ()*!+,*5 )*#$0$,$ 1 %$$, "10*&@ $++#3.*1"!$( [email protected]#(-0 +#3.'-J$3 ,&$03&$$ +0&"03:$7!*+0$ /@+#$. «R@ %"."3/+( 1*)&*+*/, 1 ,",*5 +03)3!$ /@8#3!$3 <@#* !"93#3!* !" 0*, 70*<@ +.3#"04 C)*!$- <*#33 <3%*)"+!*5, )&*9130"-J35 $ '1"H"3/*5. ?",H3 /@ '7$0@1"3/, !"+,*#4,* *!* <@#* !")&"1#3!*, 1*-)3&1@A, !" '+)*,*3!$3 ()*!+,*5 *<J3+013!!*+0$, " !3 !" 33 1+0&(+,', 1*-10*&@A, !" &"%&383!$3 )&$%!"!!@A )&*<#3/, " !3 !" $A *0,#".@1"!$3 $#$ *<*+0&3!$3 $, 1-0&304$A, !" *&:"!$%"9$- )&*93++" 1!'0&3!!35 .$+,'++$$ $ %"&'<3H!@A ,*!+'#40"9$5. I0$ ,&$03&$$ [email protected]#(-0 )&3+#3.*1"!$3 .*#:*+&*7!@A 93#35, '&"1!*138$1"!$3 &"+8$&3!$( 1#$(!$( C)*!$$ %" &'<3H*/ + '+)38!@/ %"1*31"!$3/ .*13&$( $ $%<3:"!$3/ 7&3%/3&!*5 %"1$+$/*+0$ + )&$%!"!$3/ !3*<A*.$/*+0$ '+$#3!!*5 1%"$/*%"1$+$/*+0$»14. 6 ;+!*1!@3 &"<*0@: Kenneth Waltz. Theory of International Politics, 1979; John Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001; Stephen Walt.The Origins of Alliances, 1987. 7 ;+!*1!@3 &"<*0@: Hans Morgenthau.Politics among nations, 1948; E.H. Carr. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1939; Reinhold Niebuhr. Christian Realism and Political Problems, 1953. 8 de Montbrial, Thierry. L’action et le système du monde [Action and the world system]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France-Quadrige, 2002, p. 218. 9 Ibid., p. 219. 10 Ole Waever, et al., Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. London, 1993, pp. 17–40, 2$0. )*: de Montbrial, Thierry. L’action et le système du monde [Action and the world system]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France-Quadrige, 2002, p. 219. 11 de Montbrial, Thierry. L’action et le système du monde [Action and the world system]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France-Quadrige, 2002, p. 129. 12 K&$/37"03#4!*, 70* )3&1@/ )*+#31*3!!@/ /$!$+0&*/, +6*&/$&*1"18$/ +)39$"#4!*3 :*+'."&+013!!*3 '7&3H.3!$3, ,*0*&*3 <@ 13."#* 1*)&*+"/$ !"9$*!"#4!*5 +0&"03:$$ (D*,," +>!&(,' ,X,', $#$ :3!0+01* )* !"9$*!"#4!*5 +0&"03:$$) <@# P"0*(/" W,$*, )&$83.8$5 , 1#"+0$ 1 +3!0(<&3 2009 :. )*+#3 )3&1*5 )*<3.@ U3/*,&"0$73+,*5 )"&0$$ C)*!$$ !" )"&#"/3!0+,$A 1@<*&"A. B/. )&3++-,*!63&3!9$- )&3/43&" P"0*(/" *0 16 +3!0(<&( 2009 :. (http:// www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/hatoyama/statement/200909/16kaiken_e.html). <> B$!.%* 1 !"7"#3 +1*3:* +&*," !"/3&31"#+( '7&3.$04 B*130 )* !"9$*!"#4!*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$, *.!",* >0*0 )#"! !3 <@# )&301*&3! 1 H$%!4 1 3:* )&"1#3!$3. 13 Q >0*:* &"%.3#3!$( 3+04 A"&",03&!@3 $+,#-73!$(, *.!$/ $% ,*0*&@A (1#(30+( F$+$A"&" R"+"+$. ;! )*+#3.*1"03#4!* )*.73&,$1"# +0&"03:$73+,$5 A"&",03& ()*!+,*5 1!38!35 )*#$0$,$ )* *0!*83!$- , +0&"!"/ W= , A*0( $ + ')*&*/ !" >,*!*/$73+,$3 +&3.