^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ kh]eZkgh lZ[ebpu 4.1, ]^_ \f_klh keh\Z «dbev- D

^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ kh]eZkgh lZ[ebpu 4.1, ]^_ \f_klh keh\Z «dbevkhggu» ke_^m_l qblZlv «dZjebg]ku»;
D2 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc:
^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ b ihem[bfkh\ – 1;
^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ kh]eZkgh lZ[ebpu 4.2;
d – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb [bfkZfb beb ihem[bfkZfb,
f;
<1 – \_ebqbgZ ijbgbfZ_fZy jZ\ghc gZb[hevr_fm jZkklhygbx, f:
^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – f_`^m [hjlZfb beb f_`^m [hjlZfb b
ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc (n_jfhc), f_`^m i_j_[hjdZfb (n_jfZfb);
^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – f_`^m dZjebg]kZfb beb f_`^m dZjebg]khf
b ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc ([hjlhf). AgZq_gb_ <1 ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\
g_ ^he`gh [ulv ijbgylh f_g__ </3 ijb lj_o b q_luj_o ijh^hevguo
i_j_[hjdZo (n_jfZo) b f_g__ </4 ijb iylb b [he__ ijh^hevguo i_j_[hjdZo;
q – \_ebqbgZ, DIZ, hij_^_ey_fZy ih nhjfme_,
q
G
f
(6.7)
]^_ G – fZdkbfZevguc \_k ]jmaZ, dhlhjuc fh`_l [ulv ijbgyl gZ ^Zgguc
aZ]jm`_gguc mqZklhd iZem[u, dG; f – iehsZ^v ^Zggh]h aZ]jm`_ggh]h mqZkldZ
iZem[u, f2.
AgZq_gb_ W ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\, _keb ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky aZ]jmadZ b jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb, g_evay ijbgbfZlv f_gvr_, q_f hij_^_e_ggh_ ^ey ohehkluo
[bfkh\ km^h\-iehsZ^hd ijb h^bgZdh\hc nhjf_ aZ]jmadb b jZa]jmadb, l._. ]j_cn_jZfb
W
115ac1 ,
(6.8)
]^_ Z b k1 hij_^_eyxlky ih (4.19).
2) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo hlk_dh\
W
K 0 K1dB12 ,
(6.9)
]^_ D0 , D1, D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZ_fu_ kh]eZkgh (6.6);
3) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ,
W
K 0 K1 K 2 dB12 ,
]^_ D0 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc:
^ey ohehkluo ihem[bfkh\ – 2,5;
^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – 3,6;
66
(6.10)
^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – 1,85;
^ey jZfguo ihem[bfkh\ gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcguo [hjlh\ – 14;
D1 , D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZxlky kh]eZkgh (6.6).
>ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, gZ dhlhju_ q_j_a ibee_jku, kl_gdb gZ^kljh_d, \u]hjh^db b l.i. i_j_^Zxlky gZ]jmadb k \ur_jZkiheh`_gguo iZem[, fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby jZfgh]h [bfkZ, hij_^_e_gguc ih nhjfme_
(6.10), ^he`_g [ulv mfgh`_g gZ dhwnnbpb_gl m n 1 , ]^_ n – qbkeh \ur_jZkiheh`_gguo iZem[, aZ bkdexq_gb_f mdZaZgguc \ i.4. Ijb wlhf agZq_gb_ <1
^he`gh [ulv ijbgylh jZ\guf gZb[hevr_fm jZkklhygbx f_`^m ijh^hevgufb
jy^Zfb ibee_jkh\ beb f_`^m ijh^hevguf b jy^hf dbee_jkh\ b ijh^hevghc i_j_[hjdhc ([hjlhf), ih^^_j`b\Zxsbfb [bfk.
4) >ey mqZkldh\ e_]dbo iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmah\ b iZkkZ`bjh\,
K 0 K1 K 2 dB12 ,
W
(6.11)
]^_ D0 – dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc:
^ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ – 0,4;
^ey ohehkluo ihem[bfkh\ – 0,5;
^ey jZfguo [bfkh\ – 0,7;
^ey jZfguo ihem[bfkh\ gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcguo [hjlh\ – 2,8;
D1 , D2 – dhwnnbpb_glu, ijbgbfZxlky kh]eZkgh (6.6).
5) >ey ohehkluo [bfkh\ km^h\-iehsZ^hd, _keb ij_^mkfhlj_gZ aZ]jmadZ b
jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb,
W
115ac1
(6.12)
]^_ Z, k1 – hij_^_eyxlky kh]eZkgh (4.18).
6) Ijb Ln B <0,7 jZaf_ju jZfguo [bfkh\ ke_^m_l ijbgbfZlv jZ\gufb
jZaf_jZf dZjebg]kh\, hij_^_ey_fuo kh]eZkgh (6.21).
<ukhlZ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ beb jZfgh]h ihem[bfkZ ^he`gZ ijbgbfZlvky g_ f_g__ 2/3 \ukhlu kl_gdb jZfgh]h riZg]hmlZ m iZem[u. IehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby k\h[h^gh]h ihykdZ jZfgh]h [bfkZ beb jZfgh]h ihem[bfkZ ^he`gZ [ulv g_ f_g__ 0,75 iehsZ^b ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby k\h[h^gh]h ihykdZ jZfgh]h riZg]hmlZ m iZem[u jbkmghd 6.2.
Fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby jZfgh]h [bfkZ k ijbkh_^bg_gguf
ihykdhf, kf4, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__
J
3B1W ,
(6.13)
;bfku dj_iyl d [hjlh\hfm gZ[hjm k ihfhsvx dgbp, bf_xsbo ^ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb hlh]gmluc neZg_p beb ijb\Zj_gguc ihykhd, jbkmghd 6.2.
67
Jbkmghd 6.2 – IZem[guc gZ[hj ijb ihi_j_qghc ko_f_ gZ[hjZ:
Z – ko_fZ i_j_djulby ih >I (h^gZ ba ieZklbg iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ aZrljboh\ZgZ);
[ – k_q_gb_ ih ihem[bfkm; \ – ma_e i_j_k_q_gby ihem[bfkZ kh riZg]hmlhf;
1 – ihem[bfk; 2 – dhgp_\hc exdh\uc [bfk; 3 dhfbg]k-dZjebg]k; 4 – rbjklj_d;
5 – iZem[guc kljbg]_j
DZjebg]ku, ih^^_j`b\Zxsb_ [bfku, h[uqgh ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc lZ\jh\mx k\Zjgmx [Zedm (jbkmghd 6.3).
Jbkmghd 6.3 – Kh_^bg_gb_ jZfguo [bfkh\ k dZjebg]kZfb:
Z) g_jZ\gh\ukhdb_ [bfk b dZjebg]k;
[) jZ\gh\ukhdb_ [bfk b dZjebg]k;
1 – dZjebg]k; 2 – [bfk
DZjebg]ku gZ kmoh]jmaguo km^Zo, bf_xsbo \uj_au ih^ ]jmah\u_ exdb,
kh\f_sZxl k ijh^hevgufb djhfdZfb \uj_ah\, b dZjebg]k i_j_oh^bl \ dZjebg]dhfbg]k, jbkmghd 6.4.
68
Jbkmghd 6.4 – Kh_^bg_gb_ dZjebg]kZ k dhgp_\uf [bfkhf (\b^ kgbam):
1 – ihykhd dZjebg]kZ; 2 – ihykhd [bfkZ; 3 – jhf[h\b^gZy ]hjbahglZevgZy dgbpZ
Dhgp_\u_ jZfgu_ exdh\u_ [bfku kem`Zl hihjhc dZjebg]kZf, lZd dZd ^ebgZ ljxfZ \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ ij_\urZxl rbjbgm km^gZ. Dhgp_\hc exdh\uc [bfk ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc k\Zjgmx kbff_ljbqgmx lZ\jh\mx [Zedm, k \ukhlhc jZ\ghc \ukhl_ dZjebg]kZ (jbkmghd 6.3, [). >ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb
kl_gdb dhgp_\uo [bfkh\, dZd b dZjebg]kh\, ih^dj_ieyxl dgbpZfb.
Ijb kh_^bg_gbb ijh^hevguo b ihi_j_qguo dhfbg]kh\ ke_^m_l mqblu\Zlv,
qlh \ m]eZo exdh\ \hagbdZ_l agZqbl_evgZy dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc. H^ghc ba
gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guo f_j ^ey kgb`_gby y\ey_lky kdjm]e_gb_ m]eh\ exdh\, dhlhju_ fh`_l [ulv \uiheg_gh g_kdhevdbfb dhgkljmdlb\gufb kihkh[Zfb (jbkmghd 6.5). < i_j\hf kemqZ_ kdjm]e_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky \ kZfhf f_kl_ iZem[u.
JZ^bmk kdjm]e_gby ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\guf
R
0,1\ ,
(6.14)
]^_ \ – rbjbgZ exdZ, f.
<h \lhjhf kemqZ_ exdh\uc \uj_a ^_eZ_lky ijyfhm]hevghc nhjfu, Z aZdjm]e_gb_ e_dZevgufb dgbpZfb, \\Zj_ggufb ih m]eZf exdh\h]h \uj_aZ.
Jbkmghd 6.5 – Kh_^bg_gb_ ijh^hevgh]h b ihi_j_qgh]h dhfbg]kh\ exdh\:
69
Z – ijyfhm]hevgh_; [ – kdjm]e_gb_ m]eZ h^ghc dgbp_c; \ – kdjm]e_gb_ gZ^ iZem[hc b ijyfhm]hevgh_ ih^ g_c; ] – kdjm]e_gb_ m]eZ lj_fy dgbpZfb
Ijb [hevrhc rbjbg_ ]jmah\uo exdh\ bo ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku ^_eZxl
g_ij_ju\gufb, ^ey \dexq_gby bo \ wd\b\Ze_glguc [jmk b ^ey jZaf_s_gby gZ
gbo exdh\h]h aZdjulby, jbkmghd 6.6.
Jbkmghd 6.6 – Dhgkljmdlb\gZy ko_fZ g_ij_ju\guo dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\:
Z – ijyfhebg_cgu_ ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku; [ – dhfbg]ku, km`Zxsb_ky \ ghkh\hc hdhg_qghklb; \ – dhfbg]ku ^ey l_e_kdhibq_kdh]h exdh\h]h aZdjulby
6.4. Ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc
GZ km^g_ k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ [ZedZfb ]eZ\gh]h gZijZ\e_gby iZem[gh]h i_j_djulby y\eyxlky ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb, jbkmghd 6.7.
