ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ ................................................................................. 3 ×ÀÑÒÜ I. ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ...... 9 ÃËÀÂÀ 1. ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ......... 11 1.1. Çàðîæäåíèå ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà .......................... 13 1.2. Ñòàíîâëåíèå ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé íàó÷íîé äèñöèïëèíû ........................ 16 1.3. Ýòàï íàêîïëåíèÿ ýìïèðè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà ....................... 22 1.4. Ñîâðåìåííûé ýòàï ðàçâèòèÿ ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ ............. 25 1.5. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ãåíåòèêè ïîâåäåíèÿ â Ðîññèè ............... 28 – Åâãåíè÷åñêîå äâèæåíèå ......................................................... 28 – Èñòîðèÿ áëèçíåöîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé .................................... 29 ×ÀÑÒÜ II. ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÀÐÍÛÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÎÁÙÅÉ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ............................................................................ 37 ÃËÀÂÀ 2. ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÈ Â ÏÎÏÓËßÖÈßÕ ....................................... 40 ÃËÀÂÀ 3. ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÎÑÍÎÂÀ ÏÐÎÑÒÛÕ ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÕ ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÎÂ. ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÜÍÛÉ ÑÓÁÑÒÐÀÒ ÍÀÑËÅÄÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ .............................................. 47 1. Çàêîíû Ìåíäåëÿ ............................................................................ 47 1.1. Ã. Ìåíäåëü è åãî îïûòû ......................................................... 47 1.2. Ìîíîãèáðèäíîå ñêðåùèâàíèå è ïåðâûé çàêîí Ìåíäåëÿ ....... 49 1.3. Äèãèáðèäíîå ñêðåùèâàíèå è âòîðîé çàêîí Ìåíäåëÿ ......... 52 2. Õðîìîñîìíàÿ òåîðèÿ íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ...................................... 55 2.1. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå õðîìîñîìíîé òåîðèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ...... 55 2.2. Äâà òèïà êëåòî÷íîãî äåëåíèÿ ............................................... 56 2.3. Õðîìîñîìû ÷åëîâåêà ............................................................. 57 2.4. Ðåêîìáèíàöèÿ õðîìîñîì â ïðîöåññå îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïîëîâûõ êëåòîê ....................................................................... 59 2.5. Ñöåïëåíèå è êðîññèíãîâåð ................................................... 60 2.6. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ óíèêàëüíîñòü èíäèâèäà ................................. 61 402 3. Ìîëåêóëÿðíûå îñíîâû íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ................................... 64 3.1. ÄÍÊ — ìàòåðèàëüíàÿ ñóáñòàíöèÿ ãåíîâ ............................. 64 3.2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ãåíà. Îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ ãåíà ........................ 66 3.3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé êîä .................................................................... 68 4. Ãåíû â õðîìîñîìàõ. Ìóòàöèè ........................................................ 70 4.1. Ïîíÿòèÿ ëîêóñà è àëëåëÿ. Ìíîæåñòâåííûå àëëåëè. Ãîìîçèãîòíîñòü è ãåòåðîçèãîòíîñòü ..................................... 70 4.2. Ãåííûå ìóòàöèè ..................................................................... 71 4.3. Õðîìîñîìíûå àíîìàëèè ........................................................ 73 5. Ãåíû â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ. Çàêîí Õàðäè-Âàéíáåðãà ............................... 74 ÃËÀÂÀ 4. ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÉ ÈÇÌÅÍ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ .............................................................................. 79 1. Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü è ìåòîäû åå îïèñàíèÿ .............. 79 1.1. Èçìåðåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ïðèçíàêîâ ................................ 79 1.2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öåíòðàëüíîé òåíäåíöèè ........................... 84 1.3. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàçáðîñà ...................................................... 85 1.4. Ìåæãðóïïîâûå è ìåæèíäèâèäóàëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ .............. 85 2. Íàñëåäñòâåííîñòü è ñðåäà êàê ôàêòîðû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè .................................................... 86 2.1. Ãåíîòèï è ôåíîòèï ................................................................. 87 2.2. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ïîä äåéñòâèåì ïîëèìåðíûõ ãåíîâ. ............................................. 