+01". B/. Nishihara, Masashi. East Asian Security and the Trilateral Countries. A Report to the Trilateral Commission. New York, 1985, p.16–18; $%&%'"(" )"&"&%. B>!&(,' ,>!,- !* +$,",'. !.%>! A*+X +>!&(,' .*,'A*!: P>51" 0* "!.%>! !* 0"/> !* .%- !$ +X. (K3&+)3,0$1" +0&"03:$73+,$A $++#3.*1"!$5. P&3+0*/"0$( )*#$0$,$ 1 *<#"+0$ <3%*)"+!*+0$: U13!".9"04 :#"1 1* $/( /$&" $ <3%*)"+!*+0$). ?*,$*, 1988, +. 186–87. 14 Rozman, Gilbert, Kazuhiko Togo and Joseph P. Ferguson. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. 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——————————— 15 Chung, Jae Ho. East Asia Responds to the Rise of China: Patterns and Variations. Pacific Affairs: Volume 82, No.4, Winter 2009–2010, p. 660. 16 Ibid. 17 Ibid. 18 Samuels, Richard J. Securing Japan. Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia, NY., 2007, p. 7. 19 Chung, Jae Ho. East Asia Responds to the Rise of China: Patterns and Variations, Pacific Affairs: Volume 82, No.4, Winter 2009–2010, p. 660–661. 20 Soeya Yoshihide, Masayuki Tadokoro, and David A. Welch, eds. Japan as a Normal Country? A Nation in Search of its Place in the World. Toronto, 2011, p. 16–19. 28 'H3 + >)*A$ ?*,':"1" $ *+*<3!!* )*+#3 1+0')#3!$( C)*!$$ 1 /3H.'!"&*.!'- )*#$0$,' )&$ $/)3&"0*&3 R>5.%$ +0&"!" %"!$/"#" +0*&*!' :*+'."&+01", ,*0*&*3 *!" +7$0"#" !" 0*0 /*/3!0 .*/$!$&'-J$/ (0. 3. +#3.*1"#" %" +$#4!358$/): F$.3&#"!.*1, =3#$,*<&$0"!$$, S3&/"!$$ $ BO . B* +0&',0'&"#$+0+,*5 0*7,$ %&3!$( (!3*&3"#$%/ 3J3 !"%@1"-0 «+0&',0'&!@/ &3"#$%/*/»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«,*!+3!+'+*/ [#"0*1#"+,$»23: «<*#48"( +0&"03:$(, !3 (1#(-J"(+( !3 +#$8,*/ H3+0,*5, !* $ !3 +#$8,*/ /(:,*5, !3 7&3%/3&!* "%$"0+,*5 $ !3 73&3+7'& %")".!*524. 10*& ."!!*5 +0"04$ &"%1$1"30 03%$+, +*:#"+!* ,*0*&*/' )* *0!*83!$- ,*!,&30!* , 23!0&"#4!*5 %$$ ()*!+,"( .$)#*/"0$( )*+#3 &"+)"." BBBE +*730"#" 1@83*)$+"!!@3 >#3/3!0@ «)3&3+0&"A*1,$» $ «+#3.*1"!$(». Q,"%"!!@3 /*.3#$ 1@<*&" +0&"03:$$ )&3$/'J3+013!!* ,"+"-0+( )*13.3!$( :*+'."&+01" )* *0!*83!$- , ':&*%"/, 1*+)&$!$/"3/@/ *0 .&':$A :*+'."&+013!!@A ",0*&*1. ;.!",* )*+#3 «A*#*.!*5 1*5!@»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——————————— 21 Arase, David. Buying Power. The political economy of Japan’s Foreign Aid London, 1995, p. 204–205. 22 Samuels, Richard J. Securing Japan. Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. NY., 2007, p. 8. 23 [#"0*1#"+," – $/( :#"1!*5 :3&*$!$ %")".!*:* 1"&$"!0" +,"%,$ * 0&3A /3.13.(A. «D*!+3!+'+ [#"0*1#"+,$» 1 "!:#*(%@7!*5 ",".3/$73+,*5 #$03&"0'&3 *0+@#"30 , +$0'"9$$ 1 +,"%,3, :.3 :3&*$!( *<!"&'H$1"30 )* 0&$ )&3./30" &"%!*:* &"%/3&", $% ,*0*&@A *.$! *,"%@1"30+( !3 <*#483 $ !3 /3!483, " «1 +"/@5 &"%». 24 Ibid., p. 9. 29 #$%/" ,", !"<*& +0&"03:$5, !"93#3!!@A !" *<3+)373!$3 <3%*)"+!*+0$ )* *0!*83!$- , .&':$/ :*+'."&+01"/, !* $ +* +0&',0'&"#$+0+,*5 0*7,$ %&3!$( /3H.'!"&*.!