Jbkmghd 6.7 – Ijh^hevguc gZ[hj iZem[u \ jZchg_ ]jmah\h]h exdZ:
1 – ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ; 2 – jZfguc [bfk; 3 – dhfbg]k ]jmah\h]h exdZ
JZkklhygb_ f_`^m ih^iZem[gufb ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb ijbgbfZxl lZdbf
`_, dZd jZkklhygb_ f_`^m ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb ^gbsZ.
Ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb hibjZxlky gZ jZfgu_ [bfku b ihi_j_qgu_ i_j_[hjdb. JZfgu_ [bfku mklZgZ\eb\Zxl \ h^ghc ihi_j_qghc iehkdhklb
kh kiehrgufb nehjZfb. GZ djmiguo km^Zo ^ey kha^Zgby hihju jZfguf [bfkZf mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dZjebg]ku, hibjZxsb_ky gZ ihi_j_qgu_ i_j_[hjdb beb
dhgp_\u_ exdh\u_ [bfku.
70
;hevrb_ \uj_au \ iZem[_ k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc ih^dj_ieyxl ijh^hevgufb b ihi_j_qgufb [ZedZfb-dhfbg]kZfb, kh\f_sZ_fufb k dZjebg]kZfb b
jZfgufb [bfkZfb.
Fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo
j_[_j `_kldhklb k ijbkh_^bg_gguf ihykdhf, kf3, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__:
1) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, gZ dhlhjuo g_ ij_^mkfZljb\Z_lky aZ]jmadZ b jZa]jmadZ ]j_cn_jZfb,
W
0,704ad12 G ,
f
(6.15)
]^_ Z – riZpby, f;
d1 – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m jZfgufb [bfkZfb, f;
G, f – ijbgbfZ_lky kh]eZkgh (6.7).
2) >ey iZem[ km^h\-iehsZ^hd
W
115ad1 ,
(6.16)
3) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo lZgdh\,
W
11,5ad12 ,
(6.17)
4) >ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ, dhjf_
gZeb\guo km^h\ b km^h\-iehsZ^hd
W
3,6ad12 ,
(6.18)
5) >ey mqZkldh\ e_]dbo iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ b iZkkZ`bjh\,
W
ad12 ,
(6.19)
Fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo j_[_j k
ijbkh_^bg_gu ihykdhf, kf4, ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__
J
1,02 ˜ 102 K Reg f 100at d12 ,
(6.20)
]^_ K – dhwnnbpb_gl, agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h ^he`gh [ulv g_ f_g__ 0,5; j_dhf_g^m_lky dhwnnbpb_gl K ijbgbfZlv jZ\guc 1,25;
Reg – ij_^_e l_dmq_klb fZl_jbZeZ, FIZ;
71
f – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ih^iZem[gh]h j_[jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_gby gZklbeZ, kf;
t – lhesbgZ iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ, kf;
a, d1 – ijbgbfZlv ih (6.15).
IeZg mqZkldZ iZem[u k ijh^hevghc kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ ijb\_^_g gZ jbkmgd_
6.8.
Jbkmghd 6.8 – IeZg iZem[u ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ:
1 – ijh^hevgh_ j_[jh `_kldhklb; 2 – ihem[bfk; 3 – dhfbg]k exdZ; 4 – [jZd_lZ
Ijh^hevgu_ [Zedb ijhimkdZxl q_j_a kl_gdm jZfgh]h [bfkZ b ijb\Zjb\Zxl
d g_c. <ukhdb_ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ ^ey h[_ki_q_gby mklhcqb\hklb ih^dj_ieyxl [jZd_lZfb \ iehkdhklb ijh^hevguo [Zehd. D [hjlh\hfm gZ[hjm jZfgu_
[bfku dj_iyl k ihfhsvx dgbp, \ukhlZ dhlhjuo ^he`gZ [ulv jZ\gZ \ukhl_
kl_gdb [bfkZ.
6.5. Ih^[hj jZaf_jh\ k_q_gby dZjebg]kh\
JZaf_ju dZjebg]kh\ ijb Li B1 t 0,7 ^he`gu [ulv g_ f_g__ jZaf_jh\,
lj_[m_fuo ^ey jZfguo [bfkh\.
Fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby dZjebg]kZ W, kf3, ijb
Li B1 0,7 ^he`_g [ulv g_ f_g__:
1) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ,
W
0,734 K1 K 2 \ld2 q ,
(6.21)
]^_ D1– dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\guc 1 ijb h^ghf jZfghf [bfk_, ih^^_j`b\Zxs_f dZjebg]k, Z ijb lj_o b [he__ [bfkZo, hij_^_ey_fuc ih lZ[ebp_ 6.1;
72
D2 – dhwnnbpb_gl, hij_^_ey_fuc ih lZ[ebp_ 6.2;
\ – kj_^gyy rbjbgZ iehsZ^b iZem[u, f, g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ih^^_j`b\Z_fZy dZjebg]khf;
l – ^ebgZ ijhe_lZ dZjebg]kZ, f, ijbgbfZ_fZy jZ\ghc gZb[hevr_fm
jZkklhygbx, baf_j_gghfm f_`^m ihi_j_qgufb i_j_[hjdZfb beb ihi_j_qgufb
jy^Zfb ibee_jkh\ beb f_`^m ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdhc b ihi_j_qguf jy^hf
ibee_jkh\;
q – \_ebqbgZ, hij_^_ey_fZy kh]eZkgh (6.7).
LZ[ebpZ 6.1
k2
ijb gZebqbb jZfguo klh- ijb hlkmlkl\bb jZfguo
B1 ld
_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[h- klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_jhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h [hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h dZjebg]kZ
dZjebg]kZ
1,4
0,73
0,85
1,5
0,75
0,90
1,6
0,77
0,95
1,7
0,80
1,0
1,8
0,85
1,0
1,9
0,90
1,0
2,0
1,0
1,0
LZ[ebpZ 6.2
k2
ld G
1 b f_g__
2
3 b [he__
ijb gZebqbb jZfguo klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h
dZjebg]kZ
0,9
0,6
0,5
ijb hlkmlkl\bb jZfguo
klh_d ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd \ iehkdhklb dZ`^h]h dZjebg]kZ
1
2) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZeb\guo km^h\ \ jZchg_ ]jmah\uo hlk_dh\,
W
7,2 K1 K 2 \ld2 ,
(6.22)
3) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[, g_ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby ]jmaZ,
W
3,6 K1 K 2 \ld2 ,
(6.23)
73
4) ^ey mqZkldh\ iZem[ gZ^kljh_d b jm[hd, g_^hklmiguo ^ey jZaf_s_gby
]jmah\ b iZkkZ`bjh\,
W
0,75 K1 K 2 \ld2 ,
(6.24)
6.6. Kh_^bg_gb_ we_f_glh\ iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ
;bfku dj_iyl d dZjebg]kZf ijb\Zjdhc d djhfd_ \uj_aZ \ kl_gd_ dZjebg]kZ
g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh beb q_j_a kh_^bgbl_evguc we_f_gl, jbkmghd 6.9.
Jbkmghd 6.9 – <ZjbZglu dj_ie_gby g_jZaj_agh]h [bfkZ d dZjebg]km:
Z – g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc ijb\Zjdhc; [, \ – k ihfhsvx kh_^bgbl_evgh]h j_[jZ;
] – q_j_a kh_^bgbl_evgmx dgbpm
Kh_^bgbl_evgh_ j_[jh `_kldhklb (jbkmghd 6.9, \) h^gh\j_f_ggh ih^dj_iey_l kl_gdm dZjebg]kZ b ih\urZ_l mklhcqb\hklv kl_gdb ijb ba]b[_. Kh_^bgbl_evgu_ dgbpu (jbkmghd 6.9, ]), lh`_ b]jZxl jhev ih^dj_ieyxs_]h we_f_glZ b
h[_ki_qb\Zxl dZjebg]km mklhcqb\hklv iehkdhc nhjfu ijb ba]b[_.
DZjebg]ku mklZgZ\eb\Zxl g_ij_ju\gh \ ij_^_eZo dZ`^h]h hlk_dZ b jZaj_aZxl m ihi_j_qguo g_ijhgbpZ_fuo i_j_[hjhd. Kl_gdb dZjebg]kZ ijb\Zjb\Zxl
d i_j_[hjdZf, Z bo ihykdb \ jZchg_ dhgp_\uo dgbp kj_aZxl gZ mk b d i_j_[hjdZf g_ ijb\Zjb\Zxl. LZdh_ hnhjfe_gb_ maeZ ijbf_gy_lky dZd ijb h^bgZdh\hc,
lZd b ijb jZaghc \ukhl_ kl_ghd dZjebg]kh\ ih h^gm b ^jm]mx klhjhgm i_j_[hjdb, jbkmghd 6.10.
74
Jbkmghd 6.10 – Kh_^bg_gb_ dZjebg]kZ i_j_f_gghc \ukhlu
k ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdhc:
1 – dZjebg]k; 2 – ihi_j_qgZy i_j_[hjdZ
M \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fuo i_j_[hjhd ijh^hevgu_ ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb jZaj_aZxl beb (j_`_) ijhimkdZxl q_j_a i_j_[hjdm. ?keb ih^iZem[gu_ [Zedb jZaj_aZxl m ihi_j_qguo i_j_[hjhd, lh dhgpu [Zedb kh_^bgyxl k i_j_[hjdhc dgbpZfb, ihklZ\e_ggufb k h[_bo klhjhg i_j_[hjdb \ h^ghc iehkdhklb (jbkmghd 6.11,
Z). ?keb ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ ijhoh^bl q_j_a i_j_[hjdm, lh ^hklZlhqgh mklZgh\blv h^gm dgbpm (jbkmghd 6.11, [). >ey [Zehd, jZaj_aZ_fuo m ihi_j_qghc i_j_[hjdb, fh`gh ijbf_gylv \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqguc \ZjbZgl maeZ k mklZgh\dhc dgbp (jbkmghd 6.11, \), \\Zjb\Z_fuo \ khhl\_lkl\mxsmx ijhj_av \ ebkl_ i_j_[hjdb.
Jbkmghd 6.11 – <ZjbZglu dhgkljmdpbb i_j_k_q_gby ijh^hevguo ih^iZem[guo
[Zehd k ihi_j_qgufb i_j_[hjdZfb:
1 – ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ; 2 – dgbpZ; 3 – h[rb\dZ i_j_[hjdb; 4 - \_jlbdZevgZy klhcdZ i_j_[hjdb
>ey dj_ie_gby jZfguo [bfkh\ b ihem[bfkh\ d riZg]hmlZf kl_gdm [bfkZ
ijb\Zjb\Zxl d riZg]hmlm b mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dgbpm, dZl_lu dhlhjhc jZ\gu \ukhl_ kl_gdb [bfkZ (jbkmghd 6.12). Ihykhd jZfgh]h [bfkZ kj_aZxl gZ mk. Lhesbgm dgbpu ijbgbfZxl jZ\ghc lhesbg_ kl_gdb jZfgh]h [bfkZ.