88 Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ äèñïåðñèÿ ............................................................... 88 2.3. Ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ãåíîâ .............................. 92 2.4. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå êîëè÷åñòâåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ïîä äåéñòâèåì ñðåäû. Íîðìà ðåàêöèè. Ñðåäîâàÿ äèñïåðñèÿ ............................................................ 94 2.5. Ñîâìåñòíûé âêëàä ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â êîëè÷åñòâåííóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ è ñðåäîâàÿ äèñïåðñèè êàê ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ïîïóëÿöèîííîé ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé äèñïåðñèè ............................................................................. 101 3. Ïîêàçàòåëü íàñëåäóåìîñòè è åãî îñîáåííîñòè ......................... 105 3.1. Ïîêàçàòåëü íàñëåäóåìîñòè â êîëè÷åñòâåííîé ãåíåòèêå è ãåíåòèêå ïîâåäåíèÿ .......................................... 105 3.2. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïîêàçàòåëÿ íàñëåäóåìîñòè ê ÷àñòîòàì ãåíîòèïîâ â ïîïóëÿöèè .................................... 107 3.3. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü ïîêàçàòåëÿ íàñëåäóåìîñòè ê èçìåíåíèÿì ñðåäû ............................................................. 108 3.4. Âàæíîñòü ïðàâèëüíîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè ïîêàçàòåëÿ íàñëåäóåìîñòè ...................................................................... 112 403 4. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ............................................ 114 4.1. Âêëàä ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ â ïîïóëÿöèîííóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü ........................................ 114 4.2. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâàÿ êîâàðèàöèÿ ............................................ 119 ×ÀÑÒÜ III. ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................. 121 ÃËÀÂÀ 5. ÝÊÑÏÅÐÈÌÅÍÒÀËÜÍÛÅ ÑÕÅÌÛ ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÈ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................................................................................. 123 1. Ñåìåéíîå è ãåíåòè÷åñêîå ñõîäñòâî .......................................... 123 2. Ñïîñîáû êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêè ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîãî ñõîäñòâà ìåæäó ðîäñòâåííèêàìè ............................................... 125 3. Áëèçíåöû è áëèçíåöîâûé ìåòîä ................................................ 130 3.1. Áèîëîãèÿ áëèçíåöîâîñòè ..................................................... 130 3.2. Êîíöåïöèÿ áëèçíåöîâîãî ìåòîäà ....................................... 134 3.3. Ðàçíîâèäíîñòè áëèçíåöîâîãî ìåòîäà ................................ 141 4. Àíàëèç ðîäîñëîâíûõ .................................................................... 148 5. Ñåìåéíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ .............................................................. 154 6. Ìåòîä ïðèåìíûõ äåòåé ................................................................ 157 7. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè ...................................................................... 162 8. Ìîäåëèðîâàíèå íà æèâîòíûõ ..................................................... 164 9. Àíàëèç ñöåïëåíèÿ ........................................................................ 170 ÃËÀÂÀ 6. ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ Â ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÅ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß ................................................................................... 175 1. Ïîñòðîåíèå ìîäåëè ..................................................................... 176 1.1. Ìîäåëü ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû ïîïóëÿöèè ............... 176 1.2. Êîìïîíåíòû ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ........................ 178 1.3. Êîìïîíåíòû ñðåäîâîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ............................... 181 1.4. Âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû .................................... 183 1.5. Ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâàÿ êîâàðèàöèÿ ............................................ 186 1.6. Êîâàðèàöèÿ ìåæäó ðîäñòâåííèêàìè .................................. 187 2. Âûáîð àäåêâàòíîé ìîäåëè ......................................................... 191 2.1. Ìåòîäû îöåíêè ìîäåëåé .................................................... 191 2.2. Ìåòîä íàèìåíüøèõ êâàäðàòîâ ........................................... 195 3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð ....................... 207 3.1. Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü êîâàðèèðóþùèõ ïðèçíàêîâ .......... 207 3.2. Àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð: òåîðèÿ ëàòåíòíûõ ïåðåìåííûõ .......................................................................... 