*5 )*#$0$73+,*5 >,*!*/$$ –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«D /$&' $ +7"+0473&3% >,*!*/$73+,*3 &"%1$0$3 $ .3/*,&"0$-»30, $ 33 %!"7$03#4!@3 "&+3!"#@ «/(:,*5 +$#@» .* +$A )*& *,"%@1"-0 *J'0$/*3 1*%.35+01$3 !" 6*&/'#$&*1"!$3 1!38!35 )*#$0$,$ +0&"!@. ;!$ ",0$1!* $+)*#4%'-0+( 1#$(03#4!*5 :&'))*5 0", !"%@1"3/@A «+&3.!3.3&H"1!@A $!03&!"9$*!"#$+0*1» (middle-power internationalists) + 1990-A :*.*1, , ,*0*&@/ )*+#3 11 +3!0(<&( 2001 :. )&$+*3.$!$#$+4 /3&,"!0$#$+0@ $ +0*&*!!$,$ +<#$H3!$( + %$3531. = +**0130+01$$ + #$<3&"#4!*5 )"&".$:/*5 /3H.'!"&*.!@A *0!*83!$5 $ 33 «03*&$35 .3/*,&"0$73+,*:* /$&"», )*+0'#$&'-J35 &3.,*+04 1*5! /3H.' .3/*,&"0$(/$, C)*!$( /*H30 &"++/"0&$1"04+( ,", .3/*,&"0$73+,"( &@!*7!"( >,*!*/$," $ *0130+013!!@5 «:#*<"#4!@5 :&"H."!$!», +0&3/(J$5+( +)*+*<+01*1"04 .3/*,&"0$%"9$$, +*9$"#4!*>,*!*/$73+,*/' &"%1$0$- $ &@!*7!@/ &36*&/"/ 1* 1+3/ /$&3, $ 1 7"+0!*+0$ 1 %$$, 1,#-7"( 23!0&"#4!'- %$-. ?",$/ *<&"%*/, +*1&3/3!!@3 ()*!+,$3 )&3.+0"1#3!$( * /3H.'!"&*.!*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$ !3 ——————————— 25 Ibid. 26 Sato, Yoichiro and Hirata Keiko, eds. Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy. New York, 2008, p. 11. 27 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, 1977. 28 I0*0 03&/$! <@# 113.3! 1 *<*&*0 D*+"," R"+"0",", )*#$0*#*:*/ $ <$*:&"6*/ )&3/43&/$!$+0&" L+$." B$:>&', + 93#4- )&3.+0"1$04 *)0$/"#4!'- +0&"03:$- .#( C)*!$$ – )*.*<!* =3!39$$ 1 XIII 1. $ S*##"!.$$ 1 XVII 1., )&*9130"18$/ 1* 1&3/( )*..3&H"!$( /$&" .&':$/$ :*+'."&+01"/$. D*+"," 1 7"+0!*+0$ +7$0"#, 70* !"#$7$3 6#*0" .#( %"J$0@ /*&+,$A ,*//'!$,"9$5 ,", 0",*1*3 !3 .3#"#* >0$ :*+'."&+01" 7&3%/3&!* ":&3++$1!@/$. 2$0. )* Samuels, Richard. Securing Japan: The Current Discourse, The Journal of Japanese Studies 33.1, 2007, p. 125–52. 29 Sato, Yoichiro and Hirata Keiko, eds. Norms, Interests, and Power in Japanese Foreign Policy. New York, 2008, p. 9–11. 30 *&+, ,"(+. U%$- 0* A"!Y>5 !* ,* (U':" +1*<*.@ $ )&*9130"!$(). ?*,$*, 2007, +. 225. 31 Samuels, Richard J. Securing Japan. Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. NY., 2007, p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– «"!"#$0$73+,"( >,#3,0$,"», )&3.#*H3!!"( K$03&*/ D"093!+0"5!*/32. B *.!*5 +0*&*!@, >0$ .1" >)$+03/*#*:$73+,$A )*.A*." *)$&"-0+( !" *<J'- )*+@#,': 1*+)&$(0$3 ()*!+,*5 >#$0*5 +1*35 +0&"!@ 1 /3H.'!"&*.!*5 +0&',0'&3 ,", '(%1$/*5 $ *)"+"-J35+( $%*#(9$$. B .&':*5 +0*&*!@, $+,#-7$03#4!* !3*&3"#$+0+,"( $!03&)&30"9$( +13#" <@ *0!*83!$( C)*!$$ + .&':$/$ :*+'."&+01"/$ , «$:&3 + !'#31*5 +'//*5»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«.)"#,!-$%" +- .%):$=5»? F$%,"( )&$*&$030!*+04 23!0&"#4!*5 %$$ !" 1!38!3)*#$0$73+,*5 )*13+0,3 .!( ?*,$* /*H30 *<Y(+!(04+( 0",$/$ 6",0*&"/$, ,", *0+'0+01$3 03&&$0*&$"#4!*5 <#$%*+0$ 1 *0#$7$3 *0 E*++$$ $#$ D$0"(, *0+'0+01$3 $+0*&$$ 03+!