75
Jbkmghd 6.12 – Dhgkljmdpby kh_^bg_gby jZfguo riZg]hmlZ b [bfkZ:
1 – riZg]hml; 2 – dgbpu; 3 – kl_gdZ jZfgh]h [bfkZ; 4 ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy
[ZedZ; 5 – j_[jh `_kldhklb; 6 – ihykhd jZfgh]h [bfkZ
Maeu i_j_k_q_gby jZfguo [bfkh\ k dZjebg]kZfb (kf. jbkmghd 6.3) < wlhf
i_j_k_q_gbb kl_gdm jZfgh]h [bfkZ jZaj_aZxl gZ dZjebg]k_ b ijb\Zjb\Zxl d
g_fm, Z ^ey ih^dj_ie_gby kl_gdb b ihykdZ dZjebg]kZ \ mae_ i_j_k_q_gby _]h k
jZfguf [bfkhf mklZgZ\eb\Zxl dgbpu. >ey hdhg_qghkl_c km^gZ ij_bfms_kl\Z
ijbf_g_gby ijh^hevghc kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ, h[mkeh\e_ggu_ emqrbf bkihevah\Zgb_f [Zehd gZ[hjZ \ \hkijbylbb mkbebc hl h[s_]h ijh^hevgh]h ba]b[Z km^gZ,
l_jyxl k\h_ agZq_gb_.
Dhgkljmdpby i_j_oh^Z ijh^hevghc kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ \ ihi_j_qgmx hkms_kl\ey_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evguf h[ju\hf ijh^hevguo [Zehd kbff_ljbqgh kh klhjhgu e_\h]h b ijZ\h]h [hjlh\. Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh, jZa]hgyy h[ju\u ijh^hevguo [Zehd, h[_ki_qblv ihkl_i_gghklv baf_g_gby iehsZ^_c k_q_gby iZem[u (jbkmghd 6.13).
;Zedb, b^msb_ \^hev [hjlh\, fh]ml aZdZgqb\Zlvky \ k_q_gbyo, _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh m^Ze_gguo hl hdhg_qghkl_c, l._. gZ mqZkldZo, dhgkljmdpby dhlhjuo \uihegy_lky ih ijh^hevghc ko_f_ gZ[hjZ. H[ju\Z_fZy ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`gZ [ulv ^h\_^_gZ ^h jZfgh]h [bfkZ k ihkl_i_gguf mf_gvr_gb_f
\ukhlu __ k_q_gby gZ ^ebg_ hl dhgpZ, jZ\ghc ihemlhjZ agZq_gbyf \ukhlu [Zedb (jbkmghd 6.13, k_q_gb_ :-:).
>jm]Zy ijh^hevgZy [ZedZ ijh^he`Z_lky aZ jZfguf [bfkhf b aZdZgqb\Z_lky
ihkl_i_ggh km`Zxs_cky [jZd_lhc, ^h\_^_gghc ^h [eb`Zcr_]h [bfkZ (k_q_gb_
;-;). I_j_oh^ jZfgh]h [bfkZ \ ohehklhc gZ mqZkld_ baf_g_gby kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ
ihdZaZg gZ jbkmgd_ 6.13, k_q_gb_ <-<.
76
Jbkmghd 6.13 – Dhgkljmdpby i_j_oh^gh]h mqZkldZ iZem[u k ijh^hevghc
kbkl_fhc gZ[hjZ \ ihi_j_qgmx \ hdhg_qghklyo dhjimkZ km^gZ:
1 – jZfguc [bfk; 2 – dZjebg]k; 3 – ijh^hevgZy ih^iZem[gZy [ZedZ;
4 – [bfk; 5 - dgbpZ
< jZchg_ ^\hcguo [hjlh\, dZd ijZ\beh, ijbf_gy_lky ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ
gZ[hjZ ^gbsZ b iZem[u. Ohehklu_ riZg]hmlu kh_^bgyxlky k djZcgbfb ijh^hevgufb [ZedZfb k ihfhsvx dgbp (jbkmghd 6.14, Z, [). < madbo f_klZo \f_klh
^\mo dgbp fh`_l [ulv ihklZ\e_gZ [jZd_lZ (jbkmghd 6.14, \).
JZaf_ju ihem[bfkh\ ijbgbfZxlky lZdbfb `_, dZd b jZaf_ju [hjlh\uo
riZg]hmlh\. < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo \ukhlm ihem[bfkh\ ijboh^blky ^hihegbl_evgh m\_ebqb\Zlv (jbkmghd 6.14, ]), qlh[u ijhimklblv kd\hav gbo [hevrb_
ijh^hevgu_ [Zedb, g_h[oh^bfu_ ih mkeh\byf h[s_c ijhqghklb. Ihkdhevdm gZijy`_gby \ ihem[bfkZo fZeu, dgbpu \ mae_ _]h kh_^bg_gby k [hjlh\ufb riZg]hmlZfb qZs_ g_ klZ\ylky.
Jbkmghd 6.14 – Maeu kh_^bg_gby [Zehd iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ \ jZchg_ ^\hcguo
[hjlh\
77
6.7. <uj_au \ iZem[Zo b dhfbg]ku exdh\
RbjbgZ \uj_aZ \ iZem[_ g_ ^he`gZ ij_\urZlv 0,7 rbjbgu km^gZ < \
^Zgghf f_kl_. >himkdZ_lky m\_ebqb\Zlv \uj_a ^h 0,85< ijb hkms_kl\e_gbb
ki_pbZevguo f_jhijbylbc (m\_ebq_gbb `_kldhklb ihi_j_qgh]h gZ[hjZ, mklZgh\d_ ^\hcguo [hjlh\ k ihemi_j_[hjdZfb, mf_gvr_gbb ^ebgu \uj_ah\ b l.i.)
Ijb rbjbg_ \uj_ah\ exdh\, [hevr_c 0,70<, ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku exdh\
^he`gu [ulv g_ij_ju\gufb ih ^ebg_ \k_o ljxfh\ b hdZgqb\Zlvky dgbpZfb
^ebghc g_ f_g__ ^\mo \ukhl dhfbg]kZ (jbkmghd 6.15)
Jbkmghd 6.15 – Ko_fZ hdhgqZgby g_ij_ju\gh]h ijh^hevgh]h dhfbg]kZ;
hd – \ukhlZ dhfbg]kZ; ldg – ^ebgZ dgbpu
Dhgkljmdpby ijh^hevguo dhfbg]kh\ fh`_l [ulv jZaebqghc (jbkmghd
6.16). Ihedb dhfbg]kh\ ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl ]gmlufb, k\Zjgufb beb ba ijhdZlguo
r\_ee_jh\.
Jbkmghd 6.16 – Dhgkljmdlb\gu_ ko_fu dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\:
Z – lbih\Zy dhgkljmdpby; [ – ihedZ ba r\_ee_jZ; \ – ]gmlZy ihedZ;
1 – ljm[qZlZy aZsblZ ihehku hl bklbjZgby ljhkh\ ijb ]jmah\uo hi_jZpbyo;
] – k\ZjgZy ihedZ
?keb hlghr_gb_ \ukhlu kl_gdb dhfbg]kZ d __ lhesbg_ ij_\urZ_l 40, lh
kl_gdZ dhfbg]kZ ^he`gZ [ulv ih^dj_ie_gZ ]hjbahglZevgufb j_[jZfb.
78
Ebklu dhfbg]kh\ ]jmah\uo exdh\ ^h\h^yl ^h mjh\gy gb`g_c djhfdb
jZfguo [bfkh\, Z m gb`g_c djhfdb dhfbg]kZ ^he`_g [ulv hlh]gmluc neZg_p,
ijbgbfZ_fuc \ ij_^_eZo 8÷12 lhesbg dhfbg]kZ.
6.8. H]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\h]h [mgd_jZ
GZ km^Zo-iehsZ^dZo ^ey m^_j`Zgby kuimqbo ]jmah\ \ ij_^_eZo ]jmah\hc
iehsZ^db mklZgZ\eb\Zxl h]jZ`^_gby. Ijh^hevgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZ jZkklhygbb 1,0÷1,2 f hl [hjlZ, Z ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby
km^h\ k gZ^kljhcdZfb gZ jZkklhygbb 1÷2 f hl gZ^kljhcdb. GZ km^Zo [_a gZ^kljhcdb ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb klZ\ylky kjZam `_ aZ km^h\ufb mkljhckl\Zfb \ ghkh\hc b dhjfh\hc qZklyo iZem[u. B ijh^hevgu_, b ihi_j_qgu_ kl_gdb `_eZl_evgh jZaf_sZlv \ iehkdhklb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo jZfguo k\ya_c.
<ukhlZ kl_ghd h]jZ`^_gby dhe_[exlky \ ij_^_eZo 0,4÷1,8 f. Ijb hlkuid_
gZ\Zehqguo ]jmah\ «=hjdZfb» beb «]jy^hc» \ukhlm kl_gdb h]jZgbqb\Zxl ^h
0,7÷0,9 f, lZd dZd \ukhdb_ kl_gdb qZs_ ih\j_`^Zxlky ]j_cn_jZfb.
Ijh^hevgu_ kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby k p_evx mf_gvr_gby bo ih\j_`^Z_fhklb
]j_cn_jZfb mklZgZ\eb\Zxl k gZdehghf \ (5÷6)0, jbkmghd 6.17.
Jbkmghd 6.17 – Dhgkljmdpby h]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\hc iZem[u km^h\ – iehsZ^hd:
Z – k_q_gb_ ih jZfghc klhcd_; [ – k_q_gb_ ih ohehklhc klhcd_; \ – dhgkljmdpby
k ]hjbahglZevgufb j_[jZfb `_kldhklb
K mq_lhf mf_gvr_gby ih\j_`^Z_fhklb kl_ghd h]jZ`^_gby ]j_cn_jZfb bo
lhesbgZ ijbgbfZ_lky ihjy^dZ 7÷8 ff.
Kl_gdb h]jZ`^_gby bkdexqZxl hl mqZklby \ h[s_f ba]b[_ b ^_eZxl jZaj_agufb.
6.9. GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ
GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ h[_ki_qb\Z_l \h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fhklv dhjimkZ b, \oh^y
\ khklZ\ wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, ijbgbfZ_l mqZklb_ \ h[_ki_q_gbb h[s_c b f_klghc ijhqghklb km^gZ. HgZ h[jZam_lky jy^hf ihykv_\, dhlhju_ jZkiheh`_gu
\^hev km^gZ. Ihykvy khklhbl ba ebklh\, k\Zj_gguo f_`^m kh[hc ih dhjhldbf
79
(kludb) b ^ebgguf (iZau) djhfdZf. < kj_^g_c qZklb km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby h[\h^u ijyfhebg_cgu_. Wlh iha\hey_l mklZgZ\eb\Zlv \ wlhf jZchg_ rbjhdb_ b ^ebggu_ ebklu. DZ`^uc ijh^hevguc ebkl gZau\Z_lky ihykhf. JZkiheh`_gb_ bo ih i_jbf_ljm b jZkly`dZ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ijb\_^_gu gZ jbkmgd_
6.18.