209 3.3. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç êîâàðèàöèîííûõ ñòðóêòóð ............. 211 404 3.4. Îöåíêà ïàðàìåòðîâ: ìåòîä ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ïðàâäîïîäîáèÿ ..................................................................................... 214 4. Ñòðóêòóðíîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ....................................................... 215 4.1. Ìîäåëü ëàòåíòíûõ ïåðåìåííûõ Ê.Éîðåñêîãà .................... 215 4.2. Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ìîäåëè Ê.Éîðåñêîãà â ïñèõîãåíåòèêå .......... 225 ×ÀÑÒÜ IV. ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏCÈÕÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊ Â ÃÅÍÅÒÈÊÅ ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈß .................. 239 ÃËÀÂÀ 7. ÊÎÃÍÈÒÈÂÍÛÅ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ ..................... 243 1. Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îá èíòåëëåêòå, èñïîëüçóåìûå â ãåíåòèêå ïîâåäåíèÿ .................................................................................... 245 1.1. Ôàêòîðíî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä âûäåëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèê èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ñôåðû .................................................... 246 1.2. Ïñèõîìåòðè÷åñêèå òåîðèè èíòåëëåêòà .............................. 252 2. Ðîëü ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â âàðèàòèâíîñòè êîãíèòèâíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê .............................................................................. 258 2.1. Èíòåëëåêò ............................................................................. 258 2.2. Àêàäåìè÷åñêèå äîñòèæåíèÿ .............................................. 266 2.3. Êîãíèòèâíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè ................................................. 269 2.4. Êîãíèòèâíûå ñòèëè .............................................................. 274 2.5. Êðåàòèâíîñòü ....................................................................... 277 2.6. Íàðóøåíèå ñïîñîáíîñòè ê îáó÷åíèþ ............................... 281 3. Íåïñèõîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïîäõîäû ê èññëåäîâàíèþ ðîëè ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû â êîãíèòèâíîé ñôåðå .................................... 287 ÃËÀÂÀ 8. ÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÌÅÍÒ .............................................................. 294 1. Êðèòåðèè ñâîéñòâ òåìïåðàìåíòà ............................................... 296 2. Ñâîéñòâà òåìïåðàìåíòà è ðîëü ãåíîòèïà â èõ äåòåðìèíàöèè ................................................................... 302 2.1. Íüþ-Éîðêñêîå ëîíãèòþäíîå èññëåäîâàíèå òåìïåðàìåíòà ....................................................................... 303 2.2. Òðåõêîìïîíåíòíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà òåìïåðàìåíòà ...................... 311 2.3. Ïñèõîáèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëü òåìïåðàìåíòà ....................... 317 2.4. Èññëåäîâàíèå çàòîðìîæåííîñòè (Ãàðâàðäñêîå íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ òåìïåðàìåíòà) ...................... 321 2.5. Ëóèçâèëüñêîå áëèçíåöîâîå èññëåäîâàíèå ......................... 325 2.6. Èññëåäîâàíèå òåìïåðàìåíòà â îòå÷åñòâåííîé ïñèõîëîãèè ............................................................................ 331 3. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè òåìïåðàìåíòà ............................................................................... 338 405 ÃËÀÂÀ 9. ËÈ×ÍÎÑÒÜ ..................................................................... 349 1. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâîéñòâ ëè÷íîñòè êðèòåðèàëüíûìè ìåòîäàìè..................................................................................... 351 1.1. Ðàçðàáîòêà êðèòåðèàëüíûõ îïðîñíèêîâ ............................. 352 1.2. Èññëåäîâàíèå ðîëè ãåíîòèïà è ñðåäû ñ ïîìîùüþ êðèòåðèàëüíûõ îïðîñíèêîâ .................................................. 355 2. Ôàêòîðíî-àíàëèòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ê èññëåäîâàíèþ ëè÷íîñòè ..................................................................................... 361 2.1. “Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå” ñâîéñòâà ëè÷íîñòè ................................. 363 2.2. Ñâîéñòâà ëè÷íîñòè, âûäåëÿåìûå â òåîðèè ÷åðò .............. 376 3. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ äàííûõ, ïîëó÷åííûõ ïðè èññëåäîâàíèè ãåíîòèï-ñðåäîâûõ äåòåðìèíàíò ëè÷íîñòíîé ñôåðû ............... 391 ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ ............................................................................... 399 ÐÅÊÎÌÅÍÄÓÅÌÀß ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ............................................... 401 ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ................................................................................. 402 406