@A *0!*83!$5 $ *0!*+$03#4!* 10*&*+03)3!!*3 /3+0* &3:$*!" 1 +$+03/3 /3H.'!"&*.!*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$. B*:#"+!* *+!*1*)*#":"-J3/' .*,'/3!0' «;+!*1!@3 !")&"1#3!$( )&*:&"//@ !"9$*!"#4!*5 *<*&*!@» 2004 :., 1 0* 1&3/( (.3&!@5 +0"0'+ DFUE, !3&383!!@3 03&&$0*&$"#4!@3 +)*&@ + D$0"3/, E3+)'<#$,*5 D*&3( $ E*++$35, " 0",H3 !3*)&3.3#3!!*+04 1 *0!*83!$(A /3H.' DFE $ ?"51"!3/ )&$%!"1"#$+4 %*!*5 33 !3)*+&3.+013!!@A &'<3H35 *<*&*!@33. = ,*!93 PP 1. ()*!+,$3 )&3.+0"1#3!$( * <3%*)"+!*+0$ )*+03)3!!* >1*#-9$*!$&*1"#$ *0 ,*!93)9$$ «1+3*<Y3/#-J35 <3%*)"+!*+0$» (&+-+ "#./0# ——————————— 32 Suh, J. J., Katzenstein, Peter J., and Carlson, Allen, eds. Rethinking Security in East Asia. Identity, Power, and Efficiency. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004. 33 http://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_policy/pdf/national_guideline.pdf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——————————— 41 Akiner, Shirin, ed. The Caspian: politics, energy and security, School of Oriental and African Studies Central Asia research forum. London, 2004, p. 279. 42 Hickok, Michael Robert. The Other End of the Silk Road: Japan’s Eurasian Initiative. Central Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (2000), p. 24. 43 Asian Development Bank and Japan, fact sheet, p. 1–6 (http://www.adb.org/Documents/Fact_ Sheets/JPN.pdf) 44With Oil and West’s Appeals in Mind, Tokyo Plans for Central Asia, International Herald Tribune, 16.12. 1992. Quoted from Akiner, p. 280. 45 Funabashi, Yoichi. Asia Pacific Fusion. Japan’s role in APEC. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1995, p. 228. 46 N!03&14- + )&*63++*&*/ B$..A"&0*/ B",+3!" (D3/<&$.H+,$5 '!$13&+$030, /"5 2010). 47 Half a Ton of Uranium – and a Long Fligh. Washington Post, 21.09. 2009. 48 Japan signs nuclear pact with Kazakhstan, Reuters, 02.03. 2010: (http://uk.reuters.com/article/ idUKTOE62107I20100302) 49 ?3%$+ P"!0$!:0*!" )*#4%*1"#+( )*)'#(&!*+04- 1 )3&1*5 )*#*1$!3 1990-A ::., *.!",* 1)*+#3.+01$$ >0" 03*&$( <@#" /!*:*,&"0!* *+)*&3!" $+0*&$73+,$/$ +*<@0$(/$, !")&$/3&, 31&*"0#"!0$73+,$/$ '+0&3/#3!$(/$ Q,&"$!@, S&'%$$ $ B3&<$$ 1 !"7"#3 !*1*:* 13,". 50 Hickok, Michael Robert.The Other End of the Silk Road: Japan’s Eurasian Initiative. Central Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (2000), p. 25. 34 35 1!'0&$)*#$0$73+,*5 +$0'"9$$ 3:* +0&"!. K&$!(0$3 ()*!+,*5 /*.3#$ )*#$0$73+,*:* $ +*9$"#4!*->,*!*/$73+,*:* &"%1$0$( 1950–1970-A ::. )&3.)*#":"#* .#( 93!0&"#4!*"%$"0+,$A &3+)'<#$, <*#48'- !3%"1$+$/*+04 *0 V1&*)@ $ BO , +0&*:* )*.A*.(J$A , )&*13.3!$- &36*&/ 1 +**0130+01$$ + %")".!@/$ /*.3#(/$. 