Jbkmghd 6.18 – H[rb\dZ dhjimkZ \ ihi_j_qghf k_q_gbb (Z) b jZkly`dZ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ([):
1 – ihyk ]hjbahglZevgh]h dbey; 2, 3 – ihykZ ^gbs_\hc h[rb\db; 4 – kdmeh\hc
ihyk; 5 – ihyk h[rb\db gZjm`gh]h [hjlZ; 6 – rbjklj_d; 7 – iZem[guc kljbg]_j;
8 – ijh^hevguc dhfbg]k; 9 – nZevr[hjl; I – iZau; S – kludb
<_ebqbgu fbgbfZevguo kljhbl_evguo lhesbg h[rb\db, k mq_lhf baghkZ
dhgkljmdpbc, j_]eZf_glbjm_lky IjZ\beZfb J_]bkljZ, b ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[ebp_
1.5.
K lhqdb aj_gby ijhqghklb gZb[he__ gZ]jm`_ggufb ihykvyfb k_q_gby y\eyxlky: rbjklj_d, jZkiheh`_gguc \ \_jog_c qZklb wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, b
^gbs_\u_ ihykvy, h[jZamxsb_ gb`gbc ihyk wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ b gZoh^ysb_ky ih^ gZb[hevrbf ^Z\e_gb_f \h^u (jbkmghd 6.18, Z). < k\yab k wlbfb bo
lhesbgu ijbgbfZxlky gZb[hevrbfb. RbjbgZ rbjklj_dZ ijb \ukhl_ [hjlZ
G > 2,5 f ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\ghc 0,2G. Ijb wlhf G < 2,5 lhesbgZ rbjklj_dZ fh`_l \uihegylvky h^bgZdh\uc lhesbgu k [hjlh\hc h[rb\dhc.
< rbjklj_d_ ke_^m_l ba[_]Zlv mkljhckl\Z hl\_jklbc, Z _keb wlh]h g_\hafh`gh k^_eZlv, lh bo ke_^m_l \uihegylv djm]eufb. P_glj \uj_aZ hl djhfdb
rbjklj_dZ ^he`_g hlklhylv gZ jZkklhygbb g_ f_g__ ^\mo ^bZf_ljh\ \uj_ah\.
Ijb ^bZf_lj_ hl\_jklbc [he__ ^\Z^pZlb lhesbg rbjklj_dZ ^he`gu [ulv ih80
klZ\e_gu ih^dj_ieyxsb_ mlhes_ggu_ ebklu beb ijh^hevgu_ ihehku ba ijhnbevghc klZeb.
Kdmeh\hc ihyk ba]hlZ\eb\Zxl ba hl^_evgh]h ebklZ, b ^_eZ_lky mlhes_gguf gZ 1-2 ff ih kjZ\g_gbx k ^gbs_\ufb ihykvyfb. >ey km^h\, ieZ\Zxsbo gZ
f_edh\h^v_, lhesbgm kdmeh\h]h ihykZ j_dhf_g^m_lky ^hihegbl_evgh m\_ebqblv
_sz gZ 1 ff.
;hjlh\u_ ihykvy g_agZqbl_evgh gZ]jm`_ggu_ ghjfZevgufb gZijy`_gbyfb hl h[s_]h ba]b[Z, bf_xl f_gvrb_ lhesbgu, q_f hklZevgu_ ihykvy b ^ey
gbo j_rZxsmx jhev b]jZ_l f_klgZy ijhqghklv b baghk.
GZjm`gmx h[rb\dm \ ghkh\hc hdhg_qghklb ijbgbfZxl mlhes_gguc gZ
25% ih kjZ\g_gbx kh kj_^g_c qZklvx km^gZ, Z \ dhjfh\hc hdhg_qghklb g_
f_gvr_, q_f \ kj_^g_c qZklb km^gZ.
H[rb\dZ, ijbfudZxsZy d rl_\gyf, \ jZchg_ dj_ie_gby eZi djhgrl_cgh\, \ f_klZo mkbe_gghc dhjjhabb b ih\ur_ggh]h f_oZgbq_kdh]h baghkZ mlhesZ_lky. JZaf_ju m\_ebq_gby lhesbgu h[rb\db ijb dhjjhabhgghf b f_oZgbq_kdhf baghk_ hij_^_eyxlky nZdlbq_kdbfb kdhjhklyfb baghkZ.
>ey mf_gvr_gby ijhly`_gghklb k\Zjguo r\h\ p_e_khh[jZagh m\_ebqb\Zlv ]Z[Zjblu ebklh\. H^gZdh hgb h]jZgbqb\Zxlky \hafh`ghklyfb f_lZeemj]bq_kdbo aZ\h^h\ b m^h[kl\Zfb h[jZ[hldb ebklh\ gZ km^hkljhbl_evguo ij_^ijbylbyo. =Z[Zjblgu_ jZaf_ju klZevguo ebklh\ hij_^_eyxlky ih HKLm 5.097572, y\eyxs_fky h]jZgbq_gb_f ^ey km^hkljh_gby =HKLh\ 5881-57 b 5521-76, \
aZ\bkbfhklb hl lhesbgu ebklh\ b fZjdb ijbgylhc klZeb. Ijb \u[hj_ jZaf_jh\
ebklh\ mqblu\Z_lky lh, qlh ijb mklZgh\d_ bo gZ km^g_ djhfdb ebklh\ [m^ml h[j_aZlvky gZ 10÷40 ff k dZ`^hc klhjhgu ebklZ \ k\yab k ihemqb\rbfbky ijb
ljZgkihjlbjh\d_, ih]jmad_ b \u]jmad_ f_oZgbq_kdbfb ih\j_`^_gbyfb (\u[hbgZfb, aZam[jbgZfb, \fylbgZfb b l.^.).
I_j_oh^ hl h^gbo lhesbg d ^jm]bf \uihegy_lky ihkl_i_ggh. Baf_g_gb_
lhesbg kf_`guo ebklh\ g_ ^he`gh ij_\urZlv 30% beb 5 ff. K [he__ lheklh]h
ebklZ ih djhfd_ kgbfZ_lky nZkdZ (gZ ijhly`_gbb iylb jZagbp lhesbg kh_^bgy_fuo ebklh\) ^h lhesbgu [he__ lhgdh]h ebklZ.
JZkdjhc ebklh\ gZjm`ghc h[rb\db ijhba\h^blky gZ jZkly`d_ gZjm`ghc
h[rb\db, \uiheg_gghc gZ ieZa_.
6.10.
IZem[guc gZklbe
GZklbe iZem[u y\ey_lky h^ghc ba \Z`g_crbo dhgkljmdpbc km^gZ. Hg \uihegy_l ke_^mxsb_ nmgdpbb:
1) h[_ki_q_gb_ h[s_c b f_klghc ijhqghklb km^gZ;
2) h[_ki_q_gb_ g_ijhgbpZ_fhklb b ij_^hojZg_gb_ dhjimkZ km^gZ hl aZeb\Zgby \h^hc;
3) l_ieh- b \eZ]hbaheypbx `beuo b kem`_[guo ihf_s_gbc.
IZem[Z, y\eyykv kZfuf m^Ze_gguf ihykdhf wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ, hdZau\Z_lky gZb[he__ gZ]jm`_gghc gZijy`_gbyfb h[s_]h b f_klgh]h ba]b[h\ b bf__l gZb[hevrb_ lhesbgu. GZ km^Zo-iehsZ^dZo b km^Zo, i_j_\haysbo iZem[guc
81
]jma, ij_h[eZ^Zxsbfb gZijy`_gbyfb \ k_q_gbyo iZem[ fh]ml hdZaZlvky f_klgu_ gZijy`_gby.
Lhesbgu iZem[ hij_^_eyxl ih ^Zgguf lZ[ebpu 1.5 \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl
deZkkZ b ^ebgu km^gZ.
Ebklu gZklbeZ iZem[u, lZd`_ dZd b gZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ, jZkiheZ]Zxlky
^ebgghc klhjhghc \^hev km^gZ, h[jZamy hl^_evgu_ ihykvy. Ebklu, jZkiheh`_ggu_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh m [hjlZ, gZau\Zxl iZem[guf kljbg]_jhf. Hgb \uihegyxlky mlhes_ggufb (ih kjZ\g_gbx k hklZevguf gZklbehf iZem[u), lZd dZd \
gZdj_g_gghf iheh`_gbb km^gZ y\eyxlky h^gh\j_f_ggh k rbjklj_dhf gZb[he__
m^Ze_ggufb ebklZfb iZem[u, \hkijbgbfZxsbfb mkbeby, dhlhju_ i_j_^Zxlky
k [hjlh\h]h i_j_djulby gZ iZem[gh_. IZem[guc kljbg]_j ^ey \k_o deZkkh\ km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby \uihegy_lky rbjbghc g_ f_g__ 0,6 f.
Kh_^bg_gb_ iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ k rbjklj_dhf hkms_kl\ey_lky jZaebqgufb dhgkljmdlb\gufb kihkh[Zfb, dhlhju_ ykgu ba jbkmgdZ 6.19. Kh_^bg_gby kh
kljbg]_jhf (jbkmghd 6.19, ]) ijbf_gy_lky dZd [Zjv_jgu_ r\u, ij_iylkl\mxsb_
jZkijhkljZg_gbx lj_sbg. :gZeh]bqgmx nmgdpbx \uihegyxl kh_^bg_gby kh
kljbg]_jghc ieZgdhc (jbkmghd 6.19, ^).
Hkh[_gghklvx iZem[gh]h gZklbeZ y\ey_lky gZebqb_ \ g_f agZqbl_evgh]h
dhebq_kl\Z \uj_ah\ – ]jmah\uo exdh\, jZkrbjbl_evguo rZol, exdh\ ^ey ^hklmiZ \ hlk_db km^gZ, fZrbggh-dhl_evguo rZol b l.^. <uj_au \ ebklh\uo dhgkljmdpbyo y\eyxlky dhgp_gljZlhjZfb gZijy`_gbc.
Jbkmghd 6.19 – Kihkh[u kh_^bg_gby iZem[gh]h kljbg]_jZ k rbjklj_dhf:
Z – rbjklj_d \uklmiZ_l gZ^ iZem[hc; [ – iZem[Z gZdju\Z_l rbjklj_d; \ –
kh_^bg_gb_ ]gmluf eblhf; ] – kh kljbg]_jguf m]hevgbdhf; ^ – kh kljbg]_jghc
ieZgdhc
Ijb gZebqbb ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \ ebklh\uo dhgkljmdpbyo gZb[hevrZy dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc \hagbdZ_l \ m]eZo \uj_ah\. >himklbfu_ dhwnnbpb_glu dhgp_gljZpbb gZijy`_gbc ^ey km^h\uo dhgkljmdpbc \hagbdZxl \
l_o kemqZyo, _keb m]eu ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \uihegyxlky kdjm]e_ggufb k
jZ^bmkhf aZdjm]e_gby, jZ\guf beb [hevrbf 0,1 rbjbgu \uj_aZ. Ijb \uiheg_gbb kdjm]e_gby \ m]eZo \uj_ah\ ^ey mf_gvr_gby gZijy`_gbc \ ahgZo bo dhg82
p_gljZpbb mklZgZ\eb\Zxl mlhes_ggu_ \ 1,2÷1,35 jZaZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k ijbe_]Zxsbfb ebklZfb \\Zjgu_ ebklu. JZaf_ju mlhes_gguo ebklh\ \ m]eZo ijyfhm]hevguo exdh\, j_dhf_g^m_fu_ IjZ\beZfb J_]bkljZ, ijb\_^_gu gZ jbkmgd_
6.20.
Jbkmghd 6.20 – Ih^dj_ie_gb_ m]eh\ ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ \ iZem[Zo
\\Zjgufb mlheszggufb ebklZfb:
Z – ^ey \uj_ah\ rbjbghc f_gvr_ 0,70<;
[ – ^ey \uj_ah\ rbjbghc [hevr_ 0,70<
?keb ijh^hevgu_ dhfbg]ku ]jmah\uo exdh\ \uihegyxlky g_ij_ju\gufb, dhgp_gljZpby gZijy`_gbc \ m]eZo exdh\ hdZau\Z_lky agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_,
ihwlhfm jZ^bmku aZdjm]e_gbc fh]ml [ulv mf_gvr_gu \ 1,5÷2 jZaZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k mdZaZggufb. JZkkfhlj_ggu_ ih^dj_ie_gby b jZ^bmku h[uqgh \uihegyxlky gZ \_jogbo iZem[Zo km^gZ. GZ gb`gbo iZem[Zo ih^dj_ie_gby b jZ^bmku
aZdjm]e_gby \uihegyxlky agZqbl_evgh f_gvrbfb.
G_[hevrb_ ijyfhm]hevgu_ \uj_au fh]ml ba khklZ\Z wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ g_ bkdexqZlvky, _keb ^ey dhfi_gkZpbb ihl_jygghc iehsZ^b iZem[u ijhba\h^blky ih^dj_ie_gb_ mlhes_ggufb ebklZfb ih \k_c ^ebg_ ijh^hevguo djhfhd \uj_ah\ (jbkmghd 6.21). LZdZy dhfi_gkZpby iehsZ^b iZem[u h[uqgh \uihegy_lky, _keb rbjbgZ \uj_aZ g_ ij_\urZ_l 0,4 rbjbgu km^gZ b hlghr_gb_
^ebgu \uj_aZ d _]h rbjbg_ f_gvr_ 1,5.
83
Jbkmghd 6.21 – Ih^dj_ie_gb_ ijyfhm]hevguo \uj_ah\ (\dexqZ_fuo \ khklZ\
wd\b\Ze_glgh]h [jmkZ) \\Zjgufb mlhes_ggufb ebklZfb
G_ ^himkdZ_lky jZkiheZ]Zlv kludh\u_ r\u b \uj_au m m]eh\ exdh\, jZkiheh`_gguo \ kj_^g_c qZklb km^gZ, \ jZchg_, jZaf_ju dhlhjh]h ijb\_^_gu gZ
jbkmgd_ 6.20.
JZaf_ju jZchgZ m m]eh\ exdh\, jZkiheh`_gguo \ hdhg_qghklyo, fh]ml
[ulv mf_gvr_gu ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx k J_qguf J_]bkljhf.
84
EBL?J:LMJ:
1. ;hqdh\ ;.N. Dhgkljmdpby km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h b kf_rZggh]h ieZ\Zgby. –
=hjvdbc, 1980. – 84 k.
2. >hiZldZ J., I_j_i_qdh :. Dgb]Z h km^Zo. – E.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1981. –
207 k.
3. IjZ\beZ deZkkbnbdZpbb b ihkljhcdb km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby: J_qghc J_]bklj JKNKJ – Fhkd\Z «LjZgkihjl», 1989, qZklv II . – dhjimk. –
219 k.
4. Ijhlhihih\ <.;., K\_qgbdh\ H.B., ?]hjh\ G.F. Dhgkljmdpby dhjimkZ
km^h\
\gmlj_gg_]h
b
kf_rZggh]h
ieZ\Zgby:
Mq_[gbd.
–
E.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1984 – 376 k.be.
5. K\_qgbdh\ H.B., Ljygbg B.B. JZkq_l b ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ dhgkljmdpbc km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby. KI[.:Km^hkljh_gb_, 1994. – 376 k.
6. RZlbeh K.G. Hkgh\u l_hjbb b mkljhckl\h km^h\ \gmlj_gg_]h ieZ\Zgby.
– =hf_ev:;_e=ML, 2004. – 261 k.
85
IJBEH@?GB?
I_j_q_gv hkgh\guo klZg^Zjlh\ ijhdZlguo b
^jm]bo f_lZeebq_kdbo ba^_ebc
86
LZ[ebpZ I.1 – I_j_q_gv hkgh\guo klZg^Zjlh\ ijhdZlguo b ^jm]bo f_lZeebq_kdbo ba^_ebc
Dhjimkgu_ klZeb b bo gZagZq_gb_
F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb
FZjdZ LhesbgZ,
Khklhygb_
L_fi_jZklZeb
ff
ihklZ\db
lmjZ ijb
bkiulZ<j_f_ggh_ khijh- Ij_^_e l_dmq_- Hlghkbl_evgh_ gbyo, 0K
lb\e_gb_
klb
m^ebg_gb_
2
2
Re 5l , G ff
:5 V5 ,%
Rm VB , H ff
:
<
>
?
:32
4-60
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
5,0-7,0
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
7,5-9,5
10-50
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-12
>12 ^h 50 GhjfZebah\ZggZy
5,0-7,0 GhjfZebah\ZggZy
7,5-9,5
10-50
4-4,5
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-20
>20÷40
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
M^ZjgZy
\yadhklv,
>`/kf2
KV KCU
M]e_jh^bklZy klZev
400-490
235
400-490
235
22
22
0
400-490
235
22
-10
400-490
235
22
-40
19
24
27
22
0
22
26
31
Gbadhe_]bjh\ZggZy klZev
470-590
315
19
24
27
19
24
27
-
87
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.1
FZjdZ LhesbgZ,
klZeb
ff
Khklhygb_
ihklZ\db
F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb
<j_f_ggh_ khijhlb\e_gb_
Rm VB , H ff
>32
?32
:36
>36
>36
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-20
>20÷40
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-40
4-4,5
5-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-40
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-40
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-40
2
Ij_^_e l_dmq_klb
Re 5l , G ff 2
Hlghkbl_evgh_
m^ebg_gb_
:5 V5 ,%
L_fi_jZlmjZ ijb
bkiulZgbyo, 0K
M^ZjgZy
\yadhklv,
>`/kf2
KV KCU
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
470-590
315
22
-20
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
22
26
31
470-590
315
22
-20
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
490-620
355
21
-
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
490-620
355
21
-20
GhjfZebah\ZggZy
490-620
355
21
-40
22
26
31
24
28
34
24
28
34
24
28
34
-
88
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.1
FZjdZ
klZeb
LhesbgZ,
ff
Khklhygb_
ihklZ\db
F_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ijb jZkly`_gbb
<j_f_ggh_ khijhlb\e_gb_
Rm V B , H ff
:40
>40
?40
09=2
09=2
10OKG>
4-4,5
5-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-40
k\15^h32
5,0-7,0
7,5-9,5
10-32
10-32
4
5-9,5
10-20
21-30
32-60
4
5-9,5
10-15
16-32
2
Ij_^_e l_dmq_klb
Re 5l , G ff 2
L_fi_jZlmjZ
ijb bkHlghkbl_evgh_ iulZgbyo, 0K
m^ebg_gb_
:5 V5 ,%
M^ZjgZy
\yadhklv,
>`/kf2
KV KCU
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
530-690
390
19
0
-
AZdZedZ+hlimkd
=hjyq_dZlZgZy
25
30
36
530-690
390
19
-20
530-690
G_ f_g__ 440
390
300
19
21
-40
-40
25
30
36
36
-
G_ f_g__ 450
530-690
290
290
390
21
19
-40
-40
34
29
49
49
39
49
AZdZedZ+hlimkd
AZdZedZ+hlimkd
-
89
LZ[ebpZ I.2 – KlZev lhgdhebklh\Zy m]e_jh^bklZy b gbadhe_]bjh\ZggZy.
KhjlZf_gl b fZjdZ (h]jZgbq_gb_ =HKL 19903-76, =HKL 19904-76, =HKL 552176 b =HKL 16523-70)
FZjdZ klZeb
LhesbgZ ebklZ,
>ebgZ ebklZ ijb lhesbg_, ff
ff
1000
1400
0,9
2000
<Kl3ik
1,0
2000
<Kl3ik
1,6
2000
<Kl3ik
2,0
2000
2800
<Kl3ik, 10OKG>
2,5
2000
2800
<Kl3ik, 10OKG>
3,0
2000
3000-3500
<Kl3ik, 10OKG>
Ijbf_qZgby: 1. KlZg^Zjl =HKL 5521-76. 2. Mkeh\gh_ h[hagZq_gb_ oheh^ghdZlZghc lhgdhebklh\hc klZeb fZjdb Kl.3, ghjfZevghc lhqghklb ijhdZldb,
memqr_gghc iehkdhklghklb, k h[j_aghc djhfdhc, 2-c dZl_]hjbb ih ghjfbjm_fuf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf, jZaf_jhf 0,8o1000o2000 ff, III ]jmiiu hl^_edb ih\_joghklb
Ebkl=
;-IM-0-0.8o1000o2000 =HKL 19904-76
.
2-III-Kl.3 =HKL 16523-70
3. Ijbf_j mkeh\gh]h h[hagZq_gby ]hjyq_dZlZghc lhgdhebklh\hc klZeb fZjdb
10OKG>, ghjfZevghc lhqghklb ijhdZldb, \ukhdhc iehkdhklghklb, k h[j_aghc
djhfdhc, jZaf_jhf 2,5o2000o2800 ff, 4-c dZl_]hjbb ih ghjfbjm_fuf oZjZdl_jbklbdZf, II ]jmiiu hl^_edb ih\_joghklb
Ebkl=
;-I<-0-2.5o2000o2800 =HKL 19903-76
.