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(http://www.keia.org/Publications/AcademicPaperSeries/2008/APS-CalderKim.pdf, p. 3) 53 Kaiser, Markus. Eurasien: Neo-imperalistischer Diskurs oder gesellschaftliche Realität? Working Paper No 337, Sociology of Development Research Centre, University of Bielefeld, 2001, p. 14. 54 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007, p. 62. 55 Yee, Herbert and Ian Storey, eds. The China threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality. London, 2002, p. 159. 56 Address by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to the Japan Association of Corporate Executives, 24.07.1997 (http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/0731douyukai.html). 57 Ibid. 36 37 V1&"%$$, * ,*0*&@A )$+"# P"#6*&. R",,$!.3& 1 +0"043 «S3*:&"6$73+,"( *+4 $+0*&$$» (1904 :.)58. 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New York, 2007, p. 231. 61 Address by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to the Japan Association of Corporate Executives, 24.07. 1997 (http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/0731douyukai.html). 62 N!03&14- + ?*:* D".%'A$,* (?*,$*, /"&0 2012 :.). 63 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph. P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New Yor,, 2007, p. 231. 64 Ibid. 65 East Asian Strategic Review 2009 (http://www.nids.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/pdf/2009/ east-asian_e2009_08.pdf). 38 39 <@04 :#*<"#4!@/ ",0*&*/. ;.!$/ $% &3%'#40"0*1 0",*:* /@8#3!$( +0"#* )&*13.3!$3 .*%")&"1*7!*5 /$++$$ ()*!+,$A ,*&"<#35, * 73/ 'H3 :*1*&$#*+4 1@83. =1$.' +#*H!*:* )*#*H3!$( $ )*03!9$"#" $+#"/$+0+,*5 .3+0"<$#$%"9$$, 23!0&"#4!"( %$( 1,#-7"#"+4 "./$!$+0&"9$35 G'8" 1 &"/,$ ,", «G*#48*:* G#$H!3:* =*+0*,"», 0", $ «U':$ !3+0"<$#4!*+0$». K&3.*01&"J3!$3 )*03!9$"#4!@A ,*!6#$,0*1 1 >0*/ &3:$*!3 1+0"#* $ )3&3. C)*!$35 1 ,*!03,+03 33 +*-%" + BO $ +*.35+01$( 1 <*&4<3 + 03&&*&$%/*/. = 2001 :. 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The Caspian: politics, energy and security, School of Oriental and African Studies Central Asia research forum, London, 2004, p. 286–287. 68 Abiru, Taisuke. The Tokyo-Moscow-Astana triangle: strategic partnership in nuclear energy is inevitable, Security Index No. 3 (85), Volume 14, p.117–118. 69 8&!4"9%:;, <&:#. K*#$0$," C)*!$$ 1 23!0&"#4!*5 %$$ – :3*)*#$0$73+,$5 "+)3,0. East Time, 4 ")&3#( 2007 :. (http://easttime.ru/analitic/3/9/150.html). 40 B*:#"+!* <@183/' )*+#' C)*!$$ 1 Q%<3,$+0"!3 D"1"0* ,$*, 1 2002 :. )&3%$.3!0 Q%<3,$+0"!" N+#"/ D"&$/*1, +,*&33 1+3:*, 1@<&"# *&$3!0"9$- !" 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Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007, p. 232. 71 Akiner, Shirin, ed. The Caspian: politics, energy and security, School of Oriental and African Studies Central Asia research forum, London, 2004, p. 235. 72 Ibid., p. 234. 73 Policy Speech by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan, at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan on August 26, 2004, Adding a New Dimension: Central Asia plus Japan (http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/uzbekistan/speech0408.html). 41 N/3 .3#* + «H3+0,$/$» ':&*%"/$ <3%*)"+!*+0$, )*.*<!@/$ +$0'"9$$ 1 6:"!$+0"!3, *!" +*0&'.!$7"#" + BO , *.!",* 1 +63&3 >,*!*/$,$ $ /(:,*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$, ,",-0* )&*<#3/@ )&"1 73#*13," $#$ )3&3A*." , .3/*,&"0$$, .3/*!+0&$&*1"#" "10*!*/!'- )*%$9$- $ ."H3 +*)3&!$73+01* + [")".*/. F"$<*#33 )*,"%"03#4!@/ +#'7"3/ >0*5 .1*5+013!!*+0$ <@#" &3",9$( C)*!$$ !" +*<@0$( 1 !.$H"!3, :.3 1 2005 :. 1*++0"!$3 1 >0*/ '%<3,+,*/ )*:&"!$7!*/ :*&*.3 <@#* H3+0*,* )*."1#3!* 1#"+0(/$. 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Japanese Central Asian Diplomacy and its Implications, Central Asia and the Caucasus Analyst, Vol. 8, No. 17 (2006), pp. 3–6. 76 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007, p. 241 77 Len, Christopher, Uyama Tomohiko, and Hirose Tetsuya, eds. Japan’s Silk Road Diplomacy: Paving the Road Ahead, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, 2008 (http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2008_len-et-al-eds_japans-silk-road-diplomacy.pdf). 78 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph. P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007, &.14. 79 Press Release of Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue/Senior Officials Meeting, 4 March 2005 (http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/3/0304-2.html) 80 SCO official website (http://www.sectsco.org/EN/brief.asp). 81 Human Rights Overview: China, Human Rights Watch, 18 January 2006 (http://www.hrw. org/english/docs/2006/01/18/china12270.htm). 82 5"/"#=:;, *#.(:2. G*#48"( $:&" + !3$%13+0!@/$ )&"1$#"/$: /$&*1"( )*#$0$," $ 23!0&"#4!"( %$(. R., 2008; Len, Christopher, Uyama Tomohiko, and Hirose Tetsuya, eds. Japan’s Silk Road Diplomacy: Paving the Road Ahead, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, 2008 (http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2008_len-et-al-eds_japans-silk-roaddiplomacy.pdf). 83 Clarke, Christopher M. Xinjiang – Where China’s Worry Intersects the World, YaleGlobal , 19 March 2010 ( http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/xinjiang-where-chinas-worry-intersects-world). 42 43 $%/3&3!$3 +*0&'.!$73+01" 1 &"/,"A O;B 1 $!03&3+"A ',&3)#3!$( ,$0"5+,*:* >,*!*/$73+,*:* )&$+'0+01$( 1 23!0&"#4!*5 %$$, ,*0*&*3 &"+030 + /*/3!0" !3%"1$+$/*+0$ +0&"! &3:$*!". = 1*3!!*/ )#"!3 &*++$5+,*3 1*3!!*3 )&$+'0+01$3 1 23!0&"#4!*5 %$$ !"$<*#33 +'J3+013!!*: 1*5+," EM .$+#*9$&*1"!@ 1 D$&:$%$$ $ ?".H$,$+0"!384, 0*:." ,", 1+3 +0&"!@ &3:$*!", %" $+,#-73!$3/ ?'&,/3!$+0"!", (1#(-0+( 7#3!"/$ ;&:"!$%"9$$ .*:*1*&" * ,*##3,0$1!*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$. 