4-II-10OKG> =HKL 5521-76
90
LZ[ebpZ I.3 – KlZev lheklhebklh\Zy.
KhjlZf_gl (ba ghjfZeb 0G9-92-64) (H]jZgbq_gb_ ih =HKL 19903-76 b =HKL 5521-80)
LhesbgZ ebklh\, ff
4,5
6
7
8,9
10, 11
12
14, 16, 18
20, 22, 24, 26
28, 30, 32
36, 40
45, 50, 56
1400
6
6
6
6
6
6
1600
6, 7, 8
6, 7, 8
6, 7, 8, 6
7,8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
10
6
6
6
1800
6, 7, 8
6, 7, 8
6, 7, 8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
10
6, 7, 8
RbjbgZ ebklh\, ff
2000
2200
>ebgZ ebklh\, ff
2400
2600
3000
6, 7, 8
6, 7, 8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
6, 7, 8, 10
10
6, 7, 8
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
10, 12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Ijbf_qZgb_. Ebklu ^ebghc 10 b 12 f jZaj_rZ_lky ijbf_gylv ihke_ kh]eZkh\Zgby k aZ\h^Zfb-kljhbl_eyfb b aZ\h^Zfb-ihklZ\sbdZfb.
91
LZ[ebpZ I.4 – J_dhf_g^m_fuc khjlZf_gl ihehkh\hc klZeb =HKL 82-70
RbjbgZ, ff
20
22
25
30
40
45
GZb[hevrZy
lhesbgZ, ff
12
12
16
20
20
25
35
RbjbgZ, ff
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
GZb[hevrZy
lhesbgZ, ff
35
35
40
40
40
40
50
RbjbgZ, ff
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
GZb[hevrZy
lhesbgZ, ff
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
92
LZ[ebpZ I.5 – We_f_glu m]eh\h]h g_jZ\gh[hdh]h ijhnbey (=HKL 8509-93, HKL 5.9084-72)
JZaf_ju
;_a ihykdZ
ijhnbey, ff IehsZ^v k_- JZkklhygb_
h u b u d q_gby 2ijh- PL, kf
nbey, kf
32o20o3
32o20o4
45o28o4
56o36o4
63o40o5
63o40o6
70o45o5
75o50o6
75o50o8
90o56o8
100o63o8
110o70o8
125o80o10
140o90o10
160o100o10
1,49
1,94
2,80
3,58
4,98
5,90
5,59
7,25
9,47
11,2
12,6
13,9
19,7
22,2
25,3
2,12
2,08
2,99
3,78
4,22
4,18
4,72
5,06
4,98
5,96
6,68
7,39
8,36
9,42
10,77
Fhf_gl
bg_jpbb, kf4
1,52
1,93
5,68
11,4
19,9
23,3
27,8
40,9
52,4
90,9
127
172
312
444
667
K mkeh\guf ihykdhf rbjbghc 60d
GZbf_gvrbc
Fhf_gl
IehsZ^v k_- JZkklhygb_
4
bg_jpbb, kf fhf_gl khq_gby ijh- PL, kf
2
ijhlb\e_gby,
nbey, kf
kf3
6,89
2,86
7,54
2,64
11,54
3,02
10,3
3,42
12,40
3,98
27,7
6,96
13,2
4,72
52,7
11,2
20,0
5,44
94,6
17,4
27,5
5,64
116
20,6
20,6
5,90
128
21,7
28,8
6,46
197
30,5
47,9
6,84
272
39,8
49,6
7,96
442
55,5
51,0
8,65
602
69,3
52,3
9,33
791
84,8
79,7
10,8
1480
137
82,2
11,8
2040
173
85,3
13,2
2930
222
93
2
2,5
2,5
3,2
3,6
4,0
4,5
2,13
1,43
1,86
2,43
2,75
3,08
3,48
m0-m0
0,17
0,34
0,44
0,94
1,36
1,90
2,74
4,5
5,0
6,3
7,5
7,5
9,0
10
d
5
5
6
6
8
9
10
4,29
4,80
7,28
8,78
11,5
15,6
19,2
o-o
8,03
11,2
27,1
46,6
59,8
118
17,9
m0-m0
3,33
4,63
11,2
19,3
24,8
48,6
74,1
PL,
PL,
0,60
0,73
0,76
0,94
1,04
1,13
1,26
b
45
50
63
75
75
90
100
Fhf_glu
bg_jpbb, kf4,
hlghkbl_evgh
hkb
JZkklhygb_
kf
o-o
0,40
0,81
1,03
2,26
3,29
4,58
6,63
IehsZ^v k_q_gby
ijhnbey, kf2
d
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
JZaf_ju ijhnbey, ff
‹ ijhnbey
b
20
25
25
32
36
40
45
Fhf_glu
bg_jpbb, kf4,
hlghkbl_evgh
hkb
JZkklhygb_
kf
‹ ijhnbey
JZaf_ju ijhnbey, ff
IehsZ^v k_q_gby
ijhnbey, kf2
LZ[ebpZ I.6 – We_f_glu m]eh\h]h jZ\gh[hdh]h ijhnbey (=HKL 8509-93, HKL 5.9084-72)
1,30
14,42
1,78
2,06
2,151
2,551
2,831
94
LZ[ebpZ I.7 – L_hj_lbq_kdb_ we_f_glu kbff_ljbqgh]h ihehkh[mev[h\h]h ijhnbey ^ey km^hkljh_gby
KhjlZf_gl : – ghjfZevgu_ ihehkh[mev[u (=HKL 9235-76)
Ix b Im – fhf_glu bg_jpbb hlghkbl_evgh hk_c o b m;
ix b im – jZ^bmku bg_jpbb hlghkbl_evgh hk_c o b m;
m0 – dhhj^bgZlZ p_gljZ ly`_klb iehsZ^b k_q_gby ihehkh[mev[Z [_a
ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ
524
525
526
624
625
626
40
b
L_hj_lbq_kdbc
\_k, 1 ih].f, d]k
414
145
h
2,28
2,68
1,79
2,10
3,50
4,11
1,25
1,25
2,50
2,42
0,20
0,26
0,29
0,31
3
3,01
3,51
4,01
2,36
2,76
3,15
7,25
8,51
9,72
1,55
1,56
1,56
3,21
3,11
3,03
0,37
0,46
0,56
0,35
0,36
0,37
3
3,66
4,26
4,86
2,87
3,34
3,82
12,9
45,1
17,2
1,88
1,88
1,88
3,89
3,76
3,67
0,58
0,69
0,83
0,40
0,40
0,41
r 1, r 2
S
17
18
4
5
50
20
21
22
4
5
6
60
23
24
25
4
5
6
KijZ\hqgu_ \_ebqbgu
Hkv oo
Hkv mm
IehsZ^v k_q_gby ijhnbey,
kf2
‹ ijhnbey
JZaf_ju, ff
2,5
Ix, kf4
ix, kf
m0, kf
Im, kf4
im, kf
95
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.7
724
725
726
824
825
827
935
936
937
1035
1036
1038
1235
1237
1248
1446
1447
1449
1646
1658
70
24,5
25,5
26,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
80
26,5
27,5
29
4,5
5,5
7
90
31
32
33,5
5
6
7,5
100
35,5
36,5
38
5,5
6,5
8
120
37,5
39
40,5
5,5
7
8,5
140
42
43,5
45
6
7,5
9
48,5
50
6,5
8
160
3,5
4,65
5,35
6,05
3,65
4,20
4,75
22,5
26,0
29,2
2,20
2,20
2,20
4,48
4,35
4,25
0,81
0,96
1,13
0,42
0,42
0,43
4
5,47
6,27
7,47
4,29
4,92
5,86
34,5
39,7
47,9
2,51
2,52
2,53
5,19
5,04
4,87
1,14
1,36
1,66
0,46
0,46
0,47
4
6,82
7,72
9,07
5,35
6,05
7,12
55,6
63,1
73,9
2,86
2,86
2,86
5,86
5,70
5,52
1,91
2,17
2,64
0,53
0,53
0,54
4,5
8,53
9,53
11,0
6,70
7,48
8,66
85,4
96,1
111
3,16
3,16
3,16
6,57
6,40
6,21
3,22
3,60
4,25
0,62
0,62
0,62
5
10,2
12,0
13,8
7,97
9,38
10,8
146
172
198
3,78
3,79
3,79
7,84
7,56
7,36
4,15
4,86
5,70
0,64
0,64
0,64
6
13,1
15,2
17,3
10,3
11,9
13,6
255
298
339
4,42
4,43
4,43
9,24
8,90
8,67
6,83
7,86
9,05
0,72
0,72
0,72
16,5
18,9
12,9
14,8
419
484
5,04
5,08
10,6
10,3
11,6
13,0
0,84
0,83
6,5
96
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.7
16510
52
10
180
55
56,5
58,5
7
8,5
10,5
200
59,5
61
63
7,5
9
11
2268
22610
22712
22
66
68
70
2478
2471
24712
240
2779
27811
27813
1857
1858
18510
2057
2069
20611
30810
30812
30914
22,1
17,3
566
5,06
9,93
15,3
0,84
7
20,2
22,9
26,5
15,9
18,0
20,8
650
745
863
5,67
5,70
5,70
12,0
11,6
11,3
18,4
20,4
23,5
0,96
0,94
0,94
8
24,3
27,3
31,3
19,0
21,4
24,6
957
1080
1250
6,28
6,30
6,33
13,4
13,0
12,6
26,4
28,8
32,8
1,04
1,03
1,02
8
10
12
8,5
28,7
33,1
37,5
22,6
26,0
29,5
1380
1610
1830
6,92
6,97
6,98
14,8
14,3
13,9
38,3
43,0
48,3
1,16
1,14
1,14
73,5
75,5
77,5
8,5
10,5
12,5
9
33,8
38,6
43,4
26,6
30,3
34,1
1920
2230
2520
7,54
7,60
7,61
16,2
15,7
15,3
56,7
62,8
69,7
1,30
1,28
1,27
270
79
81
83
9
11
13
10
40,2
45,6
51,0
31,6
36,8
40,1
2900
3340
3750
8,49
8,55
8,57
18,2
17,7
17,2
77,4
85,2
93,8
1,39
1,37
1,36
300
86
88
90
10
12
14
11
49,0
55,0
61,0
38,4
43,1
47,8
4380
4970
5540
9,46
9,51
9,53
20,2
19,6
19,1
110
120
131
1,50
1,48
1,47
Ijbf_qZgb_. 1. Ghf_j dZ`^h]h ijhnbey khklZ\e_g ba jZaf_jh\ h b b \ kf b S \ ff (p_eu_ qbkeZ).