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F")&*0$1, :*+'."&+01"-+*+3.$, *+*<3!!* !3<*#48$3 )* &"%/3&', " $/3!!* D$&:$%$( $ ——————————— 84 The Military Balance 2010, pp. 364, 366, 372, 373 85 China, Russia-led alliance wants date for U.S. pullout, USA Today, 05.07.2005 (http://www. usatoday.com/news/world/2005-07-05-asia-summit_x.htm). 86 =":",'!$ !* -&"+$" :"5,* – B(!A"5 ,X&X,' ,$,* * 0-+$! !$ (V1&"%$5+,"( .$)#*/"0$( !"835 +0&"!@ – O;B «1 6*,'+3»), F$A*! ,*,'+"5 /*!."5 ,>!,-.%X, /"&0 2007 :. 87 Shambaugh, David, ed. Power Shift. China and Asia’s New Dynamics. Berkeley, 2005, pp. 32–33. 88 Ibid., 2005, p.54. 89 Takeda, Isami. Japan’s Myanmar Policy: Four Principles. S"5,* 6*&"/', No.154, (/"5 2001). 90 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph. P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007. 91 Shambaugh, David, ed. Power Shift. China and Asia’s New Dynamics. Berkeley, 2005, p. 52–53. 92 5"/"#=:;, *#.(:2. G*#48"( $:&" + !3$%13+0!@/$ )&"1$#"/$: /$&*1"( )*#$0$," $ 23!0&"#4!"( %$(. R.,2008, p. 347. 93 Michael Edmund Clarke. In the Eye of Power (doctoral thesis), Brisbane, 2004, p. 37; Peter Perdue. China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia, p. 283–87. A. Dirk Moses. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History, 2008, p. 188. 94 Ibid. 95 Burles, Mark. Chinese Policy toward Russia and the Central Asian Republics. RAND Corporation, 1999 (http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1045/ p.54). 44 45 ?".H$,$+0"!, )&*(1#(-0 *%"<*73!!*+0496. U"H3 *0!*83!$3 D"%"A+0"!", ,*0*&@5 /*H!* *0!3+0$ , &3:$*!"#4!@/ #$.3&"/, 1 *0!*83!$$ 1*%&"+0"-J35 %"1$+$/*+0$ *0 D$0"( +*730"30 "#"&/$%/ $ )&":/"0$%/. K&$%!"!$3 *6$9$"#4!@/ ?*,$* D$0"( *+!*1!*5 )*03!9$"#4!*5 ':&*%*5 <@#* 1)3&1@3 +6*&/'#$&*1"!* 1 «;+!*1!@A !")&"1#3!$(A !"9$*!"#4!*5 *<*&*!!*5 )*#$0$,$ 2004 :.»97, " 0",H3 )*.013&H.3!* 1 !*135835 &3.",9$$ >0*:* .*,'/3!0" 1 2011 :. ;.!",*, <3+)*,*5+01* )* )*1*.' '+$#3!$( D$0"( )&*+#3H$1"30+( $ 1 1990-A :*."A98. 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London, 2002, p. 151. 99 Rozman, Gilbert, Togo Kazuhiko and Ferguson Joseph. P. Japanese strategic thought toward Asia. New York, 2007. 100 Samuels, Richard J. Securing Japan. Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. , NY., 2007, p. 201. 101 Chung, Jae Ho. East Asia Responds to the Rise of China: Patterns and Variations, Pacific Affairs: Volume 82, No.4 Winter 2009–2010, p. 660. 102 Ibid.; Tow, William T., Thomson, Mark J., Yamamoto Yoshinobu and Limaye, Satu P. Asia-Pacific Security. US, Australia and Japan and the New Security Triangle. London, 2007, p. 92; *40 >%#./+. Q9','+$5 ,'!$ > [D )&3,&"+!*5 +0&"!3], ?*,$*, 2006, p. 160. 103 *40 >%#./+. Q9','+$5 ,'!$ > [D )&3,&"+!*5 +0&"!3], ?*,$*, 2006, p. 159. 