2. L_hj_lbq_kdZy fZkkZ mdZaZgZ ^ey klZeb k iehlghklvx 7,85.
97
Ghf_j
ijhnbey
LZ[ebpZ I.8 – L_hj_lbq_kdb_ we_f_glu g_kbff_ljbqgh]h ihehkh[mev[h\h]h ijhnbey k mkeh\guf ijbkh_^bg_gguf ihykdhf 600o(1015) ff. =HKL 5353-82 (k h]jZgbq_gb_f ih HKL 5.9076-82)
5
5,5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14Z
14[
16Z
16[
F1 – iehsZ^v ijhnbey;
Io1 – fhf_gl bg_jpbb ijhnbey;
m1 – jZkklhygb_ ^h p_gljZ ly`_klb ijhnbey, e_`Zs_]h gZ hkb
o1o1;
F – h[sZy iehsZ^v ijhnbey k ihykdhf;
Io – fhf_gl bg_jpbb ijhnbey k ihykdhf hlghkbl_evgh hkb oo;
Wx – gZbf_gvrbc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijhnbey k ihykdhf
hlghkbl_evgh hkb oo;
We_f_glu ijhnbey
We_f_glu ijhnbey k ihykdhf
h, ff
50
55
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
140
160
160
b, ff
16
17
19
21
22
24
26
30
33
35
36
38
S, ff
4
4,5
5
5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
9
8
10
F1, kf2
2,87
3,48
4,27
5,06
5,84
7,03
8,63
11,15
14,05
16,85
17,96
21,16
Io1, kf4
6,96
10,20
15,00
24,10
36,23
55,60
85,22
158
274
321
468
527
m1, kf
3,13
3,38
3,74
4,40
5,07
5,65
6,29
7,55
8,82
8,55
9,95
9,75
F, kf2
62,87
63,48
64,27
65,06
65,81
67,08
68,63
71,15
74,05
76,85
107,96
111,16
Io, kf4
44
61
87
137
202
295
434
767
1274
1398
2200/1980
2434/2190
Wx, kf3
9
12
15
20
25
33
45
68
100
112
147/140
165/159
S1, ff
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15/10
15/10
98
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpZ I.8
18Z
18[
20Z
20[
22Z
22[
24Z
24[
27Z
27[
180
180
200
200
220
220
240
240
270
270
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
55
57
9
11
10
12
11
13
12
14
12
14
22,20
25,80
27,36
31,36
32,82
37,22
38,75
43,55
43,82
49,22
714
837
1078
1265
1611
1795
2232
2542
3265
3515
11,15
10,81
12,40
12,06
13,50
13,20
14,70
14,35
16,60
16,30
112,20
115,80
117,36
121,36
122,82
127,22
128,75
133,55
133,82
139,22
3280/2860
3530/3130
4730
5110
6500
6930
8720
9250
12180
12780
200/188
218/206
268
293
343
372
434
466
552
588
15/10
15/10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
99
LZ[ebpZ I.9 – LZ\ju klZevgu_ k\Zjgu_ ^ey fhjkdbo km^h\. HG 9-594-68
‹ lZ\jZ
F0 – iehsZ^v k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ;
I0 – fhf_gl bg_jpbb iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_gby ihykdZ;
W0 – fbgbfZevguc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ ijb
jZ\_gkl\_ iehsZ^_c k_q_gby ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h b k\h[h^gh]h ihykdh\;
W00 – fbgbfZevguc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ ijb
iehsZ^b k_q_gby ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdZ, jZ\ghc [_kdhg_qghklb;
z0 – dhhj^bgZlZ p_gljZ ly`_klb iehsZ^b k_q_gby lZ\jZ [_a ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h
ihykdZ;
fi, fij i – iehsZ^b k\h[h^gh]h b ijbkh_^bg_ggh]h ihykdh\
JZaf_ju, ff
KijZ\hqgu_ \_ebqbgu
8
10
12
14
16Z
16[
18Z
18[
20Z
20[
22Z
h
80
100
120
140
160
160
180
180
200
200
220
S
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
5
5
6
5
S1
b
40
50
60
80
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
10
8
10
10
F0, kf2
5,6
7,0
8,4
10,4
11,2
16,0
15,2
19,0
18,0
22,0
21,0
L_hj_lbq_kdZy I0, kf4
fZkkZ 1 f, d]
4,396
5,495
6,595
8,164
8,792
12,56
1193
14,81
14,13
17,18
16,40
42,45
81,50
139,2
229,2
325,3
452,8
529,0
670,5
813,9
1001
1137
z0, kf
5,84
7,27
8,70
10,4
11,6
12,2
13,9
14,0
14,6
14,8
16,5
f ij i
ijb W00
f i , f ij i
kf3
22,6
35,6
51,5
73,5
92,4
146
162
202
186
234
205
kf3
28,1
43,8
62,9
88,9
112
172
188
236
228
282
250
W0
ijb
fi ,
100
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.9
22[
25Z
25[
28Z
28[
32Z
32[
32\
36Z
36[
40Z
40[
45Z
45[
50Z
50[
56Z
56[
63Z
63[
71Z
71[
80Z
80[
220
250
250
280
280
320
320
320
360
360
400
400
450
450
500
500
560
560
630
630
710
710
800
800
6
6
8
7
8
8
10
8
8
10
10
12
10
14
12
14
14
16
14
18
16
20
18
22
120
120
140
120
140
140
180
160
160
200
180
220
200
250
220
250
250
300
300
360
360
400
360
450
12
12
14
12
14
14
14
16
16
14
14
16
14
18
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
22
26
27,6
29,4
39,6
34,0
42,0
45,2
57,2
51,2
54,4
64,0
65,2
83,2
73,0
100,0
95,2
115,0
123,4
149,8
148,2
191,6
192,8
238,0
223,2
293,0
21,55
22,96
30,89
26,55
32,76
35,26
44,90
39,98
42,43
50,24
51,18
65,31
57,30
84,78
74,81
89,70
96,87
116,8
116,3
151,2
186,8
175,2
175,2
230,0
1459
2042
2768
3050
3722
5280
6661
5797
7901
9395
11960
15180
16880
26000
28180
32960
44370
53637
66880
87050
110200
136800
163000
213700
17,0
18,9
19,0
20,2
20,8
28,2
28,3
24,4
26,8
26,2
28,0
18,8
31,4
32,2
34,5
45,1
38,5
39,6
44,7
44,9
50,5
50,3
54,6
56,5
356
413
557
483
636
743
957
932
952
1200
1250
1690
1570
2440
2230
2781
3180
4122
4620
6080
6860
8300
8140
11500
417
489
655
589
756
906
1160
1099
1154
1450
1550
2060
1940
2990
2790
3342
4000
5070
5650
7430
8340
10170
10220
14130
101
LZ[ebpZ I.10 – JZagh[hdb_ m]eh\u_ ijhnbeb (]gmlu_)
F:JDBJH<D: < Q?JL?@? B A:D:A?
J:AF?JU
M]e. ijhn. SFS 5484- L 100x50x4- 6000 Fe 37 D EN 10 204-2
GZa\Zgb_
KlZg^Zjl gZ jZaf_ju
Lbi ijhnbey
=Z[Zjblu, ff
LhesbgZ kl_gdb, ff
FZjdZ klZeb, ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb klZg^Zjl
K_jlbnbdZl gZ fZl_jbZe
: – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby;
:b – iehsZ^v \g_rg_c ih\_joghklb;
F – \_k;
I – fhf_gl bg_jpbb k_q_gby;
W – fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijb
ba]b[_;
i – jZ^bmk bg_jpbb;
JZkq_lgZy iehlghklv = 7,85 d]/^f3;
1) m ^be_jh\ \ Nbgeyg^bb;
2) j_dhf_g^m_fZy k_jby
– fhf_gl bg_jpbb djmq_gby;
– p_gljh[_`guc fhf_gl bg_jpbb;
ip
– ijb\_^_gguc jZ^. bg_jpbb;
L1, L2 – jZkklhygb_ f_`^m p_gljZfb
djmq_gby b ly`_klb;
.
– m]he hkb ]eZ\gh]h fhf_glZ
bg_jpbb
Id
Ixy
J:AF?JU G: KDE:>?
50
>ebgZ: 60000
AZsblZ ih\_joghkl_c:
ð ke_]dZ kfZaZgu
FZjdZ klZeb:
Fe 37D SFS 200
102
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.10
i,
ff·10
I,
ff4·104
W,
ff3·103
i,
ff·10
I,
ff4·104
W,
ff3·103
i,
ff·10
I,
ff4·104
W,
ff3·103
i,
ff·10
O
O
O
W,
ff3·103
O
I,
ff4·104
O
F,
d]/f
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
7,5
7,5
2-2
:g ,
2/f
r, ff
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
1-1
M-M
:,
ff2·102
t, ff
30o20
40o20
50o30
60o30
60o40
70o50
100o50
125o65
150o50
2), O
hxb, 1), ff
O-O
0,93
1,13
2,25
2,55
2,85
7,54
5,74
9,03
9,53
0,10
0,12
0,16
0,18
0,20
0,23
0,29
0,37
0,39
0,73
0,89
1,77
2,00
2,24
3,56
4,50
7,09
7,48
0,87
1,91
5,87
9,68
10,77
23,05
61,13
150,34
224,15
0,43
0,75
1,79
2,52
2,66
4,84
9,48
18,58
24,79
0,96
1,30
1,61
1,95
1,94
2,25
3,26
4,08
4,85
0,32
0,34
1,66
1,74
3,98
10,08
11,08
30,19
14,64
0,21
0,22
0,72
0,73
1,30
2,67
2,77
5,85
3,52
0,58
0,55
0,86
0,83
1,18
1,49
1,39
1,83
1,24
1,02
2,05
6,61
10,38
12,63
28,00
65,32
162,80
229,00
0,51
0,80
2,00
2,69
3,11
5,86
10,11
20,03
25,26
1,05
1,35
1,71
2,02
2,11
2,49
3,38
4,25
4,90
0,17
0,21
0,92
1,04
2,12
5,13
6,69
17,69
9,76
0,16
0,17
0,56
0,59
1,01
2,06
2,24
4,67
2,96
0,42
0,43
0,64
0,64
0,86
1,06
1,08
1,40
1,01
Ixy,
_o,
_m,
L 1,
L2
i p,
hxbxt,
Id,
4
4
4
4
ff ·10 ff ·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ff·10
ff
30o20o2 0,01
0,33
1,48
0,49
1,00
0,72
0,64
40o20o2 0,02
0,49
1,96
0,42
1,44
0,66
1,18
50o30o3 0,07
1,92
2,45
0,69
1,72
1,05
1,24
60o30o3 0,08
2,46
2,94
0,63
2,16
1,00
1,78
60o40o3 0,09
4,01
2,99
0,93
1,95
1,45
1,29
70o50o4 0,24
9,42
3,52
1,22
2,24
1,82
1,31
100o50o4 0,31
15,47
4,92
1,01
3,55
1,67
2,97
125o65o5 0,75
40,71
6,15
1,34
4,41
2,22
3,59
150o50o5 0,79
32,37
7,53
0,85
5,96
1,42
5,45
Ijbf_qZgb_. Ih kh]eZkh\Zgbx \hafh`gh ba]hlh\e_gb_ ihqlb \k_o
15o15o1,0 b fZdkbfZevguo, gZijbf_j 600o200o12,5.