104 Sutter, Robert G. China’s rise in Asia: promises and perils. 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F$ R"0$/'&", !$ D*/'&" R"+"A$,*, 1*%:#"1$18$5 RNU )&$ )&*,$0"5+,$ !"+0&*3!!*/ M','.", !3 )&*.*#H$#$ $.3«U':$ +1*<*.@ $ )&*9130"!$(». ?",$3 )3&3/3!@, + *.!*5 +0*&*!@, !3 )&3)(0+01*1"#$ )&*A*H.3!$- .$"#*:" «23!0&"#4!"( %$( )#-+ C)*!$(», !* + .&':*5, !3 ."1"#$ $/)'#4+" , +3&43%!*/' &"%1$0$-, *+0"1#(( .$"#*: !" '&*1!3 6*&/"#4!@A 1+0&37. D*!93)9$( «U':$ +1*<*.@ $ )&*9130"!$(» $+0*#,*1@1"#"+4 ,", )*#$0$," <"#"!+$&*1"!$( D$0"(108. = 0* H3 1&3/( *!" !3 <@#" 1*)#*J3!" )&$ )&"1#3!$$ <>, M','." $ +*109 )* !3+,*#4,$/ )&$7$!"/: !3.*+0"0*7!"( )&33/+013!!*+04 $ )*+#3.*1"03#4!*+04 ,'&+", )*+0*(!!"( +/3!" )&$*&$030*1, *&$3!0"9$( M','." !" D$0"5 $ +&*7!"( !3*<A*.$/*+04 <*&4<@ + 6$!"!+*1@/ ,&$%$+*/ 2008–2009 ::. ,", 1!'0&$ C)*!$$, 0", $ %" 33 )&3.3#"/$. G-<)HD"$%" = ."!!*5 +0"043 )&*"!"#$%$&*1"!* +*0&'.!$73+01* C)*!$$ + 23!0&"#4!*5 %$35 1 :*.@ )*+#3 «A*#*.!*5 1*5!@»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——————————— 105 Samuels, Richard J. Securing Japan. Tokyo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia. NY, 2007, p. 15. 106 *40 >%#./+. Q9','+$5 ,'!$ > (D )&3,&"+!*5 +0&"!3), ?*,$*, 2006, +. 161. 107 *&+, ,"(+. U%$- 0* A"!Y>5 !* ,* (U':" +1*<*.@ $ )&*9130"!$(). ?*,$*, 2007, +. 220–234. 108 Lee Cheng-hung. Japan’s arc of freedom shifting the balance. Taipei Times, Thursday, Aug 30, 2007, p. 8; $!03&14- + <@18$/ +*0&'.!$,*/ R$!$+03&+01" >,*!*/$,$, 0*&:*1#$ $ )&*/@8#3!!*+0$ (?*,$*, 631&"#4 2012 :.). 109 Len, Christopher, Uyama Tomohiko, and Hirose Tetsuya, eds. Japan’s Silk Road Diplomacy: Paving the Road Ahead, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, 2008 (http:// www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2008_len-et-al-eds_japans-silk-road-diplomacy.pdf, p. 47). 48 49 )*+#3 *,*!7"!$( «A*#*.!*5 1*5!@», )&*0$1*.35+01$3 ':&*%3 /3H.'!"&*.!*:* 03&&*&$%/" )*+#3 11 +3!0(<&( 2001 :. $ )*#$0$," 1 *0!*83!$$ '+$#3!$( D$0"(. = +1*35 1!38!35 )*#$0$,3 1 &3:$*!3 C)*!$( )&*.3/*!+0&$&*1"#" <*#483 +*:#"+*1"!$( +* +1*$/$ "/3&$,"!+,$/$ $ 31&*)35+,$/$ )"&0!3&"/$ 1 1*)&*+"A «H3+0,*5 <3%*)"+!*+0$» $ +*A&"!(#" <*#33 "10*!*/!'- #$!$- 1 *<#"+0$ >,*!*/$73+,*:* +*0&'.!$73+01" $ +*9$"#4!*:* &"%1$0$(. ?"$1$-&%*2!+&18+!* $'1$-*1!( .$ .1*-1*4 "$#!'!+* @? 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P"0*(/" +>5,>!,"-!* !$0$<>5 ,"!,>5 (C)*!*-"/3&$,"!+,$3 *0!*83!$( 1 )3&$*. )&"1#3!$( W.P"0*(/") // R*!."5 0* ,>!,-. (K&*<#3/@ $ $++#3.*1"!$(). U3,"<&4 2009, +. 57. ?"51"!4+,$5 $!+0$0'0 /3H.'!"&*.!@A *0!*83!$5 – (http://iir.nccu.edu.tw/attachments/ journal/add/10/__1-3.pdf). 2 Obama goes to Asia. Understanding the President’s trip. 06.11. 2009. The Brookings institution. (http://www.brookings.edu/events./2009/1106_obama_asia_trip.aspx). 50 51