1,
ff·10
0,73
0,70
1,09
1,05
1,47
1,84
1,75
2,26
1,55
m]eh\uo
b1,
1,
b 2,
.,
ff·10 ff·10 ff·10 ]jZ^.
1,03
1,55
2,02
25,0
1,18
1,82
2,58
15,9
1,64
2,44
3,31
21,2
1,77
2,73
3,86
15,9
2,09
3,06
4,06
24,9
2,49
3,74
4,78
27,7
2,98
4,51
6,48
15,9
3,79
5,73
8,13
17,1
3,29
6,51
9,07
8,6
ijhnbe_c fbgbfZevguo jZaf_jh\
103
LZ[ebpZ I.11 – JZ\gh[hdb_ m]eh\u_ ijhnbeb (]gmlu_)
J:AF?JU G: KDE:>?
50
>ebgZ: 60000
AZsblZ ih\_joghkl_c:
ð ke_]dZ kfZaZgu
FZjdZ klZeb:
Fe 37D SFS 200
: – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby;
:b – iehsZ^v \g_rg_c ih\_joghklb;
F – \_k;
I – fhf_gl bg_jpbb k_q_gby;
W – fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby ijb
ba]b[_;
i – jZ^bmk bg_jpbb;
Id
– fhf_gl bg_jpbb djmq_gby;
Ixy – p_gljh[_`guc fhf_gl bg_jpbb;
ip
– ijb\_^_gguc jZ^. bg_jpbb;
– jZkklhygb_ f_`^m p_gljZfb djmq_gby b ly`_klb;
L1
JZkq_lgZy iehlghklv = 7,85 d]/^f3;
1) m ^be_jh\ \ Nbgeyg^bb;
2) j_dhf_g^m_fZy k_jby
1-1
O
O
O
F,
d]/f
2
2
2
2
3
:g ,
2/f
2), O
2
2
2
2
3
:,
ff2·102
r, ff
15o15
20o20
25o25
30o30
t, ff
hxb, 1), ff
O-O = M-M
0,53
0,73
0,93
1,13
1,65
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,12
0,42
0,58
0,73
0,89
1,30
I,
ff4·104
0,11
0,28
0,57
1,00
1,42
W,
ff3·103
0,11
0,20
0,32
0,46
0,67
i,
ff·10
0,46
0,62
0,78
0,94
0,93
I,
ff4·104
0,18
0,46
0,92
1,63
2,32
W,
ff3·103
0,17
0,32
0,52
0,77
1,09
2-2
i,
ff·10
0,59
0,79
0,99
1,20
1,19
I,
ff4·104
0,04
0,10
0,21
0,38
0,51
W,
ff3·103
0,07
0,14
0,24
0,35
0,48
i,
ff·10
0,27
0,37
0,47
0,58
0,56
104
Ijh^he`_gb_ lZ[ebpu I.11
35o35 2
3
40o40 2
3
50o50 3
4
60o60 3
70o70 5
75o75 4
80o80 5
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
7,5
4
7,5
O
O
O
O
O
1,33
1,95
1,53
2,25
2,85
3,74
3,45
6,53
5,74
7,53
0,14
0,14
0,16
0,16
0,20
0,20
0,24
0,27
0,29
0,31
1,05
1,53
1,20
1,77
2,24
2,93
2,71
5,13
4,50
5,91
1,62
2,31
2,45
3,51
7,04
9,06
12,39
31,35
32,07
47,59
0,64
0,93
0,84
1,23
1,95
2,54
2,84
6,27
5,89
8,27
1,10
1,09
1,26
1,25
1,57
1,56
1,89
2,19
2,36
2,51
2,62
3,77
3,96
5,71
11,42
14,76
20,03
51,29
51,90
77,63
1,06
1,52
1,40
2,02
3,23
4,18
4,72
10,36
9,79
13,72
1,40
1,39
1,61
1,59
2,00
1,99
2,41
2,80
3,01
3,21
0,61
0,85
0,94
1,31
2,67
3,36
4,74
11,40
12,23
17,56
0,49
0,68
0,66
0,92
1,50
1,88
2,22
4,61
4,58
6,20
0,68
0,66
0,78
0,76
0,97
0,95
1,17
1,32
1,46
1,53
hxbxt, ff
I d,
ff4·104
Ixy,
ff4·104
ip,
ff·10
_,
ff·10
L1,
ff·10
1,
ff·10
b1,
ff·10
b2,
ff·10
15o15o2
20o20o2
25o25o2
30o30o23
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,05
0,02
0,06
0,07
0,18
0,36
0,63
0,90
1,00
1,46
0,81
1,10
1,40
1,69
1,66
1,98
1,95
0,47
0,59
0,72
0,84
0,89
0,97
1,02
0,49
0,68
0,86
1,04
1,01
1,21
1,19
0,50
0,67
0,85
1,03
1,01
120
1,19
0,54
0,72
0,89
1,07
1,07
1,25
1,25
1,06
1,41
1,77
2,12
2,12
2,47
2,47
35o35o23
105
KH>?J@:GB?
<<?>?GB? ........................................................................................................................................3
1. HIJ?>?E?GBY, H;E:KLV J:KIJHKLJ:G?GBY, <U;HJ F:L?JB:E: B
RI:PBB ...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1. Hij_^_e_gby b ihykg_gby ......................................................................................................4
1.2. H[eZklv jZkijhkljZg_gby.......................................................................................................5
1.3. FZl_jbZeu ...............................................................................................................................6
1.4. <u[hj lhesbg k\ya_c dhjimkZ ..............................................................................................9
1.5. <u[hj riZpbb.......................................................................................................................13
1.6. <u[hj kbkl_fu gZ[hjZ dhjimkZ ..........................................................................................14
1.7. K\Zjgu_ kh_^bg_gby .............................................................................................................17
2. H;S:Y IJH>HEVG:Y IJHQGHKLV IH >HIMKD:?FUF G:IJY@?GBYF B IH
IJ?>?EVGHFM KHKLHYGBX...................................................................................................25
2.1. >hihegbl_evguc \hegh\hc ba]b[Zxsbc fhf_gl.........................................................26
2.2. Hij_^_e_gb_ ^hihegbl_evghc \hegh\hc i_j_j_au\Zxs_c kbeu ...............................27
2.3. Hij_^_e_gb_ ghjfZevguo b dZkZl_evguo gZijy`_gbc \ k_q_gbb wd\b\Ze_glgh]h
[jmkZ 29
2.4. <u[hj ^himkdZ_fuo gZijy`_gbc...................................................................................30
2.5. H[sZy ijh^hevgZy ijhqghklv ih ij_^_evghfm khklhygbx.........................................31
3. J:AF?JU WE?F?GLH< DHGKLJMDPBB DHJIMK: ....................................................34
3.1. Dhgkljmdpby jZfguo [Zehd ............................................................................................34
3.2. Ih^dj_ie_gb_ kl_ghd jZfguo [Zehd..............................................................................35
3.3. Ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ dgbqguo kh_^bg_gbc ..........................................................................36
4. G:;HJ >GBS?<UO I?J?DJULBC..................................................................................39
4.1. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby d ijh_dlbjh\Zgbx ^gbs_\uo i_j_djulbc...................................39
4.2. GZ]jmadb, ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ ^gbs_ .................................................................................39
4.3. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ijb ihi_j_qghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .........41
4.4. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj gZ km^Zo [_a ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .........44
4.5. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj \ hlk_dZo k ^\hcguf ^ghf ijb ihi_j_qghc.....................................45
kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .............................................................................................................................45
4.6. >gbs_\hc gZ[hj \ hlk_dZo k ^\hcguf ^ghf ijb ijh^hevghc ....................................47
kbkl_f_ gZ[hjZ .............................................................................................................................47
4.7. Dhgkljmdpby ^\hcgh]h ^gZ ..................................................................................................50
5. G:;HJ ;HJLH<UO I?J?DJULBC ....................................................................................52
5.1. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby d ijh_dlbjh\Zgbx [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ....................................52
5.2. GZ]jmadZ gZ [hjlh\u_ i_j_djulby .................................................................................55
5.3. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb ihi_j_qghc kbkl_f_....................................56
gZ[hjZ............................................................................................................................................56
5.4. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb ijh^hevghc kbkl_f_ ..................................58
gZ[hjZ............................................................................................................................................58
5.5. GZ[hj [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc k ^\hcguf [hjlhf..............................................................59
5.6. Dhgkljmdpby [hjlh\uo i_j_djulbc ijb h^ghjh^ghc kbkl_f_ [hjlh\h]h gZ[hjZ .........60
5.7. Ih^iZem[gu_ pbkl_jgu, nZevr[hjlu, ijb\Zevgu_ [jmkvy .............................................60
6.
G:;HJ I:EM;GUO I?J?DJULBC ..............................................................................63
6.1. IZem[gu_ i_j_djulby. H[sb_ lj_[h\Zgby ...................................................................63
6.2. GZ]jmadZ gZ iZem[gu_ dhgkljmdpbb...............................................................................64
6.3. Ihi_j_qgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc.....................................................65
6.4. Ijh^hevgZy kbkl_fZ gZ[hjZ iZem[guo i_j_djulbc.....................................................70
6.5. Ih^[hj jZaf_jh\ k_q_gby dZjebg]kh\ ...........................................................................72
6.6. Kh_^bg_gb_ we_f_glh\ iZem[gh]h gZ[hjZ .....................................................................74
106
6.7. <uj_au \ iZem[Zo b dhfbg]ku exdh\............................................................................78
6.8. H]jZ`^_gby ]jmah\h]h [mgd_jZ ......................................................................................79
6.9. GZjm`gZy h[rb\dZ...........................................................................................................79
6.10.
IZem[guc gZklbe .........................................................................................................81
EBL?J:LMJ:..................................................................................................................................85
IJBEH@?GB?................................................................................................................................86
107